Memorial on Behalf of Prosecutor

NEHU2016/03-P

NEHU2016/03-P NEHU NATIONAL MOOT COURT COMPETION, 2016 SAVE SOUTH WEST (SSW) VS SOMAVISHU AND OTHERS

IN THE HON’BLE SUPREME COURT ARTICLE 32(1) & (2) O THE CONSTITUITON

WRIT PETITION NO!""!!/2016

SAVE SOUTH WEST (SSW)""""""""""""""""""!!PROSECUTION VS SOMAVISHU AND OTHERS""""""""""""""""!!!!!!!!!!!!DEENDANT NEHU NATIONAL MOOT MOOT COURT COMPETITION, 2016

MEMORIAL ON BEHAL O THE PROSECUTION

COUNSEL APPEARIN# APPEARIN# ON BEHAL O PROSECUTION

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NEHU2016/03-P

TABLE O CONTENTS$

NAME$ 1! INDE INDE% % O AUTHO UTHORI RIT T List of abbreviations. I! II! List of statutes. III! Lists of books and arti!es referred Lists of internet sites IV! IV!

PA#E NO$ 3-5 3 4 4 4-5

6 "-10 11 12 13-3" 13 -1" 1$-2$ 2%-3" 3$

2! 3! ! ! 6!

STATEMENT STA EMENT O O 'URISD 'URISDICT ICTION ION STA ST ATEMENT EMENT O O A ACTS CTS ISSU ISSUES ES INV INVOL OLV VED SUMMA SUMMAR R O AR#U AR#UME MENT NTS S BOD BO D O AR#UM R#UMEN ENTS TS!! i. #ssue 1 ii. #ssue 2 iii. #ssue 3 *! PRAER

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NEHU2016/03-P INDE% O AUTHORIT

I !LIST O ABBREVIATIONS

P#L N'( *.#.+ H.P.    e . E+ P +  P #L+ *.P *rt. .  N' EP* P   P  rP e  er

Pub!i #nterest Liti&ation Non 'overn)ent or&anisation *!! #ndia +e,orter Hi)aa! Hi)aa ! Prades Prade s u,re)e ourt ases etion E#* +esoure and +es,onse entre us,ended Parti!e atter +es,irab!e us,ended Parti!e atter #ndian La +e,orts *ndra Prades *rti!e u,re)e ourt o),ressed Natura! 'as Environ)enta! Protetion *t tate Po!!ution ontro! oard entra! Po!!ution ontro! oard ode of ri)ina! Proedure era!a

UP

Uttar Prades

II! LIST O STATUTES! • • • • • • • • •

onstitution of #ndia Environ)enta! Protetion *t 7e #ndian 8orest *t 1%2" 7e 8orest onservation *t 1%$0 7e edu!ed 7ribes 7ribes and oter 7raditiona! 7raditiona! 8orest 9e!!ers *t 2006 7e ines and inera!s *t 1%5" 7e 8atories *t 1%4$ ode of ri)ina! Proedure 1%"3 #ndian Pena! ode 1$60 :ater :a ter Prevention *nd ontro! (f Po!!ution *t 1%"4 3

NEHU2016/03-P

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toko!) 9e!aration 1%"2 III! LISTS O BOO+S AND ARTICLES ARTICLES REERRED

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erria) :ebster 9itionar; tate of te Environ)ent +e,ort < 2003 <inin& and =uarr;in& urve; of Environ)enta! > oio-Eono)i #),ats of #nteri) an on inin& in 'oa <

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E+ 'oa #ndia #ndian tandard 'uide for 7reat)ent and 9is,osa! of tee! P!ant Eff!uents  eond

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+e,rint *U'U7 1%%4 #ndustria! Po!!ution < 7e :ater Prevention and ontro! of Po!!ution *t 1%"4

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*s,;?iation of )a@or rivers. onstitution of #ndia < A.N. A.N. uk!a onstitution of #ndia < .P. Bain La of 7orts < +.. an&ia Environ)enta! La < 9r. ukanta . Nanda Environ)enta! La - 9r. . . 7ri,ati 7ri,ati Environ)enta! La - 9r. .+. ;neni (?ford ditionar;

IV! LIST O INTERENT SITES • • • • • • • •

.environ)enta!nationa!&eo&ra,i.o). .i,. .iki,esdia.or&. .eartobservator;.nasa.&ov. .;ourarti!e!ibrar;.o) .freeditionar;.o) .,!annin&o))ission.ni.in .!e&a!serviesindia.o).

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NEHU2016/03-P STATEMENT O 'URISDICTION$

7e HonCb!e u,re)e ourt of o)avisu as te @urisdition to entertain te P#L fi!ed b; te ave out :est N'( under *rti!e *rti!e 321 > 2 of te onstitution. o nstitution.

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NEHU2016/03-P STATEMENT STATEMENT O ACTS$ 1! T T . .   S45 S457 78 8!! o)avisu is a ountr; of )an; re!i&ions and etniit; i as te sared istor;

of !ivin& to&eter. #t as 25 states and % union &overned territories and ea state boundar; is &enera!!; )ade eiter on te basis of re&iona! !an&ua&e or re&iona! etniit;. 2! T S89 S89 W W7 799 R R  S45 S457 78! 8! 7at te out :est :est +e&ion of o)avisu is te re&ion of ut)ost !an&ua&e and etnia! diversit; and it onsists of % states. 7is re&ion of o)avisu is knon for its seni natura! beaut; diversified u!tures and diversified uisine. 7is re&ion is )ost!; o),rised of )an; o))unities of triba! ,o,u!ations !ivin& tere fro) ti)es i))e)oria!. 7is o!e re&ion is o),rised of i!!s forests and )an; fast f!oin& rivers. 7ou& te area of tis re&ion o),rised of o n!; 5D of te tota! &eo&ra,ia! area of o)avisu but it onsists of )ore tan 30D 30 D of its forest over. 3! T T R R    S8 S85 54 4!! ua)o as situated on te i& a!titudes in te entra! ,art of te uta!ia. #t is a!so te ori&in ,oint of tree i),ortant rivers of te state uta!ia one is inasi seond is +ikan& and tird is Puru&. 7ese rivers e)anates fro) te !ake u!ao) in tree different diretions. Lake u!ao) as situated on te i&est a!titudes of te soutest re&ion. 7ou& tis !ake as ,art of te distrit ua)o but it re)ained uninabitab!e in inter due to its &eo&ra,ia! !oation. *!)ost a!! te ities of te state uta!ia ere situated on one or oter of tese tree rivers. ua)o as situated on te river inasi and tis river is te i),ortant soure of ater for ua)o it;.  it;. ! S854 S854  5: 5: 97 P;8 P;8<59 <59 !! . 7e ,eo,!e of ua)o and uta!ia as orsi,,ed te Lake u!ao) and te tree

rivers e)anatin& fro) it sine ti)e i))e)oria! and te !ake and tese rivers are re!i&ious!; ver; i),ortant to te ,eo,!e !ivin& tere. #n fat an annua! ,i!&ri)a&e is )ade b; te !oa! ,o,u!ation to Lake u!ao) on a da; tat &enera!!; fa!!s in a; and a!)ost one tent of te ,o,u!ation ,o,u !ation of uta!ia visit u!ao) on tis aus,iious da;. 7is da; is a!a;s de!ared a o!ida; b; b ; te tate 'overn)ent. 7e !ake u!ao) and an d tese rivers for) an indis,ensib!e ,art of te re!i&ion of ,eo, !e of uta!ia and ua)o. *round $0D of te ,eo,!e ,eo, !e of ua)o !ive in te distrit eadFuarter of ua)o it; i is te first u)an abitation in te ourse o urse of river inasi. 7e ,eo,!e of ua)o is ver; )u de,endent on river inasi for ater in da; to da; ,ur,oses and te river )eans 6

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a !ot to te) bot in te),ora! and re!i&ious senses. (n!; 30D ,o,u!ation o f ua)o it; as ta, ater onnetivit; and rest "0D ,o,u!ation diret!; use te ater of river inasi for teir da; to da; ,ur,oses. *!so te fis G of river inasi as a!so been te basi soure of ,rotein and oter i),ortant nutrients of te ,o,u!ation ,o ,u!ation of ua)o it;. 8is GC are te s,eifiit; of on!; te tree rivers of te re&ion tat e)anate e )anate fro) Lake u!ao). E?e,t te ater of rivers inasi +ikan& and Puru& no oter rivers of te re&ion ave fis GC in su abundant Fuantit;. 8is 8is IGJ serves as one of te sta,!es of te ,eo,!e of ua)o. u a)o. 7e !itera; rate of ,eo,!e of ua)o it; is on!; 25D. ! #.4 #.49 9 ;<5 ;<5  =>55 =>559 9 5: 5: S9< S9< :879. :879.? ? #n 1%$0 te entra! &overn)ent of o)avisu onduted a &eo!o&ia! surve; in te o!e of te ountr; to assess te ,resene of natura! resoures. 7is surve; indiated te ,resene of iron and oter va!uab!e )inera!s in te sout est re&ion of te ountr;. #n te subseFuent ;ears te ,!annin& as been )ade to e?trat e? trat tese natura! resoures. *s ,er tis ,!an te e?avation as to start fro) a distrit ua)o in te state state uta!ia and ten subseFuent!; it as to be e?,anded e?, anded in oter distrits and states of tis re&ion. 7is ,!an as )ade b; te o))ittee onstituted b; te entra! 'overn)ent of o)avisu and it as onsisted of e)inent en&ineers environ)enta!ist and oter notab!e ,ersona!ities of te re&ion. 7is ,!an as a!so indiated indiated te ,robab!e environ)enta! onseFuenes and su&&ested tat environ)enta! effets of te e?avation in ua)o sou!d be a,,raised before undertakin& an; e?,ansion of te e?avation ativities in te re&ion. Hoever neiter neiter tere as an; o))uniation of su to te ,eo,!e of ua)o nor ere tere an; re,orts of su a,,raisa! an;ere. Hoever aordin& to te above )entioned ,!an te entra! &overn)ent of o)avisu started e?avation of tese )inera! resoures in distrit ua)o in 1%%0. Lar&e sates of forest !ands ere !eared to )ake tis e? avation ,ossib!e. #n addition to te above )entioned ,!an an iron and stee! industr; as a!so estab!ised in 1%%" to )ake stee! and oter re!ated )ateria!s fro) te e?trated iron ores. 7e !ar&e unk of ater of te river inasi near its ori&in ,oint as b een diverted to fu!fi! te de)ands of te ater for tis industr;. 6! A9. 9 >;9 >;9   =>559 =>559 5>997 5>997 5: 5: 795@<749 795@<749  79< 79< 5: . . :879.?! 7

