1
Table of Contents Notes.......................................................................................................................... 3 Abbreviations.............................................................................................................4 The Levant.................................................................................................................. 4 What is “ash-Sham”?.................................................................................................. 6 What to Exe!t in the Levantine "o#ntries................................................................ 6 Lebanon.................................................................................................................. 6 $or%an...................................................................................................................... 6 &a'estine.................................................................................................................. ( S)ria........................................................................................................................ ( Levantine "#'t#ra' Notes............................................................................................ ( The Levantine *ia'e!t............................................................................................... 1+ Se''in, "onventions................................................................................................ 11 o Arabi! *i,'ossia Wor/s..................................................................................... 10 Levantine A'habet &ron#n!iation............................................................................ 14 The asi!s2 &ron#n!iation &ossession................................................................... 16 The LA 5taa-marbooTa 5'it. “the tie% taa”........................................................16 The LA 7 58o9....................................................................................................... 1( LA &rono#ns.......................................................................................................... 1( &ossession2 *i:eren!es 9rom ;SA........................................................................ 1< => &ossession........................................................................................................ 0+ “@#estion “To
Wor%s”.................................................................................................. 01
have”............................................................................................................... 03
To e Ab'e To “"an”................................................................................................ 0B An A'ternative ;etho%........................................................................................... 0( Ne,ation................................................................................................................... 0C *emonstrative &rono#ns.......................................................................................... 31 There is There are.................................................................................................. 33 o m#!h vs. o man)?........................................................................................34 “To Do”..................................................................................................................... 3B Not at A'' 5An% “never”.......................................................................................... 3(
0
What haene%?..................................................................................................... 3C The &resent Tense..................................................................................................... 3< The F#t#re Tense...................................................................................................... 40 The &ast Tense.......................................................................................................... 44 Exressin, *esireG “to ant to...”............................................................................. 4C “Whi!hThatWho”... The He'ative &rono#n...............................................................4< Isa,e o9 “,ha)r”...................................................................................................... B+ Jmeratives.............................................................................................................. B1 Ne,ative Jmeratives............................................................................................... B0 "omaratives........................................................................................................... B0 S#er'atives.............................................................................................................. B4 &ra!ti!e &assa,es..................................................................................................... BB &assa,e Kne.......................................................................................................... B6 &assa,e To.......................................................................................................... BC &assa,e Three....................................................................................................... 6+ &assa,e Fo#r......................................................................................................... 61 &assa,e Five.......................................................................................................... 63 &assa,e Six........................................................................................................... 64 &assa,e Seven...................................................................................................... 6B Exten%e% *i!tionar)................................................................................................. 6(
Notes 3
This boo/ is inten%e% to be a %ia'e!t-a!8#isition man#a'. This !o#rse ass#mes riorG mo%est /no'e%,e o9 ;o%ern Stan%ar% Arabi! 5;SA or another %ia'e!tG to the extent that )o# are 9ami'iar ith the Arabi! a'habetG sim'e ,rammarG an% basi! !onversationa' vo!ab#'ar). Some o9 the basi!s i'' be reviee%G b#t on') erihera'').
Abbreviations •
a% M A%e!tive
•
;SA M ;o%ern Stan%ar% Arabi!
•
LA M Levantine Arabi!
•
9. - 9eminine
•
•
m. - mas!#'ine 'it. M 'itera' meanin,
•
re. - reosition
•
'. - '#ra'
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The Levant Levantine Arabi! 5LA is the %ia'e!t o9 Arabi! so/en in the LevantG histori!a'') re9erre% to as “The o') Lan%” in the West. The or% “Levant” !omes 9rom the Fren!h or% o9 the same se''in,G meanin, “risin,”G a metahor a''#%in, to the rise o9 the S#n in the east. We i'' see 'ater that
7OPQ
this term is ro#,h') e8#iva'ent to the Arabi! term al-mashraq . istori!a'')G the Levant as the name 9or the entire Eastern ;e%iterranean re,ionG to in!'#%e mo%ern-%a) T#r/e)G E,)tG arts o9 Lib)aG ")r#sG Dree!eG S)riaG LebanonG $or%anG an% &a'estineG amon, others. ) its mo%ern %eRnitionG the Levant ,enera'') !omrises S)riaG LebanonG $or%anG an% the &a'estinian territories 5a'so Jsrae'G %een%in, on hom )o# as/. As the site o9 Homan o!!#ation an% the "r#sa%esG the Levant has a ri!h histor) that has seen the rise an% 9a'' o9 !ivi'iationsG extensive tra%e netor/sG an% in!re%ib'e artisti! a!hievements.
The area which composes the modern definition of The Levant
B
S#nni Js'am is b) 9ar the reeminent re'i,ion o9 the LevantG b#t other re'i,io#s ,ro#s exist in the re,ion as e''. Jt is home to Shia ;#s'imsG the *r#eG Homan "atho'i!sG &rotestantsG $esG Uai%isG A'aitesG an% man) others. An)one that /ees # ith internationa' nes is e'' aare that this me'%in, o9 re'i,io#s ,ro#s !an o9ten 'ea% to o'iti!a' stri9e an% b'oo%) !onVi!tsG as sho!ase% in the Lebanese "ivi' War 51<(B-1<<+G an% the on,oin, 5at the time o9 ritin, S)rian "ivi' War. The LevantG hoeverG o:ers st#nnin, exam'es o9 nat#ra' bea#t) an% h#man in,en#it). From the Homan tem'e o9 aa'be/ an% Lebanons 'ibera' !aita' o9 eir#tG to $or%ans &etra 5hi!h attra!ts 6++G+++ visitors er )ear the Levant is tr#') the !#'t#ra' h#b o9 the ;i%%'e East an% ar,#ab') the entire Arab or'%.
What is “ash-Sham”?
The term 5ash-sham as ori,ina'') a histori!a' term 9or ,reater S)ria. Dreater S)ria !an /in% o9 be interrete% as the LevantG b#t not 8#ite. asi!a'')G no one !an sa) 9or s#re where Dreater S)ria be,ins an% en%s. Jn 9a!tG it %oesnt rea'') matter an)moreG be!a#se this #sa,e is no near') obso'ete. The mo%ern %eRnition “ash-sham” is to9o'%2 S)ria and *amas!#s. Uo#'' rea'') #st have to %etermine hi!h one is im'ie% b) examinin, the !ontext. J9 )o#re in A'eo an% a 'o!a' te''s )o# that hes abo#t to hea% to ash-ShamG )o# !an ass#me he means *amas!#s. #t i9 )o#re ex'ainin, to him that )o# ent to *amas!#s )ester%a)G an% he s#,,ests that )o# see the rest o9 ash-ShamG its obvio#s that he means S)ria. "on9#se% )et?
6
What to Expect in the Levantine Countries
Lebanon A'on, ith $or%anG as a esterner on a t)i!a' va!ation or b#siness triG )o#re most 'i/e') trave' EastG” to Lebanon. Former') re9erre% to s#:ere% as the ,reat') “Siter'an% o9 theto;i%%'e Lebanons to#rist in%#str) %#rin, its b'oo%) se!tarian !ivi' ar 51<(B-1<<+G b#t has rebo#n%e% a ,reat %ea' sin!e. Jn LebanonG )o# !an trave' 9rom the bea!h 9or s#nbathin, to the mo#ntains to s/i in a matter o9 ho#rs. Ni,ht!'#bsG barsG an% shoin, otions R'' the streets o9 eir#t an% other maor !ities. The Lebanese eo'e are 9amo#s') e'!omin,G armG an% 'ibera'G an% it is ossib') the most 'ibera' o9 an) Arab nation.
or!an Teemin, ith histor)G $or%an attra!ts mi''ions o9 to#rists ann#a'') to its sites an% !ities. The $or%anian eo'e are in!re%ib') hositab'eG an% hi'e more !onservative than the LebaneseG are sti'' amon, the most 'ibera' o9 the Arab nations. $or%anians eno) re'ative ea!e an% se!#rit) ithin their bor%ersG in a re,ion /non stri9e an% vio'en!e. tri aro#n% !o#'% invo've en!o#nters ith9or e%o#insG a !ame' ri%eAa!ross Wa%i $or%an H#m 5the H#m Xa''e)G or marve'in, in the an!ient site o9 &etraG a Nabataean sett'ement %atin, to be9ore "hrist. (
"alestine "onsi%ere% art o9 the o') Lan%G &a'estine is a h#b 9or "hristianG ;#s'imG an% $eish re'i,io#s i',rims. e!a#se it is ma%e # o9 to maor re,ionsG the Daa Stri an% the West an/G )o#r exerien!es !an var). A'tho#,h it has been #n%er Jsrae'i o!!#ation 9or %e!a%esG the West an/ is a re'ative') “rosero#s” an% sa9e 'a!e to visit. The Daa StriG hoeverG is ,enera'') !onsi%ere% 8#ite %an,ero#s an% is 9a!in, serio#s rob'ems res#'tin, 9rom an Jsrae'i b'o!/a%e ena!te% )ears a,oG as e'' as interna' o'iti!a' stri9e.
