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INTRODUCTION The seventh largest and second most populous country in the world, India has long been considered a country of unrealized potential. A new spirit of economic freedom is now stirring in the country, bringing sweeping changes in its wake. A series of ambitious economic reforms aimed at deregulating the country and stimulating foreign investment has moved India firmly into the front ranks of the rapidly growing Asia Pacific region and unleashed the latent strengths of a complex and rapidly changing nation. India's process of economic reform is firmly rooted in a political consensus that spans her diverse political parties. India's democracy is a known and stable factor, which has taken deep roots over nearly half a century. Importantly, India has no fundamental conflict between its political and economic systems. Its political institutions have fostered an open society with strong collective and individual rights and an environment supportive of free economic enterprise. India's time tested institutions offer foreign investors a transparent environment that guarantees the security of their long term investments. These include a free and vibrant press, a judiciary which can and does overrule the government, a sophisticated legal and accounting system and a user friendly intellectual infrastructure. India's dynamic and highly competitive private sector has long been the backbone of its economic activity. It accounts for over 75% of its Gross Domestic Product and offers considerable scope for joint ventures and collaborations. Today, India is one of the most exciting emerging money markets in the world. The average turnover of the money market in India is over Rs. 40,000 crores daily. This is more than 3 percents of the total money supply in the Indian economy and 6 percent of the total funds that commercial banks have let out to the system. This implies that 2 percent of the annual GDP of India gets traded in the money market in just one day. Even though the money market is many times larger than the capital market, it is not even fraction of the daily trading in developed markets.
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INDIAN MONEY MARKET
Financial market is classified as :
Financial market Money market
Capital market
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MEANING OF MONEY MARKET
Money market refers to the market where money and highly liquid marketable securities are bought and sold having a maturity period of one or less than one year. It is not a place like the stock market but an activity conducted by telephone. The money market constitutes a very important segment of the Indian financial system. The highly liquid marketable securities are also called as „ money market instruments‟ like treasury bills, government
securities, commercial paper, certificates of deposit, call money, repurchase agreements etc. The major player in the money market are Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Discount and Finance House of India (DFHI), banks, financial institutions, mutual funds, government, big corporate houses. The basic aim of dealing in money market instruments is to fill the gap of short-term liquidity problems or to deploy the short-term surplus to gain income on that.
The money market is a market for lending and borrowing of short-term funds.
Money market deals in funds and financial instrument having a maturity period of one day to one year.
The instruments in the money market are close substitutes for money as they are of short-term nature and highly liquid.
Money market is not a place (like the stock market). It is in fact, a mechanism undertaken by telephone.
Also, it is a collection of markets for several financial instruments such as call money market, commercial bill market, etc
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DEFINITION OF MONEY MARKET According to the McGraw Hill Dictionary of Modern Economics, “money market is the term
designed to include the financial institutions which handle the purchase, sale, and transfers of short term credit instruments. The money market includes the entire machinery for the channelizing of short-term funds. Concerned primarily with small business needs for working capital, individual‟s borrowings, and government short term obligations, it differs
from the long term or capital market which devotes its attention to dealings in bonds, corporate stock and mortgage credit.”
Following definitions will help us to understand the concept of money market. According to the Reserve Bank of India, “money market is the centre for dealing, mainly of short term character, in money assets; it meets the short term requirements of borrowings and provides liquidity or cash to the lenders. It is the place where short term surplus investible funds at the d isposal of financial and other institutions and individuals are bid by borrowers‟ agents comprising institutions and individuals and also the government itself.”
According to Crowther, "The money market is a name given to the various firms and institutions that deals in the various grades of near money "
According to Nadler and Shipman, "A money market is a mechanical device through which short term funds are loaned and borrowed through which a large part of the financial transactions of a particular country or world are degraded. A money market is distinct from but supplementary to the commercial banking system." These definitions help us to identify the basic characteristics of a money market. A money market comprises of a well organized banking system. Various financial instruments are used for transactions in a money market. There is perfect mobility of funds in a money market. The transactions in a money market are of short term nature.