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7e &overn)ent as set u, a ater ,urifiation ,!ant to treat te used ater of stee! industr; tat never orked ,ro,er!;. 7e !oa! nes ,a,ers ave re,orted )an; instanes en te untreated ater fro) te stee! industr; ad been a!!oed to &o into river inasi. 7e &overn)ent autorities re!ated to te stee! industr; ave so)eti)es a!so ae,ted tis fat and ,!eaded so)e tenia! tenia ! reasons for te instanes. 7e nearb; forest areas ave a!so been !eared to du), oter &arba&e resu!tin& fro) tis industr;. 8ro) 1%%$ to 2015 tere are a!)ost 50 su instanes ere fou! ater fro) te iron industr; &ot )er&ed in river inasi. (n su oasions te ater of river inasi turned fu!! of dead aFuati reatures its o!our  an&ed and it bea)e fu!! of bad odour. 9urin& tese da;s te )ost of te ,eo,!e of ua)o it; ave to de,end on te ater fro) so)e natura! s,rin&s or natura! !akes tat are !oated Fuite far aa; fro) te it; for teir basi ater needs. 7ere as a!so been te inrease in te nu)ber of ater borne diseases in ua)o it; and ad@oinin& areas and fro) 2000 to 2015 tere as been 20000 re,orted ases of su diseases on!; in ua)o it; and a!)ost 1000 deats ave a!so been re,orted durin& su ,eriod fro) tese diseases. 7is ,eriod as a!so itnessed substantia! fa!! in te nu)ber of fis G in river inasi and b; 2015 tese fises ave on!; been in vo&ue for teir sant ,resene in inasi. 7is as a!so aused &reat defiienies in ,rotein and oter nutritiona! intake of te ,o,u!ation of ua)o it; and resu!ted in )assive )a!nutrition. *s *s ,er te ,ub!ised re,orts in nes ,a,er tat is based on te stud; of :or!d :or!d Environ)enta! 8oru) a a re,uted environ)enta! N'( te basi reason for tese diseases is )i?in& )i?in& of untreated ater of iron industr; into river inasi. 7is stud; as a!so ,ointed out tat te re!eased ater fro) ater ,urifiation ,!ant !aks in essentia! o),onent of )inera! KC of ori&ina! ater of river inasi tat is te s,eifiit; of te rivers ori&inatin& fro) Lake u!ao). #t as indiated tat tis )a; be te one of te reasons for te e?tintion of 8is GC fro) river inasi. 7e ater of oter natura! !akes and strea)s situated in oter ,arts of distrit ua)o as a!so started to an&e its o!our and taste fro) 2010 onards and so)e of tese !akes and s,rin&s ave a!so turned barren b; 2014. 7is o!e situation as reated a &reat e?istentia! treat for te ,eo,!e of ua)o. *! # #. .4 49 9 79; 79;7! 7! 7e entra! &overn)ent of o)avisu it te e!, of state &overn)ent of uta!ia as o)e it te idea of su,,!;in& ta, ater to ea and ever; ouseo!d of ua)o in 8

NEHU2016/03-P

9ee)ber 2014 and tis as to be o),!eted b; end of 201". ut no oter ,!an as been )ade to restore te ,ristine natura! ondition of river inasi and ad@oinin& areas. ! S9;7 S9;7 B? S5 S5 S89 S89 W W79 79 5 L>5< L>5< N#O N#O 7akin& 7akin& in te onern of te !oa! ,eo,!e and teir ,!i&t , !i&t a !oa! N'( na)ed ave

out :estC :estC : : as or&anied a ,rotest )ar on 10t *u&ust 2015 in ua)o distrit a&ainst te te environ)enta! de&radation of te re&ion and sub)itted sub)itted )e)orandu) of de)ands to te 9istrit a&istrate. 7e )e)orandu) de)andedM Firstly Firstly tat a!! te e?avation orks sou!d i))ediate!; sto, in te distrit ua)o and no furter e?,ansion of su ativities sou!d be onsidered. Secondly Secondly tat te stee! industr; estab!ised in distrit ua)o sou!d be !osed i))ediate!; and no ater sou!d be taken fro) river inasi for an; an ; oter ,ur,oses tan its traditiona! use. Thirdly Thirdly tat te entra! and state &overn)ents sou!d i))ediate!; ,re,are a ,!an for restoration of natura! ,ristine beaut; of distrit ua)o. Fourthly ua)o. Fourthly tat te &overn)ent sou!d ,a; o),ensation to te ,eo,!es or teir nearest nea rest re!atives o ave been affeted b; an ; of te ater borne disease in ua)o ua )o it; sine te estab!is)ent of stee! industr; and a!so te &overn)ent sou!d ,rovide nutritiona! are free of ost to a!! te ,o,u!ation of ua)o it; ti!! te abundane of fis GC in te river inasi is aieved. Hoever te state and entra! &overn)ents i&norin& te ,!i&t of te ,eo,!e ave turned a b!ind e;e to te) and denied tese de)ands and asserted tat it i!! not sto, an; e?avation or stee! industr; ativities. #t as a!so taken no ste,s to address te ,rob!e)s of te ,eo,!e of ua)o. 7e &overn)ents ave dis)issed te va!id onerns of te ,eo,!e and dis)issive!; &iven te reason tat te &!oba! !i)ate an&e and )ore tan 50D sorta&e in rainfa!! in tis re&ion durin& 2000 to 2014 )a; be te reason beind a!! tese environ)enta! !osses. ISSUES INVOLVED! 1! WHETHER THERE IS AN AN LIN+A#E LIN+A#E BETWEEN THE THE ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL LOSES AND DE#RADATION/POLLUTION AND THE E%CAVATION ACTIVITIES AND ESTABLISHMENT O IRON AND STEEL INDUSTR 2! WHETHER THE STATE STATE AND THE CENTRAL #OVERNMENT #OVERNME NT SHOULD STOP ALL E%CAVATION ACTIVITIES AND CLOSE THE STEEL INDUSTR AND BE

9

NEHU2016/03-P RESPONISBLE OR THE RESTORATION RESTORATION O NATURAL NATURAL PRISTINE BEAUT O SUHAMO 3! WHETHER WHETHER THE STATE STATE AND AND THE CENTRAL #OVERNMENT #OVERNMENT SHOULD SHOULD PA PA COMPENSATION COMPENSATION AND REE NUTRITIONAL CARE OR THE PEOPLE IN SUHAMO WHO WERE AECTED

10

NEHU2016/03-P SUMMAR O AR#UMENTS 1! WHETHER THERE IS AN AN LIN+A#E LIN+A#E BETWEEN THE THE ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL LOSES AND DE#RADATION/POLLUTION AND THE E%CAVATION ACTIVITIES AND ESTABLISHMENT O IRON AND STEEL INDUSTR A7! 7, 9. 7 <5 @9 9 .495< <77 5: :.5:59/;<<89 5: 9 =>559 5>997 5: 795@<749  . 5: 79< :879.? 57 >5 @ 795@<7: 9.8 9 5>9 79 5: >78>7  9 598.  5>997 5: 9 >8..9 7>5.  9 ;.79 :5?! 2! WHETHER THE STATE STATE AND THE CENTRAL #OVERNMENT #OVERNME NT SHOULD STOP ALL E%CAVATION ACTIVITIES AND CLOSE THE STEEL INDUSTR AND BE RESPONISBLE OR THE RESTORATION RESTORATION O NATURAL NATURAL PRISTINE BEAUT O SUHAMO A7! 7, 9 7959 5: 9 >9.5< .49 78<: 79; 5<< =>559 5>997 5: ><7 9 79< :879.? 5: @ .7;7@< . 9 .79.59  598.5< ;.79 @589?  S854 57 9 :9  S959 457 9 @: . 94 9 @ .7;7@< 5: 5<7 9 8:5495< .97  9 ;;< . . <59:! T #.49 7 5<7 .7;7@< @>587  9 <59  .495< ;.>;<7, :.9 <7<597 5: 9.595< >97! I9 7 5<7 .7;7@< . 97 @.5>  <5< :89? 5: >.59 5 ;8@<> 875>! 3! WHETHER WHETHER THE STATE STATE AND AND THE CENTRAL #OVERNMENT #OVERNMENT SHOULD SHOULD PA PA COMPENSATION COMPENSATION AND REE NUTRITIONAL CARE OR THE PEOPLE IN SUHAMO WHO WERE AECTED A7 7, 9 7959 5: 9 >9.5< .49 78<: ;5? >4;759 5: . 89.95< >5. . 9 ;;<  S854  . 5>9: @>587 9 <777 >8..: ;7: 5 =7995< 9.59 9 9 ;;<  S854 5: 9 79;7 95 @? 9 #.49 . 78>9 5: 5:859! T #.49 7 5<7 <5@< 9 ;5? >4;759 @>587 9 7 .7;7@< . 9 8:. 9.9 5: .495< ;.>;<7 5: :8 9 97 @.5>  <5< :897 BOD O AR#UMENTS$ ISSUE 1$ 11

NEHU2016/03-P

1! WHETHER WHETHER THERE THERE IS AN AN LIN+A#E LIN+A#E BETWEEN BETWEEN THE ENVIRONME ENVIRONMENTA NTAL L LOSES AND DE#RADATION/POLLUTION AND THE E%CAVATION ACTIVITIES AND ESTABLISHMENT O IRON AND STEEL INDUSTR

Kes tere tere is !inka&e beteen te environ)enta! !oses and de&radation/,o!!ution and te e?avation ativities and estab!is)ent of iron and stee! industr; as beause 1!1 T 5>9 79 ;.:7 ;.:7 959 7> 9 >;9  97 5>997 9. 9. 57 @ .495< <77! 7e out :est +e&ion o)avisu is o),rised of on!; 5D of its &eo&ra,ia! area

oever it onsists of )ore tan 30D of its forest over and is te o)e of )an; o))unities of triba! ,o,u!ations !ivin& tere fro) ti)es i))e)oria!. ine te ine,tion of e?avation ativities in ua)o in 1%%0 and te estab!is)ent of iron and stee! industr; in 1%%"Ma. Lar&e Lar&e sates sates of forest forest !and ere ere !eared !eared to )ake )ake e?avation e?avation ativitie ativitiess ,ossib!e ,ossib!e and a!so a!so nearb; forest areas of te stee! and iron industr; ave a!so been !eared to du), oter &arba&e resu!tin& fro) te industr; !eadin& to deforestation. b. Lar&e unk of te ater of te river inasi i ori&inates fro) Lake u!ao) at ua)o itse!f as been diverted to fu!fi! te needs for tese ativities and industr;. . #n )an; re,orted re,orted instan instanes es te untreated untreated ater ater fro) fro) te stee! stee! industr; industr; as as been a!!oed a!!oed to &o to river inasi fro) te ater ,urifiation ,!ant estab!ised to treat used ater fro) te industr; i as never orked ,ro,er!;. d. 8ro) 1%%$ 1%%$ to 2015 tere tere are a!)ost a!)ost 50 su instan instanes es ere ere fou! ater ater fro) te te iron industr; &ot )er&ed in river inasi and on su oasions te ater of te river inasi turned fu!! of dead aFuati reatures its o!our an&ed and it bea)e fu!! of bad odour. e. 8ro) 2000 2000 to 2015 2015 tere ere ere 20000 20000 re,orted re,orted ases ases of diseases diseases on!; in ua)o it; it; and a!)ost 1000 deats fro) tose diseases. 7ere as been a!so inrease in te nu)ber of ater borne diseases in ua)o it; and ad@oinin& areas. f. 7is ,eriod ,eriod as a!so a!so itnessed itnessed substa substantia! ntia! fa!! fa!! in te te nu)ber of fis G in in river inasi inasi and and b; 2015 tese fises ave on!; been in vo&ue for teir sant ,resene in inasi. &. 7e ater of oter oter natura! natura! !akes and strea)s strea)s situat situated ed in oter ,arts ,arts of distrit distrit ua)o ua)o as a!so started to an&e its o!our and an d taste fro) 2010 onards and so)e of tese !akes and s,rin&s ave a!so turned barren b; 2014. 1!2! D.7959 <5:7 9 .495< :.5:59 5: .495< <777!

