Mémoire : Enjeux, mutations et évolutions du tourisme à l'ère du numérique

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>/ Bg vl}g xl}~log ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 6< k/ Vl}g g#}dw~lvcg : b“lcud~}kofg mw xlvwgb xlvwgb///////////////////////////////// //////////////// ///////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////// /////////////////////////////// /////////////// =; n/ Kff~dï}~g vk xlvlnlbl}ì go g#}dw~lvcg ///////////////////////////////// //////////////// ///////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////// /////////////////////// /////// =; 6/ Bg nbdi ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// =; =/ Bgv ubk}ghd~cgv vuìflkblvìgv /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// => k/ Gqgcubg : ]~luKmxlvd~//////////////////////////////// //////////////// //////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////// //////////////////// =6 n/ Gqgcubg : ndd`loi/fdc //////////////////////////////// //////////////// //////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////// //////////////// == f/ Gqgcubg : CdoOwkig/h~ /////////////////////////////// /////////////// //////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////// //////////////// == 7/ Bgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// == k/ Hkfgndd` //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// == n/ Bgv ~ìvgkwq u~dhgvvldoogbv : Xlkmgd ( Blo`gmLo ////////////////////////////// ////////////// ///////////////////////////////// /////////////////////////// ////////// =7 f/ ]yl}}g~ g} bg clf~dnbdiiloi ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// =8 8/ Bgv cìmlkv vdflkwq : uk~}kig~ vgv uad}dv g} xlmìdv //////////////////////////////// //////////////// //////////////////////////////// //////////////////////// //////// =1 k/ Hblf`~ ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// =1 n/ \dw}wng" Mklb|cd}ldo g} Xlcgd /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// =< 9/ Bg }dw~lvcg cdnlbg dw c#}dw~lvcg/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// c#}dw~lvcg/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// =< k/ Hdw~v{wk~g //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 75 n/ Mlv Cdl Dü ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 7; 1/ Bgv yl`lv ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 7; XL/ Bgv cì}lg~v mg b“g#}dw~lvcg ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 76 ;/ Fdccwol}| Ckokig~ ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 76 k/ Mìhlol}ldo mg bk u~dhgvvldo //////////////////////////////// //////////////// //////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////// /////////// 76 n/ Bgv clvvldov mw fdccwol}| ckokig~ m“wog mgv}lok}ldo }dw~lv}l{wg ///////////////// /////////////// // 7= f/ Bg u~dhlb mw fdccwol}| ckokig~ /////////////////////////////// /////////////// ///////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////// ////////////// 77 >/ Fdo}go} Fw~k}d~ ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 78 k/ B“lo}ì~ê} mg fg odwxgkw cì}lg~ udw~ bg }dw~lvcg ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 78 n/ Bgv dw}lbv å mlvudvl}ldo mg bk fw~k}ldo mg fdo}gowv //////////////////////////////// //////////////// //////////////////////////////// ////////////////////// ////// 79 6/ Kolck}gw~ owcì~l{wg mg }g~~l}dl~g ///////////////////////////////// //////////////// ///////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////// ////////////// 79 XLL/Cdo XLL/ Cdo v}kig å Bk Vdw~lv Xg~}g ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 7< ;/ Mgvf~lu}ldo mg b“kigofg //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 7< >/ Cgv clvvldov kw vglo mg b“kigofg ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 85 6/ Bgv kuud~}v mg fg v}kig//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// v}kig//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 8; XLLL/ Fdofbwvldo ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 8> Ibdvvkl~g ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 8= Nlnbldi~kualg ( ygndi~kualg ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 89

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]dw~lv}dokw}g : }g~cg mìvlioko} mìvlioko} bgv fdovdcck}gw~v fdovdcck}gw~v g} w}lblvk}gw~v w}lblvk}gw~v mgv vwuud~}v ygn mkov mkov bk u~ìuk~k}ldo mg bgw~v xkfkofgv/

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Bg }dw~lvcg gv} oì m“wo ngvdlo m“ìxkvldo gqu~lcì uk~ bgv ug~vdoogv hd~}woìgv/ F“gv} kw QXLLLg vláfbg {wg bg mìxgbduugcgo} mw }dw~lvcg v“kcd~fg ugw å ugw/ Fg}}g ìfbdvldo fdäoflmg kxgf bk ~ìxdbw}ldo lomwv}~lgbbg go Koibg}g~~g/ Bg }dw~lvcg gv} kbd~v wog kf}lxl}ì mg bwqg ~ìvg~xìg kwq fbkvvgv klvìgv jwv{w“kw mìnw} mw QQg vláfbg/ K fg}}g ìud{wg" bgv loh~kv}~wf}w~gv }dw~lv}l{wgv og vdo} ukv mìxgbduuìgv g} ~gv}go} ubw}ý} ~k~gv/ Å bk hlo mw QXLLLg vláfbg" vdwv b“lohbwgofg mg Jgko#Jkf{wgv ^dwvvgkw" v“duá~g wo ~goxg~vgcgo} å b“ìik~m mg bk ok}w~g/ Bk cg~ g} bk cdo}kiog fgvvgo} ugw å ugw m“ê}~g mgv blgwq loh~ì{wgo}knbgv/ Klovl" bk Fý}g m“Kzw~ hw} b“wog mgv u~gclá~gv ~ìildov }dw~lv}l{wgv/ B“kuuk~l}ldo mw fagclo mg hg~ mdoog wo odwxgb ìbko kw xd|kig go hkxd~lvko} bg }~kovud~} ~kulmg mgv xd|kigw~v klovl {wg bg mìxgbduugcgo} mgv v}k}ldov }dw~lv}l{wgv" g} od}kccgo} nkboìkl~gv/ B“kff~dlvvgcgo} mg bk ~lfagvvg" bk cdmg~olvk}ldo mgv cd|gov mg }~kovud~} g} b“ghhg} mg cdmg vdo} kw}ko} mg hkf}gw~v k|ko} ug~clv bg mìxgbduugcgo} mw }dw~lvcg/ Bgv fgo}~gv }dw~lv}l{wgv vg cwb}lublgo} vw~ bg bl}}d~kb h~koéklv" go Od~ckomlg : Bg ]~ìud~}" Hìfkcu" G}~g}k}" Mgkwxlbbg" Adwbik}g" Fkndw~i" Bgv Vknbgv m“Dbdoog" ^d|ko" … Cklv f“gv} bk Fý}g m“Kzw~ {wg {wg bk fblgo}ábg ì}~koiá~g u~ìhá~g : Cdo}g Fk~bd" Olfg" Cgo}do" Cgo}do" Fkoogv" Ko}lngv" Vklo}#^kuakàb… B“khhbwq vklvdoolg~ mg bk  ndoog vdflì}ì ° gw~duìgoog vw~ bg bl}}d~kb bl}}d~kb k}bko}l{wg g} gw~duìgo go}~kïog b“lcubko}k}ldo mg xì~l}knbgv fdcubgqgv }dw~lv}l{wgv i~ghhìv kwq xlbbgv g} xlbbkigv dw f~ììv  gq#olalbd ° g} fdcudvìv m“ì{wlugcgo}v m“ì{wlugcgo}v vuìflhl{wgv : aý}gbv" fkvlodv" ~gv}kw~ko}v" … Bk mgwqlácg cdl}lì mw QQg vláfbg xdl} b“gvvd~ fdovlmì~knbg mw }dw~lvcg mg ckvvg/ B“gqubdvldo mw }gcuv mìmlì kwq bdlvl~v g} å bk mì}go}g }~kovhd~cg mg ckolá~g ~kmlfkbg g} mìhlol}lxg bgv hd~cgv mg }dw~lvcg/ Bgv fdoiìv uk|ìv lov}kw~ìv go ;<68 vwvfl}go} bgv u~gclg~v mìuk~}v go xkfkofg mgv vkbk~lìv/ Ku~áv bk hlo mg bk Vgfdomg Iwg~~g Cdomlkbg" b“Gw~dug vg ~gcg} mg vgv nbgvvw~gv g} bg }dw~lvcg vg mìxgbduug xì~l}knbgcgo}/ Fgfl gv} mð å b“kff~dlvvgcgo} mg bk ~lfagvvg {wl ikiog b“govgcnbg mgv fdwfagv mg bk vdflì}ì/ Bgv uk|v mìxgbduuìv go}~go} mkov b“á~g mg bk fdovdcck}ldo/ Bk mgckomg gv} ubw}ý} ck~{wìg uk~ b“wolhd~clvk}ldo : bgv xkfkofgv m“ì}ì" bg }dw~lvcg nkboìkl~g" bg vdbglb" bk ubkig" bk cg~… Bgv }dw~#duì~k}gw~v mìxgbduugo} bgw~v dhh~gv g} u~dudvgo} mgv vìjdw~v g} fl~fwl}v/ Lbv d~ikolvgo} klovl b“govgcnbg mgv xkfkofgv mgv }dw~lv}gv kxgf mgv ukf`v }dw} fdcu~lv : }~kovud~}" aìng~igcgo}" ~gv}kw~k}ldo" bdlvl~v… Mgv kooìgv ;<95 jwv{w“go b“ko >555" bk ~gfag~fag mg bk {wkbl}ì u~ìmdclog 0 bg }dw~lv}g v“k}}kfag kw ndo ~kuud~} {wkbl}ì#u~lq/ Bk mgckomg v“ì}gom mgv fdw~}v vìjdw~v kwq ;5


bdoiv vìjdw~v go ukvvko} uk~ bgv bdlvl~v mg u~dqlcl}ì/ Bg }dw~lvcg fwb}w~gb g} m“khhkl~gv vg mìxgbduug/ Mg ubwv go ubwv mg ug~vdoogv vdo} uk~}lfwblá~gcgo} vdwflgwvgv m“wo }dw~lvcg xg~}/ Fg {wl gqubl{wg bk oklvvkofg mw fdofgu} m“  ìfd#}dw~lvcg °/ Gohlo" bgv kf}gw~v lov}l}w}ldoogbv mw }dw~lvcg loxgv}lvvgo} mkov Lo}g~og} kw fdw~v mgv mg~olá~gv kooìgv/ Kwjdw~m“awl" wog uk~} lcud~}ko}g mw }gcuv mg bdlvl~ gv} mìmlìg kw }dw~lvcg/ Bgv }dw~lv}gv u~ìuk~go} mg ubwv go g o ubwv bgw~v xkfkofgv vw~ Lo}g~og} g} o“aìvl}go} ubwv å fdovkf~g~ wog lcud~}ko}g uk~}lg mg bgw~v ~gxgowv å bgw~v xkfkofgv/ Bk mgckomg mgxlgo} ubwv mlxg~vlhlìg g} ug~vdookblvìg : bgv }dw~lv}gv vdwakl}go} vdwakl}go} fdov}~wl~g bgw~ xd|kig vw~ vw~ cgvw~g/ Fgv mg~olg~v do} ìikbgcgo} lo}ìi~ì bgv mlvudvl}lhv cdnlbgv mkov bgw~v aknl}wmgv mg fdovwb}k}ldo mg b“lohd~ck}ldo }dw~lv}l{wg/

6/ Bgv kf}gw~v mg b“g#}dw~lvcg

Bg vgf}gw~ mg b“g#}dw~lvcg ~kvvgcnbg mg odcn~gwq kf}gw~v mw vgf}gw~ }dw~lv}l{wg klovl {wg mg odwxgkwq go}~ko}v" kuugbìv uw~g ubk|6/ Uk~cl fgv kf}gw~v" odwv ~g}~dwxdov : •

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Bgv go}~gu~lvgv }dw~lv}l{wgv : kigofgv mg xd|kigv" u~gv}k}kl~gv aý}gblg~v" fdcukiolgv kì~lgoogv" fdcukiolgv hg~~dxlkl~gv… 0 Bg vgf}gw~ mg b“ìml}ldo g} mg bk uwnblfk}ldo : iwlmgv mg xd|kigv" ckikzlogv" nbdiv" ud~}klbv }dw~lv}l{wgv 0 Bgv fdcuk~k}gw~v mg u~lq" ki~ìik}gw~v" cd}gw~v mg ~gfag~fagv vuìflkblvìv mkov bg xd|kig 0 Bgv kf}gw~v lov}l}w}ldoogbv lov}l}w}ldoogbv : bk ml~gf}ldo mw }dw~lvcg" b“DML]" bk Cklvdo mg bk H~kofg" bg fdovglb ok}ldokb mw }dw~lvcg" bgv dhhlfgv mg }dw~lvcg" bgv fdcl}ìv mìuk~}gcgo}kwq mg }dw~lvcg !dw kigofg mg mìxgbduugcgo} }dw~lv}l{wg," bgv fdcl}ìv ~ìildokwq mg }dw~lvcg/

Bgv kf}gw~v lov}l}w}ldoogbv mw }dw~lvcg do} ~kulmgcgo} loxgv}l Lo}g~og}/ B“gojgw m“wog u~ìvgofg vw~ bg ygn gv} go ghhg} }~áv lcud~}ko} kxgf" å bk fbì" wog fblgo}ábg cdomlkbg/ Go H~kofg" bk ckjd~l}ì mgv FM] !dw KM], g} mgv F^] mlvudvgo} kwjdw~m“awl mg bgw~ vl}g lo}g~og} g} wo odcn~g f~dlvvko} m“dhhlfgv mg }dw~lvcg ìikbgcgo}/ Fgv vl}gv vdo} xlvl}ìv go u~gclg~ uk~ bgv }dw~lv}gv å bk ~gfag~fag m“lohd~ck}ldo vw~ bgw~ blgw mg xkfkofgv/ Wo fdo}gow mg

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Uw~g ubk| mìvliog wog go}~gu~lvg k|ko} mìck~~ì g} gqg~éko} mkov wo vgf}gw~ m“kf}lxl}ì wol{wg/ B“gqu~gvvldo gv} }dw}ghdlv uduwbk~lvìg udw~ mìvliog~ bgv go}~gu~lvgv dgwx~ko} wol{wgcgo} vw~ Lo}g~og} g} gv} vdwxgo} mìhlolg fdccg }gbbg/

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{wkbl}ì" mgv i~kualvcgv k}}~k|ko}v" wog okxlik}ldo lo}wl}lxg g} wog g~idodclg ghhlfkfg vdo} mgv hkf}gw~v u~lcd~mlkwq å og ukv oìiblig~ udw~ bk ~ìwvvl}g mw vl}g/ K}}k~mdov odwv ubwv go mì}klbv vw~ fgv v}~wf}w~gv… k/ Bgv dhhlfgv mg }dw~lvcg

B“dhhlfg mg }dw~lvcg gv} b“lov}l}w}ldo u~ìvgo}g kw olxgkw mgv fdccwogv g} mgv fdccwokw}ìv mg fdccwogv/ Vdo ~ýbg gv} od}kccgo} m“kffwglbbl~ g} m“lohd~cg~ bgv }dw~lv}gv" cklv kwvvl mg u~dcdwxdl~ bg uk}~lcdlog fwb}w~gb g} }dw~lv}l{wg mg fg}}g fdccwog/ Fgv clvvldov m“kffwglb" m“lohd~ck}ldo g} mg u~dcd}ldo vdo} fdd~mdooìgv mg ckolá~g fdaì~go}g kxgf bg fdcl}ì mìuk~}gcgo}kb mg }dw~lvcg g} bg fdcl}ì ~ìildokb mg }dw~lvcg/ ]dwv bgv kov" fg} d~ikolvcg vdwcg} wo ~kuud~} hlokoflg~ kw fdovglb cwolflukb/ Lb ugw} ê}~g kw}d~lvì å fdccg~flkblvg~ mgv u~gv}k}ldov mg vg~xlfgv }dw~lv}l{wgv g} ê}~g ìikbgcgo} fdovwb}ì vw~ mgv u~djg}v m)ì{wlugcgo}v fdbbgf}lhv }dw~lv}l{wgv/ B“dhhlfg mg }dw~lvcg uk~}lflug å b“ìbknd~k}ldo g} bk clvg go ubkfg m“wog udbl}l{wg bdfkbg mw }dw~lvcg khlo mg hkxd~lvg~ bg mìxgbduugcgo} }dw~lv}l{wg mg bk fdccwog/ Udw~ fg hkl~g" lb klmg å b)ìbknd~k}ldo mgv vg~xlfgv }dw~lv}l{wgv" lb kil} mkov b)gqubdl}k}ldo m)lov}kbbk}ldov }dw~lv}l{wgv g} mg bdlvl~v g} lb gv} bg ik~ko} mg b)d~ikolvk}ldo mgv hê}gv g} mgv ckolhgv}k}ldov fwb}w~gbbgv mg bk fdccwog/ Kwjdw~m“awl" do fdov}k}g mg ubwv go ubwv {wg b“dhhlfg mg }dw~lvcg mì}lgo} wo mdwnbg ~ýbg : lb gv} fw~k}gw~ fw~k}gw~ mg fdo}gowv g} gqug~} mg bk mgv}lok}ldo/ mgv}lok}ldo/ •

bg ygn gv} mgxgow wo blgw dü bgv lohd~ck}ldov hdlvdoogo} mg uk~}dw}/ Bg }dw~lv}dokw}g mdl} oìfgvvkl~gcgo} ~ìkblvg~ wo }~l uk~cl }dw}gv bgv vdw~fgv m“lohd~ck}ldov å vk mlvudvl}ldo go fadlvlvvko} bgv ubwv ug~}logo}gv/ Lb v“kil} m“wog ì}kug lcud~}ko}g khlo m“dn}gol~ mgv ~govgliogcgo}v w}lbgv å u~dudv mg vk mgv}lok}ldo g} mg u~ìuk~g~ klovl kw clgwq vdo xd|kig/ D~" b“lo}g~okw}g gv} vdwxgo} u~gvvì g}" mg vw~f~dl}" b“g#}dw~lv}g kwvvl/ F“gv} bå {wg b“dhhlfg mg }dw~lvcg k wo ~ýbg å jdwg~ go }ko} {wg fw~k}gw~ mg fdo}gow khlo mg hlmìblvg~ b“lo}g~okw}g/ Fgbwl#fl" go }ko} {w“gqug~} mg bk mgv}lok}ldo" kw~k ubwv mg hkflbl}ì å vìbgf}ldoog~ bgv lohd~ck}ldov bgv ubwv ug~}logo}gv å u~dudv mw blgw/ Bk xkbgw~ kjdw}ìg gv} lcud~}ko}g udw~ b“w}lblvk}gw~ : bgv fdo}gowv bgv ubwv ug~}logo}v vg~do} ~gi~dwuìv kw cêcg gom~dl}" fg {wl ìfdodclvg~k wo }gcuv u~ìflgwq kw hw}w~ xd|kigw~/ Gohlo" bk fw~k}ldo mw fdo}gow uk~ b“dhhlfg mg }dw~lvcg kvvw~g mw fdo}gow xkblmì g} wo udlo} mg xwg dhhlflgb g} xì~lhlì vw~ bk mgv}lok}ldo/ B“dhhlfg mg }dw~lvcg" fw~k}gw~ mg fdo}gowv :

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Hliw~g > : Bk Fw~k}ldo mgv fdo}gowv •

lb og hkl} kwfwo mdw}g {wg b“dhhlfg mg }dw~lvcg gv} md}ì m“wog gqug~}lvg å u~dudv mg vk mgv}lok}ldo/ Lb ugw} od}kccgo} bk u~dwxg~ uk~ bk mdfwcgo}k}ldo dhhlflgbbg mdo} lb mlvudvg/ Fg} kvugf} gv} }~áv lcud~}ko} mkov bk cgvw~g dü b“g#}dw~lv}g vg }dw~og~k ubwv hkflbgcgo} xg~v wog lohd~ck}ldo f~ìmlnbg g} xì~lhlìg khlo mg u~ìuk~g~ vdo xd|kig/ B“dhhlfg mg }dw~lvcg mdl} å bk hdlv uwnblg~ mw fdo}gow dhhlflgb vw~ vk mgv}lok}ldo g} hkl~g mg bk fw~k}ldo mg fdo}gowv å }~kxg~v bgv cìmlkv vdflkwq khlo mg ~gv}g~ ug~}logo}/ B“dhhlfg mg }dw~lvcg gv} wo gqug~} mg bk mgv}lok}ldo :

Bk fw~k}ldo mg fdo}gow vwuudvg b“goikigcgo} m“wog odwxgbbg ~gvvdw~fg {wl fdookï} odo vgwbgcgo} }~áv nlgo bk mgv}lok}ldo cklv {wl udvvámg ìikbgcgo} wog gqug~}lvg mkov b“wolxg~v mgv cìmlkv vdflkwq g} mkov bgv dw}lbv mg xglbbg udwxko} ê}~g clv å vk mlvudvl}ldo/ Fg}}g ug~vdoog vg~k kbd~v fak~iìg m“ghhgf}wg~ wog xglbbg fdov}ko}g å u~dudv mg bk mgv}lok}ldo/ J“kokb|vg bg cì}lg~ mg fw~k}gw~ mg fdo}gow mkov bk vlqlácg uk~}lg mg fg cìcdl~g/ n/ Bgv fdcl}ìv mìuk~}gcgo}kwq mg }dw~lvcg !FM], dw kigofgv mg mìxgbduugcgo} }dw~lv}l{wg !KM],

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D~ikolvcgv mg u~ìuk~k}ldo g} mg ~ìkblvk}ldo mg bk udbl}l{wg }dw~lv}l{wg mgv mìuk~}gcgo}v" bgw~ ~ýbg gv} m“d~ikolvg~ g} mg u~dcdwxdl~ b“dhh~g mìuk~}gcgo}kbg go H~kofg g} å b“ì}~koig~/ Fg {wl vg }~kmwl} uk~ bk clvg go ~ìvgkw mgv u~dhgvvldoogbv mw }dw~lvcg" bk igv}ldo g} bk alì~k~falvk}ldo mg b“dhh~g mìuk~}gcgo}kbg g} bk clvg go ubkfg m“wo ubko mg u~dcd}ldo g} mg fdccwolfk}ldo/ Bg FM] k ìikbgcgo} wo ~ýbg mg uk~}lfluk}ldo" mg fdovglb g} mg xkblmk}ldo mgv u~djg}v mg mìxgbduugcgo} g} m“kcìokigcgo} }dw~lv}l{wg/ Lb dnvg~xg kwvvl b“kf}lxl}ì ìfdodcl{wg }dw~lv}l{wg" fg {wl bwl ug~cg} mg clgwq fdookï}~g g} fdcu~gom~g bgv ;6


fdcud~}gcgo}v mgv fblgo}ábgv/ Klovl lb v“kmku}g g} kmdu}g mgv kf}ldov khlo mg vk}lvhkl~g bgv }dw~lv}gv/ Gohlo" bg FM] vdw}lgo} b“kf}lxl}ì mgv u~dhgvvldoogbv mw }dw~lvcg mkov bg fkm~g mg b“klmg å bk u~dhgvvldookblvk}ldo/  Go ~ìvwcì" bgv u~loflukbgv u~loflukbgv clvvldov m“wo FM] vdo} vdo} mg : •

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hìmì~g~" lohd~cg~ g} v}lcwbg~ v}lcwbg~ }dwv bgv kf}gw~v kf}gw~v uwnblfv g} u~lxìv mg vdo mìuk~}gcgo} 0 kokb|vg~" fdovglbbg~" ìxkbwg~ g} ìbknd~g~" od}kccgo} bk v}~k}ìilg mg mìxgbduugcgo} }dw~lv}l{wg mw mìuk~}gcgo} 0

•

fdbbgf}g~" iì~g~" {wkblhlg~ g} cg}}~g å mlvudvl}ldo bgv lohd~ck}ldov }dw~lv}l{wgv }dw~lv}l{wgv 0

•

hkl~g bk u~dcd}ldo mg vdo dhh~g }dw~lv}l{wg go H~kofg g} å b)ì}~koig~ 0

•

iì~g~ g} kolcg~ mgv hlblá~gv loh~k mìuk~}gcgo}kbgv khlo mg mìxgbduug~ bk clvg go ck~faì/ °=

Go >55<" uk~cl bgv <8 FM] u~ìvgo}v vw~ bg }g~~l}dl~g h~koéklv" ubwvlgw~v do} du}ì udw~ wog odwxgbbg mìodclok}ldo mìodclok}ldo : KM] !Kigofg mg Mìxgbduugcgo} ]dw~lv}l{wg,/ ]dw~lv}l{wg,/

f/ Bgv fdcl}ìv ~ìildokwq mg }dw~lvcg

Kw olxgkw mgv ~ìildov" b“lov}l}w}ldo }dw~lv}l{wg gv} bg F^] !fdcl}ì ~ìildokb mg }dw~lvcg,/ Fg vdo} iìoì~kbgcgo} mgv d~ikolvcgv kvvdflk}lhv hlokofìv uk~ bgv fdovglbv ~ìildokwq/ Bgw~ ~ýbg gv} m“kvvw~g~ bk u~dcd}ldo }dw~lv}l{wg mg bk ~ìildo kwvvl nlgo go H~kofg {w“å b“ì}~koig~/ Lbv do} ìikbgcgo} mgv clvvldov mlxg~vgv fdccg b“dnvg~xk}ldo ìfdodcl{wg mw vgf}gw~ }dw~lv}l{wg mg bk ~ìildo" bg vfaìck ~ìildokb }dw~lv}l{wg g} b“d~ikolvk}ldo mgv u~dhgvvldoogbv" mgv hlblá~gv g} mgv cì}lg~v mw }dw~lvcg/ Bgv clvvldov

m“wo F^] :

•

bk u~dcd}ldo mg bk ~ìildo kw olxgkw ok}ldokb g} lo}g~ok}ldokb 0

•

bk clvg go Ŗwx~g mg bk udbl}l{wg mg }dw~lvcg }dw~lvcg mw fdovglb ~ìildokb ~ìildokb 0

•

bg vwlxl g} b“kokb|vg mg bk h~ì{wgo}k}ldo g} mg b“dhh~g }dw~lv}l{wg 0

•

bg ulbd}kig mgv ì}wmgv {wg {wg bwl fdohlg bg fdovglb fdovglb ~ìildokb 0

•

b“kolck}ldo mgv hlblá~gv }aìck}l{wgv 0

=

 Fdcl}ì mìuk~}gcgo}kb mg }dw~lvcg °" Yl`luìmlk : a}}u:$$h~/yl`lugmlk/d~i$yl`l$Fdcl}'F6'K
;=


•

b“d~ikolvk}ldo g} bk clvg go Ŗwx~g mgv kf}ldov mg u~dcd}ldo" fdccwolfk}ldo g} fdccg~flkblvk}ldo vw~ bg }g~~l}dl~g fdofg~oì/

Vfaìck ibdnkb mg bk v}~wf}w~g mgv lov}l}w}ldov }dw~lv}l{wgv go H~kofg" m“ku~áv bk CL]^K7 :

Hliw~g 6 : D~ikolvk}ldo mw }dw~lvcg go H~kofg vgbdo bk CL]^K

7

D~ikoli~kccg ~ìkblvì uk~ bk CL]^K : Clvvldo m“Loilìog~lg ]dw~lv}l{wg âýog#Kbugv/ âýog#Kbugv/a}}u:$$u~d/~adogkbugv# a}}u:$$u~d/~adogkbugv# }dw~lvcg/fdc$}dw}g#b#lohd$loio#olg }dw~lvcg/fdc$}dw}g#b #lohd$loio#olg~lg#n~$dnvg~xk} ~lg#n~$dnvg~xk}dl~g$b#kf}w# dl~g$b#kf}w#>8#;/a}cb$h~ >8#;/a}cb$h~$d~}$d~ikoli~kccg/a} $d~}$d~ikoli~kccg/a}cb cb

;7


m/ Bgv kf}gw~v mg b“ìml}ldo g} mg bk uwnblfk}ldo

Fdofg~oko} bgv kf}gw~v mg b“ìml}ldo g} mg bk uwnblfk}ldo" do ~g}~dwxg u~loflukbgcgo} bgv ud~}klbv ygn >/5 fdovkf~ìv å wo blgw" wog ~ìildo go uk~}lfwblg~/ B“wolxg~v mgv iwlmgv mg xd|kigv lcu~lcìv k ~ìwvvl å v“lo}ìi~g~ kxgf vwffáv vw~ bg ygn" fdccg bg ‒Iwlmg mw ^dw}k~m– uk~ gqgcubg" {wl kxkl} mìjå ikioì bk fdohlkofg mgv bgf}gw~v vw~ bg ukulg~/ Bgw~ v}~k}ìilg gv} mg }gom~g xg~v wog fdcubìcgo}k~l}ì go}~g bg }gq}g lcu~lcì g} bk xg~vldo ìbgf}~dol{wg/ ? Gqgcubg mw vl}g mw ~dw}k~m

