Pharmacology Mnemonics Pharmacology Mnemonics
RTI: drugs to treat viral respiratory infections infections "You'd "You'd get a respiratory infection if infection if you shoot an ARO an ARO (arrow) (arrow) laced with viruses into viruses into the lungs": lungs": ARO: ARO: A mantadine mantadine R imantadine imantadine Oseltamivir
Medication administration: short checklist TRAMP: TRAMP: · Before dispensing medication ensure have correct: Time R oute oute A mount mount Medication Patient
Opiates: overdose findings "!ool findings "!ool to the touch unresponsive to pain unger diminished and scars over vein# Pupils pinpointed and $lood pressure low %rine diminished and $reathing is slow#"
Cocaine: cardiovascular effect COcaine COcaine causes $lood vessels to COnstrict COnstrict (unli&e other local anesthetics which cause vasodilation)#
Aminoglycosides: Aminoglycosides: common characteristics characteristics AMINO AMINO:: A ctive A ctive A gainst A gainst A ero$ic ero$ic gram negative Mechanism of resistance are Modifying Modifying enymes Inhi$it protein synthesis $y $inding to * su$unit Nephroto+ic Ototo+ic
ulfonamides: common characteristics !"#A : teven,-ohnson syndrome. &in rash . olu$ility low !rine precipitation. !seful for !/0 "arge spectrum (gram positives and negatives) #olic acids synthesis $loc&er (as well as synthesis of nucleic acids) A nalog nalog of P1B1
$iuretics: groups " groups "" "ea& O ver The CAN": CAN": "oop diuretics Osmotics Thiaides Car$onic anhydrase inhi$itors A ldosterone ldosterone inhi$itors Na (sodium) channel $loc&ers · 2ote: "lea&" is slang for urination and "can" is slang for a toilet#
Thalidomide: effect on cancer cells "/halidomide "/halidomide ma&es the $lood vessels hide": hide": %se thalidomide to stop cancer cells from growing new $lood vessels#
Tu%erculosis: treatment 0f treatment 0f you forget your /B drugs you'll die and might need a PRI&T": PRI&T": P yrainamide R ifampin ifampin Isoniaid (02) &tham$utol Treptomycin Treptomycin
'arfarin: interactions interactions ACA$&MI ACA$&MIC C (AC: (AC: A miodarone miodarone Cimetidine A spirin spirin $apsone &rythromycin Metronidaole Indomethacin Clofi$rates (uinidine A apropaone apropaone Ciproflo+acin tatins
Patent ductus arteriosus: )hich prostaglandin keeps it open & &&p &&p op& op&n with prostaglandin &#
Car%ama*epine +C,-.: use C,-: C,-: Cranial 2erve 3 (trigeminal) neuralgia ,ipolar disorder -eisures
Morphine: side/effects MORP0IN&: MORP0IN&: M yosis Out of it (sedation) R espiratory espiratory depression Pneumonia (aspiration) 0 ypotension Infre4uency (constipation urinary retention) Nausea &mesis
Corticosteroids: Corticosteroids: adverse side effects C!0IN1 ,A$ M$: M$: Cataracts !p all night (sleep distur$ances) uppression of P1 a+is 0 ypertension. $uffalo $uffalo 0ump Infections Necrosis (avascular) 1ain weight triae ,one loss (osteoporosis) A cne cne $ia$etes M yopathy moon moon faces $epression and emotional changes
Tricyclic antidipressents +TCA.: side effects TCA2: TCA2: Throm$ocytopenia Cardiac (arrhymia M0 stro&e) A nticholinergic nticholinergic (tachycardia urinary retention etc) eiures
,romocriptine 3for !A gang mem%ers4 /he mem%ers4 /he CR5PT are CR5PT are an 51 street gang that li&es to smo&e $OP&# $OP&# BromoCR5PT BromoCR5PTine ine is a $OPamine $OPamine agonist#
,eta %lockers: mem%ers " mem%ers "T The N&PA" Prime Minister": Timolol Nadolol &smolol Pindolol A tenolol tenolol "a$etalol Propranolol Metoprolol
Microtu%ules: Microtu%ules: drugs that act on microtu%ules6 microtu%ules6 " "T The MicroT icroTu$ule 1rowth 7 rowth 7 oiding oiding Chemicals": Thia$endaole Me$endaole Ta+ol 1riseofulvin 7 incristine. 7 incristine. 7 in$lastine in$lastine Colchicine
Insulin: mi8ing regular insulin and NP0 " NP0 "N Not R eady eady R eady eady Now": 1ir into NP 1ir into R egular egular 6raw up R egular egular 6raw up NP
,en*odia*epins: 9 mem%ers that undergo e8trahepatic meta%olism "Outside The "iver": O+aepam Temaepam "oraepam /hese undergo e+trahepatic meta$olism and do not form active meta$olites#
1uanethidine: mechanism 7uaN&thidine prevents N& (norepinephrine) release#
Parasympathetic vs6 sympathetic neurotransmitters "No sympathy for a Pair of Aces": Norepinephren is secreted in $y the ympathetic nervous system while Acetylcholine is secreted in the Parasympathetic nervous system#
Adrenoceptors: vasomotor function of alpha vs6 %eta A,C$: A lpha 8 Constrict# ,eta 8 $ilate#
,eta selective %lockers ",&AM ON& up *cotty": ,eta $loc&ers: &smolol A tenolol Metropolol
Opiods: mu receptor effects "M$ CAR&": Miosis $ependency Constipation A nalgesics R espiratory depression &uphoria edation
Cancer drugs: time of action %et)een $NA/;mRNA A,C$&#: A l&ylating agents ,leomycin Cisplastin $actinomycin. $o+oru$icin &toposide #lutamide and other steroids or their antagonists (eg tamo+ifen leuprolide)
,usulfan: features A,C$&#: A l&ylating agent ,one marrow suppression s.e CM5 indication $ar& s&in (hyperpigmentation) s.e &ndrocrine insufficiency (adrenal) s.e #i$rosis (pulmonary) s.e
Tricyclic antidepressants: mem%ers )orth kno)ing "0 have to hide the CIA is after me": Clomipramine Imipramine A mitrptyline · 0f want the ne+t worth &nowing the $N$ is also after me: $esipramine Norrtriptyline $o+epin
Asthma drugs: leukotriene inhi%itor action A firlu&ast: A ntagonist of lipo+ygenase Ilueton: Inhi$itor of 5/ receptor
Torsades de Pointes: drugs causing APAC0&: A miodarone Procainamide A rsenium Cisapride 0aloperidol &ritromycin
erotonin syndrome: components !auses 0ARM: 0 yperthermia A utonomic insta$ility (delirium) R igidity M yoclonus
