•
•
•
We use
and
to talk about
actions or happening in the future:
'% .) '% .) $% $% /" & # 012 01, 012 01, +0) +0) ." ." 3.*45,6) 4% 6) 4% 4% -- !" # 70()*8& *8&9:9 ):;%; & 4&% ()( ." ) #< .*45,6) 4% 6) 4% - -4% $=62 >& $=62 >& *8&9:9 ) .5 : ?( 4,6) 4& ) 4,6) ) 4&()( ." ) # May *." ,& Might *1,()D 4@ A*=: 4@ A*=: ) 0" 0" B C)'" '"()(*+,)*+,- May *." ,& Might Might FG4H%& 9: Modal Verb =" =() +E =() +E =) =) - - May *." ,& *." ,& Might ) 4&()( $.2 ) Modal - 42 42 IJ.B C, IJ.B C, (V1) 4K A!.) 4K A!.) .5 .5?( I.L ) I.L ) 1M1M*8& =& *8& =&*1,() *1,()D IN =) IN =)1&1&()( HG ) .O' H)E H)E $45?B()( H%) &PB PBD I haven’t decided yet where to go for my holidays. I
to Ireland.
'% .) '% .) =N =N -'5 '5A0% AQ0% AQ- >& >& 9R ,9R ,- I" I" 3 $% &Q,*1,$: Q,*1,$: ) Q- /% Q- /% & $% &*SO *SO IH) & '@ '@?=)'% ,=) ' ,=) ># % ># 0" 0" /)< Q-Q, Q, 8?() Q,() CO,I,6) /,/% /,/% =# & ( (Q-Q,8?() Q,() CO,I,6) $: $: )*IH) *IH) 9: ) 4,6) 4& 4,6) 4&()())D Take an umbrella with you. It
later.
*!: )*.=) *.=) >,.T?()(B )PB PB< 4% -*;:PB PB*=: *=: ) 7!- $2 7!- $2 /,/% /,/% & =# ( ( 4% -*;: *;: &*=: *=: ) 7!- $2 7!- $2*+: *+: ) 4,6) 4& 4,6) 4&()()< 9: ) 4,6) 4& 4,6) 4&()())D The bus isn’t always on time. We
a few minutes.
.% U +.) $: +.) $: ) QVB()()*8& .B *8& .B =) =) 4& 4&()( IE ) ?6) /% 6B /% ) &*'() *'()< 0" B C)'K A4() ' A4() 4% K 4% -VO VO?B6)6)V>/,/% V>/,/% & =# ( ( 0" B C)'K A4() ' A4() K 4% -4% I+" =) I+" =)*IH) *IH) 9: ) 4,6) 4& 4,6) 4&()()) =()*',() *',() .W A .W A X." 3HG.O.5,Q" B =) 'L?= I.L ) I.L ) 1M1 $:M ) 0" 0" B C) $% C) $%&Y" Y 3"*.=) *.=) *8&'" '"()(*+,)*+,- IH) May May go 1< 9R, >& - >& - Go Go $: ) 9: ) May 9: J.B C,QZB J.B C,QZB .=" .=" - May ) J.B C,Q1" J.B C,Q1" #!() !()1< J.B 1< J.B C,QZB C,QZB . . Go $: ) *9@ =)!.) 4& !.) 4&()( I.L ) 1M1M J.B C,Q1" J.B C,Q1" #!() !() (9R,->& Modal Modal Verb) May $: )1< 1< QZB 0[ QZB 0[ GC)*8& /" *8& /" # $: ) 056)*IH) *IH) ‘ ‘ *8&Q,8?() Q,8?() Q,() CO,I,6) $: I,6) $: ) May, Might =& 4@ I9: ) 4:9:9 )*>,() :*>,()’ ’ < *8& /" *8& /" # ." 3 May, =& 4@ A .*45 A .*45,6) 4% 6) 4% 4% -- $ ): *8&9:9 )*/() :*/() \]] .T \]] .T 0) ?B .5&*0() *0()()( /% ) &*'() *'()< ;% &YQC,& YQC,& 4,=) ^] .T ^] .T 0) .5 0) ?B .5&*/() */()1< /" 1< /" B =) $: )1 9R,->& *8& 4B *8& 4B .) $% .) $% & /" # $: ) ‘ .,I*8& ‘.,I*8&Q, Q, 8?