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HISTORY OF INDIAN MONEY MARKET: Till 1935, when the RBI was set up the Indian money market remained highly disintegrated, unorganized, narrow, shallow and therefore, very backward. The planned economic development that commenced in the year 1951 market an important beginning in the annuals of the Indian money market. The nationalization of banks in 1969, setting up of various committees such as the Sukhmoy Chakravarty Committee (1982), the Vaghul working group (1986), the setting up of discount and finance house of India ltd. (1988), the securities trading corporation of India (1994) gave a further fillip for the integrated and efficient development of India money market.
SUKHUMOY CHAKRAVARTY COMMITTEE The call money market for India was first recommended by the Sukhumoy Chakravarty .Committee was set up in 1982 to review the working of the monetary system. They felt that allowing additional non-bank participants into the call market would not dilute the strength of monetary regulation by the RBI, as resources from non-bank participants do not represent any additional resource for the system as a whole, and their participation in call money market would only imply a redistribution of existing resources from one participant to another. In view of this, the Chakravarty Committee recommended that additional nonbank participants may be allowed to participate participate in call money market
THE VAGHUL COMMITTEE The Vaghul Committee (1990), while recommending the introduction of a number of money market instruments to broaden and deepen the money market, recommended that the call markets should be restricted to banks. The other participants could choose from the new money market instruments, for their short -term requirements. One of the reasons the committee ascribed to keeping the call markets as pure inter-bank markets was the distortions that would arise in an environment where deposit rates were regulated, while call rates were market determined.
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OBJECTIVES OF MONEY MARKET Money market is an important part of the economy. It plays very significant functions. As mentioned above it is basically a market for short term monetary transactions. Thus it has to provide facility for adjusting liquidity to the banks, business corporations, non-banking financial institutions (NBFs) and other financial institutions along with investors.
A well developed money market serves the following objectives:
Providing an equilibrium mechanism for ironing out short-term surplus and deficits. It means to keep a balance between the demand for and supply of money for short term monetary transactions.
Providing a focal point for central bank intervention for the influencing liquidity in the economy.
Providing access to users of short-term money to meet their requirements at a Reasonable price
To help in implementing Monetary Policy. It provides a mechanism for an effective implementation of the monetary policy.
To help in Capital Formation. Money market makes available investment avenues for short term period. It helps in generating savings and investments in the economy.
Money market provides non-inflationary sources of finance to government. It is possible by issuing treasury bills in order to raise short loans. However this does not leads to increases in the prices.
Apart from those, money market is an arrangement which accommodates banks and financial institutions dealing in short term monetary activities such as the demand for and supply of money.
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PARTICIPANTS IN THE MONEY MARKET The transactions in the money market are of high volume involving large a mount. So, money market is dominated by a small number of large players. Some of the important players in the money market are:
Reserve Bank Of India.
Discount and finance House of India.
Financial Institution.
Non-banking finance companies.
Securities Trading Corporation of India.
Public sector undertakings (PSU).
The role of important players in the money market is discussed below:
*RESERVE BANK OF INDIA:
The reserve Bank of India is the most important player in the Indian Money Market.
The Organized money market comes under the direct regulation of the RBI.
The RBI operates in the money market is to ensure that the levels of liquidity and short-term interest rates are maintained at an optimum level so as to facilitate economic growth and price stability.
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RBI also plays the role of a merchant banker to the government. It issues Treasury Bills and other Government Securities to raise funds for the government..
The RBI thus plays the role of an intermediary and regulator of the money market.
*GOVERNMENT:
The Government is the most active player and the largest borrower in the money market.
It raises funds to make up the budget deficit.
The funds may be raised through the issue of Treasury Bills (with amaturity period of 91day/182day/364 days) and government securities.
*CORPORATE FIRMS:
Corporate firms operate in the money market to raise short-term funds to meet their working capital requirements.