12

NEHU2016/03-P

!earin& out !ar&e areas of forests itout re,airin& or restorin& it bak to its ori&ina! state !eads to deforestation1. #n ua)o as evidened b; te fat seet te forests !eared ere used for non forestr; ,ur,ose i.e. for e?avation ativities and for industr; ,ur,oses and as not been re&enerated tus !eadin& to te onseFuenes of deforestation. *ordin& to #nter&overn)enta! Pane! on !i)ate an&e deforestation ou!d aount for u, to a tird of tota! antro,o&eni arbon dio?ide e)issions2 i is a &reenouse &as3 and is one of te )a@or ontributors of &!oba! ar)in& and &!oba! !i)ate an& e and a!so affetin& te rainfa!! in a ,!ae or area4. (ne of te )ost serious onseFuenes of deforestation is a !oss of biodiversit; and dis,!ae)ent of indi&enous  o))unities. 9eforestation !eads to stress of environ)enta! an&e i )a; )ake so)e s,eies )ore suse,tib!e to te effet of insets ,o!!ution and diseases5. #n ua)o as evidened b; te fat seet e see )ore tan 50D sorta&e in rainfa!! in te re&ion durin& 2000 -2014 after te estab!is)ent of industr; as a onseFuene of deforestation resu!tin& in te environ)enta! !osses and de&radation and ,o!!ution. E.495< P<<89$ Environ)enta! Po!!ution is ,resene of substanes in@urious to te environ)ent i.e. in !and ater air soi! soi! et. and environ)enta! env iron)enta! de&radation is ,o!!ution of te natura! environ)ent. *ordin& to Sec 2(c) of T E.49 (P.9>9) A>9, 1F6 Ienviron)enta! ,o!!utionJ )eans te ,resene in te environ)ent of an; environ)enta! ,o!!utant. +e,roduin& Sec 2(b) of T E.49 (P.9>9) A>9, 1F6 G Ienviron)enta! ,o!!utantJ )eans an; so!id  !iFuid or &aseous substane ,resent in su onentration as )a; be or tend to be in@urious to te environ)ent

.environ)ent.nationa!&eo&ra,i.o). na!&eo&ra,i.o). 1 9eforestation - .environ)ent.natio 2 9eforestation- .i,.

3 'reenouse &as < .i,.

4 7ro,ia! deforestation < !i)ate an&e < .eartobservator;.nasa.&ov.

onseFuenes of 9eforestation in #ndia -; Pu@a onda! < 5 9eforestation in #ndiaM auses and onseFuenes .;ourarti!e!ibrar;.o) 13

NEHU2016/03-P

+e,roduin& Sec 2(a) of T E.49 (P.9>9) A>9, 1F6 G Ienviron)entJ in!udes ater air and !and and te inter-re!ationsi, i e?ists a)on& and beteen ater air and !and and u)an bein&s oter !ivin& reatures ,!ants )iro-or&anis) and ,ro,ert; 1!3 E=>559 E=>559 5>997 5: :879.5< 5>997 5>997 4;5>97 5: :.5:7/;<<897 :.5:7/;<<897 9 .49! 1!3!1! E?avation is te ,roess of e?avatin& i.e. unoverin& b; di&&in& aa; and

re)ovin& te eart tat overs it6 and )inin&" ,oses a serious environ)enta! treat. (ne of te onseFuenes of )inin& in i& a!titudes is te erosion of e?,osed i!!sides )ine du),s resu!tant si!tation of draina&es reeks and rivers i an si&nifiant!; i),at te surroundin& areas !ike te &iant (k 7edi ine in Pa,ua Ne 'uinea. #n forest or i!d are as )inin& an ause disturbane and destrution of eos;ste)s $ as evidened in ua)o. 1. 7e environ)ent environ)enta! a! i),at i),at of e?avation e?avation in!udes in!udes erosio erosion n and onta)inati onta)ination on of soi! soi! surfae and &round ater b; e)ia! fro) )inin& ,roesses i an resu!t in unnatura!!; i& onentration of so)e e)ia!s e )ia!s su as arseni su!,uri aid over a si&nifiant area of surfae of ater and in ater %. #ron )inin& re!ease ,o!!utants su as !orides ferrous su!,ate ferri ;dro?ide su!,uri aid  ;dro&en su!,ide sus,ended so!ids et10 into ater ausin& aid )ine draina&e11.8ro) tis it an be estab!ised tat an&e in te odour odo ur and taste in natura! !akes and strea)s in ua)o as been due to e)ia! onta)ination !eadin& to environ)enta! de&radation. 2. inin& inin& auses destru destrution tion of abitat abitat of aFuati aFuati ani)a!s ani)a!s b; diret diret ,oisonin& ,oisonin& aused aused b; e?trated )ateria!12 in tis ase iron ore and s,eies e?tintion b; onta)ination of :ebster 9itionar; 6 E?avation - erria) :ebster 7 ine < . tefreeditionar;.o)

8 tate of te Environ)ent +e,ort < 2003 <inin& and =uarr;in&

9 ibid

10 id

11 onseFuenes of )inin& < .iki,edia.or&

12 ibid

14

NEHU2016/03-P

&round and surfae ater b; b ; e)ia! if tere is a i& !eve! of !oa! ende)is)13 as in te ase of 8is G i s!o!; &ot de,!eted d e,!eted fro) ua)o. 3. inin& inin& a!so auses auses soi! erosion erosion and destruti destrution on of i!!s and seni seni natura! natura! beaut;. beaut;. 14 (n a surve; re,ort on )inin& and Fuarr;in& in te tate of arnataka it as found tat )inin& and Fuarr;in& ativities !ead to ,rob!e)s !ike !and de&radation de&radation of forests and derease in biodiversit; surfae ater ,o!!ution air ,o!!ution due to P and +P and environ)enta! de&radation. *!so in 'oa as b; surve; re,ort of E+15 ons!au&t of )inin& as !eft rivers and a&riu!tura! !ands si!ted. #n te ase of Rural Litigation Litigation and Entitlement Entitlement Kendra, Dehradun Dehradun v State State of Uttar Pradesh Pradesh ! te ourt found tat )inin& o,erations ad

adverse eo!o&ia! effets. *!so in Kin"ri Devi v State of #imachal #imachal Pradesh Pradesh $ tat )inin& as ausin& &ross da)a&e to te i!!s as a!so te ,eo,!e !ivin& in te area. a rea. 7us it an be said tat te e?avation or )inin& of ores in ua)o as aused environ)enta! de&radation. 1!3!2 #ndustries are a serious treat to te environ)ent. #ndustries are one of te )a@or auses of environ)enta! de&radation and ,o!!ution ,o !!ution and auses air ater soi! soi! !and et ,o!!ution1$. #ndustria! disar&es auses aidit; in te ater and eff!uents or e)ia! aste auses ater ,o!!ution. :aste ater fro) a stee! ,!ant an ause ater ,o!!ution on te fo!!oin& as,etsM a. us,ended us,ended so!ids so!ids sa!e sa!e sand burden fines fines f!; as as oa! oa! oke oke et et b. Heat oo!in& ater boi!er b!odon et . (i! ro!!in& ro!!in& )i!! )i!! oi!s oi!s !ubriants !ubriants ;drau!i ;drau!i oi!s oi!s Fuen oi! oi! fue! oi! so!vent so!vents s tar ,it ,it et d. e)ia!s e)ia!s ,ik!e ,ik!e !iFuor !iFuor aid aid s!ud&e s!ud&e austi austi as !i)e !i)e brine !eaners !eaners s,ent a))oniaa! a))onia NH3O !iFuor to?i e)ia!s boi!er b!o-don et and 9itionar; 13 Ende)is) < (?ford 9itionar; 14 tate of te Environ)ent +e,ort < 2003 <inin& and =uarr;in&

15 urve; of Environ)enta! > oio-Eono)i #),ats of #nteri) an on inin& in 'oa < E+ 'oa

#ndia 16 1%$5 2  431O

17 *.#.+. 1%$$. H.P. 4.

18 Environ)enta! La < 9r. ukanta. . Nanda

15

NEHU2016/03-P

e. anitar; anitar; astes astes do)est do)esti i sea&e sea&e fro) an&e roo)s roo)s toi!et toi!ets s anteen anteen et. et. 7e stee! ,!ant aste terefore )a; ause sedi)entation on te bed of te reeivin& ater ourse or )a; be in@urious to aFuati !ife and render ater soures unfit for u)an onsu),tion as e!! as for industria! use1%. #t is tus evident tat in ua)o ere untreated ater fro) te industr; as re!eased in )an; instanes tat tere as been ater ,o!!ution20 and a!so onsiderab!e ar) to river inasi and in@ur; and deat of te aFuati ani)a!s tere and tus environ)enta! de&radation in te re&ion. re&ion. 7us takin& in te aterborne aterborne diseases in ua)o sine te estab!is)ent of te industr; it an be said tat te eff!uents re!eased b; te industr; in river inasi are te ause of ea!t aards to u)an21 and te ause of te diseases and deat in ua)o. Pressures due to disar&es of i&!; o),!e? astes fro) industries ave resu!ted in onsiderab!e de&radation in te Fua!it; of ater soures. #ndiation of tese deteriorations in!udes de,!etion of o? ;&en e?essive ,resene of ,ato&ens bad odour et. et.22 %ellore &iti'ens &i ti'ens elfare elfare *orum v Union of +ndia 2 te enor)ous disar&e #n te ase of %ellore of untreated eff!uents b; tanneries as dee)ed ,o!!ution and te u,re)e ourt e!d tat su industries tou& are of vita! i),ortane to te ountr;Cs deve!o,)ent but te; annot be a!!oed to destro; te eo!o&; de&rade te environ)ent and ,ose a ea!t aard. #n te ase -. Rama Krishan Rao v -he &hairman, #UD/ 0 1thers 2 te *ndra Prades Hi& ourt said tat ater ,o!!utants are of to kinds i.e. onventiona! ater ,o!!utants and Non-onventiona! :ater :ater ,o!!utants. e)ia! and industria! industria! ,o!!utants i

19 #ndian tandard 'uide for 7reat)ent and 9is,osa! of tee! P!ant Eff!uents  eond +e,rint

*U'U7 1%%4 20 :ater ,o!!ution < 9r ..+ ;neni

:ater Prevention and ontro! of Po!!ution *t *t 1%"4 *s,;?iation of 21 #ndustria! Po!!ution < 7e :ater )a@or rivers .,!annin&o))ission.ni.in ion.ni.in 22 #ndia 2025
24 #L+ 2001 2. *.P 1$6 9

16

NEHU2016/03-P

are tron or diverted into ater anne!s anne !s !ike rivers and !akes et ere e!d to be nononventiona! ater ,o!!utants. 1!! C8..9 S>5.  I:5 7e rivers abar)ati ut!e@ u t!e@ Ka)una Ka)una 'odaari 'o)ti a!i et. are urrent!; i&!; ,o!!uted beause of do)esti and industria! aste25. *!so )inin& ativities in arnataka26 and 'oa2" ave &reat!; ontributed to environ)enta! de&radation and ,o!!ution in tose ,!aes. 7us it an be said tat tere is !inka&e beteen te environ)enta! en viron)enta! !oses and de&radation/,o!!ution and te e?avation ativities and estab!is)ent of iron and stee! industr; in ua)o and out :est +e&ion of o)avisu.

