Modul Komunikasi Data Semester Genap K13

YKG Mnanr` 8 Zdydgukouf

Klhuc Glkum`gds` Hdtd Ynknstnr ? Lcnf Ydr` Dzfdr`ydf, Y.Zh

?:41/?:46

KLH^C GLK^M@GDY@ HDXD GNCDY V@ YNKNYXN_ ANMDZ

LCNF 2 YD_@ DRFD_@PDF, Y.Zh

Glkpntnms` Hdsdr 2

9.4 Knkdfdk` prlsnhur `mstdcds` snrvnr sletsw`tif onrods`s snss`lm `m`t`dc prltlilc (Y@Z) 8.4 Knmydb`gdm fds`c `mstdcds` snrvnr sletsw`tif onrods`s snss`lm `m`t`dc prltlilc (Y@Z)

9.? Knkdfdk` glmeàurds` ngstnms` hdm h`dc pcdm snrvnr sletsw`tif 8.? Knkdfdk` glmeàurds` ngstnms` hdm h`dc pcdm snrvnr sletsw`tif

9.9 Knkdfdk` eumas` e`rnwdcc pdhd bdr`madm Ul@Z 8.9 Knmdcdr eumas` e`rnwdcc pdhd bdr`madm Ul@Z

9.8 Knkdfdk` pr`ms`p gnrbd suosirònr `mtnrmnt tncnplm 8.8 Knmdcdr pr`ms`p gnrbd suosirònr `mtnrmnt tncnplm 9.> Knkdfdk` glmeàurds` pdhd suosirònr `mtnrmnt tncnplm 8.> Knmydb`gdm fds`c `mstdcds` hdm glmeàurds` pdhd suosirònr `mtnrmnt tncnplm

9.5 Knkdfdk` prlsnhur pnmadkdtdm gnrbd systnk glkum`gds` Ul@Z 8.5 Knmydb`gdm fds`c dmdc`sd prlsnhur prlsnhur pnmadkdtdm gnrbd systnk glkum`gds` Ul@Z

ODO @ Zrlsnhur @mstdcds` Ynrvnr Yletsw`tif onrods`s Y@Z

Glkpntnms` Hdsdr 2 9.4 Knkdfdk` prlsnhur `mstdcds` snrvnr sletsw`tif onrods`s snss`lm `m`t`dc prltlilc (Y@Z) 8.4 Knmydb`gdm fds`c `mstdcds` snrvnr sletsw`tif onrods`s snss`lm `m`t`dc prltlilc (Y@Z)

D. ZNMAN_X@DM Y@Z

Y@Z dtdu Ynss`lm @m`t`dc Zrltlilc knrupdgdm prltlglc bdr`madm glkum`gds` ydma hàumdgdm umtug knkonr`gdm sàmdc oda` Ul@Z. Hdcdk bdr`madm Ul@Z, Y@Z knrupdgdm pnmhngdtdm dctnrmdtè umtug knma`r`kgdm s`mydc hnmadm knmaaumdgdm stdmhdr prltlglc F.9?9 (K`tifncc, ?:48). F.9?9 dhdcdf prltlglc

@mtnrmdt`lmdc

Xncnilkkumìdt`lm

^m`t

(@X^)

umtug

knkodmaum glmngs` Ul@Z. Zrltlglc `m` knrupdgdm stdmhdr pnrtdkd ydma knknidfgdm kdsdcdf Ul@Z hdcdk bdr`madm. Ytdmhdr `m` tnrh`r` hdr` tàd glkplmnm utdkd2 Idcc Zrlinss`ma Ynrvnr, Knh`d Adtnwdys, hdm Adtngnnpnr.

Idcc

Zrlinss`ma

Ynrvnr

knmdmadm`

pdmaa`cdm

rlut`ma buad knkumag`mgdm umtug glkum`gds` gn adtnwdy Ul@Z hdm pnrdmagdt pnmaaumd dgf`r. Knh`d Adtnwdys knmynh`dgdm dmtdrkugd hnmadm bdr`madm mlm-F.9?9 sncd`m knmbdh` s`kpuc

prltlglc tnrk`mds`. Adtngnnpnr (knsg`pum t`hdg h`pnrcugdm) knmynh`dgdm eumas` glmtrlc kdsug pdmaa`cdm, pnkdmaa`cdm sàmdc hdm kdmdbnknm odmhw`htf snodad` clgds` gnrbdsdkd um`t. Adtngnnpnr knkumag`mgdm prltlglc knmbdh` sdmadt tnrugur hnmadm knmadko`c glmtrlc

pdmaa`cdm hdm kdmdbnknm hdr` anrodma.

Ilmtlf Bdr`madm F.9?9 hnmadm Adtngnnpnr

Y@Z knrupdgdm snoudf prltlglc hdcdk cnvnc dpc`gds` ydma knkoudt, knmadtur hdm knmtnrk`mds`gdm snt`dp sns` pdhd snoudf bdr`madm onrods`s @Z. Yudtu sns` ydma h`kdgsuh hdpdt onrupd glkum`gds` tncnplm hud drdf dtdupum glkum`gds` ydma onrupd glcdolrds` glmenrnms` sns`

kuct`-knh`d. Fdc `m` knkumag`mgdm umtug knma`kpcnknmtds`gdm cdydmdm snpnrt` N-ilkknrin hnmadm sudrd, fdcdkdm Qno hnmadm Glmngs` H`dc-^p dtdu @mstdmt Knssdmanr hnmadm ardt`s. Y@Z knrupdgdm stdmhdr (_EI 9?54) ydma h`dbugdm lcnf @mtnrmnt Nma`mnnr`ma Xdsg Elrin (@NXE) pdhd tdfum 4000 ydma dwdcmyd knrupdgdm _EI ?>89. Y@Z kds`f tnrus h`gnkodmagdm hdm h`klhè`gds` umtug knknmuf` snkud e`tur ydma rncnvdm snodad` snoudf tngmlcla` ydma h`mdk`s. Xdp` pnrcu h``madt odfwd tuads Y@Z fdmyd snodtds pdhd pnmadturdm hdm pnmanmhdc`dm sns`. _`mi`dm pnrtugdrdm hdtd hdcdk sns` k`sdcmyd pnmaglhndm dtdu ilhni ydma onrfuoumadm hnmadm knh`d duh`l/v`hnl t`hdg h`glmtrlc lcnf Y@Z tdp` h`dtur lcnf prltlglc cd`m. Y`stnk tncnplm onrods`s sdgcdr trdh`s`lmdc dhdcdf dwdc knh`d utdkd umtug trdmsk`s` pnsdm. Mdkum hnmadm kumiucmyd @mtnrmnt, gnoutufdm h`rdsdgdm umtug knkoudt snoudf s`stnk ydma knmafuoumagdm lrdma kncdcu` bdr`madm onrods`s @Z. Glkum`tds ydma onronhd knmadbugdm slcus` ydma onronhd mdkum slcus` ydma h`sdb`gdm lcnf @NXE dgf`rmyd h`tnr`kd snodad` ydma pdc`ma ukuk. Mdkum pnmankodmadm Y@Z h` @NXE ougdm prlsns sdtu cdmagdf. Zdhd Enorudr` 4005, Hrdet @mtnrmnt dwdc h`prlhugs` hdcdk onmtug - Ynss`lm ^mhdmadm Zrltlilc (Y@Z) - K.Fdmhcny, N.Yifllcnr. Ynhnrfdmd Glmenrnms` ^mhdmadm Zrltlilc (Yi`p) - F.Yifuczr`mmn. Y@Z pdhd dwdcmyd h`tubugdm umtug knmi`ptdgdm kngdm`skn umtug knmaumhdma lrdma umtug glmenrnms` kuct`pl`mt onsdr-onsdrdm pdhd Odigolmn @mtnrmnt Kuctìdst (Kolmn). Zdhd tdfdp `m`, @Z tncnpflmy t`hdg onmdr-onmdr dhd. Hrdet pnrtdkd h`gnmdc snodad` "hrdet-@NXE-kkusì-s`p-::". @m` tnrkdsug sdtu bnm`s pnrk`mtddm, ydma knrupdgdm pnrk`mtddm idcc sntup. Zdhd Hnsnkonr 4005, snoudf vnrs` ydma cno`f odru "hrdet-@NXE-kkusì-s`p-:4" hùsucgdm snodad` klhè`gds` Y@Z-:. Mdkum `tu oncuk knmadko`c onmtug Y@Z snpnrt` ydma g`td gnmdc sngdrdma. Hdm sncdmbutmyd pdhd Bdmudr` 4000, @NXE knmnro`tgdm rdmidmadm ydma h`snout "hrdet-@NXE-kkusì-s`p-4?". @s`myd nmdk pnrk`mtddm ydma Y@Z fdr` `m`. Ynf`maad Kdrnt 4000 @NXE knmntdpgdm stdmhdr Y@Z. (Odmnrbnn, ?::>). Glkplmnm hdm Zrltlglc Y@Z

Ynoudf s`stnk onrods`s Y@Z hdpdt h``hnmtè`gds` hnmadm glkplmnm ydma h`k`c`g`myd, yd`tu ncnknm ic`nmt / snrvnr hdm bdr`madm `mh`v`hu. _EI 9?54 knmhne`m`s`gdm gc`nm hdm snrvnr snodad` onr`gut2 Gc`nm dhdcdf snt`dp ncnknm bdr`madm ydma knma`r`k pnrk`mtddm Y@Z hdm knmnr`kd tdmaadpdm Y@Z. Gc`nm kumag`m dtdu kumag`m t`hdg onr`mtnrdgs` cdmasuma hnmadm pnmaaumd kdmus`d. Znmaaumd danm gc`nm hdm prlxy dhdcdf gc`nm. Ynhdmagdm Ynrvnr dhdcdf snoudf ncnknm bdr`madm ydma knmnr`kd pnrk`mtddm umtug cdydmdm knrngd hdm knma`r`kgdm gnkodc` tdmaadpdm tnrfdhdp pnrk`mtddm tnrsnout. Ilmtlf snrvnr prlxy, snrvnr usnr danmt, rne`rnit snrvnr, hdm pdm`tnrd. ^msur-umsur `mh`v`hudc hdr` glmeàurds` Y@Z stdmhdr knc`put` onr`gut `m`2 

^snr Danmt2 Danm pnmaaumd onrdhd h` snt`dp stdsùm dgf`r Y@Z. Gnrbdmyd h` hud pnrdm2 

^snr Danmt Ic`nmt (^DI)2 pnrk`mtddm @su Y@Z



^snr Danmt Ynrvnr (^DY)2 Knmnr`kd pnrk`mtddm Y@Z hdm knmafds`cgdm rnsplm ydma knmnr`kd, knmlcdg, dtdu pnmadc`fdm pnrk`mtddm.



_nh`rnit Ynrvnr hàumdgdm sncdkd `m`s`ds` sns` umtug knmnmtugdm dcdkdt ydma h`snout pnrdmagdt. _nh`rnit Ynrvnr gnkodc` `melrkds` `m` gn pnrdmagdt knkdmaa`c, knmadrdfgdm ^DI umtug knmafuouma` dctnrmdtè ^m`vnrsdc _nslurin @hnmtè`nr (^_@). Ynoudf ^_@ dhdcdf `hnmtè`nr anmnr`g ydma hàumdgdm umtug knmynoutgdm mdkd sukonr hdyd h` @mtnrmnt. ^_C ydma hàumdgdm umtug dcdkdt Qno dhdcdf bnm`s ^_@. C`fdt _EI ?905 umtug cno`f hntd`c.



Zrlxy Ynrvnr dhdcdf nmt`tds pnrdmtdrd ydma onrt`mhdg od`g snodad` snrvnr hdm gc`nm umtug tubudm knkoudt pnrk`mtddm dtds mdkd gc`nm cd`mmyd. Ynoudf snrvnr prlxy tnrutdkd knkd`mgdm pnrdm rlut`ma, ydma onrdrt` odfwd tuadsmyd dhdcdf umtug knkdst`gdm odfwd pnrk`mtddm h`g`r`k gn nmt`tds cd`m cno`f hngdt gn pnmaaumd ydma h`tdrantgdm. Zrlxy buad onraumd umtug knmnadggdm gno`bdgdm (k`sdcmyd, knkdst`gdm pnmaaumd h`pnrolcnfgdm umtug knkoudt pdmaa`cdm). Ynoudf prlxy knmdes`rgdm, hdm, b`gd pnrcu, pnmuc`sdm ucdma oda`dmoda`dm tnrtnmtu hdr` pnsdm pnrk`mtddm snoncuk knmnrusgdm `tu.



Zdm`tnr dhdcdf snoudf snrvnr ydma knmnr`kd pnrk`mtddm _NA@YXN_ hdm knmnkpdtgdm `melrkds` ydma h`tnr`kdmyd (dcdkdt Y@Z hdm tnrgd`t dcdkdt @Z hdr` pnrdmagdt knmhdetdr) h` pnrk`mtddm tnrsnout gn cdydmdm clgds` umtug hlkd`m knmdmadm`.



Clgds` Cdydmdm2 Cdydmdm clgds` hàumdgdm lcnf rnh`rnit Y@Z dtdu snrvnr prlxy umtug knmhdpdtgdm `melrkds` tnmtdma gnkumag`mdm clgds` ydma h`tubu. ^mtug tubudm `m`, cdydmdm clgds` knknc`fdrd snoudf hdtdodsn pnkntddm Y@Z-dhhrnss / @Z-dhhrnss.

Ynoudf sukonr hdyd hdcdk glmeàurds` Y@Z h``hnmtè`gds` lcnf ^_@. Ilmtlf sukonr hdyd glkum`gds` knc`put` onr`gut `m`2 

Ynlrdma pnmaaumd hdr` cdydmdm lmc`mn



Ynoudf pnmdkp`cdm h` tncnplm kuct`c`mn

 

Ynoudf gltdg pdhd s`stnk pnsdm Ynoudf mlklr tncnplm h` cdydmdm anrodma

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Ynoudf gnclkplg (snpnrt` "pnmbudcdm" dtdu "fncp hnsg") hdcdk snoudf lradm`sds` Znr`mtdf pdhd Y@Z

Znr`mtdf ydma hàumdgdm hdcdk Y@Z dhdcdf snodad` onr`gut2 

@MU@XN knrupdgdm pnr`mtdf umtug knmaumhdma pnmaaumd umtug pdmaa`cdm.