They issue commercial papers with a maturity period of 7 days to 1 year. These papers are issued at a discount and redeemed redeemed at face value on maturity.
These corporate firms use both organized and unorganized sectors of money market.
*BANKS:
Commercial Banks play an important role in the money market.
They undertake lending and borrowing of short term funds.
The collective operations of the banks on a day to day basis are very predominant and hence have a major impact and influence on the interest rate structure and the liquidity position.
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*FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS:
Financial institutions also deal in the money market.
They undertake lending and borrowing of short-term funds.
They also lend money to banks by rediscounting Bills of Exchange.
Since, they transact in large volumes, they have a significant impact on the money market.
*INSTITUTIONAL PLAYERS:
They Consist of Mutual Funds, Foreign Institutional Players, Insurance Firms, etc.
Their level of Participation depends on the regulations.
For instance the level of participation of the FIIs in the Indian money market is restricted to investment in Government Securities.
*DISCOUNT HOUSES AND PRIMARY DEALERS:
They are the intermediaries in the money market.
Discount Houses discount and rediscount commercial bill and Treasury Bills.
Primary Dealers were introduced by RBI for developing an active secondary market for Government securities.
They also underwrite Government Securities.
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STRUCTURE OF INDIAN MONEY MARKET
The Indian money market consists of two main sectors:
1) ORGANISED SECTOR:
The RBI is the apex institution that controls and monitors all the organizations in the organized sector.
Also, the organized money market is composed of various components/ instruments that are highly liquid in nature.
The instruments traded are call money, treasury bills, commercial bills, certificate of deposits, commercial papers, repos etc.
The organized money market is further diversified with the establishment of the Discount and finance House of India, and Money market Mutual Funds.
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The Instruments Of The Organized Money Market Are:-
i)
CALL MONEY AND NOTICE MONEY MARKET:
The call money market is the most important segment of the Indian money market. It is also called as inter-bank call money market.
Under call money market, funds are transacted on an over-night. Generally, banks rely on call money market where they raise funds for a single day.
The notice money market funds are transacted for a period of 2 to 14 days. The loans are to be repaid at the option of either the lender or the borrower.
The rate at which funds are borrowed / lent in this market is called the call money rate. The call money rate (that depends on depends on demand for and supply of funds) is highly variable from day to day and from centre to centre.
The main participants in the call money market are commercial banks (excluding RRBs), co-operative banks and primary dealers, The Discount and finance House of India and non-banking financial institutions institutions like LIC, GIC, UTI, UTI, NABARD, etc ii)
TREASURY BILLS MARKET:
Treasury bills are short-term securities issued by the RBI on behalf of the Government of India.
Treasury bills are of three types: 91 day treasury bills, 182 days treasury bills and 364 day treasury bills. Since these bills are issued through auctions, interest rates on all types of treasury bills are determined by market forces.
Treasury Bills are available for a minimum amount of Rs 25000 and in multiples of RS 25000.Treasury Bills are traded in the secondary market. Commercial banks,
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Primary Dealers, Mutual Funds, Corporate, and Financial Institutions, Provident / Pension funds and Insurance companies participate in the treasury Bills Market.
Treasury Bills are eligible for inclusion in the SLR iii)
COMMERCIAL BILLS:
A commercial bill is a short- term, negotiable, self – liquidating liquidating instrument drawn by the seller on the buyer for the value of goods delivered by him.
Such bills are called trade bills / bills of exchange and when they are accepted by banks, they are called commercial bills. bills.
Generally the bill is payable at a future date (mostly, the maturity period is up to 90 days).
During this period, the seller may discount the bill with the banks. The commercial banks may rediscount these bills with with FIs like EXIM bank, SIDBI, IDBI, etc.
Thus, commercial bills are very important for providing short-term credit to trade and commerce. iv)
CERTIFICATES OF DEPOSITS: (CDs)
Certificates of Deposits are unsecured, negotiable promissory notes issued by commercial banks and development financial institutions.
CDs are marketable receipts of funds deposited in a bank for a fixed period at a specified rate of interest.