ISSUE 2 WHETHER THE STATE AND THE CENTRAL #OVERNMENT SHOULD STOP ALL E%CAVATION ACTIVITIES AND CLOSE THE STEEL INDUSTR AND BE RESPONISBLE OR THE RESTORATION O NATURAL PRISTINE BEAUT O SUHAMO 2!1 T :9  9 9.4 7959 457 9 @:  94 9 @ .7;7@< . 9 .79.59$

7e ativities of e?avation and estab!is)ent of iron and stee! industr; as an initiative of te entra! &overn)ent of o)avisu. 7is ,!an as )ade b; te i& !eve! o))ittee onstituted b; te entra! 'overn)ent of o)avisu a nd it as onsisted of e)inent en&ineers environ)enta!ist and oter notab!e ,ersona!ities of te re&ion. *rt 12 &ives an e?tended si&nifiane to te ter) stateC. *rt 12 !arifies tat te ter) state ourrin& in art 132 or an; oter ,rovision onernin& funda)enta! ri&ts as an e?, ansive )eanin&. +e,roduin& *rt 12M *ordin& to *rt 12 te ter) tateC in!udesM .,!annin&o))ission.ni.in 25 #ndia 2025 - Environ)ent < aeen in&a! - .,!annin&o))ission.ni.in 26 tate of te Environ)ent +e,ort < 2003 <inin& and =uarr;in&

27 urve; of Environ)enta! > oio-Eono)i #),ats of #nteri) an on inin& in 'oa < E+ 'oa

#ndia 17

NEHU2016/03-P

1 7e 'overn)ent and te Par!ia)ent 2 7e 'overn)ent and te Le&is!ature Le& is!ature of a state 3 *!! !oa! autorities > 4 (ter autorities itin te territor; of Nation or under te ontro! of te entra! 'overn)ent. 7e ations of an; of te bodies o),rised itin te ter) tateC as defined in *rt *rt 12 an be a!!en&ed before te ourts under *rt 32 on te &round of vio!ation of funda)enta! ri&ts. ri&ts. *!so re,roduin& *rt 32 +e,roduin& *rti!e 32 of te onstitutionM on stitutionM +e)edies for enfore)ent of ri&ts onferred b; tis Part. - 1 7e ri&t to )ove te u,re)e ourt b; a,,ro,riate ,roeedin&s for te enfore)ent of te ri&ts onferred b; tis Part is &uaranteed. .......................... ........................... 4 7e ri&t &uaranteed b; tis arti!e sa!! not be sus,ended e?e,t as oterise ,rovided for b; tis onstitution. *rti!e 32 is te ke; ,rovision as it &ives teet to te funda)enta! ri&ts and )akes it @ustifiab!e2$. 7e effet of te *rti!e is tat te funda)enta! ri&ts is avai!ab!e a&ainst te 'overn)ent and )akes it !iab!e for infrin&e)ent of te). ine due to tose e?avation ativities a!on& it te estab!is)ent of iron and stee! industr; aused e ?istentia! treat to te !ive!iood of te ,eo,!e of ua)o vio!atin& teir basi ri&t to !ife. 2!2 8:5495< .97  9 ;;<  S89 W79 R . <59:

7e out :est +e&ion of o)avisu as )ost!; o),rised of )an; o))unities o ))unities of triba! ,o,u!ation ose funda)enta! ri&ts ere vio!ated b; te &overn)ent deisions. *+7. *+7. 14 statesM I7e states sa!! not den; to an; ,erson eFua!it; before te !a or te eFua! eFu a! ,rotetion of te !as itin te territor; of #ndia.J #ndia.J 7e ri&t to eFua!it; )a; a!so be infrin&ed b; &overn)ent deisions tat ave an i),at on te environ)ent. *n arbitrar; ation )ust neessari!; invo!ve a ne&ation of eFua!it; tus urban

28 onstitution < .P. Bain

18

NEHU2016/03-P

environ)enta! &rou,s often resort to *rt.14 to Fuas arbitrar; )unii,a! ,er)ission for onstrution tat are ontrar; to deve!o,)ent re&u!ations. 2!2!1! R9 9 < 5: <@.9? (A.9>< 21)

*rti!e 21 states tatMNo ,erson sa!! be de,rived of is !ife or ,ersona! !ibert; e?e,t aordin& to ,roedure estab!ised b; !a. #n aneka 'andi v Union of #ndia te u,re)e ourt i!e e!uidatin& on te i),ortane of te ri&t to !ifeC under *rt. 21 e!d tat te ri&t to !ife is not onfined to )ere ani)a! e?istene but e?tends to te ri&t to !ive it te basi u)an di&nit;. a&ati B. 2!2!1!1 V<59  9 .9 9 59. :: @? 9 ;;<

7e ri&t to ater is a basi need of te ,eo,!e and as been e!d as a funda)enta! ri&t under *rti!e 21 of te onstitution. 5a6udu27 te u,re)e ourt e!d I:ater is te basi need for te #n /PP&3 v 4.% 5a6udu

surviva! of u)an bein&s and is ,art of te ri&t to !ife and u)an ri&ts as ensrined in *rt 21 of te onstitution of #ndia.J #n ua)o around around "0D of te ,eo,!e use ater fro) river inasi for teir da; to da; ,ur,oses sine te; do not ave aess to ta, ater and te river inasi is ver; i),ortant to te). Hoever for use industria! ,ur,oses a !ar&e unk of river inasi as diverted to fu!fi! its de)ands. ine river inasi ori&inated fro) Lake u !ao) in ua)o an; ar) a r) aused to river inasi ou!d not on!; a),er te ri&ts of ,eo,!e of ua)o i is te first u)an abitation in te ourse of te river but a!so oter u)an abitations in te ourse of te river. *ess to drinkin& drinkin& ater is te funda)enta! funda)enta! ri&t of te te ,eo,!e as it te te basi need of ,eo,!e and is ver; i),ortant for te surviva! of u)an bein&s. Hoever due to te diversion of ater of river inasi tere is sarit; of ater for te ,eo,!e of ua)o i is ; te ,eo,!e , eo,!e ad to de,end on te ater fro) natura! s,rin&s or natura! !akes !oated far aa; fro) te it;. Hoever even so)e of tese !akes and s,rin&s ave turned barren b; 2014. 7us it an be said tat tere as sarit; of drinkin& ater of te ,eo,!e. Hene e an sa; tat tere as vio!ation of te funda)enta! ri&t of te ,eo,!e ,eo, !e to aess drinkin& ater. *nd *nd it is a onseFuene resu!tant of estab!is)ent of stee! and iron industr; b; te &o vern)ent.

29  2001 2  62O

19

NEHU2016/03-P

Not on!; tat due to re!ease of eff!uents eff!uents fro) fro) te industr; and untreated used ater into into river inasi in )an; instanes tere as been ater ,o!!ution i as )ade te ater inon su)ab!e and onta)inated it. alias Lallan Singh Singh v State of 3ihar 0 1thers 1thers 9 , it as e!d tat #n Ra8iv Ran8an Singh alias

onta)ination of ater resoures a)ounts to vio!ation of funda)enta! ri&ts. :ovind 4aha8an 4aha8an v State State of 4aharastra 4aharastra  te o)ba; Hi& ourt as of te #n Santosh :ovind

vie tat te itienCs ri&t to aess !ean ater is a funda)enta! ri&t and te tate is bound to su,,!; ,ortab!e ater to te itiens. #n a nu)ber of distrits of #ndia oa o!a o),an; and its subsidiaries are aused of reatin& severe ater sorta&es for te o))unit; b; e ?tratin& !ar&e Fuantities of ater for teir fatories affetin& bot te Fuantit; and te Fua!it; of ater .7e vi!!a&e ouni! onsideration to revoke of te !iense to be neessar; in order to ,rotet te interests of !oa! ,eo,!e as a!!en&ed in te Hi& ourt of era!a. Palachimada case2 te ourt reo&nised tat te tate as a trustee is under a #n te Palachimada

!e&a! dut; to ,rotet natura! resoures. #t is onsidered tat tese resoures )eant for ,ub!i use annot be onverted into ,rivate onersi,. Bustie a!akrisnan Nair asserted tat I..... it an be safe!; on!uded tat te under&round ater be!on&s to te ,ub!i. 7e state and its instru)enta!ities sou!d at as trustees of tis &reat ea!t. 7e state as &ot a dut; to ,rotet &round ater a&ainst e?essive e?,!oitation and te ination of te state in tis re&ard i!! tanta)ount to infrin&e)ent of te ri&t to !ife of te ,eo,!e &uaranteed under arti!e 21 of te onstitution of #ndia.33J 7us it an be said tat tere as been vio!ation of te te funda)enta! ri&t to aess ater for te basi needs of ,eo,!e. 7us te &overn)ent an be e!d !iab!e for vio!ation of te funda)enta! ri&ts 30 *.#.+. 1%%2 Pat. $6 9

31 2012 3 8L7 56

32 Preu)att; 'ra)a Pana;at v. tate of era!a  16 9ee)ber 2003

onstitutiona! Provisions #n #ndia- b; +udra *dvoate at Hi& ourt 33 Environ)enta! Las and onstitutiona! a!utta-.!e&a!serviesindia.o) 20

NEHU2016/03-P 2!2!1!2 R9 9 W<74 5: 5<9? .49$

+i&t to :o!eso)e Environ)ent is a funda)enta! ri&t &uaranteed under *rt 21. #n ua)o tis ri&t as bein& urtai!ed due to te situation tat as ,revai!in& in te re&ion sine te ine,tion of tose e?avation e?av ation ativities and estab!is)ent of te iron and stee! industr;. 9ue to tese ativities tere as ,o!!ution of air ater et in ua)o ausin& environ)enta! ,o!!ution and de&radation. 7ere as a!so re!ease of aardous ,o!!utant into te environ)ent affetin& te o!eso)eness of te environ)ent. Po!!uted environ)ent is an unea!t; environ)ent. #n *.K #ussain v Union of +ndia  te ourt observed tat ri&t to seet ater and te ri&t to free air are attributes of te ri&t to !ife under *rti!e 21. ine due to affet of &overn)ent ativities ,eo,!eCs ri&t to o!eso)e and ea!t; environ)ent as been vio!ated terefore &overn)ent is !iab!e for it and su su ativities sou!d be sto,,ed i))ediate as due to su ativities ,eo,!eCs funda)enta! ri&t as been infrin&ed. 2!2!1!3 R9 9 J?49  5<9? <$

9ue to te environ)enta! ,o!!ution and de&radation aused b; te e?avation ativities and te stee! and iron industr; tere ave been ea!t issues for te ,eo,!e of ua)o. 7e ,eo,!e of ua)o ave been avin& diseases beause of ,o!!uted ater of river inasi i is te )ost i),ortant soure of ater in u a)o and i as been traditiona!!; used b; its ,eo,!e for da; to da; ,ur,oses. 8ro) 2000 to 2015 tere ere 20000 re,orted ases of diseases on!; in ua)o it; and a!)ost 1000 deats fro) tose diseases. 7ere as been a!so inrease in te nu)ber of ater borne bo rne diseases in ua)o it; and ad@oinin& ad@o inin& areas. #t an be ene inferred tat tese ativities are reatin& ea!t  aards for ,eo,!e and tus it is ar)in&  ar)in& teir ri&t to !ive a !ife of &ood ea!t. -.5. :odavarman -hirummul;ed v. Union of +ndia < a ase #n te ver; reent ase of -.5.

onernin& onservation of forests Bustie K. K.. abara! e!dM onsiderin& te o),u!sions of te tates and te de,!etion of forest !e&is!ative )easures ave sifted te res,onsibi!it; fro) tates to te entre. oreover an; treat to te eo!o&; an !ead to vio!ation of te ri&t of

34 *.#.+. 1%%0 er 321

35 20123  2""

21

NEHU2016/03-P

en@o;)ent of ea!t; !ife &uaranteed under *rt 21 i is reFuired to be ,roteted. 7e onstitution en@oins u,on tis ourt a dut; to ,rotet te environ)ent. *!so due to tese ativities tere as e?tintion of 8is IGJ in river  inasi i is te basi is te basi soure of ,rotein and oter i),ortant nutrients of te te ,eo,!e of ua)o. * stud; of :or!d :or!d Environ)enta! 8oru) ,ointed out tat te re!eased ater fro) ater ,urifiation ,!ant !aks in essentia! o),onent of )inera! IKJ i an be onsidered one of te reasons for e?tintion of 8is G. 7is as aused defiienies in ,rotein and oter nutritiona! intake in ,o,u!ation of ua)o and resu!ted in )assive )a!nutrition tus ar)in& teir ri&t ri&t to !ead a ea!t; !ife.