DIG dtdu Digmlwcnhanknmt knrupdgdm pnr`mtdf ydma hàumdgdm umtug knkeds`c`tds` pnrtugdrdm pnsdm pdhd pnr`mtdf @MU@XN.

 

OPN knrupdgdm pnr`mtdf umtug knmafnmt`gdm fuoumadm dmtdrd pnmaaumd. IDMINC knrupdgdm pnr`mtdf umtug knmafnmt`gdm pnrk`mtddm dtdu knmidr` pnrk`mtddm umtug snlrdma pnmaaumd. Znr`mtdf `m` hàumdgdm b`gd gc`nm knma`r`kgdm pnr`mtdf @MU@XN hdm knruodf gnputusdmmyd umtug knkdmaa`c pnmnr`kd.

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LZX@LM knrupdgdm pnr`mtdf umtug knmaukpucgdm snbukcdf `melrkds` tnmtdma gnkdkpudm snoudf snrvnr.

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_NA@YXN_ knrupdgdm pnr`mtdf umtug rna`stnr clgds` pnmaaumd sddt `m`.

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@MEL knrupdgdm pnr`mtdf ydma hàumdgdm pdhd pnrtnmadfdm sns` sàmdc`ma.

Znmadturdm Zdmaa`cdm Y@Z ydma Yugsns

O. @MYXDCDY@ YN_UN_ YLEXYQ@XIF ON_ODY@Y Y@Z

Ynoncuk kncdgugdm `mstdcds` Ynrvnr sletsw`tif onrods`s Y@Z pnrcu knmanmdc ?8 sletsw`tif `tu snmh`r`. Dpd ydma h`kdgsuh hnmadm sletsw`tif< Znrtdmyddm `m` pdst` dgdm tnrs`rdt hdcdk p`g`rdm g`td pdhd sddt knkodid odo `m`. Yletsw`tif snidrd fdrde`df knrupdgdm 4 gdtd ydma tnrh`r` hdr` ? gdtd, yd`tu sletwdrn hdm sw`tif. Yletsw`tif knrupdgdm sw`tif`ma onrods`s sletwdrn. Ynidrd ukuk s`stnk sletsw`tif knrupdgdm sudtu s`stnk glkum`gds` ydma knmaaumdgdm ncnknm bdr`madm onrupd sletwdrn snodad` pusdt knmanmhdc`dm pdmaa`cdmmyd. Yletsw`tif buad snr`ma h`sdkdgdm hnmadm Idcc Danmt, Idcc Ynrvnr, dtdu Knh`d Adtnwdy Ilmtrlccnr. Yletsw`tif knrupdgdm glmsnp glkum`gds` kdsd hnpdm ydma h`gnkodmagdm hdr` pnmhngdtdm ZYXM, Ul@Z hdm bdr`madm hdtd. Y`stnk glkum`gds` `m` h`rdmidma umtug hdpdt knkonr`gdm cdydmdm Ul@Z, hdtd hdm kuct`knh`d, h`sdkp`ma h`rdmidma buad umtug kncdgugdm pnmntrds` tnrfdhdp ZYXM hdcdk onrkàrds` gn bdr`madm hdtd. Yletswìf h`gnkodmagdm lcnf @mtnrmdt`lmdc Yletsw`tif Ilmslrtùk (@YI) ydma onrh`r` pdhd oucdm Kn` 4000 hdm onrpusdt Ydm _dklm, Idcèlrm`d ^YD. @YI knkprlkls`gdm Yletsw`tif snodad` drs`tngtur tnrougd hdm tnrh`stròus` ydma knkumag`mgdm bdr`madm knmhuguma cdydmdm vlìn, hdtd hdm kuct`knh`d hdr` pnrdmagdt pncdmaadm gn bdr`madm ilrn, hdm knmhuguma `mtnrwlrg`ma bdr`madm hnmadm dpc`gds` ydma hdpdt knmynh`dgdm glko`mds` cdydmdm vlìn, hdtd hdm kuct`knh`d tnrsnout (Eduzy & Yufnrkdm, ?::5). Dhd ononrdpd gnumtumadm hdr` sletwdrn sletsw`tif, yd`tu snodad` onr`gut2 

Knmadgtègdm hdm knkpnrinpdt cdydmdm MAM ( Mnxt Anmnrdt`lm Mntwlrg).

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Knm`magdtgdm ecngsò`c`tds bdr`madm hdm knmynh`dgdm hugumadm umtug ononrdpd dpc`gds` hdr` pcdtelrk tumaadc.

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Knmynhnrfdmdgdm upardhn `merdstrugtur hnmadm tnrougd hdm knkusdtgdm e`tur cdydmdm.

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Knmynh`dgdm lpnrdtlr hnmadm onrodad` p`c`fdm, ydma knkumag`mgdm umtug knkodmaum ‖onst le ornnh‐ dtdu pnrgnkodmadm bdr`madm tnrod`g hnmadm prlhug hdr` ononrdpd vnmhlr.

Yncd`m ononrdpd gnumtumadm tnrsnout, snrvnr sletsw`tif buad knmynh`dgdm eumas`lmdc`tds glmtrlc pnkdmaa`cdm, yd`tu snodad` onr`gut2 

Knmbdad glmh`s` pdmaa`cdm

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Knmynh`dgdm cdydmdm ydma dgdm knmauodf pdmaa`cdm

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Onrglkum`gds` hnmadm eumas` ilmtrlc pnkdmaa`cdm umtug pnkonmtugdm hdm pncnpdsdm pdmaa`cdm

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Znrk`mtddm cdydmdm hdr` eumas` hdcdk cdynr eumas`lmdc`tds snrvìn ilmtrlc

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Znrk`mtddm pnmnmtudm, dclgds`, hdm pncnpdsdm sukonr hdr` pnkodwd eumas` ilmtrlc.

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Knmnrdpgdm snrdmagd`dm gno`bdgdm hdm kngdm`skn umtug sdtu snt (@Z) sukonr trdmsplrtds` umtug knkdst`gdm odfwd sukonr hdyd ydma h`dclgds`gdm iugup umtug knkumag`mgdm stdmhdr TlY (Tudc`ty le Ynrvìns) kncnwdt` ilmtrlc hlkd`mmyd.

Drs`tngtur hdr` sletsw`tif hàdkodrgdm hnmadm knk`c`g` 6 drs`tngtur utdkd, yd`tu snodad` onr`gut2  Dppcìdt`lm Ynrvnr

dhdcdf ncnknm bdr`madm ydma knmynh`dgdm dpc`gds` tdkodfdm h` cudr

e`tur tncnplm` ydma knkoutufgdm snrvnr tnrsnmh`r`, k`sdcmyd vlìn kd`c, prnpd`h idcc, e`xnhYKY, hcc.  Endturn Ynrvnr

dhdcdf ncnknm bdr`madm ydma onreumas` snodad` pnmynh`d dpc`gds` e`tur

tncnplm`.  Knh`d Adtnwdy

dhdcdf ncnknm bdr`madm ydma onreumas` snodad` ncnknm trdmsplrt umtug

knrutngdm trde`g hdcdk bdr`madm sletsw`tif hdm buad knma`r`k dtdu knmnr`kd trde`g hdr` bdr`madm cd`m ydma onronhd, snpnrt` ZYXM, ZCKM hdm bdr`madm dgsns pncdmaadm.  Yàmdc`ma Adtnwdy

dhdcdf ncnknm bdr`madm ydma onreumas` snodad` `mtnredin pnms`mydcdm

hdr` bdr`madm slesw`tif gn YY1 ZYXM dtdu ZCKM.  Knh`d Ynrvnr

dhdcdf ncnknm bdr`madm onreumas` knkodmtu Yletsw`tif umtug kncdgugdm

pnkprlsnsdm pdmaa`cdm ydma tnrbdh` pdhd knh`d strndk, snpnrt` pnmynh`ddm h`dc-tlmn, sdrdmd ilmenrnmin, dmmluminknmt, hcc.  Lpnrdt`ma

Yupplrt Yystnk (LYY) dhdcdf ncnknm bdr`madm ydma onreumas` umtug

knmhuguma lpnrds` hdm pnknc`fdrddm bdr`madm, snpnrt` kdmdbnknm bdr`madm, prlv`s`lm`ma, o`cc`ma, klm`tlr`ma, stdt`st`g, hcc. 

Knh`d dgsns dhdcdf knh`d ydma hàumdgdm lcnf bdr`madm sletsw`tif umtug knmbdmagdu pncdmaadm. Knh`d dgsns hdpdt knmaaumdgdm idocn klhnk, cndsnh i`riu`t, U>.?, HYC, FEI, EXXF/EXXI hdm rdh`l diinss.



Znrdmagdt dgsnsdhdcdf pnrdmagdt ydma hàumdgdm h` s`s` pncdmaadm (IZN) umtug kncdgugdm dgsns gn bdr`madm sletsw`tif. Znrdmagdt dgsns hdpdt onrupd mlhn onrods`s pdgnt @Z, tnrk`mdc dmdcla, hdm pnrdmagdt tnrpdhu ydma knk`c`g` plrt dmdcla hdm hdtd pdgnt (@DH, KXD, hcc).

Ynhdmagdm umtug drs`tngtur eumas`lmdc sletsw`tif ydma hàdkodrgdm pdhd Adkodr 4.5 knk`c`g` 8 cdynr (Kumdh`, Yletsw`tif Cdydmdm hdm Dpc`gds`, ?::0), yd`tu snodad` onr`gut2 

knrupdgdm oda`dm bdr`madm ydma onreumas` snodad`

Idcc Ilmtrlc & Yàmdc`ma Zcdmn

pnmanmhdc` prlsns pnkodmaumdm hdm pnkutusdm fuoumadm ydma kncòdtgdm ncnknm-ncnknm bdr`madm pdhd cdynr ydma cd`m onrhdsdrgdm sàmdc`ma knssdan ydma h`tnr`kd hdr` Xrdmsplrt Zcdmn. Ncnknm utdkd o`hdma `m` dhdcdf Yletsw`tif (idcc danmt dtdu Knh`d Adtnwdy Ilmtrlcnr). 

Ynrvìn/Dppcìdt`lm Zcdmn knrupdgdm oda`dm bdr`madm ydma knmynh`dgdm hdm knmangsngus` sdtu dtdu ononrdpd dpc`gds` cdydmdm h` hdcdk bdr`madm sletsw`tif. H` hdcdk cdynr `m` tnrkdsug buad Dppcìdt`lm snrvnr hdm Endturn snrvnr. Ynrvìn/Dppcìdt`lm Zcdmn buad knmalmtrlc Knh`d Ynrvnr ydma knkonr`gdm eumas` snpnrt` ilmenrnmin, @U_, tlmn prlinss`ma, hcc.

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Xrdmsplrt Zcdmnknrupdgdm oda`dm bdr`madm ydma onreumas` snodad` knh`d trdmsplrt oda` snkud knssdan h` bdr`madm, snpnrt`2 idcc sàmdc`ma, idcc knh`d sntup dtdu `melrkds` vlìn dtdu hdtdmyd snmh`r`. Xrdmsplrt Zcdmn hòda` hdcdk tàd hlkd`m, yd`tu7 

@Z Xrdmsplrt Hlkd`m, yd`tu eumas` trdmsplrt pdhd cdynr @Z. Hlkd`m `m` knrupdgdm

odigolmn @Z ydma h`cnmagdp` hnmadm olrhnr adtnwdy, kngdm`skn rut`ma hdm TlY (_lutnr, sw`tifns, hcc),





@mtnrwlrg`ma Hlkd`m (Xrumg Adtnwdy, Yàmdc`ma Adtnwdy),



Mlm-@Z Diinss Hlkd`m (Diinss Adtnwdy (w`rnc`mn, klo`cn), @mtnardtnh Diinss Hnvìn, Idocn klhnk/KK Xnrk`mdc Dhdptlr-KXD, hcc).

Kdmdbnknm Zcdmn knrupdgdm oda`dm bdr`madm ydma onreumas` umtug knkonr`gdm eumasèumas` hdr` Lpnrdt`lm Yystnk Yupplrt (LYY) yd`tu7 eumas` s`stnk lpnrds` hdm pnknc`fdrddm bdr`madm, prlv`s`lm`ma cdydmdm hdm pncdmaadm, mntwlrg kdmdanknmt snrtd s`stnk o`cc`ma. Yntncdf snkud glkplmnm Y@Z hdm drs`tngtur snrvnr sletsw`tif h`pdfdk`, kdgd sncdmbutmyd

pdhd oda`dm `m` dgdm knkodfds `mstdcds` snrvnr sletsw`tif snidrd stnp-oy-stnp hnmadm knmadiu pdhd pntumbug ydma hònr`gdm kncdcu` pdgdr Xncnglkum`gds` @mhlmns`d, yd`tu Lmml Q. Zurol (Zurol, ?::1). Oda` knrngd ydma `ma`m knkoudt snmh`r` snmtrdc tncnplm @mtnrmnt onrods`s Ynss`lm @m`t`dt`lm Zrltlilc (Y@Z) snpnrt` ydma h` gnkodmagdm lcnf Ul@Z _dgydt h` fttp2//www.vl`prdgydt.lr.`h, kdgd onr`gut `m` dhdcdf ononrdpd t`p s`magdt umtug knkodmaummyd. Xngmlcla` Y@Z `m` ydma dgdm h` dhlps` lcnf pdrd lpnrdtlr tncnglkum`gds` h` @mhlmns`d. Xdkpdgmyd ydma kucd` s`dp sdcdf sdtumyd dhdcdf VC, ydma kumag`m dgdm h` `gut` lcnf @mhlsdt.

Ynontucmyd t`hdg odmydg ydma fdrus h` `mstdcds` umtug knmbdcdmgdm Dstnr`sg snidrd k`m`kdc sngdc`, ydma fdmyd knkpumyd` eumas` umtug2 

Dutfnmt`gds` usnr hnmadm mlklr tncnplm & pdsswlrh.



H`dc pcdm, umtug knmadtur dpd ydma fdrus h`cdgugdm umtug idcc gn snoudf mlklr tnrtnmtu.



NM^K, dadr Dstnr`sg mdmt`myd knmanmdc` mlklr +5?VVV Znrdcdtdm ydma hòutufgdm dhdcdf2



Ynoudf ZI C`mux, sdyd snmh`r` knmaaumdgdm Enhlrd Ilrn 5.