,eta %lockers: , selective vs6 ,/,< non/selective A through N: , selective: 1ce$utalol 1tenolol 9smolol Metoprolol# O through -: ,= ,< non/selective: Pindolol Propanalol /imolol#
0M1/CoA reductase inhi%itors +statins.: side effects= contraindications= interactions 0M1,Co1: · *ide effects: 0epatoto+icity M yositis a&a rha$domyolysis; · !ontraindications: 1irl during pregnancy. 1rowing children · 0nteractions: Coumarin. C yclosporine
Therapeutic inde8: formula TI"&: TI 8 "6< . &6<
Antirheumatic agents +disease modifying.: mem%ers C0AMP: C yclophosphamide 0 ydro+ycloro4uine and choloro4uinine A uranofin and other gold compounds Methotre+ate Penicillamine
Auranofin= aurothioglucose: category and indication Aurum is latin for "gold" (gold's chemical sym$ol is Au)# 7eneric 1ur, drugs ( Auranofin Aurothioglucose) are gold compounds# · 0f didn't learn yet that gold's indication is rheumatoid arthritis 1%=, A cts !pon R heumatoid#
Antiarrhythmics: class III mem%ers ,IA: ,retylium I $utilide A miodarone otalol
MAOIs: indications MAOI': Melancholic classic name for atypical depression; A n+iety O $esity disorders anore+ia $ulemia; Imagined illnesses hypochondria; ocial pho$ias · 5isted in decreasing order of importance# · 2ote M1>0 is inside Mel A nchOlIc#
IA$0/inducing drugs A,C$: A nalgesics: opioids 2*106s ,ar$iturates C yclophosphamide. Chlorpromaine. Car$amaepine $iuretic (thiaide)
>? increasing agents >/,AN> : > ,sparing diuretic ,eta $loc&er A !90 N*106 > supplement
$iuretics: thia*ides: indications "C0IC to use thiaides": C? 0 ypertension Insipidous Calcium calculi
Ri%avirin: indications RI,A virin: R *3 Influena , A renaviruses (5assa Bolivian etc#)
Parkinsonism: drugs A"A$: elegiline A nticholinenergics (trihe+yphenidyl $enhe+ol ophenadrine)
",6opa @ peripheral decar$o+ylase inhi$itor ( car$idopa $enseraide) A mantadine $opamine postsynaptic receptor agonists ($romocriptine lisuride pergolide)
Morphine: effects at mu receptor P&AR : Physical dependence &uphoria A nalgesia R espiratory depression
Throm%olytic agents !A : !ro&inase trepto&inase A lteplase (tP1)
Anticholinergic side effects "Anow the A,C$2 of anticholinergic side effects": A nore+ia ,lurry vision Constipation. Confusion $ry Mouth edation. tasis of urine
Teratogenic drugs " ' . T&RATOgenic": ' arfarin Thalidomide &pileptic drugs: phenytoin valproate car$amaepine R etinoid A !9 inhi$itor Third element: lithium O!P and other hormones (eg danaol)
Antiarrhythmics: classification I to I7 M,A College · 0n order of class 0 to 03: Mem$rane sta$iliers (class 0) ,eta $loc&ers A ction potential widening agents Calcium channel $loc&ers
&pilepsy types= drugs of choice "Military 1eneral A ttac&ed ' eary #ighters Pronouncing '7 eni 3edi 3eci' A fter Crushing &nemies": · 9pilepsy types: M yoclonic 1rand mal A tonic ' est syndrome #ocal Petit mal (a$sence) · =espective drugsy: 7 alproate 7 alproate 7 alproate A !/ Car$amaepine &thosu+imide
Respiratory depression inducing drugs "TOP $reathing": edatives and hypnotics Trimethoprim Opiates Polymy+ins
Pulmonary infiltrations inducing drugs "1o ,AN Me": 1old ,leomycin. ,usulphan. ,!2% A miodarone. A cyclovir. A athioprine Nitrofurantoin Melphalan. Methotre+ate. Methysergide
Migraine: prophyla8is drugs " 7 ery 7 olatile Pharmacotherapeutic A gents #or Migraine Prophyla+is": 7 erpamil 7 alproic acid Piotifen A mitriptyline #lunariine Methysergide Propranolol · Bare $ones version eg 5ippincott's two; Cust Migraine Prophyla+is as a$ove#
,en*odia*apines: ones not meta%oli*ed %y the liver +safe to use in liver failure. "OT: "oraepam O+aepam Temaepam
7iga%atrin: mechanism 7i/1A,A ,Tr,In: 7ia 1A,A Transferase Inhi$ition
T,: anti%iotics used TRIP&: Treptomycin R ifampicin Isoniaid P yriinamide &tham$utol
Propythiouracil +PT!.: mechanism 0t inhi$its PT!: Pero+idase. Peripheral deiodination T yrosine iodination !nion (coupling)
&no8aprin +prototype lo) molecular )eight heparin.: action= monitoring 9no@aprin only acts on factor @a# Monitor @aconcentration rather than 1P//#
,eta/%lockers: nonselective %eta/%lockers "Tim Pinches 0is Nasal Pro $lem" ($ecause he has a runny nose###): Timolol Pindolol 0ismolol Naldolol Propranolol
Nicotinic effects MT'T# (days of wee&): M ydriasis. Muscle cramps Tachycardia ' ea&ness T witching 0 ypertension. 0 yperglycemia #asiculation
Muscarinic effects "!1 ,AM: alivation. ecretions. weating "acrimation !rination 1astrointestinal upset ,radycardia. ,ronchoconstriction. ,owel movement A $dominal cramps. A nore+ia Miosis
Phenytoin: adverse effects P0&N5TOIN: P,D< interactions 0irsutism &nlarged gums N ystagmus 5 ellow,$rowning of s&in Teratogenicity Osteomalacia Interference with BEF meta$olism (hence anemia) Neuropathies: vertigo ata+ia headache
1ynaecomastia/causing drugs $ICO: $igo+in Isoniaid pironolactone Cimetidine Oestrogens til$oestrol
0ypertension: treatment A,C$: A !9 inhi$itors. A ng00 antagonists (sometimes A lpha agonists also) ,eta $loc&ers Calcium antagonists $iuretics (sometimes vaso$ilators also)
$iuretics classification in order of site of action "CO"T Pee:" · 0n their se4uential site of action along the nephron: Car$onic anhydrase inhi$itors (at the pro+imal tu$ule) Osmotic diuretics (at the 5oop of enle) "oop diuretics (at the ascending loop) Thiaides (at the distal tu$ule) Potassium,sparing diuretics (at the collecting tu$ules) · 6iuretics ma&e patient pee li&e a horse hence "!olt Pee"#
Aspirin: side effects APIRIN: A sthma alicyalism Peptic ulcer disease. Phosphorylation,o+idation uncoupling. PP. Platelet disaggregation. Premature closure of P61 Intestinal $lood loss R eye's syndrome Idiosyncracy Noise (tinnitus)
Clopidogrel: use C"OPIdogrel is a drug that prevents C"ots an Oral Platelet Inhi$itor (OPI)#