S#ria En,#'9e% in a !ivi' ar at the time o9 ritin,G S)ria is not exa!t') a hot-sot %estination 9or most esterners to%a). *#rin, ea!etimeG it as /non to be a se!#re !o#ntr) ith a se!#'ar ,overnment. Jn re!ent histor) the S)rians have been re'ative') 'ibera'G b#t sin!e the "ivi' War be,anG the ,overnment has rea'') be,#n to #sh se!#'arism an% 'ibera'it) even 9#rther in an e:ort to %istan!e themse'ves 9rom re'i,io#s extremists to hom the) are oose%. oe9#'') in the near 9#t#reG S)ria i'' on!e a,ain be a ,reat 'a!e to ex'ore the ast an% resent.
Levantine Cultural Notes J9 )o#re 'earnin, Levantine Arabi! 5LA in rearation 9or trave's to the LevantG )o# i'' o9 !o#rse ant to see some o9 its or'%-9amo#s histori!a'G ar!haeo'o,i!a'G or !#'t#ra' sites. Hemember that the sites 'iste% here are on') a sma'' 9ra!tion o9 hat )o#'' Rn% on a o#rne) to S)riaG $or%anG Lebanon an%or &a'estine.
C
Damascus' Ummayyad Mosque
<
The Al-Aqsa Mosque (Masjid al-Aqsa! located in "erusalem
1+
The dramatic Mediterranean coastline of Le#anon
The ancient $oman ruins of %almyra (Tadmur! in &yria
11
The Levantine $ialect The Levant has a 'on, histor) o9 !o'onia' r#'e b) E#roean nations. The ritish maintaine% !ontro' over &a'estine an% mo%ern-%a) $or%anG hi'e the Fren!h !'aime% S)ria an% Lebanon. These %ee-roote% ties have si,niR!ant') a:e!te% to%a)s LA %ia'e!t. Whi'e S)rians have most') %istan!e% themse'ves 9rom their Fren!h astG m#!h o9 the Lebanese o#'ation embra!es it. Whi'e stro''in, the streets o9 eir#tG )o#'' hear man) 'o!a's sea/in, bits o9 Fren!h. J9 )o# sea/ Fren!hG )o# i'' have an a#tomati! vo!ab#'ar) o9 h#n%re%s o9 'oan or%sG s#!h as “mai''ot 5%e bain”.
YZ[\ 5ma)oo 9or “bathin, s#it” 9rom the Fren!h
The eo'e o9 the Levant ten% to be si,niR!ant') more 'ibera' an% Westernie% than man) other Arab nationsG hi!h is o9ten a %rivin, 9a!tor 9or Westerners to 'earn the Levantine %ia'e!tG rather than the D#'9 %ia'e!tG 9or exam'e. Uo#'' Rn% Levantine Arabs to be extreme') e'!omin, an% hositab'e 5a!t#a'')G this is a ,oo% r#'e o9 th#mb 9or an) Arab. Arabs i'' a'so be ver) s#rrise% to Rn% that )o# sea/ Arabi!G an% are a'most a'a)s enth#siasti! abo#t sea/in, ith )o# 5ese!ia'') in their %ia'e!t A so'i% !omman% o9 LA i'' enab'e )o# to !omm#ni!ate ith #st abo#t an) Arab o9 the near') 4B+ mi''ion or'%i%eG not #st the 01 mi''ion sea/ers o9 LA. This is rimari') %#e to LAs reva'en!e in the me%ia an% !#'t#re o9 the entire Arab or'% 5erhas #st behin% the E,)tian %ia'e!t. For exam'eG a'tho#,h )o# ont be ab'e to #n%erstan% a ;oro!!an sea/in, hisher on %ia'e!tG heshe i'' #n%erstan% )o# er9e!t') an% i'' o9ten even ma/e an attemt to sea/ in LA so that )o# !an #n%erstan% himher. A'on, ith the %ia'e!tG the !#isine o9 the Levant is re'ative') homo,eneo#sG i.e. )o#'' be ab'e to Rn% simi'ar 9oo% an% %rin/ #st abo#t an)here )o# ,o ithin the Levant. With the mass inV#x o9 re9#,ees into the West as a res#'t o9 the S)rian "ivi' WarG sea/in, an% #n%erstan%in, Levantine Arabi! %ia'e!t i'' be!ome in!reasin,') !r#!ia' 9or WesternersG ese!ia'') in the #b'i! se!tor or servi!e in%#str). ]no'e%,e o9 LA !an rea'') he' )o# ta/e )o#r !areer or ersona' 'i9e to the next 'eve'.
10
Spellin% Conventions LA is not a'a)s as it seems e!a#se LA is a rimari') spoken 'an,#a,eG it is abso'#te') !r#!ia' that hen rea%in, it 5on'ineG in text messa,esG et!. )o# a) more attention to the so#n%s hi!h o#'% be ro%#!e% b) the ritin,G rather than tr)in, to ma/e it Rt into a stri!t ,rammati!a' an% ortho,rahi! 9rameor/. LA sea/ers i'' o9ten rite or%s exa!t') as the) so#n% to themG rather than as the) sho#'% be ritten a!!or%in, to !onventiona' r#'es o9 Arabi!. asi!a'')G ritten LA has on') one r#'e2 there are no r#'es. Exam'es2
•
Whi'e the or% 9or “no” sho#'% robab') be ritten see it ritten its %ia'e!t.
•
)o# i'' o9ten
. That %oesnt mean its in!orre!tG it #st means that
5maktabo “his o^!e” !o#'% easi') be ritten a'most 'oo/ 'i/e a verb to be,inners
13
G hi!h ma)
&o' Arabic $ i%lossia Wor(s J9 )o#ve on') ever st#%ie% ;o%ern Stan%ar% Arabi!G )o# mi,ht be !on9#se% abo#t the %)nami! beteen ;SA an% Arabi! %ia'e!ts. This is #n%erstan%ab'eG be!a#se no s#!h “diglossia” exists in En,'ishG or even most 'an,#a,es.
;SA is the o^!ia' 'an,#a,e o9 a'' Arab nations. Jts the 'an,#a,e o9 'aG ,overnmentG 9orma' e%#!ationG the nesG an% #st abo#t an) /in% o9 #b'i!ation. Jt is #n%erstoo% #niversa'') b) a'' Arabs ho are at 'east %e!ent') e%#!ate%G a'tho#,h some ma) have a bit o9 tro#b'e sea/in,ritin, it. PLEASE note that no Arabs a!t#a'') sea/ ;SA amon,st themse'ves in ever)%a) 'i9e. The) i''G hoeverG not Rn% it stran,e i9 a Westerner sea/s ;SAG as its m#!h more !ommon') ta#,ht in Western s!hoo's than an) %ia'e!t. oeverG 9or an ArabG sea/in, ;SA to another Arab in an in9orma' sit#ation o#'% be the ro#,h e8#iva'ent o9 an En,'ishman sea/in, 'i/e Sha/eseare to his 9rien%s ith a strai,ht 9a!e.
This is here the %ia'e!ts !ome into 'a). To an ArabG his %ia'e!t is his main metho% o9 %ai')G spoken !omm#ni!ation. Uo# i'' on') see %ia'e!ts ritten in ver) in9orma' settin,s 'i/e on so!ia' me%ia or in text messa,es ith )o#r 9rien%s. There9oreG sea/in, a %ia'e!t is a ,reat a) to !omm#ni!ate ith Arabs at home or in the Arab or'% on a more ersona' 'eve'.
14
Levantine Alphabet "ronunciation
Arabic Letter
An%lici)e! name
*SA "ronunciation
Levantine "ronunciation
Transliteration in this boo(
a'e9
a
a
a
_
baa
b
b
b
`
eem
h
h
%a'
%
%
%
ha
h
h
h
c
a5o
d
a)n
haa 5har% h so#n%G as i9 exha'in,
h
h
Taa 5har% t
taa
taa
T
f
Goo
Goo
Goo
so#n%
g
)a
)G ee
)Gee 1B
)Gee
/a9
/
/
/
'aam
'
'
'
j
meem
m
m
m
k
n##n
n
n
n
l
seen
s
s
s
a)n 5the so#n% !omes 9rom the throat
a
a
9aa
9
9
9
so% 5har% s so#n%G ma%e ith 'is in a
s
s
S
8o: 5,#ttera' / so#n%
8
8
8G or sound is often dropped
p
raa
r
r
r
q
sheen
sh
sh
sh
taa
t
t
t
thaa
th
th s
!ir!#'ar shae
7
/haa 5throat /h
/h 16
th s /h
so#n% that ever)one asso!iates ith Arabi! an% Derman
u
tha'
th%h
th%h
G%hGth5in that or%er o9 9re8#en!)
w
%o%% 5har% % so#n%
%h
aa
aG%ha
%h
GahGth
,h)an 5simi'ar ,h to the Fren!h r
*
Gth
,h
,h
The +asics, "ronunciation "ossession
The LA
.