Bg Iwlmg mw ^dw}k~m k uw }~dwxg~ vk ubkfg vw~ Lo}g~og}" od}kccgo} go u~dudvko} mw fdo}gow vwuubìcgo}kl~g uk~ ~kuud~} å vk xg~vldo ukulg~/ Bk xg~vldo ygn gv} clvg å jdw~ g} kblcgo}ìg ~ìiwblá~gcgo} uk~ bgv lo}g~okw}gv/ Bg ^dw}k~m gv} u~ìvgo} vw~ Lo}g~og} máv ;<<8" g} k fdoow mgv xg~vldov ubwv ìbknd~ìgv go >55;" >556 uwlv go >558/ Bk fdcudvko}g ìml}d~lkbg gv} }~áv kof~ìg vw~ bg vl}g/ Bk ~wn~l{wg  Iwlmg ° cg} å mlvudvl}ldo mgv lo}g~okw}gv {wgb{wgv >55 hlfagv mg mgv}lok}ldov mlxg~vgv g} xk~lìgv/ Fgv hlfagv vdo} fdcudvìgv m“wo i~kom odcn~g m“lohd~ck}ldov u~k}l{wgv g} fwb}w~gbbgv å u~dudv mgv xlbbgv g} blgwq }dw~lv}l{wgv u~ìvgo}ìv/ Do ~gck~{wg kvvgz hkflbgcgo} go uk~fdw~ko} bg vl}g {wg bk fdccwokw}ì gv} }~áv kf}lxg/ Gbbg fdo}lgo} go ghhg} å ugw u~áv >75 hd~wcv mg xd|kigv kblcgo}ìv uk~ ;755 å >555 cgvvkigv m“lo}g~okw}gv fak{wg jdw~/ Khlo m“go~lfal~ bg vl}g" bgv  }dw~lv}dokw}gv ° vdo} loxl}ìv loxl}ìv å uk~}kig~ bgw~v uad}dv mg xd|kigv" fgbbgv#fl vdo} govwl}g vìbgf}ldooìgv uk~ b“ì{wlug mw vl}g/ Mguwlv hlo odxgcn~g >551" bgv wvkig~v ugwxgo} ìikbgcgo} f~ìg~ bgw~ ukig mg u~dhlb/ Fgbk ug~cg} mg clgwq fg~og~ bgv lo}g~xgo}ldov mg bk ug~vdoog vw~ bg vl}g/ Fg mg~olg~ mlvudvg m“wo v|v}ácg mg f~l}l{wgv mgv aìng~igcgo}v" mdooko} klovl bk udvvlnlbl}ì kwq lo}g~okw}gv mg od}g~ bgv aý}gbv dü lbv do} vìjdw~oì/ Bg ^dw}k~m fdbbknd~g ì}~dl}gcgo} kxgf bgv lov}l}w}ldov }dw~lv}l{wgv udw~ fgv fdo}gowv lcu~lcìv g} owcì~l{wgv/ Lb gv} ìikbgcgo} u~ìvgo} vw~ ]yl}}g~ g} Hkfgndd`" cklv fgv kvugf}v vdo} cdlov nlgo iì~ìv/ Bk ~ìmkf}ldo mdoog go ghhg} bk u~ld~l}ì å bk fdcudvko}g fdccwokw}kl~g mw vl}g ^dw}k~m/fdc/ Bg Iwlmg mw ^dw}k~m gv} go dw}~g mlvudolnbg vw~ lUadog g} lUkm !cd|gooko} uklgcgo},/ Mg odcn~gwq vl}gv ygn vuìflkblvìv vdo} ìikbgcgo} kuuk~wv fgv mg~olá~gv kooìgv" vw~ bk }dlbg/ Fgwq#fl do} udw~ nw} mg hìmì~g~ bgv fdccwokw}ìv mg xd|kigw~v/ Lbv u~googo} vdwxgo} bk hd~cg mg ud~}klbv dü bgv lo}g~okw}gv ugwxgo} gwq#cêcgv kblcgo}g~ bg fdo}gow mw vl}g" kxgf" vdwxgo}" wog uk~}lg nbdi" hd~wcv" … ]dw} fgbk lohbwg vw~ bk u~ìuk~k}ldo mw xd|kig g} bgv wvkigv blìv å fgbbg#fl" od}kccgo} xlk b)ìfakoig m)kxlv g} mg fdovglbv/ 17 ' mgv lo}g~okw}gv mìfbk~go} fdovwb}g~ bgv kxlv mgv kw}~gv lo}g~okw}gv khlo mg u~ìuk~g~ bgw~ xd|kig/ Fg falhh~g ;8


ìbgxì mìcdo}~g fdcnlgo bgv ubk}ghd~cgv m“kxlv mg fdovdcck}gw~v do} u~lv wo ~ýbg lcud~}ko} fgv mg~olá~gv kooìgv/

Hliw~g

= :

udw~fgo}kig

m“lo}g~okw}gv

fdovwb}ko} bgv kxlv mg xd|kigw~v

;9


LLL/ ]dw~lvcg g} Lo}g~og}" bg fdwubg ikioko} ;/ [wgb{wgv falhh~gv udw~ clgwq fdcu~gom~g k/ B“g#}dw~lvcg kw fŖw~ m“wog ìxdbw}ldo hwbiw~ko}g

Bg }dw~lvcg gv} }~áv fbkl~gcgo} bg vgf}gw~ {wl k ì}ì bg ubwv lcukf}ì uk~ b“k~~lxìg m“Lo}g~og} mkov bgv hd|g~v/ Bg odcn~g mg ~ìvg~xk}ldov go bliog mg u~dmwl}v }dw~lv}l{wgv f~dï} vkov fgvvg/

Hliw~g 7

Go >551" wog go{wê}g Cìmlkcì}~lg$Og}^k}loiv udw~ bk HGXKM k cdo}~ì {wg 78 ' mgv lo}g~okw}gv {wl kxklgo} xd|kiì kw fdw~v mgv ;> mg~olg~v cdlv do} w}lblvì Lo}g~og} udw~ kfag}g~ dw ~ìvg~xg~ wo xd|kig/ Vgbdo wog kw}~g ì}wmg mw Ngofack~` I~dwu" >5' mgv mìugovgv mg xd|kig go H~kofg vdo} ~ìkblvìgv vw~ Lo}g~og}/ Gohlo" wog go{wê}g mw  Jdw~okb mw Og} °" uwnblìg go >55<" ~ìxábg {wg bgv H~koéklv w}lblvgo} u~loflukbgcgo} b“g#}dw~lvcg udw~ ~ìvg~xg~ mgv nlbbg}v m)kxldo !=7', dw wo aìng~igcgo} !66',/ Lbv kuu~ìflgo} }dw} uk~}lfwblá~gcgo} Lo}g~og} udw~ }~dwxg~ g} ~ìvg~xg~ wog fakcn~g m“aý}gv dw wo iï}g klovl {wg fdcuk~g~ bgv u~lq/

Vgbdo wog ì}wmg ~ìkblvìg go jkoxlg~ >55< uk~ bg fknlog} U~d}dw~lvcg" 99' mgv lo}g~okw}gv w}lblvgo} bg ygn fdccg vdw~fg m“lohd~ck}ldov u~loflukbg khlo mg u~ìuk~g~ bgw~ xd|kig/ Ckbi~ì bgv mlhhlfwb}ìv ìfdodcl{wgv" bgv H~koéklv vdo} fak{wg jdw~ ubwv odcn~gwq å kfag}g~ bgw~v xkfkofgv vw~ bg ygn/ Bgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq ug~cg}}go} mgv ìfakoigv kw vglo m“wog fdccwokw}ì khlo m“dn}gol~ mgv lohd~ck}ldov" mgv ndov ubkov" mg ~ìkblvg~ mgv fdcuk~klvdov" … Fgv odwxgbbgv udvvlnlbl}ìv {wl v“dhh~go} å b“lo}g~okw}g Hliw~g 8 uk~}lflugo} hd~}gcgo} å b“w}lblvk}ldo mg ubwv go ubwv v|v}ìck}l{wg mw ygn mkov bk u~ìuk~k}ldo mgv xd|kigv/ Duloldo Yk| b“k klovl mìcdo}~ì go ~ìkblvko} wo vdomkig go ckl >5;5/ Fgbwl#fl ud~}g vw~ bgv ~klvdov udw~ bgv{wgbbgv bgv

;1


lo}g~okw}gv w}lblvgo} mkxko}kig bg ygn udw~ u~ìuk~g~ bgw~v xkfkofgv !ubwvlgw~v ~ìudovgv ì}klgo} udvvlnbgv uk~cl bgv fadlq u~dudvìv,/ ^ìvwb}k} :

Hliw~g 9

Go H~kofg" b“g#}dw~lvcg k iìoì~ì 1 clbblk~mv m“gw~dv mg falhh~g m“khhkl~g go >55<" vdl} wog u~di~gvvldo mg ;7' uk~ ~kuud~} å >551/ Ubwv ~ìfgccgo}" b“ì}wmg mw Fknlog} ^khhdw~8 ~ìkblvìg go >5;; ~ìxábg wog akwvvg vliolhlfk}lxg mgv mìuk~}v go bdoiv vìjdw~v kxgf  71' mgv H~koéklv {wl vdo} uk~}lv go xkfkofgv fdo}~g 7>' vgwbgcgo} go >55< °/ Mg ubwv" bk H~kofg vg ~ìxábg mg bdlo fdccg bk u~gclá~g mgv}lok}ldo kxgf  15' mgv H~koéklv uk~}lv vw~ bgw~ u~du~g }g~~l}dl~g °/ Fg}}g ì}wmg k ìikbgcgo} ug~clv mg mìxdlbg~ mìxdlbg~ {wg  ;8"9 clbbldov mg H~koéklv H~koéklv !76' mgv uk~}ko}v, do} do} u~ìuk~ì bgw~ xd|kig go bliog g} cêcg ;>"; clbbldov do} fdof~ì}lvì bgw~v ~gfag~fagv uk~ wog ~ìvg~xk}ldo go bliog" vdl} wo }kwq mg fdoxg~vldo mg 9>' + ° Bgv mgwq ~klvdov {wl ugwxgo} gqubl{wg~ fg} ìod~cg }kwq mg }~kovhd~ck}ldo vdo} bk fdohlkofg mkov bk ck~{wg g} b“kcìbld~k}ldo ibdnkbg mkov b“g~idodclg mgv vl}gv mg }dw~lvcg/ G}ko} mdooì bk vl}wk}ldo kf}wgbbg mg b“g#}dw~lvcg {wl fdookï} wog ìxdbw}ldo kvvgz hwbiw~ko}g" ngkwfdwu mg u~dhgvvldoogbv mw vgf}gw~ fdccgofgo} å uk~bg~ mg cd~} mg b“g# }dw~lvcg kw u~dhl} m“wo }dw~lvcg owcì~l{wg fdoogf}ì/ 8

G}dw~lvcg/lohd/  Uk~}gz }~ko{wlbbg" }~ko{wlbbg" bg nk~dcá}~g ^khhdw~ ^khhdw~ >5;; loml{wg ngkw ngkw }gcuv vw~ b“g}dw~lvcg °/ a}}u:$$yyy/g}dw~lvcg/lohd$k~}lfbg$;=;=$uk a}}u:$$yyy/g}dw~lvcg/lohd$k~}lfb g$;=;=$uk~}gz#}~ko{wl ~}gz#}~ko{wlbbgv#bg#nk~dcg bbgv#bg#nk~dcg}~g#~khhdw~#> }~g#~khhdw~#>5;;#loml{wg 5;;#loml{wg#ngkw#}gcuv# #ngkw#}gcuv#vw~#b# vw~#b# g}dw~lvcg

;<


n/ Bk cdnlbl}ì" wo gojgw mg }klbbg

Hkf}gw~ mì}g~cloko} udw~ bgv v}~wf}w~gv }dw~lv}l{wgv m“kwjdw~m“awl" bk cdnlbl}ì vgcnbg kxdl~ u~dhdomìcgo} lcukf}ì b“kffáv å b“dhh~g }dw~lv}l{wg/ ]dwjdw~v vgbdo b“ì}wmg mw Fknlog} ^khhdw~ go >5;;" do fdov}k}g {wg b“ì{wlugcgo} go }ìbìuadolg cdnlbg k ndoml mg ;5'/ 85' mgv }dw~lv}dokw}gv k|ko} u~ìuk~ì bgw~v xkfkofgv go bliog khhl~cgo} kxdl~ kffáv å b“lo}g~og} cdnlbg/ Lb v“kil} bå m“wo falhh~g uk~}lfwblá~gcgo} ìbgxì/ Lbv vdo} kwvvl nlgo vìmwl}v uk~ vdo fý}ì u~k}l{wg udw~ bk u~ìuk~k}ldo mw vìjdw~ {wg uk~ vdo ~ýbg m“kffdcukiogcgo} ugomko} bg vìjdw~/ Vgbdo wog ì}wmg mg Ngofack~` I~dwu" wo }lg~v mgv d~ikolvcgv lov}l}w}ldoogbv vg~kl} u~ìvgo} vw~ cdnlbg !6>',/ Fg falhh~g mgx~kl} v“kff~dï}~g hd~}gcgo} m“lfl >5;> uwlv{wg bg i~kual{wg fl#mgvvdwv mìcdo}~g {wg 77' mgv ~ìudomko}v do} mgv u~djg}v mkov fg vgov/ Do od}g~k ìikbgcgo} {wg bk ubwuk~} mgv d~ikolvcgv u~ìvgo}v vw~ cdnlbg do} ml~gf}gcgo} hkl} bg fadlq m“wo vl}g du}lclvì udw~ fg }|ug m“kuuk~glb/ Bk ubwuk~} mgv u~djg}v fdofg~ogo} bg bkofgcgo} mg vl}gv cdnlbgv g} bg mìxgbduugcgo} m“kuublfk}ldov Kom~dlm/9

Hliw~g 1 : I~kual{wg ~ìkblvì uk~ bg Ngofack~` I~dwu

f/ Gxdbw}ldo g} vwffáv mgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq

Mkov fg}}g uk~}lg" jg xklv knd~mg~ bgv od}ldov mg mlvudvl}lhv fdccwokw}kl~gv" mg cìmlkv vdflkwq g} mg ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq/ Fgv }~dlv fdofgu}v vdo} mlhhì~go}v cklv loìxl}knbgcgo} blìv/ Xdlfl wo vfaìck vfaìck udw~ clgwq fdcu~gom~g fdcu~gom~g fg {w“goibdng fak{wg fak{wg od}ldo : 9

Ngofack~` I~dwu" ‒G}wmg g#}dw~lvcg : falhh~gv fbìv" v}~k}ìilgv mgv kf}gw~v" k}}go}g mgv fdovdcck}gw~v–/ a}}u:$$yyy/vblmgvak~g/og}$Ngofack~Ì~dwu$g a}}u:$$yyy/vblmgvak~g/og}$Ng ofack~Ì~dwu$g}wmg#g}dw~lvcg# }wmg#g}dw~lvcg#falhh~gv#fbv falhh~gv#fbv#v}~k}ilgv#mg #v}~k}ilgv#mgv#kf}gw~v#k v#kf}gw~v#k}}go}gv#mgv# }}go}gv#mgv# fdovdcck}gw~v

>5


Mlvudvl}lhv fdccwokw}kl~gv Cìmlkv vdflkwq ^ìvgkwq vdflkwq

Bgv cìmlkv vdflkwq lofbwgo} bgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq klovl {wg bgv nbdiv" bgv hd~wcv" bgv ubk}ghd~cgv [(^/ Lb v“kil} m“wo fdofgu} ubwv bk~ig {wg fgbwl mgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq/ Bgv cìmlkv vdflkwq vdo} wo mgv u~loflukwq fkokwq mg fdccwolfk}ldo mdo} mlvudvg b“go}~gu~lvg udw~ xìalfwbg~ vdo cgvvkig g} goikig~ wog fdoxg~vk}ldo kxgf vgv fblgo}v/ Wog mlhhì~gofg go}~g bgv cìmlkv vdflkwq g} bgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq ~ìvlmg mkov bg hkl} {wg bgv cìmlkv vdflkwq ug~cg}}go} mg v“km~gvvg~ kw cdomg go}lg~ !nbdi" ]yl}}g~" Hblf`~" Mklb|cd}ldo" …, kbd~v {wg bgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq ug~cg}}go} mg f~ìg~ wog fdccwokw}ì ~gv}~glo}g mg ug~vdoogv k|ko} wog fg~}klog u~dqlcl}ì !Hkfgndd`" Xlkmgd" Qloi" Fduklov m“Kxko}" …,/ Bgv mlvudvl}lhv fdccwokw}kl~gv go bliog g}" go uk~}lfwblg~ bgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq" fdooklvvgo} kf}wgbbgcgo} wog gqubdvldo mg bgw~ h~ì{wgo}k}ldo/ Go H~kofg" go}~g >55< g} >5;5" bgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq do} xw bgw~ odcn~g m“lovf~l}v ndoml~ mg ubwv mg ="> clbbldov/ Go >5;5" do gv}lckl} å >5"6 clbbldov bg odcn~g m“lovf~l}v å wo vl}g fdccwokw}kl~g" vgbdo b“Dnvg~xk}dl~g mgv Wvkigv Lo}g~og} !DWL, mg b“lov}l}w} Cìmlkcì}~lg/ Bgw~ odcn~g kwicgo}g ubwv xl}g {wg bk uduwbk}ldo }d}kbg m“lo}g~okw}gv/ Go ghhg}" go jwlo >5;5" bg odcn~g m“lovf~l}v vw~ wo vl}g fdccwokw}kl~g k k}}glo} 69"8 clbbldov mg ug~vdoogv îiìgv mg ;; kov clolcwc/ Bg nw} u~loflukb mg fgv mlvudvl}lhv fdccwokw}kl~gv go bliog gv} }dw} m“knd~m bk f~ìk}ldo m“wog ~gbk}ldo mg fdohlkofg go}~g bgv lo}g~okw}gv/ Fgv mlvudvl}lhv vdo} uk~ klbbgw~v wo dw}lb lomlvugovknbg udw~ }dwfag~ wo uwnblf ubwv mlxg~vlhlì/ Bgv vl}gv fdccwokw}kl~gv do} ~gf~w}ì ubwv mg > clbbldov mg jgwogv mg ;; å ;7 kov" vdl} wo ndom mg 86' go wo ko/ Bk }~kofag mgv 67#=< kov v“lo}ì~gvvg ìikbgcgo} mg ubwv go ubwv kwq ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq/ Lbv vdo} cklo}goko} u~áv mg 7 clbbldov m“lovf~l}v vw~ fgv vl}gv" fg {wl cdo}~g wog u~di~gvvldo mg >1'/ Bgv jgwogv go}~g ;1 g} >7 kov vdo} bgv u~loflukwq w}lblvk}gw~v mg fgv odwxgkwq dw}lbv/ Oìv å b“á~g mg b“lohd~ck}l{wg g} mgv }gfaodbdilgv mg b“lohd~ck}ldo g} mg bk fdccwolfk}ldo" lbv hd~cgo} bk iìoì~k}ldo mgv  Mlil}kb Ok}lxgv °/ Bk }~kofag m“îig mgv >7#67 kov fdov}l}wìg mgv jgwogv kf}lhv gv} ìikbgcgo} }~áv hlmábg å fgv mlvudvl}lhv fdccwokw}kl~gv doblog/

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F“gv} go ;<<9 {w“kuuk~kï} fg {wl vg~k fdovlmì~ì fdccg bg u~gclg~ xì~l}knbg ~ìvgkw vdflkb kxgf }dw}gv bgv hdof}ldookbl}ìv mg nkvg {wl | vdo} blìgv :  Vlqmgi~ggv/fdc °/ K uk~}l~ mg fg cdcgo}" mg odcn~gwq mlvudvl}lhv xdo} okï}~g uwlv mlvuk~kï}~g bgv wov ku~áv bgv kw}~gv go b“knvgofg m“wo cdmábg ìfdodcl{wg xlknbg/ K uk~}l~ mg >55>" bgv mlvudvl}lhv vdflkwq gqubdvgo}/ Kwjdw~m“awl" bg odcn~g mg vl}gv vdflkwq }gom å vg ~k}ldokblvg~ g} {wgb{wgv odcv vd~}go} mw bd}" mdo} Hkfgndd` g} ]yl}}g~/ B“dwxg~}w~g mg Hkfgndd` kw i~kom uwnblf go >559 gv} b“ìxìogcgo} mì}g~cloko} {wl vliog~k bg mìnw} m“wo xì~l}knbg nddc mgv cìmlkv vdflkwq/ [wgb{wgv v}k}lv}l{wgv fdofg~oko} bgv u~loflukwq ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq •

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f~ìì go >55= uk~ Ck~` Zwf`g~ng~i" wo ì}wmlko} m“Ak~xk~m" Hkfgndd` ì}kl} å b“d~lilog wol{wgcgo} ~ìvg~xì kwq ì}wmlko}v mg b“Wolxg~vl}ì/ K uk~}l~ mg >557" lb fdccgofg å v“ìbk~il~ å bk ubwuk~} mgv wolxg~vl}ìv kcì~lfklogv g} fkokmlgoogv udw~ hlokbgcgo} mgxgol~ kffgvvlnbg kw i~kom uwnblf go >559/ Hlo >5;5" do | ~gfgovg ubwv mg 855 clbbldov m“w}lblvk}gw~v/ Ubwv mg ;75 clbbldov mg ug~vdoogv w}lblvgo} Hkfgndd` å uk~}l~ mg bgw~ cdnlbg/ Ubwv m“wo Kcì~lfklo vw~ mgwq gv} lovf~l} vw~ Hkfgndd`/ Mìnw} >5;;" do fdcu}g ubwv m“wo H~koéklv vw~ mgwq {wl udvvámg wo fdcu}g Hkfgndd` " ubwv mg >5 clbbldov mg H~koéklv vdo} mgv cgcn~gv kf}lhv" mdo} 85' vg fdoogf}go} }dwv bgv jdw~v" vdl} wog u~di~gvvldo mg 7 clbbldov go vgwbgcgo} wo ko/ G} gohlo" u~áv mg 1 clbbldov mg ug~vdoogv go H~kofg w}lblvgo} Hkfgndd` Hkfgndd` vw~ bgw~ cdnlbg 0 ]yl}}g~ k ì}ì fdoéw go >558/ Hlo >5;5" do fdcu}g u~áv mg >55 clbbldov m“w}lblvk}gw~v å }~kxg~v bg cdomg" 655 555 lovf~lu}ldov {wd}lmlgoogv" 77 clbbldov mg }ygg}v goxd|ìv uk~ jdw~" vdl} 8=5 }ygg}v uk~ vgfdomg 0 Blo`gmLo : Do | fdcu}g fdcu}g 95 clbbldov mg cgcn~gv mkov ubwv mg >55 uk|v 0 wo odwxgkw odwxgkw cgcn~gv }dw}gv bgv 6 vgfdomgv 0 15' mgv u~dhgvvldoogbv w}lblvgo} w}lblvgo} kwjdw~m“awl Blo`gmLo Blo`gmLo udw~ bgw~ ~gf~w}gcgo} 0 \dw}wng : Do mìodcn~g > clbblk~mv mg xlvl}gw~v wol{wgv uk~ jdw~ 0 >= agw~gv mg xlmìdv }ìbìfak~iìgv fak{wg clow}g/

>/ U~dhlb g} wvkigv mw  }dw~lv}dokw}g ° k/ Bgv wvkigv

Bgv wvkigv mg vl}gv m“g#}dw~lvcg vdo} kvvgz xk~lìv/ Bk ubwuk~} mw }gcuv" lb v“kil} udw~ b“w}lblvk}gw~ mg v“lohd~cg~ å u~dudv m“wo uk|v" m“wog ~ìildo dw m“wog xlbbg" mg u~dfìmg~ å mgv ìfakoigv kxgf m“kw}~gv lo}g~okw}gv" mg fdovwb}g~ bgv mlhhì~go}v kxlv" mg udvg~ mgv {wgv}ldov" >>


mg }~dwxg~ bg cglbbgw~ ~kuud~} {wkbl}ì$u~lq/ Lb kw~k uk~ klbbgw~v bk udvvlnlbl}ì mg vwlx~g b“kf}wkbl}ì mg bk mgv}lok}ldo xlk" uk~ gqgcubg" wo kndoogcgo} ^VV" wog ogyvbg}}g~" Hkfgndd`" ]yl}}g~" g}f/ Bg }dw~lv}dokw}g udw~~k ìikbgcgo} ~ìvg~xg~ vgv xkfkofgv xlk fgv vl}gv : {wg fg vdl} wo aý}gb" wog fakcn~g m“aý}g" wog kf}lxl}ì mg bdlvl~v" wo }~kovud~}" … B“kfak} go bliog vg iìoì~kblvg m“klbbgw~v mg ubwv go ubwv/ Aknl}wgbbgcgo}" bk mgv}lok}ldo gv} fadlvlg kxko} bk fdovwb}k}ldo m)Lo}g~og} {wl" ubwv ~k~gcgo}" udw~~k klmg~ å fdohl~cg~ dw lohl~cg~ wo fadlq/ Bgv }dw~lv}dokw}gv vdwakl}go} }~dwxg~ bgv lohd~ck}ldov bgv ubwv xk~lìgv k|ko} }~kl} å bgw~ xd|kig g} å bgw~ mgv}lok}ldo : aìng~igcgo}v" l}loì~kl~gv" cdmgv mg mìubkfgcgo}" vl}gv å xlvl}g~" kf}lxl}ìv goxlvkigknbgv" cì}ìd" fdð} mg bk xlg" fwb}w~g" alv}dl~g" ìfdodclg" fdw}wcgv" hd~ckbl}ìv… Lbv xlvl}go} mdof mg odcn~gwq vl}gv go | kffìmko} od}kccgo} xlk bgv ~ìvwb}k}v mg cd}gw~v mg ~gfag~fag fdccg Iddibg/ Fdccg jg b“kl mìjå cgo}ldooì ubwv go kcdo} mkov fg cìcdl~g" bg }dw~lv}g m“kwjdw~m“awl gv} }~áv h~lkom mgv vìjdw~v vw~ vw~ cgvw~g/ Lb kuu~ìflg mg vg fdcudvg~ fdcudvg~ wo xd|kig ug~vdookblvì g} mìbklvvg mg ubwv go ubwv bgv xd|kigv d~ikolvìv/ Bk u~ìuk~k}ldo mg vdo xd|kig mg K å Z gv} mdof mgxgowg cdooklg fdw~ko}g g} fg" i~îfg kw ygn g} kwq odwxgkwq dw}lbv {wl go do} mìfdwbì/ Kw ~gik~m mg fgv odwxgbbgv u~k}l{wgv" lb gv} uk~ klbbgw~v lofdo}gv}knbg {w“Lo}g~og} k fdovlmì~knbgcgo} cdmlhlì bgv aknl}wmgv mg fdovdcck}ldo mg bk vdflì}ì/ Bg }dw~lvcg gv} bg mdcklog {wl k ì}ì bg ubwv u~dhdomìcgo} }dwfaì uk~ fg ndwbgxg~vgcgo}/ Bg uwnblf v“gv} ~kulmgcgo} kuu~du~lì fg cìmlk/ Fgv odwxgkwq wvkigv hdo} mdof mìvd~cklv uk~}lg mg od}~g {wd}lmlgo/ n/ Bgv u~dhlbv m“w}lblvk}gw~v

Fdccg jg b“kl mìjå cgo}ldooì ubwv akw}" bgv ug~vdoogv w}lblvko} mkxko}kig bgv mlvudvl}lhv fdccwokw}kl~gv go bliog vdo} bk }~kofag m“îig mgv ;1#>7 kov klovl {wg fgbbg mgv >7#67 kov fd~~gvudomko} kwq jgwogv kf}lhv/ Kf}wgbbgcgo}" fg vdo} go ghhg} bgv ug~vdoogv bgv ubwv ck}w~gv vw~ fg vwjg}" bgv ubwv kiwg~~lgv g} mdof bgv ubwv gqligko}gv/ U~gclá~gcgo}" bgv vl}gv m“g#}dw~lvcg vdo} xlvl}ìv uk~ mgv ug~vdoogv vdwakl}ko} dn}gol~ mgv ~govgliogcgo}v vw~ wo uk|v" wog ~ìildo dw wog xlbbg {w“lbv goxlvkigo} ugw}#ê}~g mg xlvl}g~ khlo od}kccgo} m“| fdbbgf}g~ mlxg~vgv lohd~ck}ldov vw~ bgv fw~ldvl}ìv å xlvl}g~/ Mgwqlácgcgo}" lbv vdo} ìikbgcgo} fdovwb}ìv uk~ mgv ug~vdoogv {wl do} mìjå ubkolhlì wo xd|kig mkov bk ~ìildo g} {wl fag~fago} wo bdigcgo} g}$dw wo ~gv}kw~ko}/ Fgv mg~olá~gv udw~~do} klovl dn}gol~ mgv km~gvvgv lo}ì~gvvko}gv" vdwxgo} ki~ìcgo}ìgv uk~ bgv f~l}l{wgv mgv