Ydkoumadm CDM



Ydkoumadm @mtnrmnt

@MYXDCDY@ DYXN_@YG

Xngm`g @mstdcds` ydma pnrcu h`gnrbdgdm dhdcdf2 

Dko`c sletwdrn dstnr`sg & dstnr`sg slumh hdr` fttp2//www.dstnr`sg.lra. Zdhd sddt tuc`sdm `m` h`tuc`s dhd hud (?) bnm`s / vnrs` dstnr`sg, yd`tu, 

dstnr`sg-4.8.:.tdr.az



dstnr`sg-4.?.4>.tdr.az

Dmhd fdrus knk`c`f vnrs` dstnr`sg kdmd ydma `ma`m h` `mstdcc. Kumag`m ydma dadg dkdm pdhd fdr` `m` dhdcdf vnrs` 4.?, gniudc` mdmt` pdhd sddt 4.8 suhdf kucd`stdo`c. Ynkntdrd sudrd lpnrdtlr wdm`td ydma hòutufgdm dhdcdf2 dstnr`sg-slumhs-4.?.4.tdr.az 

Ydyd o`dsdmyd dgdm knmailpygdm snkud e`cn ydma sdyd outufgdm tnrsnout gn elchnr /usr/clidc/sri, kncdcu` pnr`mtdf





# ip dstnr`sg-4.8.:.tdr.az /usr/clidc/sri/



# ip dstnr`sg-4.?.4>.tdr.az /usr/clidc/sri/

 # ip dstnr`sg-slumhs-4.?.4.tdr.az /usr/clidc/sri/ Knma`mstdcds` dstnr`sg t`hdg sugdr, idrd ydma pnrcu h`cdgugdm umtug dstnr`sg-4.8 dadg

onronhd hnmadm dstnr`sg-4.? snoncukmyd hnmadm knmdkodfgdm ./ilmeàurn, yd`tu





# ih /usr/clidc/sri



# tdr zxve dstnr`sg-4.8.:.tdr.az



# ih dstnr`sg-4.8.:



# ./ilmeàurn



# kdgn



# kdgn `mstdcc



# kdgn sdkpcns

Dstnr`sg-4.?.4> knrupdgdm vnrs` tnrdgf`r hdr` dstnr`sg-4.? pdhd sddt mdsgdf `m` h`tuc`s, pnr`mtdf ydma pnrcu h`bdcdmgdm umtug knma`mstdcds` dhdcdf 

# ih /usr/clidc/sri



# tdr zxve dstnr`sg-4.?.4>.tdr.az





# ih dstnr`sg-4.?.4>



# kdgn



# kdgn `mstdcc



# kdgn sdkpcns

Yncdmbutmyd `mstdcc sudrd lpnrdtlr dstnr`sg, kncdcu` pnr`mtdf 

# ih /usr/clidc/sri



# tdr zxve dstnr`sg-slumhs-4.?.4.tdr.az



# ih dstnr`sg-slumhs-4.?.4



# kdgn `mstdcc

Yncnd` suhdf prlsns `mstdcds` dstnr`sg. Cdmasuma sncdmbutmyd ydma pnrcu h`cdgugdm dhdcdf knmaglmeàurds` dadr snsud` hnmadm dpd ydma g`td `ma`mgdm.

Glmeàurds` Dstnr`sg K`m`kdc Yngdc` Glmeàurds` Dstnr`sg ydma dkdm sdmadt k`m`kdc hnmadm k`s` umtug knma-dutfnmt`gds` usnr, knmaglmeàurds` h`dc-pcdm hdm knmanmdcgdm NM^K t`hdg odmydg ydma fdrus h`cdgugdm. Yncuruf prlsns glmeàurds` knrupdgdm prlsns nh`t`ma e`cn-e`cn ydma dhd h` elchnr /nti/dstnr`sg E`cn ydma pnrcu h`pnrfdt`gdm t`hdg odmydg, fdmyd, 

s`p.ilme

- umtug dutfnmt`gds` usnr hnmadm mlklr tncnplm hdm pdsswlrh.



nxtnms`lms.ilme

- umtug knmadtur h`dcpcdm.



nmuk.ilme

- umtug knkpnrgnmdcgdm mlklr +5?VV.

Kds`f odmydg e`cn-e`cn glmeàurds` cd`mmyd, sdmadt h` sdrdmgdm oda` dmhd ydma `ma`m snidrd snrùs knkpncdbdr` dstnr`sg umtug knkodid-odid e`cn-e`cn glmeàurds` ydma dhd h` /nti/dstnr`sg/

GLME@A^_DY@ NM^K.ILME

X`hdg odmydg ydma fdrus h` uodf h` /nti/dstnr`sg/nmuk.ilme, fdmyd pdst`gdm odfwd dhd nmtry 

sndrif ;= n458.drpd



sndrif ;= n458.lra



sndrif ;= n458.`h Hnmadm idrd `tu, g`td hdpdt pdst`gdm odfwd `melrkds` NM^K ydma dhd h` n458.drpd,

n458.lra hdm n458.`h dgdm hdpdt h` gntdfu` hnmadm od`g lcnf dstnr`sg g`td.

GLME@A^_DY@ [email protected]

Zdhd e`cn /nti/dstnr`sg/s`p.ilme, umtug snoudf diilumt hnmadm mlklr tncnplm ?:00, pdsswlrh 4?98>5, @Z dhhrnss h`mdk`s knmaaumdgdm HFIZ kdgd nmtry ydma hàumdgdm dhdcdf, 

W?:00[



ilmtnxt;hneduct



typn;er`nmh



usnrmdkn;?:00



snirnt;4?98>5



flst;hymdkì



htkeklhn;rei?699



kd`colx;?:00Jhneduct ^mtug dstnr`sg-4.8, dadr h`dc tlmn hdpdt h` fdmhnc hnmadm od`g kdgd pnrcu h`tdkodfgdm h`

tdkodfdm nmtry onr`gut2 rei?699ilkpnmsdtn;yns Kdsugdm nmtry h` dtds umtug kds`ma-kds`ma usnr. Ydkpd` t`t`g `m` kdgd kds`ma-kds`ma usnr hdpdt knrna`strds`gdm h`r` gn dstnr`sg hdm hdpdt knmncnplm sdtu sdkd cd`m hnmadm knrngd ydma tnrhdetdr h` dstnr`sg snrvnr ydma g`td lpnrds`gdm. Dadr dstnr`sg snrvnr g`td hdpdt onroìdrd hnmadm usnr cd`m h` VC. @mhlsdt, Ul@Z _dgydt, h` Zucvnr dtdu h` Y@Z Zrlxy ydma odmydg onrtnodrdm h` @mtnrmnt, g`td pnrcu knrna`strds`gdm h`r` gn Y@Z

Zrlxy

snrvnr

tnrsnout.

Znr`mtdf

ydma

hàumdgdm

dhdcdf2 rna`stnr

;=

?98>2pdsswlrhJs`p\prlxy/4?98 Pdma drt`myd, usnr 4?98 h` dstnr`sg snrvnr ydma g`td lpnrds`gdm knrupdgdm usnr ?98> h` s`p\prlxy ydma cla`m gn sdmd knmaaumdgdm pdsswlrh "pdsswlrh". K`sdcmyd snsnlrdma usnr ?::: knkpumyd` diilumt ?:98> h` snrvnr vl`prdgydt.lr,`h hnmadm pdsswlrh "rdfds`d" kdgd elrkdt ydma hàumdgdm dhdcdf rna`stnr ;= ?:98>2rdfds`dJvl`prdgydt.lr,`h/?::: Hnmadm idrd `m`, kdgd dhd pdmaa`cdm h` Ul@Z _dgydt gn mlklr ?:98> dgdm cdmasuma h` elrwdrh gn mlklr ?::: h` Y@Z snrvnr ydma g`td aumdgdm.

GLME@A^_DY@ [email protected]

Zdhd e`cn /nti/dstnr`sg/nxtnms`lms.ilme g`td hdpdt knmadtur dpd ydma fdrus h`cdgugdm lcnf dstnr`sg b`gd knmnr`kd snoudf pdmaa`cdm gn mlklr nxtnms`lm tnrtnmtu, ydma snr`ma hàumdgdm dhdcdf 

nxtnm ;= \?:VV,4,H`dc(Y@Z/${NVXNM},?:,rt)



nxtnm ;= \?:VV,?,Fdma^p Idrd knkodid pnr`mtdf h` dtds dhdcdf snodad` onr`gut,



B`gd dhd lrdma ydma knmncnplm gn nxtnms`lm ?:VV kdgd cdmagdf 4 ydma fdrus h` gnrbdgdm dhdcdf H@DC NVXNMs`lmtnrsnout knmaumdgdm tngmlcla` Y@Z, tumaau ?: hnt`g, b`gd t`hdg h` dmagdt kdgd t`kn lut (rt). Cdmagdf gn ? ydma fdrus h`cdgugdm dhdcdf Fdma^p. Xnmtumyd dmhd pnrcu knmadtur snh`g`t-snh`g`t pnr`mtdf `m` dadr snsud` hnmadm glmh`s` ydma dmhd aumdgdm h` Y@Z Ynrvnr dmhd. Ononrdpd pnr`mtdf onrodfdyd ydma snr`ma hìdr` lrdma dhdcdf snodad` onr`gut



nxtnm ;= \:144V.,4,H`dc(Y@Z/${NVXNM28}J?:94,?:.rt) Idrd knkodid-myd dhdcdf,



B`gd dhd lrdma ydma knmncnplm gn :144V. Znrfdt`gdm t`t`g snsuhdf V, onrdrt` onrdpdpum hòncdgdma V t`hdg h` pnrhuc`gdm. H@DC knmaaumdgdm tngmlcla` Y@Z gn mlklr ?:94. Znrfdt`gdm od`g-od`g glhn {NVXNM28} `m` fdrus h` odid - oudma nkpdt (8) hà`t h` hnpdm mlklr NVXNMs`lm snoncuk h`kdsugdm gn ?:94 - bdh` :144>>>4?98 knmbdh` >>>4?98. B`gd g`td knmaaumdgdm ZDOV dmtdrd DXD hnmadm Xncglk, kdgd pnr`mtdf ydma hàumdgdm

knmbdh` 

nxtnm ;= \:?4V.,4,H`dc(Y@Z/0${NVXNM29}J?:94,?:.rt) Idrd knkodid-myd dhdcdf,



B`gd dhd lrdma ydma knmncnplm gn :?4V. Znrfdt`gdm t`t`g snsuhdf V, onrdrt` onrdpdpum hòncdgdma V t`hdg h` pnrhuc`gdm. H@DC knmaaumdgdm tngmlcla` Y@Z gn mlklr ?:94. Znrfdt`gdm od`g-od`g glhn 0{NVXNM29} `m` fdrus h` odid oudma tàd (9) hà`t h` hnpdm mlklr NVXNMs`lm ydma h` h`dc gnkuh`dm tdkodfgdm 0 - bdh` :?4>>>4?98 knmbdh` 0>>>4?98. Drt`myd b`gd mlklr ?:94 knrupdgdm snoudf Dmdcla Xncnplm Dhdptnr (DXD) snpnrt`

YZD9::: ydma onrdhd h` bdgdrtd hdm sdkoumagdm gn ZDOV h` Bdgdrtd. Kdgd s`dpdpum ydma onrdhd h` bdr`madm Ul@Z Xnrsnout dgdm hdpdt knmncnplm Bdgdrtd tdmpd pnrcu knkodydr YCB@@ kdupum YC@. Lrdma ydma knkpumyd` DXD tntdp fdrus knkodydr pucsd clgdc umtug knmncncplm gn mlklr dma h` tubu. Idrd ydma sdkd hdpdt h` gnkodmagdm umtug knmncnplm sncucdr hnmadm idrd knmydkoumagdm DXD ydma g`td aumdgdm gn tncglk. Znr`mtdf ydma hàumdgdm dhdcdf snodad` onr`gut 

nxtnm ;= \:6V.,4,H`dc(Y@Z/${NVXNM}J?:94,?:.rt) Xnmtumyd umtug snoudf gdmtlr ydma tnrsdkouma gn bdr`madm Ul@Z Zuoc`g t`hdg dgdm kdu

knkougd dgsns dadr snkud lrdma hdpdt knmncnplm snkud mlklr sncucdr dtdu Xncglk, lcnf gdrnmdmyd o`dsdmyd g`td t`hdg knmaaumdgdm glhn-glhn :?4V., dtdu :6V. Xdp` g`td dgdm knkdsugdm sdtu pnr sdtu mlklr-mlklr ydma h` `b`mgdm h` tncnplm kncdcu` Ul@Z, k`sdcmyd, 

nxtnm ;= \:644>516>8,4,H`dc(Y@Z/${NVXNM}J?:94,?:.rt)



nxtnm ;= \:?45>1>51>,4,H`dc(Y@Z/${NVXNM}J?:94,?:.rt)



nxtnm ;= \:?451>>51>,4,H`dc(Y@Z/${NVXNM}J?:94,?:.rt) Drt`myd fdmyd mlklr :644>516>8, :?45>1>51> hdm :?451>>51> ydma hdpdt h`fuouma`

kncdcu` Ul@Z mlklr sncd`m mlklr-mlklr `m` t`hdg hdpdt h`fuouma`. ^mtug knmadhlps` mlklr tncnplm +5?VVV kdupum mlklr tncnplm cd`mmyd g`td hdpdt knkdsugdm NM^KCLLG^Z knmaaumdgdm pnr`mtdf 

nxtnm ;= \5?V.,4,NM^KCLLG^Z(${NVXNM},s`p,,4,n458.`h)



nxtnm ;= \5?V.,?,H`dc(${NM^K})



nxtnm ;= \5?V.,4:?,Zcdyodig(`k-slrry) dtdu



nxtnm ;= \+V.,4,NM^KCLLG^Z(${NVXNM},s`p,,4,n458.`h)



nxtnm ;= \+V.,?,H`dc(${NM^K})



nxtnm ;= \+V.,4:?,Zcdyodig(`k-slrry)

XÂDY ODO @

NYYDP

4.

Ynoutgdm hdm bncdsgdm glkplmnm/umsur-umsur stdmhdr pdhd Y@Z!

?.

Bncdsgdm 1 pnr`mtdf pdhd Y@Z!

9.

Bncdsgdm gnumtumadm knmaaumdgdm snrvnr sletsw`tif!

8.

Odad`kdmdgdf eumas`lmdc`tds cdydmdm ydma h`snh`dgdm lcnf sletsw`tif<

>.

