Descripción: Modern Power System Protective Relay REV04
Relay secara umumDeskripsi lengkap
Manual on sewing and patternmaking by Harriet Pepin, originally published in 1942. Chapers include pattern design, sloper creation, hip length patterns, sleeve patterns, pattern adaption, ne…Full description
Manual on sewing and patternmaking by Harriet Pepin, originally published in 1942. Chapers include pattern design, sloper creation, hip length patterns, sleeve patterns, pattern adaption, ne…Full description
Traditional and Contemporary DesignsFull description
JavaScript Develop
Descrição: JavaScript Develop
Full description
JavaScript Develop
Pioneers of Modern Graphic DesignFull description
JavaScript Develop
JavaScript Develop
Numerical analysis of wing spar design
Relay co-ordinationFull description
sistem proteksi : relay suhu
smart relayDeskripsi lengkap
TR
Full description
SEMOGA BERMAMFAAT
Field Failure Relay By AstromFull description
Design of Modern Numerical Protective Relay Equipment
Design of Modern Protective Relaying Equipment
Lecture Outline • What are protective relays and why do we need them? • What technologies have been employed • What are the additional benefits of modern protective relays • What might the future hold • Discussions
- -P2
What is a protection relay ?
A big expensive reusable fuse ! - -P3
Protective Relays Why bother ?
- -P4
Protective Relay Principles of Operation
I
Source
V
- -P5
Load
Protective Relays Technologies Employed (1)
ELECTROMECHANICAL (1950) • Attracted armature or induction disc type elements to implement the protection functions. • An electromagnetic force causes the mechanical operation of the relay.
- -P6
Protective Relays Technologies Employed (2)
STATIC (1970) • Maturing of transistor technology • Static implies that the relay does not have moving parts • Discrete electronic components (generally analogue devices) used for creation of the operating characteristics. • Trip output contacts would generally be of attracted armature type.
- -P7
Protective Relays Technologies Employed (3)
DIGITAL (1980) • Used the then new microprocessor technologies • Generally an analogue front end • Protection function logic is implemented in the microprocessor. • The only numerical states within the relay are high/low logic (logic one or zero) rather than mathematical algorithms
- -P8
Protective Relays Technologies Employed (4) NUMERICAL (Today) • Used exclusively in today’s protection relays • Inputs sampled and converted into digital numerical data • Complex mathematical algorithms generate the relay operating characteristics. • The distinction from digital relays is that numerical relays use digital signal processing (DSP). • Also characterised by the sophisticated communications facilities they offer.
- -P9
Protective Relay Technologies Examples
- - P 10
Protective Relay Principal Input/Output Interfaces
- - P 11
Protective Relay Design Key Elements - implementation
Power Supply
Binary
Binary Outputs
Inputs
(Relays)
(Optos)
Analogue to Digital Conversion
Analogue Inputs
Interconnection Bus
Additional I/O
- - P 12
Signal Processing
User Interface (HMI)
Communications
Protective Relay Design - Analogue Inputs
Power Supply
Binary
Binary
Outputs
Inputs
(Relays)
(Optos)
Analogue to Digital Conversion
Analogue Inputs
Interconnection Bus
Additional I/O
- - P 13
Signal Processing
User Interface (HMI)
Communications
Analogue Inputs – Traditional Approach Sequential Sampling
Active Measurement Binary Input Circuit AUX PSU PWM Measurement Circuit
- - P 26
Signal Processing
− − − −
Multiple variants Single voltage I/P Simple / low cost OK for Trip circuit supervision applications
− − − −
Single variant Wide Range I/P Single threshold Power ןVoltage
− − − − − − −
Single variant Wide Range I/P Low Power Multiple thresholds Measurements Settable Complex / higher cost
Voltage Measurement or Status + Settings
Protective Relay Design Binary Outputs Power Supply
Binary
Binary
Outputs
Inputs
(Relays)
(Optos)
Analogue to Digital Conversion
Analogue Inputs
Interconnection Bus
Additional I/O
- - P 27
Signal Processing
User Interface (HMI)
Communications
Binary Outputs Considerations
• Contact rating • Isolation • How many ? • How fast ? • Thermal dissipation • Safety
- - P 28