>6


fblgo}v u~ìfìmgo}v/ Mg ubwv" gbbgv kw~do} vdwxgo} bk udvvlnlbl}ì mg ~ìvg~xg~ wo bdigcgo} xlk bg vl}g lo}g~og}/ Do fdov}k}g ìikbgcgo} {wg fg~}klov vl}gv kmku}go} bgw~ fdo}gow go hdof}ldo mw u~dhlb mg bk ug~vdoog : hkclbbg" i~dwug" fdwubg" vgold~" jgwog… B“kxko}kig mg fg}}g hd~cwbg ~ìvlmg go wo cglbbgw~ flnbkig mgv fgo}~gv m“lo}ì~ê} mg bk ug~vdoog go hdof}ldo mg vdo u~dhlb" fg {wl ug~cg}}~k mg bwl u~dudvg~ wo fdo}gow kmì{wk} g} hkxd~lvg~ bk fdccg~flkblvk}ldo/

6/ [wgb gv} b“kuud~} m“Lo}g~og} kw }dw~lvcg 4

Mg odcn~gwvgv ì}wmgv ~ìkblvìgv fgv mg~olá~gv kooìgv mìcdo}~go} bg ~ýbg fkul}kb m“Lo}g~og} mkov bg mìxgbduugcgo} mw }dw~lvcg !fh/ udlo} LLL/ ;/," go ubglog cw}k}ldo mguwlv wog {wlozklog m“kooìgv/ Do od}g bk f~ìk}ldo m“kigofgv go bliog" b“ìcg~igofg mg odwxgkwq cdmábgv ìfdodcl{wgv" b“dcolu~ìvgofg mgv cd}gw~v mg ~gfag~fag g} mgv fdcuk~k}gw~v… Bgv cìmlkv vdflkwq ug~cg}}go}" go}~g kw}~gv" mg vg ~govgliog~ g} mg vg ~kvvw~g~ kxko} wo kfak} lcubl{wko} wog mìugovg lcud~}ko}g/ D~ bgv xkfkofgv vdo} fdovlmì~ìgv fdccg wo loxgv}lvvgcgo} vliolhlfk}lh g} mgv cdcgo}v å og vw~}dw} ukv ~k}g~/ Mg ubwv" fgv mlvudvl}lhv fdccwokw}kl~gv do} wo ~ýbg odo oìibligknbg å jdwg~ mkov b“ìxdbw}ldo mg fg vgf}gw~ g}" ubwv vuìflkbgcgo}" mkov bk u~dcd}ldo mgv }g~~l}dl~gv g} mgv ck~{wgv/ Do fdov}k}g {wg bgv mgwq u~loflukbgv vdw~fgv m“lohd~ck}ldov kxko} b“kfak} dhhblog m“wog u~gv}k}ldo }dw~lv}l{wg vdo} Lo}g~og} g} bgv ~gbk}ldov u~dfagv/ Bgv cìmlkv vdflkwq ug~cg}}go} mg blg~ fgv mgwq wolxg~v/ Fgv mg~olg~v udw~~klgo} ê}~g fdovlmì~ìv fdccg b“wog mgv vdw~fgv u~loflukbgv m“lohd~ck}ldo/ ? Bgv kxko}kigv m“Lo}g~og} udw~ bg clblgw mw }dw~lvcg •

Lo}g~og} : xì~l}knbg clog m“lohd~ck}ldov

Fg cìmlk gv} mgxgow lomlvugovknbg kw  }dw~lv}dokw}g ° mkov bk u~ìuk~k}ldo mg vdo xd|kig/ ]dw}gv bgv u~ìflvldov vdo} å ud~}ìg mg fblf/ Kxgf Lo}g~og}" bgv lo}g~okw}gv do} b“lcu~gvvldo m“kxdl~ kffáv å mw fdo}gow {w“lbv og vdo} ukv go cgvw~g mg }~dwxg~ mkov bgv vwuud~}v m“lohd~ck}ldo ubwv }~kml}ldoogbv/ •

Bg fý}ì u~k}l{wg m“Lo}g~og}

Fg {wl gv} ìikbgcgo} kuu~ìflì vw~ bg ygn" f“gv} bk ~kulml}ì kxgf bk{wgbbg do kffámg å b“lohd~ck}ldo" g} vdo lccìmlk}g}ì/ Fg}}g lohd~ck}ldo gv} kffgvvlnbg >=a$>= g} 9j$9/ Gbbg >=


o“gqlig ukv bk fdculbk}ldo mg mdfwcgo}v ukulg~v gofdcn~ko}v" kbd~v {w“wo fblf mkov Iddibg ug~cg} m“kffìmg~ }~áv vlcubgcgo} g} ubwv ml~gf}gcgo} å o“lcud~}g {wgbbg ~g{wê}g/

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Mgv lohd~ck}ldov hlknbgv

Go ~áibg iìoì~kbg" bgv lo}g~okw}gv kffd~mgo} ngkwfdwu mg f~ìml} kwq gquì~lgofgv mgv w}lblvk}gw~v udv}ìgv xlk bgv hd~wcv" nbdiv g} kw}~gv ubk}ghd~cgv m“kxlv mg fdovdcck}gw~v/ Udw~ gwq" fgv dw}lbv uk~}lfluk}lhv bgw~ ug~cg}}go} m“kxdl~ kffáv å mw fdo}gow mg fdohlkofg" {wkblhlì" mìvlo}ì~gvvì g} xkblmg/ Fgv mdooìgv vdo} cdlov vwnjgf}lxgv g} fdccg~flkbgv {wg fgbbgv hdw~olgv uk~ bgv kigofgv mg xd|kig uk~ gqgcubg" mdo} b“du}l{wg gv} fbkl~gcgo} mg hkl~g i~lcug~ bgw~ falhh~g m“khhkl~gv/ •

^gfag~fag~ bg cglbbgw~ ~kuud~} {wkbl}ì$u~lq

Wo mgv i~dv k}dw}v m“Lo}g~og} gv} {w“do k bk udvvlnlbl}ì m“| }~dwxg~ hkflbgcgo} bgv dhh~gv bgv cdlov faá~gv" go w}lblvko} mgv dw}lbv mg fdcuk~klvdo mg u~lq fdccg @gb`dd g} Ndd`loi" uk~ gqgcubg/ Mìolfag~ bgv cglbbgw~gv dhh~gv u~dcd}ldoogbbgv g} fgbbgv mg mg~olá~g clow}g mgxlgo} wo jgw m“gohko}/ •

Hkl~g vgv fadlq go }dw}g blng~}ì

Vw~ Lo}g~og}" bk ug~vdoog gv} bln~g mg hkl~g bgv fadlq {w“gbbg vdwakl}g go }dw}g fdooklvvkofg mg fkwvg" vkov ê}~g lohbwgofì uk~ wo xgomgw~ go ndw}l{wg/ Bg  }dw~lv}dokw}g ° k mdof bg }gcuv mg mìfdwx~l~" fdcuk~g~" ~ìhbìfal~ g} fadlvl~ b“dhh~g {wl bwl fd~~gvudom~k bg clgwq go hdof}ldo mg vgv k}}go}gv" mg vdo nwmig} g} mg vgv goxlgv/

>7


LX/ Xg~v wo }dw~lvcg owcì~l{wg }dwjdw~v ubwv lo}g~kf}lh g} fdoogf}ì Vgbdo Bwmdxlf Nbkofag} g} Ck}algw N~wf" vuìflkblv}gv mw }dw~lvcg vw~ Lo}g~og}" b“g# }dw~lvcg gv} cd~} kw u~dhl} m“wo }dw~lvcg owcì~l{wg mdo} bk i~dvvg }gomkofg gv}  Vd#Bd# Cd ° udw~ Vdflkb ‖ Bdfkb ‖ Cdnlbg/ ]gomkofg {wl vg~k m“klbbgw~v bg }aácg mw u~dfaklo  BgYgn ° !ìxìogcgo} d~ikolvì uk~ Bdäf Bgcgw~ ~kvvgcnbko} bgv u~dhgvvldoogbv mw ygn å Uk~lv,/ Go ghhg}" do ugw} fdovlmì~g~ {wg }dw}g b“lomwv}~lg }dw~lv}l{wg ~gudvg kwjdw~m“awl vw~ bg ygn fdccg cìmlk u~loflukb/ Bg Bg ygn gv} b“ìfdv|v}ácg i~îfg kw{wgb bg }dw~lvcg ìxdbwg kf}wgbbgcgo}/ Bg  VdBdCd ° lcubl{wg {w“lb hkw} ugovg~ ubwv bdlo {wg bg vlcubg vl}g xl}~log mg bk mgv}lok}ldo/ F“gv} å ml~g {w“lb hkw} ~ìhbìfal~ å b“govgcnbg mg bk v}~k}ìilg å kuubl{wg~ : cdnlbl}ì" u~dqlcl}ì" kolck}ldo owcì~l{wg mg }g~~l}dl~g" xglbbg" fw~k}ldo… Mg bk cêcg hkédo" lb hkw} ugovg~ bg ygn udw~ }dwv bgv cgcn~gv mg b“ìfdv|v}ácg : bgv aknl}ko}v !kcnkvvkmgw~v," bgv u~gv}k}kl~gv !kolck}ldo owcì~l{wg mg }g~~l}dl~g, g} bgv }dw~lv}gv !vl}g ygn" kffwglb owcì~l{wg" vg~xlfgv go cdnlbl}ì,/ Ck}algw N~wf vdwbliog od}kccgo} bg hkl} {wg  mkov b‑ìfdv|v}ácg }dw~lv}l{wg bdfkb" bgv }dw~lv}gv" aknl}ko}v g} u~gv}k}kl~gv vdo} å bk hdlv u~dmwf}gw~v !mg fdo}gow" mg u~gv}k}ldov" mg vg~xlfgv" m“dhh~g bdfkbg," fdovdcck}gw~v !mg vg~xlfgv, g} kwvvl mìfdcudvgw~v !bd~v{w“wo }dw~lv}g uwnblg wo kxlv oìik}lh vw~ wog u~gv}k}ldo lb fdo}~lnwg å kvvklol~ b“ìfdv|v}ácg, °/ Fgbk udwvvg bgv u~gv}k}kl~gv u~gv}k}kl~gv å go}~g~ mkov wog wog mìck~fag {wkbl}ì/ Bwmdxlf Mwnbkofag} ìxd{wg kwvvl bk od}ldo mg  Odwxgkwq nìoìxdbgv °/ Lb v“kil}  mgv }dw~lv}gv g} xlvl}gw~v {wl uwnblgo} wo kxlv" wog wog uad}d" wog xlmìd ~gbk}lhv å wo }g~~l}dl~g g} {wl fdo}~lnwgo} klovl nìoìxdbgcgo} å go~lfal~ bk xlvlnlbl}ì mg bk mgv}lok}ldo/ ° Fgv ug~vdoogv do} ngvdlo mg ~gfdooklvvkofg/ Lb gv} mdof oìfgvvkl~g mg u~gom~g go fdcu}g fgv nìoìxdbgv mkov b“ìfdv|v}ácg ibdnkb" mg bgv kffdcukiog~" bgv iwlmg~" bgv gofdw~kig~ g} bgv cg}}~g å fdo}~lnw}ldo/ Fdccg jg b“kl kokb|vì ubwv go kcdo} mkov fg cìcdl~g" bgv fdcud~}gcgo}v mgv xd|kigw~v vdo} ì{wlxd{wgv kxgf" fdccg fdovì{wgofg ml~gf}g" mgv ~ìvwb}k}v ubwv {wg vliolhlfk}lhv udw~ b“lomwv}~lg }dw~lv}l{wg/ Do og fdcu}g ukv cdlov mg 8 gw~duìgov vw~ ;5 {wl ~ìvg~xgo} bgw~v xkfkofgv go bliog go >5;;1/ Uk~ klbbgw~v" bgv xd|kigw~v vdo} mg ubwv go ubwv fdoogf}ìv bd~v mg bgw~v xkfkofgv udw~ }ìcdliog~ mg bgw~v gquì~lgofgv/

1

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>8


;/ Bg }dw~lvcg gv} vdflkb

Bg }~kml}ldoogb  ndwfag#å#d~glbbg ° og mk}g ukv m“alg~/ B“lohbwgofg mw fg~fbg vdflkb k }dwjdw~v jdwì wo ~ýbg lcud~}ko} mkov bk u~ìuk~k}ldo mgv vìjdw~v/ Wog ~ìfgo}g ì}wmg cgoìg uk~ V`|vfkoog~ vdwbliog {wg bgv uad}dv mg xkfkofgv vw~ Hkfgndd` lovul~g~klgo} 7> ' mgv lo}g~okw}gv udw~ bg fadlq mg bgw~ mgv}lok}ldo" lb v“kil} mw ‒Hkfgndd` Hkf}d~–/ Bgv vl}gv m“kxlv mg xd|kigw~v vdo} ìxlmgccgo} fdofg~oìv uk~ fg}}g }gomkofg  vdflkbg ° uwlv{wg 81' mgv lo}g~okw}gv h~koéklv {wl u~ìuk~go} bgw~ xd|kig go bliog blvgo} bgv kxlv g} 89' m“go}~g gwq vg mlvgo} lohbwgofìv uk~ fg}}g bgf}w~g/ Kxko} mg v“goikig~ mkov b“w}lblvk}ldo mgv cìmlkv vdflkwq" lb gv} oìfgvvkl~g {wg bgv u~dhgvvldoogbv mw }dw~lvcg ghhgf}wgo} wog ~ìhbgqldo u~ìkbknbg khlo m“kmdu}g~ wog v}~k}ìilg m“kolck}ldo vw~ bgv cìmlkv cìmlkv vdflkwq/ Bgv {wgv}ldov {wgv}ldov å vg udvg~ vdo} bgv vwlxko}gv : •

[wgbv vdo} vdo} bgv dnjgf}lhv 4

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Dü vdo} vdo} bgv fblgo}v 4

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[wl vdo} vdo} bgv lohbwgofgw~v 4

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[wgbv dw}lbv 4

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[wgbv fdo}gowv 4

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[wgb ~g}dw~ ~g}dw~ vw~ loxgv}lvvgcgo} 4

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[wgbbgv kmku}k}ldov kmku}k}ldov go fdovì{wgofg 4

>/ Bg }dw~lvcg gv} bdfkb

Bg }dw~lv}g mdl} bdfkblvg~ vk vl}wk}ldo" vdo l}loì~kl~g" vk mgv}lok}ldo" f“gv} å ml~g vg vl}wg~ vw~ wog fk~}g/ Bg mìxgbduugcgo} mgv }gfaodbdilgv IUV k mdooì oklvvkofg å bk iìdbdfkblvk}ldo" wo vg~xlfg mgxgow lomlvugovknbg udw~ bg xd|kigw~ l}loì~ko}/ Iddibg gv} wo kf}gw~ lofdo}dw~oknbg mkov bg vgf}gw~ mg bk bdfkblvk}ldo" kxgf vgv dw}lbv Iddibg Ckuv g} Iddibg Km~gvvgv/ Cklv ubwv ~ìfgccgo}" mg odwxgkwq vg~xlfgv mg iìdbdfkblvk}ldo vdo} oìv" }gbv {wg Hdw~v{wk~g !j“kokb|vg~kl fg} dw}lb ubwv go mì}klb mkov bk uk~}lg ~ìvg~xìg kwq dw}lbv mw ygnck~`g}loi,/ Bk fk~}di~kualg lo}g~kf}lxg v“gv} m“klbbgw~v ngkwfdwu mìxgbduuìg fgv mg~olg~v }gcuv/ Lb gv} cklo}goko} udvvlnbg mg ~guì~g~ bgv ~gv}kw~ko}v" aý}gbv" kf}lxl}ìv dw fw~ldvl}ìv gqlv}ko} kw}dw~ m“wo udlo} mdooì vw~ wog fk~}g/ Fgbk ug~cg} å b“w}lblvk}gw~ mg okxliwg~ vw~ bk fk~}g g} >9


mg mìfdwx~l~ mw fdo}gow go fbl{wko} vw~ mgv lfdogv u~ìflvgv mlvudvìgv mkov bgv zdogv {wl b“lo}ì~gvvgo}/ Lb lmgo}lhlg~k klovl }~áv hkflbgcgo} g} ~kulmgcgo} bgv ì}knblvvgcgo}v {wl udw~~klgo} b“lo}ì~gvvg~ bd~v mg vdo vìjdw~ mkov bg fdlo/

6/ Bg }dw~lvcg gv} cdnlbg

Vgbdo b“ì}wmg Cdnlbg Fdovwcg~ Lovlia} !CFL, mg Cìmlkcì}~lg $ Olgbvgo ]gbgfdc U~kf}lfg" bg odcn~g mg cdnlokw}gv v“ìbáxg å ;>"8 clbbldov" vdl} wog u~di~gvvldo mg >5' go wo ko/ Bgv cdnlokw}gv vdo} bgv w}lblvk}gw~v {wl vg fdoogf}go} å Lo}g~og} kw cd|go mg bgw~ }ìbìuadog cdnlbg/ Kwjdw~m“awl bg }ìbìuadog cdnlbg" g} ubwv vuìflhl{wgcgo} bg vck~}uadog" gv} mgxgow wo  }dw}#go#wo ° lomlvugovknbg" fkuknbg fkuknbg mg ~ìudom~g å mg odcn~gwvgv hdof}ldookbl}ìv ubwv dw cdlov k}}gomwgv : bgv cgvvkigv ìbgf}~dol{wgv" bgv vcv" bgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq" bk fdovwb}k}ldo mg vl}gv" bk cwvl{wg" bk iìdbdfkblvk}ldo vkov dwnblg~ bgv jgwq {wl fdov}l}wgo} wog mgv ud~}gv m“go}~ìgv u~loflukbgv mkov b“w}lblvk}ldo {wd}lmlgoog mgv vck~}uadogv/ B“lo}g~og} cdnlbg mdoog bk udvvlnlbl}ì å b“w}lblvk}gw~ mg vg fdoogf}g~ å o“lcud~}g {wgb cdcgo} g} mguwlv o“lcud~}g {wgb gom~dl}/ F“gv} wo i~dv k}dw} udw~ fg {wl gv} mg b“wvkig mgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq ì}ko} mdooì {wg bg cdnlokw}g !w}lblvk}gw~ mg b“lo}g~og} cdnlbg, gv} mìvd~cklv fkuknbg m“lo}g~kil~ kxgf vk fdccwokw}ì {wgbv {wg vdlgo} b“agw~g g} bg blgw/ Lb gv} ìikbgcgo} hkflbg mg u~gom~g wog uad}d xlk vck~}uadog g} mg bk uk~}kig~ {wkvl lov}ko}koìcgo} vw~ bgv cìmlkv vdflkwq/ Wog kw}~g odwxgkw}ì }gfaodbdil{wg }gfaodbdil{wg gofd~g ubwv ~ìfgo}g u~di~gvvg ug}l} å ug}l} : bk }knbg}}g }kf}lbg" }|ug lUkm mdo} bg vwffáv fdccg~flkb ~ìxdbw}ldoog mìjå bgv wvkigv g} lovul~g bgv lo}g~hkfgv mg mgcklo/ Mgv kuublfk}ldov mkov bg mdcklog mw }dw~lvcg vdo} mìjå mlvudolnbgv g} ug~cg}}go} uk~ gqgcubg mg fdcckomg~ wo cgow kw ~gv}kw~ko} dw m“go~lfal~ mgv xlvl}gv fwb}w~gbbgv i~îfg å mgv fdo}gowv vwuubìcgo}kl~gv ~gudvko} uk~hdlv vw~ bk }gfaodbdilg mg ~ìkbl}ì kwicgo}ìg/ Lb hkw} fl}g~ ìikbgcgo} bg }ki >M dw [^ Fdmg !fdmg nk~~g go mgwq mlcgovldov fdcudvìv mg ug}l}v fk~~ìv odl~v g} nbkofv,/ Do ugw} bgv kug~fgxdl~ mg ubwv go ubwv vdwxgo} vw~ bgv ckikzlogv" bgv hb|g~v" bgv fk~}gv mg xlvl}gv dw cêcg mkov bk ~wg/ Bgw~ dnjgf}lh gv} mg mdoog~ wo kffáv ~kulmg å mw fdo}gow du}lclvì udw~ bg }ìbìuadog cdnlbg/ Bg u~loflug gv} kvvgz vlcubg : lb vwhhl} mg hbkvag~ bg }ki >M kxgf b“kuuk~glb uad}d mg vdo }ìbìuadog cdnlbg g} fg" kw cd|go m“wog kuublfk}ldo mìmlìg/

>1


Bk iìdbdfkblvk}ldo gv} lo}lcgcgo} blìg å bk od}ldo mg cdnlbl}ì/ Lb gv} mdof lcud~}ko} m“go }gol~ fdcu}g mkov wog v}~k}ìilg mg fdccwolfk}ldo cwb}lcìmlk/ J“kl cdo}~ì ubwv akw} {wg b“lo}g~okw}g ugw} mìvd~cklv vw~hg~ uk~}dw} i~îfg å mgv kuuk~glbv cdnlbgv/ Udw~ bgv u~dhgvvldoogbv mw }dw~lvcg go}~g kw}~gv" lb gv} v}~k}ìil{wgcgo} lcud~}ko} mg mì}gf}g~ b“gom~dl} mdo} bgv lo}g~okw}gv vw~hgo}/ Bk iìdbdfkblvk}ldo gv} nkvìg vw~ bgv uwfgv IUV mgv vck~}uadogv/ Fgbbg#fl ug~cg} mg cg}}~g go uk~kbbábg wo fdo}gow ygn kxgf wo blgw u~ìflv/ Lb gv} kbd~v }~áv w}lbg mg udwxdl~ fdovwb}g~ bgv kxlv mgv lo}g~okw}gv k|ko} }gv}ì wo ~gv}kw~ko} vw~ ubkfg uk~ gqgcubg khlo m“go ìxkbwg~ bk {wkbl}ì/ Wo }~áv ndo ~gu~ìvgo}ko} mg fg }|ug m“kuublfk}ldov gv}  Mlvcdldü °/ M“kw}~gv kuublfk}ldov vdo} mgxgowgv bgv bgkmg~v mg bk iìdbdfkblvk}ldo/ F“gv} bg fkv mg Hdw~v{wk~g mdo} bg nw} gv} m“lohd~cg~ vk fdccwokw}ì vw~ vgv blgwq mg ukvvkig g} mg u~ìmlbgf}ldo/ K cl#fagclo go}~g bg ~ìvgkw}kig g} bg jgw" Hdw~v{wk~g ug~cg} kwq w}lblvk}gw~v mg ikiog~ mgv fdwudov g} mgv ~ìfdcugovgv mkov bgv blgwq {w“lbv h~ì{wgo}go}/ Jg mì}klbbg~kl mkxko}kig fg} dw}lb mkov bk vlqlácg uk~}lg mg fg cìcdl~g/ Lb gv} hkflbg mg fdov}k}g~ {w“kwjdw~m“awl Lo}g~og} gv} mgxgow wo dw}lb {wd}lmlgo/ Fg uaìodcáog v“gv} od}kccgo} mìxgbduuì mguwlv bk iìoì~kblvk}ldo mgv vck~}uadogv/ Cìmlkcì}~lg fdofbw} {w“go >5;5" u~áv mg >= clbbldov mg H~koéklv vg fdoogf}go} {wd}lmlgoogcgo}" vdl} ;7' mg ubwv {w“go >55< 0 hkl} od}knbg : ;7"7 clbbldov vg vdo} fdoogf}ìv fdoogf}ìv å b“lo}g~og} mguwlv bgw~ cdnlbg/ Fgbk ~gu~ìvgo}g wog f~dlvvkofg mg 65' go wo ko/ =/ Iì~g~ bk ~ìuw}k}ldo mg vdo ì}knblvvgcgo} vw~ bg og}

Bk igv}ldo m“wog v}~wf}w~g }dw~lv}l{wg dw mg bk fdccwolfk}ldo m“wo }g~~l}dl~g vw~ bg ygn og vg hkl} ukv vkov ~ìhbgqldo go kcdo}/ Wog v}~k}ìilg mg fdccwolfk}ldo fdov}~wl}g vw~ mgv nkvgv vdblmgv g} v}~wf}w~ìg ghhlfkfgcgo} mdl} ê}~g ugovìg máv bg mìuk~} khlo mg udvg~ bgv hdomgcgo}v/ Kwvvl" lb gv} w}lbg mg }gol~ fdcu}g mg bk fakïog mg xkbgw~ mw }dw~lvcg/ k/ Bk fakïog mg xkbgw~ mkov bg }dw~lvcg

Goxlg

^gfag~fagmg mgv}lok}ldov

^gfag~fagmg vdbw}ldov

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Vìjdw~

Ku~áv vìjdw~

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Fg}}g faklog mg xkbgw~ gv} iìoì~kbgcgo} w}lblvìg uk~ bgv duì~k}gw~v }dw~lv}l{wgv g} bgv ~gvudovknbgv mg mgv}lok}ldov/ •

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B“goxlg : å fg} lov}ko}" bk ug~vdoog gv} gqudvìg å wo cgvvkig lofl}k}lh lofl}k}lh {wl xk bk udwvvg~ å v“| lo}ì~gvvg~/ Wog hdlv fdoxklofwg" gbbg xk ~gfag~fag~ wog mgv}lok}ldo go hdof}ldo mg vgv k}}go}gv }dw} go v“lovul~ko} mg uwnblfl}ìv g} mgv kxlv mg u~dfagv/ Bk ~gfag~fag mg mgv}lok}ldo : Bd~v{w“lb kw~k nlgo ~ìhbìfal g} mì}g~cloì vgv k}}go}gv !}gcuv" nwmig}" goxlgv…," bg fblgo} xk vg cg}}~g å bk ~gfag~fag m“wog mgv}lok}ldo {wl fd~~gvudom uk~hkl}gcgo} å vgv f~l}á~gv/ Fg}}g ~gfag~fag vg cáog mg mlhhì~go}gv hkédov : ndwfag å d~glbbg" xlvldo m“wo ~gud~}kig" m“wog uwnblfl}ì" bgv fdovglbv m“kclv" bgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq" … B“lo}g~okw}g xk mdof ghhgf}wg~ mgv ~gfag~fagv" }~lg~ bgv ~ìvwb}k}v" bgv ki~ìig~" bgv fdcuk~g~" bgv hlb}~g~" … Bk ~gfag~fag mg vdbw}ldov : Máv {w“lb kw~k fadlvl vk mgv}lok}ldo" b“lo}g~okw}g vg bkofg~k }dw} ok}w~gbbgcgo} mkov mgv ~gfag~fagv udw~ fadlvl~ wo aìng~igcgo}" mgv kf}lxl}ìv k f}lxl}ìv {wg u~dudvg fg}}g mgv}lok}ldo" mgv vg~xlfgv koogqgv }gbv {wg bk bdfk}ldo mg xdl}w~g" bk ~ìvg~xk}ldo mg vugf}kfbgv" bg fadlq mgv ìxìogcgo}v" g}f/, B“lo}g~okw}g w}lblvg~k kbd~v bgv cêcgv dw}lbv mg }~l mg b“lohd~ck}ldo {wg mkov b“ì}kug u~ìfìmgo}g/ Bk ~ìvg~xk}ldo : Bg fblgo} k fadlvl fadlvl vgv u~dmwl}v g} xgw} ukvvg~ å bk ~ìvg~xk}ldo/ Udw~ fgbk" lb fdovwb}g mlhhì~go}v vl}gv ck~fakomv/ Bgv hkf}gw~v mg u~lq g} mg mlvudolnlbl}ì vdo} lfl mì}g~cloko}v/ B“lo}g~okw}g mgx~k fdcuk~g~ bgv mlxg~vgv dhh~gv mlvudolnbgv udw~ wo u~dmwl} mdooì/ Bg vìjdw~ : Bg fblgo} gv} k~~lxì vw~ vdo blgw blgw mg xkfkofgv g} xk v“lo}ì~gvvg~ å }dw} }dw} fg {wl gv} : }~kovud~} vw~ ubkfg" ~gv}kw~ko}v" kf}lxl}ìv"… Bgv od}ldov mg iìdbdfkblvk}ldo" mg vdbw}ldov mg u~dqlcl}ì" mg ~gofdo}~gv kxgf mgv u~dhlbv u~dfagv" mg ~ìkbl}ì kwicgo}ìg vdo} uk~}lfwblá~gcgo} w}lbgv/ B“ku~áv vìjdw~ : Bg fblgo} k }g~cloì vdo vìjdw~ vìjdw~ g} vdwakl}g uk~}kig~ vgv lcu~gvvldov" vgv uad}dv" vgv xlmìdv kxgf vgv kclv dw wo fg~fbg ubwv bk~ig/ Lb vg~k mdof }go}ì m“w}lblvg~ bgv cìmlkv vdflkwq cklv kwvvl mgv cd|gov dhhblog fdccg mgv mlvfwvvldov go}~g kclv/ n/ Bgv ~áibgv udw~ wog v}~k}ìilg mg fdccwolfk}ldo doblog ~ìwvvlg