2!3! T. 57 @.5>  :89?  9 ;5.9  9 7959’7 .<  ;.9>9 9 .49!

7o ,rotet and i),rove te environ)ent is a onstitutiona! )andate. #t is te o))it)ent for a ountr; edded to te ideas of a e!fare tate. 7e onstitution ontains s,eifi ,rovisions for environ)enta! ,rotetion under te a,ters of 9iretive Prini,!es of te tate Po!i; and 8unda)enta! 9uties. 7e absene of an; an ; s,eifi ,rovision in te onstitution reo&nisin& te funda)enta! ri&t to !ean and o!eso)e environ)ent a s been set off b; @udiia! ativis) in te reent ti)es. U:. A.9>< A M

* &!oba! ada,tion onsiousness for te ,rotetion of te environ)ent in te seventies ,ro),ted te 'overn)ent to enat te 42nd *)end)ent 1%"6 to te onstitution. onstitution. 7e said a)end)ent added *rti!e 4$* to te 9iretive Prini,!es of tate Po!i;. #t 9e!aresMI7e tate sa!! endeavour to ,rotet and i),rove te environ)ent and to safe&uard te forests and i!d!ife of te ountr;J 7e *ndra Prades Hi& ourt in -. Damodar Rao v S.1. 4unici;al ∨oration, #6derabad ! and te Hi& ourt of Hi)aa! Prades in Kin"ri Devi v State$ inter,reted te

*rti!e 4$* as i),osin& an ob!i&ation on te &overn)ent in!udin& ourts to ,rotet te environ)ent.

36 *#+ 1%$" *.P. 1"1.

37 *#+ 1%$$ H.P. 4

22

NEHU2016/03-P

7us te 'overn)ent itse!f en&a&in& in ativities ausin& environ)enta! ,o!!ution breaes its dut; and ob!i&ation to ,rotet te environ)ent and ene it is !iab!e to restore te environ)ent and sto, a!! ativities tat ar) te env iron)ent.

#n L.K Koll=al vs. State of Ra8asthan > a si),!e rit ,etition b; itiens of Bai,ur o),e!!ed te )unii,a! autorities to ,rovide adeFuate sanitation. 7e ourt observes tat en ever; itien oes a onstitutiona! dut; to , rotet te environ)ent *rt.51* te itien )ust be a!so entit!ed to en!ist te ourtCs aid in enforin& tat dut; a&ainst rea!itrant tate a&enies. 7e ourt &ave te ad)inistration si? )ont to !ean u, te entire it; and dis)issed te ,!ea of !ak of funds and staff. 7e Pub!i 7rust 9otrine evo!ved in 4.&. 4ehta v. Kamal 5ath7 states tat ertain o))on ,ro,erties su as rivers forests seasores and te air ere e!d b; 'overn)ent in 7rusteesi, for te free and uni),eded use of te &enera! ,ub!i. 'rantin& !ease to a )ote! !oated at te bank of te +iver eas ou!d interfere it te natura! f!o of te ater and tat te tate 'overn)ent ad breaed te ,ub!i trust dotrine. * )atter re&ardin& te veiu!ar ,o!!ution in 9e!i it; in te onte?t of *rt 4" and 4$ of te Union of +ndia +ndia 40Aeiu!ar Po!!ution onstitution a)e u, for onsideration in 4.&. 4ehta vs. Union

ase. #t as e!d to be te dut; of te 'overn)ent to see tat ta t te air did not beo)e onta)inated due to veiu!ar ,o!!ution. 7e *,e? ourt a&ain onfir)in& te ri&t to ea!t; environ)ent as a basi u)an ri&t stated tat te ri&t to !ean air a!so ste))ed fro) *rt 21 i referred to ri&t to !ife. 7is ase as served to be a )a@or !and)ark beause of i !ead-free ,etro! su,,!; as introdued in 9e!i. 7ere as a o),!ete ,asin& out o!d o))eria! vei!es )ore tan 5 ;ears o!d as direted b; te ourts. 9e!i oes its ,resent !i)ati onditions to te atte),t )ade to )aintain !ean air. 7e 'an&a :a :ater ter Po!!ution aseM 4 & 4ehta %. Union of +ndia  38 * # + 1%$$ +a@ 2 1%$" 1 :L 134

39 1%%"  1  3$$

40 *#+ 1%$$  61"

41 *#+ 1%$$  103"

23

NEHU2016/03-P

7e oners of so)e tanneries near an,ur ere disar&in& teir eff!uents fro) teir fatories in 'an&a itout settin& u, ,ri)ar; treat)ent ,!ants. 7e u,re)e ou rt e!d tat te finania! a,ait; of te tanneries sou!d be onsidered as irre!evant i!e reFuirin& te) to estab!is ,ri)ar; treat)ent ,!ants. 7e ourt direted direted to sto, te runnin& of tese tanneries and a!so not to !et out trade eff!uents fro) te tanneries eiter diret!; or indiret!; into te river 'an&a itout sub@etin& te trade eff!uents to a ,er)anent ,roess b; settin& u, ,ri)ar; treat)ent #n te ver; reent ase of -.5. :odavarman -hirummul;ed v. Union of +ndia 2 a ase onernin& onservation of forests Bustie K. K.. abara! e!dM onsiderin& te o),u!sions of te tates and te de,!etion of forest !e&is!ative )easures ave sifted te res,onsibi!it; fro) tates to te entre. oreover an; treat to te eo!o&; an !ead to vio!ation of te ri&t of en@o;)ent of ea!t; !ife &uaranteed under *rt 21 i is reFuired to be ,roteted. 7e onstitution en@oins u,on tis ourt a dut; to ,rotet te environ)ent. o fro) te above)entioned ases it is evident tat in tis instant ase te funda)enta! ri&ts of te ,eo,!e ere vio!ated and 'overn)ent breaed its dut; to ,rotet te environ)ent for i it is res,onsib!e for restoration sine in tis instant ase te 'overn)ent itse!f is te ,o!!uter. 2! E.495< P<<89$

*s tated ear!ier tere as been environ)enta! ,o!!ution and de&radation in ua)o due to e?avation ativities and industria! ativities and +i&t to a ,o!!ution free environ)ent ,o!!ution free air ater soi! et is a funda)enta! ri&t. 7us tese ativities ar) te ,u b!i interest and sou!d be sto,,ed and ,!an , !an for restoration sou!d be )ade in te interest of te ,ub!i e!fare. Ia!us Po,u!i Po,u!i u,re)a Le?J or I7e ea!t safet; and e!fare e!fare of te ,eo,!e are are te te su,re)e su,re)e !aJ. *ordin&!; to tis )a?i) i as been enfored in ourts ourts te e!fare of te te ,eo,!e sou!d a!a;s be te first onern and te su,re)e !a. *n;tin& *n;tin& detri)enta! to e!fare of ,ub!i sou!d be sto,,ed. 7e ativities in ua)o are ar)in& te e!fare of te ,eo,!e b; reatin& an unba!aned environ)ent tat is ,o!!uted and is tus !iab!e to be sto,,ed. *!so restorin& te seni beaut; of ua)o sou!d be restored restored in ,ub!i interest.

42 2012 3  2""

24

NEHU2016/03-P Union of +ndia +ndia   te  direted 16$ industries i are onsidered to be te #n 4ehta 4.& v Union

)ain ause of environ)enta! de&radation in te a,ita! to be !osed and annot be ,er)itted to o,erate and funtion in 9e!i. %ellore &iti'ens &ase   te  direted 162 tanneries in 7a)i! Nadu to be !osed don #n %ellore

beause te; ere ,o!!utin& air and te ater around te area ere te; ere o,eratin& and te ater ad been unort; for drinkin&. #n te *rava!!i *rava!!i ase te  a!!oed te tate to revoke a!! )inin& !eases due to te !ar&e sa!e devastation of *rava!!i Hi!!s due to )inin&. 7us in te above ases e an see tat due to devastation and ,o!!ution of environ)ent te onerned ativities as direted to be sto,,ed. 7ereb; it an be said tat in !ar&er ,ub!i interest it an be it an be said tat te state and te entra!  entra! &overn)ent sou!d sto, a!! e?avation ativities and !ose te stee! industr; and be res,onsib!e for te restoration of natura! ,ristine beaut; of ua)o. 2! T #.49 8<: @ 5<7 <5@< . <59 5.87 ;.>;<7  .49

:it a vie to ,rotetin& and i),rovin& te environ)ent different !e&is!ations ave been )ade and different re&u!ations ru!es ave been issued. 7e 'overn)ent trou& its inistr; of Environ)ent and 8orests is ad)inisterin& and as enated nationide o),reensive !as. 2!!1 V<59  9 >>;9  S87955@< D<;49 M

7e one,t of ustainab!e 9eve!o,)ent )eans an inte&ration of deve!o,)ent and environ)ent #),erative it )eans deve!o,)ent in ar)on; it environ)enta! onsideration. 7o be sustainab!e deve!o,)ent )ust ,ossess bot eono)i and eo !o&ia! sustainabi!it;. sustainabi!it;. #t is a deve!o,)ent ,roess ere e?,!oitation of resoures diretion of invest)ent orientation of teno!o&; deve!o,)ent and institutiona! an&es are a!! in ar)on;. ustainab!e deve!o,)ent a!so i),!ies !oa! ontro! over te resoure use and is te on!; ,at for onservin& and ,ro)otin& soio-eono)i e!!bein& in a de)orati for). 7e u,re)e ourt as !aid don tat te Preautionar; ,rini,!e and te Po!!uter Pa;s Prini,!e is essentia! features of sustainab!e deve!o,)ent. 7ese one,ts are ,art of Environ)ent La of te ountr;. 43 *#+ 1%%6  2231