They are highly liquid and riskless money market instruments..CDs were originally introduced in India to enable commercial banks to raise funds from the market.
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v)
COMMERCIAL PAPERS:
Commercial paper is an unsecured, highly liquid money market instrument in the form of a promissory note / a dematerialized form through any of the depositories registered with SEBI.
It has fixed maturity whereby the purchaser is promised a fixed amount at a future date. They are issued on a discount to face value.
Commercial paper are issued by leading nationally reputed manufacturing and finance companies (Public / private sector).
All eligible participants should have a minimum rating P2 from CRISIL. Commercial Papers have maturity period between 7days and 1year from the date of issue.
CPs are issued in denominations of Rs 5 lakhs (minimum) or multiples of Rs5 lakhs.
Individuals, banks, corporate bodies, NRIs and FIIs can invest in commercial papers. vi)
REPOS AND REVERSE REPOS:
The RBI achieves the function of maintaining liquidity in the money market through REPOS / REVERSE REPOS.
The repo / reverse repo is a very important money market instrument to facilitate short-term liquidity adjustment among banks, financial institutions and other money market players.
A repo / reverse repo is a transaction in which two parties agree to sell and repurchase the same security at a mutually decided future date and price.
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From the seller‟s point of view, the transaction is called a repo; whereby the seller
gets immediate funds by selling the securities with an agreement to repurchase the same at a future date.
Similarly, from the buyer‟s point of view, the transaction is called a reverse repo,
whereby the purchaser buys the securities with an agreement to resell the same at a future date.. vii)
DISCOUNT AND FINANCE HOUSE OF INDIA (DFHI)
The Discount and Finance House of India is jointly owned by the RBI, the public sector banks and all India financial institutions.
The DFHI helps in developing and stabilizing the money market by stimulating activity in the money market instruments and developing secondary market in those instruments.
The DFHI deals in treasury bills, commercial bills certificates of deposits, commercial papers, short term deposits, call money market and govt securities. It also participates in repo operations. operations. viii)
MONEY MARKET MUTUAL FUNDS: (MMMFs):
The RBI introduced Money Market Mutual Funds to enable small investors to participate in the money market. Thus, MMMFs mobilizes saving of mutual funds and invest them in such money market instruments that mature in less than one year.
a.
The following are the important features of MMMFs:MMMFs can be set by scheduled commercial banks and public finance institutions.
b. Individuals, corporates, etc can invest in MMMFs.
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c. the lock-in period has been reduced to 15 days. d. MMMFs are under the regulation of SEBI. e. NRIs and Overseas Corporate Bodies can invest in MMMFs (on anon-repatriation basis) floated by commercial banks / public sector financial institutions / private sector financial institutions. However, they do not need separate permission from the RBI. 2) UNORGANISED SECTOR:
The unorganized Indian money market mainly comprises of indigenous bankers, money lenders and unregulated non-banking financial intermediaries.
Though they may exist in urban centres, their activities are mainly concentrated in rural areas. In fact, 36% of rural households depend on these for their financial requirement.
The main components of unorganized money market are: i)
INDIGENOUS BANKERS:
These financial intermediaries operate as banks by receiving deposits, giving loans and dealing in „hundies‟ (The hundi is a short term indigenous bill of exchange)The rate of
interest varies from market to market / bank to bank. The main advantages of indigenous bankers are simple and flexible operations, informal approach, personal contact, quick services and availability of timely funds. ii)
MONEY LENDERS:
Money lenders predominate in villages and they deal in the business of lending money. Their interest rates are very high Loans are given to agricultural labourers, marginal and small farmers, artisans, factory workers, etc for unproductive purposes.
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iii)
UNREGULATED NON_BANK FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
# Chit funds: a. They are saving institutions wherein members make regular contribution to the fund. b. The fund is given to some member by bids / draws. #Nidhis: a. They are mutual benefit funds as loans are given to members (from the deposits made by members themselves) at a reasonable reasonable rate of interest. b. The loans are generally given for purposes like house construction /repairs. Nidhis are prevalent in South India # Loan companies: a. Loan Companies (also called as finance companies) have capital in the form of borrowings, deposits or owned funds. b. They attract deposits by offering high rate of interest and other incentives. c.