()Q,() Q,() CO,I,6)*IH) *IH) 9: ) 4,6)*>,() *>,()< /% &Q,*IH) Q,*IH) 9: ) 4,6)*>,() *>,()’ ’ < /" B =) $: )1 9R,->& 9: ) 4&()()QZB 0[ QZB 0[ GC) ‘Possible action’ act ion’ *1,()D Might 1< =" May *=& ." XHG.O9" =B C$: =B C$: ) *8&'" '"()(*+,)*+,-_`AIH) ." IH) ." 3 Might 1< =" 0) 0)P& P&()() May *=& ." #1 I.L1M1 Might M Might $: ) ‘action happening 42 IJ.B 42 IJ.B C,4@ C,4@ A A rain !.) .5 !.) .5?( 4&) 4&) ()()*1,() *1,()< QZB 0[ QZB 0[ GC)*8& $: *8& $: ) *8&'" '"()(*+,)*+,-IH) QZB 0[ QZB 0[ GC) ‘action in the future’ ( .*45,6) 4% 6) 4% - -4% Q6,$=) $=;2 >& $=;2 >& *8&9:9 ) .5 : ?( 4,6) 4& ) 4,6) ) 4&()()) 1< 7!1< 7!- $: $: ) *8& $2 *8& $2*/() /% */() /% &*'() *'()< *8& $2 *8& $2*IH) *IH)9:9 ) 4,6) : /% /% & $2*IH) *IH)9:9 ) 4,6) : < 50% - 50% 1D Might $: have to< XHG.OI.L1M1MQ B =) >& =) " >& !" # 70()*8& *8&'" '"()()*+,- IH) *+,- IH) Might )*=E *=E()( 4&) ()()PB PB< I.L1M1 Might M Might $: ) have wait $: I.L1M1 have M have to $: ) 4: J.B C,QZB J.B C,QZB .*8& .*8& wait ) .5?()*1,() *1,()< CH)VG VG1 have to 'E A*=: 'E A*=: ) QZB 0[ QZB 0[ GC)*8& $: *8& $: )
‘'K A*.5 'K A*.5,6)*/() */()<
'K'[ '[*/() */()< CH) /% CH) /% &*.5 *.5,6) /% /%&'[ '[*=: *=: ) 0*1() 0*1()*Y,=) *Y,=)*C,() *C,() 4% - 4%*8& .a *8& .a?9:93 ) .5 : ?()*>,() *>,()’ ’ < /" B =) $: =) $: )1 CH)1 have to *>,()*=: *=: ) 90% 90% $: )VO VO =) 05 =) ?B 05 =) 4& =) ?B 4&()()< 9R,-> $:& $:& ) Iab;2 b;2QZB 0[ QZB 0[ GC) have have to $: ) *8& _0) *8& _0) +" +" =) IH) =) IH) might might< Might >& I" >& I" 0) .5 0) .5?()*=: *=: ) QZB 0[ QZB 0[ GC) 'K A4() 'K A4()*/() */() $: ) *8& /% *8& /% &9:9 ):1< .% 1< .% +.) $: +.) U $: ) QVB()()*8& .B *8& .B =) ( ( 4: ,6) 4: ,6)) 4&()( IE ) ?6)6B /% ) &*'() *'() =" - CH) CH)VG VG1*8& Ic *8& Ic?Q,*=: Q - ,*=: ) 0" B C)'K A4() ' A4() 4% K 4% -VO?B6)6V>*IH) )V>*IH) 9: ) 4,6) 4& 4,6) 4&()() ( ( .,I'K A4() .,I'K A4()*=: *=: )*IH) *IH)'K ' A4() K *>,() *>,() .,I/%&9A4() 9A4()*=: *=: )*IH) *IH) /% /%9A4() &9A4())< QZB 0[ QZB 0[ GC)*8& =B *8& =B =) =)!"! # >& " *1,() *1,()< 0" B C) $% &'4d '4d #*I,*I,-*=: *=: ) !" # 70() >& 70() >& $: $: ) Might have to + V1 ',) >& ',) >& 0" 0" B C)'4a '4a #*_,& *_,& $% & 4&()()1< +% 1< +% &'=B '=BPB PB - - 9R ,9R ,- Might Might $: ) 0" 0" B C)'5 ,' ,- +" 5 +" =) =) May May *IH) $% &< QZB 0[ QZB 0[ GC =" ) =" ) 0)'E /) ' /) E 1D 1D
•
For the past we use
and
•
A: I wonder why Kate didn’t answer a nswer the phone.