44 su,ra

25

NEHU2016/03-P

7e essentia! in&redients of te ,reautionar; ,rini,!e areM i Environ)enta! )easures- b; te state &overn)ent and te statutor; autorities- )ust antii,ate ,revent and attak te auses of environ)ent de&radation. ii :en tere are treats of serious and irreversib!e da)a&e !ak of sientifi ertaint; sou!d not be used as a reason for ,ost,onin& )easure to ,revent environ)enta! de&radation. iii 7e I(nus of ProofJ is on te ator or te deve!o,er/industria!ist to so tat is ation is environ)enta!!; beni&n. iv Preautionar; duties )ust not on!; be tri&&ered b ; te sus,iion of onrete dan&er but a!so b; onern or risk ,otentia!. #n te instant it as observed tat te ,!an of e?avation and industr; indiated te ,robab!e environ)enta! onseFuenes. 8urter te o))ittee a,,ointed b; te &ovt su&&ested environ)enta! effets of te e?avation in ua)o sou !d be a,,raised before undertakin& an; an ; e?,ansion of te e?avation ativities in te re&ion. ut te &ovt ,aid no eed to it. 7e state and entra! &overn)ents ave asserted tat it i!! not sto, an; e?avation or stee! industr; ativities ti!! it &ets substantia! evidene of an; !inka&es beteen tese ativities and environ)enta! de&radation. o it observed tat even tere as a,,reension of environ)enta! !oss te &ovt as &ross!; ne&!i&ent on its ,art on takin& ,reventive )easures. #n 4.&. 4ehta v Union Union of +ndia +ndia (&5: %e %ehicle &ase45 7e u,re)e ourt observed tat an; an ; auto-,o!i;C fra)ed b; te 'overn)ent )ust terefore of neessari!; onfor) to te onstitutiona! ,rini,!es e!! as overridin& statutor; duties ast u,on te &overn)ent &o vern)ent under te EP*. EP*. 7e auto ,o!i; )ust ado,t a ,reautionar; ,rini,!esC and )ake infor)ed reo))endations i ba!ane te need to ,rotet te environ)ent. 7e ,o!!uter ,a;sQ ,rini,!e as inter,reted b; te ou rt )eans tat te abso!ute !iabi!it; for ar) to te environ)ent e?tends not on!; to o),ensate te viti)s of ,o!!ution but a!so te ost of restorin& te environ)enta! de&radation. #n oter ords Po!!uter sou!d bear te ost of ,o!!ution as te ,o!!uter is res,onsib!e for ,o!!utionC. 7e ,rini,!e de)ands tat finania! osts of ,reventin& or re)ed;in& da)a&e aused b; ,o!!ution sou!d !ie it te undertakin&s i ause ,o!!ution. #t )a; be noted tat te ,o!!uter ,a;s ,rini,!e evo!ved out of te ru!e of abso!ute !iabi!it;C !iabi!it;C as !aid don b; te a,e? ourt in rira) 'as Leak ase 45 *#+ 2002  16%6

26

NEHU2016/03-P

Hene it is te &overn)ent o is !iab!e for te restoration of te environ)enta! !oses. %ellore &iti'ens &ase? !

#n a !and)ark @ud&)ent43 ere te ,rini,!e of sustainab!e deve!o,)ent as been ado,ted b; te u,re)e ourt as a ba!anin& one,t i!e re@etin& te o!d notion tat deve!o,)ent and environ)enta! ,rotetion annot &o to&eter te a,e? ourt e!d te vie tat sustainab!e deve!o,)ent as no o)e to be ae,ted as Ia viab!e one,t to eradiate ,overt; and i),rove te Fua!it; of u)an !ife i!e !ivin& itin te a rr;in& a,ait; of te su,,ortin& eo s;ste).J s ;ste).J 7us ,o!!ution reated as a onseFuene of deve!o,)ent )ust be o))ensurate it te arr;in& a,ait; of our eos;ste). Hoever in ua)o tere as no ba!ane beteen deve!o,)ent and environ)ent as tere as si&nifiant environ)ent de&radation tat vio!ated te funda)enta! ri&ts and aused deats. Hene tere as no sustainab!e deve!o,)ent. 2!6! V<59  9.595< >97 .59: @? 9 >89.?

7e state of o)avisu as ratified to te 1%"2 1% "2 toko!) 9e!aration i affir)s tat an as te funda)enta! ri&t to freedo) eFua!it; eFua !it; and adeFuate onditions of !ife in an environ)ent of Fua!it; tat ,er)its a !ife of di&nit; and e!!-bein& and e bears a so!e)n res,onsibi!it; to ,rotet and i),rove te environ)ent for ,resent and future &enerations... 7is sos tat it it as been internationa!!; reo&nied tat )anQs funda)enta! ri&ts e)braes te need to !ive in an unonta)inated environ)ent but it a!so ,uts fort )anQs ob!i&ation to ,rotet te environ)ent for ,osterit;. o te &overn)ent is a!so !iab!e for te vio!ation of internationa! onventions. 2!*! V<59  <7<59$

*ordin& to te :ater :ater Prevention and ontro! of Po!!ution *t 1%"4 #t ,roibits disar&e of ,o!!utants into ater bodies be;ond a &iven standard and !a;s don ,ena!ties for non-o),!iane it its ,rovisions. #t set u, te entra! Po!!ution ontro! oard P i !a;s don standard for te ,revention and ontro! of ater ,o!!ution. *t *t te state !eve! te tate Po!!ution ontro! oard P funtions under te diretion of P.

46 1%%6 5  560O

27

NEHU2016/03-P

7e funtions of P ave been !aid don in setion 16 ereas te funtions of P as been !aid don in setion 1".7e sa),!in& of eff!uents for test as been !aid don in setion 21.

2!! T #.49 7 <5@< . >587 P8@<> 875>

7e environ)enta! de&radation in ua)o due du e to te e?avation and industria! ativities is ar)in& te environ)ent and ausin& dan&er to te !ives of te ,eo,!e of ua)o. Nuisane is ats interferin& it te o)fort ea!t or safet; of te individua!s. *s evidened above te e?avation ativities and estab!is)ent of te stee! industr; as treatened te ver; e?istene of te ,eo,!e in ua)o and aused dan&er and in@ur; to te ,eo,!e. #t is &oin& a&ainst te ,eaefu! !ivin& of te ,eo,!e and &oin& a&ainst teir ea!t. 7us te e?avation and industria! ativities bein& undertaken b; te 9efendant )akes te) &ui!t; of Pub!i Nuisane. P8@<> 875> 7 ::  7>9 26  9 I:5 ;5< >:, 160 57 <<7$

I* ,erson is &ui!t; of a ,ub!i nuisane o does an; at or is &ui!t; of an i!!e&a! o)ission i auses an; o))on in@ur; dan&er or anno;ane to te ,ub!i or to te ,eo,!e ,eo, !e in &enera! o de!! or ou,; ,ro,ert; in te viinit; or i )ust neessari!; ause in@ur; obstrution dan&er or anno;ane to ,ersons o )a; ave oasion to use an; ,ub!i ri&ts. * o))on nuisane is not e?used on te &round tat it auses so)e onveniene or o r advanta&eJ. 7us te 9efendant an be e!d !iab!e !iab!e for ivi! as e!! as ri)ina! ron& for nuisane under etion 133 of te rP. Sugar 4ill v -u;si -u;si Kahar $  te !a of ,ub!i nuisane ontained in e. 133 of #n Deshi Sugar

te rP as used as ear!; in 1%26 1 %26 for te ,ur,ose of te ,rotetion , rotetion of te environ)ent. (n te reFuest of about a undred ,eo,!e te sub-divisiona! )a&istrate ordered tat te to su&ar )i!!s in te !oa!it; sou!d disontinue drainin& dirt; and to?i ater into te river. (n a,,ea! te Patna Hi& ourt e!d tat te !a of nuisane in e 133 of rP ou!d be a,,!iab!e to a ase of ,o!!ution. 7us in !i&t of te advaned ar&u)ents it an be said tat te state and te entra! &overn)ent sou!d sto, a!! e?avation ativities and !ose te stee! industr; and be res,onsib!e for te restoration of natura! ,ristine beaut; of ua)o.

47 *#+ 1%26 Pat 506

28

NEHU2016/03-P ISSUE 3 WHETHER THE STATE AND THE CENTRAL #OVERNMENT SHOULD PA COMPENSATION COMPENSATION AND REE NUTRITIONAL CARE OR THE PEOPLE IN SUHAMO WHO WERE AECTED 7e tate and te entra! 'overn)ent sou!d ,a; o),ensation and free nutritiona! are for

te ,eo,!e in ua)o o ere affeted beause 3!1! T. 5 @ 7>59 <777 7> 9 >;9  =>559 5>997 5: 795@<749  79< 5: . :879.? > 57 >587: .495< ;<<89 5: 97 .495< ;<<89 5: :.5:59 57 >587: =7995< 9.59 9 9 ;;<  S854! 3!1!1! L77  D. W59. ore tan "0D of ,eo,!e in ua)o de,end on +iver inasi for drinkin& ater and

oter da; to da; uses as on!; 30D of te) ave ta, ater. Lar&e unk of river inasi as diverted to fu!fi! te de)ands of te ater  ater of te stee! industr; and inasi ori&inated in ua)o fro) Lake u!ao). :it inasi bein& ,o!!uted and its ater beo )in& inonsu)ab!e fro) 1%%$ ,eo,!e of ua)o ave to de,end on ater fro) natura! s,rin&s or natura! !akes far aa;. ; 2014 even so)e of tese !akes and s,rin&s ave turned barren. 7us te; ere a),erin& te aess to basi ater needs of te ,eo,!e. 5a6udu> te u,re)e ourt observed tat I9rinkin& ater is of #n /PP&3 v 4.% 5a6udu

,ri)ar; i),ortane in te ountr;. #n fat #ndia is a ,art; to te reso!ution of te UN( ,assed durin& te United Nations :ater onferene in 1%"" as underM I*!! ,eo,!e atever teir sta&e of deve!o,)ent and teir soia! and eono)i onditions ave ri&t to aess drinkin& ater in Fuantu) and a Fua!it; eFua! to teir basi needs.J 3!1!2! 3!1!2! L77  W<7 W<74 4 5: 5:  5<9 5<9? ? . .4 49 9$$ ine te ine,tion of te ine,tion of e?avation ativities and estab!is)ent of stee! and iron industr; tere as been environ)enta! ,o!!ution and de&radation of te environ)ent. #n )an; re,orted instanes te untreated ater fro) te stee! industr; as been a!!oed to &o to river inasi fro) te ater ,urifiation ,!ant estab!ised to treat used ater fro) te industr; i as never orked ,ro,er!;. 8ro) 1%%$ to 2015 tere are

