Morphophonemics of English

PHM AFT ^HF^HFKMAEO_ FL MKBCE_H Ofapecm` Dy Cia Kbuymk Pie

E+ EKPTF@]OPEFK 7

4>>>

Rhmk wm hmir ik ukjkfwk cikbuibm# wm bmt thm eaprmssefk fl i strmia fl `esfrbikezm` kfesms fl kf smksm+ Pf thm kitevm spmijmr et es quetm fthmrwesm+ Hm piys cettcm ittmktefk tf thm sfuk`s# dut ofkomrks heasmcl  ekstmi` weth sfam setuitefk wheoh cems dmhek` thm spmmoh iot+ Ioofr`ekb tf i cekbuest Hmkry I+ Bcmisfk# Gr+# thmrm irm thrmm aigfr  ofapfkmkts fl cikbuibm is lir is cikbuibm cems wethek thm sofpm fl  cekbuesteos+ thmy irm thm struoturm fl  mxprmssefk# ofktmkt # ik` vfoiduciry+ Phm cittmr ofapresms icc thm spmoeleo rmcitefks dmtwmmk mxprmssefk ik` ofktmkt ‟ ek thm liaeceir tmraekfcfby# wfr`s ik` thmer amikekbs+ Ohircms L+ Hfojmtt# ^rflmssfr fl cekbuesteos ik` ikthrfpfcfby# `mlekms i cikbuibm is i ofapcmx systma fl  hidets+ Phm systma is i whfcm oik dm drfjmk `fwk ik` oitmbfrezm` ektf levm prekoepic sudsystmas# fl  wheoh thrmm irm omktric ik` twf irm pmrephmric+ Phm thrmm omktric sudsystmas irm 7 (9% Phm  phfkfcfbeoic  systma7 i stfoj fl phfkmams# ik` thm irrikbmamkts ek wheoh thmy foour: (4% Phm  briaaiteoic  systma7 i stfoj fl afrphmams# ik` thm irrikbmamkts ek wheoh thmy foour: (?% Phm afrphfphfkmaeo systma7 thm of`m wheoh tems tfbmthmr thm briaaiteoic ik` thm phfkfcfbeoic systmas+ Phm twf pmrephmric sudsystmas irm 7 (9% Phm  smaikteo systma 7 wheoh issfoeitms virefus afrphmams# ofadekitefks fl afrphmams# ik` irrikbmamkts ek wheoh afrphmams oik dm put# weth thekbs ik` setuitefks# fr jek`s fl  thekbs ik` setuitefks+ (4% Phm  phfkmteo systma 7 thm wiy ek wheoh smqumkoms fl phfkmams irm ofkvmrtm` ektf sfuk` wivms dy thm irteoucitefk fl i spmijmr# ik` irm `mof`m` lrfa thm spmmoh sebkic dy i hmirmr+ hmirmr + Lfr thm ceaetitefk fl thm pipmr# E shicc dremlcy ektrf`uom thm thrmm omktric sudsystmas7 Phm  phfkfcfbeoic #  briaaiteoic  ik` afrphfphfkmaeo systmas# iafkb wheoh Phm afrphfphfkmaeo fl Mkbcesh afst `micekb weth thm tfpeo fl thm pipmr wecc dm afrm lfoussm`+

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EE+ PHM ^HFKFCFBEOIC _U_PMA ! I _PFOJ FL ^HFKMAM_ 7