Loans are also given at a very high rate of interest (36% t0 48% p.a).
d. Traders, small-scale industries and self-employed people are the main participants. iv) FINANCE BROKERS:
They are found in all major urban markets, especially in cloth market, commodity market and grain market.
They are intermediaries between lenders and borrowers.
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Article: India call money ends near reverse repo rate, cash ample
Reuters,2/ 9/ 2009, Indian overnight money rates brought down to near the reverse repo rate of 3.25% on Wednesday as this cash surplus in the system will help banks meet their reserve needs comfortably. Cheaper money available at the collateralized borrowing and lending obligation (CBLO) also eased pressure on the inter-bank cash rates. At that day banks were guided to report their position to RBI once in two weeks. This amendment crated a expectation on liquidity resistance. Some analysts said the central bank may start rolling back the liquidity as early as December 2009, as the already pressured consumer prices could pose significant inflationary threat to the economy, amid easy cash conditions Overnight rates are supported around the reverse repo rate because banks holding surplus funds could also deploy the same with central bank at that rate in its daily liquidity adjustment auctions.
Article: Money Market Integration in India: A Time Series Study
Rastogi Nikhil, Says Indian financial markets have come a long way from the highly controlled pre-liberalization era. He signifies that the main focus is on achieving efficiency, which is the hallmark of any developed financial market. This research paper tests the efficiency and extent of integration between financial markets empirically at the short end of the market. The rates, mainly taken for the purpose of this study, comprise the call market rate, CD (Certificate of Deposit) rate, CP (Commercial Paper) rate, 91day T-bill (Treasury bill) rate and 3-month forward premium. The results, though promising, are mixed. In his research he concluded that although markets have achieved integration in some of its branches, they have still to achieve full integration. This has absolute implications on the monetary policy of the Reserve Bank of India.(RBI) since changes in one market (gilt market) can be used to regulate the other market (forex market).
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Article: Market efficiency and financial markets integration in India
Prusty Sadananda, June, 2007, the author explored the impact of economic reforms on the integration of various segments of the financial market in India through the time series tools during the period from March 1993 to March 2005. The major findings were: (i) various segments of the financial market in India have achieved market efficiency, (ii) the 91-day Treasury bill rate is the appropriate 'reference rate' of the financial sector in India, (iii) the financial markets in India are largely integrated at the short-end of the market, and (iv) the long- end of the market is integrated with the short-end of the market. The above findings suggest that monetary policy should rely more on interest rate and asset price channels to control inflation.
Liquidity conditions and call money rate The
money
market
was
orderly during the first half of 2008-09, with call rates remaining generally within the
informal
corridor
of
reverse repo and repo rates (Chart V.8). The call money rates edged up in tandem with the hikes in LAF repo rates in stages till August 2008, In mid September 2008, the failure of Lehman Brothers and a few other global financial institutions led to the freezing of money market activities in major financial centres; and Indian markets were also indirectly affected.
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Activity in Money Market Segments (source : RBI RBI report on currency and finance 2008-09) The weighted average call money rate declined from November 3, 2008 onwards. The volumes in the money market had grown from January 2009(Table 5.4), The average daily net outstanding liquidity injection under LAF, which had increased to around Rs.43,00046,000 crore during September and October 2008, also declined sharply thereafter and turned into net absorption, from early December 2008,
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COMMERCIAL PAPER: A COMPARATIVE POSITION
Countries Legal basis
Maturity period
USA Securities act
UK
France
India
English common
1. French &
1. Nonbanking
law
financial code
direction, 1989
2. Decree and
2. Section 45k of
CRBF regulation
RBI act, 1934 7days and up to
No minimum
Less than 365
Between one day
and maximum
days
and up to one year 1 year
EUR 40000
A Unit Value
Denominations
Minimum
Equivalent At
Of Rs. 5lakh or
Denomination
Least EUR
multiple thereof.