Teratogenic drugs: maor non/anti%iotics TAP CAP: Thalidomide A ndrogens Progestins Corticosteroids A spirin G indomethacin Phenytoin
Physostigmine vs6 neostigmine "MNOP: "ipid solu$le Miotic Natural Orally a$sor$ed well Physostigmine · 2eostigmine on the contrary is: Hater solu$le %sed in myesthenia gravis *ynthetic Poor oral a$sorption
Pra*ocin usage Praocin sounds li&e an acronym of "pras our urine"# /herefore Praocin used for urinary retention in BP#
teroid side effects C!0IN1OI$: Cataracts !lcers &in: striae thinning $ruising 0 ypertension. 0irsutism. 0 yperglycemia Infections Necrosis avascular necrosis of the femoral head 1lycosuria Osteoporosis o$esity Immunosuppression $ia$etes
,eta %lockers )ith C5P<$B polymorphic meta%olism "0 Met Tim Carver the meta$olic polymorph": · /he following $eta $loc&ers re4uire dose adCustment due to !YPF6I polymorphic meta$olism: Metoprolol Timolol Carvedilol (in patients with lower or higher than normal !YPF6I activity)
,eta %lockers )ith intrinsic sympathomimetic activity Picture dia%etic and asthmatic &ids riding away on a cart that rolls on pin wheels# Pindolol and Carteolol have high and moderate 0*1 respectively ma&ing them accepta$le for use in some dia$etics or asthmatics despite the fact that they are non,seletive $eta $loc&ers#
Amiodarone: action= side effects I P's: Prolongs action potential duration Photosensitivity Pigmentation of s&in Peripheral neuropathy Pulmonary alveolitis and fi$rosis Peripheral conversion of /D to / is inhi$ited ,J hypothyroidism
Morphine: effects MORP0IN&: Miosis Orthostatic hypotension R espiratory depression Pain supression 0istamine release. 0ormonal alterations Increased 0!/ Nausea &uphoria edation
Monoamine o8idase inhi%itors: mem%ers "PIT of despair": Pheneline Isocar$o+aid Tranylcypromine · 1 pit of despair since M1>s treat depression#
Antimuscarinics: mem%ers= action "Inhi$its Parasympathetic A nd weat": Ipratropium Pirenepine A tropine copolamine · Muscarinic receptors at all parasympathetic endings sweat glands in sympathetic#
Patent ductus arteriosus: treatment "!ome In and Close the door": INdomethacin is used to CloseP61#
&toposide: action= indications= side effect "eTOPoside": · 1ction: 0nhi$its TOPoisomerase 00 · 0ndications: Testicular carcinoma Oat cell carcinoma of lung Prostate carcinoma · *ide effect: 1ffects TOP of your head causing alopecia
Anti%iotics contraindicated during pregnancy MCAT: Metronidaole Chloramphenicol A minoglycoside Tetracycline
"ithium: side effects "IT0I!M: "eu&ocytes Increased (leu&ocytosis) Tremors 0 ypothyroidism Increased !rine Moms $eware (teratogenic)
(uinolones 3and #luorouinolones4: mechanism "Topple the (ueen": (uinolone interferes with Topoisomerase 00#
MPTP: mechanism= effect MPTP: Mitochondrial Par&inson's,T ype Poison# · 1 mitochondrial poison that elicits a Par&inson's,type effect#
Osmotic diuretics: mem%ers 1!M: 1lycerol !rea Mannitol
ulfonamide: maor side effects · ulfonamide side effects: teven,-ohnson syndrome &in rash olu$ility low (causes crystalluria) erum al$umin displaced (causes new$orn &ernicterus and potentiation of other serum al$umin,$inders li&e warfarin)
,en*odia*epenes: antidote ",en is off with the flu": ,enodiaepine effects off with #lumaenil#
Narcotics: side effects "CRAM if you see a drug dealer": ynergistic !2* depression with other drugs Constipation R espiratory depression A ddiction Miosis
e8 hormone drugs: male "#eminine Males Need Testosterone": #luo+ymesterone Methyltestosterone Nandrolone Testosterone
Ca?? channel %lockers: uses CA @@ MA0: Cere$ral vasospasm. C? A ngina Migranes A trial flutter fi$rillation upraventricular tachycardia 0 ypertension · 1lternatively: "C0AM": Cerer$ral vasospasm . C? 0 ypertension A ngina uprventricular tachyarrhythmia Migranes
,en*odia*epenes: drugs )hich decrease their meta%olism "I'm O verly Calm": Isoniaid Oral contraceptive pills Cimetidine · /hese drugs increase calming effect of BK6s $y retarding meta$olism#
Tetracycline: teratogenicity T&tracycline is a T&ratogen that causes staining of Tð in the new$orn#
'arfarin: meta%olism "O' : · as a slo) onset of action# · 1 4uic> 3itamin > antagonist though# mall lipid,solu$le molecule "iver: site of action Oral route of administration# ' arfarin
Myasthenia gravis: edrophonium vs6 pyridostigmine e$rophonium is for $iagnosis# py RI$ostigmine is to get RI$of symptoms#
Narcotic antagonists /he Narcotic A ntagonists are NA lo+one and NA ltre+one# · 0mportant clinically to treat narcotic overdose#
Inhalation anesthetics 0IN&: evoflurane 0alothane Isoflurane Nitrous o+ide &nflurane · 0f want the defunct Metho+yflurane too ma&e it Moon0IN&#
Therapeutic dosage: to8icity values for most commonly monitored medications "/he magic Fs": 6igitalis (#<,E#<) /o+icity 8 <# 5ithium (#I,E#F) /o+icity 8 <# /heophylline (E,F) /o+icity 8
Opioids: effects ,A$ AM&RICAN: ,radycardia G hypotension A nore+ia $iminished pupilary sie A nalgesics Miosis &uphoria R espiratory depression Increased smooth muscle activity ($iliary tract constriction) Constipation A meliorate cough refle+ Nausea and vomiting edations
$elerium/causing drugs AC!T& C0AN1& IN M: A nti$iotics ($ia+in penicillin ciproflo+acin) Cardiac drugs (digo+in lidocaine) !rinary incontinence drugs (anticholinergics) Theophylline &thanol Corticosteroids 0F $loc&ers A ntipar&insonian drugs Narcotics (esp# mepridine) 1eriatric psychiatric drugs &2/ drugs Insomnia drugs N*106s (eg indomethacin napro+in) Muscle rela+ants eiure medicines
$isulfiram/like reaction inducing drugs "PM PMT" as in Pre Medical /est in the PM: Procar$aine Metronidaole !efo (Peraone Mandole Tetan)#