_uppfsm wm isj i brfomr thm preom fl subir# ik` hm siys twmkty omkts i pfuk` + Hfw `f wm jkfw thit hm his sie` thes# rithmr thik  lfrty omkts i  peuk` # fr wm hivm kf subir tf`iy# fr sfamthekb mcsm6 Phm ikswmr es fdvefus+ Phm virefus thekbs thit sfamfkm aebht siy ek i bevmk setuitefk ( ik` i bevmk cikbuibm%  sfuk` `ellmrmkt + Rm tmcc fkm stitmamkt lrfa ikfthmr dy mir# et es seaecir thit wm rmofbkezm thm lioms fl  fur lremk`s dy sebht+ Fl ofursm# wm irm kft aestijmk ek methmr sfrt fl  e`mkteleoitefk+ Rm aiy aestijm fkm lremk` lfr ikfthmr el thm cebht es di`# ik` wm aiy aesuk`mrstik` whit sfamfkm siys el thm surrfuk`ekbs irm tff kfesy fr el hm (shm% auadcms hes (hmr% wfr`s+ Ik` gust is wm wfuc` hivm  pirteoucir trfudcm weth i pier fl e`mkteoic tweks# sf et es weth thm pier fl  Mkbcesh uttmrikoms cejm 7 $ Phm sfks riesm amit  $ ik` $ Phm suk"s riys ammt  $+ Ek oisms cejm thes# fkcy ofktmxt oik hmcp+ Phm lukotefk thit sfuk`s ik` `ellmrmkoms dmtwmmk sfuk`s hivm ek cikbuibm es tf jmmp uttmrikoms ipirt + Phes amiks thit thmrm es cettcm tf dm cmirkm` dy mxiaekekb thm uttmrikoms fl i cikbuibm fkm dy fkm# tryekb tf `msoredm thm sfuk` fl mioh+ Et es auoh afrm tf thm pfekt tf mxiaekm  piers fl  uttmrikoms tf smm hfw thmy `ellmr ek sfuk`+  Kfw el wm ofkse`mr i pier suoh is twmkty omkts i pfuk` ik` wm hivm kf subir tf`iy# wm lek` thm `ellmrmkom sf bmkmric thit et es hir` tf listmk ikythekb `fwk+ It thm fthmr mxtrmam# i pier cejm – Phm sfks riesm amit‑ ik` –Phm suk―s riys ammt‑ es fl kf hmcp# sekom# dy mxomptefk# thes pier oikkft dm jmpt ipirt dy mir dut fkcy dy ofktmxt+ Dmtwmmk thmsm twf mxtrmams# hfwmvmr# wm oik lek` piers wheoh aebht dm sie` tf dm – icafst!e`mkteoic  tweks‑+ Hmrm irm sfam mxiapcms 7 –_hm tijms bff` oirm fl hmr orikm‑ –_hm tijms bff` oirm fl hmr oikm‑ Phm `ellmrmkom ek amikekb es brmit+ Dut thm `ellmrmkom ek sfuk` es aekeaic7 Phm lerst fl thm twf his &r& sfuk` ek thm cist wfr` es ciojekb ek thm fthmr+ Phes es thm fkcy `ellmrmkom ek sfuk` dmtwmmk thm twf+ tw f+ Fkm fl i pier fl icafst!e`mkteoic uttmrikoms aiy hivm fkm ohiriotmresteo lmiturm whmrm thm fthmr his i `ellmrmkt fkm+ Lfr ekstikt 7 –Phit―s i keom pek‑ ik` –Phit―s i keom dek+‑ ^iers cejm thmsm bevm eapfrtikt eklfraitefk idfut thm wiy i cikbuibm

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Ek thm twf smts fl icafst!e`mkteoic uttmrikoms ofkse`mrm` sf lir# thm `ellmrmkoms ek sfuk` irm cfoitm` ek spmoeleo wfr` 7 orikm vmrsus oikm ik`  pek vmrsus dek+ Phmrm es dfth i `ellmrmkom fl ofktmkt ik` i `ellmrmkom fl  mxprmssefk+ Phm citmr mkidcms thm hmirmr tf rmofbkezm thm wfr` ik` issfoeitm et weth thm prfpmr ofktmkt+ I kitevm spmijmr oik `estekbuesh thmsm twf piers fl wfr`s is thmy irm sie` dy iky fthmr kitevm spmijmr+ Phm twf aust `ellmr  ek it cmist fkm sebkeleoikt lmiturm ek thm mxprmssefk systma# thit es# ek it cmist fkm phfkmam ! t hm hm afst diseo mcmamkts ek thm mxprmssefk systma+ ^hfkmams irm thm sfuk` lmiturms wheoh irm ofaafk tf icc spmijmrs fl i bevmk spmmoh lfra ik` wheoh irm mxiotcy rmprf`uom` ek rmpmtetefk+ Ek iky cikbuibm thmrm es i `mleketm ik` usuiccy saicc kuadmr fl phfkmams+ ( Ek Ek Mkbcesh thmrm irm sie` tf dm lfrty!sex+% l frty!sex+% Cekbuests `mlekm i phfkmam is i aekeaua lmiturm fl thm mxprmssefk  systma fl i spfjmk cikbuibm dy wheoh fkm thekb thit aiy dm sie` es `estekbueshm` lrfa iky fthmr thekb wheoh aebht hivm dmmk sie` + Phus# el 

twf uttmrikoms irm `ellmrmkt ek suoh i wiy thit thmy subbmst tf thm hmirmr  `ellmrmkt ofktmkts# et aust dm dmoiusm thmrm irm `ellmrmkoms (saicc fr  mxtmksevm% ek thm mxprmssefks+ Phm saiccmst `ellmrmkom wheoh oik `ellmrmkteitm uttmrikoms weth `ellmrmkt ofktmkts es i `ellmrmkom fl i sekbcm  phfkmam+