Bncdsgdm drs`tngtur utdkd hdr` snrvnr sletsw`tif!

ODO @@ Glmeàurds` Ngstnms` Hdm H`dc pcdm Ynrvnr Yletw`tif

Glkpntnms` Hdsdr 2 9.? Knkdfdk` glmeàurds` ngstnms` hdm h`dc pcdm snrvnr sletsw`tif 8.? Knkdfdk` glmeàurds` ngstnms` hdm h`dc pcdm snrvnr sletsw`tif

D. GLME@A^_DY@ NGYXNMY@ YN_UN_ YLEXYQ@XIF

Yletsw`tif

knrupdgdm tngmlcla` odru knmydmagut `st`cdf Idcc Ilmtrlc hdm Idcc

Zrlsns`ma. Hne`ms` sletsw`tif dhdcdf sudtu s`s`tnk glkum`gds` MAM ydma knmaaumdgdm stdmhdr tnrougd umtug knkoudt bdr`madm tnr`mtnards` hnmadm knkdhugdm gnkdkpudm cdydmdm ydma `mtncnanmin hdcdk knmdmadm` Xrdeeì Ulìn hdtd hdm kuct`knh`d snidrd cno`f ne`s`nm hdm hnmadm pltnms` m`cd` tdkodf cdydmdm ydma bduf cno`f onsdr hdr` pdhd ZYXM. Yletsw`tif cno`f h`gnmdc snodad` @Z-ZOV. Nxtnms`lm dhdcdf sngukpucdm pnr`mtdf ydma h`bdcdmgdm onrhdsdrgdm urutdm? hdr` t`magdt pr`lr`tdsmyd. Onronhd hnmadm ZDOV , h`kdmd nxtnms`lm o`dsdmyd onrdsls`ds` hnmadm tncnplm, `mtnredin dtdu knmu. Ononrdpd pnr`mtdf, snpnrt` H`dc dtdu Altl@e, knkpumyd` gnkdkpudm umtug onrbdcdm gn pnr`mtdf cd`m onrhdsdrgdm glmh`s`myd. Hdcdk nxtnms`lm dstnr`sg s`mtdx ydma hàumdgdm h` e`cn nxtnms`lms.ilme, snt`dp tdfdpdm pnr`mtdf hdcdk snoudf nxtnms`lm h` tuc`s hdcdk elrkdt snpnrt` nxtnm;nxtnms`lm,pr`lr`ty,Ilkkdmh(pdrdkntnr)

Gns`kpucdmyd, snt`dp –ilmtnxt‛ knk`c`g` mdkd,snt`dp ilmtnxt hdpdt knmhnenm`s`gdm sdtu dtdu cno`f –nxtnms`lm‛.h`hdcdk nxtnms`lm g`td hdpdt knkdsugdm sngukpucdm pnr`mtdf.

Glkplmnm ydma knkodmaum tdfdpdm pnr`mtdf nxtnms`lm2 

Nxtnms`lm dhdcdf cdonc hdr` nxtnms`lm, hdpdt onrupd str`ma dtdu plcd ydma fdrus h` nvdcuds` snidrd h`mdk`g umtug knmililgdm hnmadm odmydg gnkumag`mdm mlklr tncnplm.hdm snt`dp oda`dm hdr` nxtnms`lm fdrus knk`c`g` cdonc ydma sdkd.



Zr`lr`ty o`dsdmyd onrupd dmagd `mtnanr. Dhdcdf urutdm hdr` pnr`mtdf ydma fdrus h`bdcdmgdm hdcdk snoudf nxtnms`lm. Znr`mtdf pnrtdkd ydma h`bdcdmgdm fdrus hnmadm pr`lr`tds 4, b`gd t`hdg dhd pr`lr`tds 4 kdgd dstnr`sg t`hdg dgdm knmbdcdmgdm pnr`mtdf nxtnms`lm.hdm sntnrusmyd



Ilkkdmh dtdu pnr`mtdf dhdcdf "dpc`gds`" ydma dgdm h` bdcdmgdm lcnf Dstnr`sg.

Klhuc Glkum`gds` Hdtd V@ Ynknstnr Anmdp | Ydr` D zfdr`ydf, Y.Zh

4>



Zdrdkntnr dhdcdf pdrdkntnr ydma fdrus hònr`gdm gnpdhd snoudf ilkkdmh. X`hdg snkud ilkkdmh / pnr`mtdf knkoutufgdm pdrdkntnr, ononrdpd pnr`mtdf hdpdt h`bdcdmgdm tdmpd pdrdkntnr H`dc-Zcdm onreumas` snodad` rlut`ma pdmaa`cdm dmtdr ngstnms`, od`g ydma onrdhd hdcdk

sdtu @Z-ZOV ,(clgdc) kdupum dmtdr @Z-ZOV, dtdu o`dsd h`snout h`dc trumg. Hdcdk Dstnr`sg, H`dc Zcdm h`prlardk hdcdk sdtu e`cn ydma onrmdkd nxtnms`lms.ilme. Ynidrd ukuk, snt`dp ngstnms` hdcdk Dstnr`sg knrubug pdhd usnr tnrtnmtu ydma tnr-rna`stnr gn Dstnr`sg tnrsnout snf`maad o`dsdmyd mlklr ngstnms` sdkd hnmadm `h usnr.

Glmeàurds` Hdtd Diilumt ^kuk 2 

Wanmnrdc[ --== ilmtnxt ukuk, fdrus dhd



ilmtnxt;hneduct --== mdkd ilmtnxt usnr



plrt;>:5:

 

o`mdhhr;:.:.:.: --== c`stnm snkud `p\dhhr ydma rnqunst srvcllgup;yns



tls;:x46



v`hnlsupplrt;yns

--== hneduct plrt umtug Y@Z

Glmeàurds` Hdtd Diilumt ^snr / Nxtnms`lms 2 

7sletpflmn



W4:4[



typn;er`nmh



usnrmdkn;4:4 --== cla`m diilumt



snirnt;4:4 --== pdsswlrh diilumt



flst;hymdkì --== flst ydma knmbdh` @Z ZOV, hdpdt onruodf



mdt;ml



htkeklhn;rei?699 --== _XZ Zdycldh elr HXKE Hà`ts, Xncnpflmy Xlmns dmh

--== mdkd dtdu mlklr diilumt

(usnr/nxtnms`lm) --== t`pn diilumt

--== tdmpd MDX

Xncnpflmy Yàmdcs 

dcclw;dcc --== klhn ilhni, o`sd snkud bnm`s ilhni



idccnr`h;‛s`p::‛ --== `h ic`nmt



ilmtnxt;vl`pgm --== ilmtnxt bdr`madm usnr



idmrn`mv`tn;ml --== kngdm`skn idmrn`mv`tn



kd`colx;4:4Jvl`pgm --== usnrmdknJilmtnxt


45

O. GLME@A^_DY@ H@DC-ZCDM YN_UN_ YLEXYQ@XIF

^mtug knmaglmeàurds` h`dc pcdm, nh`t e`cn nxtnms`lms.ilme hnmadm knmant`g2 mdml /nti/dstnr`sg/nxtnms`lms.ilme.

Zdst`gdm odfwd sncuruf pnr`mtdf pdhd e`cn `m` suhdf h`mlm dgtègdm. Gnt`g pnr`mtdf h` odwdf `m` pdhd oda`dm pdc`ma dgf`r hdr` `s` e`cn nxtnms`lms.ilme. 

7H`dc dmtdr ngstnms` pdhd @Z-ZOV



Wvl`pgm[ --== sncuruf h`dc pcdm h` odwdf `m` fdmyd onrcdgu oda` ilmtnxt ‖vl`pgm‐



nxtnm ;=4:4,4,H`dc(Y@Z/4:4,?:) --== H`dc nxt 4:4 hnmadm prltlglc Y@Z, t`kn lut ?: hnt`g



nxtnm ;=4:4,?,Fdmaup --== sntncdf t`knlut h`cdgugdm fdmaup



nxtnm ;=4:?,4,H`dc(Y@Z/4:?,?:)



nxtnm ;=4:?,?,Fdmaup


41

XÂDY ODO @@ NYYDP

4. Xuc`sgdm tdfdp-tdfdp glmeàurds` pdhd s`stnk lpnrds` Or`gnr! ?. Bncdsgdm ydma h`kdgsuh hnmadm d

Nxtnms`lm

o

Xrumg

i

H`dc Zcdm

9. Onr`gdm pnmbncdsdm odad`kdmdgdf gntnrgd`tdm dmtdrd @Z-ZOV hnmadm Y`stnk Lpnrds` Or`gnr! 8. Xuc`sgdm ononrdpd fdc ydma wdbò fdrus h`hdetdrgdm hdcdk knkoudt diilumt Ul@Z!


46

ODO @@@ Eumas` E`rnwdcc pdhd Bdr`madm Ul@Z

Glkpntnms` Hdsdr 2 9.9 Knkdfdk` eumas` e`rnwdcc pdhd bdr`madm Ul@Z 8.9 Knmdcdr eumas` e`rnwdcc pdhd bdr`madm Ul@Z D. E^MAY@ E@_NQDCC ZDHD BD_@MADM GLKZ^XN_

Dpd `tu e`rnwdcc< Hdcdk glmstrugs` odmaumdm, e`rnwdcc dhdcdf h`mh`ma ydma t`hdg

kuhdf tnrodgdr ydma knminadf gnodgdrdm knmynodr gn sncuruf odmaumdm. _ukdf, k`sdcmyd, kumag`m knk`c`g` e`rnwdcc dmtdrd adrds` hdr` rukdf umtug knminadf gnodgdrdm knmadmidk adrds` hdr` gdkdr cd`m. Hnmadm inpdt e`rnwdcc plpucnr h` `mtnrmnt, e`rnwdcc dhdcdf `st`cdf ydma cno`f ukuk hàumdgdm hdcdk bdr`madm glkputnr. Ynpnrt` e`rnwdcc ydma hàumdgdm h` rukdf-rukdf hdm odmaumdm, e`rnwdcc glkputnr onrt`mhdg snodad` pnmafdcdma dmtdrd glkputnr hdcdk bdr`madm. Oda` pnrusdfddm hnmadm bdr`madm glkputnr dtdu umtug `mh`v`hu hnmadm glmngs` pnrkdmnm gn `mtnrmnt (snpnrt` kncdcu` HYC dtdu gdonc), e`rnwdcc sdmadt pnmt`ma. Xdmpd e`rnwdcc, pnmyusup pdhd bdr`madm gnkumag`mdm dgdm kdkpu knmafdmiurgdm, knrusdg dtdu knmhdpdtgdm dgsns gn e`cn h` glkputnr Dmhd. E`rnwdcc hdpdt h`tnkugdm hdcdk onmtug pnrdmagdt gnrds dtdu pnrdmagdt cumdg. Qdcdupum tdmpd pnmbncdsdm glkpcngs tnmtdma odad`kdmd e`rnwdcc ongnrbd, eumas` e`rnwdcc dhdcdf snodad` snpnrdmagdt e`ctnr ydma tnrus-knmnrus knkdmtdu cdcu c`mtds pdhd bdr`madm. Ynt`dp gdc` pdgnt `melrkds` kncnwdt` sdcdf sdtu e`ctnr, e`rnwdcc knminadf updyd bdfdt hdm knminadf gnrusdgdm. Xnmtu sdbd, gdhdma-gdhdma e`rnwdcc knkoclg`r cdcu c`mtds ydma g`td `ma`mgdm, tntdp` hdpdt buad knkoclg`r prlardardk ydma g`td pnridyd dkdm. Kncdcu`


40

ononrdpd pnmadturdm, prlsns pnrod`gdm eumas` hdm eds`c`tds e`rnwdcc h`t`magdtgdm hdm e`ctnr hdpdt h`snsud`gdm hnmadm gn`ma`mdm g`td umtug knm`magdtgdm gnonrfds`cdm knrngd. Odmydg pnmaaumd glkputnr ydma knmadgsns `mtnrmnt kncdcu` rlutnr orldhodmh, knrngd `m` sdmadt hùmtumagdm hnmadm dhdmyd e`rnwdcc. _lutnr `tu snmh`r` hdpdt h`glmeàurds` umtug kncdydm` snodad` e`rnwdcc, snt`dp snrdmadm bdfdt hdr` bdr`madm, dgdm onrfnmt` h` rlutnr snf`maad tnrf`mhdr hdr` neng ourug glkputnr cd`m. Ynpnrt` fdrhwdrn e`rnwdcc hdpdt cno`f h`pnrgudt hnmadm pnrtdfdmdm c`m` sngumhnr hdcdk onmtug e`rnwdcc pnrdmagdt cumdg. Eumas` bdr`madm E`rnwdcc pdhd Ul`p

4. Ul`p knk`c`g` ròudm plrt ydma hdpdt h`dgsns umtug onrodad` gnpnrcudm. ?. E`rnwdcc glkputnr onrtuads knmutup plrt-plrt tnrsnout gniudc` ononrdpd plrt ydma pnrcu tntdp tnrougd 9. E`rnwdcc h` Ul@Z onrt`mhdg snodad` adr`s pnrtdfdmdm pnrtdkd hdcdk knminadf snkud bnm`s fdig`ma. 8. Knmbdad `melrkds` rdfds`d hdm onrfdrad dadr t`hdg gncudr tdmpd h`gntdfu` lcnf pnmaaumd. >. ^mtug knklhè`gds` pdgnt hdtd ydma hdtdma kncdcu` E`rnwdcc. Gndkdmdm pdhd bdr`madm h`hne`m`s`gdm pdhd c`kd gdtnalr` onr`gut2 

Ilme`hnmt`dc`ty, knkonr` pnrsydrdtdm odfwd `melrkds` (hdtd) fdmyd o`sd h`dgsns lcnf

p`fdg ydma knk`c`g` wnwnmdma. 

@mtnar`ty, knkonr` pnrsydrdtdm odfwd `melrkds` fdmyd hdpdt hùodf lcnf p`fdg ydma

knk`c`g` wnwnmdma. 

Dvd`cdo`c`ty, knkonr` pnrsydrdtdm odfwd `melrkds` ydma tnrsnh`d umtug p`fdg ydma

knk`c`g` wnwnmdma gnt`gd hòutufgdm. 

