Contents Contents................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ..................................... ..................................... ........................... ............ .... 1 Chapter 1: Environmental Problems, Their Causes and Sustainability ................... ............................ ......... 2 Chapter 2: Science, Systems, Matter, and Energy................. ............................. .................. ............ ............ ............ ........... ..... 6 Chapter 3: Ecosystems: What W hat are They and How do They Work?................... ............................ ............... ........ 9 Chapter 4: Evolution and Biodiversity Biodiversit y................. ................................... ..................................... ...................................... ........................ ..... 13 Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity. ................... ...................................... ................................ ................... ........... ..... 17 Chapter 6: Aquatic Biodiversity. ...................................................................................... 20 Chapter 7: Community Com munity Ecology ................. .................................... ...................................... .................................... ....................... ............ ......... ... 24 Chapter 8: Population Populatio n Ecology................... ...................................... ...................................... ............................... ................. ........... ............ ........ ..28 Chapter 9: Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population and Its Impact .......... ..........32 32 Chapter 10: Sustaining Terrestrial Ter restrial Biodiversity: Bi odiversity: The Ecosystem Approach................ .................... .... 36 Chapter 11: Sustaining Biodiversity: Bio diversity: The Species Approach................... ................................ ................... .......... .... 40 Chapter 12: Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity Biodiversit y................ ................................... ...................................... ................................. .............. 44 Chapter 13: Food, Soil Conservation, and Pest Management .................. ............................... ................... ......... ... 48 Chapter 14: Water.................. ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ...................................... ................................. ................ 52 Chapter 15: Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Mine ral Resources ................... ................................ ................... ......... ... 56 Chapter 16: Nonrenewable Energy.................. ..................................... ..................................... ........................ ............ ........... ........... ......... ... 59 Chapter 17: Energy Efficiency Eff iciency and Renewable Energy................. .......................... ............... ............ ........... ........... ........62 Chapter 18: Environmental Hazards Ha zards and Human Health................. .............................. ................... ............ ............ ...... 65 Chapter 19: Air Pollution Pol lution.................. ..................................... ...................................... ...................................... ................................ ................... .......... .... 69 Chapter 20: Climate Change and Ozone Depletion Deple tion................... ...................................... ......................... ............ ............ ...... 72 Chapter 21: Water Pollution Pollu tion.................. .................................... ..................................... ...................................... .................................... ................... ..75 Chapter 22: Solid and Hazardous Waste .................. ..................................... ................................. ................... ........... ............ .......... .... 78 Chapter 23: Sustainable Cities Citi es................... ...................................... ...................................... ............................... ................. ........... ............ ........ ..81 Chapter 24: Economics, Environment, Environ ment, and Sustainability Sustainabili ty.................. ..................................... ............................. .......... 84 Chapter 25: Politics, Environment, Envir onment, and Sustainability ................. ................................... .............................. .................. ...... 87 Chapter 26: Environmental Worldviews, W orldviews, Ethics, and Sustainability Sustainabil ity................. ....................... ............ ......... ... 90
Miller Multiple Choice From: G. Tyler Miller Jr.; Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections, and Solutions; 15th Edition ©2007 Chapter 1: Environmental Problems, Problems, Their Their Causes and Sustainability 1. ______is an interdisciplinary subject that combines information from the physical sciences and the social sciences to learn how the earth works. a. Ecology b. Envi Enviro ronm nmen enta tali lism sm c. Envir Environm onmen ental tal sci scien ence ce
d. Cons Conser erva vati tion on 2. ______Which of the following does not represent an aspect of an environmentally sustainable society? a. protec protectin ting g biod biodiv ivers ersity ity b. recy recyc clin ling c. sola olar pow power er d. soi soil eros erosiion
3. ______Natural capital consists of ______ and ecological services. a. reso resou urces rces
b. econ econom omic ic ser servi vice ces s c. clim climat ate e cha chang nge e d. gross gross natio national nal produ product ct 4. ______The human population is increasing a. at a faster faster rate rate than ever ever before. before. b. by 1.2 billion billion people people per year. year. c. expo expone nent ntia iall lly y. d. arit arithm hmet etic ical ally ly..
Miller Multiple Choice From: G. Tyler Miller Jr.; Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections, and Solutions; 15th Edition ©2007 Chapter 1: Environmental Problems, Problems, Their Their Causes and Sustainability 1. ______is an interdisciplinary subject that combines information from the physical sciences and the social sciences to learn how the earth works. a. Ecology b. Envi Enviro ronm nmen enta tali lism sm c. Envir Environm onmen ental tal sci scien ence ce
d. Cons Conser erva vati tion on 2. ______Which of the following does not represent an aspect of an environmentally sustainable society? a. protec protectin ting g biod biodiv ivers ersity ity b. recy recyc clin ling c. sola olar pow power er d. soi soil eros erosiion
3. ______Natural capital consists of ______ and ecological services. a. reso resou urces rces
b. econ econom omic ic ser servi vice ces s c. clim climat ate e cha chang nge e d. gross gross natio national nal produ product ct 4. ______The human population is increasing a. at a faster faster rate rate than ever ever before. before. b. by 1.2 billion billion people people per year. year. c. expo expone nent ntia iall lly y. d. arit arithm hmet etic ical ally ly..
5. ______Approximately how many new people were added by world population growth in 2005? a. abou aboutt 81 mill millio ion n b. abou aboutt 354 354 mill millio ion n c. abou aboutt 129 129 mill millio ion n d. abou aboutt 1.1 1.1 bill billio ion n 6. ______Economic growth requires all of the following factors except a. an incr increas ease e in produ product ction ion.. b. popu popula lati tion on grow growth th.. c. popu popula lati tion on decr decreas ease. e.
d. an incr increas ease e in consu consumpt mption ion.. 7. ______On which of the following factors does the United Nations not classify a nation as developed or developing? a. popu popula lati tion on size size b. degre degree e of indust industria rializ lizati ation on c. per per capi capita ta GNI GNI (GN (GNP) P)
8. ______Economic development is a. the same same as econ economi omic c grow growth. th. b. improve improvement ment of living living standar standards ds by economic economic growt growth. h. c. a meas measur ure e of inc income ome per per capit capita. a. d. none none of of the the choi choice ces. s. 9. ______Which of the following is considered a nonrenewable resource? a. biolog biologica icall divers diversity ity b. sola solarr energ nergy y c. fresh ai air d. meta metall llic ic mine mineral rals s
10. _____ ______ _
The trage tragedy dy of the commo commons ns refers refers to to the overuse overuse of
a. common-property or free-access resources. b. solar capital. c. governmental regulation. d. synthetic chemicals. 11. ______ An ecological footprint is a. a measure of the earth's biological capacity. b. a measure of a person's contribution to creating a sustainable environment. c. the amount of biologically productive land and water needed to support each person.
d. the amount of wilderness available on the earth. 12. ______ The total ecological footprint of the United States is ______ times that of India. a. about 2 b. more than 3
c. more than 4 d. about 5 13. ______ Nonrenewable resources a. can be exhausted within dozens or hundreds of years. b. exist in a fixed quantity. c. are renewable, but only over millions or billions of years. d. all of the choices.
14. ______ Nonpoint pollution sources a. are identified more easily and cheaply than point sources. b. come from sources that are impossible to locate. c. are dispersed and difficult to identify . d. may come from a smokestack or a drainpipe. 15. ______ Which of the following is not one of the five basic causes of environmental problems?
a. public policy
b. population growth c. poverty d. unsustainable resource use 1. ______
The three factors affecting the environmental impact of the population in developing and developed countries are: e. population plus consumption minus technology impact. f. population times consumption times technology impact.
g. population times technology impact minus consumption. h. population plus consumption plus technology impact. 16. ______ Which of the following characterized the frontier environmental worldview? a. A high level of federal regulation b. Moving as needed to find food for survival c. Alarm at the squandering of resources and wilderness d. Vast resources available for human use 17. ______
An example of environmentally sustainable economic development is a. pollution prevention. b. increased use of resources. c. population growth. d. burying waste.
Chapter 2: Science, Systems, Matter, and Energy 1. ______
Easter Island is an example of a. the result of immigration. b. a frontier mentality. c. the tragedy of the commons. d. the ecological footprint.
2. ______
What is the first step in the scientific study of a phenomenon? a. Ask a question b. Carry out a test c. Devise a hypothesis d. Develop a model
3. ______
Science is a. based on the fundamental assumption that events in the natural world follow orderly patterns. b. an attempt to discover order in the natural world. c. an effort to describe what is likely to happen in nature. d. all of the choices.
4. ______
Which of the following is not true of a scientific theory? a. It is verified. b. It may be based in speculation. c. It is credible. d. It is widely accepted.
5. ______
A scientific ______ is a description of what we find happening in nature over and over in the same way. a. outcome b. theory c. hypothesis
d. law 6. ______
An ion is a. the smallest unit of matter. b. a combination of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. c. an electrically charged atom or combination of atoms. d. a radioactive element.
7. ______
Matter is a. anything that has mass and takes up space. b. anything solid. c. anything that gives off energy. d. all of the choices.
8. ______
What does the law of conservation of matter tell us? a. Energy is neither created nor destroyed in a physical or chemical reaction. b. We cannot create or destroy atoms. c. When energy changes from one form to another, energy quality decreases. d. None of the choices.