/taa-marbooTa0
5'it. “the tie% taa”
Jn ;SAG the
,enera'') ma/es the same so#n% as the
i'' o9ten hear the
5a'e9G b#t in LA )o#
so#n% more 'i/e an “e”. For exam'e2
1(
;SA &ron#n!iation o9
LA &ron#n!iation o9
The LA
[yz 5!ertiR!ate M shahada
[yz M shahade
1 /2of0
Kne o9 the most !on9#sin, 9eat#res o9 LA 9or rior st#%ents o9 ;SA is the LA
7G or qof. ;ost o9 the timeG the Levantine 7 is rono#n!e% as a ,'otta' stoG or a { 5hama. This sim'e %i:eren!e !an rove ver) ren%erin, o9 the
!ha''en,in,G b#t ith ra!ti!e !an be mastere%. For exam'e2
;SA rono#n!iation o9 LA rono#n!ation o9
k[|}~ 5orrie% M qalqan
k[|}~ M 'al'an 7
Note that the %e!ision hether to rono#n!e the or not is %etermine% b) the sea/ers re,ion o9 ori,in. Whi'e some or%s a'most never have the har% “8” so#n%G others sometimes %o.
1C
LA "ronouns
LA &rono#n
LA trans'iteration
En,'ish meanin,
Ana
[•
J Inta
€ • € ‚•
Uo# 5m. Intee
Uo# 59.
Yƒ
huwa
„ƒ
hiyya
Y…•
Intoo
5[†‡ [†ˆ•
e it 5m. She it 59. Uo# 5'. Nihna !sometimes Ihna"
We
hinneh
„†ƒ
The)
"ossession, $i3erences from *SA
To 9orm ossession in LA 5as e'' as ;SAG the sea/er a%%s a 'etter or series o9 'etters to the en% o9 the no#n hi!h is ossesse%. LA an% ;SA ossession is simi'arG b#t LA is ,enera'') more sim'e.
"ronoun
"ossessive "ronoun
Example
1<
Transliterati on
Translation
[•
g
„‰[…Š
#itabee
;) boo/
ۥ
5m.
5-a/
‹‰[…Š
#itabak
ۥ
59.
5-e/
‹‰[…Š
#itabek
Uo#r 5m. boo/ Uo#r 59. boo/ #itabo
is boo/
Yƒ „ƒ
[ƒ
Œ‰[…Š [y‰[…Š
#itabha #it ab a er boo/
Y…•
Š
Ž‰[…Š
#itabko n
[†ˆ•
[•
[†‰[…Š
#itabna
„†ƒ
ƒ
y‰[…Š
#itabho n
Uo#r 5'. boo/ K#r boo/ Their boo/
Note2 LA %oes not have a %#a' ossession or a '#ra'-9eminine ossession 9orm. Sea/ers o#'% sim') #se the 9orms 9or “the)” or “it”.
456 "ossession
0+
=>
LA #ni8#e') 9eat#res a or% that in%i!ates ossession M . Jnsertin, a %eRnite no#n an% atta!hin, the stan%ar% LA ossessive rono#ns to the en%
=>
o9 i'' !reate a str#!t#re that !an be in9orma'') trans'ate% as “the o9 ”. For Exam'e
p[‘’Q
„>
Y‘>PŽQ [†>
M the $ar of mine M the $omputer of ours
[>OQ ‹> M the window of yours €‘>Q Ž>
- the house of yours !pl%"
an% so on. This is a ver) !ommon !onstr#!tion an% 9ami'iarit) ith it is essentia' to masterin, LA.
7uestion Wor!s
01
LA has si,niR!ant') %i:erent interro,ative 5“8#estion” or%s than ;SAG an% a'' o9 them 5even the re,iona' ones are imortant to 'earn. ere are the most !ommon') #se% ones2
En%lish
Arabic
Transliterati on
‘\
meen
Who
Yz
sh u
What
Zc
wayn
Where
…\
imta
When
Alternatives
Z
Notes
5a)sh
…\ 5mita
When not as/in, a 8#estionG #se
[PQ 5lemma G i.e. “J sa )o# hen )o# 'e9t”
‘Q
laysh
Wh)
‘Š
keef
o
Œ‘Q 5le y kY}z 5sh'an
Whi!h
g
ay !said like the English letter I"
00
–—˜Q ™ƒ ‘\ meen hadak alra&al (ho is that man
–‹Pš Yz shu ismak (hat is your name
– ™‘› œ†Z™\ =| Zc wayn te') madinat Sayda (here is the $ity of Sidon lo$ated
–œ}ˆQ ž† ™‰ …\ imta bidak tin*al ) alha+e (hen do you want to go !down" to the party
–[’Q žƒ[˜ \ ‘Q laysh mish &aha*e lissa (hy are you !f" still not ready
–[†yQ —›Y• [•™‰ ‘Š keef bidna noosal li honak ,ow are we going to arrie there !Lit% there/"
–p[>\ [ƒY…z p[‘š g 03
.,ow do we want to arrie to
ay seeara shuftoo-a mbare, (hi$h $ar did you !pl%" see yesterday
To have”
“
The most !ommon metho% to exress “to have” in LA is b) #sin, the or%
™†Ÿ
ith an atta!he% ossessive-rono#n. Jts 8#ite sim'e rea'') an% has an a'most i%enti!a' !o#nterart in ;SA.
"ronoun
Con8u%ate!
Transliteration
g™†Ÿ ™†Ÿ
)ndee
™†Ÿ
)ndek
Yƒ
™†Ÿ
)ndo
„ƒ
[ƒ™†Ÿ
)nda
Y…•
Š™†Ÿ
)ndkon
[†ˆ•
[†Ÿ[•™†Ÿ
)ndna !)nna 0 this is more
[• €• €•
5m.
59.
)ndak
04
$ommon" )ndon
„†ƒ ƒ™†Ÿ –‹…>‘˜ „¡ ™†Ÿ Z aysh )ndak 1
&aybtak
(hat do you hae in your po$ket
g…O gpc¢ \ G£}ƒ „…‘‰ „¡ ‘…Š —Š g™†Ÿ …Š . )ndee 'akl kteer 1 baytee hala'2 mish 3arooree tishtaree aktar I hae a lot of food in my house now4 y !lit% .it's not ne$essary to buy more/"
ou don't hae to buy more%
[†Ÿ —ˆQ al-,al )nna !Note5 this is the name of
a Lebanese 67 program"
(e hae the solution%
Another noteorth) 9eat#re o9 both ;SA an% Arabi! %ia'e!ts is the more
™†Ÿ
,enera' #sa,e o9 the or% . Jt is a'so #se% as a reosition that !an exress that )o# are ith someone or somethin,G or even at someones ho#se. Jt %oesnt have an exa!tG %ire!t trans'ation into En,'ishG so )o#'' #st have to ,et #se% to its #sa,es. J9 )o# are 9ami'iar ith Fren!hG its ro#,h') e8#iva'ent to the or% ”$he*”.
0B
¤Š ™‰ =˜p p ¥‰ 7p[¦ „|‘¡p ™†Ÿ £}ƒ [• œ|‘~. ana hala' )nd rafee'ee 6are'2 bas rah ar&) b)d kem da'ee'a I'm at my friend 6 areq's house right now2 but I'll return in minutes%
a few
Y‰ –[‘Q[‡ ™†Ÿ
abook )ndak ,aleeyan Is your father with you $urrently
„\ ™†Ÿ [†‡p „\c [• œ}§Q[‰ bil)6lay ana wa martee ruhna )nd emee 8er the break2 my wife and I went
to my mother's !house"%
To +e Able To 9 “Can” LA has to main a)s to exress abi'it)G or that one “!an” %o somethin,. These to or%s are
p™~ or 5'adar an% Ÿ or 5)raf
FirstG the most strai,ht9orar% oneG
"ronoun
[•
Con8u%ate!
p™~
Transliterate!
Translate!
b'idr
p™|‰
J !an 06
ۥ
5m.
p™|…‰
bt'idr
ۥ
59.
gp™|…‰
bt'dree
Yƒ
p™|‘‰
by'idr
„ƒ
p™|…‰
bt'idr
Y…•
cp™|…‰
[†ˆ•
p™|†\
„†ƒ
cp™|‘‰
Uo# 5m !an Uo# 59 !an e !an She !an bt'idroo
Uo# 5' !an min'idr
We !an by'idroo
The) !an
Ÿ a!t#a'') sim') means “to /no”G #st 'i/e in ;SA. #t sa)in, „•[†>}Q „‰Q „Ž‡ ‰ hi'e 'itera'') meanin, “J /no to sea/ Lebanese Arabi!”G essentia'') means “J !an sea/ Lebanese Arabi!”.
–„‰Q ¨©Q[‰ „>…Ž „¡…‰ bat)rafee tiktabee bilkha6 al)rabi 9an you write in Arabi$ s$ript
–œ}‘}Q œ>…ŽPQ „\ Yª cp™|…‰ bt'idroo ti&oo m)ee ) almaktabe al-layla
0(
9an you all $ome with me to the library t
onight
An Alternative *etho!