^hfkmams irm pirt fl thm systma fl fkm spmoeleo cikbuibm+ Phm  phfkmams fl `ellmrmkt cikbuibm irm ukcejm+ Et es lfr thes rmisfk thit i lfrmebkmr hmirs fkcy i `esfr`mrm` sfuk`s wheoh hm es ukidcm tf rmpmit+ Phm sfuk`s fl thm ukliaeceir cikbuibm `f kft let ektf hes phfkmaeo systma# ik` sf hm oik ofaprmhmk` kf fr`mr ek i seapcm uttmrikom+ Ek shfrt# thm phfkmams fl i cikbuibm irm thm mcmamkts wheoh stik` ek ofktrist weth mioh fthmr ek thm phfkfcfbeoic systma fl thm cikbuibm+ EEE+ PHM BTIAAIPEOIC AFT^HMAM_ 7

_U_PMA

!

I

_PFOJ

FL

El thm uttmrikoms fl thm Mkbcesh (fr iky fthmr cikbuibm% ofksestm` amrmcy fl irrikbmamkts fl phfkmams# thmrm wfuc` dm kf pfekt ek spmijekb fr ek cestmkekb+ Dut pmfpcm `f fltmk spmij ik` cestmk mvmry `iy# ik` thmer  ofaaukeoitefk triksaets eklfraitefk ik` ekstruotefks+ Phm rmisfk why spmmohms oik smrvm ek thes wiy es dmoiusm thmy hivm ikfthmr jek` fl  struoturm dmse`m thm phfkmaeo fkm ! i struoturm ek tmras fl  afrphmams+ Afrphmams irm thm saiccmst ek`eve`uiccy amikekbluc mcmamkts ek thm uttmrikoms fl i cikbuibm

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(9% @fms thm pfrtefk rmour ek virefus uttmrikoms weth thm siam amikekb6 El yms# thmk thm pfrtefk es briaaiteoic lfra# dut kft kmomssirecy i sekbcm afrphmam+ El kf# try ikfthmr pfrtefk+ (4% Oik thm lfra dm drfjmk ektf saiccmr pemoms# mioh fl wheoh rmours weth ipprfxeaitmcy thm siam amikekb# ek suoh i wiy thit thm amikekb fl thm whfcm lfra es rmcitm` tf thm amikekbs fl thm saiccmr pemoms6 El yms# thmk thm lfra es cirbmr thik i sekbcm afrphmam+ Dut el thm ikswmr es kf# thmk thm lfra etsmcl es i sekbcm afrphmam+ Rm oik tijm thm lfccfwekb smktmkom is ik mxiapcm7  Gfhk trmits hes fc`mr sestmrs vmry keomcy+

&? gfõõk*4tretsez*fõwc`w *sástw rz*vmõre *kiõesce 4 k&  Kfw wm ippcy thm tmsts tf thm lfccfwekb mxtriots lrfa thm smktmkom idfvm7 &gçfõõ&# &gfõõk * tr&# & fõwc` w r&# ik` & sástw r&+ Phm lerst pfrtefk # &gçfõõ&# liecs Pmst (9%+ Et rmours# m+b+# ek Gfds irm hir` tf lek` hmrm# Hm"s i gfccy aik mto+ Phm smofk` pfrtefk icsf liecs Pmst (4%+ Et icsf rmours+ m+b# ek Gfhk triekm` hes stu`mkts wmcc# Gfhk trems hir`# mto+ Dut thm rmquermamkt fl  seaecirety fl amikekb es KFP siteslem`+ ^frtefk &fõwc`w r& lets Pmst (9%+ Ets amikekb ek thm frebekic smktmkom es omrtiekcy thm siam is ek aiky smktmkoms ofksestekb fl $fc`mr$+ Pf ippcy Pmst (4%# wm drmij &fõwc` w r& up ektf saiccmr pemoms 7 &fõwc`& ik` & w r&+ thm lframr rmours ek suoh smktmkoms is Hm"s ik fc` aik# Hm"s thm fc`mst sfk# mto+ ik` thm cittmr rmours ek# lfr mxiapcm# Rhmk E wis yfukbmr E mkgfy sekbekb# mto+ et smmas quetm ocmir thit $fc`mr$ es afrm thik fkm afrphmam: $fc`mr$ # thmk# es mxiotcy twf afrphmams+ Lekiccy & sást w r&+ thes pissms Pmst (9% dut thmrm es i prfdcma ek Pmst (4%+ Rm drmij $  sestmr  $ ektf twf saiccmr pemoms 7  sest! ik` !mr + $ _estmr $ oikkft dm rmbir`m` is i ofadekitefk fl saiccmr lfras  sest! ik` !mr + Rm thmrmlfrm ofam tf ofkocusefk thit $ sestmr $ es i sekbcm afrphmam+ Is ek thm mxprmssefk systma ispmot# afrphmam es thm smofk` diseo uket+ Rm oik ohiriotmrezm i afrphmam is thm uket fk thm mxprmssefk se`m fl  cikbuibm wheoh mktmrs ektf rmcitefkshep weth thm ofktmkt se`m+ I afrphmam es typeoiccy ofapfsm` fl fkm tf smvmric phfkmams+ Phm afrphmam `ellmrs luk`iamkticcy lrfa thm phfkmam wheoh his kf suoh rmcitefkshep weth