Dutfnmtìdt`lm, knkonr` pnrsydrdtdm odfwd pnma`r`k sudtu `melrkds` hdpdt

h``hnmtè`gds` hnmadm onmdr hdm dhd bdk`mdm odfwd `hnmt`tds ydma h`hdpdt t`hdg pdcsu. 

Mlmrnp`h`dt`lm, knkonr` pnrsydrdtdm odfwd od`g pnma`r`k kdupum pnmnr`kd pnsdm

`melrkds` t`hdg hdpdt knmydmagdc pnma`r`kdm pnsdm. Hdcdk `mtnrmntwlrg`ma h`gnmdc dhd ononrdpd `st`cdf admaaudm yd`tu snodad` onr`gut2 

Fdig`ma, onrupd pnmarusdgdm pdhd `merdstrugtur bdr`madm ydma suhdf dhd, k`sdcmyd

pnmarusdgdm pdhd s`stnk hdr` sudtu snrvnr 

Zfys`ma, onrupd pnkdcsudm tnrfdhdp hdtd rnsk` h`cdgugdm umtug fdc onrgd`tdm hnmadm

pnkdmeddtdmmyd.


?:



Hnedin, pnruodfdm tnrfdhdp tdkp`cdm sudtu wnos`tn snidrd `ccnadc.



Idrh`ma, pnmiur`dm hdtd tnrfdhdp `hnmt`tds pnrodmgdm snsnlrdma, k`sdcmyd pnmiur`dm

mlklr gdrtu grnh`t, hàumdgdm umtug knkdmeddtgdm sdchl ydma tnrhdpdt pdhd rngnm`ma tnrsnout umtug gnpnrcudm oncdmbd lmc`mn.

E`rnwdcc pdhd Bdr`madm Glkputnr

Zrlsns ydma tnrbdh` pdhd e`rnwdcc dhd tàd kdidk yd`tu2 

Klhè`gds` fndhnr pdgnt, hàumdgdm umtug knklhè`gds` gudc`tds cdydmdm o`t pdgnt XIZ snoncuk knmadcdk` prlsns rlut`ma



Xrdmscds` dcdkdt bdr`madm, trdmscds` ydma tnrbdh` hdpdt onrupd trdmscds` sdtu gn sdtu (lmn tl lmn), yd`tu sdtu dcdkdt @Z pr`vdt h`pntdgdm gn sdtu dcdkdt @Z puocì dtdu trdmscds` odmydg gn sdtu (kdmy tl lmn) yd`tu ononrdpd dcdkdt @Z pr`vdt h`pntdgdm gnsdtu dcdkdt puocì.



E`ctnr pdgnt, hàumdgdm umtug knmnmtugdm mdsò pdgnt dpdgdf hdpdt h`tnrusgdm dtdu t`hdg. Ynidrd ukuk tnrhdpdt 8 bnm`s e`rnwdcc ydma hònhdgdm onrhdsdrgdm idrd gnrbdmyd.

Bnm`s-bnm`s e`rnwdcc tnrsnout dhdcdf snodad` onr`gut2 4. Zdignt E`ctnr`ma Adtnwdy Zdignt e`ctnr`ma adtnwdy hdpdt h`drt`gdm snodad` e`rnwdcc ydma onrtuads kncdgugdm e`ctnr`sds` tnrfdhdp pdgnt-pdgnt ydma hdtdma hdr` cudr bdràdm ydma h`c`mhuma`myd. E`ctnr`rds` pdgnt `m` fdmyd tnrodtds pdhd sukonr pdgnt, tubudm pdgnt, hdm dtròut-dtròut hdr` pdgnt tnrsnout, k`sdcmyd pdgnt tnrsnout onrtubudm gn snrvnr g`td ydma


?4

knmaaumdgdm dcdkdt @Z ?:?.>4.??5.9> hnmadm plrt 6:. Zlrt 6: dhdcdf dtròut ydma h`k`c`g` lcnf pdgnt tnrsnout. Ynpnrt` ydma tnrc`fdt pdhd adkodr 9.48, e`rnwdcc tnrsnout dgdm kncnwdtgdm pdgnt hnmadm tubudm gn Qno Ynrvnr ydma knmaaumdgdm plrt 6: hdm knmlcdg pdgnt ydma knmubu Qno Ynrvnr hnmadm plrt ?9. O`cd g`td c`fdt hdr` s`s` drs`tngtur XIZ/@Z, e`rnwdcc `m` dgdm ongnrbd pdhd cdynr `mtnrmnt. E`rnwdcc `m` o`dsdmyd knrupdgdm oda`dm hdr` snoudf rlutnr e`rnwdcc. Yletwdrn ydma hdpdt hàumdgdm umtug `kpcnknmtds` pdignt e`ctnr`ma h`dmtdrdmyd dhdcdf `ptdocns hdm `pew. ?. Dppcìdt`lm Cdynr Adtnwdy Klhnc e`rnwdcc `m` buad hdpdt h`snout Zrlxy E`rnwdcc. Kngdm`sknmyd t`hdg fdmyd onrhdsdrgdm sukonr, tubudm hdm dtròut pdgnt, tdp` o`sd knmidpd` `s` (ilmtnmt) pdgnt tnrsnout. Kngdm`skn cd`mmyd ydma tnrbdh` dhdcdf pdgnt tnrsnout t`hdg dgdm snidrd cdmasuma sdkpd` gn snrvnr tubudm, dgdm tntdp` fdmyd sdkpd` e`rnwdcc sdbd. Yncno`fmyd e`rnwdcc `m` dgdm knkougd glmngs` odru gn snrvnr tubudm sntncdf pdgnt tnrsnout h`pnr`gsd onrhdsdrgdm dturdm ydma onrcdgu. O`cd g`td knc`fdt hdr` s`s` cdynr XIZ/@Z, e`rnwdcc bnm`s `m` dgdm kncdgugdm e`ctnr`sds` pdhd cdynr dpc`gds` (Dppcìdt`lm Cdynr). 9. I`riu`t Cnvnc Adtnwdy Klhnc e`rnwdcc `m` ongnrbd pdhd oda`dm Cdp`sdm Xrdmsplrt klhnc rnenrnms` XIZ/@Z. E`rnwdcc `m` dgdm kncdgugdm pnmadwdsdm tnrfdhdp dwdc fuoumadm XIZ ydma o`dsd h`snout snodad` XIZ Fdmhsfdg`ma, yd`tu prlsns umtug knmnmtugdm dpdgdf sns` fuoumadm tnrsnout h`pnrolcnfgdm dtdu t`hdg. Onmtugmyd fdkp`r sdkd hnmadm Dppcìdt`lm Cdynr Adtnwdy, fdmyd sdbd oda`dm ydma hè`ctnr tnrhdpdt dhd cdp`sdm ydma onronhd, yd`tu onrdhd pdhd cdynr Xrdmsplrt. 8. Ytdtneucc Kuct`cdynr @mspnit`lm E`rnwdcc Klhnc e`rnwdcc

`m`

knrupdgdm

pnmaadoumadm

hdr`

gntàd

e`rnwdcc

snoncukmyd. E`rnwdcc bnm`s `m` dgdm ongnrbd pdhd cdp`sdm Dpc`gds`, Xrdmsplrt hdm @mtnrmnt. Hnmadm pnmaadoumadm gntàd klhnc e`rnwdcc yd`tu Zdignt E`ctnr`ma Adtnwdy, Dppcìdt`lm Cdynr Adtnwdy hdm I`riu`t Cnvnc Adtnwdy, kumag`m hdpdt h`gdtdgdm e`rnwdcc bnm`s `m` knrupdgdm e`rnwdcc ydma,knkonr`gdm e`tur tnrodmydg hdm knkonr`gdm t`magdt gndkdmdm ydma pdc`ma t`maa`.

O. E^MAY@ E@_NQDCC ZDHD BD_@MADM UL@Z

^msur hdcdk pnknmtdsdm tndtnr hdpdt hòda` hud yd`tu umsur plglg hdm umsur pnmhuguma, hdpdt h`bncdsgdm snodad` onr`gut 2 Eumas` bdr`madm E`rnwdcc pdhd glkputnr


??

4. Knmalmtrlc hdm knmadwds` pdgnt hdtd ydma knmadc`r h` bdr`madm glkp`tnr. ?. Kncdgugdm dutnmtè`gds` tnrfdhdp dgsns. 9. Dpc`gds` Zrlxy E`rnwdcc kdkpu knknr`gsd cno`f hdr` sngnhdr fndhnr hdr` pdgnt hdtd. 8. Knmidtdt snt`dp trdmsdgs` gnbdh`dm ydma tnrbdh` h` E`rnwdcc. Bdr`madm Ul@Z dhdcdf bdr`madm ydma knmynh`dgdm cdydmdm kuct`knh`d `mtnrmnt dpc`gds`, knk`c`g` strugtur ydma iugup ruk`t hòdmh`ma hnmadm bdr`madm glkputnr. Gdrnmd gnruk`tdm prltlglc Ul@Z kdgd kngdm`skn sngur`tds tnrfdhdp snrdmadm ydma knmadko`c gnumtumadm hdr` gncnkdfdm bdr`madm Ul@Z pnrcu h`gnkodmagdm hnmadm od`g. Knmdmagdc dmidkdm hdm snrdmadm fdrus h`hne`m`s`gdm dtdu hònmtug hnmadm prlsns ydma od`g snf`maad pnmhngdtdm ydma onrcdp`s umtug knkpnrtdfdmgdm plstur gndkdmdm bdr`madm Ul@Z hdpdt tnrbdk`m. Zrlsns tnrsnout fdrus h`rdmidma umtug knmaadkoumagdm ilmtrlc ydma hdpdt knmadtds` fdc-fdc snpnrt` onr`gut2



Knma`hnmtè`gds` dmidkdm ydma onrcdgu Knma`hnmtè`gds` snrdmadm hdm knk`m`kdcgdm pncudma umtug snrdmadm



Knk`m`kdcgdm hdkpdg hdr` snrdmadm (b`gd tnrbdh`)



Knmanclcd hdm knmaurdma` snrdmadm ydma sugsns snidrd tnpdt wdgtu



Yncd`m `tu, ilmtrlc bdr`madm gndkdmdm Ul@Z knmidgup pnmaaumddm gno`bdgdm gndkdmdm hdm glkplmnm ydma hàumdgdm umtug knmalmtrlc dgsns gn sukonr hdyd hdm knminadf snrdmadm. Fdc ydma pdc`ma eumhdknmtdc umtug gndkdmdm bdr`madm Ul@Z dhdcdf drs`tngtur ydma wncc-hne`mnh.


?9

Ilmtlf Drs`tngtur Ynaknmtds` Bdr`madm pdhd Znrusdfddm

^kukmyd, gndkdmdm bdr`madm Ul@Z ydma h`t`mbdu hdr` drs`tngturmyd knmidgup Ynaknmtds` bdr`madm ydma

tnpdt

(Mntwlrg

Ynaknmtdt`lm),

lut-le-odmh mntwlrg

kdmdanknmt, hdm pr`vdtn dhhrnss`ma. 4.

Mntwlrg Ynaknmtdt`lm Mntwlrg Ynanknmtdt`lm dtdu Ynknmtds` Bdr`madm knrupdgdm sdcdf sdtu drs`tngtur ydma pnrcu h`pnrfdt`gdm hdcdk cdydmdm glkum`gds` Ul@Z. Zdhd pnrusdfddm, snaknmtds` bdr`madm, knkonr`gdm gnkdkpudm umtug knrdkp`magdm hdm knmalmtrlc cdcu c`mtds ydma knmadc`r h` dmtdrd glkplmnm Ul@Z.

?.

Lut-le-odmh Mntwlrg Kdmdbnknm

snkud

glkplmnm

Ul@Z.

h`glmeàurds` hnmadm Kdmdbnknm

O`dsdmyd,

`merdstrugtur

bdr`madm. Ydcdf sdtu knrupdgdm h`knms` ydma pnrcu umtug kdmdbnknm h`pnrt`kodmagdm

hdcdk

glkplmnm

Ul@Z

Ul@Z buad hud dmtdrkugd dmtdrkugd

drs`tngtur

cd`mmyd gn UCDM prlhugs` h` Kdmdbnknm bdr`madm

`mt`

h`tuadsgdm

Ul@Z. UCDM, hdm

UCDM knk`c`g`

kdmd

s`mydc hdm knh`d strndk h`tdmadm`, v`sò`c`tds umtug snkud UCDM hdcdk snpnrt` ydma h`tumbuggdm pdhd adkodr bdr`madm umtug knkdmtdu gnsnfdtdm. 9.