„¡
AnotherG more re,iona' otion to exress abi'it) is G b#t not in the sense that )o#re #se% to 9rom ;SA 5“inat”. Jt is extreme') !ommon in LebanonG an% #sin, it i'' rea'') ma/e )o# aear more roR!ient in Levantine Arabi!.
"ronoun
Con8u%ate!
Transliterate!
Translate!
feenee
[• €• €• Yƒ „ƒ Y…• [†ˆ•
5m. 59.
„†‘¡ ‹‘¡
J !an feek
Uo# 5m !an feekee
„Ž‘¡
Uo# 59 !an
Œ‘¡
fe e 5'i/e
„¡
[y‘¡
feea
Ž‘¡
feekon
[†‘¡
feena
e !an
She !an Uo# 5' !an We !an
0C
„†ƒ
feeon
y‘¡
The) !an
–ˆ«Q[‰ „Žˆ ‹‘¡ k[PŠ kaman feek ta,kee bil-fus-,a
ˆ«¡
"an )o# a'so sea/ in ;SA? 5 is the or% #se% to exress the "'assi!a' Arabi! 'an,#a,eG or ;SA to%a).
‹‘ƒ œªy}Q[‰ „Ž‡ —¬‰ ¥‰ „†‘¡ g ey2 feenee bas bafadhal ahkee bil lah&e :es2 I $an2 but
I prefer to speak
hayk
in diale$t like thi
0<
s%
Ne%ation The ro!ess o9 ne,atin, verbs an% a%e!tivesa%verbs in LA %i:ers ,reat') 9rom its ;SA !o#nterart. The 9o''oin, or%s are the most !ommon an% #niversa' a)s to ne,ate in LA2
LA Ne%ator
Transliterati En%lish on E2uivalent
[\
ma
\
mish
Y\
moo
:enerall# use! in
not
EntireLevant
not
&a'estine Lebanon
not
S)ria$or%an
Notes
Ne,ates verbs. "an be #se% 9or ne,atin, !omman%s. Ne,ates a%e!tives an% a%verbs Ne,ates a%e!tives an% a%verbs
3+
la
5%o not
Entire Levant
Denera'') #se% 9or ne,atin, !omman%sG a'on, ith
Note that a'' o9 these or%s i'' be #n%erstoo% b) a'' sea/ers o9 LAG re,ar%'ess o9 their nationa'it).
Examples2
jY‘Q 7Y’Q [†‡p [\ ma ruhna )alsoo' al-youm (e didn't go to
the market today%
–„†‘§’}¡ \ €• u[…š [Z ya us ta* 2 in ta mi sh fa la s6ee ne e !,ey" sir !or professor"2 are you not Palestinian
œP}’\ Y\ œ‘•[§Z>Q k Y’†Q alniswan albritaniyya moo mslime 6he ;ritish woman is not
31
[\
‹}¬¡ \ ‹‘ƒ —P la t)ml hayk2 min fadhlak 3on't do that2 please%
[\
Another otion 9or ne,ation in LA is the ... !onstr#!tion. Jts ver) !ommon an% #se% as a a) to exress “J am not”G “e are not”G “the) are not”G et!. 8#i!/') an% sim').
’Q[‰ ‘®› „•[\ manee sagheer bilsin I am not young% !lit% .Small in age/"
„†Ÿmanak ™‘‰kteer ‘…Š ‹•[\ b)eed )nee :ou are not e ry far !away" from m
Y¦ Š[\ makon tawwal :ou !pl" are not tall%
‘ZpYš [•[\ mana sooreyeen (e are not Syrians%
30
e%
We i'' see more #sa,e o9 this !onstr#!tion 'ater on.
$emonstrative "ronouns LA has mas!#'ine an% 9eminine e8#iva'ents o9 the En,'ish %emonstrative rono#ns 5thisG thatG theseG those M ei,ht in tota' 5not in!'#%in, a'ternates.
$em;
/masculine0
"ronoun This
That
$em; "ronoun These
Transliterati
/feminine0
on
™ƒ ™ƒ
/masculine0
c™ƒ
Transliterati on
hada
g™ƒ g[ƒ
hadee hai
hadak
‹Z™ƒ
hadeek
Transliterati on hadol
33
/feminine0
c™ƒ
Transliterati on hadol
Those
hadolak
c™ƒ
‹‘Qc™‘ƒ
A'ternative')G 5an% m#!h more sim') )o# !an #st #se the 'etter b) the %eRnite rono#n
haidole ek
9o''oe%
to exress “this these” re,ar%'ess o9 ,en%er
œP©¡ ‘…Š p[‘’Q ‹‘Qc™‘ƒ haidoleek assayarat kteer fakhme 6hose $ars are ery lu=urious%
–Œ¡…‰ –—˜Q ™ƒ ‘\ meen hada arra&al bt)rafo (ho is this man 3o you know him
œ}‘P˜ ‘…Š €†>Q ™ƒ hadak albint kteer &amile 6hat girl is ery pretty
—|Q ™¯[‘‰ 7™†Q[ƒ Œ}Qc wallah halfundu' beeyakhad al)'al I swear 2 this hotel is ama*ing> !Lit% .this hotel take
34
s the mind/"
There is 9 There are
“There
is” an% “there are” are both ver) sim') exresse% as
LA. To sa) “there isare not”G sim') sa)
¡
„¡ [\
[\ ¡
“ma
„¡ “9ee” in
fee ”G or in some
'o!a'itiesG 51 sh or 5ma 1sh . Uo#'' be #niversa'') #n%erstoo% re,ar%'ess o9 hi!h otion )o# !hoose.
™Z™ªQ [‘†‘° Y‰[‰ „¡ ‘…Š œP}Ž…\ [®Q „¡ fee lughat matakalame kteere 1 babwa gheeniya al&adeede 6here are many spoken languages in Papua New ?uinea%
j±š „¡ [\ ™}>Q[y‰ ma fee salam bihalbalad 6here is no pea$e in this land%
3B
£}ƒ œ|Z™ˆQ[‰ l[• ¡ 1sh nas bilhadi'a hala 6here are no people
in the park right
now %
&o' much vs; &o' man#? ;#!h 'i/e En,'ishG LA ma/es a !'ear %istin!tion beteen no#ns that !an be !o#nte% in%ivi%#a'') an% “mass”G ,enera'') more abstra!tG no#ns hi!h !ant easi') be !o#nte%.
o m#!h
ŒZ™~ Z™~
'adaysh @ 'aday
o man)
¤Š
kem
–œŸ[’Q Z™~ 'adaysh as-saa)a (hat time is it !lit% .how mu$h is the hour/"
36
–‹…²ˆ\ „¡ ™†Ÿ pc ¤Š kem dolar )ndak 1 mahfathtak ,ow many dollars do you hae in your wallet
–PŸ Z™~ 'adaysh )mrak ,ow old are you !lit% .how mu$h is your age/
–7Y’Q[‰ €Z…z pc™†‰ ¤Š kem benadoora ishtarayt bilsoo' ,ow many tomatoes did you buy at
3(
the market
"
To :o”
“
LA #ses a #ni8#eG ho''o verb to exress “to ,o”G
p 5ra , .
"ronoun
"ast
"resent
[•
€‡p
c‰
€‡p
c…‰
„…‡p
„‡c…‰
Yƒ
p
c‘‰
„ƒ
€‡ p
c…‰
Y…•
Y…‡p
Y‡c…‰
ۥ
5m.
ۥ
59.
3C
[†ˆ•
[†‡p
c†\
„†ƒ
Y‡ p
Y‡c‘‰
– c jY‘Q k[Š™Q ³‘>‡c €• Y…‡p ru,too inta wa ,abib ) aldakan alyom wala la 3id you and ,abib go to the shop today or not
Œ…‘‰ ‹|‘¡p =\ €‡p €• inta ru,t m) rafee'ak ) bayto :ou went with your f riend to his house%
=•[\ ™†Ÿ [\ u Yš c• p ra, nroo, sawa i*a ma )ndak man) (e'll go together if you don't hae
an ob&e$tion%
c‘‰ PŸ jYZ —Š œšp™PQ )mar beeroo, ) almadrase kul yom Am er go es to s$ hoo l e er y da y%
3<
Not at All< /An! “never”0 To exress that somethin, is “not at a''” the !aseG or )o# %ont 'i/e somethin, “at a''”G )o# !an ,enera'') #se to %i:erent or%s. Jn LebanonG )o#re most 'i/e') to hear
™‰
5“abadan /". Litera'') it means
“ever”G b#t is o9ten trans'ate% into Arabi! as “never”. "onsi%er this senten!e2
™‰ ³OQ[ƒ =\ „Ž‡ ³ˆ‰ [\ ma ba,ib a,kee m) hash-shab abadan I dont like talking with this guy at all
To exress that somethin, never haensG )o#'' nee% to move the the be,innin, o9 the tho#,ht2
³OQ[ƒ =\ „Ž‡ ³ˆ‰ [\ ™‰
– “I
™‰
to
neer like to talk to this
guy/%
™‰
A ,oo% r#'e o9 th#mb is i9 )o# 'a!e the on the en% o9 the tho#,htG it means “at a''”. KtheriseG it i'' #s#a'') be #n%erstoo% as “never.” 4+
---Jn S)ria or LebanonG to exress “at a''”G )o# !an sim') re'a!e
™‰
ith
_Y†‰ !.bnoub /". Hemember not to #se “never”
_Y†‰
to mean “never”. A'a)s #se
™‰
to sa)
What happene!?<
The LA or% 9or “to haen”G
p[› is extreme') versati'eG an% !an a'so be
#se% 9or “to be!ome”G “to be,instart” or to exress 'en,ths o9 time. See the resent !on#,ation tab'e an% exam'es be'o. Hemember that to !on#,ate
p be9ore the resent-tense version an% %ro the Rrst 'etter on the verb 5_ or j 9or the 9#t#re tenseG sim') a%% the or%
"ronoun
[• €•
5m.