-afirlukast= Montelukast= Cinalukast: mechanism= usage "Kafir,luk ,ast Monte,luk ,ast !ina,luk ,ast": · 1nti,"uk otrienes for Asthma# · 6ale your oral e+aminer: Kafirlu&ast antagonies leu&otriene,E#
E/Aminopyradine +E/AP. use "E/AP is #or AP": ?or 1P (action potential) propagation in Multiple *clerosis#
$irect sympathomimetic catecholamines $IN&$: $opamine Isoproterenol Norepinephrine &pinephrine $o$utamine
7ir/named drugs: use "/vir at start middle or end means for virus": · 6rugs: 1$aca vir 1cyclo vir 1mprena vir !idofo vir 6ena vir 9fa viren 0nda vir 0n virase ?am vir 7anciclo vir 2or vir >seltami vir Penciclo vir =itona vir *a4uina vir 3alacyclo vir 7iracept 7iramune Kanami vir Ko vira+#
Nitrofurantoin: maor side effects Nitro#ur A ntoin: Neuropathy (peripheral neuropathy) #i$rosis (pulmonary fi$rosis) A nemia (hemolytic anemia)
teroids: side effects ,&C"OM&T0AON&: ,uffalo hump &asy $ruising Cataracts "arger appetite O $esity Moonface &uphoria Thin arms G legs 0 ypertension. 0 yperglycaemia A vascular necrosis of femoral head &in thinning Osteoporosis Negative nitrogen $alance &motional lia$ility
Methyldopa: side effects M&T05"$OPA : Mental retardation &lectrolyte im$alance Tolerance 0eadache. 0epatoto+icity ps 5 cological upset "actation in female $ry mouth Oedema Par&insonism A naemia (haemolytic)
odium valproate: side effects 7A"PROAT&: 7 omiting A lopecia "iver to+icity Pancreatitis. Pancytopenia R etention of fats (weight gain) Oedema (peripheral oedema) A ppetite increase Tremor &nyme inducer (liver)
Captopril +an AC& inhi%itor.: side effects CAPTOPRI": Cough A ngioedema. A granulocystosis Proteinuria. Potassium e+cess Taste changes Orthostatic hypotension Pregnancy contraindication. Pancreatitis. Pressure drop (first dose hypertension) R enal failure (and renal artery stenosis contraindication). R ash Indomethacin inhi$ition "eu&openia. "iver to+icity
"ead poisoning: presentation A,C$: A nemia ,asophilic stripping Colic&y pain $iarrhea &ncephalopathy #oot drop 1um (lead line)
,eta/%lockers: main contraindications= cautions A,C$&: A sthma ,loc& (heart $loc&) C>P6 $ia$etes mellitus &lectrolyte (hyper&alemia)
"upus: drugs inducing it 0IP: 0 ydralaine I2 Procanimide
"ithium: side effects "IT0: "eu&ocytosis Insipidus dia$etes insipidus tied to polyuria; Tremor. Teratogenesis 0 ypothyroidism
RIs: side effects RI: erotonin syndrome timulate !2* R eproductive disfunctions in male Insomnia
Meta%olism en*yme inducers "R andy's ,lac& Car 1oes Putt Putt and mokes": R ifampin ,ar$iturates Car$amaepine 1risoefulvin Phenytoin Pheno$ar$ mokingcigarettes
Pheno%ar%itone: side effects !hildren are annoying (hyper&inesia irrita$ility insomnia aggression)# 1dults are dosy (sedation diiness drowsiness)#
Cholinergics +eg organophosphates.: effects 0f you &now these you will $e ""& $!M,": "acrimation &+citation of nicotinic synapses alivation weating $iarrhea !rination Micturition ,ronchoconstriction
Routes of entry: most rapid )ays medsFto8ins enter %ody "tic& it niff it uc& it oa& it": *tic& 8 0nCection *niff 8 inhalation *uc& 8 ingestion *oa& 8 a$sorption
$epression: G drugs causing it PROM: Propranolol R eserpine Oral contraceptives Methyldopa teroids
0epatic necrosis: drugs causing focal to massive necrosis " 7 ery A ngry 0epatocytes": 7 alproic acid A cetaminophen 0alothane
'arfarin: action= monitoring 'ePT: ' arfarin wor&s on the e+trinsic pathway and is monitored $y PT#
,eta/%lockers: side effects ",,C "oses 7 iewers In R ochedale": ,radycardia
,ronchoconstriction Claudication "ipids 7 ivid dreams G nightmares ,ve Inotropic action R educed sensitivity to hypoglycaemia
-ero order kinetics drugs +most common ones. "P&A(sounds li&e pees) out a constant amount": Phenytoin &thanol A spirin -ero order · *omeone that pees out a constant amount descri$es ero order &inetics (always the same amount out)
,en*odia*epines: actions ",en CAMs Pam into seduction not %y %rain $ut $y muscle": edation anti,Convulsant anti, A n+iety Muscle rela+ant 2ot $y $rain: 2o antipsychotic activity#
,eta/ vs ,eta/< receptor location "You have heart and < lungs": Beta, are therefore primarily on heart# Beta,< primarily on lungs#
Cisplatin: maor side effect= action "!i,plat,In": MaCor side effect: plat (vomiting sound),,vomiting so severe that anti,nausea drug needed# 1ction: 7oes Into the 621 strand#
Pupils in overdose: morphine vs6 amphetamine "MorP0IN&: #ine# 1mP0&Tamine: #at": Morphine overdose: pupils constricted (fine)# 1mphetamine overdose: pupils dilated (fat)#
Atropine use: tachycardia or %radycardia " A goes with ,": A tropine used clinically to treat ,radycardia#
Reserpine action Reserpine depletes the Reser ves of catecholamines and serotonin;#
,otulism to8in: action= related %ungaroto8in 1ction: ",otulism ,ottles up the 1ch so it can't $e the released": =elated $ungaroto+in: ",otulism is related to ,eta ,ungaroto+in ($eta, not alpha,$ungaroto+in,,alpha has different mechanism)#
Ipratropium: action Atropine is $uried in the middle: ipr Atropium so it $ehaves li&e 1tropine#
,leomycin: action ",leo,My cin ,lo) s My 621 to $its": Bleomycin wor&s $y fragmenting 621 ($lowing it to $its)# My 621 signals that its used for cancer (targeting self cells)#
Propranolol and related 2/olol2 drugs: usage "olol" is Cust two $ac&wards lower case $'s# Bac&ward $'s stand for " %eta %loc&er"# · Beta $loc&ers include ace$utolol $eta+olol $isoprolol o+prenolol propranolol#
uccinylcholine: action= use uccinylcholine gets tuck to 1ch receptor then uck s ions in through open pore# You uck stuff in through a mouth,tu$e and drug is used for intu$ation#
PHARMACOLOGY MNEMONICS I Beta-1 vs Beta-2 receptor location "You have 1 heart and 2 lungs": Beta-1 are therefore primarily on heart. Beta-2 primarily on lungs.