9. ______
Which of the following describes a nuclear change in which two isotopes form a heavier nucleus? a. nuclear fission b. nuclear fusion
10. ______
Which of the following is an example of a chemical reaction? a. A piece of coal is broken into small fragments. b. Ice is melted to form water. c. Water evaporates. d. Coal combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide.
11. ______
The insecticide DDT is an example of a ______ pollutant. a. degradable b. nondegradable c. slowly degradable d. nonpersistent
12. ______
A nuclear power plant carries out controlled a. nuclear fission. b. nuclear fusion.
13. ______
Which term describes the capacity to do work and transfer heat? a. temperature b. entropy c. energy d. radiation
14. ______
Still water stored behind a dam has a large amount of a. kinetic energy. b. potential energy. c. chemical energy. d. heat energy.
15. ______
Which law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed? a. The first law of thermodynamics b. The second law of thermodynamics
16. ______
The best long-term solution to the constraints imposed by the laws of conservation of matter and energy is a ______ society. a. high consumption b. high-throughput c. matter-recycling d. low-throughput
Chapter 3: Ecosystems: What are They and How do They Work? 1. ______
A(n) ______ consists of species interacting with each other and their environment. a. habitat b. population c. community d. ecosystem
2. ______
Which of the following is an example of a population? a. bass in a lake b. an ocean c. a patch of woods d. predator and prey in a grassland
3. ______
Which of the following levels of organization is the most inclusive? a. community b. biosphere c. population d. ecosystem
4. ______
The biosphere a. is the portion of the earth in which living organisms exist.
b. includes none of the hydrosphere. c. includes all of the lithosphere. d. includes some of the mantle. 5. ______
Which of the following is not one of the three interconnected factors upon which life on earth depends? a. matter cycling b. the one-way flow of energy from the sun
c. entropy
d. gravity 6. ______
Most of the solar energy that passes through the atmosphere is a. captured by green plants. b. reflected back into space. c. degraded into infrared radiation.
d. used to generate wind. 7. ______
According to the ______, there is a range for physical conditions and concentrations of substances beyond which no members of a particular species can survive. a. limiting factor principle b. law of tolerance c. law of conservation of mass d. first law of thermodynamics
8. ______
Which of the following is a limiting factor for an aquatic life zone? a. depth of water
b. number of species c. size of population d. dissolved oxygen content 9. ______
Which of the following is not a component of biodiversity? a. chemical diversity
b. genetic diversity c. ecological diversity d. species diversity 10. ______
Phytoplankton in an open water ecosystem are a. secondary consumers. b. primary consumers. c. producers.
d. tertiary consumers. 11. ______ A decomposer is a type of a. primary consumer. b. secondary consumer. c. producer. d. detritivore.
12. ______
The percentage of usable energy transferred as biomass from one trophic level to another is called a. energy flow.
b. the limiting factor. c. biomass. d. ecological efficiency. 13. ______
Which of the following is not one of the most productive ecosystems? a. swamp b. temperate grassland c. tropical rain forest d. estuary
14. ______
Soil a. filters and cleans water. b. provides most of the nutrients plants need. c. is renewable only over a very long period of time. d. all of the choices.
15. ______ A soil horizon consists of a. the horizontal layers in mature soil. b. the surface litter layer. c. the top layer of soil in which plants live. d. only the B and C layers of soil.
16. ______
Which biogeochemical cycle is involved in producing fossil fuels? a. the water cycle b. the nitrogen cycle c. the carbon cycle d. the phosphorus cycle
17. ______
Which of the following is often the limiting factor for plant growth on land? a. phosphorus b. sulfur c. nitrogen d. carbon
18. ______ What is systems analysis? a. Observations of food webs b. Modeling ecosystem function c. Generating maps with GIS d. Applied field research 19. ______
What does the "H" stand for in the scientific acronym "HIPPO," which describes the five major causes of species decline and premature extinction? a. Health concerns b. Habitat destruction and degradation c. Human intervention d. Hunting and exploitation
Chapter 4: Evolution and Biodiversity 1. ______
Which of the following is not an evolutionary trait that helped humans to survive and flourish? a. opposable thumbs b. exceptional sensory powers c. complex brains d. the ability to walk upright
2. ______
Most of what we know of the earth's life history comes from a. fossils. b. DNA analysis. c. ice cores. d. chemical analysis.
3. ______
Evolution refers to a. changes in an individual's traits over time. b. the survival of the fittest. c. changes in a population's genetic makeup through successive generations. d. extinction of species that can no longer compete.
4. ______
______ is the term used to describe the small genetic changes that occur in a population. a. The theory of evolution b. Macroevolution c. Chemical evolution d. Microevolution
5. ______
Genetic variability in a population arises through a. mutation. b. genetic drift. c. gene flow. d. natural selection.
6. ______
In order for natural selection to occur a. the trait must not be heritable. b. there must be uniformity for a trait in a population. c. the trait must lead to differential reproduction. d. offspring must be larger than their parents.
7. ______
Which of the following processes involves changes in the gene pool of more than one species? a. convergent evolution b. diversifying selection c. coevolution d. mutation
8. ______
Ecologists say that a niche is like a species' ______, while habitat is like its ______. a. appearance; physiology b. occupation; address c. family history; occupation d. education; occupation
9. ______
A species' realized niche is ______ than its fundamental niche. a. smaller b. larger
10. ______
A(n) ______ always has a narrow niche. a. keystone species b. generalist species c. alien species d. specialist species
11. ______
Which of the following is a specialist species? a. tiger salamanders
b. housefly c. raccoon d. white-tailed deer 12. ______ The first phase of speciation is a. background extinction of predators. b. reproductive isolation. c. geographic isolation. 13. ______
Biologists estimate that ______ of the species that ever existed are now extinct. a. 10 percent b. 30 percent c. 50 percent d. 99 percent
14. ______
How does a mass depletion differ from a mass extinction? a. During a mass depletion, populations are reduced but species do not become extinct. b. Mass depletions involve fewer species extinctions than do mass extinctions. c. Mass depletions involve more species extinctions than mass extinctions. d. Mass depletions are local, whereas mass extinctions are global.
15. ______ Traditional artificial selection is a. the process of cross-breeding species. b. now possible because of genetic engineering. c. the process of breeding to change the genetic characteristics of a population. d. the same as cloning. 16. ______
Which of the following is not a concern about genetic engineering? a. It is too expensive to apply genetic engineering to agriculture.
b. It is unpredictable. c. It raises privacy and ethical issues. d. It may harm the environment in ways we cannot foresee. 17. ______
______ is the process of using genetically engineered animals as biofactories for producing drugs, hormones, chemicals, and human body organs. a. Breeding b. Cloning c. Natural selection d. Biopharming
18. ______
The ability to apply genetic engineering to extending the human lifespan raises questions about a. human population control. b. costs. c. health insurance coverage. d. safety.
Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity. 1. ______
What are the two main factors determining climate? a. average temperature and amount of cloud cover b. proximity to a body of water and average temperature c. the jet stream and average amount of precipitation d. average temperature and average precipitation
2. ______
Which of the following is not a factor in how air circulates over the earth's surface? a. uneven heating of the earth's surface b. the jet stream c. the rotation of the earth on its axis d. properties of air, water, and land
3. ______
Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas? a. carbon dioxide b. water vapor c. carbon monoxide d. methane
4. ______
A(n) ________ is a terrestrial region consisting of communities of organisms that are adapted to the region. a. biome b. ecosystem c. climate d. latitude
5. ______
The Mojave is a a. temperate grassland. b. cold desert. c. tropical desert.
d. temperate desert. 6. ______
Deserts take a long time to recover from disturbance because of their a. slow plant growth. b. high species diversity. c. fast nutrient cycling. d. permafrost.
7. ______
Most grasslands are found a. in the interiors of continents. b. along the coast of continents. c. in North America. d. in areas where trees will not grow.
8. ______
Permafrost underlies regions of a. tropical grasslands. b. arctic tundra. c. temperate grasslands. d. chaparral.
9. ______
Which type of forest contains the largest diversity of plant species? a. boreal forest b. temperate forest c. tropical rain forest d. chaparral
10. ______ Boreal forests are also called a. evergreen coniferous forests. b. temperate deciduous forests. c. tropical rain forests. d. temperate rain forests. 11. ______
Mountains are ecologically important because they
a. release water into streams. b. contain the majority of the earth's forests. c. reflect solar radiation back into space. d. all of the choices. 12. ______
Which of the following is a type of tropical grassland often dotted with widely scattered clumps of trees? a. temperate grassland b. taiga c. tundra d. savanna
13. ______
Temperate shrublands, or chaparral, are often located near what geographic feature? a. arctic regions b. interior plateaus with high precipitation c. coastal areas that border deserts d. tropical forests
14. ______
Temperate deciduous forests are characterized by having a. moderate average temperatures that change with the season. b. abundant precipitation spread evenly through the year. c. broadleaf trees that lose their leaves and become dormant in winter. d. All choices are true.