ۥ
59.
"ast
"resent
›
‘«‰
›
‘«…‰
„›
g‘«…‰ 41
Yƒ
p[›
‘«‘‰
„ƒ
p[›
‘«…‰
Y…•
Y›
c‘«…‰
[†ˆ•
[•›
‘«†\
„†ƒ
cp[›
c‘«‘‰
–—‘}Q[‰ p[>\ œ}ˆQ[‰ p[› Yz shu Sar bil,a+e mbara, billayl (hat happened at the party last night
‘…Š ³› ³Zp™ ™‰ „\[ˆ\ › [• ana Surt muhamee b)d tadreeb S)b kteer I be$ame a lawyer after
ery diB $ult training%
„\c [• „Ž>• [•› c [†z [PQ lamma shufna alawlad2 Surna nabkee ana wa martee (hen we saw the $hildren2 my wife and I started $rying%
c§†Z ¤Ÿ [Ÿ[š ¥P¯ yQp[› Œ}Q[Z yel la h> Sa r lo n kh am s sa )at )m ye n6aro ok
40
9ome on> 6hey'e been waiting for you for 1e hours !lit% .It be$ame for them 1e hours they are awaiting you/"
The "resent Tense The &resent Tense is 9orme% in LA b) aen%in, an%or reen%in, 'etters to
³…Š
the root verb. For exam'eG ,iven the or% “to rite” 5a'so “he rote”G e !an 9orm the resent tense b) #sin, the 9o''oin, 9orm#'as2
"ronoun
[• €• €•
=ormula
…_
Example
³…Š [•
€• ³…Ž…‰ g ...€‰ €• „>…Ž…‰ …€‰
43
Transliteratio n
Translation
ana biktab
J rite
inta btiktab
Uo# 5m rite
inti btiktabee
Uo# 59 rite
Yƒ
…„‰
„ƒ
³…Ž‘‰ Yƒ
„ƒ ³…Ž…‰ c ...€‰ Y…• €‰...
Y…• [†ˆ• „†ƒ
Y>…Ž…‰ [†ˆ• …\ ³…Ž†\ c...„‰ „†ƒ Y>…Ž‘‰
huwa biyktab
e rites
hiyya btaktab
She rites
intoo btiktaboo
Uo# 5' rite
ni,na minktab
We rite
hinna beeyikta bo o
The) rite
Uo# !an ,enera'') 'eave o#t the rono#n hen sea/in, Arabi!´ its rea'') on') ne!essar) 9or the #roses o9 !'ariR!ation or emhasis.
Exam'es o9 resent tense senten!es2
„¯ €‘‰ „…‘‰ \ µŠ‘‰ Yƒ huwwa beeyerka3 min baytee ) bayt akhee ,e runs from my house to my brother's house
jYZ —Š ™Z™˜ _[…Š c|‘‰ „†ƒ Œ}Q[z[\
,inna beeye'raoo kitab &deed kul yom ,ow great> 6hey read
a new book ee ry day %
44
y²Q ™‰ ‹}®z „p[‘š ™¯[…‰ €• Inta btakhad seeartee ) shaghalak b)d althuhur :ou take my $ar to your work in
the afternoon%
The =uture Tense The 9#t#re tense is ver) sim'eG in that it is exa!t') 'i/e the resent tenseG
p
#st ith the eas) a%%ition o9 the 9#t#re arti!'e 5ra be9ore the !on#,ate% verb. e'o is the 9#t#re !on#,ation tab'e 9or the ver) !ommon LA or% 9or “to see” -
"ronoun
[•
Yz
=ormula
p...
Example
Transliterati on ra, ashoof
p 4B
Translation J i'' see
Yz €• €• Yƒ
p... p g... g p...
p YO p „¡YO p YOZ
„ƒ
p... p YO
Y…•
p c...
[†ˆ•
k p.... p YO•
„†ƒ
p c....g
p Y¡YO
p Y¡YOZ
Exercises,
Trans'ate the 9o''oin, senten!es into En,'ish2 46
ra, tshoof
Uo# 5m i'' see
ra, tshoofe e
Uo# 59 i'' see
ra, yes ho of
e i'' see
ra, tashoof
She i'' see
ra, tshoofo o
Uo# 5' i'' see
ra, nshoof
We i'' see
ra, yes ho of oo
The) i'' see
Ž‰ „\[ˆPQ ³…Ž\ c• p ra, nroo, ) maktab almu,amee bukra
–‘†…Q jYZ Y}P p Yz shu ra, t)maloo yom letnayn !N86E5 t he alef is .absorbed/ into the word2 thus not pronoun$ed% 6his happens o$$asionally in diale$ts"
–f[OQ [†\ „ª œ›Q ™†Ÿ kYŽZ p ra, yekoon )ndek alforSa ti&ee m)na )al
sha6
„z ¤Š g…z jd c ¥‰ Ž\ cp p Gg ay2 ra , roo, m)kon2 bes awalan la*em ashtaree
Trans'ations2
1.
We i'' ,o to the 'a)ers o^!e tomorro.
2.
What i'' )o# 5' %o on ;on%a)? 4(
kam shee%
3.
Wi'' )o# have the !han!e to !ome ith #s to the bea!h?
4.
UesG J i'' ,o ith )o# 5'G b#t Rrst J nee% to b#) some thin,s.
The "ast Tense 4C
The ast tense is rett) 'o,i!a' to 9orm i9 )o# are 9ami'iar ith the other tenses. Hather than reRxin, 'etters to the root verbG )o# sho#'% s#^x them to !reate the ast tense. e'o is the ast tense !on#,ation 9or riteӦ .
³…ŠG “to
¶ Note that in Arabi!G the most sim'iRe% 9orm o9 the verb 5'i/e the inRnitive in man) Western 'an,#a,es is the ast-tenseG mas!#'ineG thir%-erson !on#,ation. So hi'e J 5an% others i'' o9ten sa) that means “to rite”G in rea'it) it means “he rote”. Arabi! %oes not have an inRnitive as e sea/ers o9 Dermani! 'an,#a,es o#'% thin/ o9 it.
³…Š
"ronoun
=ormula
Example
Transliterati on
Translation
[•
...
€>…Š
katbit
J rote
ۥ
...
€>…Š
katbait
Uo# 5m rote
€• Yƒ
„... 5!han,e nothin,
„…>…Š ³…Š
„ƒ
...
€>…Š
Y…•
Y...
Y…>…Š
[†ˆ•
[•...
katbtee
„†ƒ
c ...
[†>…Š Y>…Š 4<
Uo# 59 rote katab
e rote
katabt
She rote
katabto o
Uo# 5' rote
katabn a
We rote
katabo
The) rote
o
A'so note that #st 'i/e in ;SAG in LAG ho''o verbs i'' %ro 'etters in some !on#,ations in the ast tense. For exam'eG “J ent”
€‡p an% “e sai%”
[†}~ 9or p an% [~G rese!tive').
Exercises, Trans'ate the 9o''oin, senten!es into En,'ish2
Z[·c [†Ÿ „¡ [\ .€Py¡ [\ ƒ[²Q al*ahar ma fahamt% ma 1 )nna wa*ayaf
[Z [•§¡ [†…‘‰ „¡ › —˜Q arra&al Sarakh fee bay
tna2 fa6 aradna ya
Ž\ p[› Yz –k[˜yPQ[‰ p[>\ shu Sar m)kon imbara, bilmahra&an
£’\ c‘‰ \ [†|š si'na min bayroot ) damashq
„Ž‘‰ [\ ¥‰ pc ¤Š „•Y…‘§Ÿ )6aytoonee kam dolar
bas ma beekefee
B+
.
Trans'ations2
1.
Jt seems that )o# %i%nt #n%erstan%G e %ont have 5an) obs.
2.
The man )e''e% in o#r ho#seG so e /i!/e% him o#t.