42 /" 42 /" B =) VB =) /% /% &10) S" 10) S"()(*1,$: )*1,$: ) Q- .2VO VO0 4&) 4&) ()()< B: She
asleep.
*8& =B *8& =B .) .) I: I: B()()Q,/,/% Q,/,/% =# & ( ( =B .) I: .) I: B()(Q,$: )Q,$: ) XQVB()()Q=B .) Q=B .)*=& *=&< IE?/ /% ) /% ) &*'() *'())D A: I can’t find my bag anywhere. anyw here.
9R,-I 3"*IH) *IH) Q- /% Q- /% &Y" Y 3 _" " B()(V%)V%.)QQ-1< 1< B: You
it in the shop.
*!: ) II" - +_" B()()V% .) V .) % *!: *!: ) XSO,*=& /,/% & =#D A: I was surprised surpri sed that Kate wasn’t w asn’t at the meeting mee ting yesterday. yesterday .
Q-Q4) Q4)'H) 'H)Q, Q, ;2*>& *>&*=& *=& VB =) VB =) /% /% 4% -& ( ( /% & =" B6)6 +") B 0)) X." 3 H" B()()*.,& *.,& Z1" # $: ) /$: )D B: She
about it.
*8& /% *8& /% & =# 012 =# 012 $: $: ) /,/% & =#D A: I wonder why David was in such a bad mood m ood yesterday.
;2*>& *>&*=& *=& 42 42 /" B =) *9*!=)9)9)
+" B =) $% & 0*1& 4& 0*1& 4&()() !" # $: )*1,$: *1,$: ) Q- .2 Q- .2VO VO0 4&) 4&) ()()D B: He
feeling well.
*8& 4& *8& 4&() +0*1& ( +0*1& 4& ) 4&()( /,/% ) =# & D •
•
The
are
and
(mightn’t):
May not *." ,& Might not CH) 0" CH) 0" B C) 4B C) 4B .) $% .) $% &'" '"()(*+,)*+,-!"! # 70() " HG HG.O*+: ) +A Negative Forms 4@ A 4@ A '"()()*+,*+,- May *." ,& Might PBD Liz
out tonight. She isn’t feeling well.
!=4) >& *Ie) /% /% & =B =) =B =) 4N 4N A1/,/% & =#< *8& 4& *8& 4&() +/% ( +/% ) &V"V B /) 0" /) " 0" /) /)D There
enough time to discuss everything at the meeting.
XH" B()()*.,& *.,& Z1" # $: ) '% .) '% .) $% $% &'U .5 ' .5 U #eE ,0) e ,0) 0) E 0)Q1,$: Q1,$: ) QVB()( /% ) &1"1 4) $0) 4)" $0) /,/% & =#D is similar to
•
and
:
•
It’s a strange story, but it
true. (it may be true or it might be true)
012 01,>& 012 01,>& *=E() 4& ( 4&) ()()< Y@ A Y@ A 012 012 01,>& 01,>& 8,&8,& 8,&*IH) *IH)9:9 ) 4,6) 4& 4,6) : 4&()() ( ( /%&8,& 8,&*IH) *IH)9:9 ) 4,6) : < 8,&*IH) *IH)9:9 ) 4,6) : < 50% - 50%) You
your bag in the shop. (You may have left your bag in the shop or
You might have hav e left your bag in i n the shop.) ( '% .) '% .) .,IQ=B .,IQ=B .) .))