15. ______
Which of the following is not a type of natural capital degradation to grassland biomes? a. conversion to tree plantations b. overgrazing by livestock c. conversion to cropland d. oil production in artic tundra
Chapter 6: Aquatic Biodiversity. 1. ______
Which of the following is not an identified form of plankton? a. photoplankton b. ultraplankton c. phytoplankton d. zooplankton
2. ______
An example of nekton is a a. plankton. b. barnacle. c. sea worms. d. sea turtle.
3. ______
Where does photosynthesis occur in aquatic life zones? a. benthic zone b. euphotic zone c. bottom zone d. middle layer
4. ______
Which of the following covers the greatest percentage of the earth's surface? a. ocean b. desert c. tropical forest d. grassland
5. ______
Where are estuaries found? a. in the abyssal zone b. on the continental slope c. where rivers and streams flow into the ocean d. along rocky shores
6. ______
Most oceanic species live in the a. coastal zone. b. open seas.
7. ______
Atlantic City, NJ, is built on a a. mangrove forest. b. barrier island. c. salt marsh. d. rocky shore.
8. ______
How many of the world's coral reefs are protected as reserves or parks? a. 75 b. 300 c. 150 d. 600
9. ______
The three vertical zones of the ocean are the: a. euphotic, bathyal, and abyssal zones. b. benthic, nektic, and euphotic zones. c. benthos, nekton, and plankton zones. d. coastal, reef, and deep ocean zones.
10. ______
Freshwater is defined as having less than ______% dissolved salt concentration by volume. a. 1 b. 2 c. 5 d. 10
11. ______
Which of the following is not likely to create a depression that may later become a lake? a. glaciation
b. runoff c. crustal displacement d. volcanic activity 12. ______
Which of the following lake zones is comparable to the coastal zone of the ocean? a. the profundal zone b. the limnetic zone c. the littoral zone d. the benthic zone
13. ______
A newly formed lake is a. oligotrophic. b. eutrophic.
14. ______
Which of the following is not considered a wetland habitat? a. arctic tundra in summer b. prairie pothole c. swamp d. barrier island dune
15. ______
Which part of a river would have the least sediment load and coldest water? a. source zone b. transition zone c. the flood plain zone d. the wetland zone
16. ______
The best way to protect a stream or river system is to a. manage and direct its flow. b. protect the land around it. c. implement pollution cleanup measures. d. limit recreational use.
17. ______
How much of the inland wetlands of the U.S. have been lost in the lower 48 states? a. 13% b. 33% c. 50% d. 73%
Chapter 7: Community Ecology 1. ______
Which of the following characteristics does an ecologist not use to describe a biological community? a. species diversity b. physical appearance c. elevation d. niche structure
2. ______
Which of the following factors most affects terrestrial species diversity? a. latitude b. longitude c. elevation d. depth
3. ______
According to the theory of island biogeography, a ______ will have the greatest number of species. a. small island, distant from the mainland b. large island, close to the mainland c. small island, close to the mainland d. large island, distant from the mainland
4. ______
Without the presence of sea otters, sea urchins would otherwise overgraze kelp beds, dramatically changing the marine community of which the urchins and otters are a part. For this reason, sea otters are considered a. generalist species. b. keystone species. c. indicator species. d. alien species.
5. ______
Trout are an excellent ______ because they are very sensitive to water quality. a. keystone species
b. generalist species c. indicator species d. alien species 6. ______
Which of the following are indicator species of particular current interest to biologists? a. amphibians b. insects c. birds d. reptiles
7. ______
Skimmers, flamingos, diving duck, and heron can coexist in a coastal wetland as a result of a. exploitation competition. b. symbiosis. c. interference competition. d. resource-partitioning.
8. ______
Parasitism occurs when a. both of these choices. b. one species feeds on part of another organism. c. the parasite benefits and the host is harmed. d. neither of these choices.
9. ______
Which of the following represents a mutualistic species interaction? a. ferns growing on a tree branch b. fleas on a dog c. bees pollinating flowers d. lions eating a dead gazelle
10. ______
Which of the following is a pioneer species? a. redwood tree b. oak tree
c. holly shrub d. lichen 11. ______
As succession proceeds, ______ increases and ______ decreases. a. species diversity, net primary productivity b. net primary productivity, stratification c. plant growth rate, net primary productivity d. stratification, species diversity
12. ______ Facilitation occurs when a. species are unaffected by new arrivals. b. early species inhibit the growth of other species. c. one species makes an area suitable for species with different niche requirements. d. an ecosystem changes because of environmental conditions. 13. ______
The ability of a living system to bounce back after a disturbance that is not too drastic is called a. primary succession. b. inertia. c. constancy. d. resilience.
14. ______
Which of the following is not an example of an aspect of stability in living systems? a. extinction b. inertia c. constancy d. resilience
15. ______ A grassland has a. low resilience. b. low inertia.
c. high species diversity. d. all of the choices.
Chapter 8: Population Ecology 1. ______
Biotic potential and ______ determine ______. a. environmental resistance; intrinsic rate of increase b. intrinsic rate of increase; carrying capacity c. carrying capacity; environmental resistance d. environmental resistance; carrying capacity
2. ______
A J-shaped curve is characteristic of a. zero population growth. b. logistic growth. c. exponential growth. d. a population that has overshot its carrying capacity.
3. ______
With ______ the growth rate decreases, as the population gets larger. a. exponential growth b. logistic growth c. zero population growth d. dynamic growth
4. ______
Three general patterns of population dispersion are a. clumping, gathering, and spreading. b. uniform dispersion, random dispersion, and heterogeneous dispersion. c. biotic potential, intrinsic rate of increase, and carrying capacity. d. clumping, uniform dispersion, and random dispersion.
5. ______
Competition for resources, predation, parasitism, and disease are examples of ______ population controls. a. density-dependent b. density-independent
6. ______
A population ______ follows a period of ______ in a population.
a. scarcity, dieback b. logistic growth, exponential growth c. dieback, overshoot d. increase, scarcity 7. ______
Which of the following is not one of the four types of population fluctuations? a. irruptive b. stable c. regular d. cyclic
8. ______
Which of the following types of reproduction is more beneficial in a potentially-changing environment? a. sexual b. asexual
9. ______
Which of the following species is a K-selected species? a. mouse b. blue whale c. dandelion d. cockroach
10. ______
Generally, a species with a high intrinsic rate of increase will a. be a K-selected species. b. reproduce late in life. c. be a specialist. d. produce many small offspring.
11. ______
Which of the following is an r-selected species? a. red-tailed hawk b. redwood tree c. black bear
d. ragweed 12. ______
Annual plants and most invertebrates have ______ survivorship curves. a. early loss b. late loss c. constant loss d. no loss
13. ______
Population change equals births plus immigration minus which of the following? a. deaths + immigration b. deaths + emigration c. deaths only d. emigration only
14. ______
Which of the following is a density-independent population control? a. fire b. parasitism c. disease d. none are true
15. ______
______ reproduction is where the offspring are exact copies of a single parent. a. Sexual b. Asexual c. K-selected species d. Stable
16. ______
A ______ shows the projected life expectancy and probability of death for individuals at each age in a survivorship curve (insurance companies often use these to determine policy costs for customers). a. survivorship curve b. life expectancy curve c. life table
d. benefits table
Chapter 9: Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population and Its Impact 1. ______
Which of the following shows the ranking of regions by crude birth rate, from highest to lowest? a. Europe, Africa, Latin America, Asia b. Latin America, Asia, Europe, Africa c. Asia, Africa, Latin America, Europe d. Africa, Latin America, Asia, Europe
2. ______
Human populations grow or decline through the interplay of births, deaths, and a. family planning. b. illness. c. migration. d. level of economic development.
3. ______
Since 1963, the rate of the world's annual population growth rate has a. dropped by almost one-third. b. dropped by almost one-half. c. doubled. d. tripled.
4. ______
Since 1963, the world's population has risen a. 15 percent. b. 35 percent. c. 70 percent. d. 100 percent.
5. ______
The world's most populous country is a. Nigeria. b. India.
c. China. d. Bangladesh. 6. ______
Replacement level fertility is ______ in developing countries than in developed countries. a. higher b. the same as c. lower
7. ______
The average total fertility rate in developing countries is ______ in developed countries. a. one tenth that b. half that c. approximately equal to d. twice that
8. ______
Average total fertility rates are highest in a. Europe. b. Asia. c. Latin America. d. Africa.
9. ______
Factors that affect birth rates and fertility rates include all except which of the following factors? a. cost of raising children b. immigration rate c. infant mortality rate d. availability of private and public pension systems
10. ______
If age structure diagrams were drawn for the following countries, which would have the broadest base? a. Nigeria b. Austria c. Sweden
d. United States 11. ______
Labor shortages and increased per capita health care costs are associated with a. slow population decline. b. rapid population growth. c. slow population growth. d. rapid population decline.
12. ______
As countries become more industrialized, first their ______ rates decline and then their ______ rates decline. a. birth, immigration b. immigration, death c. death, birth d. birth, death
13. ______
The demographic transition model is based on data from a. Western Europe in the 19th century. b. the United States in the 20th century. c. Asia in the 18th century. d. Africa in the 20th century.
14. ______
Family planning programs have increased the proportion of married women of reproductive years using modern contraception to a. 15%. b. 26%. c. 51%. d. 82%.