3.
What haene% ith )o# a'' )ester%a) at the 9estiva'?
4.
We %rove 9rom eir#t to *amas!#s.
5.
The) ,ave me a 9e %o''arsG b#t its not eno#,h.
B1
Expressin% $esire> “to 'ant to;;;” Ex'ainin, that one ants to %o somethin, in LA is s'i,ht') !o#nterint#itiveG b#t not %i^!#'t. LA %oes not have its on verb 9or “to ant%esire” 5a'tho#,h
p
™‰
)o# !an a'a)s #se ;SAs . Jn LAG sim') ta/e the or% 5bid an% atta!h an aroriate s#^xe%-rono#n as in the exam'es be'o.
"ronoun
Structure
Transliteration
[•
g™‰
bidee
ۥ
™‰
bidak
ۥ
™‰
bidek
Yƒ
™‰
bido
„ƒ
[ƒ™‰
bida
Y…•
Š™‰
bidkon
[†ˆ•
[•™‰
bidna
„†ƒ
ƒ™‰
bidon
k[†>Q =˜‰ [P}>~ ¤}Q ™ƒ Yz g™‰ bidee ashoof hadak al1lm 'abalma bar&a) ) lubnan
B0
I want to see that 1lm before I return to Lebanon%
„¡[¢ gp[«\ œZYz [•™‰ bidna shwayet maSaree a3afee (e want a little
bit of additional money%
§†• ¤Ÿ [†}Š –œPQd [Z ™‰ Yz
shu bidak ya *alame > kulna )m nan6arak (hat do you want2 man> (e're all waiting for you
B3
“Which9That9Who”;;; The elative "ronoun Whi'e )o# ma) /no ho !om'i!ate% it is in ;SAG the re'ative rono#n is #st abo#t the easiest art o9 LA. We sim') #se
„}Q
or
„}}Z 5illee
yel le e G hi!h are both inter!han,eab'e in an) sit#ationG an% are #se% 9or
an) ,en%er or n#mber. Eas)G ri,ht?
oeverG remember that #st 'i/e in ;SAG )o# nee% to re9er ba!/ to the no#n that )o#re ta'/in, abo#t hen )o# 9orm )o#r verb. eres an exam'e2
[y†Ÿ ‹}…}~ „}Q PQ „ƒ She's the woman that I told you about Che •
rD
Noti!e that hi'e in En,'ishG e o#'% en% the senten!e ith “abo#t”G in Arabi! )o# m#st !'ari9) that )o#re ta'/in, “abo#t her”
;ore exam'es2
‘\YZ —>~ Œ…z „}}Z —˜Q Yƒ ,e's the man who I saw ChimD two days ago
c‘‰ [y‘¡ ¡[š „}Q p[‘’Q „ƒ g[ƒ 6his is the $ar whi$h I traeled in CitD to ;eirut%
B4
SoG the 'esson here is to a'a)s refer back to )o#r s#be!t hen #sin,
„}}Z „}Q
or in!om'ete.
G otherise )o#r senten!e i'' so#n% a/ar% an%
@sa%e of “%ha#r” Whi'e its #sa,e is rett) strai,ht9orar% in ;SAG 'earners o9 LA ma) Rn% the or% #se
‘°
‘° to be more Vexib'e. ere are some a)s that LA sea/ers
1.
Sa)in, somethin, is “#n ...” 'i/e In-is'ami!G #nnat#ra'G et!
2.
Exressin, another o9 somethin, “another time'a!eersonet!.” or somethin, e'se
3.
Sim') the verb 9or “to !han,e” 5ghayyar
1 „\±š ‘° _[…ŽQ[ƒ 0 [‘ˆQ œ‘‘>¦ ‘° ‹‘ƒ 3 [†‘¡ \ ‘° „Žˆ• 4 g™‰ ‘° ™‡ Yz 1.
This boo/ is #n-Js'ami!
2.
Li9e 'i/e that is #nnat#ra'
3.
We !an ta'/ another time
4.
J ant to see someone other than him. ¸besi%es him¹
BB
mperatives The ro!ess o9 9ormin, an imerative verb sho#'% be 9ami'iar to ;SA sea/ers. FirstG ta/e )o#r resent-tense !on#,ate% verb 9or thir% erson
³…Ž‘‰
„‰
sin,#'arG s#!h as . NextG remove the reRx 5“byuktub ” i'' no be “uktub ”´ “byir&a) ” i'' no be “ir&a) ”. Sto there i9 )o#r imerative is %ire!te% at a ma'e.
For 9ema'esG a%% “uktubee ”. For '#ra'G a%%
g “ee ” to the en% o9 the mas!#'ine 9ormG s#!h as „>…Š
c “oo ” to the en% o9 the mas!#'ine 9orm. Y>…Š
“uktuboo ”
Ne%ative mperatives Then a%%
or [\ be9ore the verb in its resentG 0
n%
&erson !on#,ation
‹‘ƒ —P - 3on't do !it like" that% [ƒ[Z „}‘>…Ž M 3on't write !f%" it to me . „|‘¡p €‘>Q Y‡c M 3on't go to my friend's house% B6
Comparatives 1. To 9orm the !omarative in LAG Rrst ta/e a 'oo/ at )o#r stan%ar% a%e!tive.
‘>Š - “kabeer ” - bi g 0. Hemove the Rna' voe' 9rom the a%e!tive. J9 the a%e!tive en%s ith a voe'G remove the en#'timate voe'. When there is no voe' in the a%e!tiveG s/i this ste.
>Š
- “kabar ” - This %oesnt rea'') mean an)thin, 5ex!et in !ertain meas#resG its #st an interme%iate ste. 3. A%% an
5alef be9ore )o#r res#'t 9rom ste 0.
>Š
M akbar - bigger
Uo# ma) noti!e s'i,ht !han,es to this ro!ess hen )o#re “!omarativeiin,” a%e!tives that en% in voe's.
B(
Kther exam'es2
Bri%inal
Translitera tion
En%lish
Comparat ive
Transliter ation
‘®›
Saghe er
sma''
®›
„Q[°*
ghale e
}°
*
aghla
exensive
Y}‡*
,eloo
}‡
*
a,la
Šu …Š
*
ni!eseet bea#ti9#'
aSgh ar
*ak ee
„Šu ‘…Š
*
En%lish
sma''er
more exensive ni!erseet er more bea#ti9#' a*ka
smart kteer
a 'ot m#!h
smarter aktar
more
³Z°
ghare eb
stran,e
_°
aghra b
—ZY¦
6awee l
Y¦
a6wal
ta''
¤y\*
muhi m
¤ƒ
aham
imortant
¶ irre,#'ar 9orm
BC
*
more stran,er ta''er
more imortant
Jn a senten!eG a !omarative a%e!tive sho#'% a'a)s be 9o''oe% b) hi!h in this !aseG trans'ates to “than”.
Yƒ ™Pˆ\ \ Y¦ [• gY‰ \ Šu
\ G
M ,e is taller than
M I'm smarter than my father
kp [ZpYš \ ®›
M o rd an is sm al le r th an Sy ri a
Superlatives Jn this %istressin, erio% o9 ,rammar-!rammin,G )o# ma) Rn% so'a!e in the 9a!t that the Arabi! s#er'ative #ses the same 9orm as the !omarativeG )o# !an #st a%%
For exam'eG
be9orehan%.
’‡
means ºbetterºG b#t
’‡
means ºthe bestº
Uo# !an a'so 9orm the s#er'ative !ontext#a'')G b) 9o''oin, the !omarative a%e!tive ith a no#n.
«Q[‰ ³Q[¦ Y¦ [PŸ 'Emad is the tallest student in the $lass
6he most in my opinion2 is health% œˆ«Q Yƒimportant „‘» ‰thing2 „z ¤ƒ
B<
"ractice "assa%es
"assa%e Bne
1 M –‹‘Š kY˜ [>‡\ mar,haba &ohn% #eefak
0 M –€• c .™Pˆ\ [Z ¼‘†\ [• ana mnee, ya mu,ammad% wa inta 1 M –p[>¯ Yz –œˆ«Q ‘Š . Žz ¼‘†\ ‘…Š kteer mnee,2 shukran% keef alSa,a shu akhbarak
0 M €}›c …\ .™Z™˜ „z „¡ [\ Gj[P „z —Š –p[§PQ kul shee tamam2 ma 1
shee &deed% Imta waSalt ) alma6ar
6+
1 M _Yz ‘…Š ¥|§Q .‘…Ÿ[š „z —>~ €}›c pYZY• \ ‘…Ž‰ _Yz c‘>‰ kYƒ waSalt Fabal shee sa)tayn% Al-tas ktee ashawb bi-kteer mn noo-york
r shawb hawn bi-bayroot>
0 M jd .k[†>Q „¡ ‹‘‰ k±ƒ kd £‡ ‹\ ŒZ –p[§PQ \ =}§†\ [P}>~ „z —P eh2 m)k ha> i*an2 ahlan bik fee lubnan% La*am t)ml shee Fabal ma mini6l) min alma6 ar
1. [†‘¡ ‹‘ƒ ™‰ .„¦[†z ³‘˜ jd ¥‰ Žz c•. shukran> ;as la*am a&eeb
shana6 ee% ;)d hayk2
feena nroo,%
0. Œ}Q[Z ³‘¦ tayeb2 yellah
1 M e''o $ohnG ho are )o#? 0- Jm e'' ;#hamma%G an% )o#? 1- Xer) e'' than/ )o#. os )o#r hea'th? Whats ne ith )o#?
61
0 M Ever)thin,s er9e!tG theres nothin, ne. When %i% )o# arrive to the airort? 1- J arrive% abo#t to ho#rs a,o. Jts ver) arm here in eir#t ;#!h armer than in Ne Uor/. 0 M UeahG )o#re ri,ht We''G e'!ome to Lebanon. *o )o# nee% to %o an)thin, be9ore e 'eave the airort? 1 M Than/s J #st nee% to ,et m) ba,sG then e !an ,o. 0- A'ri,htG !ome on.