48 2001 2  62O

29

NEHU2016/03-P

a!)ost 50 su instanes ere fou! ater fro) te iron industr; &ot )er&ed in river inasi and on su oasions te ater of te river inasi turned fu!! of dead aFuati reatures its o!our an&ed and it bea)e fu!! of bad odour. #t as tus reated ater ,o!!ution. Lar&e sates of forest !and ere !eared to )ake e? avation ativities ,ossib!e and a!so nearb; forest areas of te stee! and iron industr; ave a!so been !eared to du), oter &arba&e resu!tin& fro) te industr; !eadin& to d eforestation. 7us tere as been a !oss of ea!t; and o!eso)e and ba!aned environ)ent. Litigation and Entitlement Entitlement Kendra Kendra v State of UP 7 it as e!d b; te #n Rural Litigation

u,re)e ourt tat ,o!!ution free environ)ent is an inte&ra! ,art to !ife under *rti!e 21. #t furter observed tat it is i),ossib!e to !ive it di&nit; in an unea!t; and unba!aned environ)ent. -i=ari v Kamala Kamala Devi <9 te u,re)e ourt observed tat I)ateria! #n #inchal -i=ari resoures of te o))unit; !ike forests tanks ,onds i!!ok )ountain et. are natureCs bount;. 7e; 7e; )aintain de!iate eo!o&ia! ba!ane. 7e; need to be ,roteted for a ,ro,er and ea!t; environ)ent i enab!es ,eo,!e to en@o; a Fua!it; of !ife is te essene of te &uaranteed ri&t under *rti!e 21 of te onstitution. 3!1!1! 3!1!1! L77 L77  5<9 5<9 :8 :8 9 ;<<8 ;<<89: 9: . .4 49! 9! 9ue to te environ)enta! ,o!!ution and de&radation aused b; te e?avation ativities and te stee! and iron industr; tere ave been ea!t issues for te ,eo,!e of ua)o. 7e ,eo,!e of ua)o ave been avin& diseases beause of ,o!!uted ater of river inasi i is te )ost i),ortant soure of ater in u a)o and i as been traditiona!!; used b; its ,eo,!e for da; to da; ,ur,oses. 8ro) 2000 to 2015 tere ere 20000 re,orted ases of diseases on!; in ua)o it; and a!)ost 1000 deats fro) tose diseases. 7ere as been a!so inrease in te nu)ber of ater borne diseases in ua)o it; and ad@oinin& areas. #t an be ene inferred tat tese ativities are reatin& ea!t aards for ,eo,!e and tus it is ar)in& teir ri&t to !ive a !ife of &ood ea!t.

49 *#+ 1%$5  652

50 2001 $  "65

30

NEHU2016/03-P

#n -.5. :odavarman -hirummul;ed (>$) v Union of +ndia < te u,re)e ourt an; treat to te eo!o&; an !ead to vio!ation of te ri&t of en@o;)ent of ea!t; !ife &uaranteed under *rti!e 21 of te onstitution of #ndia. 8is GC i i is te s,eifiit; of on!; te tree rivers tat e)anate fro) Lake u!ao) is te basi soure of ,rotein and an d oter i),ortant nutrients of te ,eo,!e of ua)o. 7e ,eriod of 2000 -2015 as a!so itnessed substantia! fa!! in te nu )ber of fis G in river inasi and b; 2015 201 5 tese fises ave on!; been in vo&ue for teir sant ,resene in inasi. * stud; of :or!d :or!d Environ)enta! 8oru) ,ointed ,ointed out tat te re!eased ater fro) ater ,urifiation ,!ant !aks in essentia! o),onent of )inera! IKJ i an be onsidered one of te reasons for e?tintion of 8is G. 7is as aused defiienies in ,rotein and oter nutritiona! intake in ,o,u!ation of ua)o and resu!ted in )assive )a!nutrition tus ar)in& teir ri&t to !ead a ea !t; !ife. #n &ES& Ltd vs. Subash &handra 3ose <2 te u,re)e ourt e!d tat +i&t to ea!t is a funda)enta! ri&t. 3!1! L77  .79 >.

7e out :est +e&ion of o)avisu is o),rised of i!!s forests and )an; fast f!oin& rivers and is o),rised of )an; o))unities of triba! ,o,u!ations !ivin& tere sine ti)es i))e)oria!. Lar&e sates of forest !and ere !eared in tis re&ion for e?avation and industria! ,ur,oses ausin& deforestation. 7e forest as used for non forest ,ur,oses tat are e?avation of )inera!s i.e. )inin& and du), industria! aste in forest !and. 3!2! T 79;7 95 @? 9 #.49 5. 5:859 5: 78>9! 3!2!1 7e ater treat)ent or ,urifiation ,!ant estab!ised to treat used ater fro) industr;

as never orked ,ro,er!; and fro) 1%%$ to 2015 tere are a!)ost 50 su instanes ere fou! untreated ater fro) te iron industr; &ot )er&ed in river inasi. 7e &overn)ent autorities ave ,!eaded tenia! reasons out of teir ontro! but no ste,s ave been taken to fi? te ,urifiation ,!ant even after so )an; instanes.

51 2006 1  1

1%%2  5"3 5$5 52 *#+ 1%%2 31

NEHU2016/03-P 3!2!2 *round "0D of Peo,!e of ua)o de,end on inasi and oter natura! !akes and s,rin&s

for teir basi ater needs. Hoever it river inasi ,o!!uted and )an; !akes and s,rin&s avin& turned barren ater as beo)e an issue. (n!; 30D as ta, ater and even tou& te 'overn)ent as ,ro)ised ta, ater to ever; ouseo!d it is an idea. #n te )eanti)e no oter ste,s ave been taken to address te ater ,rob!e)s of te ,eo,!e. 3!2!3! No ste,s ave been taken to address te nutritiona! needs of te ,eo,!e and to ,rovide

ea!t )easures for ,eo,!e affeted of diseases. *!so no ste,s ave been taken to address te environ)enta! ,o!!ution aused b; tese ativities and return ua)o to its ,ristine natura! beaut;. 3!3. I9 7 9 .7;7@<9?  9 #.49 9 ;5? >4;759! 3!3!1 T #.49 7 8<9?  P8@<> N875>!

7e environ)enta! de&radation in ua)o due to te e?avation and industria! ativities is ar)in& te environ)ent and ausin& dan&er to te !ives of te ,eo,!e of ua)o. Nuisane is ats interferin& it te o)fort ea!t or safet; of te individua!s. *s evidened above te e?avation ativities and estab!is)ent of te stee! industr; as treatened te ver; e?istene of te ,eo,!e in ua)o and aused dan&er and in@ur; to te ,eo,!e. #t is &oin& a&ainst te ,eaefu! !ivin& of te ,eo,!e and &oin& a&ainst teir ea!t. 7us te e?avation and industria! ativities bein& undertaken b; te 9efendant )akes te) &ui!t; of Pub!i Nuisane. P8@<> 875> 7 ::  7>9 26  9 I:5 ;5< >:, 160 57 <<7$

I* ,erson is &ui!t; of a ,ub!i nuisane o does an; at or is &ui!t; of an i!!e&a! o)ission i auses an; o))on in@ur; dan&er or anno;ane to te ,ub!i or to te ,eo,!e ,eo, !e in &enera! o de!! or ou,; ,ro,ert; in te viinit; or i )ust neessari!; ause in@ur; obstrution dan&er or anno;ane to ,ersons o )a; ave oasion to use an; ,ub!i ri&ts. * o))on nuisane is not e?used on te &round tat it auses so)e onveniene or o r advanta&eJ. 7us te 9efendant an be e!d !iab!e !iab!e for ivi! as e!! as ri)ina! ron& for nuisane under etion 133 of te rP. #n Deshi Sugar Sugar 4ill v -u;si -u;si Kahar < te !a of ,ub!i nuisane ontained in e. 133 of te rP as used as ear!; in 1%26 1 %26 for te ,ur,ose of te ,rotetion , rotetion of te environ)ent. (n te reFuest of about a undred ,eo,!e te sub-divisiona! )a&istrate ordered tat te to su&ar )i!!s in te !oa!it; sou!d disontinue drainin& dirt; and to?i ater into te river. (n a,,ea! te 53 *#+ 1%26 Pat 506

32

NEHU2016/03-P

Patna Hi& ourt e!d tat te !a of nuisane in e 133 of rP ou!d be a,,!iab!e to a ase of ,o!!ution. 3al=ant Singh Singh v &ommissioner &ommissioner of Police and others others < te u,re)e ourt #n te ase Dr. 3al=ant

o,ined tat Ite !a on nuisane is e!! sett!ed. Nuisane in an; for) is reo&nised in te La of 7orts. 7orts. :eter ,rivate ,ub!i or o))on i resu!ts in affetin& an;oneCs ,ersona! or !and ,ro,ert; ri&ts &ives i) a ause of ation/ri&t to seek re)edia! )easures in in ourt of !a a&ainst tose o aused su nuisane to i) and furter &ives i) a ri&t to obtain neessar; re!iefs bot in te for) of ,reventin& of o))ittin& of nuisane and a,,ro,riate da)a&es/ o),ensation for te !oss if sustained b; i) due to ausin& of su nuisane. 7us te 9efendant ere is ri)ina!!; !iab!e as e!! as !iab!e to ,a; a,,ro,riate da)a&es/ o),ensation for te !osses of te ,eo,!e of ua)o. 3!3!2. N<> @? 9 .49 457 9 <5@< 9 ;5? 5;;.;.59 :5457 5: >4;759 .

7e 'overn)ent as ne&!i&ent in teir dut; to ,rotet te environ)ent and ensurin& ,eaefu! en@o;)ent of te ea!t safet; and !ife of te ,eo,!e. Ne&!i&ene is a kind of tort ere a re)ed; for environ)enta! ,o!!ution !ies. ; ne&!i&ene e )ean a brea of dut; aused b; te o)ission in doin& so)etin& or doin& so)etin& are!ess!; are !ess!; or ne&!i&ent!;. 9ue to te stee! and iron industr; tere as been environ)enta! ,o!!ution. 7e :ater ,urifiation ,!ant of te industr; never orked ,ro,er!; and tere are 50 instanes en fou! ater fro) te industr; &ot )i?ed it te river re!easin& ,oisonous substanes and to?ins in inasi. #n s,ite of tat no ste,s ere taken b; te 9efendant i.e. te &overn)ent to orret or fi? te ,!ant. 7is as aused &reat ar) and da)a&e to te ,eo,!e in ua)o b; )akin& te ater ,o!!uted onta)inated and a),erin& aess of basi ater needs i is te funda)enta! ri&t of te ,eo,!e. Not on!; tat te ,o!!uted ater as aused diseases and infrin&ed te ri&t of te ,eo,!e to en@o; a ea!t; !ife. 7e resu!tin& environ)enta! ,o!!ution and de&radation beause of te ne&!i&ent ats of te &overn)ent &ov ern)ent as infrin&ed te ri&t of ,eo,!e to en@o; a o!eso)e ea!t; safe ba!ane and !ean environ)ent. 7e infrin&ed ri&ts of te ,eo,!e are funda)enta! ri&ts and ,er as te onstitution of #ndia te tate i.e. 7e 'overn)ent te ourts et are !e&a!!; dut; bound to res,et te) and not vio!ate te). 54 2015 5 8L7 1

33

NEHU2016/03-P

*!so *rti!e 4$ * of te onstitution of #ndia states tat Ite tate sa!! endeavour to ,rotet and i),rove te environ)ent and to safe&uard te forests and i!d!ife of te ountr;.J ountr;.J 7e *ndra Prades Hi& ourt in -. Damodar Rao v S.1. 4unici;al ∨oration, #6derabad << and te Hi& ourt of Hi)aa! Prades in Kin"ri Devi v State
*rti!e 4$* as i),osin& an ob!i&ation on te &overn)ent in!udin& ourts to ,rotet te environ)ent. #n &entre for Environmental La=, *@ v Union of +ndia and others <$ te u,re)e ourt observed tat te tate as a ustodian of natura! resoures as a dut; to )aintain te) not )ere!; for te benefit of te ,ub!i , ub!i but for te best interest of f!ora fauna i!d!ife and so on. #t is tus evident tat tat te 'overn)ent as a !e&a! dut; to to ,rotet te environ)ent and te te ri&ts of te ,eo,!e and b; b ; not takin& are in o,eration of tese ativities i resu!ted in environ)enta! ,o!!ution/ de&radation te 'overn)ent as breaed teir !e&a! dut; to take are and is &ui!t; of ne&!i&ene. 7us te ,eo,!e of ua)o are entit!ed to a,,ro,riate da)a&es and o),ensation. 3!3!3! T #.49 7 9.9874;759 9 9 ;;<  S854 .