15. ______
Population experts anticipate that China's population will peak around a. 2010. b. 2040. c. 2070.
d. 2090. 16. ______
Which of the following is cited as a reason why India's family planning program has not been as successful as it could be? a. The low status of women in India b. The preference in India for girl children c. The lack of widespread knowledge of contraceptive methods d. All of the choices
17. ______
At the 1994 United Nations Conference on Population and Development, a major goal was to stabilize the world's population at ______ billion by 2050. a. 6.8 b. 7.8 c. 8.8 d. 9.8
Chapter 10: Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach 1. ______
Which of the following is not a direct result of human activities? a. changes in number and distribution of species b. climate change c. alteration of natural chemical cycles d. pollution
2. ______
______ is a value based on the willingness of people to pay to protect natural capital for use by future generations. a. Existence value b. Intrinsic value c. Aesthetic value d. Bequest value
3. ______
Which of the following are the most restricted-use lands? a. National Wilderness Preservation System Areas b. National Forests c. National Wildlife Refuges d. National Resource Lands
4. ______
Which type of forest would probably contain stands of trees that grew following a fire? a. tree farm b. old-growth forest c. second-growth forest d. none of the choices
5. ______
Which of the following describes clearcutting? a. Increases biodiversity b. Increases timber yield per acre
c. Reduces soil erosion d. Increases recreational value 6. ______
Which of the following is a more sustainable method of clearcutting? a. strip cutting b. shelterwood cutting c. seed-tree cutting d. high grading
7. ______
What type of fire is the most ecologically damaging? a. surface b. natural c. crown d. ground
8. ______
What is an alternative to harvesting timber? a. Clear cut forests b. Reduce tree harvesting subsidies c. Certify sustainable lumber d. Make paper from non-tree sources
9. ______
In ______, participating countries act as custodians for protected forest in return for foreign aid or debt relief. a. conservation easements b. a debt-for-nature-swap c. full-cost pricing d. biocultural restoration
10. ______
Which of the following is a major problem of U.S. national parks? a. too much land area to manage b. lack of management plans c. wildfires d. popularity
11. ______
According to conservation biologists, how much of the Earth's land surface should be strictly protected? a. 5% b. 20% c. 25% d. 40%
12. ______
We can best protect a biosphere reserve by surrounding it with ______. a. human settlement b. buffer zones c. resource extraction d. another biosphere reserve
13. ______
Which country has created megareserves to sustain 80% of its biodiversity? a. United States b. Brazil c. Costa Rica d. China
14. ______
Where is most of the protected wilderness in the United States? a. Hawaii b. California c. Florida d. Alaska
15. ______
According to E.O. Wilson, which of the following is not a strategy we should employ to protect ecosystems and species? a. Stop logging of all second-growth forests b. Preserve biological hot spots c. Map the world's biodiversity d. Protect and restore rivers and lakes
16. ______
______ are managed grasslands or enclosed meadows usually planted with domesticated grasses or other forage, and are sustainable if managed properly. a. Rangelands b. Pastures c. Cropland d. Taiga
17. ______
Which of the following is not a problem associated with overgrazing of grasslands? a. Increased soil erosion b. Increased soil compaction (holds less water) c. Increases net primary productivity d. Increases invading species that can't be eaten by grazers
18. ______
One solution to overgrazing is to confine cattle to one area for a short time and then move them to another before overgrazing take place. This method is called a. rotational grazing. b. no-till agriculture. c. rangeland control. d. riparian zones.
Chapter 11: Sustaining Biodiversity: The Species Approach 1. ______
Which of the following did not contribute to the extinction of the passenger pigeon? a. uncontrolled hunting b. DDT-induced weakening of egg shells c. habitat loss d. a natural instinct for flocking
2. ______
Which term describes the situation where a species no longer exists in a given area, but still occurs in other areas? a. biological extinction b. ecological extinction c. local extinction d. background extinction
3. ______
What is the difference between an endangered species and a threatened species? a. A threatened species is becoming endangered specifically because of human activities. b. A threatened species was previously labeled endangered but has increased its numbers. c. There is no difference. The two terms are interchangeable. d. A threatened species is still abundant now but likely to become endangered in the near future.
4. ______
Why should we preserve wild species? a. All of the choices. b. They provide important economic and ecological services. c. Wild species allow us to learn how nature works and use that information for genetic research. d. They provide recreational pleasure.
5. ______
Which of the following represents the greatest threat to wild species populations? a. habitat loss b. hunting for sport c. genetic engineering d. collecting for zoos and botanical gardens
6. ______
Which of the following is a basic cause of deleting and premature extinction of species? a. tropical deforestation b. habitat loss c. population growth d. nonnative species
7. ______
The kudzu vine is an example of ______. a. an indicator species b. an endemic species c. a keystone species d. a nonnative species
8. ______
______ is/are a common source of the introduction of nonnative species. a. Ballast water b. Pet shops c. Poaching d. All of the choices
9. ______
The ______ has been almost eliminated because ranchers have poisoned them. a. coyote b. prairie dog c. kudzu vine d. feral boar
10. ______
Which of the following restricts the international trade in endangered species? a. The Lacey Act b. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) c. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) d. The Endangered Species Act (ESA)
11. ______
What does the Endangered Species Act do? a. All of the choices b. Makes it illegal to sell or buy any product made from an endangered or threatened species c. Requires the protection of critical habitat for endangered species d. Bases decisions about a species' status on biological criteria, not economic criteria
12. ______
Which of the following was not a recommendation by the National Academy of Sciences to make the Endangered Species Act more effective? a. Increase funding for the ESA b. Develop recovery plans more quickly c. Eliminate habitat conservation subsidies to private landowners d. Create a core emergency habitat when species are first listed
13. ______
The world's botanical gardens and arboreta contain what percentage of the world's rare and threatened plant species? a. 3% b. 10% c. 33% d. 50%
14. ______
______ farms are protecting species of this organism. a. Passenger pigeon b. Lion c. Butterfly
d. Crocodile 15. ______
What is the definition of reconciliation ecology? a. Establishing and maintaining new habitats for species diversity in places where people live and work b. Paying a fee for the destruction of habitat c. Replacing destroyed habitat, such as wetlands, with newly created habitat d. Establishing remote "reservations" for species diversity
Chapter 12: Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity 1. ______
Octopuses are a source of a. antibiotics. b. adhesives. c. anticancer chemicals. d. hypertension medications.
2. ______
______ destroys bottom habitats. a. Trawling b. Gill net fishing c. Bycatch d. Overfishing
3. ______
When overfishing takes place, which of the following happens first? a. commercial extinction b. local extinction c. biological extinction d. population rebound
4. ______
As large fish become less available and the fishing industry turns to fishing smaller fish, what will happen? a. Food webs will begin to unravel as the smaller fish, which are food for larger fish, become unavailable. b. Jellyfish and barnacles will become extinct. c. Food webs will begin to unravel. d. Bycatch will become less of a problem.
5. ______
Most fish extinctions in the U.S. are caused by a. sport fishing. b. exotic species. c. water pollution.
d. global warming. 6. ______
One reason that protecting marine biodiversity is difficult is that a. humans are aware of the damage being done but are helpless to stop it. b. the seas are an inexhaustible resource. c. coastal areas are being protected. d. most of the oceans lie outside of the legal jurisdiction of any one country.
7. ______
______ are required by offshore shrimp trawlers. a. TEDs b. Drift nets c. Longlines d. Purse seines
8. ______
Which of the following cetaceans is classified as a baleen whale? a. sperm whale b. humpback whale c. killer whale d. beluga whale
9. ______
Which of the following countries is working to reverse the IWC ban on commercial whaling? a. The United States b. China c. Japan d. Australia
10. ______
Whale harvesting is a classic example of a. sustainable resource use. b. aquaculture. c. bycatch.
d. the traged tragedy y of the the comm common ons. s. 11. ______ ______ What What is a marine marine prote protecte cted d area? area? a. An area area of ocean ocean protect protected ed from from some or all all human human activities activities b. The area area offshore offshore of a country country that is considered considered sovereign to that country c. An exc exclus lusive ive econo economic mic zone zone d. An enda endange ngere red d coasta coastall region region 12. _____ ______ _
How far far offshore offshore does does a countr country's y's exclusi exclusive ve economi economic c zone exte extend? nd? a. 12 miles b. 60 miles c. 200 mi miles d. 100 miles
13. _____ ______ _
Fishery Fishery biolog biologists ists now now rely rely on ______ ______ to projec projectt populati populations ons of commercial fish. a. optimu optimum m sust sustain ained ed yield yield b. maximu maximum m susta sustain ined ed yield yield c. multis multispe pecie cies s manag manageme ement nt d. large large marin marine e system system manageme management nt
14. _____ ______ _
In the U.S. U.S.,, a federal federal permit permit is require required d to dredge dredge or or fill wetla wetlands nds occupying more than ______ acres. a. 1 b. 3 c. 10 d. 25
15. _____ ______ _
Why are are zebra zebra musse mussels ls a proble problem m in the the Great Great Lakes Lakes? ? a. They secrete a neurotoxin neurotoxin that kills kills fish and sickens sickens humans. b. Their Their uncheck unchecked ed growt growth h clogs clogs pipes pipes.. c. Their Their excremen excrementt causes causes eutrop eutrophica hication tion in the the lakes. lakes.