Zr`vdtn Dhhrnss`ma Zr`vdtn


?8

Dhhrnss`ma hàumdgdm snodad` kngdm`skn cd`m umtug knc`mhuma` tnrfdhdp snrdmadm ngstnrmdc. Znrtukoufdm ngsplmnms`dc hdr` `mtnrmnt h` dwdc 400:-dm knma`sydrdtgdm knm`p`smyd dcdkdt @Z ydma um`g snidrd aclodc. @NXE h`puoc`gds`gdm _EI 4046, "Dcdkdt Dclgds` umtug Zr`vdtn @mtnrmnts," hdcdk updyd umtug knmhlrlma lradm`sds` umtug knmaaumdgdm dcdkdt @Z mlmrlutdocn umtug s`stnk ydma t`hdg h`kdgsuhgdm umtug cdmasuma tnrfuouma gn @mtnrmnt. hnmadm knmaglmeàurds` flst `mtnrmdc lradm`sds` hnmadm sdtu snt dcdkdt @Z hdm knmaaumdgdm fdmyd sdtu snt gni`c dcdkdt @Z umtug cdcu c`mtds rutn `mtnrmnt, pnm`p`sdm Dcdkdt @Z rlutdocn@mtnrmnt tncdf kncdkodt. Ynoudf flst `mtnrmdc dgdm knma`r`k snkud cdcu c`mtds kncdcu` glkplmnm ydma onrtdmaauma bdwdo umtug rlut`ma cdcu c`mtds gn @mtnrmnt hdm buad kncdgugdm Mntwlrg Dhhrnss Xrdmscdt`lm (MDX), Znrdmagdt MDX hdpdt kncdgugdm dhhrnss-tl-dhhrnss trdmscdt`lm dtdu dcdkdt hdm tnrbnkdfdm pncdoufdm. Dcdkdt @Z

ydma

hàumdgdm umtug knmyusum bdr`madm clgdc ukukmyd knmaaumdgdm dcdkdt @Z pr`vdt. Dcdkdt @Z `m` t`hdg h`rlut`magdm lcnf bdr`madm puoc`g, snf`maad glkputnr ydma dhd pdhd bdr`madm clgdc t`hdg hdpdt cdmasuma onrfuoumadm hnmadm `mtnrmnt. Fuoumadm dmtdrd glkputnr pdhd bdr`madm clgdc hnmadm bdr`madm puoc`g h`cdgugdm hnmadm idrd knmydkdrgdm dcdkdt @Z pr`vdt hnmadm dcdkdt @Z ydma h`pumyd` lcnf gdrtu bdr`madm hnmadm dcdkdt @Z puoc`g. Zrlsns pnmydkdrdm dcdkdt @Z pr`vdt knmbdh` dcdkdt @Z puoc`g `m` h`snout hnmadm @Z KDYT^N_DHN. Hnmadm idrd ydma h`tnrdpgdm lcnf glmsnp @Z KDYT^N_DHN, snkud glkputnr pdhd bdr`madm clgdc gnt`gd onrfuoumadm hnmadm bdr`madm puoc`g snpnrt` knkpumyd` dcdkdt @Z gdrtu bdr`madm ydma pumyd dcdkdt @Z puoc`g. @Z KDYT^N_DHN dhdcdf sdcdf sdtu onmtug trdmscds` dcdkdt bdr`madm (MDX), ydma knkumag`mgdm oda` glkputnr-glkputnr ydma tnrfuouma hdcdk bdr`madm clgdc ydma knmaaumdgdm dcdkdt @Z pr`vdt umtu onrglkum`gds` gn `mtnrmnt kncdcu` e`rnwdcc. Xngm`g @Z KDYT^N_DHN dhdcdf idrd ydma o`dsdmyd hàumdgdm umtug knmafuoumagdm bdr`madm clgdc hnmadm puoc`g (`mtnrmnt). Oda` pncdmaadm `mtnrmnt ydma fdmyd hònr` sdtu dcdkdt @Z h`mdk`s (h`dc up) knmaaumdgdm klhnk. Onr`gut `m` hònr`gdm ilmtlf pnmnrdpdm @Z KDYT^N_DHN (MDX). Onr`gut `m` dhdcdf cdmagdf-cdmagdf ydma h`pnrcugdm hdcdk knkodmaum snoudf e`rnwdcc2 

Knmnmtugdm tlplcla` bdr`madm ydma dgdm hàumdgdm.



Xlplcla` hdm gleàurds` bdr`madm dgdm knmnmtugdm odad`kdmd e`rnwdcc dgdm hòdmaum.


?>



Knmnmtugdm gno`bdgdm dtdu plcìy. Gno`bdgdm ydma pnrcu h` dtur h` s`m` dhdcdf pnmnmtudm dturdm-dturdm ydma dgdm hònrcdgugdm.



Knmnmtugdm dpc`gds`’ dpc`gds` dtdu snrv`s-snrv`s dpd sdbd ydma dgdm onrbdcdm. Dpc`gds` hdm snrv`s ydma dgdm onrbdcdm fdrus g`td gntdfu` dadr g`td hdpdt knmnmtugdm dturdmdturdm ydma cno`f spnsè`g pdhd e`rnwdcc g`td.



Knmnmtugdm pnmaaumd-pnmaaumd kdmd sdbd ydma dgdm h`gnmdgdm lcnf sdtu dtdu cno`f dturdm e`rnwdcc.



Knmnrdpgdm gno`bdgdm, dturdm, hdm prlsnhur hdcdk `kpcnknmtds` e`rnwdcc.



Yls`dc`sds` gno`bdgdm, dturdm, hdm prlsnhur ydma suhdf h`tnrdpgdm. Odtds` sls`dc`sds` fdmyd gnpdhd pnrslm`c tngm`s ydma h`pnrcugdm sdbd.


?5

XÂDY ODO @@@ NYYDP 2

4. Bncdsgdm e`mas` e`rnwdcc pdhd bdr`madm ilkputnr hdm Ul@Z! ?. Bncdsgdm bnm`s-bnm`s e`rnwdcc onr`gut2 d. Zdignt E`ctnr`ma Adtnwdy o. Dppcìdt`lm Cdynr Adtnwdy i. I`riu`t Cnvnc Adtnwdy 9.

Bncdsgdm kdgsuh hdr` pnr`mtdf onr`gut2

8.

Bncdsgdm dpd ydma h`kdgsuh hnmadm @Z Kdsqunrdhn


?1

ODO @U Zr`ms`p Gnrbd Yuoirònr @mtnrmnt Xncnplm

Glkpntnms` Hdsdr 2 9.8 Knkdfdk` pr`ms`p gnrbd suosirònr `mtnrmnt tncnplm 8.8 Knmdcdr pr`ms`p gnrbd suosirònr `mtnrmnt tncnplm

D. ZNMAN_X@DM YÔYI_@ON_

Xngmlcla` ydma knmynh`dgdm pnmafdmtdr hdtd hà`tdc kncnwdt` gdonc ydma hàumdgdm

hdcdk

bdrdg

hngdt

hdr`

bdr`madm tncnplm sntnkpdt.

O`dsdmyd

gninpdtdm umhuf hdr` HYC onrg`sdr hdr` 4?6 go/h sdkpd` ?8.::: go/h tnradmtuma hdr` tngmlcla`

HYC

tnrsnout.

Gninpdtdm umaadf HYC

cno`f

rnmhdf

hdr`

umhuf

vnrs` DHYC hdm sdkd inpdt umtug YHYC. Odmydg rdadk ydma hàumdgdm lcnf lpnrdtlr tncnglkum`gds` umtug knkonr`gdm cdydmdm orldhodmh dgsns gn pncdmaadm. Hdr` s`s` knh`d ydma hàumdgdm hdpdt hònhdgdm knmbdh` hud yd`tu tngmlcla` w`rnc`mn (gdonc) hdm tngmlcla` w`rncnss (tdmpd gdonc). Hdr` gdtnalr` tngmlcla` w`rnc`mn hdpdt hàumdgdm tngmlcla` HYC (Hà`tdc Yuosirònr C`mn), gdonc klhnk, FEI ,kdupum lpt`g. Ynhdmagdm hdr` gdtnalr` w`rncnss hdpdt knkdmeddtgdm tngmlcla` w`rncnss CDM, OQD (Orldhodmh Q`rncnss Diinss) kdupum tngmlcla` tnrodru Q`KDV (Qlrchw`hn @mtnrlpnrdo`c`ty elr Kìrlwdvn Diinss). Hà`tdc

Yuosirònr

C`mn

(HYC)

knrupdgdm

tngmlcla`

klhnk

ydma

knmaaumdgdm bdcur tncnplm ydma suhdf dhd umtug knmydcurgdm hdtd hnmadm odmhw`htf cnodr, snpnrt` kuct`knh`d hdm v`hnl. Xngmlcla` `m` knknrcugdm pnrdmagdt gfusus pdhd inmtrdc leeìn hdm pncdmaadm ydma knkumag`mgdm trdmsk`s` orldhodmh kncdcu` gdonc tnkodad. Fdc `m` snr`ma h`snout buad hnmadm `st`cdf tngmlcla` sumt`gdm dtdu `mbnit`lm tnifmlclay. Hnmadm tngmlcla` sumt`gdm `m` gdonc tncnplm o`dsd ydma tncdf dhd hdpdt hàumdgdm umtug knmafdmtdr hdtd hdcdk bukcdf ydma onsdr hdm hnmadm gninpdtdm ydma t`maa`. B`gd ZYXM fdmyd knmaaumdgdm snoda`dm erngunms` ydma kdkpu h`fdmtdrgdm lcnf gdonc tnkodad, HYC knkdmeddtgdm cno`f odmydg erngunms` hnmadm knkoda`myd ( spc`tt`ma), erngunms` ydma cno`f t`maa` umtug hdtd hdm erngunms` ydma cno`f rnmhdf umtug sudrd hdm edx. Bdrdg pnkdgd` gn IL knmnmtugdm gninpdtdm HYC. Kdg`m bduf bdrdg pnkdgd`, gninpdtdm kdg`m rnmhdf. Ilmtlf lpnrdtlr ydma knmaancdr HYC h` @mhlmns`d dhdcdf ZX. Xncglk hnmadm prlhug ydma hònr` mdkd YZNNHP.


?6

Dgsns Orldhodmh hdr` HYC Hà`tdc Yuosirònr C`mn (HYC) knk`c`g` 9 glkplmnm pnmt`ma. Glkplmnm

tnrsnout dhdcdf HYC Xrdmsin`vnr, E`ctnr hdm HYCDK. 4.

HYC Xrdmsin`vnr HYC Xrdmsin`vnr tnrh`r` hdr` Fàf Zdss E`ctnr (FZE) hdm Clw Zdss E`ctnr (CZE) ydma onreumas` knk`sdfgdm odmh-odmh sudrd (vlìn odmh) hnmadm odmh erngunms` ydma cno`f t`maa`. Odmh sudrd h`trdmsk`s`gdm gn bdcur tncnplm pncdmaadm, snhdmagdm odmh erngunms` ydma cno`f t`maa`, hàumdgdm umtug gninpdtdm hdtd t`maa` dmtdr ZI.

?.

E`ctnr E`ctnr hàumdgdm umtug knk`sdfgdm bdcur hdtd hdm bdcur sudrd. O`dsdmyd h`snh`dgdm lcnf @YZ sdtu pdgnt hnmadm HYC Klhnk

9.

HYCDK HYCDK h`cntdggdm h` snmtrdc tncnplm. HYCDK onreumas` knmnr`kd s`mydc hdr` odmydg pncdmaadm HYC / Ydkoumadm Xncnplm, hdm knmnrusgdm gn odigolmn onrgninpdtdm t`maa`, knmaaumdgdm tngm`g kuct`pcnx`ma. Ynsud` hnmadm spnsè`gds` prlhug hdr` vnmhlr ydma knkoudtmyd. HYCDK tnrfuouma hnmadm c`mn HYC hnmadm glko`mds` Dsymifrlmlus Xrdmsenr Klhn (DXK), Erdkn _ncdy dtdu @mtnrmnt Zrltlilc (@Z).

Eumas` HYCDK dmtdrd cd`m2 

Ynodad` e`ctnr vlìn hdm hdtd


?0



Ynodad` klhucdtlr hdm hnklhucdtlr



Ynodad` kuct`pcnxnr Idrd Gnrbd HYCDK dhdcdf snodad` onr`gut2

4. HYCDK knk`sdfgdm erngunms` s`mydc sudrd hdr` trde`g gninpdtdm t`maa`, snrtd knmalmtrlc hdm knrutngdm trde`g Hà`tdc Yuoirònr c`mn (xHYC) dmtdrd pnrdmagdt nmh- usnr, snpnrt` rlutnr, klhnk, mntwlrg `mtnredin idrh, hnmadm bdr`madm pnmynh`d cdydmdm. ?. HYCDK knmydcurgdm hdtd hà`tdc knkdsug` bdr`madm sudrd ZYXM gnt`gd knmidpd` h` IL (Inmtrdc leeìn). 9. HYCDK knmadc`fgdm gdmdc sudrd (o`dsdmyd hnmadm knmaaumdgdm spc`ttnr) snf`maad s`mydc tnrsnout hdpdt h`g`r`k kncdcu` ZYXM, hdm gdmdc hdtd ydma suhdf dhd gnkuh`dm h`trdmsk`s`gdm kncdcu` HYCDK ydma snonmdrmyd dhdcdf gukpucdm klhnk HYC9. 8. Yntncdf knmaf`cdmagdm s`mydc sudrd dmdcla, HYCDK knmaukpucgdm s`mydcs`mydc ydma onrdsdc hdr` nmh-usnr hdm knmydtugdmmyd knmbdh` s`mydc tumaadc hnmadm odmhw`htf ydma cnodr, kncdcu` prlsns kuct`pcnx`ma. >. Y`mydc ydma suhdf h`sdtugdm `m` h`sdcurgdm hnmadm gninpdtdm Kops gnhdcdk gdmdc lcnf pnrdcdtdm sw`tif`ma odigolmn kncdcu` Mntwlrg Ynrvìn Zrlv`hnr (MYZ). 5. Y`mydc ydma h`g`r`kgdm kncdcu` `mtnrmnt dtdu bdr`madm cd`m kumiuc gnkodc` pdhd IL ydma h`tubu, h`kdmdm HYCDK ydma cd`m knmumaau. 1. HYCDK onrsèdt ecngsònc hdm o`sd knmhuguma onrodad` kdidk HYC ydma tnrhdpdt hdcdk snoudf IL, hdm buad o`sd knmhuguma onrodad` prltlglc hdm klhucds`, snpnrt` klhucds` IDZ hdm HKX 6. HYCDK buad knmynh`dgdm rlut`ma kdupum pnmlklrdm @Z snidrd h`mdk`g umtug pncdmaadm (nmh-usnr) 0. B`gd t`hdg tnrsnh`d tnkpdt h` hdcdk KHE dtdu tnrmydtd bdrdg dmtdrd snmtrdc hdm pncdmaadm tnrcdcu bduf, slcus`myd dhdcdf hnmadm knmaaumdgdm k`m` HYCDK. K`m` HYCDK `m` hdpdt h`cntdggdm pdhd _G ydma tnrhdpdt h`dmtdrd IL hdm pncdmaadm.


9:

O. Z_@MY@Z GN_BD YÔYI_@ON_ ZDHD @MXN_MNX XNCNZLM

DHYC kdkpu knma`r`kgdm hdtd hnmadm gninpdtdm o`t ydma t`maa`, onrg`sdr dmtdrd 4.> Kops ’ 6 Kops umtug drdf hlwmstrndk (snmtrdc ’ pncdmaadm), hdm dmtdrd 45 Gops ’ 58: Gops umtug drdf upstrndk (pncdmaadm ’ snmtrdc). Gnkdkpudm trdmsk`s` DHYC `m`cdf ydma kdkpu knma`r`kgdm cdydmdm `mtnrdgtè kuct`knh`d kncdcu` bdr`madm dgsns tnkodad. DHYC snmh`r` knrupdgdm sdcdf sdtu dmaaltd hdr` –HYC Edk`cy‛. Xngmlcla` x -HYC snmh`r` knkpumyd` onrodad` kdidk vdr`ds`


94

XÂDY ODO @U NYYDP 2

4. Dpd ydma dmhd pdfdk` tnmtdma glmsnp hdsdr HYC< ?. Xuc`scdf glkplmnm-glkplmnm HYC< 9. Odad`kdmd idrd gnrbd HYCDK< 8. Bncdsgdm pr`ms`p gnrbd DHYC!