7e environ)enta! ,o!!ution and de&radation in ua)o is due to te e?avation ativities and te industria! ativities. 7ese ativities ave infrin&ed te funda)enta! ri&ts of te ,eo, !e of ua)o and ave re!eased aardous ,o!!utants in te environ)ent due to i an unsafe unea!t; unba!aned environ)ent as resu!ted as te onseFuenes of tose ations. 7e tate as a dut; to ,rotet te environ)ent. env iron)ent. * ea!t; ba!aned safe and o!eso)e environ)ent is te funda)enta! ri&t of ,eo,!e. 7e 'overn)ent is !iab!e under La of 7orts to ,a; o),ensation and re,air an; da)a&e suffered b; te ,eo,!e of ua)o.

55 *#+ 1%$" *.P. 1"1.

56 *#+ 1%$$ H.P. 4

57 2012 3 8L7 6"2

34

NEHU2016/03-P

7ort 7ort is a ivi! ron& for i te re)ed; in o))on !a is ation for un!iFuidated da)a&es5$ and tortiuous !iabi!it; arises fro) a brea of dut; fi?ed b; !a. 7e 'overn)ent as )entioned ear!ier as a dut; and ob!i&ation to ,rotet te environ)ent and is a!so dut; bound not to vio!ate te funda)enta! ri&ts &uaranteed to te ,eo,!e. ine tere as been bot environ)enta! de&radation and infrin&e)ent of funda)enta! ri&ts due to te e?avation ativities and industria! ativities undertaken b; te 'overn)ent te; ave !ear!; breaed teir dut; and an be e!d tortious!; !iab!e. 3!3!3!1! S9.>9 L5@<9?

Under te dotrine of strit !iabi!it; a ,erson is e!d !iab!e even tou& e is not ne&!i&ent in ausin& te sa)e or tere is no intention to ause te ar). ar ). *letcher <7 , te u,re)e ourt observed Ie are of te vie tat an #n te R6land v. *letcher

enter,rise i is en&a&ed in a aardous or inerent!; dan&erous industr; i ,oses a ,otentia! treat to te ea!t and safet; of te ,ersons orkin& in te fator; and residin& in surroundin& areas oes an abso!ute and non de!e&atab!e dut; to te o))unit; to ensure tat no ar) resu!ts to an; one on aount of aardous or inerent!; dan&erous d an&erous ativit; i it as undertaken! ; tis te 'overn)ent of o)avisu an be strit!; e!d !iab!e for teir ations i as aused ar) to te ,eo,!e of ua)o on aount of reatin& an e?istentia! treat to te ,eo,!e and ,osin& aard to teir ea!t and !ife due to environ)enta! ,o!!ution .7us te &overn)ent is tortious!; !iab!e to te ,eo,!e of ua)o for a,,ro,riate da)a&es and o),ensation. 3!3!3!2 A@7<89 L5@<9?

Under te dotrine of abso!ute !iabi!it; and as , er te ,rovisions of ru!e of strit !iabi!it; te aardous industries o,eratin& te ountr; are su,,osed to bear te burden of te da)a&e te; te ; aused. Lea" &ase su,ra te need to evo!ve a ne ,rini,!e in te #n te ase of 3ho;al :as Lea"

,revai!in& soio-eono)i onditions as fe!t. :i!e :i!e a,,!;in& te ,rini,!e of abso!ute !iabi!it; !iabi!it; te u,re)e ourt e!dM

!akstone 58 9efinition b; !akstone 59  1$6$ #+ 3 HL 330O

35

NEHU2016/03-P

I:e ou!d terefore o!d tat an enter,rise is en&a&ed in a aardous or inerent!; dan&erous ativit; and ar) resu!ts on aount aoun t of aident in te o,eration of o f su ativit; resu!tin& in for e?a),!e an esa,e of o f to?i &as te enter,rise is strit!; and abso!ute!; !iab!e to o),ensate a!! tose o are affeted b; a ident and su !iabi!it; is not sub@eted to a n; of te e?e,tion i o,erate vis-a-vis te tortious ,rini,!e of strit !iabi!it; under te ru!in&s )ade in +;!and vs. 8!eter. 7e !ar&er and te )ore ,ros,erous te enter,rise te &reater )ust be te a)ount of o),ensation ,a;ab!e b; it for te ar) aused on aount of an aident in arr;in& on te aardous or inerent!; dan&erous ativit; of te enter,rise.J #n +ndian &ouncil for Enviro@legal action v Union of +ndia !9 it as e!d tat te ,o!!utin& industries are abso!ute!; !iab!e to o),ensate for te ar) aused b; te) to te vi!!a&ers in te affeted area to te soi! and to te under&round ater and ene te; are bound to take a!! neessar; )easures to re)ove s!ud&e and oter ,o!!utants !;in& in te affeted areas. #n ua)o te e?avation ativities and te estab!is)ent of iron and stee! industr; tere as been u&e a)ount of environ)enta! ,o!!ution and de&radation it te re!ease of no?ious ,o!!utants in te environ)ent i as reated an e?istentia! treat to te ,eo,!e of ua)o. 7us te 'overn)ent is abso!ute!; !iab!e to ,a ; o),ensation to te ,eo,!e of ua)o. 3!3!! T #.49 @ 9 ;<<89. 7 <5@< 9 ;5? >4;759 5: . 89.95< >5. . 9 ;;<  S854  . 5>9:

7e 'overn)ent 'overn)ent is is !iab!e !iab!e to ,a; o),ensation and free free nutritiona! nutritiona! are for te ,eo,!e in ua)o o ere affeted beause it is te ,o!!uter. *ordin& to te ,o!!uter ,a;s ,rini,!e is te Ro))on!; ae,ted ,ratie tat tose o ,o!!utes )ust bear te burden of te onseFuenes of te ,o!!ution. 7e IPo!!uter IPo!!uter Pa;s Pa;s ,rini,!e ,rini,!e a)e about in te 1%"0s at te te ti)e en te i),ortane of environ)ent and its ,rotetion as in te rea!ied in te o!e or!d and it as subseFuent!; ,ro)oted b; te or&anisation for eono)i or,oration and deve!o,)ent (E9. 7e I,o!!uter ,a;s ,rini,!eJ as inter,reted b; te ourt )eans tat te abso!ute !iabi!it; to te environ)ent e?tends not on!; to o),ensate te viti)s of ,o!!ution but a!so te ost of restorin& environ)enta! de&radation.

60 1%%6 *#+ : 106%

36

NEHU2016/03-P

#n oter ords ,o!!uter sou!d bear te ost of ,o!!ution as te ,o!!uter is res,onsib!e for te ,o!!ution. 7e ,rini,!e de)ands tat finania! osts of ,reventin& and re)ed;in& da)a&e aused b; ,o!!ution sou!d !ie it te undertakin& i ause ,o!!ution. #t )a; be noted tat ,o!!uter ,a ;s ,rini,!e evo!ved of te ru!e of abso!ute !iabi!it; as !aid don b; te *,e? ourt in rira) rira) Leak ase. -a8 -ra;e'ium &ase ! te ourt reo&nised tat te I,o!!uter ,a;s ,rini,!eJ )eans to #n te -a8

tin&s ,ri)ari!;M 1. 7e ,o!!uter sou!d ,a; for te ad)inistration of te ,o!!ution ontro! s;ste) and 2. 7e ,o!!uter sou!d ,a; for te onseFuenes of te ,o!!ution. *nd te ,o!!uter sou!d a!so bear te finania! onseFuenes of te ,o!!ution %ellore &iti'ens &i ti'ens elfare elfare *orum v Union of +ndia 7e u,re)e ourt in %ellore

!2

observed tat I7e

*utorit; sa!! o),ute te o),ensation under to eads na)e!; for revisin& te eo!o&; and for ,a;)ent to individua!s.J vs. State of 4.P .! te ourt ordered free )edia! treat)ent to be &iven to te #n #amid Khan vs.

,eo,!e besides aardin& o),ensation. 7us e an sa; sa; tat te 'overn)ent bein& bein& te te ,o!!uter ,o!!uter is !iab!e to ,a; o),ensation o),ensation and free nutritiona! are for te ,eo,!e in ua)o o ere affeted.

T87  <9  9 5.75: 5.8497 9 >5 @ 75: 959 9 #.49 7 <5@< . 9 J8.? 9 ;;<’7 .97 5: .495< :.5:59 5: > 7 <5@< 9 .79. 9 .49 5: ;5? 5;;.;.59 :5457 . >4;759 5: . 89.95< >5. 9 9 ;;<  S854  . 987 5>9: @? 9 5>97  9 #.49!

61  *#+ 1%%6  2"15O

62 u,ra at itation 42

63  *#+ 1%%" P 1%1O

37

NEHU2016/03-P

PRAER

#n !i&t of te issues raised  ar&u)ents advaned ases itied in front of te HonCb!e u,re)e ourt te Proseutor )ost u)b!; ,!eas tat te ourt )a;M 1. 9iret te 9efendants to sto, a!! e?avation orks in te te distrit of ua)o i))ediate!; sand to sto, furter e?,ansion of su ativities sou!d be onsidered. 2. 9iret te stee! stee! industr; estab!ised estab!ised in distrit distrit ua)o to be !osed i))ediate!;. i))ediate!;. 3. 7e tate &ovt. as e!! as te te entra! &ovt. )a; )a; be direted to ,re,are a ,!an for restoration of natura! beaut; of te distrit ua)o i))ediate!;. i))ediate!;. 4. 9iret te 'overn)ents to ,a; o),ensation to te viti)s or teir nearest re!atives o ave been affeted b; an; one of te ater borne disease in ua)o it; on aount of estab!is)ent of tee! industr; and to ,rovide nutritiona! are free of ost to a!! ,o,u!ation of ua)o it; ti!! te abundane of 8is G in te river inasi is aieved 5. 7e Proseutor u)b!; ,ra;s tat te; )a; be a!!oed to to a,,roa te a,,ro,riate foru) in order to take ,unitive ri)ina! ation a&ainst a& ainst te 9efendants for teir ne&!i&ene and tortious ats. 6. 'rant oter re!iefs as te HonCb!e ourt )a; dee) fit in te !i&t !i&t of Bustie EFuit; and 'ood onsiene 8or i te ounse!s on bea!f of te ,roseution i!! forever be dut; bound and ob!i&ed.

38

Memorial on Behalf of Prosecutor

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