d. They preve prevent nt the growt growth h of native native water water plants. plants. 16. _____ ______ _
Which of of the follow following ing strateg strategies ies has has not been been tried tried to restore restore wild wild salmon salmon populations? a. Building more dams dams to control control water flow flow and release it steadily steadily b. Releasing Releasing extra extra water water to wash juvenile salmon downstr downstream eam c. Trans Transpor portin ting g salmo salmon n by truc truck k d. Add hatch hatchery ery salmon salmon to under under-pop -populat ulated ed streams streams
Chapter 13: Food, Soil Conservation, and Pest Management 1. ____ ______ __
Which of the the follo followin wing g is not one of the the three three primary primary crops crops that that feed the world? a. soybeans b. rice c. corn d. wheat
2. ____ ______ __
Which Which of of the the follo followi wing ng sup suppli plies es most most of the the worl world's d's food? food? a. ran rangelan lands b. crop roplan lands c. ocea ocean n fish fisher erie ies s d. freshw freshwate aterr fishe fisherie ries s
3. ____ ______ __
Which Which of of the the follow following ing des descri cribes bes the firs firstt green green revo revolut lution ion? ? a. Discovery Discovery that wild plants plants could could be cultivated cultivated as a dependab dependable le food supply b. Export of dwarf dwarf varieties varieties of rice and and wheat wheat to tropical tropical developing developing countries c. Using high high inputs inputs or pesticides pesticides and fertilizers to increase increase crop crop yields yields in developing countries d. Introduction Introduction of of new food plants to developed developed countries countries
4. ____ ______ __
Of the the foll follow owing ing,, whic which h is the main main agent agent of ero erosio sion? n? a. clim climat ate e chan change ge b. wind c. agric gricu ultur lture e d. flow flowin ing g wat water er
5. ____ ______ __
One One way way to redu reduce ce soil soil desert desertifi ifica catio tion n is is to to a. contro controll rainfa rainfallll patte patterns rns.. b. reduc reduce e overg overgraz razing ing..
c. remove trees that require large amounts of water. d. move from polyculture to monoculture. 6. ______
Salinization of soil can be a by-product of a. composting. b. contour farming. c. irrigation. d. crop rotation.
7. ______
Compared to conventional-tillage farming, conservation tillage a. reduces soil erosion. b. requires more fuel. c. releases more carbon dioxide to the air. d. reduces crop yields.
8. ______
Green manure is a. inorganic fertilizer. b. organic matter such as leaves, food wastes, and paper that are broken down by microorganisms. c. animal manure that is fresh. d. freshly cut or growing green vegetation plowed into the soil.
9. ______
A person who receives an adequate number of calories but whose diet is deficient in protein and other essential nutrients suffers from a. undernutrition. b. malnutrition. c. overnutrition. d. macronutrition.
10. ______
Which of the following is not a way in which food production impacts the environment? a. It increases salt buildup in soils. b. It increases soil erosion.
c. It decreases biodiversity. d. It increases surface water quality. 11. ______
Which of the following is the most controversial method of increasing food production? a. Crossbreeding b. Genetic engineering c. Putting more land into production d. Introducing new foods
12. ______
Which of the following is not a method of maintaining the availability of fish and seafood? a. Fish ranching b. Harvesting at sustainable yield c. Increasing the use of drift nets d. Decreasing allowable bycatch levels
13. ______
Environmentalists believe that agricultural subsidies should be used for a. elimination of agricultural pests and predators. b. draining wetlands to increase productive land. c. keeping water prices artificially low so farmers can irrigate more land. d. protecting soil quality.
14. ______
______ pesticides are toxic to many species. a. Persistent b. Selective c. Broad-spectrum d. Natural
15. ______
Which of the following is not considered to be a problem with pesticides? a. They are especially damaging to genetically-engineered crops. b. They kill beneficial insects. c. They threaten human health.
d. They are more likely to end up in our air, water, and soil than on the pests. 16. ______ Another name for organic farming is a. high-input agriculture. b. low-input agriculture. c. high-yield agriculture. d. low-yield agriculture. 17. ______
One approach to phasing in more sustainable agriculture is to a. establish more monoculture farms. b. fund research on genetic crop engineering. c. increase subsidies for it. d. none of the choices.
18. ______
Which of the following is not true of livestock production? a. Uses large amounts of water. b. Feedlots require the use of antibiotics. c. Cattle produce large amounts of methane, a greenhouse gas. d. Globally, nearly all livestock waste is returned to the soil as nutrient rich fertilizer.
19. ______
According to the FAO, as much as ______ of the food produced worldwide is lost through spoilage, inefficient processing and preparation, and plate waste. a. 10% b. 25% c. 50% d. 70%
Chapter 14: Water 1. ______
Much of the world's fresh water is unavailable to us because a. it is in deep and inaccessible aquifers. b. it exists in the form of water vapor. c. it is mixed with saltwater. d. it is locked up in ice caps or glaciers.
2. ______
Which country has more fresh water, Canada or China? a. Canada b. China
3. ______
About 2/3 of the world's annual runoff is lost by ______ and is not available for human use. a. evaporation b. percolation into the ground c. pollution of the water supply d. seasonal floods
4. ______
Most water is withdrawn from surface waters and aquifers for a. drinking water. b. industrial manufacturing. c. irrigation of crops. d. cooling power plants.
5. ______
Porous, water-saturated layers of sand, gravel, or bedrock through which groundwater flows make up a(n) a. aquifer. b. watershed. c. zone of aeration. d. eutrophic zone.
6. ______
One trend in managing water resources is a. privatization. b. government seizure of privately-held water supplies. c. public utility ownership. d. none of the choices.
7. ______
Diversion of water from the Aral Sea has led to a. decrease in its salinity. b. increased crop yields in the neighboring areas. c. extinction of native fish species. d. more moderate temperature and increased rain.
8. ______
Which of the following is not a stated means of preventing groundwater depletion? a. Reduce stream flow levels b. Ban new wells c. Tax water pumped from wells near surface water d. Switch to less water-intensive crops
9. ______
Which is the most efficient irrigation technique? a. gravity flow through ditches b. center pivot sprinkler systems c. surge valves d. drip irrigation systems
10. ______
______ is reclaimed water from sinks, tubs, and washers. a. Sludge b. Brown water c. Gray water d. Treated water
11. ______
The removal of vegetation, especially on hillsides increases the risk of a. salinization.
b. groundwater overdrafts. c. saltwater intrusion. d. flooding. 12. ______
From an environmental viewpoint, the best approach to reducing flood risks is a. floodplain management. b. channelization. c. artificial levees. d. flood control dams.
13. ______
Which of the following is not one of the causes of water scarcity? a. dry climate b. erosion c. desiccation d. drought
14. ______
Which of the following is not a stated concern about China's Three Gorges Dam? a. The reservoir will force the displacement of over a million people. b. The reservoir will flood important archaeological sites. c. The dam may not be able to withstand the impact of an earthquake. d. The dam will increase China's dependence on coal.
15. ______
Which of the following is not a main factor in water scarcity? a. dry climate b. increased damming of rivers and building of reservoirs c. drought d. too many people using reliable water source
16. ______
Which of the following is a strategy to use water more sustainably? a. Build more dams and levees b. Regulate withdrawals to prevent depletion of renewable aquifers
c. Slow the rate of ozone depletion d. Increase efficiency and productivity in livestock production
Chapter 15: Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources 1. ______
The Earth's innermost zone is the ______, surrounded by the ______. a. core, mantle b. mantle, core c. core, crust d. mantle, crust
2. ______
At a ______, plates slide past one another as they move in opposite directions. a. divergent plate boundary b. convergent plate boundary c. transform fault d. subduction zone
3. ______
A trench normally forms at a a. transform fault. b. convergent plate boundary. c. divergent plate boundary. d. mantle plume.
4. ______
Which of the following causes physical or mechanical weathering? a. frost wedging b. lichen c. roots d. carbon dioxide
5. ______
Which kind of rock is formed by cooling lava? a. igneous b. metamorphic c. sedimentary d. shale
6. ______
Which of the following classifications of mineral resources describes mineral deposits known to exist in a certain place, quantity, and quality? a. identified resources b. reserves c. undiscovered resources d. extractable reserves
7. ______
Which of the following is not considered to be a mineral resource? a. coal b. sand c. barium d. aluminum
8. ______
In the United States, about 90% of the mineral resources are extracted by a. surface mining. b. subsurface mining. c. mountaintop removal. d. open-pit mining.
9. ______
Compared to surface mining, subsurface mining a. produces more waste material. b. removes more resources from the ground. c. is safer and less expensive. d. disturbs less land surface.
10. ______
Which of the following is not a result of extracting, processing, and using mineral resources? a. large amounts of solid waste b. soil buildup c. increase in water pollution d. disturbance of land
11. ______
The ______ depletion time assumes no recycling or reuse of a mineral and no increase in reserves. a. shortest b. longest
12. ______
One of the concerns about nanotechnology is that a. the technology is unlikely to produce anything particularly useful. b. smaller particles are more reactive and potentially more toxic. c. the technology promises to be much more expensive than conventional methods. d. it can never replace mineral resources we currently rely upon.