Cisplatin: major side effect, action "Ci-Splat-In": Major side effect: Splat (vomiting sound)--vomiting so severe that anti-nausea drug needed. ction: !oes Into the # strand.
Pupils in overdose: morphine vs. amphetamine "MorPI!": #ine. mP"$amine: #at": Morphine overdose: pupils constricted (fine). mphetamine overdose: pupils dilated (fat).
%tropine use: tach&cardia or 'rad&cardia "% goes $ith B": %tropine used clinically to treat Bradycardia.
(eserpine action (eserpine depletes the (eserves of catecholamines %and serotonin&.
Botulism to)in: action, related 'ungaroto)in ction: "Botulism Bottles up the ch so it can't e the released": elated ungaroto*in: "Botulism is related to Beta Bungaroto*in (eta-+ not alpha-ungaroto*in-alpha has different mechanism).
Ipratropium: action %tropine is uried in the middle: ipr%tropium+ so it ehaves li,e tropine.
Bleom&cin: action "Bleo-*&cin Blo+s *& # to its": Bleomycin $or,s y fragmenting # (lo$ing it to its). *& # signals that its used for cancer (targeting self cells).
Propranolol and related -olol drugs: usage "olol" is just t$o ac,$ards lo$er case 's. Bac,$ard 's stand for "'eta 'loc,er". Beta loc,ers include aceutolol+ eta*olol+ isoprolol+ o*prenolol+ propranolol.
Succin&lcholine: action, use
Succinylcholine gets Stuc to ch receptor+ then Sucs ions in through open pore. You Suc stuff in through a mouth-tue+ and drug is used for intuation.
*eta'olism en&me inducers "( andy's Blac, Car /oes Putt Putt and Smoes": ( ifampin Bariturates Caramaepine /risoefulvin Phenytoin Phenoar Smoing cigarettes
Pheno'ar'itone: side effects Children are annoying (hyper,inesia+ irritaility+ insomnia+ aggression). dults are dosy (sedation+ diiness+ dro$siness).
Cholinergics 0eg organophosphates: effects /f you ,no$ these+ you $ill e ""SS 34*B": acrimation "*citation of nicotinic synapses Salivation S$eating 3iarrhea 4rination *icturition Bronchoconstriction
(outes of entr&: most rapid +a&s meds5to)ins enter 'od& "Stic, it+ Sniff it+ Suc, it+ Soa, it": 0tic, 1 /njection 0niff 1 inhalation 0uc, 1 ingestion 0oa, 1 asorption
3epression: 6 drugs causing it P(7*S: Propranolol ( eserpine 7ral contraceptives *ethyldopa Steroids
epatic necrosis: drugs causing focal to massive necrosis "8ery %ngry epatocytes": 8alproic acid %cetaminophen alothane
9arfarin: action, monitoring 9eP$:
9arfarin $or,s on the e*trinsic path$ay and is monitored y P$.
Beta-'locers: side effects "BBC oses 8ie$ers In ( ochedale": Bradycardia Bronchoconstriction Claudication ipids 8ivid dreams 2 nightmares -ve Inotropic action ( educed sensitivity to hypoglycaemia
ero order inetics drugs 0most common ones "P"% (sounds li,e pees) out a constant amount": Phenytoin "thanol %spirin ero order 0omeone that pees out a constant amount descries ero order ,inetics (al$ays the same amount out)
Benodiaepines: actions "Ben SC%*s 3am into seduction not '& 'rain ut y muscle": Sedation anti-Convulsant anti-%n*iety *uscle rela*ant #ot y rain: #o antipsychotic activity.
!itrofurantoin: major side effects !itro#ur%ntoin: !europathy (peripheral neuropathy) #irosis (pulmonary firosis) %nemia (hemolytic anemia)
Steroids: side effects B"C7*"$%S7!" : Buffalo hump "asy ruising Cataracts arger appetite 7esity *oonface "uphoria $hin arms 2 legs ypertension4 yperglycaemia %vascular necrosis of femoral head S,in thinning 7steoporosis !egative nitrogen alance "motional liaility
*eth&ldopa: side effects
*"$;37P%: *ental retardation "lectrolyte imalance $olerance eadache4 epatoto*icity ps;cological upset actation in female 3ry mouth 7edema Par,insonism %naemia (haemolytic)
Sodium valproate: side effects 8%P(7%$": 8omiting %lopecia iver to*icity Pancreatitis4 Pancytopenia ( etention of fats ($eight gain) 7edema (peripheral oedema) %ppetite increase $remor "nyme inducer (liver)
Captopril 0an %C" inhi'itor: side effects C%P$7P(I: Cough %ngioedema4 %granulocystosis Proteinuria4 Potassium e*cess $aste changes 7rthostatic hypotension Pregnancy contraindication4 Pancreatitis4 Pressure drop (first dose hypertension) ( enal failure (and renal artery stenosis contraindication)4 ( ash Indomethacin inhiition eu,openia4 iver to*icity
ead poisoning: presentation %BC3"#/: %nemia Basophilic stripping Colic,y pain 3iarrhea "ncephalopathy #oot drop /um (lead line)
Beta-'locers: main contraindications, cautions %BC3": %sthma Bloc, (heart loc,) C53 3iaetes mellitus "lectrolyte (hyper,alemia)
upus: drugs inducing it
IP: ydralaine I#6 Procanimide
ithium: side effects I$: eu,ocytosis Insipidus %diaetes insipidus+ tied to polyuria& $remor4 $eratogenesis ypothyroidism
SS(Is: side effects SS(I: Serotonin syndrome Stimulate C#0 ( eproductive disfunctions in male Insomnia
!arcotic antagonists 7he !arcotic %ntagonists are !%lo*one and !%ltre*one. /mportant clinically to treat narcotic overdose.
Inhalation anesthetics SI!": Sevoflurane alothane Isoflurane !itrous o*ide "nflurane /f $ant the defunct *etho*yflurane too+ ma,e it *oonSI!".