]dw} m“knd~m" b“gvvgo}lgb gv} mg nlgo mìhlol~ vgv dnjgf}lhv/ Bgv cìmlkv vdflkwq vdo} }~áv lohbwgo}v vw~ }dw}gv bgv ì}kugv mg bk fakïog mg xkbgw~ mw }dw~lvcg/ Go u~ìkcnwbg" lb gv} lcud~}ko} mg ~kuugbg~ bgv }~dlv dnjgf}lhv u~loflukwq m“wog v}~k}ìilg cìmlkv vdflkwq go vg udvko} bgv {wgv}ldov vwlxko}gv vwlxko}gv : 65


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K {wgbbg!v, ì}kug!v, mg bk fakïog mg xkbgw~ lo}g~xgol~ 4 Udw~{wdl 4 [wgbv vdo} bgv dnjgf}lhv 4 Go {wdl bgv cìmlk vdflkwq xdo}#lbv cdmlhlg~ b“lo}g~xgo}ldo b“lo}g~xgo}ldo vw~ fg}}g fakïog fakïog mg xkbgw~ 4 [wgbv vdo} bgv nw}v å udw~vwlx~g mkov wo mlvudvl}lh mg cìmlkv vdflkwq !fdov}~wf}ldo mg bk ck~{wg xv/ mìxgbduugcgo} mgv xgo}gv, 4

Fg}}g v}~k}ìilg ~gudvg vw~ bg fdofgu}  Blv}go" Bgk~o" Kmku} ° mìhlol uk~ Mkxlm K~ckod" gqug~} go ygn vdflkb/ ? Gfdw}g~

Lb gv} gvvgo}lgb mg vg ~govgliog~ å u~dudv mg fg {wl gv} ml} mg vk mgv}lok}ldo xlk bgv mlhhì~go}v mlvudvl}lhv mg cìmlkv vdflkwq/ Lb v“kil} m“wog ì}kug oìfgvvkl~g fk~ fgbk ug~cg} m“lmgo}lhlg~ bgv ubk}ghd~cgv g} bgv fdccwokw}ìv {wl uk~bgo} mg vk ck~{wg" m“kuu~ìflg~ bgv fdccgo}kl~gv" m“lmgo}lhlg~ bgv bgkmg~v m“duloldo !lohbwgofgw~v," mg fdookï}~g bgv mlvudvl}lhv å w}lblvg~ klovl {wg bgw~ bgw~ hdof}ldoogcgo}… hdof}ldoogcgo}… Fg}}g uakvg m“dnvg~xk}ldo mdl} ê}~g fdcubì}ìg uk~ wog uk~}lfluk}ldo kf}lxg kwq mlkbdiwgv g} mlvfwvvldov" od}kccgo} go ~ìudomko} kwq fdccgo}kl~gv mìudvìv uk~ bgv lo}g~okw}gv" {w“lbv vdlgo} udvl}lhv dw oìik}lhv klovl {w“go uk~}kigko} mw fdo}gow kxgf bgv lo}g~okw}gv/ Lb gv} w}lbg m“ghhgf}wg~ wog xglbbg vw~ }dwv bgv cìmlkv vdflkwq vg ~kuud~}ko} mg u~áv dw mg bdlo kw }dw~lvcg/ [wgb{wgv vl}gv lcud~}ko}v å vwlx~g ]|ugv mg vl}gv

Ubk}ghd~cgv vdflkbgv

Gqgcubg

Hkfgndd` : Vk ukig g} fgbbg mgv fdofw~~go}v Bgv ukigv fdofg~oko} mgv vwjg}v lo}ì~gvvko}v udw~ bk mgv}lok}ldo • •

Clf~d#nbdiiloi

]yl}}g~ : Vdo fdcu}g g} fgbwl mgv fdofw~~go}v Bgv fdcu}gv uk~bko} mg }aìck}l{wgv lcud~}ko}gv udw~ bk mgv}lok}ldo • •

Nbdiv ]dw~lvcg g} Xd|kig

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Vdo nbdi !bg fkv ìfaìko}, Bgv nbdiv mg bk fdofw~~gofg Go~dw}g/fdc ]~kxgbnbdi/fdc" g}f/

6;


Hd~wcv ]dw~lvcg g} Xd|kig

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Vl}gv mg uk~}kig

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Vl}gv vuìflkblvìv }dw~lvcg

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Vdo hd~wc !bg fkv ìfaìko}, Bgv hd~wcv mg bk fdofw~~gofg ^dw}k~m Xd|kighd~wc G#xd|kigw~" g}f/ \dw}wng Mklb|cd}ldo Xlcgd Hblf`~" g}f/ ]~lukmxlvd~ Xlolxl Bdogb| Ubkog}" Gkv|Xd|kigv" g}f/

Mgv mlvudvl}lhv m“klmg å bk xglbbg gqlv}go}/ F“gv} bg fkv fkv mg : •

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Iddibg Kbg~}gv : fg} dw}lb ug~cg} mg uk~kcì}~g~ mgv kbg~}gv vw~ mgv cd}v#fbìv mìhlolv g} ~gfgxdl~ klovl uk~ cklb fg {wl vg ml} å u~dudv m“gwq vw~ bg ygn/ Vdflkb cgo}ldo : hdof}ldoog fdccg Iddibg Kbg~}gv cklv gv} vuìflhl{wgcgo} mgv}loìv kwq cìmlkv vdflkwq/ Lb gv} uk|ko}/ Bgv hbwq ^VV : mlvudolnbgv vw~ bk ubwuk~} mgv vl}gv" lbv vdo} f~ììv kxgf bgv fdo}gowv clv å jdw~ mw vl}g lo}g~og}/ Fgbk ug~cg} m“ê}~g lohd~cì máv {w“wog odwxgbbg lohd~ck}ldo gv} uwnblìg/ ]ygg}mgf` : F“gv} wo okxlik}gw~ du}lclvì udw~ bg vwlxl" bk xglbbg g} bk uk~}lfluk}ldo uk~}lfluk}ldo vw~ bgv cìmlkv vdflkwq }gbv {wg ]yl}}g~" Hkfgndd`" g}f/ Vggvclf : Wo ugw ug w fdccg ]ygg}mgf`" lb ug~cg} bk igv}ldo mg vgv gvukfgv fdccwokw}kl~gv å uk~}l~ m“wog vgwbg ubk}ghd~cg/ \ddod : f“gv} wo okxlik}gw~ du}lclvì udw~ bg vwlxl g} bk uk~}lfluk}ldo vw~ bgv cìmlkv vdflkwq/

Lb hkw} ìikbgcgo} ik~mg~ å b“gvu~l} {w“lb gv} w}lbg m“lofbw~g m“ lofbw~g bgv ìbìcgo}v fdofg~oko} bk fdofw~~gofg mkov vk xglbbg/

6>


? Kuu~gom~g $ uk~}lflug~

Ku~áv kxdl~ lmgo}lhlì bgv k}}go}gv mg bk flnbg" do ugw} kbd~v u~dfìmg~ å wog ì}kug mg fdov}~wf}ldo mg vk ck~{wg/ Lb gv} lcud~}ko} m“kvvw~g~ wog u~ìvgofg å vk ck~{wg vw~ bgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq/ Bk fdccwokw}ì vg f~ìg~k ug}l} å ug}l}/ Lb v“kil~k mdof mg xkbd~lvg~ vgv {wkbl}ìv mkov bgv kf}ldov fdccwokw}kl~gv/ Mg cêcg" lb hkwm~k ~ìhbìfal~ å bk mìhlol}ldo mgv ndoogv cì}admgv udw~ mìxgbduug~ mgv fdo}gowv g} vwvfl}g~ mgv ~ìkf}ldov mg bk uk~} mg vk fdccwokw}ì/ Go fdcu~goko} g} u~goko} clgwq go fdcu}g bgv k}}go}gv mgv lo}g~okw}gv" wo duì~k}gw~ }dw~lv}l{wg udw~~k ìikbgcgo} w}lblvg~ bgv cìmlkv vdflkwq udw~ hkflbl}g~ bk xgo}g mg u~dmwl}v" }~kovhd~cko} klovl fgv mlvudvl}lhv fdccwokw}kl~gv go bgxlg~v mg fdccg~flkblvk}ldo/ Fgugomko}" lb fdoxlgo} mg ik~mg~ wog fg~}klog u~wmgofg fk~ bgv cìmlkv vdflkwq o“do ukv wo dnjgf}lh fdccg~flkb å b“d~lilog/ Uk~ fdo}~g" wog {wkblhlfk}ldo lo}gbbligo}g mg b“kwmlgofg ug~cg}}~k mg mìxgbduug~ bg fkul}kb  v|cuk}alg ° m“wog mgv}lok}ldo dw m“wog dhh~g/ Bgv cìmlkv vdflkwq vdo} vdwxgo} mdcloìv uk~ wog mlcgovldo khhgf}lxg g} awcklog/ Fg {wl ug~cg} mg f~ìg~ wog fg~}klog lo}lcl}ì g} k}}l~g~ klovl bk fdohlkofg mgv cgcn~gv mg bk fdccwokw}ì/ Bgv dw}lbv vdflkwq mdlxgo} }gom~g ubw}ý} xg~v bg bwml{wg udw~ vwvfl}g~ b“lo}ì~ê} mg bk fdccwokw}ì g} lo}g~kil~ kxgf gbbg/ Bk fdccwolfk}ldo vw~ bg ygn mdl} ìxl}g~ m“ê}~g }~du lov}l}w}ldoogbbg kw ~lv{wg mg f~ìg~ b“goowl g} bg mìf~dfakig/ B“gvvgo}lgb gv} mg clvg~ vw~ : •

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mw nwzz !n~wl}, : ê}~g mìfkbì g} d~lilokb go hklvko} uk~}lflug~ bk fdccwokw}ì/ Bgv  hbkvacdnv ° vg ~ìxábgo} ê}~g mgv bgxlg~v ghhlfkfgv 0 mg b“gqfbwvlxl}ì : do ugw} ~ìvg~xg~ fg~}klogv odwxgkw}ìv kwq cgcn~gv mg bk fdccwokw}ì khlo mg f~ìg~ wo vgo}lcgo} m“gqfbwvlxl}ì/ Do ugw} kwvvl hkl~g }gv}g~ wo u~dmwl}" wog lmìg dw wog dhh~g vw~ mgv i~dwugv ~gv}~glo}v 0 g} }dw} kw}~g fdo}gow mdooko} goxlg kwq lo}g~okw}gv mg ~gxgol~… B“gqgcubg mg b“Dhhlfg mg }dw~lvcg mg N~lxg#bk#Iklbbk~mg< :

 Hkfg kwq k}}go}gv g} ngvdlov mgv fdovdcck}gw~v mg u~dmwl}v }dw~lv}l{wgv" }dw~lv}l{wgv" b“dhhlfg mg }dw~lvcg mg N~lxg k go}kcì wog v}~k}ìilg mg fdccwolfk}ldo ygn >/5 mdo} b“gojgw ì}kl} mg ~gohd~fg~ bk xlvlnlbl}ì mg bk mgv}lok}ldo go hkxd~lvko} bgv ìfakoigv awcklov g} go f~ìko} mw nwzz vw~ bk }dlbg/ Bk mgv}lok}ldo v“gv} udvl}ldooìg vw~ Hkfgndd` fdccg bg fd#kolck}gw~ m“wog <

^gfwglbbl mkov bg blx~g blx~g  ^ìvgkwq g} cìmlkv cìmlkv vdflkwq mkov bg }dw~lvcg }dw~lvcg °/ K}dw} H~kofg/ Ukig Ukig ;;=/

66


fdccwokw}ì mg fl}d|gov g} mg xlvl}gw~v khlo m“go hkl~g mgv kf}gw~v#kcnkvvkmgw~v mw }g~~l}dl~g/ Bg fadlq mg Hkfgndd` v“gv} duì~ì go hdof}ldo mw }kwq m“kwmlgofg/ Bk u~gclá~g uakvg mg fg}}g fkcukiog mg fdccwolfk}ldo k ì}ì bk f~ìk}ldo m“wog ck~{wg  ;55' Iklbbk~m ° kffdcukioìg m“wo bdid {wl kilvvkl} fdccg wog vd~}g mg bkngb {wkbl}ì kwu~áv mw uwnblf flnbg/ Wo vbdiko k ìikbgcgo} ì}ì f~ìì  ^ìxglbbgz bg iklbbk~m {wl gv} go xdwv + °/ Wo i~dwug Hkfgndd`  ;55' Iklbbk~m ° k ì}ì f~ìì khlo mg ~ìwol~ bgv aknl}ko}v mg bk xlbbg g} bgv xlvl}gw~v xgowv mg bk H~kofg go}lá~g g} go hkl~g mgv kcnkvvkmgw~v mg bk mgv}lok}ldo/ Bk fkcukiog k vwvfl}ì wo xlh lo}ì~ê} mkov bk ~ìildo g} wo ndwfag#å#d~glbbg fdovì{wgo} vw~ bk }dlbg/ Go Go wog vgcklog vgcklog vgwbgcgo}" bk ukig Hkfgndd` k kffwglbbl kffwglbbl <55 hkov" bk xlmìd u~dcd}ldoogbbg k ì}ì xlvldooìg ubwv mg 155 hdlv g} mg odcn~gwq k~}lfbgv vdo} uk~wv mkov bk u~gvvg bdfkbg/ Mguwlv" bk ukig Hkfgndd`  ;55' Iklbbk~m ° u~dudvg mg odcn~gwq jgwq g} fdofdw~v khlo mg ~gv}g~ k}}~kf}lxg kwu~áv mg vk fdccwokw}ì g} mg fku}g~ mg odwxgkwq  hkov °/ Bk u~loflukbg mlhhlfwb}ì gv} m“ì}knbl~ bg blgo go}~g bgv kf}ldov mg u~dcd}ldo vw~ bg ygn g} bgv kw}~gv dw}lbv mg fdccwolfk}ldo !u~lo},/ K uk~}l~ mw bkofgcgo} mg bk ukig Hkfgndd` go mìfgcn~g >55<" }dwv bgv kw}~gv dw}lbv mg fdccwolfk}ldo !nkoolá~gv" ckikzlogv"…, mg N~lxg bk Iklbbk~mg do} ik~mì bg cêcg }do : wo }do mìfdo}~kf}ì mìfdo}~kf}ì g} awcd~lv}l{wg" {wl hkl} ~ìhì~gofg ~ìhì~gofg kwq xkbgw~v mg N~lxg 0 å vkxdl~ bg ~win| g}… bk cdwv}kfag + ^ìvwb}k} mg bk v}~k}ìilg v}~k}ìilg Ygn >/5 mg N~lxg go {wgb{wgv falhh~gv : •

Ubwv mg 7855 hkov vw~ Hkfgndd` 0

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Ubwv mg 8755 8755 xlvldookigv mgv 8 xlmìdv go bliog 0

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Hkfgndd` k iìoì~ì 6<55' mg }~khlf vw~ bg vl}g ygn mg b“D] mg N~lxg uk~ ~kuud~} å >55< 0

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61' mg }~khlf vw~ bg vl}g ygn u~dxlgo} mgv kf}ldov cgoìgv uk~  L bdxg NI NI ° 0

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Ubwv mg =555 mg FK iìoì~ìv iìoì~ìv uk~ bk xgo}g xgo}g mg }gg#val~}v/ }gg#val~}v/ ° ? V“kmku}g~ go ìxkbwko} vk u~ìvgofg

Lb gv} lcud~}ko} mg v“kmku}g~ kwq odwxgbbgv odwxgbbgv }gomkofgv khlo mg ~gv}g~ fdcuì}l}lh kwq |gwq mg bk fblgo}ábg }dw~lv}l{wg/ Wog mgv}lok}ldo {wl fdov}~wl} vk u~ìvgofg vw~ bg ygn vdflkb mdl} oìfgvvkl~gcgo} kmku}g~ vk v}~k}ìilg kwq k}}go}gv mg vk flnbg/ Uk~ klbbgw~v" gbbg mdl} ê}~g 6=


fkuknbg m“kffdcukiog~ bgv u~gv}k}kl~gv bdfkwq mkov bgw~v u~du~gv mìck~fagv/ Fgwq#fl vg cdo}~go} go ghhg} uk~hdlv ckbkm~dl}v vw~ mgv dw}lbv }gbv {wg ]yl}}g~ dw Hkfgndd`/ Uk~ fdo}~g" lb gv} kwjdw~m“awl }~du }ý} udw~ cgvw~g~ bg ~g}dw~ vw~ loxgv}lvvgcgo} mgv cìmlkv vdflkwq mkov wog v}~k}ìilg mg fdccwolfk}ldo }dw~lv}l{wg/ Bk oìfgvvl}ì mg v“goikig~ vw~ fgv odwxgkwq cdmgv mg fdccwolfk}ldo ~gv}g udw~}ko} u~lcd~mlkbg: bg nw} ì}ko} m“ê}~g u~ìvgo} bå dü vg }~dwxg bk fblgo}ábg/ Lb gv} gofd~g fdccwo mg hkl~g mgv g~~gw~v mkov fg vgf}gw~ {wl go gv} å vgv u~ìclfgv" cklv lb gv} lcud~}ko} mg vg bkofg~ máv cklo}goko} udw~ clgwq vg udvl}ldoog~ å b“kxgol~/ Bgv fbìv fbìv udw~ ~go}knlblvg~ vk u~ìvgofg fdccwokw}kl~g fdccwokw}kl~g vdo} : wo ngofack~`loi }dwv vgf}gw~v fdohdomwv klovl {w“wog uk~hkl}g ckï}~lvg mg vdo lckig g} mgv dnjgf}lhv å k}}glom~g/ Ubwvlgw~v lomlfk}gw~v lomlfk}gw~v ugwxgo} klmg~ å cgvw~g~ cgvw~g~ vgv ug~hd~ckofgv : •

Fdov}~wf}ldo mg bk ck~{wg d

Lomlfk}gw~v {wko}l}k}lhv : ©

d

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Lomlfk}gw~v {wkbl}k}lhv : ©

G#~guw}k}ldo : kuu~ìflk}ldo mgv fdccgo}kl~gv fdccgo}kl~gv mìudvìv

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Odcn~g mg  bl`g ° vw~ wo vwjg} 0

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Lomlfk}gw~v fbkvvl{wgv mg bk ~gbk}ldo fblgo} : }kwq mg vk}lvhkf}ldo" vk}lvhkf}ldo" …

Xgo}gv d

Lomlfk}gw~v {wko}l}k}lhv : ©

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Odcn~g mg fdccgo}kl~gv $ {wgv}ldov å cgvw~g b“lo}g~kf}lxl}ì/

Odcn~g mg xgo}gv å uk~}l~ mgv mlvudvl}lhv fdccwokw}kl~gv/

Lomlfk}gw~v clq}gv d

Odcn~g mg hkov" kclv" hdbbdyg~v" … 0

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Odcn~g mg uk~}lfluko}v uk~}lfluko}v kwq kolck}ldov kolck}ldov fdccwokw}kl~gv fdccwokw}kl~gv 0

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V}k}lv}l{wgv ygn iìoì~kbgv : Xlvl}gw~v Wol{wgv" }kwq mg ~gndom" }gcuv mg xlvl}g" … å fh/ Iddibg Kokb|}lfv/

Udw~ cgvw~g~ fgv dnjgf}lhv" ubwvlgw~v cì}admgv gqlv}go} :

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bg vwlxl {wd}lmlgo mgv ug~hd~ckofgv" {wl ugw} vg hkl~g ckowgbbgcgo} dw xlk mgv dw}lbv mg cgvw~g g} m“kbg~}gv 0

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mgv kuu~ìflk}ldov vwnjgf}lxgv mgv fdccgo}kl~gv mìudvìv 0

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b“w}lblvk}ldo m“dw}lbv mg v}k}lv}l{wgv fdccg fdccg Iddibg Kokb|}lfv 0

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b“w}lblvk}ldo mg blgov  }~kf`ìv ° udw~ cgvw~g~ cgvw~g~ bgv xgo}gv ~ìkblvìgv å uk~}l~ mgv mlvudvl}lhv mg cìmlkv vdflkwq/

Bgv dnjgf}lhv mg ug~hd~ckofg vdo} hlqìv uk~ bk ml~gf}ldo ck~`g}loi g} bgv lomlfk}gw~v vdo} vwlxlv kw {wd}lmlgo uk~ bg Fdccwol}| Ckokig~ dw bk ug~vdoog go fak~ig mgv cìmlkv vdflkwq/

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X/ Bgv vwuud~}v mg fdccwolfk}ldo mg b“g}dw~lvcg ;/ U~ìkcnwbg : fdcu~gom~g fg {w“gv} bg ygnck~`g}loi

Vgbdo  Yl`lugmlk °" bg ygnck~`g}loi  fdovlv}g å kcìbld~g~ bk xlvlnlbl}ì g} bg }~khlf m“wo vl}g Ygn go w}lblvko} lo}g~og} fdccg fkokb mg u~dvugf}ldo g} å mìxgbduug~ wog ~gbk}ldo mw~knbg mg hlmìblvk}ldo kxgf bgv lo}g~okw}gv w}lblvk}gw~v dw fblgo}v m“wo vl}g ygn g} ìxgo}wgbbgcgo} mgv cìmlkv vdflkwq clv go ubkfg uk~ bg vl}g lo}g~og}/ Bk hlokbl}ì mw ygnck~`g}loi gv} od}kccgo} mg }~kovhd~cg~ bgv lo}g~okw}gv go fblgo}v g} ~go}knlblvg~ wo vl}g ygn/ ° Bg ygnck~`g}loi v“lovul~g mdof mgv nkvgv mw ck~`g}loi" go | ki~ìigko} bgv udvvlnlbl}ìv dhhg~}gv uk~ bgv odwxgbbgv }gfaodbdilgv mg b“lohd~ck}ldo g} mg bk fdccwolfk}ldo fdccwolfk}ldo : bg ygn >/5" bk }ìbìuadolg cdnlbg" bk ~ìkbl}ì kwicgo}ìg" … Bgv dnjgf}lhv mw ygnck~`g}loi vdo} : •

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bk xlvlnlbl}ì : bgv lo}g~okw}gv o“kw~do} ukv mg ckb å }dcng~ vw~ bg vl}g go {wgv}ldo kw cd|go m“wo cd}gw~ mg ~gfag~fag dw xlk bgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq/ Kwvvl lbv ugwxgo} ml~gf}gcgo} ugovg~ å fg vl}g v“lbv bg fdooklvvgo} fdooklvvgo} mìjå 0 bk ~go}knlbl}ì : fag~fag~ å hkl~g mgv xgo}gv }dw} go ~gv}ko} ~go}knbg/ Mgv nìoìhlfgv mdlxgo} ê}~g mìikiìv/ k/ Bgv fakcuv m“kuublfk}ldov mw ygnck~`g}loi

Vgbdo Yl`luìmlk : •

G}wmlg~ bg udvl}ldoogcgo} m“wo odwxgkw vl}g ygn dw kwml}g~ wo vl}g gqlv}ko} 0

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Flnbg~ bgv fblgo}v kxgf ghhlfkfl}ì vw~ Lo}g~og}" bgv mlhhì~goflg~ mlhhì~goflg~ g} bgv kokb|vg~ 0

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Lmgo}lhlg~ g} ìxkbwg~ bgv vdbw}ldov g} bgv u~gv}k}kl~gv vuìflkblvìv udw~ cg}}~g go Ŗwx~g wo vl}g" vgv nkvgv mg mdooìgv" vgv lofgo}lxgv" vdo v|v}ácg mg uklgcgo}v vìfw~lvìv" vdo g~idodclg g} vdo lo}g~hkfg lo}g~hkfg cwb}lcìmlk !lckig" !lckig" vdo" xlmìd" v}~gkcloi" n~dkmfkv}" n~dkmfkv}" g}f, 0 Ulbd}g~ g} fdd~mdoog~ bgv kf}ldov mg clvg go Ŗwx~g mgv mlxg~v uk~}gokl~gv udw~ bk f~ìk}ldo" bk u~dcd}ldo u~dcd}ldo g} b“go}~g}lgo b“go}~g}lgo mw vl}g 0 Ì}wmlg~ bgv mlhhì~go}gv mlhhì~go}gv hd~cgv m“kffáv kw vl}g g} bgv mlhhì~go}gv dhh~gv m“aìng~igcgo} 0 Fdcu~gom~g b“lo}g~okw}g g} ug~vdookblvg~ bgv ukigv ygn g} bgv dhh~gv mg u~dmwl}v g} vg~xlfgv udw~ hlmìblvg~ bgv fblgo}v uk~ wog kuu~dfag ug~vdookblvìg 0

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Ì}knbl~ wog fdccwolfk}ldo ghhlfkfg goxg~v bgv kfag}gw~v go bliog udw~ clgwq fdcu~gom~g bgw~v ngvdlov 0 Ckï}~lvg~ bgv }gfaol{wgv g} lmgo}lhlg~ bgv }gfaol{wgv mg u~dcd}ldo bgv ubwv ghhlfkfgv udw~ iìoì~g~ mw }~khlf !~ìhì~gofgcgo}" uk~}gok~lk}" vudovd~loi" khhlblk}ldo" g#uwn" uwnbludv}kig, 0 Cgvw~g~ bgv ~ìvwb}k}v g} bk ug~}logofg mgv kf}ldov mg fdccwolfk}ldo  Kqgv g} vwuud~}v ° uk~ mgv fdo}~ýbgv v}k}lv}l{wgv 0

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Du}lclvg~ bgv ~ìvgkwq mg mlv}~lnw}ldo g} mg bdilv}l{wg bdilv}l{wg udw~ bgv vl}gv ck~fakomv 0

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Du}lclvg~ bgv v|v}ácgv mg uklgcgo} vìfw~lvìv g} mg hkf}w~k}ldo/ n/ Bgv cd|gov mw ygnck~`g}loi

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Bgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq : Hkfgndd`" ]yl}}g~… 0

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Bg ~ìhì~gofgcgo} ok}w~gb g} bgv blgov vudovd~lvìv vudovd~lvìv 0

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Khhlblk}ldo : f“gv} bg ck~`g}loi å bk ug~hd~ckofg/ F“gv} å ml~g bgv khhlblìv {wl cg}}go} go kxko} bg vl}g go }dwfako} wog wog fdcclvvldo vw~ vw~ bgv xgo}gv 0 Mlvubk| : hkl~g bk u~dcd}ldo mw vl}g go uk|ko} kw fblf dw å b“khhlfakig b“khhlfakig 0 Fdcuk~k}gw~v mg u~lq : ê}~g u~ìvgo} vw~ fg }|ug mg vl}g kvvw~g wog xlvlnlbl}ì vwuubìcgo}kl~g g} mgv xgo}gv å cdlom~g h~klv 0 Kf}ldov mg hlmìblvk}ldo : g#cklbloi" cklbloi ukulg~/