13. ______
Which of the following is a possible environmental effect of seabed mining? a. It can affect the salinity of the water in the area being mined. b. It may change the ocean temperature. c. It can stir up ocean sediments. d. It will affect migrating patterns of whales.
14. ______
Some analysts believe that even if supplies of key minerals become too expensive or scarce from unsustainable use, human ingenuity will find a. new technologies for mining and extraction. b. better methods of recycling minerals. c. substitutes for scarce minerals. d. new deposits of scarce minerals.
Chapter 16: Nonrenewable Energy 1. ______
About what percentage of the world's commercial nonrenewable energy sources are from fossil fuels? a. 29% b. 50% c. 62% d. 78%
2. ______
The United States uses less ______ energy than the world average. a. coal b. biomass c. natural gas d. nuclear power
3. ______
Which of the following energy sources is the United States not expected to increase its dependence on in the next 15 years? a. natural gas b. oil c. coal d. solar
4. ______
Which of the following questions should we not ask when deciding which energy alternative to use? a. How much of the energy resource is likely to be available in the near future and the long term? b. What government research and development subsidies will be available? c. How vulnerable is the resource to terrorism? d. How much will it cost the consumer to purchase this energy resource?
5. ______
At current consumption rates, Saudi Arabia, with the world's largest crude oil reserves, could supply world oil needs for ______ years. a. 20
b. 50 c. 75 d. 10 6. ______
The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge a. contains enough oil to supply U.S. needs for 5-10 years. b. would bring more oil-related jobs to Alaska. c. is not likely to have an impact on wildlife, most of which do not live in the area. d. is an inexpensive way to get more oil for the U.S.
7. ______
Natural gas deposits occur in the greatest amount a. above reservoirs of crude oil. b. in methane hydrate ice crystals.
8. ______
One of the disadvantages of natural gas is a. it has a relatively low net energy yield. b. it is very difficult to transport from one country to another. c. it produces more air pollution than other fossil fuels. d. supplies are very low.
9. ______
Which of the following is not a pollutant released by the burning of coal? a. arsenic b. mercury c. iron d. sulfur dioxide
10. ______
Which is the world's most abundant fossil fuel? a. coal b. oil c. natural gas d. shale oil
11. ______
An advantage of synthetic natural gas and other synfuels is: a. No need for coal mining. b. Doesn't require a lot of water for extraction. c. Lower air pollution than coal. d. Lower carbon dioxide emissions.
12. ______ A disadvantage of nuclear power is a. low net energy yield. b. high risk of accidents. c. severe disruption of land. d. high level of water pollution. 13. ______
Which of the following is not a proposed method of storing or disposing of nuclear wastes? a. Bury it under the Antarctic ice sheet b. Bury it into descending subduction zones in the deep ocean c. Shoot it into space or into the sun using rocket ships d. Burn it at very high temperatures in specialized reactors
14. ______
Breeder reactors a. generate more nuclear fuel than they consume. b. convert plutonium into uranium. c. have a higher safety record than conventional nuclear power plants. d. could deplete our reserves of uranium very quickly.
15. ______
If nuclear fusion reactors could be built successfully, which of the following would not be one of their advantages? a. little risk from terrorism b. no carbon dioxide emissions c. low cost of operations d. lower levels of radioactive waste
Chapter 17: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 1. ______
Which of the following is a by-product of burning hydrogen, taken from water, as a fuel? a. water vapor b. carbon dioxide c. methane d. deuterium
2. ______
Which of the following would not be a result of reducing energy waste? a. Prolonging fossil fuel supplies b. Keeping more money in local economies c. Higher net energy d. Prolonging development of technological advancements in renewable energy
3. ______
Which of the following space heating energy systems has the highest net energy ratio over its estimated lifetime? a. a passive solar system b. an oil system c. a natural gas system d. electric resistance heating
4. ______
______ is the name for a system that produces two useful forms of energy from one fuel source. a. Regeneration b. Cogeneration c. Degeneration d. Post-generation
5. ______
Which of the following is not a method for saving significant amounts of energy? a. Use cogeneration
b. Replace electric motors with adjustable-speed drive motors c. Lower CAFE standards d. Replace incandescent bulbs with fluorescent bulbs 6. ______
A fuel cell combines ______ and ______ to produce electricity. a. carbon dioxide, hydrogen b. a battery, gasoline c. water, ethanol d. hydrogen, oxygen
7. ______
A(n) ______ absorbs and stores heat from the sun directly within a structure. a. active solar heating system b. passive solar heating system
8. ______
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using solar energy to generate high-temperature heat and electricity? a. may disturb desert areas b. high carbon dioxide emissions c. low net energy d. takes 10-20 years to construct
9. ______
What form of energy has high cost of construction, high environmental impact, and the potential to force the displacement of people and wildlife? a. nuclear power b. wind power c. solar power d. hydropower
10. ______
Which form of power has more advantages and fewer disadvantages than any other energy source? a. wind power b. solar power c. fuel cell power
d. hydroelectric power 11. ______
What is the world's fastest growing source of energy? a. solar power b. wind power c. hydroelectric power d. fuel cell power
12. ______
Which of the following is not a possible disadvantage of using biomass as a form of energy? a. possibly nonrenewable b. soil erosion c. low potential supply d. low photosynthetic efficiency
13. ______
______ is the most energy-efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally clean way to heat or cool a building. a. Passive solar b. Geothermal exchange c. Photovoltaic power d. Hydrogen power
14. ______
______ is local, inexpensive, and modular. a. Solar power b. Hydrogen fuel cell power c. Wind power d. Decentralized micropower
Chapter 18: Environmental Hazards and Human Health 1. ______
Which of the following is a cultural hazard? a. tornado b. poisonous snake c. driving d. mercury
2. ______
Which of the following is responsible for the greatest number of deaths per year worldwide? a. tuberculosis b. AIDS c. pneumonia and flu d. malaria
3. ______
Viruses cause a. malaria. b. tuberculosis. c. AIDS. d. cholera.
4. ______
4
5. ______
Which of the following viruses is the biggest killer? a. HIV b. influenza c. hepatitis B d. ebola
6. ______
A chemical is considered a teratogen if it a. causes birth defects. b. causes cancer. c. can metastasize. d. increases the frequency of DNA mutations.
7. ______
Which of the following is not a hormone disrupter? a. DDT b. PCBs c. herbicide d. mercury
8. ______
A water-soluble toxic chemical can accumulate in the body ______ readily than a fat-soluble toxin. a. more b. less
9. ______
If a toxic chemical gets into an ecosystem, it may be found at higher concentration in tertiary consumers than in primary consumers as a result of a. biomagnification. b. solubility. c. bioaccumulation. d. synergistic effects.
10. ______
According to the EPA, children have ______ times the exposure risk of adults to cancer-causing chemicals. a. 10 b. 25 c. 50 d. 100
11. ______
What one factor has the greatest adverse effect on the average lifespan of people in the United States? a. smoking b. poverty c. drug abuse d. being born male
12. ______
A(n) ______ is a large-scale outbreak of an infectious disease in an area or country. a. epidemic b. pandemic c. bioaccumulation d. pathogenic
13. ______
The new interdisciplinary field of ______ is devoted to tracking down the connections between wildlife and humans, and looks for ways to slow or prevent the spread diseases such as avian flu. a. genetic engineering b. gene therapy c. ecological or conservation medicine d. holistic medicine
14. ______
______ is a widely used chemical building block in certain plastics used in a variety of products including water bottles, baby bottles, food storage containers, and dental fillings that acts as an estrogen mimic that may cause adverse effects in humans. a. Bisphenol-A (BPA) b. DDT c. Dioxin d. Lead
15. ______
______ is the science that examines the effects of harmful chemicals on humans, wildlife, and ecosystems. a. Risk assessment b. Toxicology c. Ecological or conservation medicine d. Ecology
16. ______
Exposure to low levels of air pollution from an industrial site would be an example of what type of risk? a. chronic b. exposure
c. catastrophic d. minimal
Chapter 19: Air Pollution 1. ______
The temperature changes that occur from one layer of the atmosphere to another are caused by differences in a. atmospheric pressure. b. absorption of incoming solar energy. c. density of the air. d. gravitational pull.
2. ______
Ninety-nine percent of the volume of air in the troposphere consists of oxygen and a. nitrogen. b. argon. c. carbon dioxide. d. water vapor.
3. ______
The composition of the stratosphere is similar to that of the troposphere except there is a a. higher concentration of water vapor. b. lower concentration of nitrogen. c. higher concentration of ozone. d. higher concentration of CO2.
4. ______
Soot is an example of a a. primary pollutant. b. secondary pollutant.
5. ______
Which chemical do most scientists think should be added to the EPA lists of six criteria air pollutants? a. mercury b. carbon dioxide c. radon d. formaldehyde
6. ______
What compound gives photochemical smog its brownish yellow color? a. sulfur dioxide b. argon c. carbon dioxide d. nitrogen dioxide
7. ______
Industrial smog contains large amounts of a. ozone. b. nitrous oxides. c. sulfur dioxide. d. PANs.