*!: ) .I" - + _" + _" B()()V%V .) % *!: *!: ) XSO,*=& /,/% =# & ( (Q=B .) Q=B .))D •
But
is different from
•
may not *." ,& might not =&1D F" Y@ A Y@ A couldn’t $: ) QZB 0[ QZB 0[ GC /% ) /% ) & =" 0) =" 0) ." 3 may *." ,& might 1D F" B =) .R =) .R,=) +4) =) +4)1&1&()() - Sarah
and
. Compare:
my message. Otherwise, Otherwise, she
.
',1, /% ',1, /% & $% & $I,6) 01" $I,6) 01" B()()Q- =% Q =% - ?31< CH) < CH)*8& $% *8& $% &*=: *=: ) *8& .*I() *8& .*I()6() 01" 6() 01" B()()1D 1D (9R,->& couldn’t couldn’t have got $: ) QZB 0[ QZB 0[ GC)*8& *8&*=: *=: ) ',1, /% ',1, /% & .W B $% & $I,6) 01" $I,6) 01" B()(PA*=& )PA*=& $: ) VO =) ?B 05 =) ?B < may not, might not =& /% PA*=& /" #VO VOB()()*.=) *.=) /%&*'() *'()< /" B =) $: )1 QZB 0[ QZB 0[ GC) may =& /% &*'() *'()D) I wonder why Sarah hasn’t replied to my message. I suppose she
it.
42 /" 42 /" B =) ',1, /% ',1, /% .*I() 01" .*I() & 01" B()( ." ) 3QQ->#*1,$: *1,$: ) Q-9A.2VO VO0 4&) 4&) ()()< Q-*_() *_()*=: *=: ) *8& /% *8& /% $%& & 01" 01" B() $: ( $:) ) ># /, ># /, ( /% & =#) (9R,->& ',1,$: ) $% $% & 4B()()*.=) *.=) $I,6) 01" $I,6) 01" B()(PA*=& )PA*=& =" -CO/, /% , /% & =" - ># /,$: ># /,$: ) PA*=& /% PA*=& /% &VO VO =) 05 =) ?B 05 =) ?B < PA*=&VO VOB()()*.=) *.=)*=: *=: ) *8& /% *8& /% & $% 4B& ()( ># ) < Y@ A Y@ A I*8& I*8& 4B 4B()( =" ) -*IH) *IH) 9: ) 4,6)< /% & $% 4B& ()( ># ) *IH) *IH) 9: ) 4,6)< /" B =) $: =) $: )1 9: ) 4&()() ^] ^] - ^] 1D) •
•
Usually you can use
or
. So you can say:
-!% Z4f =,*=: Z4f =,*=: ) may may ." # might might ." # *!: )'" '"()(*+,)*+,- $%&'" ' # FG " QZB 0[ QZB 0[ GC)*8& *8&*IH) *IH) =" 0) =" 0)'E /) ' /) E 1< /" 1< /" B =) $: =) $: )1*=: 1*=: ) *!: ) /" #!"! #"'E H) ' H)E >& $% >& $% & 4&()() - I to Ireland. or I to Ireland. ( FG>& QZB 0[ QZB 0[ GC =" ) =" ) 0)) Jane able to help you. Or Jane able to help you. ( FG>& QZB 0[ QZB 0[ GC =" ) =" ) 0))
•
•
But we use only
(not may) when the situation is not real:
Y@ A Y@ A .,IQ1,4% .,IQ1,4% - 4% - *8&9:9 ):8,& 8,&8,& /% 8,& /% & 4,6) 0" 4,6) 0" /) /)*=: *=: ) 0" 0" B C)'" '"()(*+,)*+,- might might */()1< 1< may $: ) 0" B C) /% &'" '"()()*+,*+,-*1,() *1,()D IN =) IN =)1&1&()() HG HG.O' H)E H)E H% &PB PBD If I were in Tom’s position, I
for another job.