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Phm briaair# fr briaaiteoic systma# fl Mkbcesh es thm afrphmams usm` ek thm cikbuibm# ik` thm irrikbmamkts ek wheoh thmsm afrphmams foour rmcitevmcy tf mioh fthmr ek uttmrikoms+ EEE+ PHM AFT^HF^HFKMAEO _U_PMA 7

9+ @mleketefk+ Afrphfphfkmaeos# i drikoh fl afrphfcfby# `mics weth thm vireitefk ek thm lfras fl afrphmams dmoiusm fl phfkmteo liotfr+ Ek ^irt EE# E hivm amktefkm` dremlcy thm wiys ek wheoh briaaiteoic systmas wfrj+ _aiccmst ukets fl ofkomrk irm afrphmams+ Rm hivm dmmk ofkomrkm` weth thm wiys ek wheoh afrphmams irm put tfbmthmr ektf uttmrikoms: kfw wm irm ofkomrkm` weth thm phfkmaeo shipms wheoh rmprmsmkt thm afrphmams+ Hmrm es thm cest fl smvmric Mkbcesh wfr`s tijmk hmrm lfr mxiapcm 7 drfubht# wmkt# sfc`# ik`  sikb # Mioh ofksests fl twf afrphmams7 fkm es issmrtm` tf dm thm vmrd stma drekb# bf# smcc# ik`  sekb # whecm thm fthmr# ofaafk tf icc lfur# es issmrtm` tf dm thm pist tmksm afrphmam+ Phm mcmamkts wm hivm tf aijm amktefk irm thm fdvefus `ellmrmkoms dmtwmmk thm  phfkmaeo shipms rmprmsmktekb thmsm virefus afrphmams ek thm `ellmrmkt wfr`s+ Phmrm irm afrphmams wheoh irm rmprmsmktm` ek icc foourrmkoms dy i sekbcm phfkmaeo shipm7 lfr mxiapcm#  piy# rmprmsmktm` dy &pme& ek  piys#  pie`# piyekb# piymr# piymm# piyamkt # ik` sf fk# is wmcc is ek thm whfcm wfr` $ piy$+ El icc thm afrphmams fl Mkbcesh wmrm cejm thes# thmk thm afrphfphfkmaeos fl thm cikbuibm wfuc` dm treveic+ Dut thmrm irm ofapceoitefks ek thm Mkbcesh cikbuibm+ Phus# ek Mkbcesh# thm pist tmksm afrphmam es rmprmsmktm` dy i sullexm` &`& ek  pie` # dut dy i ofadekitefk fl  eklexm` &fu& ik` sullexm` &`& ek  sfc` # ik` ek virefus fthmr wiys ek drfubht# wmkt# sikb + $_mcc $ es rmprmsmktm` dy &smõc& ek afst ofktmxts# dut dy &s++õ++c!& whmk ioofapikem` dy thm pist!tmksm afrphmam &s++õ++c!& * &…fu…!`& 1 &sfõuc`&:  sekb es usuiccy &sáJ&# dut es icsf rmprmsmktm` dy &s+õ++ J&# ektf wheoh let eklexm` rmprmsmktitefks fl omrtiek eklcmotefkic afrphmams# tf yemc`  sikb#  sukb + Rhmk i afrphmam es rmprmsmktm` sfamteams dy fkm phfkmaeo shipm ik` sfamteams dy ikfthmr fr fthmrs# wm siy thit thm shipms stik` ek ictmrkitefk weth mioh fthmr+ Mioh rmprmsmktitefk es i afrph: icc thm afrphs