8. ______
Which of the following countries currently has the worst problem with industrial smog? a. The United States b. China c. England d. Canada
9. ______
A(n) ______ can cause air pollutants at ground level to rise to harmful levels. a. offshore wind b. onshore wind c. temperature inversion d. rain shadow
10. ______
What is one problem associated with acid precipitation? a. It leads to an accumulation of calcium in the soil. b. It can promote the growth of mosses that kill trees. c. It can remove cadmium from the soil. d. On first exposure to the acid, plant growth is stunted.
11. _____ ______ _
Which of of the follow following ing is a way way that acid acid deposit deposition ion affect affects s human heal health? th? a. It incre increases ases the risk of skin skin cance cancer. r. b. It contri contribute butes s to respir respirator atory y problem problems. s. c. It blocks blocks the the actions actions of of normal normal endoc endocrine rine hormo hormones. nes. d. It damag damages es the the nervo nervous us syste system. m.
12. _____ ______ _
The singl single e best way to reduc reduce e acid acid deposit deposition ion would would be be to a. reduc reduce e the the use use of of coa coal. l. b. decrease decrease emission emissions s from from automob automobiles iles.. c. prohibit prohibit the the construc construction tion of nucle nuclear ar power power plants. plants. d. add limestone limestone or lime lime to lakes lakes and and soil. soil.
13. _____ ______ _
Which of of the follow following ing is not not consider considered ed one of of the four four most danger dangerous ous indoor air pollutants by the EPA? a. form formal alde dehy hyde de b. ciga cigare rett tte e smok smoke e c. radon d. carb carbon on mono monoxi xide de
14. _____ ______ _
In the U.S., U.S., the the estimate estimated d number number of deaths deaths relate related d to indoor indoor and outdo outdoor or air pollutants is at least a. 60,000. b. 100,000. c. 150,000. d. 350,000.
15. ______ ______ The Clean Clean Air Acts of the the United United States States requir required ed a. coal-burning coal-burning power power plants plants to trade emissions of sulfur sulfur dioxide. dioxide. b. the use of unleaded unleaded gasoline gasoline in cities with high high ozone ozone levels. levels. c. the EPA EPA to set set national national ambient ambient air quality quality standards standards for air pollutants. pollutants. d. the abate abatement ment of radon radon in all public public building buildings. s.
Chapter 20: Climate Change and Ozone Depletion 1. ____ ______ __
Scientis Scientists ts study study climate climate chan change ge using using all but which which one one of of the the follow following ing techniques? a. Analyzi Analyzing ng ice cores cores from from ancient ancient glaci glaciers ers b. Dissecti Dissecting ng the leave leaves s of tropical tropical rain rain forest forest trees trees c. Study Studying ing hist histori orica call record records s d. Analyzi Analyzing ng pollen pollen from from the the bottoms bottoms of lakes lakes
2. ____ ______ __
Global Global warmi warming ng occur occurs s in the ______ ______ and ozone ozone deple depletion tion occurs occurs in in the the ______. a. tropos troposph phere ere,, strat stratos osphe phere re b. strato stratosph spher ere, e, lithosp lithospher here e c. tropos troposph phere ere,, lith lithos osphe phere re d. strato stratosph spher ere, e, tropos troposphe phere re
3. ____ ______ __
If the the loop loop of water water constan constantly tly moving moving throu through gh the the ocea oceans ns as as a result result of of temperature differences were to slow or stop, what would happen? a. Europe Europe would would become become much much hotter. hotter. b. Europe Europe would would become become much much colder. colder. c. Northeas Northeastern tern North North America America would would become become much much hotter. hotter. d. North North America America would would suffer suffer floods floods and severe severe storms. storms.
4. ____ ______ __
Global Global warmi warming ng could could be accel accelerat erated ed ifif warmin warming g cause causes s increa increased sed release release of ______ from permafrost and wetlands. a. water vap vapo or b. freon c. radon d. methane
5. ____ _____
Risi Rising ng sea sea lev levels els wou would ld a. increase increase coastal coastal propert property y value values. s. b. expos expose e low-ly low-lying ing islan islands ds..
c. accel accelera erate te coa coasta stall erosio erosion. n. d. clean cleanse se coas coastal tal aqui aquife fers. rs. 6. ____ ______ __
The single single most most impor important tant step step we we can can take take to to slow slow glob global al warmin warming g is to decrease ______ emissions. a. carb carbon on dio dioxi xide de b. nitr nitrou ous s ox oxide ide c. methane d. sulf sulfur ur dio diox xide ide
7. ____ ______ __
The Kyoto Kyoto tre treaty aty would would requir require e the the Unite United d State States s to a. condu conduct ct emis emissio sions ns trad trading ing.. b. dismantl dismantle e its fossil fuel-ba fuel-based sed transpor transportati tation on system. system. c. assist assist developi developing ng countries countries through through techno technology logy transfe transfer. r. d. cut CO2 emissions to pre-1990 levels.
8. ____ ______ __
The The prob proble lem m of of cli clima mate te chan change ge is a. somethi something ng that that individua individuals ls cannot cannot help help address. address. b. not evenly evenly sprea spread d geogra geographic phically ally.. c. somethi something ng the Kyoto Kyoto Protoc Protocol ol can solve solve within within a few few years. years. d. stoppabl stoppable e with with the the right right techn technolog ology. y.
9. ____ ______ __
Presid President ent Bush Bush obj object ects s to the the Kyo Kyoto to Proto Protoco coll beca because use a. it is too too comp complic licate ated. d. b. it does not require require sufficient sufficient emissions emissions reduction reductions s in large, large, developing developing countries. c. it is benefi beneficia ciall only to to small, small, develo developed ped natio nations. ns. d. it fails fails to to set set specif specific ic milest milestone ones. s.
10. _____ ______ _
CFCs CFCs break break down down in the strat stratosph osphere ere under under the the influenc influence e of a. UV radi radiat atio ion. n. b. fluo fluori rine ne atom atoms. s. c. low low air air pres pressu sure re..
d. higher levels of oxygen. 11. ______
Seasonal ozone loss appears to be greatest over a. the Arctic. b. the South Pacific. c. Africa. d. Antarctica.
12. ______
Which kind of skin cancer is most dangerous? a. melanoma b. squamous cell carcinoma c. basal cell carcinoma
Chapter 21: Water Pollution 1. ______
In the United States, the majority of water pollution of streams and lakes is from a. point pollution from sewage treatment plants. b. point pollution from abandoned mines. c. point pollution from factories. d. nonpoint pollution from agriculture.
2. ______
Which of the following is not listed as a major category of water pollution? a. plastics b. erosion c. acid deposition d. heat
3. ______
The oxygen sag curve is caused by a. inorganic wastes. b. oxygen-demanding wastes. c. sediments. d. plant nutrients.
4. ______
Cultural eutrophication of lakes is most often caused by input of a. nitrates and phosphates. b. selenium. c. PCBs. d. sediment.
5. ______
Groundwater cannot cleanse itself of degradable wastes quickly because of all but which one of the following reasons? a. It has a high concentration of dissolved oxygen. b. It flows slowly. c. It has small populations of decomposing bacteria.
d. Cold temperatures slow down decomposing chemical reactions. 6. ______
Which of the following is a major groundwater pollutant in parts of India and Bangladesh? a. fluoride b. arsenic c. selenium d. PCBs
7. ______
By weight, the bulk of the phosphates in Chesapeake Bay come from a. air pollution. b. shellfish farms. c. pesticide runoff. d. sewage treatment plants.
8. ______
Secondary sewage treatment a. removes about 60% of suspended solids from sewage. b. does not remove any phosphorous or nitrogen from sewage. c. utilizes aerobic bacteria. d. is a mechanical process.
9. ______
About ______% of sewage sludge is dumped in conventional landfills. a. 35 b. 45 c. 55 d. 65
10. ______
Using ______ would reduce the amount of sewage output from homes and businesses. a. tertiary sewage treatment b. composting toilet systems c. sludge digesters d. anaerobic digesters
11. ______
Scientists call for a ban on ______ in all new plumbing. a. copper b. selenium c. PVC d. lead
12. ______
______ is/are bacteria that live in the colons and digestive tracts of humans and other animals and are often present in unsafe amounts in freshwaters. a. Viruses b. Shistosomiasis c. Fecal coliform d. Cholera
Chapter 22: Solid and Hazardous Waste 1. ______
Which country is the world's biggest per capita producer of solid waste? a. Germany b. The U.S. c. Australia d. Mexico
2. ______
The amount of solid waste generated per person in the U.S. is a. increasing. b. declining. c. the same as it has been since 1990.