9R,- _4) _4) (Tom) (Tom) $: ) CH) CH)1 9: )QQ-*=: ) Q- $5 Q- $5,- .*45 .*45,6) =R 6) =R /) /)1/, /% 1/, /% & =# ( (Q- $5 Q- $5 , , .*45,6) =R 6) =R /) /)*IH) *IH)9:9 ) 4,6) 4& 4,6) : 4&()()) (9R,->& $I,6) 4@ $I,6) 4@ A A ‘9R, _4) $: - _4) - $: ) CH) CH)1 9: )QQ-*=: *=: )’ ’ $: $: ) 9: ) $I,6) *8&9:9 ) .5 : ?()8,& 8,&8,& 4% 8,& 4% 4,6) /% 4,6) - /% &*'() *'()< Q- $% &9:9 ):Q, Q, _4) $: _4) $: ) *8&9:9 ) /% : & 4,6)< Y@ A *=,)VO VOB()()*.=) ." *.=) ." 3 e."e." =" e." =" - /" # IH)< /" B =) $: =) $: )1 HG.OI.L1M >& 1 >& M *8&'" '"()(*+,)*+,- ." 3 might might *1,()D) •
There is also
:
. Compare this with
: •
may/ might >& $: XQ1,'"()()*+,*+,- may/ >& $: ) !" # 70()'" '"()(*+,)*+,- 699: )QZB 0[ QZB 0[ GC) Q*g,*.5,6) Q*g,'[ (Continuous form) *IH);% ; 4&%& ()( ." ) #*1,() *1,()D !" # 70()*8& $: *8& $: )*=: *=: ) *8& 4& *8& 4&()()
Don’t phone at 8.30. I’
the film on television. (future continuous tense)
XQVB()() h A h A i] $: i] $: ) I[ I[Y.) S" Y.) S"()()< Q- ( ( J..)) !" 39E9 &E()() !% U9U9U*C,*>,() *C,*>,()D (9R,->& XQVB() () h A h A i] $: i] $: ) 9: )QVB QVB()(Q*g,PA*=& )Q*g,PA*=& !" 3 4&()() !% U9U9*C,*>,() U*C,*>,()< Y@ A IE A IE?/ /% ) /% ) &*'() *'()< Q6,$=)*=& *=&*1,() *1,()< QVB()( $:) )*=: *=: ) PA*=& ( ( J..)) !" 39E9 &E()() !% U9U9U*C,*>,() *C,*>,() $: ) VO =) 05 =) ?B 05 =) ?B < PA*=& /" #VO VOB()()*.=) *.=) /% /% &VO VO =) 05 =) ?B 05 =) ?B /% /%&*'() *'()D) Don’t phone at 8.30. I
(or I may be watching) the film on television.