$herapeutic dosage: to)icit& values for most commonl& monitored medications "7he magic 8s": igitalis (.9-.9) 7o*icity 1 2. ;ithium (.<-.8) 7o*icity 1 2. 7heophylline (=-8=) 7o*icity 1 2<. ilantin (=-8=) 7o*icity 1 2<. 33 (->=) 7o*icity 1 2<<.
7pioids: effects B%3 %*"(IC%!S: Bradycardia 2 hypotension %nore*ia 3iminished pupilary sie %nalgesics *iosis "uphoria ( espiratory depression Increased smooth muscle activity (iliary tract constriction) Constipation
%meliorate cough refle* !ausea and vomiting Sedations
3elerium-causing drugs %C4$" C%!/" I! *S: %ntiiotics (ia*in+ penicillin+ ciproflo*acin) Cardiac drugs (digo*in+ lidocaine) 4rinary incontinence drugs (anticholinergics) $heophylline "thanol Corticosteroids 8 loc,ers %ntipar,insonian drugs !arcotics (esp. mepridine) /eriatric psychiatric drugs "#7 drugs Insomnia drugs !0/s (eg indomethacin+ napro*in) *uscle rela*ants Seiure medicines
3isulfiram-lie reaction inducing drugs "P* P*$" as in 3re Medical 7est in the 3M: Procaraine *etronidaole Cefo (Peraone+ *andole+ $etan).
afirluast, *onteluast, Cinaluast: mechanism, usage "?afir-lu-ast+ Monte-lu-ast+ Cina-lu-ast": nti-uotrienes for %sthma. ale your oral e*aminer: ?afirlu,ast antagonies leu,otriene-=.
=-%minop&radine 0=-%P use "=-%P is #or %P": @or 3 (action potential) propagation in Multiple 0clerosis.
3irect s&mpathomimetic catecholamines 3I!"3: 3opamine Isoproterenol !orepinephrine "pinephrine 3outamine
8ir-named drugs: use
"-vir at start+ middle or end means for virus": rugs: acavir+ cyclovir+ mprenavir+ Cidofovir+ enavir+ Afaviren+ /ndavir+ /nvirase+ @amvir+ !anciclovir+ #orvir+ 5seltamivir+ 3enciclovir+ itonavir+ 0auinavir+ alacyclovir+ 8iracept+ 8iramune+ ?anamivir+ ?ovira*.
7smotic diuretics: mem'ers /4*: /lycerol 4rea *annitol
Sulfonamide: major side effects Sulfonamide side effects: Steven-Dohnson syndrome S,in rash Soluility lo$ (causes crystalluria) Serum alumin displaced (causes ne$orn ,ernicterus and potentiation of other serum alumin-inders li,e $arfarin)
Benodiaepenes: antidote "Ben is off $ith the flu": Benodiaepine effects off $ith #lumaenil.
!arcotics: side effects "SC(%* if you see a drug dealer": Synergistic C#0 depression $ith other drugs Constipation ( espiratory depression %ddiction *iosis
Se) hormone drugs: male "#eminine *ales !eed $estosterone": #luo*ymesterone *ethyltestosterone !androlone $estosterone
Ca>> channel 'locers: uses C%EE *%S: Cereral vasospasm4 C6@ %ngina *igranes %trial flutter+ firillation Supraventricular tachycardia ypertension lternatively: "C%S*": Cererral vasospasm 4 C6@ ypertension %ngina Suprventricular tachyarrhythmia *igranes
Benodiaepenes: drugs +hich decrease their meta'olism "I'm 7verly Calm": Isoniaid 7ral contraceptive pills Cimetidine 7hese drugs increase calming effect of B?s y retarding metaolism.
$etrac&cline: teratogenicit& $"tracycline is a $"ratogen that causes staining of $"eth in the ne$orn.
9arfarin: meta'olism S79: 6as a slo+ onset of action. uic? itamin ? antagonist+ though. Small lipid-solule molecule iver: site of action 7ral route of administration. 9arfarin
*&asthenia gravis: edrophonium vs. p&ridostigmine e3rophonium is for 3iagnosis. py(I3ostigmine is to get (I3 of symptoms.
%miodarone: action, side effects < 3's: Prolongs action potential duration Photosensitivity Pigmentation of s,in Peripheral neuropathy Pulmonary alveolitis and firosis Peripheral conversion of 7F to 7> is inhiited -G hypothyroidism
*orphine: effects *7(PI!"S: *iosis 7rthostatic hypotension ( espiratory depression Pain supression istamine release4 ormonal alterations Increased /C7 !ausea "uphoria Sedation
*onoamine o)idase inhi'itors: mem'ers "PI$ of despair": Pheneline
Isocaro*aid $ranylcypromine pit of despair+ since M5s treat depression.
%ntimuscarinics: mem'ers, action "Inhiits Parasympathetic %nd S$eat": Ipratropium Pirenepine %tropine Scopolamine Muscarinic receptors at all parasympathetic endings s$eat glands in sympathetic.
Patent ductus arteriosus: treatment "Come In and Close the door": I!domethacin is used to Close 3.
"toposide: action, indications, side effect "e$7Poside": ction: /nhiits $7Poisomerase // /ndications: $esticular carcinoma 7at cell carcinoma of lung Prostate carcinoma 0ide effect: ffects $7P of your head+ causing alopecia
%nti'iotics contraindicated during pregnanc& *C%$: *etronidaole Chloramphenicol %minoglycoside $etracycline
ithium: side effects I$I4*: eu,ocytes Increased (leu,ocytosis) $remors ypothyroidism Increased 4rine *oms e$are (teratogenic)
@uinolones Aand #luorouinolones: mechanism "$opple the @ueen": @uinolone interferes $ith $opoisomerase //.
*P$P: mechanism, effect *P$P: *itochondrial Par,inson's-$ype Poison. mitochondrial poison that elicits a 3ar,inson's-type effect. Part-2
PHARMOCOLOGY MNEMONICS II &pertension: treatment %BC3: %CA inhiitors4 %ng// antagonists (sometimes %lpha agonists also) Beta loc,ers Calcium antagonists 3iuretics (sometimes vaso3ilators also)
3iuretics classification in order of site of action "C7$ Pee:" /n their seuential site of action along the nephron: Caronic anhydrase inhiitors (at the pro*imal tuule) 7smotic diuretics (at the ;oop of 6enle) oop diuretics (at the ascending loop) $hiaides (at the distal tuule) Potassium-sparing diuretics (at the collecting tuules) iuretics ma,e patient pee li,e a horse+ hence "Colt 3ee".