Lb hkw} }dwjdw~v ik~mg~ å b“gvu~l} {wg bg ygnck~`g}loi o“gv} ~lgo vkov wo ndo vwuud~}/ Wog ndoog v}~k}ìilg ygnck~`g}loi hkl} bg clq go}~g fgv mlhhì~go}v cd|gov : mw ubwv lo}ì~gvvko} go }g~cgv mg }~kovhd~ck}ldo kw cdlov lo}ì~gvvko}/ f/ Wo bgxlg~ uk~}lfwblg~ uk~}lfwblg~ mw ygnck~`g}loi ygnck~`g}loi : bgv cìmlkv vdflkwq

Kxgf bg ygn >/5" Lo}g~og} gv} go}~ì mkov wog odwxgbbg á~g uk~}lfluk}lxg/ Bgv ukigv v}k}l{wgv do} bklvvì bk ubkfg kwq vl}gv ygn m|okcl{wgv ug~cg}}ko} gohlo mkxko}kig m“lo}g~kf}ldo kxgf b“lo}g~okw}g/ Wog kw}~g }gomkofg blìg gv} klovl kuuk~wg : bgv fdovdcck}gw~v vdo} ìikbgcgo} mgxgowv kf}gw~v mg b“lohd~ck}ldo/ Bgv lo}g~okw}gv uk~}lflugo} mg ubwv go ubwv å bk xlg mg bk ck~{wg xlk }dw}gv bgv ubk}ghd~cgv kokb|vìgv fl#mgvvdwv/

61


Bgv cìmlkv vdflkwq do} mg ubwv go ubwv m“lcukf} mkov bk v}~k}ìilg mg fdccwolfk}ldo mg }dw}g go}~gu~lvg/ J“kl mdof hkl} bg fadlq mg cg ugofag~ ubwv go mì}klbv vw~ fg} kvugf} mkov cdo kokb|vg/ Do ugw} ~ìvwcg~ bgv kf}lxl}ìv mg b“w}lblvk}gw~ b“w}lblvk}gw~ mgv cìmlkv vdflkwq vdflkwq uk~ : •

Jg c“lovf~lv : ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq" ubk}ghd~cgv xlmìd" g}f/ g}f/ 0

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Jg fdo}~lnwg : ud~}klbv" yl`lv" g}f/ 0

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Jg uk~}lflug : kw}~gv nbdiv" hd~wcv" g}f/ 0

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Jg ckokig : cdo nbdi" cgv u~dhlbv" g}f/ g}f/

[wg fg vdl} kxgf dw vkov gofkm~gcgo} g} fdo}~ýbg" bgv lo}g~okw}gv ìfakoigo}" mlvfw}go} go}~g gwq" mdoogo} bgw~v kxlv vw~ wog ck~{wg dw wo u~dmwl}/ Klovl" bg fdovdcck}gw~ k bg udwxdl~ mg f~l}l{wg~ wo u~dmwl} dw vg~xlfg g} m“lohbwgofg~ klovl bgv kw}~gv cgcn~gv mg bk fdccwokw}ì/ Mg ubwv go ubwv" lb gv} lcud~}ko} udw~ wog go}~gu~lvg mg mlkbdiwg~ kxgf bk fdccwokw}ì g} mg ubkfg~ fg}}g ~gbk}ldo kw fŖw~ mg vdo mìxgbduugcgo}/ Fg {wl ìxdbwg" f“gv} {w“do ukvvg m“wog ~gbk}ldo fblgo} }~kml}ldoogbbg å wog ~gbk}ldo fdccwokw}kl~g/ B“go}~gu~lvg {wl uk~}lflug kwq mlvfwvvldov kxgf bgv cgcn~gv mg bk fdccwokw}ì v“khh~kofal~k mg bk fdccwolfk}ldo wol{wgcgo} }du#mdyo g} v“lovf~l~k ubw}ý} mkov wog mìck~fag mg fdccwolfk}ldo nlbk}ì~kbg/ Iì~g~ vk fdccwolfk}ldo vw~ bgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq og vg ~ìvwcg ukv å u~dcdwxdl~ vdo go}~gu~lvg/ Lb hkw} kuu~gom~g å fdookï}~g bgv cgcn~gv" v“lo}ì~gvvg~ å gwq" mlkbdiwg~ kxgf gwq" ê}~g dwxg~} å bk f~l}l{wg g} u~gom~g go fdcu}g bgw~v kxlv/ Fgv mìck~fagv ug~cg}}~do} mg xkbd~lvg~ bk fdohlkofg go bk ck~{wg mg bk uk~} mgv cgcn~gv mg bk fdccwokw}ì/ Gfdw}g~ bgv fdoxg~vk}ldov {wl hdlvdoogo} kw}dw~ mg bk ck~{wg vw~ bg ygn gv} bk cglbbgw~g hkédo mg udwxdl~ }~kxklbbg~ ghhlfkfgcgo} vdo g#~guw}k}ldo/

>/ Bg vl}g xl}~log

Bg vl}g lo}g~og}" dw}lb lofdo}dw~oknbg" mgcgw~g~k bg od|kw fgo}~kb m“wog fdccwolfk}ldo ~ìwvvlg vw~ bg ygn/ Lb jdwg wo ~ýbg mg xl}~log khlo mg xkbd~lvg~ b“dhh~g }dw~lv}l{wg/ Fg vl}g mdl} ê}~g hkflbgcgo} dwxg~} uk~ bgv lo}g~okw}gv" fg {wl lcubl{wg wo ndo ~ìhì~gofgcgo} g} wo odc mg mdcklog gqublfl}g/ Uk~cl bgv ìbìcgo}v å fdo}~ýbg~ ~ìiwblá~gcgo}" lb | k : b“adcdo|clg" bg ~ìhì~gofgcgo} vw~ bg odc mg bk v}~wf}w~g v}~wf}w~g }dw~lv}l{wg" bg ckwxklv udvl}ldoogcgo} mg b“ì}knblvvgcgo} kwu~áv mg m g Iddibg" bgv fdofw~~go}v/ 6<


]dw} fdccgofg uk~ wog uakvg mg ~ìhbgqldo å u~dudv mw fadlq mw odc mg mdcklog/ ]~dlv du}ldov uk~hdlv fdcubìcgo}kl~gv vdo} kbd~v udvvlnbgv : •

Bg odc odc mg b“ì}knblvvgcgo} 0

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Mgv km~gvvgv iìoì~l{wgv iìoì~l{wgv kw}dw~ mg b“kf}lxl}ì go {wgv}ldo 0

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Wog lomlfk}ldo iìdi~kual{wg/

Lb gv} lo}ì~gvvko} m“goxlvkig~ b“kf{wlvl}ldo mg ubwvlgw~v km~gvvgv blìgv å bk v}~wf}w~g }dw~lv}l{wg mdooìg/ Wo mgwqlácg ìbìcgo} }~áv lcud~}ko} mkov bg fkv m“wo vl}g xl}~log }dw~lv}l{wg gv} vdo kffgvvlnlbl}ì/ Fgbwl#fl mdl} ê}~g go ghhg} kmku}ì å }dwv }|ugv mg ug~vdoogv !akomlfkuìgv…, mìvl~ko} bg xlvl}g~/ Bg }~dlvlácg udlo} fdofg~og b“g~idodclg mw vl}g/ Fgbwl#fl mdl} fku}g~ vwhhlvkccgo} b“k}}go}ldo mgv xlvl}gw~v udw~ bgv lofl}g~ å xlvl}g~ bg ubwv mg ukigv udvvlnbg/ Lb v“kil} mdof mg fdcu~gom~g udw~{wdl bg vl}g fdofg~oì og ~g}lgo} ukv bgv xlvl}gw~v : fdo}gowv ugw dw ukv ug~}logo}v kxgf bk ~g{wê}g ~g{wê}g 4 Okxlik}ldo Okxlik}ldo fdcubgqg 4 Mgvlio odo }~kxklbbì 4 Lb gv} ìikbgcgo} lcud~}ko} mg ~ìhbìfal~ å bk v}~k}ìilg å kmdu}g~ udw~ bgv bkomloiv ukigv/ Wog bkomloi ukig" dw  ukig mg mgv}lok}ldo ° go h~koéklv" gv} bk ukig m“wo vl}g vw~ bk{wgbbg k}}g~~l} wo xlvl}gw~ bd~v{w“lb fbl{wg vw~ wo blgo lo}g~og dw gq}g~og å bk ubk}ghd~cg/ Lb hkw} mdof xglbbg~ å wog fg~}klog fdaì~gofg fdaì~gofg go}~g : •

Bk ~g{wê}g ~g{wê}g mgv lo}g~okw}gv 0

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B“lo}l}wbì mw blgo blgo khhlfaì uk~ bgv cd}gw~v cd}gw~v mg ~gfag~fag ~gfag~fag 0

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Bg fdo}gow u~dudvì vw~ bk ukig/

Wo fdo}gow alì~k~falvì g} mgv lckigv ug~vwkvlxgv u g~vwkvlxgv ug~cg}}~do} m“kcìbld~g~ bgv bkomloi ukigv/ Mg bk cêcg hkédo" bg fdo}gow ubwv lcud~}ko} mdl} vg }~dwxg~ mg u~ìhì~gofg go akw} mg ukig/ Go hdof}ldo mgv dnjgf}lhv mw vl}g g#}dw~lvcg" mgv ìbìcgo}v fbìv mdlxgo} iwlmg~ bg xlvl}gw~ å ìxdbwg~ vw~ bk ubk}ghd~cg/ Fgv  fkbb }d kf}ldo ° ;5 mdlxgo} kffdcukiog~ g} mìndwfag~ bå dü bg xlvl}gw~ ì}kl} fgovì ê}~g kcgoì/

;5

Lofl}k}ldo å b“kf}ldo b“kf}ldo : lofl}g~ bg xlvl}gw~ m“wo vl}g å fbl{wg~ å }gb gom~dl} uk~ gqgcubg/

=5


k/ Vl}g g#}dw~lvcg g#}dw~lvcg : b“lcud~}kofg b“lcud~}kofg mw xlvwgb

Bg fdo}gow xlvwgb mw vl}g mg g#}dw~lvcg mdl} ê}~g go uk~}lg mìhlol uk~ bk ck~{wg cklv kwvvl uk~ bgv fblgo}v gwq#cêcgv/ Vgbdo b“ì}wmg Ykxg =" wo lo}g~okw}g h~koéklv vw~ flo{ g} u~áv m“wo lo}g~okw}g ngbig vw~ }~dlv mìfbk~go} kxdl~ uk~}kiì wo fdo}gow xlmìd/ Bg uk~}kig mg uad}d gv} kwvvl fdofg~oì uk~ fg}}g }gomkofg/ Fg}}g odwxgbbg u~k}l{wg mgv xd|kigw~v dhh~g b“duud~}wol}ì m“kolcg~ bg vl}g mlhhì~gccgo} go u~dhl}ko} mw fdo}gow mgv }dw~lv}gv/ Fgv cìmlkv kuud~}go} wog fg~}klog xkbgw~ kjdw}ìg mkov bk cgvw~g dü bgv hw}w~v xlvl}gw~v kffd~mg~do} mkxko}kig mg f~ìml} å b“gquì~lgofg mg bgw~v ukl~v g} vg u~djg}}g~do} ubwv hkflbgcgo}/ n/ Kff~dï}~g vk xlvlnlbl}ì go g#}dw~lvcg

Ê}~g xlvlnbg vw~ lo}g~og} gv} bk nkvg udw~ }dw} vl}g ygn/ Bgv lo}g~okw}gv mdlxgo} ~kulmgcgo} }~dwxg~ fg {w“lbv fag~fago}/ Udw~ fgbk" lb hkw} kvvw~g~ vk u~ìvgofg vw~ fg~}klov cd}v#fbìv kwu~áv mgv cd}gw~v mg ~gfag~fag dw mgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq" uk~}lflug~ kwq nbdiv" kolcg~ bgv mlhhì~go}gv ubk}ghd~cgv blìgv kw vl}g… •

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Du}lclvg~ vgv bkomloi ukigv go xkbd~lvko} fg~}klov cd}v fbìv ubw}ý} {wg m“kw}~gv khlo mg bgv ~gom~g ubwv xlvlnbgv uk~ bgv cd}gw~v mg ~gfag~fag ~gfag~fag 0 Lovì~g~ mgv cd}v#fbìv mkov bgv }l}~gv mg ukig dw m“k~}lfbg" cg}}~g go i~kv fg~}klov }g~cgv dw gofd~g bgv ~ìuì}g~ ~ìuì}g~ vkov ~gmdomkofg ~gmdomkofg gqfgvvlxg 0 Lo}ìi~g~ mgv ndw}dov mg }|ug  fkbb }d kf}ldo ° ;; udw~ lofl}g~ bgv lo}g~okw}gv å udw~vwlx~g vw~ bg vl}g/ Lbv vg~do} mìflvlhv :  fdo}kf} °"  ~ìvg~xk}ldo °"  mgckomg m“lohd~ck}ldo °… mgx~do} ê}~g vwhhlvkccgo} vwhhlvkccgo} clv go kxko} g} xkbd~lvìv vw~ vw~ bk ukig/ Gohlo" lb gv} }dwjdw~v kuu~ìflì mg xkbd~lvg~ bgv }ìcdliokigv mgv fblgo}v vk}lvhkl}v/

6/ Bg nbdi

Bgv nbdiv vuìflkblvìv mkov bg }dw~lvcg do} ngkwfdwu mg vwffáv g} bgw~v kw}gw~v ugwxgo} mgxgol~ mgv lohbwgofgw~v lcud~}ko}v/ Wog vlcubg ~gfag~fag vw~ Iddibg mg  Nbdi }dw~lvcg ° hkl} ~gvvd~}l~ = 155 555 ~ìvwb}k}v/ Fdovflgo}gv mg b“lcukf} mgv nbdiv vw~ b“lofl}k}ldo kw xd|kig" ubwvlgw~v mgv}lok}ldov do} bkofì mgv fkcukiogv mg u~dcd}ldo flnbko} ml~gf}gcgo} bgv nbdiwgw~v/

;;

Ndw}dov  fkbb }d kf}ldo ° : {wl k}}l~go} k}}l~go} b“k}}go}ldo b“k}}go}ldo mg b“lo}g~okw}g b“lo}g~okw}g g} b“lofl}go} b“lofl}go} å fbl{wg~/ fbl{wg~/

=;


Bg nbdi gv} wo fdcubìcgo} mw vl}g lo}g~og} g} og mdl} ukv vg vwnv}l}wg~ å fg mg~olg~/ Fg} dw}lb dhh~l~k mkxko}kig mg xlvlnlbl}ì g} wog lo}g~kf}ldo ubwv hd~}g kxgf bgv xd|kigw~v/ Lb gv} uk~ klbbgw~v ~gfdcckomì m“| udv}g~ mw fdo}gow gqfbwvlh ~ìiwblá~gcgo} khlo mg vg mlhhì~goflg~ : uad}dv" xlmìdv mg b“ì}knblvvgcgo} dw mgv bdlvl~v }dw~lv}l{wgv }dw~lv}l{wgv mg bk ~ìildo/ Fgbk ~ìjdwl~k vkov kwfwo mdw}g bgv xlvl}gw~v xgowv vg ~govgliog~ udw~ bgw~v u~dfaklogv u ~dfaklogv xkfkofgv/ Wo nbdi gv} hkflbg å lov}kbbg~ g} å uk~kcì}~g~/ uk~kcì}~g~/ Lb ug~cg} odo vgwbgcgo} mg uk~}kig~ bgv odwxgbbgv dhh~gv }dw~lv}l{wgv cklv kwvvl mg u~dxd{wg~ bgv ~ìkf}ldov mgv xlvl}gw~v å u~dudv mg fg fdo}gow uk~ bg nlklv mg fdccgo}kl~gv/ Go fdcubìcgo} mg bk xkbgw~ kjdw}ìg" bgv fdccgo}kl~gv udv}ìv uk~ bgv lo}g~okw}gv fdo}~lnwgo} å kcìbld~g~ bg ~ìhì~gofgcgo} ibdnkb vw~ bgv cd}gw~v mg ~gfag~fag uk~ bgw~ xdbwcg" bgw~ fdo}gq}wkblvk}ldo g} bgw~ ~ìiwbk~l}ì/ Bgv lo}g~okw}gv do} kbd~v bk udvvlnlbl}ì mg : •

Fdccgo}g~ bgv odwxgkw}ìv odwxgkw}ìv go ~kuud~} kxgf bk mgv}lok}ldo 0

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Uk~}kig~ bgw~ kxlv å u~dudv mg b“ì}knblvvgcgo} go {wgv}ldo 0

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Uk~}kig~ mgv uad}dv dw mgv xlmìdv go blgo kxgf b“kf}lxl}ì }dw~lv}l{wg/

Blì kw vl}g xl}~log g#}dw~lvcg" bg nbdi cg}}~k go kxko} b“kf}lxl}ì }dw~lv}l{wg kwu~áv m“wog fdccwokw}ì mg xd|kigw~v å bk ~gfag~fag mg fdo}kf}/ Lb dhh~g kwvvl b“duud~}wol}ì m“ìfakoig~ go}~g gwq g} kwvvl ml~gf}gcgo} kxgf bk ck~{wg/ Bd~v{wg bgv bgf}gw~v klcgo} wo fdo}gow" lbv ugwxgo} ugwxgo} bg uk~}kig~ kxgf bgw~v kclv xlk wo wo ndw}do  uk~}kig~ ° vw~ Hkfgndd` dw ]yl}}g~ ml~gf}gcgo} å uk~}l~ mw nbdi/ Kwjdw~m“awl" bk ubwuk~} mgv nbdiv vg f~ìgo} g} v“kmclolv}~go} i~îfg kw FCV Yd~mu~gvv {wl gv} gq}~êcgcgo} vlcubg m“w}lblvk}ldo g} ug~cg} mg bg ug~vdookblvg~ å b“lohlol/

=/ Bgv ubk}ghd~cgv vuìflkblvìgv

Bgv ubk}ghd~cgv vuìflkblvìgv mkov bg }dw~lvcg ~ìhì~gofgo} bgv ì}knblvvgcgo}v }dw~lv}l{wgv : aý}gbv" ~gv}kw~ko}v" fgo}~gv mg bdlvl~v" fkhìv" nk~v" cwvìgv" fw~ldvl}ìv" g}f/ g} ~ìfdb}go} bgv kxlv mgv lo}g~okw}gv {wl | do} fdovdccì/ Bgv fdccgo}kl~gv bklvvìv uk~ bgv lo}g~okw}gv vdo} kbd~v mìhlolv uk~ b“gqu~gvvldo mg  wvg~ igog~k}gm fdo}go} fdo}go} ° {wl vg }~kmwl} }~kmwl} uk~  fdo}gow iìoì~ì uk~ bgv lo}g~okw}gv lo}g~okw}gv °/ Fg }|ug m“lohd~ck}ldo fdookï} fdookï} wo i~kom vwffáv vwffáv kwu~áv mgv }dw~lv}dokw}gv {wl fag~fago} mgv lohdv vw~ bgw~ u~dfaklo blgw mg xkfkofgv/ Fdccg jg b“kl mìjå ~govglioì ubwv akw} mkov fg cìcdl~g" fgwq#fl kffd~mgo} go ghhg} wog ubwv i~komg fdohlkofg kwq f~l}l{wgv g} kxlv mg bgw~v ukl~v {w“kwq mlvfdw~v vdwxgo} }~du fdccg~flkwq mgv iì~ko}v g} fak~iìv mg fdccwolfk}ldo mgv ì}knblvvgcgo}v fdofg~oìv/ Fgv =>


ubk}ghd~cgv ug~cg}}go} kwvvl kwq lo}g~okw}gv mg ~ìvg~xg~ ml~gf}gcgo} go bliog go fdo}~guk~}lg m“wog fdcclvvldo/ Go ~gxgoko} mg bgw~ vìjdw~" mg ubwv go ubwv mg }dw~lv}gv uk~}kigo} bgw~ gquì~lgofg fblgo} g} mdoogo} klovl bgw~ kxlv vw~ bgv mlhhì~go}gv v}~wf}w~gv {w“lbv do} h~ì{wgo}ìgv/ [wgbv vdo} bgv nìoìhlfgv mg }gbv dw}lbv kwu~áv mgv ~gvudovknbgv m“ì}knblvvgcgo}v }dw~lv}l{wgv 4 •

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Fgv hggmnkf`v vg~xl~do} å xkbd~lvg~ bgw~v u~dmwl}v kxgf bgv vk}lvhkf}ldov vk}lvhkf}ldov fblgo}v 0 Lbv ug~cg}}~do} mg mì}gf}g~ mgv ulv}gv m“kcìbld~k}ldo kxko} b“kfak} !uk~ gqgcubg" v“lb cko{wg wog lohd~ck}ldo dw {w“gbbg o“gv} ukv vwhhlvkccgo} clvg go xkbgw~, g} ku~áv b“kfak} !uk~ gqgcubg" wo ìbìcgo} mg b“dhh~g og ~ìudom ukv å b“k}}go}g mw fblgo},

U~gom~g go fdcu}g bgv ~gck~{wgv mgv fblgo}v gv} wog mgv cglbbgw~gv hkédov mg v“k}}l~g~ bgw~ fdohlkofg/ Fgwq#fl xdlgo} klovl {w“do gv} å bgw~ ìfdw}g g} {w“do u~gom go fdcu}g bgv f~l}l{wgv {w“lbv udv}go} vw~ fgv ubk}ghd~cgv/ Bgv u~dfaklov xlvl}gw~v vkw~do} klovl kuu~ìflg~ bk ~ìkf}lxl}ì mg b“ì}knblvvgcgo} g} b“k}}go}ldo kuud~}ìg å bgw~ ìik~m xlv å xlv mg bgw~v k}}go}gv/ Fgv ubk}ghd~cgv g#}dw~lvcg hdw~ol~do} kbd~v kwq ~gvudovknbgv m“ì}knblvvgcgo} }dw~lv}l{wg wog vk}lvhkf}ldo vwuubìcgo}kl~g klovl {wg mgv ulv}gv m“ìxdbw}ldo udw~ bgv dhh~gv {w“lb u~dudvg/ k/ Gqgcubg : ]~luKmxlvd~

]~luKmxlvd~ gv} vkov mdw}g bg cglbbgw~ ~gu~ìvgo}ko} mg fg igo~g mg ubk}ghd~cgv/ Kokb|vdov vgv v}k}lv}l{wgv : •

>5 clbbldov mg cgcn~gv go~gilv}~ìv 0

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ubwv mg =7 clbbldov mg xlvl}gw~v xlvl}gw~v wol{wgv uk~ cdlv 0

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ubwv mg 75 clbbldov m“kxlv g} m“duloldov 0

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ubwv mg 1< 555 mgv}lok}ldov ~ìhì~gofìgv ~ìhì~gofìgv 0

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ubwv mg =<7 aý}gbv ~ìhì~gofìv 0

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ubwv mg 81< 555 ~gv}kw~ko}v ~ìhì~gofìv 0

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ubwv mg 9 clbbldov mg uad}dv u~lvgv uk~ bgv cgcn~gv/

]~luKmxlvd~ khhl~cg {wg <1' mgv cgvvkigv udv}ìv vw~ bgv hd~wcv ~gédlxgo} wog ~ìudovg mkov bgv >= agw~gv/ ]~luKmxlvd~ uk~}lflug å bk ubwuk~} ubwuk~} mgv ì}kugv mg bk fakïog fakïog mg xkbgw~ mw }dw~lvcg }dw~lvcg : =6


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Udw~ vwvfl}g~ b“goxlg : bk mìfdwxg~}g m“wog dhh~g kbbìfako}g vw~ mgv vl}gv mg xgo}gv fdccwokw}kl~gv kxgf wog u~dudvl}ldo }k~lhkl~g k}}~kf}lxg Udw~ bk ~gfag~fag mg mgv}lok}ldov g} mg vdbw}ldov : bgv vl}gv vdflkwq m“kxlv g} mg ~gfdcckomk}ldov/ Bgv vl}gv fdccwokw}kl~gv m“kfak} ugwxgo} kwvvl lohbwgofg~ bg fadlq m“wog mgv}lok}ldo/ n/ Gqgcubg : ndd`loi/fdc

Ndd`loi/fdc gv} wog kw}~g ubk}ghd~cg g#}dw~lvcg/ Fgbbg#fl ug~cg} odo vgwbgcgo} udw~ wog govgliog mg xkbd~lvg~ od}kccgo} vdo aý}gb go bliog" cklv gbbg ug~cg} ìikbgcgo} kwq lo}g~okw}gv mg od}g~ b“ì}knblvvgcgo} vgbdo ubwvlgw~v f~l}á~gv g} mg hkl~g wo ~g}dw~ vw~ bgw~ vìjdw~/ Fgv kxlv vdo} govwl}g ~gi~dwuìv g} clv å mlvudvl}ldo mgv lo}g~okw}gv lo}g~okw}gv vgbdo bgv mlhhì~go}v f~l}á~gv !ug~vdoogb" vg~xlfgv" fdohd~}…, g} vgbdo bg }|ug mg uwnblf {wl k od}ì b“aý}gb/ Go falhh~gv" Ndd`loi/fdc ~gu~ìvgo}g ;65 555 owl}ìgv ~ìvg~xìgv {wd}lmlgoogcgo} i~îfg å wo ~ìvgkw mg ubwv mg =755 uk~}gokl~gv khhlblìv/ f/ Gqgcubg : CdoOwkig/h~

Fdcuk~k}gw~ mg u~lv" CdoOwkig/fdc lo}ái~g wo ~ìvgkw vdflkb udw~ {wg bgv xd|kigw~v uwlvvgo} uk~}kig~ kxlv" uad}dv g} ndoogv km~gvvgv/ Kxgf ubwv mg 15 555 blgwq }dw~lv}l{wgv ~ìhì~gofìv g} u~áv mg =55 555 uad}dv vw~ ubwv mg ;7 555 xlbbgv mkov bg cdomg" cdowkig/h~ ug~cg} kwq xd|kigw~v mg fdovwb}g~ b“kxlv mg bgw~v ukl~v" mg ubkolhlg~ bgw~ vìjdw~ }dw} go fdcuk~ko} bgv u~lq/

7/ Bgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq k/ Hkfgndd`

Bg ubwv fìbán~g vl}g mg ~ìvgkw vdflkb" Hkfgndd` gv} wo uaìodcáog fgo}~kb mw ygn >/5/ U~áv mg ;9 clbbldov mg h~koéklv vdo} lovf~l}v vw~ Hkfgndd`/ Vgv v}k}lv}l{wgv do} mìjå ì}ì mì}klbbìgv kw mìnw} mg fg cìcdl~g/ Hkfgndd` gv} i~k}wl} g} ug~cg} kwq w}lblvk}gw~v mg f~ìg~ wo fdcu}g {wl bgw~ vg~xl~k å : •

Uk~}kig~ bgw~ kf}wkbl}ì vw~ vw~ bgw~ u~dhlb 0

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Uk~}kig~ mw fdo}gow fdo}gow xlmìd g} uad}d 0

==


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Fdov}~wl~g bgw~ ~ìvgkw go ~g}~dwxko} ~g}~dwxko} mgv kclv g} go v“go f~ìko} mg odwxgkwq odwxgkwq 0

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Iì~g~ b“kffgvvlnlbl}ì mg bgw~ bgw~ fdo}gow xlk bgv uk~kcá}~gv mg fdohlmgo}lkbl}ì fdohlmgo}lkbl}ì 0

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Fdccwol{wg~ uk~ cklb g} cgvvkig~lg lov}ko}koìg lov}ko}koìg 0

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F~ìg~ mgv ukigv vuìflkblvìgv ml}gv  hko ukigv ° g} mgv i~dwugv mg cgcn~gv kw}dw~ mg fgo}~gv m“lo}ì~ê}v fdccwov/ Bgv ukigv vdo} }~áv w}lblvìgv uk~ bgv go}~gu~lvgv/

Udw~ bgv u~dhgvvldoogbv" Hkfgndd` gv} wo xì~l}knbg dw}lb mg fdccwolfk}ldo g} mg ck~`g}loi ug~cg}}ko} mg }dwfag~ wog }~áv bk~ig flnbg å fdð} ~ìmwl}/ Bk vìbgf}ldo mg cgcn~gv ugw} ê}~g khhloìg uk~ mgv hlb}~gv fdccg bk bdfkblvk}ldo dw b“kuuk~}gokofg å mgv i~dwugv dw hko ukigv gqlv}ko}v/ Wog ukig hko ugw}" uk~ gqgcubg" u~dcdwxdl~ wo ì}knblvvgcgo} }dw~lv}l{wg" wog ~ìildo" wog xlbbg" g}f/ Go}~g i~dwug g} ukig hko" bk ukig hko gv} å hkxd~lvg~ udw~ bgv ~klvdov vwlxko}gv : •