3. ______
What makes up the largest share of solid waste in the U.S.? a. municipal solid waste b. agricultural solid waste c. mining and oil and gas production waste d. sewage sludge
4. ______
Paper makes up the largest share of waste in municipal landfills. What has the second largest share? a. food waste b. yard waste c. electronics d. plastics
5. ______
What component of municipal landfills is the fastest-growing solid waste problem in the U.S., and also contains toxic chemicals? a. disposable diapers b. motor oil c. electronics d. PCBs
6. ______
How much junk mail does the average American receive per year? a. 350 pieces b. 514 pieces c. 660 pieces d. 1320 pieces
7. ______
Which of the following is a high-waste approach to dealing with solid waste? a. Reuse products b. Consume less c. Incinerate waste d. Reduce packaging
8. ______
Which of the following is not one of the six principles for reducing solid waste? a. Consume less b. Treat waste to reduce toxicity c. Redesign manufacturing to reduce waste and pollution d. Design products to last longer
9. ______
The United States recycles about ______ of its plastics. a. 3% b. 10% c. 15% d. 30%
10. ______
Where are you most likely to find an open dump? a. in developed countries b. in developing countries
11. ______
Which of the following is not a characteristic of hazardous waste? a. toxic
b. ignitable c. corrosive d. radioactive 12. ______ The Superfund is paid for by a. taxpayers. b. polluters. c. both taxpayers and polluters. 13. ______
The food most likely to contain mercury is a. fish. b. beef. c. poultry. d. produce.
14. ______
What is a POP? a. a persistent organic pollutant b. a partially organic plastic c. plastic or paper d. a persistent organic pesticide
15. ______
There are three priorities in integrated hazardous waste management: Produce less waste, convert to less hazardous waste, and ______. a. put in perpetual storage b. use in chemical weapons c. sell to other countries d. reuse in industrial processes
Chapter 23: Sustainable Cities 1. ______
______ is an example of an ecocity. a. Sydney, Australia b. Curitiba, Brazil c. Copenhagen, Denmark d. Provo, Utah
2. ______
The world's 18 megacities have populations of more than ______ million people. a. 5 b. 10 c. 15 d. 20
3. ______
Which of the following is a push factor? a. low-priced food b. employment opportunities c. entertainment opportunities d. famine
4. ______
Between 1850 and 2006, the percentage of people living in urban areas increased from 2% to ______. a. 16% b. 26% c. 34% d. 49%
5. ______
In the U.S., ______ is an example of a megalopolis. a. Pittsburgh b. Bowash c. Chicago
d. Los Angeles 6. ______
Cities are generally ______ than suburbs and nearby rural areas. a. warmer b. dryer c. wealthier d. cooler
7. ______
Compared to highway travel, mass transit systems a. produce more air pollution. b. are more energy-efficient. c. cause more injuries and deaths. d. require more land area.
8. ______
Which of the following is not a tool of smart growth? a. Greenbelts b. High-density housing clusters c. Buying open space d. Increasing funds for highway construction
9. ______
Which country has taken the strongest stand against urban sprawl? a. China b. The United States c. Denmark d. Japan
10. ______
Which of the following is not a cause of urban sprawl? a. higher price of gasoline b. affordable land c. increased prosperity d. poor urban planning
11. ______
Which of the following is a disadvantage of urbanization?
a. Urban residents consume a disproportionate amount of the world's resources. b. Urban residents have shorter life spans than rural people do. c. The high population of urban centers is more stressful on wildlife habitats than low population rural living. d. Urban residents have higher infant mortality. 12. ______ Which is a cause of urban sprawl? a. motor vehicles b. air travel c. rural poverty d. all of the choices 13. ______
______ is/are a way of encouraging environmentally sustainable development. a. All of the choices b. Purchasing new open space c. Greenbelt laws d. Tax breaks for cleaning up brownfields
14. ______
According to the ecocity concept, cities should be ______ oriented, not ______ oriented. a. retail, industrial b. people, car c. car, people d. nature, human
Chapter 24: Economics, Environment, and Sustainability 1. ______
In a ______, price is determined solely by supply and demand. a. capitalist economic system b. pure free-market economic system
2. ______
An economic system is a. the types of resources used to produce goods and services. b. the products produced with natural, human, and physical resources. c. wealth used to sustain a business or produce more wealth. d. the social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed.
3. ______
Ecological economists view ______ systems as subsets of ______ systems. a. environmental, economic b. economic, environmental
4. ______
Which of the following is not one of the strategies ecological economists think will help make the shift to an eco-economy? a. Monitor economic and environmental health with indicators b. Phase out subsidies and tax breaks to environmentally harmful industries c. Raise taxes on income and wealth d. Use eco-labeling
5. ______
In the United States, the GPI (genuine progress indicator) per person has steadily ______ since 1975. a. increased b. declined c. remained the same
6. ______
Which of the following is an external cost of car ownership?
a. the price of the gasoline needed to run the car b. the price of car repairs c. the markup paid to the car dealership d. the cost of adding pollutants to the air by driving 7. ______
With full-cost pricing, the cost of most goods and services would a. rise. b. decline.
8. ______
The goal of full-cost pricing is to have people and businesses pay a. the costs of harm they do to others and the environment. b. prices high enough to discourage further environmental abuses. c. only costs directly related to the production of goods and services. d. the minimum price possible for goods and services.
9. ______
A disadvantage of tradable environmental permits is a. they permit prices to be determined by market transactions. b. they are difficult to administer. c. self-monitoring promotes cheating. d. they are inflexible.
10. ______
According to the ______ theory, a growing economy helps the poor by creating jobs, enabling more wealth to reach workers, and providing greater tax revenues that can be used to help the poor. a. wealth gap b. sustainable economic c. trickle-down d. ecological economics
11. ______
Which of the following is not a method for creating more environmentally sustainable economies? a. Reward environmentally-friendly behavior b. Subsidize the use of nonrenewable resources
c. Use full-cost pricing d. Slow population growth 12. ______
Which of the following is an example of an ecologically friendly or "green" career? a. coal mining b. medical technology c. fuel cell technology d. oil and gas exploration
Chapter 25: Politics, Environment, and Sustainability 1. ______
Which of the following does not represent a shift in the type and focus of the environmental problems we face? a. Shift from global to regional concerns b. Increasing concern about the effects of humans on biodiversity c. Growing concern over climate change d. Relying more on the international community to deal with problems
2. ______
Which of the following is not an NGO? a. a university b. a labor union c. a chemical plant d. Sierra Club
3. ______
In evaluating environmental policy, which of the following principles should lawmakers not be guided by? a. The polluter pays principle b. The pollution clean-up principle c. The precautionary principle d. The reversibility principle
4. ______
______ organizations use adaptive management strategies and information flows rapidly to all members. a. Network b. Hierarchical c. Democratic d. Grassroots
5. ______
The president is part of the ______ branch of government. a. legislative b. executive c. judicial
d. defense 6. ______
Policy is composed of ______, regulations, and funding. a. decrees b. laws c. ideas d. bills
7. ______
Election finance reform would benefit environmentalists.
8. ______
True
9. ______
False
10. ______
Biodiversity protection is currently in the ______ stage of the policy life cycle. a. recognition b. formulation c. implementation d. control
11. ______
The anti-environmental movement in America a. is a coalition of state and local governments. b. is funded entirely by contributions from citizens. c. seeks to weaken environmental laws and regulations. d. generally represent the views of most Americans.
12. ______
Without grassroots citizen groups that work to improve environmental quality a. world economies would be less efficient. b. governments would not do anything about environmental issues. c. HIV/AIDS would be a more severe problem globally. d. environmental laws would have been enacted anyway.
13. ______
Polls show that less than ______ of the U.S. public view the environment as one of the nation's most pressing problems. a. 10% b. 20% c. 50% d. 75%
14. ______
Which of the following is not a problem with international environmental treaties? a. Poorly monitored and enforced b. Lack of funding c. Treaties are not integrated d. Do not require full consensus
Chapter 26: Environmental Worldviews, Ethics, and Sustainability 1. ______
Which of the following aspects of Biosphere 2 was successful? a. Maintaining adequate oxygen b. Establishing carbon cycles c. Most of the animal species survived d. Wastewater was effectively recycled
2. ______
Because of their differing ______, people can look at the same data and arrive at different conclusions. a. approaches b. worldviews c. systems d. methods
3. ______
Which of the following views are consistent with a planetary management worldview? a. Nature exists for all of the Earth's species. b. The Earth's limited resources should be used sustainably. c. We are the planet's most important species. d. We must learn to cooperate with nature.
4. ______
Which of the following represents primarily intrinsic value? a. a wildflower blooming in a forest b. a road though a National Park c. a pound of boneless chicken d. a gold mine
5. ______
An anthropocentric worldview ascribes ______ value to humans and ______ value to the rest of nature. a. instrumental, inherent b. utilitarian, instrumental
c. intrinsic, instrumental d. intrinsic, inherent 6. ______
Most eco-feminists espouse a ______ environmental worldview. a. life-centered b. human-centered
7. ______
Voluntary simplicity is based on the principles of a. Rachel Carson. b. Aldo Leopold. c. Albert Einstein. d. Mahatma Gandhi.
8. ______
The environmental revolution that many environmentalists call for requires a. using economic systems to reward earth-sustaining behavior. b. increasing research into technologies for controlling natural processes. c. encouraging free market economies in the developing world. d. encouraging development of pollution cleanup technologies.
9. ______
Which of the following is not one of our basic needs? a. secure and meaningful employment b. a clean and healthy environment c. a higher standard of living d. a sense of belonging
10. ______ A sufficiency revolution involves a. trying to bring everyone up to the same standard of living. b. trying to bring everyone to the U.S. standard of living. c. trying to meet everyone' s basic needs. d. lowering the living standards of people in affluent countries. 11. ______
A solar-hydrogen world would rely on ______ for energy. a. photovoltaic panels