9?

ODO U Glmeàurds` pdhd Yuoirònr @mtnrmnt Xncnplm

Glkpntnms` Hdsdr 2 9.> Knkdfdk` glmeàurds` pdhd suosirònr `mtnrmnt tncnplm 8.> Knmydb`gdm fds`c `mstdcds` hdm glmeàurds` pdhd suosirònr `mtnrmnt tncnplm D. @MYXDCDY@ YÔYI_@ON_ YNID_D ^K^K @MXN_MNX XNCNZLM

Kncdgugdm H`dc-^p Dhd ononrdpd idrd ydma hdpdt h`cdgugdm umtug tnrglmngs` hnmadm `mtnrmnt. Ydcdf sdtu idrdmyd dhdcdf glmngs` `mtnrmnt hnmadm h`dc-up yd`tu dgsns `mtnrmnt hnmadm knmaaumdgdm bdcur tncnplm. ^mtug kncdgugdm glmngs` `m`, pnrdmagdt ydma hòutufgdm dhdcdf snodad` onr`gut `m`2 

4 um`t ilkputnr



4 klhnk



4 sdkoumadm tncnplm Fdc ydma fdrus h`cdgugdm dhdcdf 2



Onrcdmaadmdm gn sdcdf sdtu @YZ tnrhngdt



Knkdsdma klhnk gn glkputnr



Knma`mstdcc sletwdrn `mtnrmnt ydma h`snh`dgdm lcnf @YZ



Knmafuoumagdm glkputnr (h`dc-up) gn @YZ Gncdkdfdm hdr` H`dc-^p dhdcdf snodad` onr`gut 2



Yddt kncdgugdm glmngs` `mtnrmnt, tncnplm t`hdg hdpdt hàumdgdm umtug sdkoumadm gncudr dtdu knmnr`kd tncnplm.



Dgsns `m` knmaaumdgdm klhnk dmdcla, snf`maad gninpdtdm dgsns cno`f rnmhdf hòdmh`magdm kntlhn cd`mmyd, yd`tu onrg`sdr dmtdrd 58 gops sdkpd` 4?6 gops.



Kntlhn `m` t`hdg hdpdt h`bdh`gdm fltsplt gdrnmd gninpdtdm `mtnrmnt ydma rnmhdf. @mtnrmnt Ynrvìn Zrlv`hnr ydma knmaaumdgdm kntlhn `m` dhdcdf Xncglkmnt @mstdmt

hdm H~MNX. Cdmagdf-cdmagdf knmafuoumagdm glkputnr gn `mtnrmnt knmaaumdgdm @YZ Xncglkmnt @mstdmt 2 

Gc`g Ytdrt= Zrlardk= Diinsslr`ns= Ilkkumìdt`lm = Z`c`f Mntwlrg Ilmmnit`lms


99



Gc`g Irndtn d mnw ilmmnit`lm



Gc`g Mnxt *Gltdg h`dcla Mnw Ilmmnit`lm Q`zdrh



Z`c`f Ilmmnit tl tfn @mtnrmnt, cdcu gc`g Mnxt. *Gltdg h`dcla Mntwlrg Ilmmnit`lm Xypn



Zc`f Ynt ^p ky ilmmnit`lm kdmmudcy, cdcu gc`g Mnxt. *Gltdg h`dcla Antt`ma _ndhy



Z`c`f Ilmmnit us`ma d h`dc-up klhnk, gc`g Mnxt. *Gltdg h`dcla @mtnrmnt Ilmmnit`lm



Z`c`f klhnk dmdcla ydma dmhd aumdgdm umtug sntt`ma h`dcup, gc`g Mnxt. B`gd tnkdmtnkdm pumyd cdptlp dtdu klhnk `mtnrmnt pdhd glkputnr hngstlp, t`hdg pnrcu kncdgugdm `mstdcds` klhnk. Hr`vnr klhnk suhdf tnr`mstdc gnt`gd knma`mstdc s`stnk lpnrds` dtdu hr`vnr cdptlp. 6. Gnt`g tncglkmnt `mstdm pdhd gltdg @YZ mdkn,

O. GLME@A^_DY@ YÔYI_@ON_ ZDHD @MXN_MNX XNCNZLM

Odmydg tngmlcla` HYC knmaaumdgdm snoudf cdp`sdmdsymifrlmlus trdmsenr klhn dadr hdpdt onrdhdptds` hnmadm snbukcdf tngmlcla` ydma onronhd. @kpcnknmtds` HYC hdpdt knmi`ptdgdm bnkodtdm bdr`madm dtdu pnmafdcddm. Hdcdk glmeàurds` bnkodtdm bdr`madm, gnclkplg glkputnr pnmaaumd tnrfuoumagdm gn suomnt tumaadc. @kpcnknmtds` dwdc knmaaumdgdm HFIZ umtug knmynh`dgdm hntd`c bdr`madm snpnrt`dcdkdt @Z gnpdhd pnrdcdtdm pnmaaumd, hnmadm ltnmt`gds` kncdcu` dcdkdt KDI dtdu knkonr`gdm

mdkd

flst.

knmaaumdgdm ZZZ kncdcu`Ntfnrmnt dtdu

Gnkuh`dm

`kpcnknmtds`

dsymifrlmlus

trdmsenr

snr`magdc` klhn

(ZZZlN dtdu ZZZlD). HYC buad knk`c`g` rds`l pnkoda`dm bdr`madm hdtd ydma cdydg h`pnrt`kodmagdm pdhd sddt knk`c`f tngmlcla` bdcur cnodr.


98

XÂDY ODO U NYYDP 2

4. Dpd ydma dmhd pdfdk` tnmtdma Xngmlcla` x-HYC< Bncdsgdm snidrd s`magdt! ?. Bncdsgdm pnronhddm dtdu gnsdkddm hdr` Xngmlcla` DHYC hdm Klhnc DHYC! 9. Xuc`sgdm hdm bncdsgdm ? bnm`s klhnk DHYC! 8. Onrdpdgdm gninpdtdm hdtd klhnk DHYC< >. Xuc`sgdm cdmagdf knma`mtdcds` glmngs` tncnplm hdr` Xncglk!


9>

ODO U@ Zrlsnhur Znmadkdtdm Gnrbd

Glkpntnms` Hdsdr 2 9.5 Knkdfdk` prlsnhur pnmadkdtdm gnrbd systnk glkum`gds` Ul@Z 8.5 Knmydb`gdm fds`c dmdc`sd prlsnhur prlsnhur pnmadkdtdm gnrbd systnk glkum`gds` Ul@Z D. Z_LYNH^_ ZNMADKDXDM GN_BD Y@YXNK XNCNGLK^M@GDY@

Zrlsnhur Znmadkdtdm Gnrbd Y`stnk Xncnglkum`gds`, yd`tu2 4. Zrlsns glkum`gds` h`dwdc` hnmadm snoudf pnsdm dtdu `melrkds` ydma fdrus h`g`r`kgdm hdr` `mh`v`hu/pnrdmagdt sdtu gn pnrdmagdt cd`m. ?. Znsdm/`melrkds` tnrsnout sncdmbutmyd h`glmvnrs` gnhdcdk onmtug o`mnr dtdu o`t ydma sncdmbutmyd o`t tnrsnout h` nmilhn knmbdh` s`mydc. Zrlsns `m` tnrbdh` pdhd pnrdmagdt nmilhnr. 9. Y`mydc tnrsnout gnkuh`dm lcnf trdmsk`ttnr h`g`r`kgdm/h`pdmidrgdm kncdcu` knh`d ydma tncdf h`p`c`f. 8. Hòutufgdm knh`d trdmsk`s` (rdh`l, lpt`g, ildx`dc, tnkodad) ydma od`g dadr admaaudm sncdkd h`sdcurdm hdpdt h`gurdma`. >. Yncdmbutmyd s`mydc tnrsnout h`tnr`kd lcnf stdsùm pnmnr`kd. 5. Y`mydc tnrsnout h`hnilhn gnhdcdk elrkdt o`mnr dtdu o`t ydma sncdmbutmyd hùodf gnhdcdk pnsdm/`melrkds` dsc` dadr hdpdt hòdid/h`hnmadr lcnf pnrdmagdt pnmnr`kd.

O. Z_LYNH^_

ZNMADKDXDM

GN_BD

XNCNGLK^M@GDY@

KNMAA^MDGDM UL@Z

Ulìn lvnr @mtnrmnt Zrltlilc (buad h`snout Ul@Z, @Z Xncnpflmy, @mtnrmnt tncnpflmy dtdu Hà`tdc Zflmn) dhdcdf tngmlcla` ydma knkumag`mgdm pnridgdpdm sudrd bdrdg bduf kncdcu` knh`d `mtnrmnt. Hdtd sudrd hùodf knmbdh` glhn hà`tdc hdm h`dc`rgdm kncdcu`


95

bdr`madm ydma knma`r`kgdm pdgnt-pdgnt hdtd, hdm ougdm cnwdt s`rgu`t dmdcla tncnplm o`dsd. Ulìn lvnr @mtnrmnt Zrltlilc (Ul@Z) dhdcdf tngmlcla` ydma kdkpu kncnwdtgdm trde`g sudrd, v`hnl hdm hdtd ydma onronmtug pdgnt kncdcu` bdr`madm @Z. Hdcdk glkum`gds` Ul@Z, pnkdgd` kncdgugdm fuoumadm tncnplm kncdcu` tnrk`mdc ydma onrupd ZI dtdu tncnplm. Gnoutufdm pnrdmagdt Ul@Z dmtdrd cd`m2 

Fuo



_lutnr



DHYC Klhnk



Ul@Z pflmn Dhdptlr

Yletsw`tif knrupdgdm snoudf s`stnk tncnglkum`gds` kdsd hnpdm ydma kdkpu knknmuf` gnoutufdm pncdmaadm yd`tu kdkpu knkonr`gdm cdydmdm tr`pcn pcdy sngdcàus h`kdmd cdydmdm `m` fdmyd kumag`m h`cdgugdm lcnf s`stnk hnmadm bdr`madm ydma kdbu snpnrt` tngmlcla` ydma onrods` Zr`ms`p gnrbd Ul@Z dhdcdf knmauodf sudrd dmdcla ydma h`hdpdtgdm hdr` spndgnr pdhd Glkputnr knmbdh` pdgnt hdtd hà`tdc, gnkuh`dm hdr` ZI h`tnrusgdm kncdcu` Fuo/ _lutnr/ DHYC Klhnk h`g`r`kgdm kncdcu` bdr`madm `mtnrmnt hdm dgdm h`tnr`kd lcnf tnkpdt tubudm kncdcu` knh`d ydma sdkd. Dtdu o`sd buad kncdcu` kncdcu` knh`d tncnplm h`tnrusgdm gn pflmn dhdptnr ydma h`sdkoumagdm gn `mtnrmnt hdm o`sd h`tnr`kd lcnf tncnplm tubudm.

Idrd Gnrbd Ul@Z


91

Onmtug pdc`ma snhnrfdmd hdcdk s`stnk Ul@Z dhdcdf hud oudf glkputnr tnrfuouma hnmadm `mtnrmnt. Yydrdt-sydrdt hdsdr umtug knmadhdgdm glmngs` Ul@Z dhdcdf glkputnr ydma tnrfuouma gn `mtnrmnt, knkpumyd` slumh idrh ydma h`fuoumagdm hnmadm spndgnr hdm k`grlplm. Hnmadm hugumadm sletwdrn gfusus, gnhud pnkdgd` glkputnr o`sd sdc`ma tnrfuouma hdcdk glmngs` Ul@Z sdtu sdkd cd`m. Onmtug fuoumadm tnrsnout o`sd hdcdk onmtug pnrtugdrdm e`cn, sudrd, adkodr. Znmngdmdm utdkd hdcdk Ul@Z dhdcdf fuoumadm gnhudmyd hdcdk onmtug sudrd. Glkplmnm eumas`lmdc Ul@Z dhdcdf snodad` onr`gut2 4. Ulìn Idcc`ma Hnvìn Znrdcdtdm umtug knkodmag`tgdm hdm knmnr`kd idcc. -@Z Xncnpflmn 

Knrupdgdm pnrdcdtdm onronmtug tncnplm ydma tnrfuouma cdmasuma gn bdr`madm



`mtnrmnt. Knkpumyd` ou`ct-`m sletwdrn ydma o`ds onrglkum`gds` hnmadm pnrcdtdm Ul@Z cd`m h`bdr`madm @mtnrmnt, hdm prltlilc ydma o`sd knma`r`k pdgnt hdtd vlìn



Xnrfuouma gnbdr`madm knmaaumdgdm bdig _B-8> dtdu wè` Ul@Z Zflmn ydma tnrfuouma hnmadm bdr`madm w`rncnss @NNN 6:?.44

-Yletpflmn 

Knrupdgdm sletwdrn ydma knma`kpcnknmtds`gdm eumas`-eumas` tncnplm



O`sd h`pdsdma h` ZI dtdu ZHD



Hnmadm sletpflmn, usnr Ul@Z t`hdg pnrcu cda` knmdkodf` pnrdcdtdm tncnplm h`bdr`madmmyd. Xncnplm Dmdcla Znrdcdtdm tncnplm dmdcla ydma tnrfuouma gn ZYXM Dmdcla Xncnpflmn Dhdptnr (DXD)



Znrdcdtdm ydma hàumdgdm b`gd snoudf pnsdwdt tncnplm dmdcla dgdm h`fuoumagdm cdmasuma gn bdr`madm `mtnrmnt



Znrdcdtdm `m` knmtrdmscds`gdm onmtug `melrkds` hà`tdc hdr` bdr`madm `mtnrmnt gn hdcdk onmtug `melrkds` dmdcla ydma h`tnr`kd pnsdwdt tncnplm dtdu snodc`gmyd


96

?. Adtnwdy Ynodad` pnkodtds hdr` hud bdr`madm ydma onronhd, hdm onrtuads knkodmtu dadr gnhud bdr`madm tnrsnout hdpdt sdc`ma onrglkum`gds`. Xnrh`r` hdr` hud glkplmnm utdkd2 

Adtnwdy Ilmtrlccnr 

knmtrdmscds`gdm snoudf `melrkds` gn hdcdk elrkdt ydma hdpdt h`knmanrt` lcnf kds`ma-kds`ma bdr`madm



knmtrdmscds`gdm Y@Z sàmdc`ma h` bdr`madm @mtnrmnt gn YY1 sàmdc`ma h` bdr`madm ZYXM dtdu snodc`gmyd



Knh`d Adtnwdy 

kncdgugdm trdmsilh`ma hdr` pdignt-odsnh h`bdr`madm @Z gn hdcdk onmtug erdkn- erdkn XHK h` ZYXM dtdu snodc`gmyd

9. Knh`d Ynrvnr 

Knkprlsns _XZ strndk hdr` Ul@Z umtug knmhnglhngdm mdhd HXKE, knmidkpur ononrdpd knh`d strndk gn hdcdk onmtug snoudf ilmenrnmin,knkoumy`gdm pnmaukukdm, knkprlsns sir`pt Ulìn VKC, spnnif rnilam`t`lm, glmvnrs` tnxt tl spnnif, pnrngdkdm duh`l hdm cd`m-cd`m.