%spirin: side effects %SPI(I!: %sthma Salicyalism Peptic ulcer disease4 Phosphorylation-o*idation uncoupling4 P364 Platelet disaggregation4 Premature closure of 3 Intestinal lood loss ( eye's syndrome Idiosyncracy !oise (tinnitus)
Clopidogrel: use C7PIdogrel is a drug that prevents Cots+ an 7ral Platelet Inhiitor (7PI).
$eratogenic drugs: major non-anti'iotics $%P C%P: $halidomide %ndrogens Progestins Corticosteroids %spirin 2 indomethacin Phenytoin
Ph&sostigmine vs. neostigmine *!7P: ipid solule *iotic !atural 7rally asored $ell Physostigmine #eostigmine+ on the contrary+ is: Hater solule Ised in myesthenia gravis 0ynthetic 3oor oral asorption
Praocin usage 3raocin sounds li,e an acronym of "pras our urine". 7herefore 3raocin used for urinary retention in B36.
Steroid side effects C4SI!/7I3: Cataracts 4lcers S,in: striae+ thinning+ ruising ypertension4 irsutism4 yperglycemia Infections !ecrosis+ avascular necrosis of the femoral head /lycosuria 7steoporosis+ oesity Immunosuppression 3iaetes
Beta 'locers +ith C;P23D pol&morphic meta'olism "/ *et $im Carver+ the metaolic polymorph": 7he follo$ing eta loc,ers reuire dose adjustment due to CY38< polymorphic metaolism: *etoprolol $imolol Carvedilol (in patients $ith lo$er or higher than normal CY38< activity)
Beta 'locers +ith intrinsic s&mpathomimetic activit&
3icture dia'etic and asthmatic ,ids riding a$ay on a cart that rolls on pin$heels. Pindolol and Carteolol have high and moderate /0 respectively+ ma,ing them acceptale for use in some diaetics or asthmatics despite the fact that they are non-seletive eta loc,ers. 0AA @/!
Benodiaapines: ones not meta'olied '& the liver 0safe to use in liver failure 7$: oraepam 7*aepam $emaepam
8iga'atrin: mechanism 8i-/%B%-$r-In: 8ia /%B% $ransferase Inhiition
$B: anti'iotics used S$(IP": S$reptomycin ( ifampicin Isoniaid Pyriinamide "thamutol
Prop&thiouracil 0P$4: mechanism /t inhiits P$4: Pero*idase4 Peripheral deiodination $yrosine iodination 4nion (coupling)
"no)aprin 0protot&pe lo+ molecular +eight heparin: action, monitoring AnoEaprin only acts on factor Ea. Monitor Ea concentration+ rather than 377.
Beta-'locers: nonselective 'eta-'locers "$im Pinches is !asal Prolem" (ecause he has a runny nose...): $imolol Pindolol ismolol !aldolol Propranolol
!icotinic effects *$9$# (days of $ee,): *ydriasis4 *uscle cramps $achycardia 9ea,ness $$itching ypertension4 yperglycemia #asiculation
*uscarinic effects S4/ B%*: Salivation4 Secretions4 S$eating acrimation 4rination /astrointestinal upset Bradycardia4 Bronchoconstriction4 Bo$el movement %dominal cramps4 %nore*ia *iosis
Phen&toin: adverse effects P"!;$7I!: P-F9= interactions irsutism "nlarged gums !ystagmus ;ello$-ro$ning of s,in $eratogenicity 7steomalacia Interference $ith B8 metaolism (hence anemia) !europathies: vertigo+ ata*ia+ headache
/&naecomastia-causing drugs 3ISC7S: 3igo*in Isoniaid Spironolactone Cimetidine 7estrogens Stiloestrol
Parinsonism: drugs S%%3: Selegiline %nticholinenergics (trihe*yphenidyl+ enhe*ol+ ophenadrine) -opa E peripheral decaro*ylase inhiitor (caridopa+ enseraide) %mantadine 3opamine postsynaptic receptor agonists (romocriptine+ lisuride+ pergolide)
*orphine: effects at mu receptor P"%( : Physical dependence "uphoria %nalgesia ( espiratory depression
$hrom'ol&tic agents 4S%: 4ro,inase Strepto,inase %lteplase (t3)
%nticholinergic side effects "Jno$ the %BC3S of anticholinergic side effects": %nore*ia Blurry vision Constipation4 Confusion 3ry Mouth Sedation4 Stasis of urine
$eratogenic drugs "9 4 $"(%$7genic": 9arfarin $halidomide "pileptic drugs: phenytoin+ valproate+ caramaepine ( etinoid %CA inhiitor $hird element: lithium 7C3 and other hormones (eg danaol)
%ntiarrh&thmics: classification I to I8 *B% College /n order of class / to /: *emrane stailiers (class /) Beta loc,ers %ction potential $idening agents Calcium channel loc,ers
"pileps& t&pes, drugs of choice "*ilitary /eneral %ttac,ed 9eary #ighters Pronouncing '8eni edi eci' %fter Crushing "nemies": Apilepsy types: *yoclonic /rand mal %tonic 9est syndrome #ocal Petit mal (asence) espective drugsy: 8alproate 8alproate 8alproate %C76 Caramaepine "thosu*imide
(espirator& depression inducing drugs "S$7P reathing": Sedatives and hypnotics $rimethoprim 7piates Polymy*ins
Pulmonar& infiltrations inducing drugs "/o B%! *eK": /old
Bleomycin4 Busulphan4 BC#I %miodarone4 %cyclovir4 %athioprine !itrofurantoin *elphalan4 *ethotre*ate4 *ethysergide
*igraine: proph&la)is drugs "8ery 8olatile Pharmacotherapeutic %gents #or *igraine Prophyla*is": 8erpamil 8alproic acid Piotifen %mitriptyline #lunariine *ethysergide Propranolol Bare ones version %eg ;ippincott's t$o&+ just *igraine Prophyla*is+ as aove.
*/-Co% reductase inhi'itors 0statins: side effects, contraindications, interactions */-Co: 0ide effects: epatoto*icity *yositis %a,a rhadomyolysis& Contraindications: /irl during pregnancy4 /ro$ing children /nteractions: Coumarin4 Cyclosporine
$herapeutic inde): formula $I": $I 1 9= 4 "9=
%ntirheumatic agents 0disease modif&ing: mem'ers C%*P: Cyclophosphamide ydro*yclorouine and cholorouinine %uranofin and other gold compounds *ethotre*ate Penicillamine
%uranofin, aurothioglucose: categor& and indication %urum is latin for "gold" (gold's chemical symol is %u). !eneric ur- drugs (%uranofin+ %urothioglucose) are gold compounds. /f didn't learn yet that gold's indication is rheumatoid arthritis+ I- %cts 4pon ( heumatoid.