But Market
150000
period but in effect ranges from 1-270 days Denomination
No Required
Price Of $ 100000 Issuers
Both Financial
No Restriction
Investment Firms,
Corporates,
And Non
Companies
Primary Dealers
Financial
Making Public
And FIs.
Corporation.
Offer, EIG, Community Institutions And International Organization Of Which France Is A Member.
Source: The Indian Financial System, Chapter 4 – Bharati V. Pathak
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SIGNIFICANCE OF MONEY MARKET As a result of various reform measures, the money market in India has undergone significant transformation
Market Development : In view of the transformation of the call money market into a
pure inter-bank market, there is a need to consider greater greater flexibility to banks and PDs to borrow or lend in this market, provided they have put in place appropriate risk management systems which would address the asset-liability mismatches in their balance sheets.
Extension of the Repo Market : It has been the endeavor of the Reserve Bank to
develop the repo market not only for easing pressure from the uncollateralized call money market but also to facilitate the emergence of a short-term rupee yield curve for pricing fixed income securities. At present, only Central and State Governments securities are eligible for market repo.
Development of a Vibrant Term Money Market: The term money market has not
developed for several reasons. In order to enable market participants to take a longterm view on interest rates, it is imperative that the ALM framework is strengthened and greater flexibility is allowed to the personnel managing treasury operations in banks..
Relook at Inter-Bank Participation Certificates : Inter-Bank Participation
Certificates, which can be used for evening out short-term liquidity mismatches by banks, were introduced in October1988 in order to infuse greater degree of flexibility in their credit portfolios. In view of rapid credit growth in recent years , the IBPC scheme with respect to duration, quantum in terms of the proportion to the loan amount ,eligible participants and transferability of IBPCs needs a thorough review.
Promoting Financial Stability: Default risk in the money market has the potential to
create a contagion in the financial markets and, therefore, needs to be mitigated..One of the fundamental forces that could contribute to more organic integration across various segments of the financial market is the technological up gradation of the payment and settlement system. system.
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SCOPE OF INDIAN MONEY MARKET The India money market is a monetary system that involves the lending and borrowing of short-term funds. India money market has seen exponential growth just after the globalization initiative in 1992. It has been observed that financial institutions do employ money market instruments for financing short-term monetary requirements of o f various sectors such as agriculture, finance and manufacturing. The performance of the India money market has been outstanding in the past twenty years. Central bank of the country - the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has always been playing the major role in regulating and controlling the India money market.
CONCLUSION The money market is a vibrant market, affecting our everyday lives. In recent years, money market accounts have become popular alternatives to CD‟s, short -term bonds, and classic savings accounts. In large part, this increase has been fueled by competitive yields, daily access to the money, and until recently, a sense of safety and stability. One of the primary functions of Money Market is to provide focal point for RBI's intervention for influencing liquidity and general levels of interest rates in the economy. RBI being the main constituent in the Money Market aims at ensuring that liquidity and short term interest rates are consistent with the monetary policy objectives. In brief, various policy initiatives by the Reserve Bank have facilitated development of a wider range of instruments such as market repo, interest rate swaps, CDs and CPs. This approach has avoided market segmentation while meeting demand for various products. These developments in money markets have enabled better liquidity management by the Reserve Bank. Thus the money market facilitates the flow of funds to the most important uses in the economy. It helps to promote promote economic growth of the country. It provides funds to finance finance production and distribution.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
http://business.mapsofindia.com
RBI s site --- http://rbi.org.in
SBI DFHI’s DFHI’s site
--- http://sbidfhi.com/
I ndi ndian I ns nstitut titute e Of Ban Banking king & F inanc nance e --- http://www.iibf.org.in
http://kalyan-city.blogspot.com/
The Indian financial system – Bharati V. Pathak
http://banking.about.com