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Pwf afrphs irm `estekot el thmy `ellmr ek phfkmaeo shipm# is &smõc& ik` thm &s…c& fl – sfc`‑+ Phmy irm icsf `estekot el thmy irm iccfafrphs fl  `ellmrmkt afrphmams# mvmk el thmy irm e`mkteoic ek shipm7 &smõc& rmprmsmktekb { smcc } ik` &smõc& rmprmsmktekb { omcc } thus is twf `ellmrmkt afrphs+ 4+ Pypms fl afrphfphfkmaeo ohikbms+

Phmrm irm sfam ofaafk typms fl afrphfphfkmaeo ohikbms ek Mkbcesh 7 (i% Cfss fl phfkmams ! Phm phfkmam &k& fl thm kmbitevm prmlex{ ek!} es cfst dmlfrm thm afrphmams dmbekkekb weth sfkfrikt sfuk`s &a&: &r&: &c& ik` &k&+ m+b+ eaafdecm : errmbucir# ecceaetidcm ! Phm phfkmam &t& es cfst whmk ohikbekb wfr`ociss (i`gmotevm tf i kfuk% m+b+ `ellmrmkt f `ellmrmkom: `maforit f `maforioy (d% I``etefk fl phfkmams m+b+ sfcmak & õsfcwa & f sfcmakezm & õsfc wakiez & (phfkmam &k& es i``m`% cfkb & cFJ& f cfkbmr & ÕcFJbw& (phfkmam &b& es i``m`% swfr` f swfr`saik: sicm f sicmsberc: orilt f oriltsaik ( thm phfkmam &s& es i``m` % (o% _eapcm ohikbm fl phfkmams m+b+ pith & pìP& f piths& pìwz &: afuth f afuths# mto+ Phm phfkmam & P& es ohikbm` tf & w & whmk pcuricezm`+ (`% Isseaecitefk ! @esseaecitefk ! Isseaecitefk es thm prfomss fl rmpcioekb i sfuk` dy ikfthmr sfuk` uk`mr thm eklcumkom fl i ther` sfuk` wheoh es kmir tf et ek thm wfr` fr smktmkom+ m+b+ rmsest & re õzest &: ofksest & j wksõest& mto+ Phm ohikbm fl &z& tf &s& uk`mr thm eklcumkom fl &k&+ ' Phmrm es ikfthmr ohikbm `um tf isseaecitefk fl &k& tf &a& dmlfrm

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! @esseaecitefk es thm fppfsetm fl isseaecitefk+ Et tijms pciom whmk thm ofadekekb fl twf afrphmams drekb tfbmthmr twf e`mkteoic  phfkmams# rmsuctekb ek thm ohikbm fl fkm fl thma tf i phfkmam cmss cejm ets kmebhdfur+ m+b+ Phm ^rmlex ®ek!» his thm iccfafrph ®!eb» is ek ebkfdcm (m% _ykthmses Phmrm es thm lusefk fl thm twf phfkmams drfubht tfbmthmr dy afrphmam ofadekitefk ektf i sekbcm kmw phfkmam+ ®afest» ®!urm» 7 & afest& * &gu w& f & õafes w& m+b+ (l% _trmss shelt# bri`itefk Ek aiky oisms thm i``etefk fl ik illex tf i wfr` es ioofapikem` dy i shelt ek strmss oiccm`  strmss shelt + m+b+ cákbuest f cekbuõesteos : Phm prfomss fl `mrevitefk ekocu`ekb strmss shelt ekvfcvms vfwmc ohikbm+ Phes jek` fl ohikbm es oiccm`  bri`itefk+ m+b+ syadfc f syadfõceo (b% _uppcmtefk Phes typm fl afrphfphfkmaeo ohikbm es thm foourrmkom fl thm iccfafrph ofapcmtmcy `ellmrmkt ek phfkmaeo struoturm lrfa thm kfraic lfra+ Phm mssmkteic hmrm es smaikteo seaecirety ik` ofapcmamktiry `estredutefk+ @ellmrmkt iccfafrphs irm suppcmtevm lfras+ m+b+ Phm vmrd 7 ®bf» 1 ®wmkt»: ®smcc» 1 ®sfc` » Phm i`gmotevm : ®!mr » 1 afrm ! : mto+ ?+ _pfri`eo Ictmrkitefk+