%ntiarrh&thmics: class III mem'ers BI%S: Bretylium Iutilide %miodarone Sotalol n
*%7Is: indications *%7I'S: *elancholic %classic name for atypical depression& %n*iety 7esity disorders %anore*ia+ ulemia& Imagined illnesses %hypochondria& Social phoias ;isted in decreasing order of importance. #ote M5/ is inside *el%nch7lIc.
SI%3-inducing drugs %BC3: %nalgesics: opioids+ #0/s Bariturates Cyclophosphamide4 Chlorpromaine4 Caramaepine 3iuretic (thiaide)
?> increasing agents ?-B%!?: ?-sparing diuretic Beta loc,er %CA/ !0/ ? supplement
3iuretics: thiaides: indications "CIC to use thiaides": C6@ ypertension Insipidous Calcium calculi
(i'avirin: indications (IB%virin: ( 0 Influena B %renaviruses (;assa+ Bolivian+ etc.)
%drenoceptors: vasomotor function of alpha vs. 'eta %BC3: %lpha 1 Constrict. Beta 1 3ilate.
Beta 1 selective 'locers "B"%* 7!" up+ 0cotty": Beta 1 loc,ers: "smolol %tenolol *etropolol r
7piods: mu receptor effects "*3 C%("S": *iosis 3ependency Constipation %nalgesics ( espiratory depression "uphoria Sedation
Cancer drugs: time of action 'et+een 3!%-Fm(!% %BC3"#: %l,ylating agents Bleomycin Cisplastin 3actinomycin4 3o*oruicin "toposide #lutamide and other steroids or their antagonists (eg tamo*ifen+ leuprolide)
Busulfan: features %BC3"#: %l,ylating agent Bone marro$ suppression s4e CM; indication 3ar, s,in (hyperpigmentation) s4e "ndrocrine insufficiency (adrenal) s4e #irosis (pulmonary) s4e
$ric&clic antidepressants: mem'ers +orth no+ing "/ have to hide+ the CI% is after me": Clomipramine Imipramine %mitrptyline /f $ant the ne*t > $orth ,no$ing+ the 3!3 is also after me: 3esipramine !orrtriptyline 3o*epin
%sthma drugs: leuotriene inhi'itor action %firlu,ast: %ntagonist of lipo*ygenase Ilueton: Inhiitor of ;7 receptor
$orsades de Pointes: drugs causing %P%C": %miodarone Procainamide %rsenium Cisapride aloperidol "ritromycin
Serotonin s&ndrome: components Causes %(*:
yperthermia %utonomic instaility (delirium) ( igidity *yoclonus
Beta 'locers: B1 selective vs. B1-B2 non-selective % through !: B1 selective: ceutalol+ tenolol+ Asmolol+ Metoprolol. 7 through : B1, B2 non-selective: 3indolol+ 3ropanalol+ 7imolol.
*orphine: side-effects *7(PI!": *yosis 7ut of it (sedation) ( espiratory depression Pneumonia (aspiration) ypotension Infreuency (constipation+ urinary retention) !ausea "mesis
Corticosteroids: adverse side effects C4SI!/S B%3 *3: Cataracts 4p all night (sleep disturances) Suppression of 63 a*is ypertension4 uffalo ump Infections !ecrosis (avascular) /ain $eight Striae Bone loss (osteoporosis) %cne 3iaetes *yopathy+ moon faces 3epression and emotional changes
$ric&clic antidipressents 0$C%: side effects $C%S: $hromocytopenia Cardiac (arrhymia+ M/+ stro,e) %nticholinergic (tachycardia+ urinary retention+ etc) Seiures
Bromocriptine Afor 4S% gang mem'ers 7he C(;P$S are an ; street gang that li,es to smo,e 37P". BromoC(;P$ine is a 37Pamine agonist.
Beta 'locers: mem'ers "$he !"P% Prime *inister": $imolol !adolol "smolol
Pindolol %tenolol aetalol Propranolol *etoprolol
*icrotu'ules: drugs that act on microtu'ules. "$he *icro$uule /ro$th 8oiding Chemicals": $hiaendaole *eendaole $a*ol /riseofulvin 8incristine4 8inlastine Colchicine
Insulin: mi)ing regular insulin and !P "!ot ( eady+ ( eady !o$": ir into !36 ir into ( egular ra$ up ( egular ra$ up !36
Benodiaepins: G mem'ers that undergo e)trahepatic meta'olism "7utside $he iver": 7*aepam $emaepam oraepam 7hese undergo e*trahepatic metaolism and do not form active metaolites.
/uanethidine: mechanism !ua!"thidine prevents !" (norepinephrine) release.
Paras&mpathetic vs. s&mpathetic neurotransmitters "!o s&mpath& for a Pair of %ces": !orepinephren is secreted in y the S&mpathetic nervous system $hile %cetylcholine is secreted in the Parasympathetic nervous system.
7piates: overdose findings "Cool to the touch+ unresponsive to pain+ 6unger diminished+ and scars over vein. 3upils pinpointed+ and lood pressure lo$+ Irine diminished+ and reathing is slo$."
Cocaine: cardiovascular effect C7caine causes lood vessels to C7nstrict (unli,e other local anesthetics $hich cause vasodilation).
%minogl&cosides: common characteristics %*I!7:
%ctive %gainst %eroic gram negative *echanism of resistance are *odifying enymes Inhiit protein synthesis y inding to >=0 suunit !ephroto*ic 7toto*ic
Sulfonamides: common characteristics S4#%: Steven-Dohnson syndrome4 S,in rash 4 Soluility lo$ 4rine precipitation4 4seful for 47/ arge spectrum (gram positives and negatives) #olic acids synthesis loc,er (as $ell as synthesis of nucleic acids) %nalog of 3B
3iuretics: groups "ea, 7ver $he C%!": oop diuretics 7smotics $hiaides Caronic anhydrase inhiitors %ldosterone inhiitors !a (sodium) channel loc,ers #ote: "lea," is slang for urination and "can" is slang for a toilet.
$halidomide: effect on cancer cells "7halidomide ma,es the lood vessels hide": Ise thalidomide to stop cancer cells from gro$ing ne$ lood vessels.
$u'erculosis: treatment /f you forget your 7B drugs+ you'll die and might need a P(I"S$": Pyrainamide ( ifampin Isoniaid (/#6) "thamutol S$reptomycin
9arfarin: interactions %C%3"*IC @%CS: %miodarone Cimetidine %spirin 3apsone "rythromycin *etronidaole Indomethacin Clofirates @uinidine %apropaone Ciproflo*acin Statins
Patent ductus arteriosus: +hich prostaglandin eeps it open ,""p op"n $ith prostaglandin ".