B“km~gvvg gv} ug~vdookblvknbg ug~vdookblvknbg !å uk~}l~ mg >7 cgcn~gv, : a}}u:$$yyy/hkfgndd`/fdc$odc#mg#bk#ukig

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Kwfwog blcl}g mg odcn~g mg  hkov ° 0

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Bg fdo}gow mg bk ukig ugw} ê}~g kw}dck}l{wgcgo} kw}dck}l{wgcgo} uk~}kiì vw~ wo nbdi u~dhgvvldoogb u~dhgvvldoogb 0

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Udvvlnlbl}ì m“lo}ìi~g~ wo nkmig !gofk~} ~ìvwcko} g} u~dcdwxko} bk ukig hko, mg bk hko ukig vw~ bg vl}g dw bg nbdi 0

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Bgv hko ukigv vdo} vwiiì~ìgv kw}dck}l{wgcgo} kw}dck}l{wgcgo} kwq kclv mgv ug~vdoogv ug~vdoogv mìjå hkov 0

•

Wog hko ukig ugw} v“go~lfal~ mg odcn~gwvgv hdof}ldookbl}ì xlk mgv kuublfk}ldov/

Mguwlv >559" Hkfgndd` u~dudvg m“khhlfag~ mgv koodofgv uwnblfl}kl~gv go hdof}ldo mgv aknl}wmgv mgv cgcn~gv : bk uwnblfl}ì fdcud~}gcgo}kbg/ Do ugw} kjdw}g~ mgv hlb}~gv m“khhlfakig å b“koodofg vgbdo mgv f~l}á~gv vdfldmìcdi~kual{wgv }gbv {wg b“îig" bg vgqg…" bk iìdbdfkblvk}ldo g} bgv fgo}~gv m“lo}ì~ê} mg bk ug~vdoog/ Fdccwol{wg~ kwu~áv m“wog ~ìildo mìhlolg xg~v wog uduwbk}ldo vuìflhl{wg gv} kbd~v udvvlnbg g} ug~cg} klovl mg clgwq flnbg~ bg uwnblf kw{wgb do v“km~gvvg/ n/ Bgv ~ìvgkwq u~dhgvvldoogbv : Xlkmgd ( Blo`gmLo Blo`gmLo

Fgv mgwq dw}lbv vdo} mkxko}kig mìmlìv å mìxgbduug~ vdo ~ìvgkw u~dhgvvldoogb/ Lbv ug~cg}}go} mg ~gv}g~ go fdo}kf} kxgf mgv fblgo}v" mgv fdbbáiwgv" bgv kf}gw~v ~ìildokwq mg b“ì}knblvvgcgo} }dw~lv}l{wg go {wgv}ldo/ K uk~}l~ mgv ~govgliogcgo}v bklvvìv mkov bk hlfag mg =7


u~dhlb" }dw} w}lblvk}gw~ ugw} }~dwxg~ g}$dw ~g}~dwxg~ mgv ug~vdoogv uk~}kigko} vgv fgo}~gv m“lo}ì~ê} g} vdo mdcklog mg cì}lg~ g} ê}~g fdo}kf}ì uk~ gbbgv/ Vw~ Xlkmgd g} Blo`gmLo lb gv} ìikbgcgo} udvvlnbg mg f~ìg~ g} m“kolcg~ mgv fdccwokw}ìv/ Fagz Fagz Xlkmgd" mgwq du}ldov vdo} mlvudolnbgv : •

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Bgv awnv : hd~wcv mg mlvfwvvldo {wl ug~cg}}go} kwq cgcn~gv mg v“gqu~lcg~ kw}dw~ m“wog }aìck}l{wg mdooìg 0 Bgv fdccwokw}ìv : gbbgv ~gi~dwugo} mgv cgcn~gv Xlkmgd uk~}kigko} mgv fgo}~gv m“lo}ì~ê} fdccwov !kvvdflk}ldov m“koflgov ìbáxgv" fdccwokw}ìv u~dhgvvldoogbbgv" fwb}w~gbbgv" g}f/,/

F~ìg~ g} uk~}lflug~ å fgv i~dwugv ug~cg} m“go}~g~ go ~gbk}ldo kxgf mgv cgcn~gv k|ko} bgv cêcgv fgo}~gv m“lo}ì~ê} u~dhgvvldoogbv/ F“gv} kbd~v b“dffkvldo m“ìfakoig~ ml~gf}gcgo} kxgf gwq g} mg iìoì~g~ mgv duud~}wol}ìv m“khhkl~gv : mg odwxgbbgv dhh~gv }dw~lv}l{wgv udw~~do} ê}~g klovl goxlvkiìgv i~îfg å fgv ~ìfgo}gv ~gbk}ldov u~dhgvvldoogbbgv/ Xlkmgd g} Blo`gmLo vdo} i~k}wl}v å b“lovf~lu}ldo g} u~dudvgo} mgv hdof}ldookbl}ìv lo}ì~gvvko}gv go du}ldo xlk wo kndoogcgo} uk|ko}/ f/ ]yl}}g~ g} bg clf~dnbdiiloi

Bg xd|kigw~ m“kwjdw~m“awl gv} fdoogf}ì go ug~ckogofg g} gqubdl}g Lo}g~og} kxko}" ugomko} g} ku~áv vdo vìjdw~/ Fg}}g od}ldo mg  ~gkb }lcg ygn ° ~gu~ìvgo}g bg hbwq m“lohd~ck}ldo go }gcuv ~ìgb vw~ mgv ubk}ghd~cgv vuìflhl{wgv xlk Lo}g~og}/ Bgv lo}g~okw}gv ugwxgo} mdof uk~}kig~ mg b“lohd~ck}ldo å }dw} lov}ko}/ Ubwv ~kulmg {wg bgv fdccgo}kl~gv g} ìfakoigv vw~ bgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq fdccg Hkfgndd`" bk od}ldo mg }gcuv ~ìgb gv} gvvgo}lgbbgcgo} gqubdl}ìg vw~ ]yl}}g~/ ]yl}}g~ ug~cg} å }dw} w}lblvk}gw~ go~gilv}~ì mg uk~}kig~ mgv cgvvkigv mg ;=5 fk~kf}á~gv ckqlcwc kxgf vdo ~ìvgkw/ Lb ugw} v“kndoog~ kw fdcu}g m“wo kw}~g cgcn~g udw~ vwlx~g vdo kf}wkbl}ì g} bgv kw}~gv cgcn~gv ugwxgo} v“kndoog~ å vdo u~dhlb/ Klovl" mg ubwv go ubwv m“go}~gu~lvgv vdo} vw~ ]yl}}g~ khlo mg ~ìkil~ lov}ko}koìcgo} kwq ~ìkf}ldov" mgckomgv" kxlv g} f~l}l{wgv mgv lo}g~okw}gv/ B“ì}wmg mg H~gmg~lf Clfagkw udw~ b“LHDU mg odxgcn~g >5;5 hkl} ~gvvd~}l~ bg hkl} {wg bg clf~d#nbdiiloi" g} u~loflukbgcgo} ]yl}}g~" gv} mgxgow wo dw}lb lofdo}dw~oknbg/ Bgv lo}g~okw}gv w}lblvgo} u~loflukbgcgo} ]yl}}g~ udw~ dn}gol~ mgv ndov ubkov g} mgv u~dcd}ldov/ Go dw}~g" udw~ wog mgv}lok}ldo" bg vl}g ]yl}}g~ fdov}l}wg wo hd~clmknbg dw}lb mg xglbbg khlo mg vw~xglbbg~ vdo g#~ìuw}k}ldo/ Wog vlcubg ~gfag~fag mg vk mgv}lok}ldo ug~cg} mg ~g}~dwxg~ }dwv

=8


bgv }ygg}v {wl go hdo} cgo}ldo g} fdov}k}g~ klovl b“lckig {w“gbbg xìalfwbg kwu~áv mgv lo}g~okw}gv/

Hliw~g <

]yl}}g~ v“kxá~g ê}~g wo gqfgbbgo} dw}lb mg xglbbg udw~ fdookï}~g b“kf}wkbl}ì mg vdo ~ìvgkw/ Bgv ~ìkf}ldov kwq cgvvkigv mlhhwvìv vdo} ~kulmgv/ Lb gv} hkflbg mg u~gom~g fdooklvvkofg mg b“kf}wkbl}ì mgv fdofw~~go}v/ Bgv 9 ~klvdov udw~ bgv{wgbbgv wog go}~gu~lvg !}dw~lv}l{wg dw odo, mdl} ê}~g vw~ ]yl}}g~ : •

Lo}g~kil~ kxgf bgv xd|kigw~v xd|kigw~v 0

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Fdo}kf}g~ mgv u~dvugf}v g} ~ìudom~g ~ìudom~g å bgw~v {wgv}ldov 0

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Fdccwol{wg~ kwu~áv mgv cgcn~gv lohbwgo}v !u~dhgvvldoogbv" jdw~okblv}gv" nbdiwgw~v…, 0

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Lohd~cg~ go }gcuv ~ìgb 0

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Xkbd~lvg~ vk fdooklvvkofg fdooklvvkofg kwu~áv mgv cgcn~gv 0

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Awckolvg~ bk ~gbk}ldo kxgf bgv xd|kigw~v xd|kigw~v i~îfg kwq ìfakoigv ml~gf} g} lov}ko}koìv lov}ko}koìv 0

•

G}~g kw fŖw~ mgv mlvfwvvldov vw~ bk ubk}ghd~cg/ =9


Lb gv} od}kccgo} udvvlnbg kxgf mgv ubwilov vuìflkblvìv vw~ Yd~mu~gvv" uk~ gqgcubg" mg ~gbk|g~ kw}dck}l{wgcgo} vgv k~}lfbgv mg nbdi vw~ vdo fdcu}g ]yl}}g~/ Bgv igov fdoogf}ìgv å ]yl}}g~ xlk bgw~ }ìbìuadog ud~}knbg mg }|ug lUadog ugwxgo} klovl ~ìkil~ ~kulmgcgo} kwq fdo}gowv uwnblìv/ Bk xlvlnlbl}ì g#}dw~lvcg gv} klovl kff~wg/

8/ Bgv cìmlkv vdflkwq : uk~}kig~ vgv uad}dv g} xlmìdv

Bgv xd|kigw~v uk~}kigo} g} fdovwb}go} mg ubwv go ubwv mg fdo}gowv vw~ bg ygn/ Bg uk~}kig mg uad}dv g} mg xlmìdv m“wo ì}knblvvgcgo} }dw~lv}l{wg dw m“wog ~ìildo vgcnbg mdof ê}~g wog gqfgbbgo}g hkédo m“go xkbd~lvg~ b“k}}~kl}/ k/ Hblf`~

Hblf`~ gv} wog ubk}ghd~cg mg v}df`kig g} mg uk~}kig mg uad}dv go bliog/ Gbbg ug~cg} mg iì~g~ }dw}g wog ikbg~lg m“lckigv go bgv fbkvvko} mkov mgv kbnwcv/ Udw~ udwxdl~ fdccgofg~ å w}lblvg~ Hblf`~" lb hkw} }dw} m“knd~m vg f~ìg~ wo fdcu}g \kadd/ Hblf`~ ug~cg} kbd~v mg iì~g~ wog wog cwb}l}wmg cwb}l}wmg mg uad}dv uad}dv go : •

Bgv lcud~}ko} mguwlv vdo d~mlok}gw~ 0

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\ kjdw}ko} kjdw}ko} mgv cd}v#fbìv 0

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Mìhlolvvko} bk fdohlmgo}lkbl}ì fdohlmgo}lkbl}ì mgv uad}dv klovl {wg bgv m~dl}v 0

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D~ikolvko} bgv fblfaìv uk~ mdvvlg~v vuìflhl{wgv kuugbìv kbnwcv/

Å uk~}l~ m“wo mdvvlg~ mg uad}dv mdooì" lb gv} udvvlnbg mg iìoì~g~ wo mlkud~kck ml~gf}gcgo} lo}ìi~knbg mkov bg vl}g dw nbdi g#}dw~lvcg/ Hblf`~ u~dudvg kwvvl mg ~g}dwfag~ ml~gf}gcgo} vgv uad}dv go bliog/ Gohlo" lb hkw} ìikbgcgo} od}g~ bk u~ìvgofg mg i~dwugv vw~ Hblf`~/ Fgwq#fl ug~cg}}go} å }dw} wo fakfwo m“go mgxgol~ cgcn~g g} mg uk~}kig~ mw fdo}gow uad}d v“| ~kuud~}ko}/ Fg}}g hdof}ldookbl}ì hkflbl}g~k bk u~lvg mg fdo}kf} kxgf bgv xd|kigw~v/ Bgv }dw~lv}gv !cgcn~gv mw i~dwug, g} bg iì~ko} mg b“ì}knblvvgcgo} !u~du~lì}kl~g mw i~dwug, vg~do} lohd~cìv uk~ wog kbg~}g cklb máv {w“wo cgcn~g uk~}kig~k wog odwxgbbg uad}d/ Hblf`~ u~dudvg wog dhh~g i~k}wl}g i~k}wl}g blcl}ìg g} wog dhh~g u~d lbblcl}ìg å ubwv dw cdlov >7b“kooìg//

=1


n/ \dw}wng" Mklb|cd}ldo g} Xlcgd

Go fg {wl fdofg~og bk igv}ldo mg xlmìdv go bliog" do ~g}~dwxg \dw}wng" Mklb|cd}ldo g} Xlcgd {wl vdo} bgv }~dlv ubwv i~komv kf}gw~v mkov fg}}g fk}ìid~lg/ \dw}wng ~gi~dwug ubwv m“wo lo}g~okw}g vw~ }~dlv !66"7', mgxko} Mklb|cd}ldo kxgf u~áv m“wo lo}g~okw}g vw~ mlq !9"6',/ Go fdcuk~klvdo" ]H; og fdcu}g {wg 6' mgv xlmìdv fdovwb}ìgv go H~kofg !vgu}gcn~g >55<,/ Vw~ \dw}wng" Mklb|cd}ldo g} Xlcgd" lb vwhhl} mg f~ìg~ wo fdcu}g udw~ fdccgofg~ å aìng~ig~ vgv xlmìdv go bliog i~k}wl}gcgo}/ \dw}wng gv} bg bgkmg~ mw ck~faì/ Lb iìoá~g bg ubwv mg }~khlf g} dhh~g ud}go}lgbbgcgo} ubwv mg xlvlnlbl}ì kwq xlmìdv/ Cklv f“gv} kwvvl fgbwl mdo} bk {wkbl}ì mg mlhhwvldo gv} bk ubwv nkvvg/ Mklb|cd}ldo u~dudvg wog ubk}ghd~cg mg mlhhwvldo mg cglbbgw~g {wkbl}ì cklv vdo ud}go}lgb mg mlhhwvldo vg blcl}g gvvgo}lgbbgcgo} å bk h~kofduadolg/ [wko} å Xlcgd" lb mlvudvg m“wog }~áv akw}g {wkbl}ì mg mlhhwvldo cklv blcl}g bgv }~kovhg~}v å 755 Cd$vgcklog 0 =>"75 $ko ug~cg}}~do} mg mìukvvg~ fg}}g blcl}g vl oìfgvvkl~g/ Vw~ fakfwog mg fgv ubk}ghd~cgv" bgv xd|kigw~v ugwxgo} fdovwb}g~ g} mlhhwvg~ mgv xlmìdv/ Lb gv} ìikbgcgo} fdovglbbì mg vg f~ìg~ wog clol#fakïog ]X kw}dw~ mg vdo kf}lxl}ì }dw~lv}l{wg i~îfg kwq  fakïogv \dw}wng ° od}kccgo}/ od}kccgo}/

9/ Bg }dw~lvcg cdnlbg dw c#}dw~lvcg

Kxgf b“kxáogcgo} mgv vck~}uadogv odwxgbbg iìoì~k}ldo fdccg b“lUadog" bg ygn g} bg }dw~lvcg mgxlgoogo} mgxlgoogo} cdnlbgv + Kw xw mgv v}k}lv}l{wgv mìf~l}gv mkov fg cìcdl~g" do ugw} fdov}k}g~ {wg b“wvkig cdnlbg vg iìoì~kblvg mg ubwv go ubwv mkov bg }dw~lvcg/ B“g#}dw~lvcg cdnlbg gv} bg u~gclg~ cìmlk mg ckvvg flnbì" f“gv} å ml~g ug~cg}}ko} mg fdccwol{wg~ ml~gf}gcgo} xg~v mg odcn~gwq mgv}lok}kl~gv/ Bg xd|kigw~ gv} fdoogf}ì go ug~ckogofg xlk vdo cdnlbg g} ugw} fdovwb}g~ vgv cgvvkigv$cklbv g} b“kf}lxl}ì clvg å jdw~ vw~ bgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq å }dw} cdcgo}/ I~îfg kwq ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq g} å ]yl}}g~ vw~ cdnlbg od}kccgo}" bg c#}dw~lvcg gqubdl}g bk od}ldo mg }gcuv ~ìgb g} bk fdccwolfk}ldo cdnlbg mgxlgo} klovl fdo}gq}wgbbg/ Udw~ go~lfal~ xl~}wgbbgcgo} wo vl}g }dw~lv}l{wg" bk ~ìkbl}ì kwicgo}ìg u~dudvg m“lovì~g~ mw fdo}gow bd~v{w“wo xd|kigw~ udlo}g vdo cdnlbg vw~ fg {w“lb xlvl}g" g} fg xlk wog kuublfk}ldo mìmlìg/ Fg}}g }gfaodbdilg dhh~g mg odwxgbbgv udvvlnlbl}ìv fdccg mgv xlvl}gv iwlmìgv mdo} bg cdnlbg dhh~l~k wog kb}g~ok}lxg kwq kwmldiwlmgv" uk~ gqgcubg/ Bgv u~du~lì}kl~gv mg vck~}uadogv do} bk udvvlnlbl}ì mg }ìbìfak~ig~ mgv kuublfk}ldov i~k}wl}gv dw uk|ko}gv/ Zg Xlvl} u~dudvg kwq xd|kigw~v mg mìfdwx~l~ mgv vl}gv fìbán~gv vgbdo bg u~loflug mg  }knbg m“d~lgo}k}ldo å ~ìkbl}ì kwicgo}ìg °/ =<


k/ Hdw~v{wk~g

Hdw~v{wk~g gv} wo dw}lb mg iìdbdfkblvk}ldo {wl ug~cg} å b“w}lblvk}gw~ m“loml{wg~ dü lb vg }~dwxg g} mg ~gofdo}~g~ klovl vgv fdo}kf}v/ B“kvugf} bwml{wg mg fg}}g ubk}ghd~cg xlgo} mw hkl} {w“lb gv} udvvlnbg m“kffwcwbg~ m“kffwcwbg~ mgv ~ìfdcugovgv ~gbk}lxgv å mgv blgwq/ Ku~áv v“ê}~g iìdbdfkblvìv" bgv w}lblvk}gw~v w}lblvk}gw~v mdlxgo} fbl{wg~ fbl{wg~ vw~ b“doibg}  fagf`#lo ° udw~ v“lmgo}lhlg~ mkov bg blgw go {wgv}ldo/ Vl fg mg~olg~ o“gv} ukv ~ìhì~gofì vw~ bg vl}g" lb gv} kbd~v udvvlnbg mg bg f~ìg~/ Mw~ko} bgw~ vìjdw~" bgv lo}g~okw}gv ugwxgo} kbd~v vg ~govgliog~ vw~ bgv ì}knblvvgcgo}v }dw~lv}l{wgv {wl bgv go}dw~go} g} bgv bdfkblvg~ vw~ mgv fk~}gv owcì~l{wgv/ Lbv | }~dwxg~do} bgv fdccgo}kl~gv mgv kw}~gv lo}g~okw}gv k|ko} uk~}kiì bgw~ kxlv vw~ Hdw~v{wk~g/ Ubwv ~ìfgccgo}" Hdw~v{wk~g k clv å mlvudvl}ldo mgv go}~gu~lvgv bk f~ìk}ldo m“  dhh~gv vuìflkbgv °/ Fgv dhh~gv vuìflkbgv ug~cg}}go} kwq w}lblvk}gw~v mg nìoìhlflg~ mg u~dcd}ldov mkov bg blgw go {wgv}ldo/ B“dnjgf}lh gv} mg ~ìfdcugovg~ bgv fblgo}v hlmábgv dw m“k}}l~g~ mg odwxgkwq fblgo}v/ Uk~ gqgcubg" bk fakïog mg hkv}hddm  CkfMd ° u~dudvg wo wo vkomylfa i~k}wl} kwq ug~vdoogv {wl vg fagf`go} mkov wo mg bgw~v ~gv}kw~ko}v/ Fg}}g u~dcd}ldo gv} xlvlnbg kwq w}lblvk}gw~v {wl vg bdfkblvgo} mkov bgv goxl~dov !xlk wo nkmig d~koig  vuìflkb °,/ ]dw} gv} mdof u~ìxw khlo m“k}}l~g~ b“k}}go}ldo mgv w}lblvk}gw~v/ Fl#fdo}~g" wo gqgcubg mg u~dcd}ldo xlk Hdw~v{wk~g/ Lb v“kil} lfl m“wog dhh~g mgv}loìg kw ck|d~ mw blgw/ B“kuublfk}ldo ug~cg} ìikbgcgo} mg uk~}kig~ mgv kxlv vw~ wo blgw dw wo dnjg} g} ~g}~dwxg~ ~kulmgcgo} mgv u~dhlbv k|ko} bgv cêcgv fgo}~gv m“lo}ì~ê} vl}wìv mkov wo goxl~doogcgo} u~dfag khlo mg u~dxd{wg~ mgv ~gofdo}~gv ~gofdo}~gv  dhhblog °/ Do mlvfg~og nlgo b“lo}ì~ê} m“wo udlo} mg xwg }dw~lv}l{wg/ Lb gv} ìikbgcgo} udvvlnbg mg vwlx~g mgv ukigv m“go}~gu~lvgv/ Wog }~go}klog mg mgv}lok}ldov }dw~lv}l{wgv å fg v}kmg" mdo} wog vgwbg h~koéklvg" fgbbg mg b“D] mw Uk|v mg Cdo}hd~} go N~dfìblkomg g} wog gvukiodbg" Xkbgoflk" vdo} ~ìhì~gofìgv/ F“gv} mdof hd~} ckli~g/ Mkov bgv vl}gv v“ì}ko} goikiìv vw~ Hdw~v{wk~g go H~kofg" do ~g}~dwxg : bg Bdwx~g" nlgo vliokbì !ubwv mg 7155 ug~vdoogv g} 8955 fagf`#lov vw~ u~áv mg 1 clbbldov mg xlvl}gw~v…,/ [wgb{wgv D] v“| cg}}go} ìikbgcgo}" u~loflukbgcgo} mkov b“Dwgv} udw~ b“lov}ko} : ^googv" ]~gngw~mgo" Vklo} Jgko mg Cdo}v" Bk ^dfagbbg… 75


Go ~ìvwcì" do ugw} ìxgo}wgbbgcgo} ~gofdo}~g~ mgv ug~vdoogv {wl vdo} ìikbgcgo} mkov bg blgw kw cdcgo} mw fagf`#lo" do k bk udvvlnlbl}ì mg uk~}kig~ mgv ndov ubkov !~gv}dv" nk~v" kf}lxl}ìv…, g} mg nìoìhlflg~ m“dhh~gv u~dcd}ldoogbbgv mkov fg~}klov ì}knblvvgcgo}v/ Go }ko} {wg v}~wf}w~g }dw~lv}l{wg" lov}l}w}ldoogbbg dw odo" f“gv} wog gqfgbbgo}g ckolá~g mg hkl~g vkxdl~ {wg b“do gqlv}g g} gvuì~g~ k}}l~g~ mg odwxgkwq fblgo}v/ n/ Mlv Cdl Dü

Lb v“kil} m“wo vl}g ygn >/5 bkofì go >559 vw~ bg ck~faì h~koéklv mdo} bk hlokbl}ì gv} mg ug~cg}}~g å }dw} wo fakfwo mg ~gfag~fag~ g} mg uk~}kig~ mgv lohd~ck}ldov bdfkbgv/ Vw~ bg cêcg u~loflug {w“wo yl`l kxgf wog mlcgovldo fdbbknd~k}lxg" bg fdo}gow gv} cdmlhlknbg uk~ bgv lo}g~okw}gv/ Mlvcdldü hdof}ldoog fdccg wo xì~l}knbg vl}g fdccwokw}kl~g/ Bgv lo}g~okw}gv ugwxgo} kjdw}g~ go fdo}kf} m“kw}~gv cgcn~gv mw vl}g g} ìfakoig~ klovl bgw~v fgo}~gv m“lo}ì~ê}v g} bgw~v fdovglbv/ Lb gv} udvvlnbg mg ~g}~dwxg~ go {wgb{wgv fblfv bgv gom~dl}v {wl fd~~gvudomgo} bg ubwv å bgw~v k}}go}gv g} å bgw~ {wk~}lg~ mg u~ìmlbgf}ldo/ Bg cd}gw~ mg ~gfdcckomk}ldov ug~vdookblvìgv ~gi~dwug bgv blgwq go vlq fk}ìid~lgv :  ckoig~ °"  n| olia} °"  vaduuloi °"  fwb}w~g °"  nlgo#ê}~g ° g}  }dw} bg ~gv}g °/ Mguwlv >551" wog kuublfk}ldo cdnlbg gv} mlvudolnbg vw~ lUadog g} Kom~dlm/ B“w}lblvk}gw~ ugw} mdof vg iìdbdfkblvg~ g} dn}gol~ ml~gf}gcgo} bgv ~gfdcckomk}ldov mg vk fdccwokw}ì go hdof}ldo mg b“gom~dl} dü lb vg }~dwxg/ Bg xd|kigw~ ugw} fdoogf}g~ b“kuublfk}ldo kxgf ]yl}}g~ g} Hkfgndd` udw~ uk~}kig~ vk bdfkblvk}ldo kxgf vgv kclv/ Bgv lo}g~okw}gv ugwxgo} uk~}kig~ bgw~v blgwq hkxd~lv g} bklvvg~ wo fdccgo}kl~g vw~ fgwq#fl/ Bgv w}lblvk}gw~v ugwxgo} kbd~v fdovwb}g~ go bliog dw vw~ bgw~ vck~}uadog bgv kxlv mgv kw}~gv cgcn~gv å u~dudv m“wo ì}knblvvgcgo}/ Udw~ bgv u~dhgvvldoogbv" lb gv} lcud~}ko} mg vwlx~g bgv fdccgo}kl~gv vw~ vdo ì}knblvvgcgo} g} mg xglbbg~ klovl å vdo g#~guw}k}ldo/

1/ Bgv yl`lv

Bgv yl`lv" fdov}l}wgo} wo kw}~g bgxlg~ lo}ì~gvvko}/ Fgv mlvudvl}lhv vdo} w}lblvìv bd~v{wg bgv lo}g~okw}gv ~gfag~fago} mgv lohd~ck}ldov iìoì~kbgv vw~ wog mgv}lok}ldo" od}kccgo} mgv lohd~ck}ldov fwb}w~gbbgv/ Bg yl`l gv} oì g} v“gv} mìxgbduuì kw}dw~ m“wo ngvdlo ubw}ý} {wg m“wog lmìg/ Fg ngvdlo ì}ko} : bg }~kxklb fdbbknd~k}lh/ Lb v“kil} m“wo dw}lb fdccwokw}kl~g ug~hd~cko} nkvì vw~ bg u~loflug m“w}lblvk}gw~v#fdo}~lnw}gw~v" mdo} bk xkblml}ì mgv lo}g~xgo}ldov ugw} ê}~g ~gclvg go fkwvg uk~ }dwv/

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Fdovflgo} mg fg} lcukf}" Yl`luìmlk !bg ubwv fìbán~g, k dwxg~} go >558 wo ud~}klb ~ìvg~xì kw }dw~lvcg !Yl`l}~kxgb, g} {wgb{wgv mgv}lok}ldov do} u~dmwl} wo fdo}gow u~dcd}ldoogb udw~ kblcgo}g~ bg vl}g/ F“gv} bg fkv mg bk ~ìildo âýog Kbugv/ Dw}~g Yl`l]~kxgb" lb gqlv}g m“kw}~gv gvukfgv fdccwokw}kl~gv fdccg  Xdlq Odckmgv ° vw~ bgv{wgbv bgv kf}gw~v lov}l}w}ldoogbv lov}l}w}ldoogbv udw~~klgo} lo}g~xgol~/ Lb ug~cg} kwvvl kwq lo}g~okw}gv mg uk~}kig~ mgv }ìcdliokigv g} gquì~lgofgv/