"assa%e T'o
1. –—P…‰ ¤Ÿ Yz ‘Pš [Z ‘©Q [>› Saba, alkahyr ya
sameer 2 shu )m bt)ml
0. ½ˆ‰ œZYz —P‰ ¤Ÿ ¥‰ ... [• An a% %% ba s )m b) ml sh wa ye t ba ,h as
1. –½ˆ>…‰ ¤Ÿ Yz ) shu )m bitba,as
0. £O\ \ k ‘¦ œ}‡Q Š¾ ¤Š žª‡ g™‰ ¥Zp[‰ bideeQ a,&a* kam
ta*kara li ra,ala 6ayran min damashq ila barees
60
1. –„OP ¨§©…‰ …\ imta bitakha6a6 timshee
0. ³š[†\ š „~±‰ u .Œ}Q[O• g[ªQ yOQ alshahar al&aee inshallah% I*a balaee s)r munasib
yel la h2 bi taw 1 in sh al la h 1. Œ}Q[Z Œ}Q[O• £‘¡Y…‰
1.
Doo% mornin,G Samir. What are )o# %oin, no?
2.
Jm... Jm #st %oin, some resear!h.
1.
What are )o# resear!hin,?
2.
J ant to reserve some ti!/ets 9or a Vi,ht 9rom *amas!#s to &aris
1.
When %o )o# 'an on ,oin,?
2.
Next monthG hoe9#''). J9 J Rn% a s#itab'e ri!e.
1.
A'ri,htG e'' ,oo% '#!/
63
"assa%e Three
1. –œ}§Q[‰ €}PŸ Yz –³‘>‡ [Z p[>¯[z shakhbarak ya ,abib shu )malt bil )tle
0. [†‡p „…}Z[Ÿc [• œ}§Q[‰ G\[š [Z p[>¯ ¡ „†¦YQ „…‘P‘šYZ ž…†\ 1sh akhbar ya samir2 bil )tle ana wa )ayeltee ru,na ) manta*a yoo se eme ete e alw a6ane e
1. ‘…Š Yƒ .Œ†Ÿ d[…P\ ‘…Š {[‘z €Pš –Œ}Qc –¼‘ˆ› —‘P˜ (allah Sm)at asheeya kteer mumta*e )no% huwa kteer &ameel2 Sa,i,
0. ‘…Š ‘…Š [†§’>\ .—|Q ™¯[‘‰ g Ey> ;eyakhad alaal% imbasa6na kteer kteer
64
1. – Y˜ ¨§¯ Š™†Ÿ )ndkon khu6u6 ter&)oo
2.
Y§• p [\ Œ}Q[O• ¥‰ [’Q la lissa bas inshallah ma rah intawwal
1. Whats ne ith )o#G abib? What %i% )o# over the ee/en%? 5'it. “in the brea/” 0. Theres nothin, neG Samir. *#rin, the ee/en%G m) 9ami') an% J ent to Uosemite Nationa' &ar/. 1. Hea'')? J hear% ex!e''ent thin,s abo#t it. Jts ver) bea#ti9#'G ri,ht? 0. UesG it b'os )o#r min% We rea'') rea'') eno)e% o#rse'ves. 1. *o )o# a'' have 'ans to ret#rn? 0. NoG not )etG b#t hoe9#'') e ont be too 'on,
6B
"assa%e =our
1. [Z –œ\[ªQ[‰ ‹§§¯ „ƒ Yz ‘Pš ya sa me er a2 sh u hi ya kh a6a6ek bi l- &a m) a
0. –™«| ‹‘ƒ –lp g™‰ Yz „†Z y)n i sh u bi de e ad ra s ha yk ta S ad
1. –jY}Q \ „z c _ „†Z YZ eywa2 y)ni adab aw shee min al-)loom
0. {[‘‡ ¤}Ÿ lp „•Y†…~ Z™Q YQ œ|‘|ˆQ[‰ œZ[ªQ œ†’Q bilhaeea alwalidayn iqtn)oonee idras )lm ala,iya alsine a
l&aya
1. ŽP\ {[‘‡ ¤}Ÿ lp p k[PŠ [• –[˜ Ÿ Yš › [†Ÿ kYŽZ p )n &ad Ana GideG rah idras )lm ala,iya> mumkin ra, SuH sawa
0. [>Z~ YO• p Œ}Q[O• inshallah> ra, nshoof Fareeban
66
yekoon )nna
1. e) SamiraG hat are )o#r 'ans 9or #niversit)? 0. Li/eG hat %o J ant to st#%)? Js that hat )o# mean? 1. UeahG J mean 'i/e 'iterat#re or somethin, 9rom the s!ien!es? 0. A!t#a'')G 5m) arents !onvin!e% me to st#%) io'o,) next )ear. 1. Hea'')? Jm a'so ,oin, to st#%) io'o,) ;a)be e'' have a !'ass to,ether. 0. oe9#'') We'' see soon
"assa%e =ive
1.
–‹ˆ¬‘‰ „z „¡ –‹ˆ¬…‰ ¤Ÿ Œ‘Q leyh )m bt3a,ak Hee shee bee3a,,ak
0. ™‰ la2 abadan
1. –‹ˆ¬‘‰ Yz ...„}‘Ž‡ –Yz shoo> ,akeelee shoo bee3a,,ak
0. œ’ƒc jYZ ¤Š —>~ „¯ \ œ…Ž• €Pš [• ³‘¦ [y‘¡ Š[¡ [• 6ayyeb2 ana sm)t nikte min akhee
Fabal kam yom wa hasa ana fakir feea
1. j…‡ ‹}¬¡ \ .£}ƒ œ>…Ž\ „¡ €• ¥‰ „Šc Z¯ [©z 8kay bas inta 1 maktaba hala%
6(
0. „†ˆ\[š Gu[…š [Z ¤• n)m ya usta*2 sama,ni
1. Wh) are )o# 'a#,hin,? Js there somethin, thats ma/in, 5)o# 'a#,h? 0. NoG not at a''. 1. What? Te'' me... hats ma/in, 5)o# 'a#,h?0. 0. K/a)... J hear% a o/e a 9e %a)s a,o an% Jm #st thin/in, abo#t it no. 1. K/a)G b#t )o#re in a 'ibrar) no. &'ease rese!t the other eo'e. 0. Ues sirG 9or,ive me.