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Phm `elleoucty es tf dm surm thit i pier fl lfras ofkstetutm i bmkuekm mxiapcm+ Lfr mxiapcm# aiky spmijmrs fl Mkbcesh usm dfth – hfest ‑&hfest& ‑&hfest& ik` i afrm ofccfqueic lfra – hmest ‑ &hiest&: thes pier his thm siam frebek is thit `msoredm` idfvm lfr &ruõ7t& ik` &ruõt&+ Dut ek thes oism thmrm his dmmk i smaikteo `ellmrmkteitefk7 – hfest ‑ ik` –hmest ‑ irm kft twf shipms fl i sekbcm afrphmam# dut `ellmrmkt afrphmams# weth seaecir dut `estekbueshidcm amikekbs+ 0+ Bmkmric prekoepcms7 Phmrm irm i lmw prekoepcms wheoh irm icafst ukevmrsety ioomptm` 7 (E% Pwf afrphs oikkft dm iccafrphs fl i sekbcm afrphmam el thmy ofktrist+ Lfr ekstikom#  streojmk ik` struoj dfth ippmir tf dm pist pirteoepcms fl  thm vmrd – strejm‑+ Phmy oikkft dm afrphmaeoiccy e`mkteoic: sf el thmy irm  dism` fk thm siam stma# thm eklcmotefkic illexms irm `ellmrmkt afrphmams+ (EE% Pwf afrphs oikkft dm iccfafrphs fl i sekbcm afrphmam ukcmss thmy hivm thm siam amikekb+ Lfr mxiapcm7 thm &s& fl  ikts# thm &z& fl  tebmrs# ik` thm &wk& fl  fxmk irm icc seaecir mkfubh ek amikekb thit wm `f kft hmsetitm tf ofkse`mr thma is i sekbcm afrphmam el thm fthmr oretmrei irm siteslem`+ Ek liot# et es pfssedcm thit thm &wk& fl fxmk es kft thm siam afrphmam is thm &z& fl  tebmrs+ EEE+ Mvmk el fthmr oretmrei irm sitesliotfrecy amt# wm `f kft ofkse`mr  twf afrphs tf i sekbcm afrphmam ukcmss thm rmsuctekb afrphmam lets ektf thm mamrbekb briaaiteoic peoturm fl thm cikbuibm ek i smksedcm wiy+ m+b+ ‟`fa ek Jekb`fa ik` ‟y ek afkirohy E\+ OFKOC]_EFK7

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9+ @fll# I+ ( 9588 % Pmioh Mkbcesh7 I Priekekb Ofursm lfr Pmiohmrs + Oiadre`bm# Oiadre`bm ]kevmrsety ^rmss+ 4+ Dralet# O+G+ ik` Gfhksfk# J+(m`s%+(9525%+ Phm Ofaaukeoitevm  Ipprfioh tf Cikbuibm Pmiohekb + Fxlfr`# Fxlfr` ]kevmrsety ^rmss+

?+ Dmmdm# _+I+ ik` Dmmdm# _+G+  ^udceo _pmijekb + Kmw Gmrsmy# ]_I+# ^rmkteom Hicc# Mkbcmwff` Ocells 0+ Ofccem# G+ ik` _citmr# _+ (9559%  _pmijekb + Oiadre`bm# Oiadre`bm ]kevmrsety ^rmss+ =+ Ofalfrt# G+# Tfbmrsfk# ^+ ik` _oftt# P+  _pmijekb Mllmotevmcy# Oiadre`bm# Oiadre`bm ]kevmrsety ^rmss+ <+ Bm``ms# A+ ik` _turtr`bm# B+  I`vikom` Ofkvmrsitefk# Oiadre`bm# Oiadre`bm ]kevmrsety ^rmss+ 2+ Lfrsmth# T+# Lfrsmth O+# Pi# P+H+ ik` Kbuymk# \+@+ (9550%#  Amthf`fcfby

Hik`dffj #

\emtkia# Mkbcesh Cikbuibm Ekstetutm&

Iamreoi+ 8+ Lmrrmr# G+ ik` Rhiccmy# M+ ( 955>%#  Afsieo E , EE 7 I cestmkekb&_pmijekb   _jeccs Dffj # Kmw Ufrj# AoBriw!Hecc ^udceshekb Ofapiky+