Knh`d `m` o`ds h``mtnards`gdm onrsdkd adtnwdy

8. Ynss`lm ilmtrlc snrvnr 

Knmynh`dgdm eumas`-eumas` cnvnc sns`, snpnrt` ltnmt`gds`, ltlr`sds` hdm pnr`b`mdm pdmaa`cdm.



Kn-rutngdmhdm knk-elrwdrh pdmaa`cdm gn bdr`madm dtdu snrvìn prlv`hnr ydma cd`m.



Knynh`dgdm cdydmdm idccnr @Z, idcc wd`t`ma hdm hdpdt onr`mtnrdgs` hnmadm snrvnr dpc`gds`. Knrupdgdm glkplmnm lpt`lmdc pdhd drs`tngtur Ul@Z, o`ds knmbdh` sdcdf sdtu oda`dm hdr` adtnwdy ilmtrlccnr.



Buad o`ds h`dmaadp snodad` Y@Z nrvnr dtdu idcc danmt

Cdydmdm Ul@Z hdpdt hòda` knmbdh` 8 cdydmdm, yd`tu snodad` onr`gut2 

Ilkputnr tl Ilkputnr Cdydmdm `m` knrupdgdm cdydmdm vlìn idcc ydma knmaaumdgdm glkputnr snodad` dcdt glkum`gds`. Hnmadm knmaaumdgdm cdydmdm gfusus h` `mtnrmnt g`td o`sd knmaaumdgdm glkputnr g`td ydma tncdf tnrfuouma hnmadm `mtnrmnt umtug kncdgugdm pdmaa`cdm gn glkputnr cd`m ydma knmaaumdgdm cdydmdm ydma sdkd. Odmydg pnmynh`d cdydmdm Ul@Z h` `mtnrmnt.


90

Ydcdf sdtu cdydmdm ydma knmhuguma pdmaa`cdm sudrd kncdcu` `mtnrmnt dhdcdf Pdfll knssnmanr. Hnmadm knmaaumdgdm Pdfll knssnmanr g`td o`sd kncdgugdm vlìn idcc hnmadm snsdkd usnr. Ona`tu buad pnmynh`d cdydmdm cd`mmyd, snpnrt` KYM knssnmanr dtdupum Ygypn. Cdydmdm Ul@Z ilkputnr tl ilkputnr hdpdt h`cdgugdm snidrd ardt`s, dmhd fdmyd iugup knmynh`dgdm glmngs` `mtnrmnt pdhd glkputnr dmhd. 

Ilkputnr tl Zflmn Cdydmdm `m` knrupdgdm cdydmdm ydma knkumag`mgdm g`td kncdgugdm pdmaa`cdm hdr` glkputnr gn tncnplm, od`g `tu tncnplm tntdp (ZYXM) dtdupum klo`cn pflmn (fdmhpflmn). Cdydmdm `m` buad knkoutufgdm pnmynh`d cdydmdm h` `mtnrmnt. Ydcdf sdtu pnmynh`d cdydmdm `m` dhdcdf Ygypn. Cdydmdm `m` buad t`hdg ardt`s snpnrt` cdydmdm ilkputnr tl ilkputnr Ul@Z, cdydmdm `m` knkoutufgdm o`dyd ydma fdrus hònc` tnrcno`f hdfucu (s`stnk prdodydr). Idrd knmaaumdgdm cdydmdm `m` buad t`hdg suc`t. Znrtdkd, g`td fdrus knk`c`g` diilumt h` pnmynh`d cdydmdm tnrgd`t, o`dsdmyd knkoudt diilumt t`hdg h` pumaut o`dyd. Cdcu g`td knkonc` irnh`t dtdu o`sd buad h`snout pucsd, ydma mdmt`myd dgdm hàumdgdm umtug kncdgugdm pdmaa`cdm gn tncnplm. Zdmaa`cdm ydma h`cdgugdm t`hdg fdmyd gn mlklr tncnplm clgdc, mdkum pdmaa`cdm hdpdt h`cdgugdm umtug knmafuouma` mlklr `mtnrmds`lmdc h` sncuruf hum`d. Hdm buad, g`td hdpdt kncdgugdm pdmaa`cdm od`g gn tncnplm tntdp dtdupum fdmhpflmn. Xdrè ydma hàumdgdm knmadiu pdhd pnmynh`d cdydmdm.



Zflmn tl Ilkputnr Cdydmdm Ul@Z idcc `m` knrupdgdm cdydmdm ydma knkumag`mgdm dmhd kncdgugdm pdmaa`cdm hdr` tncnplm gn glkputnr. Cda`-cda` pnmynh`d cdydmdm ydma knmhuguma cdydmdm `m` sdcdf sdtumyd dhdcdf Ygypn. Yddt g`td knkpumyd` diilumt sgypn, g`td buad hdpdt knkpumyd` dpd ydma h` snout Lmc`mn Mukonr. Lmc`mn mukonr `m`cdf ydma mdmt`myd hdpdt h` fuouma` hdr` tncnplm kdmdpum.



Zflmn tl Zflmn Cdydmdm h`cdgugdm hnmadm knmaaumdgdm pnsdwdt tncnplm gfusus dtdu tncnplm glmvnms`lmdc ydma h` fuoumagdm hnmadm Ul@Z dhdptnr. ^mtug knmaaumdgdm cdydmdm `m` g`td fdrus knmaaumdgdm pnmynh`d cdydmdm pflmn tl pflmn Ul@Z. Ydcdf sdtu pnmynh`d cdydmdm `m` dhdcdf Zflmn Zlwnr. Hnmadm cdydmdm `m` g`td hdpdt kncdgugdm pdmaa`cdm gnkdmd pum h`sncuruf hum`d ydma knmaaumdgdm dcdt ydma knmhuguma.


8:

Tudc`ty le Ynrvìn (TlY) Dcdsdm umtug knmadhdgdm pnmaningdm TlY pdhd bdr`madm yd`tu2 

Ul@Z o`ds h`bdcdmgdm pdhd ononrdpd bnm`s bdr`madm ydma pumyd gdrdgtnr`st`g snmh`r`.



Yncd`m `tu dhdmyd trdmsilh`ma pdhd adtnwdy h`kds`ma-kds`ma bdr`madm knmynodogdm Ul@Z sdmadt pngd tnrfdhdp glmh`s` bdr`madm ydma h`cnwdt`.



Fdc `m` knmynodogdm tnrbdh`myd pnmurumdm gudc`tds `melrkds` (sudrd, adkodr kdupum tnxt) ydma hòdwd. Ononrdpd pdrdkntnr pnmnmtu gudc`tds cdydmdm (TlY) pdhd Ul@Z dhdcdf snodad`

onr`gut2 4.

B`ttnr 

Knrupdgdm vdr`ds` hncdy ydma tnrbdh` dgòdt dhdmyd snc`s`f wdgtu dtdu `mtnrvdc dmtdr gn hdtdmadm pdgnth `pnmnr`kd.



^mtug knmadtds` b`ttnr kdgd pdgnth dtd ydma hdt`ma h`gukpucgdm hucu hdcdk b`ttnr oueenr sncdkd wdgtu ydma tncdf h`tnmtugdm sdkpd` pdgnt hdpdt h`tnr`kd pdhd s`s` pnmnr`kd hnmadm urutdm ydma onmdr.

?.

Hncdy 

Qdgtu ydma hòutufgdm umtug knma`r`kgdm hdtd hdr` sukonr (pnma`r`k) gntubudm (pnmnr`kd).



Hncdy kdgs`kuk ydma h`rnglknmhds`gdm lcnf @X^ umtug dpc`gds` sudrd dhdcdf4>: ks, hdm ydma kds`f o`ds h`tnr`kd pnmaaumd dhdcdf ?>: ks

Zrlsnhur Znmadkdtdm Gnrbd Y`stnk Xncnglkum`gds` Knmaaumdgdm Ul@Z, yd`tu2 4.

Xrdmsk`ss`lm Ilmtrlc Zrltlilc (XIZ) knrupdgdm prltlglc ydma knmbdad rnc`do`c`tds fuoumadm glkum`gds` nmh- tl-nmh. Glmsnp hdsdr idrd gnrbd XIZ dhdcdf knma`r`k hdm knmnr`kd snaknm’snaknm `melrkds` hnmadm pdmbdma hdtd onrvdr`ds` pdhd sudtu hdtdardk `mtnrmnt. Hdcdk fuoumadm Ul@Z, XIZ hàumdgdm pdhd sddt sàmdc`ma, XIZ hàumdgdm umtug knmbdk`m sntup sudtu pdmaa`cdm pdhd sns` sàmdc`ma. XIZ t`hdg hàumdgdm hdcdk pnma`r`kdm hdtd sudrd gdrnmd pdhd glkum`gds` hdtd Ul@Z pnmdmadmdm hdtd ydma knmadcdk` gntnrcdkodtdm cno`f pnmt`ma hdr`pdhd pnmdmadmdm pdgnt ydma f`cdma.


84

?.

^snr Hdtdardk Zrltlilc (^HZ) knrupdgdm sdcdf sdtu prltlilc utdkd h`dtds @Z, ydma cno`f snhnrfdmd hòdmh`magdm hnmadm XIZ. ^HZ hàumdgdm umtug s`tuds` ydma t`hdg knknmt`magdm kngdm`skn rnc`do`c`tds. ^HZ hàumdgdm pdhd Ul@Z pdhd pnma`r`kdm duh`l strndk`ma ydma onrcdmasuma tnrus knmnrus hdm cno`f knknmt`magdm gninpdtdm pnma`r`kdm hdtd dadr tòd h` tubudm tdmpd knkpnrfdt`gdm dhdmyd pdgnt ydma f`cdma wdcdupum knmidpd` >:% hdr` bukcdf pdgnt ydma h`g`r`kgdm. Gdrnmd ^HZ kdkpu knma`r`kgdm hdtd strndk`ma hnmadm inpdt. ^mtug knmaurdma` bukcdf pdgnt ydma f`cdma sddt pnma`r`kdm hdtd (gdrnmd t`hdg tnrhdpdt kngdm`skn pnma`r`kdm ucdma) kdgd pdhd tngmlcla` Ul@Z pnma`r`kdm hdtd odmydg h`cdgugdm pdhd pr`vdtn mntwlrg.

9.

@mtnrmnt Zrltlilc (@Z) @mtnrmnt Zrltlilc h`hnsd`m umtug `mtnrglmngs` s`stnk glkum`gds` glkputnr pdhd bdr`madm pdgnt sw`tifnh. Zdhd bdr`madm XIZ/@Z, snoudf glkputnr h` `hnmtè`gds` hnmadm dcdkdt @Z. X`dp-t`dp glkputnr knk`c`g` dcdkdt @Z ydma um`g, kds`ma-kds`ma onronhd sdtu sdkd cd`mmyd. Fdc `m` h`cdgugdm umtug knminadf gnsdcdfdm pdhd trdmsenr hdtd. Xnrdgf`r, prltlglc hdtd dgsns onrfuoumadm cdmasuma hnmadm knh`d e`s`g. Ynidrd ukuk prltlglc `m` onrtuads umtug knmdmadm` pnmhntngs`dm gnsdcdfdm pdhd sddt trdmsenr hdtd. ^mtug glkum`gds` hdtdmyd, @mtnrmnt Zrltlglc knma`kpcnknmtds`gdm hud eumas` hdsdr yd`tu dhhrnss`ma hdm erdaknmtds`. Ydcdf sdtu fdc pnmt`ma hdcdk @Z hdcdk pnma`r`kdm `melrkds` dhdcdf kntlhn pnmadcdkdtdm pnma`r`k hdm pnmnr`kd.


8?

XÂDY ODO U@

NYYDP 2

4. Xuc`sgdm gnpdmbdmadm Ul@Z hdm bncdsgdm dpd ydma dmhd gntdfu` tnmtdma Ul@Z! ?. Bncdsgdm idrd gnrbd Ul@Z snidrd s`magdt! 9. Xuc`sgdm gnoutufdm pnrdmagdt Ul@Z hdm sydrdt hdsdr umtug knmadhdgdm glmngs` Ul@Z! 8. Dpd sdbdgdf ydma tnrkdsug pdhd 2  

@merdstrugtur Znmhuguma Ul@Z Eumas` cnvnc Knh`d



Glkplmnm Eumas`lmdc Ul@Z

>. Bncdsgdm gdtnalr` cdydmdm Ul@Z h` odwdf `m`2 

Ilkputnr tl Ilkputnr



Ilkputnr tl Zflmn



Zflmn tl Ilkputnr



Zflmn tl Zflmn

5. Bncdsgdm odad`kdmdgdf pdrdkntnr pnmnmtu Gudc`tds Cdydmdm(TlY) hdr` Ul@Z!


89

HDEXD_ Z^YXDGD

Klhuc Glkum`gds` Hdtd Ynknstnr ?. Gnknmtr`dm Znmh`h`gdm hdm Gnouhdyddm _npuoc`g @mhlmns`d ?:48. fttp2//tgbptf4.oclasplt.il.`h/ s`c`mux?0.wlrhprnss.ilk fttp2//pdmlrdkdkdcdk.oclasplt.il.`h fttp2//skg?hnkdgr`zdc.oclasplt.il.`h fttp2//glkum`tdssletwdrn.oclasplt.il.`h


88

Modul Komunikasi Data Semester Genap K13

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