6C
"assa%e Six
1. –™†Ÿ „}}Z j±‡ „ƒ Yz G‘Qcp[Š [Z :a karooleen2 shu hi
yya ala,lam yelli
)ndek
0. œ}»[Ÿ g™‰ ¯ c c .¥ZYŠ ‘…Š ¿š [ƒ ¤P\ gdY˜ =\ ‘>Š mmm had sual kteer kwayes% Awalan wa akharan bide )ail kbeere m) &aw*ee
1–Z™‰c ...Œ}Q[z[\
0 €‘‰ [†}Z…z g™‰ Z™‰ b)dayn Gide ashtareelna bayt
1 –‘…Š ‘>Š €‘‰ ;ayt kbeer kteer
0 ¥‰c [†Q Y|\ „z ... La shee m)ool lina wa bas
1™‘š À‡ ...Y}‡ 6<
e
,eloo%% ha* sa)eed>
1. e) "aro'ineG hat %reams %o )o# have? 0. mmG thats a ver) ,oo% 8#estion. First an% 9oremostG J ant a bi, 9ami') ith m) h#sban% 1. Wo An% then? 0. ThenG J ant to b#) a ho#se 9or #s. 1. A ver) bi, ho#se? 0. No somethin, reasonab'e 9or #sG an% thats it. 1. Ni!e ,oo% '#!/
"assa%e Seven
1 ¡[’\ Zyz ‹Qp[› œ\±’Q[Ÿ Œ}Q™PˆQ E,amdallah
)salama> Sarlak shahrayn msaafr
0 – Shukran jY‘Q ya„¡ [\ „¡ Yz .„Q[°[Z Žz ghalee shu fee ma fee alyom ‹Z˜ ™\c „¯p G™~ ...€‘>Q[‰ —¬†\ Œ• Ž¡ ¤Ÿ 1 —¬ ... )m fakar inno min3al bilbayt Faad2 tafa3al
irkhee
wa med i&rayk
YªQ \ Y\ p ...—Š jd ¥‰ „>‘>‡ Žz 0 „PŸ [Z Ah sh uk ra n ,a bi bi ba s la *a m ak al ra h ma wt mi n al &o ua ) ya )mee
1 k[ŽQ ™®…• c• [†‘}¯ –[˜ Ÿ )n &ad #haleena nroo, ntaghada lakaanJ%
(+
œ}‘| ‘…Š –c†\ [P}>~ œ§†OQ[ƒ „}}Pˆ ‹‘¡ 0 œ‡ «‰ Heek t,mllee halshan6
a abalma mnroo, #teer tae
ele biSara,a%
1 .c†\c [ƒ[Z „†‘§Ÿ ³‘¦ 6ayyeb2 a)6eenee yaha wa minroo,%
1. &raise Do% 9or 5)o#r sa9et) Uo#ve been trave'in, 9or to months 0. Than/ )o#G %ear. Whats # to%a)? 1. Jm thin/in, that e'' sta) homeG sit re'axG an% stret!h !lit% e=tend" )o#r 'e,sG here )o# ,o. 0. Kh than/ )o# m) 'ove b#t J have to eatG Jm ,oin, to %ie o9 h#n,erG man !lit% my un$le" 1. Kh rea'')? Lets ,o ,et '#n!h then !Note5 the stri$tly diale$t
should not be $onfused with the ery
k[ŽQ
ŽQ 2 meaning .buthoweer/"
0. "an )o# !arr) this ba, 9or me be9ore e ,o? Jts rea'') heav) 1. K/a)G ,ive it to me an% e'' ,o.
(1
Exten!e! $ictionar# e'o are a 9e h#n%re% o9 the most !ommon or%s in most estern 'an,#a,esG trans'ate% to LA 9or )o#r !onvenien!e.
En,'ish
Trans'iteration
Levantine Arabi! A'
the
/ an)e/oon
be
\ of
m
in
(0
Notes
a
an! a
---
\ \
to in
\
it
--
3
'e i'a
9
_
ee bi #a
3
\
n%ÁÁ h #ahi))a
\
that
h a%a/ ha%ee/ 'i
for h
the#
inee
a
na m3
'ith as
Atrans'ation %oes not exist in Arabi!G ex!et 9or sometimes s#bstit#tin, the or% 9or “one”G 'iste% be'o.
h
he have
-
...
/
&reRx9orano#n
Z™PQ[Š... “as the mana,er”
not
\
m
(3
ishmoo
on
3
she
h
a'so “to” i))a bi
at
!"
b#
m in Âaba'
As in an a!tion %one “b)” someone
this
#
ha
³‘…ŽQ[ƒ this boo/
'e
$
nina
#ou
& \'
i ntaintiintoo
A'ternative')
!o
(
3
m'
but
)*
b
as
from
m
in
or
a
o
'hich one 'oul!
++ \ , %
a
))e''ee
%
ai% ra
The!on%itiona' moo% %oes not exist as s#!h in Arabi!. ;#st be exresse% ith 9#t#re tense an% o9ten !ontext or%s.
(4
all
'ill
there
/
/
#'
r
A'so “ea!hever)” a
\
h ina/ hanee/ Â aa')eoo'
sa#
0 \ " 'ho ma(e
/
m
(
een
3
m'
& \ (
' emmaimta
can
0/* \ "
 a%ar b)i%r
more
1&
'hen
if
a
\ 2
/tar ia 'oh
2
9or rea'isti!
h)otheti!a's 9or more imossib'e thin,s
3 4
'% 2
“J9 J ent to the mar/et”
5 6 1$! “J9 J ha% been born in ahrain” '
no man
a
7 8
raa'
(B
A'so “9oot”
out
9 :
/ haari
A'so“abroa%” hen %eRnite
9 ;
6
other so
2
'hat
<
time
'"
t anee
Lit.“se!on%”
i an
asaR''eror%2 “soG hats #?”
s
hoo aat
"ana'sobe#se% as “hen”
1 '" ... “When e ,o”
+
up %o
1 \
a 3a'a r aa )eroo
about
3an
than
min
into
i'a
state
=>
i'a)a
onl#
)*
bas
8
ne'
Lit.“hi,her”
a%ee%
#ear
=?
sina
some
@
/am
(6
asina!o#ntr) o'iti!a' area
ta(e
: \ :
come
A \ 8
a/ha% )a/ha% aa)eee
these
#
h
(no'
B1C \ B1
3ra9)e3ra9
see
B D \B<
sha9 )eshoo9
use
(C&? \ E ;&?
%et li(e
ista/h%am ast3ma'
+ F$
)
G H &
mit'5ma
C*
then
eSa'3'a
b
3%a)n
a
rst
'
an#
,
a)
'or(
I<
sha,ha'
no'
=4 \ J+
ha'a hasa
=4 is a re,iona' !ontra!tion o9 = 4 ho#r”
(
ma# such %ive
& KC \ K
m m
#m/in it'
3 ata )e3atee
((
G “this
over
3
9
a
\1 L \1 M
thin(
9a/ar )e9/ar )e#n
most
@MC
even
&%
ata
n!
"N//* \ ">
'aa bee'aee
!a# also after
m3em
E
)am
(
/aman
C*
b3%
A'so“sti''”
O=! P
C*
“Are )o# sti'' a st#%ent?”
'a#
=0 1P
Tareea
man#
1/&
/teer
must
EQ>
'aam
loo(
B<
shoo9
before
!"
Âaba'
%reat
@/M \ 1/!
/abeer 3eem i
bac( throu%h
R+% 1!
3
(C
'aa'a9 bar
“to $ross” hen #se% as a verb
lon%
P
T
aee'
'here
a)n
much
1/&
/
teer
shoul!
EQ>
'
aam
'ell
S/
mnee
people
T ;< \ U
n as ash/haS
!o'n
'$6
taat
+( \ +
o'n
ma'a/ )em'e/
8ust
)*
bas
because
V>
'ianoh
%oo!
S/
mnee
each
/#' ha%o'
those feel seem ho'
1CD \ )$ /!
)
R/
eba)en
/
ee9
3
hi%h too
)eas )esh3r
EQN
1&
a'ee a /tar mn a''am
(<
a'so“,oo%”
ma/aan
place little
1/IW
S
,heer
'orl!
@
3
a'am
ver#
1/&
/
teer
still
4
'
issa
aTan
nation
P )
han! ol!
1/!
life
X /%
tell
e% /
$/* \
abeer
h
%
a)at a/a b)e/ee
'rite
Y& \ Y&
/ atab )e/tab
become
1/F/* \ W
S ar beeSeer h
here sho'
9 \ 91
house
'/*
both
9 araara b
/&
a)t a 'tneen
b
bet'een nee!
an
/* EQ>__
a)n 'amÁÁ
C+
Lit.“theto”
#/
Q>
“J nee% ater”
C \
mean
3na )3nee
Call /me0
G H,
n a%ee5nee
!evelop
K/* \ P
Taar beeTaar
un!er
'$6
t
aat
last
1:
a
/har
/( \ SW
ri%ht move
0
S a )emeen n
<
thin% %eneral
E
school
=?
never
*
same
)L
C Zit means”G is an extreme') !ommon R''er or%
aa'
s
hee
3
aam m
a%rasa
a
ba%an na9s
D )L .the same thing/
another
6
be%in
+*
'hile
( /*
t
anee
b b
C1
a'ash a)nama
number
@"
r
aam
part
[8
aa
turn
]
%
o#r
real
0/0%
leave
+P
mi%ht
(
h T
a'a3
m
*_
'ant
aeea
#m/in
O
bi%ÁÁ
*
.3o you !pl%" want food/
point
=K0
form
<
n
aTa s
ha/a'
a'so “aearan!e”
Y 1^ V+ <eir%” “he 'oo/s “his aearan!e is eir%” a'so #se% to !reate a%verbs
E D* Lit. “in a ,enera' a)”G “,enera'')”
chil! fe'
@
small
1/IW
/
a'a% am
S
C0
a,heer
since
a%ainst
m
in
*
#%
as(
`4 \ `?
late
1: &
home
'/*
interest
E (&
i
htimam
lar%e
1/!
/
abeer
person
a;<
s
ha/hS
en!
= b
n
iha)a
open
&L \ S&
public
E
follo'
!6
!urin% present
s aa' )esa' m b
a)t
9 ata ma9too 3
N:
ita/har
am a
tab3
/
hi'a'
] 8
maoo%
O] 8
1 ?
.Is Samir there/
*
'ithout a%ain
hol!
b
=/ 6 X1 4
i%oon mara tani)a
a
C3
msa/
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