7>


XL/ Bgv cì}lg~v mg b“g#}dw~lvcg ;/ Fdccwol}| Ckokig~

Oì kxgf bgv ngvdlov u~du~gv kw ygn >/5" bg fdccwol}| ckokig~ gv} wo odwxgkw cì}lg~ {wl ìxdbwg~k gofd~g mkov b“kxgol~/ U~gclá~gcgo} lvvwg mw cdomg mw jgw xlmìd" bk hdof}ldo mg fdccwol}| ckokig~ v“gv} kbd~v ì}gomwg u~di~gvvlxgcgo} å m“kw}~gv vgf}gw~v i~kom uwnblf/ k/ Mìhlol}ldo mg bk u~dhgvvldo

Fdccgoédov uk~ koibklv, : •

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bg

}g~cg  fdccwol}| ckokigcgo} ° !}g~cg

Fdccwol}| : fdccwokw}ì" }~lnw" ìfakoig kxgf vgv ukl~v Ckokigcgo} : igv}ldo" d~ikolvk}ldo" gofkm~gcgo} Fdccwol}| ckokigcgo} : igv}ldo mg xd}~g fdccwokw}ì

Uk~ fdccwokw}ì" do go}gom }dw}gv bgv ug~vdoogv {wl do} wo jdw~ w}lblvì bgv vg~xlfgv dw bgv u~dmwl}v mg b“go}~gu~lvg g} vw~}dw}" fgbbgv {wl go uk~bgo} kw}dw~ m“gbbgv/ Wo fdccwol}| ckokig~" kwvvl kuugbì igv}ldookl~g mg fdccwokw}ì" gv} wog ug~vdoog wo ugw }dwfag#å#}dw}/ Ngkwfdwu bg mìf~lxgo} m“klbbgw~v fdccg wo cdw}do å flo{ uk}}gv/ Lb k u~loflukbgcgo} wo ~ýbg mg ~gbklv go}~g b“go}~gu~lvg$bk ck~{wg g} bg uwnblf$bgv w}lblvk}gw~v/ Fg ~ýbg gv} mg ubwv go ubwv hd~} kw vglo mg b“go}~gu~lvg/ Uk~hdlv" bg fdccwol}| ckokig~ kvvw~g ìikbgcgo} bgv }îfagv m“wo fdo}go} ckokig~/ Mkov m“kw}~gv fkv" mgwq ug~vdoogv mlhhì~go}gv vdo} go fak~ig mg fgv udv}gv/ Bg fdo}go} ckokig~ gv} bå udw~ f~ìg~ mw fdo}gow" }komlv {wg bg fdccwol}| ckokig~ iá~g bk fdccwokw}ì/ Bg ~ýbg u~loflukb mw fdccwol}| ckokig~ gv} mg mìxgbduug~ bk xlvlnlbl}ì mg bk ck~{wg kw vglo mgv mlhhì~go}gv fdccwokw}ìv mw ygn/ Vdo dnjgf}lh gv} uk~ fdovì{wgo} mg uk~bg~ g} mg hkl~g uk~bg~ kw ckqlcwc mg bk ck~{wg/ Lb ugw} hkl~g fgbk mg ubwvlgw~v ckolá~gv : •

go ~ìkilvvko} vw~ bgv nbdiv xlk bgv fdccgo}kl~gv fdccgo}kl~gv 0

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go f~ìko} wog ukig Hkfgndd` 0

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go f~ìko} wo i~dwug Blo`gmLo" wo awn awn Xlkmgd 0

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go f~ìko} mw fdo}gow xl~kb vw~ \dw]wng" Hblf`~ dw Vblmgvak~g"

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go iìoì~ko} mw  nwzz ° !n~wl}, å u~dudv mg bk ck~{wg vw~ bg ygn/ 76


Lb mgx~k ~kulmgcgo} udwxdl~ mì}g~clog~ dü vk fdccwokw}ì vg ~kvvgcnbg mkxko}kig/ Go ghhg}" fg~}klov ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq og fdoxlgoogo} ukv å }dw}gv bgv ck~{wgv/ Lb hkwm~k mdof lmgo}lhlg~ bgv gom~dl}v bgv ubwv kmì{wk}v udw~ go}~g}gol~ g} kolcg~ bk fdccwokw}ì mg bk ck~{wg/ Uk~ fdovì{wgo}" }dw} bg }~kxklb mw fdccwol}| ckokig~ k udw~ dnjgf}lh mg f~ìg~ wog ~gbk}ldo mg u~dqlcl}ì go}~g b“go}~gu~lvg g} vgv fdovdcck}gw~v" wo xì~l}knbg blgo/ Fgbk khlo mg clgwq fdcu~gom~g bgw~v ngvdlov g} m“| ~ìudom~g bg ubwv ~kulmgcgo} g} bg ubwv ghhlfkfgcgo} udvvlnbg/ Udw~ ê}~g wo ndo fdccwol}| ckokig~" lb hkw} kxdl~ mg odcn~gwvgv fd~mgv å vdo k~f g} vkxdl~ jdwg~ wo ~ýbg mg fdcudvl}ldo/ Fg cì}lg~ gv} go fdov}ko}g ìxdbw}ldo" }goko} od}kccgo} kw hkl} {w)lb gv} lo}lcgcgo} blì å Lo}g~og}/ Lo}g~og}/ Kf}wgbbgcgo}" Kf}wgbbgcgo}" ugw m“go}~gu~lvgv h~koéklvgv do} fdcu~lv }dw}g b“goxg~iw~g mg fg udv}g {wl gv} kuugbì å jdwg~ wo ~ýbg fbì kw vglo mg }dw}g vdflì}ì vdwflgwvg mg vdo lckig mg ck~{wg/ n/ Bgv clvvldov mw fdccwol}| ckokig~ m“wog mgv}lok}ldo }dw~lv}l{wg •

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Bk xglbbg go bliog vw~ bgv mlvfwvvldov fdofg~oko} bk mgv}lok}ldo g} vgv }aìck}l{wgv hd~}gv 0 B“lmgo}lhlfk}ldo mgv ug~vdoogv vwvfgu}lnbgv m“ê}~g lo}ì~gvvìgv uk~ bk mgv}lok}ldo/ Bg fdccwol}| ckokig~ mgx~k }dw} m“knd~m kokb|vg~ {wl gv} vk flnbg g} bk fdoxklof~g mg ~gjdlom~g bk fdccwokw}ì go kuud~}ko} mw fdo}gow gqfbwvlh" loodxko} g} mg bk ubwv#xkbwg/ Lb mgx~k ìikbgcgo} mì}g~clog~ {wgbbgv ubk}ghd~cgv vdo} bgv ubwv kmku}ìgv å fg}}g fdccwokw}ì 0 Bk fdccwolfk}ldo kxgf bgv lo}g~okw}gv cgcn~gv mg fgv fdccwokw}ìv/ Bg ubwv lcud~}ko} gv} mg xkbd~lvg~ vdo fkul}kb fdohlkofg khlo m“k}}l~g~ ubwv hkflbgcgo} bgv fblgo}v å vg ~gi~dwug~ go fdccwokw}ì/ fdccwokw}ì/ Bg Fdccwol}| Fdccwol}| ckokig~ mdl} ê}~g : d

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B“kolck}gw~ g} bg cdmì~k}gw~ cdmì~k}gw~ mgv gvukfgv u~du~gv å bk mgv}lok}ldo : fdcu}g ]yl}}g~" ukig hko Hkfgndd`" hd~wcv mg mlvfwvvldov… Lb f~ìg~k mw fdo}gow ~lfag {wl vdbblfl}g~k bk uk~}lfluk}ldo mgv odwxgkwq cgcn~gv {wl udw~~do} klovl v“lo}ìi~g~ hkflbgcgo} hkflbgcgo} mkov bk fdccwokw}ì fdccwokw}ì 0 Bg iwlmg xg~v bgv gvukfgv fdccwokw}kl~gv m“lo}g~okw}gv k|ko} wo lo}ì~ê} udw~ bk mgv}lok}ldo g} vgv }aìck}l{wgv 0 Bg ~gbklv go}~g bk mgv}lok}ldo g} bgv lo}g~okw}gv lo}g~okw}gv : lb vg~k fak~iì m“lohd~cg~ bgv cgcn~gv mg bk fdccwokw}ì m“wog ìxgo}wgbbg kf}wkbl}ì go ~kuud~} kxgf bk 7=


mgv}lok}ldo g}" uk~glbbgcgo}" lb mgx~k }~kovcg}}~g å vk ml~gf}ldo bgv udvvlnbgv ~gck~{wgv" f~l}l{wgv m“lo}g~okw}gv khlo {wg fgbbgv#fl vdlgo} u~lvgv go fdcu}g g} kcìbld~go} bk {wkbl}ì mg bk fdccwolfk}ldo gq}g~og/ •

Bk clvg go ubkfg m“wo xì~l}knbg ubko m“kf}ldov fdccwokw}kl~gv !ìxáogcgo}v Hkfgndd` uk~ gqgcubg, g} bk fdd~mlok}ldo mg fgv mg~olá~gv/ f/ Bg u~dhlb mw fdccwol}| ckokig~

Bg fdccwol}| ckokig~ gv}" kw u~ìkbknbg" wo ukvvldooì m)lo}g~og} udvvìmko} mg vdblmgv fdooklvvkofgv mkov }dw} fg {wl gv} nbdiiloi" ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq g} kw}~gv dw}lbv mw ygn >/5/ Lb u~lvg bgv odwxgkwq cìmlkv" bgv odwxgbbgv }gfaodbdilgv klovl {wg bg cdomg mg b“lohd~ck}ldo g} mg bk fdccwolfk}ldo/ Lb gv} vdwxgo} nbdiwgw~ bwl#cêcg g} k kvvlclbì kvvgz m“gquì~lgofgv ug~vdoogbbgv mkov bg mdcklog/ Kmgu}g mg ]yl}}g~" mgv hd~wcv" mg Hkfgndd` g} mgv mlii#bl`g" mg Hblf`~" lb k mìjå wog u~ìvgofg vw~ bg ygn/ Dw}~gv fgv fdcuì}gofgv {w“do udw~~kl} kuugbg~ mg  fwb}w~g ygn °" lb mgx~k vg cdo}~g~ wo }~áv ndo fdccwolfko}" kwvvl nlgo å b“d~kb {w“å b“ìf~l}/ Bk ~ìmkf}ldo u~goko} wog i~komg ubkfg mkov vdo kf}lxl}ì mg }dwv bgv jdw~v" lb mgx~k ê}~g å b“klvg kxgf fgbbg#fl g} kxdl~ wog }~áv ndoog d~}adi~kuag/ Lb mgx~k kwvvl mìxgbduug~ mgv v}~k}ìilgv udw~ kolcg~ kw clgwq bgv mlhhì~go}gv ukigv mg bk ck~{wg vw~ bgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq g} vw~xglbbg~ bk ~ìuw}k}ldo mg fgbbgv#fl/ Lmìkbgcgo}" bg fdccwol}| ckokig~ k mìjå" å bk nkvg" mg vdblmgv fdooklvvkofgv go VGD !vgk~fa goilog du}lclzk}ldo, g} go ygnck~`g}loi khlo mg udvl}ldoog~ kw clgwq bg dw bgv vl}g!v, mg bk ck~{wg mkov bgv cd}gw~v mg ~gfag~fagv g} udwxdl~ iì~g~ bg ~ìhì~gofgcgo} mg fgwq#fl/ Jwv{w“å ~ìfgccgo}" lb o“gqlv}kl} ukv gofd~g mg hd~ck}ldo mìmlìg å fg cì}lg~/ Go ghhg}" b“GVF ]dwbdwvg u~dudvg mìvd~cklv wo Ckv}g~ vuìflkblvì go Fdccwol}| Ckokigcgo}/ Fgugomko}" fg~}klogv hd~ck}ldov v“go ~kuu~dfago} mg ubwv go ubwv g} hkxd~lvgo} wog cglbbgw~g lovg~}ldo u~dhgvvldoogbbg udw~ bgv ug~vdoogv lo}ì~gvvìgv uk~ fg cì}lg~" f“gv} bg fkv mg bk hlblá~g LMGCC !loiìolg~lg mdfwcgo}kl~g" ìml}ldo g} cìmlk}ldo cwb}lcìmlk, mg b“WH^ LMLV] å b“wolxg~vl}ì Blbbg 6 dw nlgo b“WH^ Loigcgmlk mg b“Wolxg~vl}ì mw Vwm ]dwbdo#Xk~/ Bgv kw}~gv hd~ck}ldov vwuì~lgw~gv {wl cáogo} ubwv hkflbgcgo} å fg cì}lg~ vdo} bgv hlblá~gv mg }|ug ck~`g}loi" fdccwolfk}ldo" jdw~okblvcg dw bl}}ì~kl~gv/ Lb gv} ìikbgcgo} udvvlnbg m“kxdl~ hkl} mgv ì}wmgv mg olxgkw lohì~lgw~ vl b“do gv} kw}dmlmkf}g g} vl b“do udvvámg wog gqfgbbgo}g  fwb}w~g ygn °/ Kwjdw~m“awl" lb gv} ubw}ý} fdccwo mg fdohlg~ bg mìxgbduugcgo} g} bk igv}ldo mgv cìmlkv vdflkwq å wo v}kilkl~g/ Bg fdð} hlokoflg~ udw~ b“go}~gu~lvg gv} klovl ngkwfdwu cdlov 77


lcud~}ko}/ F“gv} udw~}ko} wog ckwxklvg vdbw}ldo/ Go ghhg}" bg v}kilkl~g og ~gv}g~k ukv kvvgz bdoi}gcuv mkov b“go}~gu~lvg udw~ v“lcu~ìiog~ }d}kbgcgo} mg b“gvu~l} mg bk mgv}lok}ldo" mg vk v}~k}ìilg" mg vdo udvl}ldoogcgo} g} mg vgv ubkov ck~`g}loi/ Lb o“kw~k ukv bg }gcuv mg f~ìg~ wog xì~l}knbg ~gbk}ldo kxgf bk fdccwokw}ì/ Lmìkbgcgo}" bg v}kilkl~g fdccwol}| ckokig~ mdl} ê}~g gofkm~ì uk~ wo fdccwol}| ckokig~ vgold~ fdooklvvko} nlgo bk hl~cg/

>/ Fdo}go} Fw~k}d~

Bg cì}lg~ mg Fdo}go} Fw~k}d~ ugw} vg }~kmwl~g uk~  fdovg~xk}gw~ mg fdo}gow/ Bg }g~cg mg  fw~k}d~ ° gv} å bk cdmg go fg cdcgo} vw~ Lo}g~og}" fdccg wo odwxgkw ~ýbg å jdwg~" go}~g b“lo}g~okw}g g} bgv u~dmwf}gw~v mg fdo}gow/ Mkov wo cwvìg" bg fdovg~xk}gw~ xk vìbgf}ldoog~ uk~cl }dw}gv bgv uláfgv {w“lb k go v}df` fgbbgv {wl vg~do} lo}ì~gvvko}gv g} ug~}logo}gv udw~ bg xlvl}gw~" vw~ wo }aácg mdooì/ Bg  fdo}go} fw~k}d~ ° hg~k bk cêcg fadvg fadvg kxgf bg fdo}gow mlvudolnbg vw~ bg ygn/ Fg }g~cg }g~cg mg  fdo}go} fw~k}d~ ° o“gv} ukv x~klcgo} kmku}ì go h~koéklv/ Ubw}ý} {wg  fdovg~xk}gw~ mg fdo}gow °" fgbk fgbk vg }~kmwl~kl} ubw}ý} uk~  d~ikolvgw~ mg fdo}gow fdo}gow °/

Hliw~g ;5

k/ B“lo}ì~ê} mg fg odwxgkw cì}lg~ udw~ bg b g }dw~lvcg

Bgv lohd~ck}ldov vw~ wog mgv}lok}ldo hdlvdoogo} g} vdo} mg ubwv go ubwv odcn~gwvgv" od}kccgo} mkov bgv fdo}gowv uwnblìv vw~ bgv ubk}ghd~cgv fdccwokw}kl~gv fdccg Hblf`~" \dw}wng" g}f/ Do od}g ìikbgcgo} bgv k~}lfbgv mg u~gvvg" bgv nbdiv" ]yl}}g~" fdcu}gv Hkfgndd` mgv u~gv}k}kl~gv }dw~lv}l{wgv {wl xlgoogo} v“kjdw}g~ å fg}}g ckvvg lohd~ck}ldoogbbg/ B“d~ikolvk}gw~ mg fdo}gow duì~g~k wo fadlq kw clblgw mg }dw}g fg}}g ckvvg m“lohd~ck}ldo" lb vìbgf}ldoog~k bgv k~}lfbgv" xlmìdv" uad}dv" g}f" bgv ~ìhì~gofg~k g} bgv d~ikolvg~k khlo mg udwxdl~ bgv cg}}~g å mlvudvl}ldo mgv lo}g~okw}gv lo}ì~gvvìv ubwv uk~}lfwblá~gcgo} uk~ wo 78


}aácg dw wog kf}wkbl}ì mg bk mgv}lok}ldo/ Fg}}g xglbbg d~ikolvìg vg~k ìikbgcgo} w}lbg å b‑ì{wlug mg b“dhhlfg mg }dw~lvcg g} kwq u~gv}k}kl~gv }dw~lv}l{wgv/ n/ Bgv dw}lbv å mlvudvl}ldo mg bk fw~k}ldo mg fdo}gowv

Fgv mg~olg~v }gcuv" do k xw okï}~g mg odwxgkwq dw}lbv m“d~ikolvk}ldo mg bk xglbbg/ F“gv} m“klbbgw~v ugw}#ê}~g fgv mg~olg~v {wl do} u~ìflul}ì bg cdwxgcgo}/ Uk~cl fgv dw}lbv" do ~gck~{wg : •

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mg vlcubgv ki~ìik}gw~v mg blgov blgov dw dw}lbv mg ndd`ck~`loi mg }|ug Mgblfldwv Mgblfldwv 0 mgv ki~ìik}gw~v mg hbwq ^VV }gbv {wg Iddibg ^gkmg~" Og}xlngv" ^ggmg~ hd~ Ckf {wl ug~cg}}go} mg }~lg~ vgv vdw~fgv m“kf}wkbl}ì m“kf}wkbl}ì g} d~ikolvg~ klovl vgv vgv hbwq m“lohd~ck}ldov 0 mg odwxgkwq ygnvg~xlfgv gofd~g ubwv ~ìfgo}v ug~cg}}go} m“kbbg~ ngkwfdwu ubwv bdlo/ Gqgcubg : Vfddu/l}/

Mì}klbbdov fg}}g }~dlvlácg fk}ìid~lg/ Wog hdlv bg fdcu}g f~ìì" Vfddu/l} ug~cg} mg f~ìg~ mgv ukigv ygn vw~ mgv vwjg}v u~ìflv/ Uk~ gqgcubg" vw~ b“kf}wkbl}ì mw g#}dw~lvcg/ Ck}algw N~wf" {wl k f~ìì fg vwjg}" w}lblvg wog ug}l}g gq}govldo hdw~olg uk~ bg vl}g g} {wl v“lo}ái~g å }dwv bgv okxlik}gw~v : bd~v{wg mw fdo}gow {wgb {w“lb vdl} vgcnbg ug~}logo}" lb vwhhl} mg fbl{wg~ vw~ bg ndd`ck~`bg} {wl vg }~dwxg mkov bk nk~~g mg hkxd~lv" g} m“goxd|g~ bg blgo mkov bg vwjg} kmì{wk}/ Vfddu/l} cg} go hd~cg bg vwjg} mkov bk ukig mìmlìg/ Go ubwv" bg v|v}ácg udw~~k u~dudvg~ mgv k~}lfbgv go ~kuud~} kxgf bg }aácg mg bk ukig/ Wo cklb gv} goxd|ì {wd}lmlgoogcgo} å fak{wg cgcn~g mw vl}g khlo m“ê}~g kw fdw~ko} mgv mg~olá~gv kf}wkbl}ìv mgv ukigv kwq{wgbbgv lb v“gv} kndooì/ Lb gv} kwvvl udvvlnbg mg hkl~g mgv vwiigv}ldov m“k~}lfbgv å b“kw}gw~ udw~ kcìbld~g~ vdo fdo}gow/ Gohlo" lb gv} udvvlnbg mg ~ìfwuì~g~ bg hbwq hbwq ^VV mg fg}}g ukig udw~ bk cg}}~g cg}}~g vw~ wo vl}g dw nbdi…

6/ Kolck}gw~ owcì~l{wg mg }g~~l}dl~g

Bg cì}lg~ }dw} ogwh m“kolck}gw~ owcì~l{wg mg }g~~l}dl~g gv} oì go K{wl}klog kw u~lo}gcuv >5;5 g} v“gv} xl}g ~ìukomw mkov m“kw}~gv ~ìildov" vw~}dw} mguwlv {wg bk hd~ck}ldo gv} ~gfdoowg kw olxgkw ok}ldokb/ Klovl" mw Bkoiwgmdf ^dwvvlbbdo å bk Od~ckomlg" mg âýogv Kbugv å bk N~g}kiog" ;> u~dcd}ldov m“KO] vdo} go fdw~v mg hd~ck}ldo/ B“kolck}gw~ owcì~l{wg mg }g~~l}dl~g k udw~ dnjgf}lh u~loflukb b“kffdcukiogcgo} mgv u~gv}k}kl~gv mg bk mgv}lok}ldo" od}kccgo} udw~ ìxl}g~ bk h~kf}w~g owcì~l{wg/

79


Vgv clvvldov : •

Kolcg~ mgv k}gblg~v mg vgovlnlblvk}ldo 0

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Klmg~ bgv u~gv}k}kl~gv mkov bk ~ìkblvk}ldo mg vl}g lo}g~og} dw mg nbdi 0

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Mdoog~ wog u~ìvgofg å wog mgv}lok}ldo vw~ bgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq fdccg Hkfgndd` dw ]yl}}g~ 0

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Vw~xglbbg~ bgv kxlv mg fdovdcck}gw~v fdovdcck}gw~v uwnblìv vw~ bg ygn 0

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]gol~ kw fdw~ko} bgv u~dhgvvldoogbv bdfkwq mg b“ìxdbw}ldo ~kulmg mgv wvkigv mg bk }dlbg/

Wog u~gclá~g u~dcd}ldo mg >5 kigo}v mgv dhhlfgv mg }dw~lvcg g} uk|v }dw~lv}l{wgv k{wl}klov k vwlxl wo f|fbg mg hd~ck}ldo å Nk|doog go ck~v >5;5" d~ikolvì uk~ bk CDUK" bg FM] Nìk~o Uk|v nkv{wg g} bk vdflì}ì ]dw~lv}lf/ Go >5;;" bk CDUK xk iìoì~kblvg~ bk hd~ck}ldo å }dwv bgv dhhlfgv mg }dw~lvcg xdbdo}kl~gv/ ]dw} fkomlmk} v}kilkl~g mdl} kxdl~ vwlxl kw u~ìkbknbg bgv jdw~oìgv }gfaol{wgv g#}dw~lvcg d~ikolvìgv uk~ bk CDUK/ Fg cì}lg~ go fdw~v mg fdov}~wf}ldo ug~cg} kwq dhhlfgv mg }dw~lvcg m“kuud~}g~ wog odwxgbbg ikccg mg vg~xlfgv kwq u~gv}k}kl~gv }dw~lv}l{wgv/ B“kolck}ldo owcì~l{wg mg }g~~l}dl~g gv} vdwxgo} wog hdof}ldo fdcubìcgo}kl~g å wog kw}~g/ Bgv owkofgv go}~g kolck}gw~ kolck}gw~ owcì~l{wg mg }g~~l}dl~g g} fdccwol}| fdccwol}| ckokig~ : •

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Go }aìd~lg" wo fdccwol}| ckokig~ }~kxklbbg vw~ bgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq kbd~v {wg b“kolck}gw~ owcì~l{wg mg }g~~l}dl~g v“d~lgo}g xg~v b“kffdcukiogcgo} mgv u~gv}k}kl~gv bdfkwq !lo}g~xgo}ldov vw~ ubkfg" d~ikolvk}ldo m“k}gblg~v mg u~ìvgo}k}ldo m“dw}lbv Lo}g~og}…,/ Cklv b“kolck}gw~ owcì~l{wg mg }g~~l}dl~g ugw} kvvw~g~" bg fkv ìfaìko}" wog clvvldo mg fdccwol}| ckokigcgo} g} mg vw~xglbbkofg mg bk g#~ìuw}k}ldo mg vdo ~ìvgkw mg u~gv}k}kl~gv/

71


XLL/ Cdo v}kig å Bk Vdw~lv Xg~}g ;/ Mgvf~lu}ldo mg b“kigofg

Bk Vdw~lv Xg~}g gv} wog kigofg mg fdccwolfk}ldo ibdnkbg vl}wìg å ]k~kvfdo" mkov bgv Ndwfagv mw âýog/ Vgv mdcklogv mg fdcuì}gofgv vdo} }~áv xk~lìv g} fdcu~googo} fdcu~googo} od}kccgo} od}kccgo} : •

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Bg fdovglb g} bk v}~k}ìilg : wo kffdcukiogcgo} kffdcukiogcgo} mw fblgo} vw~ bg bdoi }g~cg 0 B“lmgo}l}ì xlvwgbbg : bk f~ìk}ldo m“wog lmgo}l}ì xlvwgbbg kmku}ìg kw fblgo} 0 B“ìml}ldo lcu~lcìg !u~lo}, !u~lo}, : fk~}gv mg xlvl}gv" khhlfagv" khhlfagv" n~dfaw~gv g} mlxg~v kw}~gv mdfwcgo}v 0 Bk f~ìk}ldo f~ìk}ldo mg vl}gv ygn 0 Bg ygnck~`g}loi : VGD" VGC" ogyvbg}}g~v" ogyvbg}}g~v" g#cklbloiv" v}~k}ìilgv cìmlkv vdflkwq" du}lclvk}ldo mgv fdo}gowv 0

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Bk hd~ck}ldo fblgo}v : nkf`dhhlfg mgv FCV" ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq" vdflkwq" ygnck~`g}loi… 0

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B“aìng~igcgo} bk ubwuk~} mgv vl}gv fblgo}v

Bgv fblgo}v mg Bk b“kigofg u~dxlgoogo} mg mlxg~v vgf}gw~v g} mlhhá~go} ìikbgcgo} uk~ bgw~ lcud~}kofg/ lcud~}kofg/ Odwv ~g}~dwxdov od}kccgo} : •

Mgv v}~wf}w~gv }dw~lv}l{wgv : Bg Udo} mw Ik~m" bg F^] Ukfk" D] mgv Nkwq mg U~dxgofg… 0

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Mgv v}~wf}w~gv fwb}w~gbbgv : b“Duì~k b“Duì~k m“Kxliodo… m“Kxliodo… 0

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Bgv mdcklogv mdcklogv mg bk f~ìk}ldo : k~fal}gf}w~g" k~fal}gf}w~g" k~}" mgvlio 0

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Bgv ìfdbgv 0

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Bgv u~dhgvvldov jw~lmlfd#hlokoflá~gv : kxdfk}v" kxdfk}v" kvvw~kofgv" kvvw~kofgv" … 0

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Bg mdcklog mdcklog vud~}lh vud~}lh : Nl`g do Ygn" Ygn" … 0

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Bk cdmg cdmg : vl}gv vl}gv g#fdccg~fg g#fdccg~fg !Bgv Ngbbgv Udlo}w~gv" Udw~{wdl V“go U~lxg~…, U~lxg~…, 0

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B“ki~d#kblcgo}kl~g : Kbulbbgv Kbulbbgv Xlkomgv Xlkomgv !ndwfag~lg !ndwfag~lg go bliog," … 0 7<


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G} nlgo m“kw}~gv/ >/ Cgv clvvldov kw vglo mg b“kigofg