Binary Outputs Circuit Designs Standard Relay Circuit − Op time ~10ms
Data Accelerated Relay Circuit
20V 8V − Op time ~4ms
Data Static Assisted Output Circuit
Data - - P 29
12V
20V 8V
12V
− Op time <0.5ms − High break capability
Protective Relay Design Additional I/O
Power Supply
Binary
Binary
Outputs
Inputs
(Relays)
(Optos)
Analogue to Digital Conversion
Analogue Inputs
Interconnection Bus
Additional I/O
- - P 30
Signal Processing
User Interface (HMI)
Communications
Additional I/O
• Current Loop I/O • Temperature Measurement (RTDs) • Time Synchronization (IRIG-B) • Protection Communications − Current Differential − Inter-tripping
• Time synchronization • Communications drivers • Battery back-up
- - P 35
Protective Relay Design - Computing Unit
Power Supply
Binary
Binary
Outputs
Inputs
(Relays)
(Optos)
Analogue to Digital Conversion
Analogue Inputs
Interconnection Bus
Additional I/O
- - P 36
Signal Processing
User Interface (HMI)
Communications
Computing Unit - S/W Processes • Control of analogue acquisition • Process raw data in magnitude & phase • Sample of plant binary I/Ps • Execute protection algorithms • Combine protection outputs and plant status to control outputs (scheme logic) • Control user interface • Implement remote communications protocols • Log events and disturbances
• Microprocessor requires sufficient power to − Process samples in real time before next sample is taken − Run the protection algorithms often enough to meet the requirements for speed of operation − Service communications tasks − Ensure background tasks have sufficient priority (ie user interface)
• Typical maximum processor loading <70% quiescent, <90% during faults
- - P 39
Computing Unit Performance 2005 Px40+
Year
2000
Px40 Px20
1995 K Series
1990
L Series MCGG
1980
0.1
1
10
Millions of Instructions per second (MIPS)
- - P 40
100
Computing Unit Example • Microprocessor
: 32 bit floating point 75 MIPS
• Memory − (Flash) EPROM : 4 M bytes − RAM : 2 M bytes − NV RAM : 4 M bytes
•Commissioning features available to user − Input states − Output states − Internal logic status − Measurements
Numerical Relays
Programmability & Customisation
- - P 50
Customisation : Programmable Scheme Logic
Binary O/Ps
Binary I/Ps
Protection elements
&
Gate Logic
1 & Timers
Control Fixed scheme logic
- - P 51
LEDs User programmable scheme logic
Trip Circuit Monitoring
Trip Circuit breaker Trip
52a Binary I/P
Binary I/P
- - P 52
52b
Trip coil
Trip Circuit Monitoring Using Programmable Scheme Logic
Trip Circuit Fail mapped to Contact, LED and Alarm Indication - - P 53
Numerical Relays
Off-line Analysis
- - P 54
Disturbance Records
Prefault
Postfault
•8 Analogue channels •32 Binary I/O channels •Sample 12 times per cycle •Configurable trigger source •Variable trigger point
•Up to 20 Records can be stored •The duration of each record can be up to 10.5s •Battery backed memory •Extended recording time •MiCOM S1 saves file in the COMTRADE format - - P 55
Disturbance analysis software
A-GND Fault, Fault Inception Trip Command
- - P 56
Numerical Relays
Communications
- - P 57
Remote Communications Traditional Solutions z Courier z Modbus z DNP3.0 z IEC60870-5-103 z. . .
• Ethernet Communications − IEC61850 − Tunnelling of traditional communications (DNP3…)
- - P 59
Overall Substation Communications IEC61850 • Peer to Peer Fast I/O Communications − GOOSE (Generic Object Orientated Substation Events)
• Sampled Analogue Values − IEC61850-9-2
• IEC61850 Data Model − Status Monitoring − Event Reporting (Un-buffered / Buffered) − Control Services (CB Tripping/Closing)
• Time Synchronisation − SNTP (Simple network Time Protocol) − IEEE1588 (Precision Time Protocol)
- - P 60
Overall Substation Communications Redundancy PC Relay
PC
Switch Relay
Relay Relay
• Ring Topology − Current - Areva Self Healing Protocol − New - HSR (High availability seamless ring)
- - P 61
Switch
Switch
Relay
Relay
• Star Topology − Current - RSTP − New - PRP (Parallel Redundancy Protocol)
Overall Substation Communications Cyber Security • Standards − NERC (North American Electric Reliability Corporation) − IEEE1686 – Security of relays and substations − IEC62351 – Security of communications
• Security − − − −
- - P 62
Defined password schemes Password blocking Password encryption Unused port disabling