XQVB()() h A h A i] $: i] $: ) I[ I[Y.) S" Y.) S"()( ." ) 3QQ-< QVB() $: ( $:) )*=: *=: ) Q-!"! 3"9E9 &E()() !% U9U9U*C, *C, *IH)9:9 ) 4,6) 4& 4,6) : 4&()() ( (Q-*.5 *.5,6) 4& 6) 4&()() =R/ 4% -) 4%) -4',) ' % ,)*IH) *IH) 9: ) 4,6) 4& 4,6) 4&()()) (Y@ A 4" A 4"*.5 *.5,6)9E9 &E()()*1,$: *1,$: ) /% /% &VO VO =) 05 =) ?B 05 =) ?B )D •
We also use
•
!" # 70() I’
for possible plans. Compare:
to Ireland in July. (for sure)
X$B =" X$B =" $O $ObI,- >& >&*=: *=: ) Q-Q, Q, 8?()Q,() CO Q,() CO,I,6) *>,()D ( $I,6) >& $I,6) >& $: $: ) 9: ) $I,6)VO VO =) ?B 05 =) ?B < PA*=&'% .) ' .) $% % $% &Q,$: Q,$: ) *SO IH) & Q+U Q+Ue6) e6) VO =) =) =) ?B =) 05 05 =) =) =) ?B =) =" =" - CO) I
(might be going) to Ireland in July. (possible)
X$B =" X$B =" $O $ObI,- >& >&*=: *=: ) Q-Q, Q, 8?()Q,() CO Q,() CO,I,6) /,/% /,/% & =#< ( $I,6) >& $I,6) >& $: $: ) /% /% &VO VO =) 05 =) ?B 05 =) ?B < Y@ A *8&9:9 ) 4,6) : 9E9 &E()() Q+Ue6) >& e6) >& $: $: )) •
•
Using
(not might) can express
:
May $% XQ1,0" B C) 4B C) 4B .) $% .) $% & Z4& .) Z4& .) _` _` A A 0E 0E B .)Y;K 0" Y;K 0" B C) 0" 0" B C) 4B C) 4B .) $% .) $% &1,96,." 1,96,." 3 PA4% - 4% - 4@ A 4@ A '"()(*+,)*+,- May & 4&()()< Y@ A Y@ A Might $: ) I['" '"()(*+,)*+,-D you both very happy together! *!: ) =&'" ' #"PAFG ." PAFG ." 3 $% & 4B 0) 74/) =M 74/) =MPB PBD you successful! ." 3*!: *!: ) $% &QQ-eReRAPB ( (Q-1,9R 1,9R,>,1)D (might well)
•
•
•
We
something = we
it because there is no better
alternative. There is no reason not to do it. •
•
'"()(*+,)*+,-!"! # 70() >& 70() " >& 4@ 4@ A QZB 0[ QZB 0[ GC)*8& $: *8& $: ) /% /% & =" 0) =" 0) ." 3 May/Might May/Might Q=" B() /" ( /" ) # IH) I=2 IH) I=2*=& *=&1D 1D QZB 0[ QZB 0[ GC)*8& $: *8& $: ) ‘ 0" ‘0" B C)*_.) *_.) ." 39A*.5 9A*.5,6)*>,() *>,()< 42 /" B =)*1,*=: *1,*=: ) 4N A;2 4N A;26-6 >& =" >& - =" -*=: ) 6-V B /) " ;2; >& 05 >& 2 056) $: 6 $:) ) /% & 4%-1’ D /" B =) S" B I) '% .) '% .) $% $% &*9GQ) *9GQ)*_,& *_,& ;2 ." 3 0% 4*.5 0% 4*.5,6) $: 6) $: )*IH) *IH) /% /% & 4% -D IN =) IN =)1&1&()() HG HG.O' H)E H)E $45?B()()PB PB A: what time are you going out?
QVB()( I" ) 3 *!: ) =B =) =B =) 4N 4N A*1,? B: Well, I’m ready, so I
now.
V" B /)1< IE 1< IE?/ >& ) >& ) Q- 0*IH) 0*I=) 0*IH) 0*I=) IH) IH) =" =" -4()(& )1< 1< Q-Q- IE Q IE - ?/)*IH) *IH) $% $% & 4&()()1 Buses are so expensive these days; you
a taxi.
(taxi) *IH) $% .% U +.) IE +.) IE?/ $:) $:) ) (N?/ .T ) .T ) ()( 4&) ()( SQ" ) B =)1< 1< *!: ) IB() >, ( >, =.L ) =.L'U 'U (taxi) & 4&()(1*>,() )1*>,()D
With respect Rev. Ariya (H.G) When you any question regarding this lesson, please, be kind enough to reach me @
[email protected]