K cdo k~~lxìg å Bk Vdw~lv Xg~}g" j“kl }dw} m“knd~m ì}ì fak~iìg m“kwml}g~ bk vl}wk}ldo kf}wgbbg mg b“kigofg vw~ bgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq g} mg u~dudvg~ wog v}~k}ìilg mg fdccwolfk}ldo kmì{wk}g vw~ fgv mlhhì~go}gv ubk}ghd~cgv/ Vw~ fg" j“kl fdccgofì å u~gom~g go cklo b“kolck}ldo mw fdcu}g ]yl}}g~ klovl {wg fgbbg mg bk ukig Hkfgndd`/ Uk~ klbbgw~v" j“kl hkl} wog u~dudvl}ldo mg f~ìk}ldo mg nbdi udw~ b“kigofg/ U~djg} {wl mgx~kl} xdl~ bg jdw~ å bk ~go}~ìg/ Ck mgwqlácg }îfag" go uk~kbbábg mg bk u~ìfìmgo}g" k ì}ì mg fdo}~lnwg~ å bk ~ìmkf}ldo mgv fdo}gowv mw hw}w~ vl}g ygn mw  Vl}g mw Udo} mw Ik~m °/ Bk ~ìmkf}ldo k mgckomì ngkwfdwu mg ~gfag~fagv" mg f~dlvgcgo} mgv vdw~fgv m“lohd~ck}ldov g} m“ghhd~} mg v}|bg udw~ fdbbg~ å b“k}cdvuaá~g mgckomìg uk~ bg fblgo}/ J“kl ìikbgcgo} kvvlv}ì bgv faghv mg u~djg} udw~ mlhhì~go}v fblgo}v/ Bg u~gclg~ u~djg} kw{wgb j“kl uk~}lfluì go gomdvvko} gomdvvko} fg ~ýbg k ì}ì  Kbulbbgv Xlkomgv °/ J“kl iì~ì wo mìnw} mg ~gbk}ldo fblgo}" ~kuud~}ì bgv mlhhì~go}v nwiv mw vl}g g} j“kl ìikbgcgo} lo}ìi~ì bgv fdo}gowv mkov U~gv}kvadu !FCV g#fdccg~fg,/ Govwl}g" j“kl kvvlv}ì bk faghhg~lg mg u~djg} vw~ bk fdofgu}ldo mw vl}g ygn mg b“Duì~k m“Kxliodo : ~ìkblvk}ldo mgv zdoloiv å b“klmg mw bdilflgb Nkbvkcl{/ G} G} j“kl hkl} mg cêcg udw~ bg vl}g ìfd}dw~lvcg mw F^] Ukfk/ Kw olxgkw mg cgv clvvldov ygnck~`g}loi" j“kl du}lclvì bk fkcukiog Kmyd~mv m“wo fblgo} : kokb|vg mg b“gqlv}ko} g} ~gfdcckomk}ldov/ J“kl }~kxklbbì vw~ bg ~ìhì~gofgcgo} ok}w~gb ok}w~gb m“wo vl}g g#fdccg~fg vuìflkblvì mkov bgv fakwvvw~gv i~komg udlo}w~g !BgvNgbbgvUdlo}w~gv/fdc,/ J“kl kwvvl klmì å mì}g~clog~ bgv W^B mg b“koflgo vl}g mw Udo} mw Ik~m {wl cì~l}klgo} wog ~gml~gf}ldo 65;" go hdof}ldo mg bgw~ ukig ~ko`/ Udw~ ubwvlgw~v fblgo}v" j“kl ~ìkblvì wo ngofack~` g} mgv ~gfdcckomk}ldov khlo m“ì}knbl~ wog v}~k}ìilg mg fdccwolfk}ldo ~ìwvvlg vw~ bgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq/ Gohlo" j“kl mlvugovì wog hd~ck}ldo Yd~mu~gvv go lo}g~og udw~ fg {wl gv} mg }dw}g bk u~lvg go cklo mw nkf`dhhlfg/ J“kl kwvvl mlvugovì wog hd~ck}ldo  ^ìvgkwq vdflkwq ° å wog fblgo}g : F~ìk}ldo g} kmclolv}~k}ldo m“wog ukig Hkfgndd`" f~ìk}ldo g} igv}ldo m“wo fdcu}g ]yl}}g~" mìfdwxg~}g mg Hblf`~ g} m“Agbbdfd}do" vgovlnlblvk}ldo kwq hbwq ^VV g} kwq i~kxk}k~v;>/

;>

Vg~xlfg ug~cg}}ko} m“kvvdflg~ wog lckig å vdo$vgv km~gvvg!v, cklb mg ckolá~g å fg {wg fgbbg#fl kuuk~klvvg bd~v{wg b“do udv}g wo fdccgo}kl~g vw~ o“lcud~}g {wgb nbdi/

85


6/ Bgv kuud~}v mg fg v}kig

Fg v}kig c“k ug~clv mg }~kxklbbg~ udw~ bk u~gclá~g hdlv kxgf mgv fblgo}v mw mdcklog }dw~lv}l{wg/ J“kl uk~ fdovì{wgo} uw ~kulmgcgo} fdcu~gom~g bgv gojgwq g} bgv oìfgvvl}ìv blìgv å wo vl}g g#}dw~lvcg/ Fgbk c“k fdomwl} å ghhgf}wg~ wog xglbbg ~ìiwblá~g vw~ bgv ngvdlov mg fg vgf}gw~ go ubglo gvvd~/ J“kl od}kccgo} kuu~lv {wg b“g~idodclg mw vl}g ygn jdwg ngkwfdwu mkov vdo vwffáv kw olxgkw mg b“kffgvvlnlbl}ì/ Lb mdl} go ghhg} v“kmku}g~ kwq mlhhì~go}v kuuk~glbv cdnlbgv {wl vdo} mg ubwv go ubwv w}lblvìv kwjdw~m“awl/ Máv bk f~ìk}ldo m“wo vl}g ygn å xdfk}ldo }dw~lv}l{wg lb gv} }~áv lcud~}ko} mg ~ìhbìfal~ å bk u~dnbìck}l{wg mg bk ud~}knlbl}ì vw~ bgv }knbg}}gv g} vck~}uadogv/ J“kl ìikbgcgo} uw ê}~g fdoh~do}ìg kw cì}lg~ mg fagh mg u~djg} ygn/ I~îfg kwq {wgb{wgv }îfagv ~ìkblvìgv" j“kl kf{wlv mkxko}kig mg xlvlnlbl}ì vw~ fg udv}g/ Fgbk c“k ug~clv mg fdcu~gom~g bk fdcubgql}ì g} b“lcud~}kofg mg vdo ~ýbg mkov bg mìxgbduugcgo} m“wo u~djg} ygn/ Kw mgbå mgv fdooklvvkofgv g} mgv gquì~lgofgv {wg j“kl uw kf{wì~l~ ugomko} fg v}kig" jg mdlv cgo}ldoog~ bk }~áv i~komg lcud~}kofg kffd~mìg å bk ~gbk}ldo awcklog mkov fg}}g go}~gu~lvg/ B“ì{wlug ì}kl} }~áv ki~ìknbg kw {wd}lmlgo g} }~áv k}}kfako}g/ Fgbk k ì}ì wo ~ìgb ubklvl~ mg }~kxklbbg~ kxgf gwq/

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XLLL/ Fdofbwvldo Lo}g~og} k vkov kwfwo mdw}g ndwbgxg~vì bg }dw~lvcg/ Fg vgf}gw~ v“gv} }~áv xl}g ~ìxìbì }dw} å hkl~g kmku}ì kw ygn/ Lb go k }l~ì vgv ubwv i~komgv hd~fgv g} gv} cklo}goko} mgxgow bg mdcklog bg ubwv ~go}knbg mg b“g#fdccg~fg go iìoì~kb/ B“g#}dw~lvcg gv} go fdov}ko}g ìxdbw}ldo/ Do go xlgo} cêcg å uk~bg~ mg }dw~lvcg owcì~l{wg/ Fg fdofgu} xlgom~kl} ugw å ugw ~gcubkfg~ fgbwl m“g#}dw~lvcg/ Fdccg jg b“kl kokb|vì" bgv }~dlv i~komgv }gomkofgv mw }dw~lvcg owcì~l{wg vdo} bg vdflkb" bg cdnlbg g} bg bdfkb/ Bk ubwuk~} mgv kf}gw~v lov}l}w}ldoogbv do} nlgo fdcu~lv b“gojgw mw ygn mkov bg }dw~lvcg/ Lbv u~googo} klovl mìvd~cklv go fdcu}g bgv lcuì~k}lhv blìv å fgv odwxgbbgv }gfaodbdilgv mkov bg mìxgbduugcgo} mg bgw~ v}~k}ìilg mg fdccwolfk}ldo g} mkov bk f~ìk}ldo mg odwxgkwq vg~xlfgv/ Bk fdcudvko}g  cdnlbg ° mg b“g#}dw~lvcg gv} uk~}lfwblá~gcgo} mì}g~cloko}g å b“agw~g kf}wgbbg/ Fg}}g ì}wmg bg mìcdo}~g/ Wo odcn~g }dwjdw~v f~dlvvko} mg xd|kigw~v do} b“aknl}wmg mg fdovwb}g~ vw~ ubkfg kw cd|go mg bgw~ vck~}uadog dw m“wog }knbg}}g bgv lohd~ck}ldov å fk~kf}á~g }dw~lv}l{wg blìgv å bgw~ mgv}lok}ldo" {wg fg vdl} vw~ wog kuublfk}ldo mìmlìg dw vw~ wo vl}g ygn vuìflkbgcgo} kmku}ì kwq kuuk~glbv cdnlbgv/ Mg cêcg" mg ubwv go ubwv m“dhhlfgv mg }dw~lvcg cg}}go} å mlvudvl}ldo mgv }dw~lv}gv mgv nd~ogv lo}g~kf}lxgv dw mgv }knbg}}gv mg }|ug  lUkm ° khlo mg fdovwb}g~ bgv fdo}gowv mg bgw~ vl}g/ B“kffgvvlnlbl}ì å fgv fdo}gowv mguwlv bgv }g~clokwq cdnlbgv gv} uk~ fdovì{wgo} mgxgow wo ìbìcgo} u~lcd~mlkb å og jkcklv oìiblig~ udw~ }dw}g v}~wf}w~g }dw~lv}l{wg/ Bgv cìmlk vdflkwq do} ìikbgcgo} u~dhdomìcgo} lcukf}ì b“kffáv å b“lohd~ck}ldo }dw~lv}l{wg/ Kwjdw~m“awl" lb vwhhl} m“klcg~ wog ukig Hkfgndd` dw mg v“kndoog~ å wo fdcu}g ]yl}}g~ udw~ ê}~g ml~gf}gcgo} lohd~cì mgv mg~olá~gv kf}wkbl}ìv blìgv å wog mgv}lok}ldo dw wo ì}knblvvgcgo} go uk~}lfwblg~/ Bgv lo}g~okw}gv mgxlgoogo} ukvvlhv" b“lohd~ck}ldo xgoko} }dw} vlcubgcgo} å gwq/ Kwvvl" fgv cìmlkv vdflkwq ug~cg}}go} mg uk~}kig~ ml~gf}gcgo} mw fdo}gow cwb}lcìmlk kxgf bk fdccwokw}ì" fg {wl kffgo}wg gofd~g mkxko}kig b“k}}~kl} }dw~lv}l{wg/ Bgv cìmlk vdflkwq fdo}~lnwgo} ìikbgcgo} å wog ubwv i~komg lo}g~kf}lxl}ì go}~g bk mgv}lok}ldo g} bgv xd|kigw~v/ Fgwq#fl vg vgo}go} kbd~v ìfdw}ìv g} kffd~mgo} mkxko}kig mg fdohlkofg å bk v}~wf}w~g }dw~lv}l{wg/ Do od}g kwvvl bg }~áv i~dv vwffáv mgv ubk}ghd~cgv vuìflkblvìgv m“ìfakoigv m“kxlv mg fdovdcck}gw~v å u~dudv m“aý}gbv" ~gv}kw~ko}v" fgo}~gv mg bdlvl~v" fgo}~gv fwb}w~gbv" cdowcgo}v" g}f/ Lb k ì}ì mìcdo}~ì {wg bgv hw}w~v xkfkoflg~v fdovwb}go} bk ubwuk~} mw }gcuv bgv kxlv mgv kw}~gv lo}g~okw}gv å u~dudv m“wo ì}knblvvgcgo} mdooì/ Lbv kffd~mgo} mkxko}kig mg fdohlkofg kwq f~l}l{wgv mg bgw~v ukl~v ubw}ý} {w“kwq mlvfdw~v fdccg~flkwq/

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Mg }dw}g ìxlmgofg" lb og hkw} ubwv vg udvg~ bk {wgv}ldo m“wog u~ìvgofg dw odo vw~ bgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq : lb gv} oìfgvvkl~g m“ê}~g u~ìvgo} bå dü b“kwmlgofg gqlv}g" g} }dwv bgv lomlfk}gw~v ~goxdlgo} kwq ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq/ Vl bg ~g}dw~ vw~ loxgv}lvvgcgo} o“gv} ukv" hlokoflá~gcgo}" cgvw~knbg å fg jdw~" bk u~ìvgofg kf}lxg m“wog mgv}lok}ldo vw~ bgv cìmlkv vdflkwq fdo}~lnwg ubglogcgo} å kwicgo}g~ vdo fkul}kb v|cuk}alg g} vdo k}}~kf}lxl}ì kwu~áv m“wog flnbg ubwv bk~ig g} ubwv mlxg~vlhlìg/ Fgbk og hkl} kwfwo mdw}g" Lo}g~og} k u~dhdomìcgo} }~kovhd~cì bg }dw~lvcg/ Lb k jdwì wo ~ýbg odo oìibligknbg mkov bk }~kovhd~ck}ldo mgv wvkigv g} mgv fdcud~}gcgo}v mgv xd|kigw~v/ Bg }dw~lvcg owcì~l{wg gv} wog ~ìkbl}ì mìjå nlgo kof~ìg mkov bgv aknl}wmgv mg bk uduwbk}ldo/ G} kw xw mg b“ìxdbw}ldo vkov fgvvg f~dlvvko}g mgv odwxgbbgv }gfaodbdilgv" do ugw} vwuudvg~ {wg fg }dw~lvcg owcì~l{wg o“gv} ukv u~ê} m“k~~ê}g~ vdo goxdb/ Fgbk bklvvg u~ìvkig~ gofd~g mg ngbbgv vw~u~lvgv udw~ bg }dw~lv}g go {wê}g mg vlcublfl}ì g} mg ~kulml}ì m“kffáv å b“lohd~ck}ldo/

86


Ibdvvkl~g •

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Ki~ìik}gw~ mg fdo}gow : dw}lb {wl ug~cg} mg vwlx~g ubwvlgw~v hbwq ^VV go cêcg }gcuv/ Nkf`dhhlfg : uk~}lg mw vl}g ygn {wl ug~cg} mg b“kmclolv}~g~ g} mg bg iì~g~/ Duudvì kw h~do}dhhlfg {wl gv} b“lo}g~hkfg m“lo}g~kf}ldo kxgf b“w}lblvk}gw~/ Ngofack~`loi : }gfaol{wg ck~`g}loi mg fdcuk~klvdo kxgf bgv fdofw~~go}v fdofw~~go}v khlo mg v“go lovul~g~ g} m“go ~g}l~g~ bg cglbbgw~/ Nwzz :  n~wl} °/ Hkl~g bg nwzz" f“gv} hkl~g iìoì~g~ mw n~wl} dw gofd~g hkl~g uk~bg~ mg vdl dw mg vk ck~{wg vw~ bg ygn/ FM] : fdcl}ì mìuk~}gcgo} mg }dw~lvcg FCV : fdo}go} ckokigcgo} v|v}gc dw v|v}ácg mg igv}ldo mg fdo}gow/ Bdilflgb mg f~ìk}ldo" fdofgu}ldo g} kmclolv}~k}ldo m“wo vl}g ygn/ Gqgcubgv : Yd~mu~gvv" Jddcbk" U~gv}kvadu… F^] : fdcl}ì ~ìildokb mg }dw~lvcg Hbkvacdnv : }g~cg koibklv mìvlioko} mgv ~gi~dwugcgo}v mg ug~vdoogv i~îfg å Lo}g~og}/ Hbwq ^VV !dw v|omlfk}ldo, : hlfalg~ mdo} bg fdo}gow gv} u~dmwl} kw}dck}l{wgcgo} go hdof}ldo mgv clvgv å jdw~ m“wo vl}g ygn Hd~wc : gvukfg xl~}wgb {wl ug~cg} mg mlvfw}g~ bln~gcgo} bln~gcgo} vw~ ubwvlgw~v vwjg}v mlxg~v/ IUV !ibdnkb udvl}ldoloi v|v}gc, : uwfgv vg }~dwxko} mkov bgv kuuk~glbv IUV g} bgv vck~}uadogv mlvudvko} mg fg}}g }gfaodbdilg/ Lb v“kil} m“wo v|v}ácg mg iìdbdfkblvk}ldlo hdof}ldook} kw olxgwk cdomlkb/ I~kxk}k~ : Vg~xlfg ug~cg}}ko} m“kvvdflg~ wog lckig å vdo$vgv km~gvvg!v, cklb mg ckolá~g å fg {wg fgbbg#fl kuuk~klvvg bd~v{wg b“do udv}g wo fdccgo}kl~g vw~ o“lcud~}g {wgb nbdi/  Bg Ygn ° : i~kom ìxìogcgo} d~ikolvì uk~ Bdäf Bgcgw~ g} vg u~dmwlvko} å Uk~lv fak{wg kooìg/ F“gv} bg blgw mg ~gofdo}~g ~gofdo}~g mgv u~dhgvvldoogbv mw ygn/ Kw u~di~kccg : mg odcn~gwvgv fdohì~gofgv" wo gvukfg gqudvko}v" g}f/ Bliog mg hbd}}klvdo m“wo vl}g lo}g~og} : blcl}g go}~g fg {wl gv} ml~gf}gcgo} xlvlnbg å b“ìf~ko udw~ wo lo}g~okw}g uk~ ~kuud~} kw fdo}gow oìfgvvl}ko} mg hkl~g mìhlbg~ bk ukig/ 8=


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Clf~d#nbdiiloi : mìvliog b“kf}lxl}ì mg f~ìk}ldo mg fdo}gowv fdw~}v vw~ mgv ~ìvgkwq vdflkwq mg }|ug ]yl}}g~/ Cdnlokw}g : lo}g~okw}g vw~hko} vw~ vdo cdnlbg/ Dgod}dw~lvcg : hd~cg mg }dw~lvcg m“ki~ìcgo} {wl ~gudvg vw~ bk mìfdwxg~}g mgv ~gildov xl}lfdbgv g} bgw~v u~dmwf}ldov/ D] : dhhlfg dhhlfg mg }dw~lvcg Ukig ~ko` !U^, : kbid~l}acg m“kokb|vg m“kokb|vg fdofdw~ko} kw fbkvvgcgo} mgv ukigv ygn w}lblvì uk~ bg cd}gw~ mg ~gfag~fag Iddibg udw~ mì}g~clog~ b“d~m~g mgv ~ìvwb}k}v mg ~gfag~fag {w“lb hdw~ol} Uw~g ubk| : go}~gu~lvg k|ko} mìck~~ì g} gqg~éko} mkov wo vgf}gw~ m“kf}lxl}ì wol{wg/ B“gqu~gvvldo v“gv} uduwbk~lvìg udw~ mìvliog~ bgv go}~gu~lvgv dgwx~ko} wol{wgcgo} vw~ Lo}g~og}/ [^ Fdmg !]ki >M, : }|ug mg fdmg#nk~~gv go mgwq mlcgovldov fdov}l}wì mg cdmwbgv odl~v mlvudvìv mkov wo fk~~ì å hdom nbkof/ Mgv}loì å ê}~g bw uk~ wo bgf}gw~ mg fdmg# nk~~gv" wo }ìbìuadog cdnlbg" wo vck~}uadog dw gofd~g wog ygnfkc/ ^ìkbl}ì kwicgo}ìg : mìvliog bgv v|v}ácgv lohd~ck}l{wgv lohd~ck}l{wgv {wl ug~cg}}go} ug~cg}}go} mg vwug~udvg~ wo cdmábg xl~}wgb 6M dw >M å bk ug~fgu}ldo {wg odwv kxdov ok}w~gbbgcgo} mg bk ~ìkbl}ì g} fgfl go }gcuv ~ìgb/ ^ìhì~gofgcgo} : kcìbld~g~ bk udvl}ldo m“wo vl}g vw~ bgv cd}gw~v cd}gw~v mg ~gfag~fag/ ^ìvgkwq vdflkwq : lo}g~hkfgv vw~ bg ygn {wl ug~cg}}go} mg cg}}~g go ~gbk}ldo bgv lo}g~okw}gv/ ^DL : ~g}w~o do loxgv}cgo} dw ~g}dw~ vw~ loxgv}lvvgcgo} !go h~koéklv,/ Cgvw~g mgv nìoìhlfgv ~ìkblvìv/ Mìvliog bg iklo kuud~}ì uk~ wo loxgv}lvvgcgo}/ VGC : ~ìhì~gofgcgo} uk|ko} mg }|ug Iddibg Kmyd~mv/ VGD : vgk~fa goilog du}lclzk}ldo" f“gv} å ml~g" b“du}lclvk}ldo mgv vl}gv udw~ {w“lbv kuuk~klvvgo} ubwv akw} mkov bgv ~ìvwb}k}v mgv cd}gw~v mg ~gfag~fag/ Vck~}uadog : }|ug mg }ìbìuadog ud~}knbg mlvudvko} ìikbgcgo} mgv hdof}ldov m“wo kvvlv}ko} owcì~l{wg ug~vdoogb/ Lb ug~cg} mg okxliwg~ hkflbgcgo} vw~ bg ygn" mg fdovwb}g~ vgv cklbv" mg vg bdfkblvg~ vw~ wog fk~}g" m“lov}kbbg~ wo i~kom odcn~g m“kuublfk}ldov mg }dw}gv vd~}gv" g}f/ 87


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Vd#Bd#Cd : vdflkb ‖ bdfkb ‖ cdnlbg/ Fdofgu} ~ìvwcko} ~ìvwcko} bg ygn kwjdw~m“awl/ kwjdw~m“awl/ ]knbg}}g }kf}lbg : }g~clokb cdnlbg ubk} og u~ìvgo}ko} {wg vdo ìf~ko å b“w}lblvk}gw~ g} ug~cg}}ko} å bk hdlv bg vw~h" bk bgf}w~g cwb}lcìmlk" bg jgw" bk nw~gkw}l{wg g} bk bgf}w~g m“wo gndd`/ Bk okxlik}ldo v“| hkl} kw }dwfag~/ Gqgcubg bg ubwv fìbán~g : lUkm/ ]kwq mg ~ì}go}ldo mgv xlvl}gw~v xlvl}gw~v : ~k}ld mw odcn~g mg xlvl}gw~v ~gv}ko}v ~gv}ko}v vw~ bg vl}g ku~áv wog u~gclá~g ukig xlvl}ìg/

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]LF : }gfaodbdilgv mg b“lohd~ck}ldo b“lohd~ck}ldo g} mg bk fdccwolfk}ldo fdccwolfk}ldo

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W^B : wolhd~c ~gvdw~fg bdfk}d~/ Lb v“kil} mg b“km~gvvg ygn m“wo mdfwcgo} mdfwcgo} vw~ Lo}g~og}/

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Ygn >/5 : fg~}klogv mgv }gfaodbdilgv g} wvkigv mw Yd~bm Ylmg Ygn nkvìgv vw~ bk uk~}lfluk}ldo mgv w}lblvk}gw~v/ Zdoloi : ck{wg}}g m“wo vl}g ygn {wl xk mì}g~clog~ bgv zdogv g} ìbìcgo}v mg fgbwl#fl }~áv vfaìck}l{wgcgo}/

88


Nlnbldi~kualg ( ygndi~kualg •

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 7>' mgv lo}g~okw}gv lo}g~okw}gv ubkolhlgo} bgw~v xkfkofgv xkfkofgv i~îfg å Hkfgndd` °/ V`|vfkoog~/ >5;;/ 2a}}u:$$yyy/v`|vfkoog~/h~$kf}wkbl}gv$k~}lfbgv$>5;;$5>$55<6;8#7>#mgv#lo}g~okw}gv# ubkolhlgo}#bgw~v#xkfkofgv#i~kfg#k#hkfgndd`/a}cb? K}dw} H~kofg/ ^ìvgkwq g} cìmlkv vdflkwq mkov bg }dw~lvcg/ Gml}ldo K}dw} H~kofg" >5;;/ Ngofack~` I~dwu/  G}wmg g#}dw~lvcg g#}dw~lvcg : falhh~gv fbìv" v}~k}ìilgv mgv kf}gw~v" k}}go}gv mgv fdovdcck}gw~v fdovdcck}gw~v °/ >5;;/ 2a}}u:$$yyy/vblmgvak~g/og}$Ngofack~Ì~dwu$g} 2a}}u:$$yyy/vblmgvak~g/og}$Ngofack~Ì~dwu$g}wmg# wmg# g}dw~lvcg#falhh~gv#fbv#v}~k}ilgv#mgv#kf}gw~v#k}}go}gv#mgv#fdovdcck}gw~v?  N~gh alv}d~l{wg mw }dw~lvcg °/ Iìd}dw~lvcg/ 2a}}u:$$igd}dw~ygn/fdc$odwxgbbgTukigT=/a}c? N~wf" Ck}algw/ Ck}algw/  B“g#}dw~lvcg gv} cd~} + Bg }dw~lvcg owcì~l{wg gv} Vd#Bd#Cd !vdflkb" bdfkb" cdnlbg, °/ Nbdi G}dw~lvcg/ G}dw~lvcg/ >5;;/ 2a}}u:$$yyy/nbdi#g}dw~lvcg/fdc$cgmlkv#vdflkwq# 2a}}u:$$yyy/nbdi#g}dw~lvcg/fdc$cgmlkv#vdflkwq# ygn#>5$bg}dw~lvcg#gv}#cd~}#bg#}dw~lvcg#owcg~l{wg#gv}#vdbdcd#vdflkb#bdfkb#cdnlbg# 61=8?  Fdcl}ì ^ìildokb mw ]dw~lvcg mg N~g}kiog °/ ]dw~lvcg ]dw~lvcg N~g}kiog/ 2a}}u:$$u~d/}dw~lvcgn~g}kiog/fdc$u~gvgo}k}ldo${wl#vdccgv#odwv$bg#fdcl}g#~gildokb# mw#}dw~lvcg#mg#n~g}kiog$clvvldov? Mkco" Bldogb g} kb/ Mgv}lok}ldo g#}dw~lvcg g#}dw~lvcg : mgv dw}lbv vlcubgv g} ugw fdw}gwq udw~ mìxgbduug~ xd}~g kf}lxl}ì }dw~lv}l{wg vw~ Lo}g~og}/ ]gfaodHw}w~ ]LF/ >5;5/ G~}zvfaglm" Fk}ag~log" g} kb/ Bg Fdccwol}| Ckokigcgo}" v}~k}ìilgv g} ndoogv u~k}l{wgv udw~ lo}g~kil~ kxgf xdv fdccwokw}ìv/ Bgv Gml}ldov Mlk}glod" >5;5/ G#]dw~lvcg/lohd/ 2a}}u:$$yyy/g}dw~lvcg/lohd$? Hkn~|" Ualbluug/  G#}dw~lvcg : bgv dw}lbv mg fdccwolfk}ldo fdccwolfk}ldo ygn >/5 mkov bk v}~k}ìilg v}~k}ìilg ck~`g}loi m“wo }g~~l}dl~g °/ ^w~kb}lf/d~i/ >5;5/ 2a}}u:$$yyy/vblmgvak~g/og}$ualbluughkn~|$g}dw~lvcg#bgv#dw}lbv#mg#fdccwolfk}ldo#ygn# >5#mkov#bk#v}~k}ilg#ck~`g}loi#mwo#}g~~l}dl~g?  H~kofg : Bg ck~faì mw }dw~lvcg }dw~lvcg go bliog °/ Bg Jdw~okb mw Og}/ Og}/ >5;5/ 2a}}u:$$yyy/jdw~okbmwog}/fdc$ff$;5T}dw~lvcg$}dw~lvcgTck~fagTh~/va}cb? H~ìmì~lf/  [w“gv}#fg#{wg bg ygnck~`g}loi 4 °/ Ubwv mg ygnck~`g}loi/ >5;5/ 2a}}u:$$yyy/ubwv#mg#ygnck~`g}loi/fdc${wgv}#fg#{wg#bg#ygnck~`g}loi#;5;9? 89


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Mémoire : Enjeux, mutations et évolutions du tourisme à l'ère du numérique

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