MATERIAL HANDLING.pdf

MATERIAL HANDLING

MATERIALS MATERIALS HANDLING I.

INTRODUCTION

Material handling is a field involving the transport, storage, and control of goods and products throughout the processes of manufacturing, distribution, consumption and disposal of all related materials. The focus of the material handling industry is on the methods, mechanical equipment, systems and related controls used to a chieve necessary functions. Factors Factors to con sider in Selecting Selecting the Material Material Handling Equipment: Selection of material handling equipment is an important decision as it affects both the cost and efficiency of handling system. The following factors are to be taken into account while selecting the material handling equipment. 1. Properti es of the Material Whether the material is solid, liquid or gas, and in what size, shape and weight it is to be moved, are important decisions and can be lead to a preliminary elimination from the range of available equipment under review. Similarly, if the material is fragile, corrosive or toxic this will imply that certain handling method and containers will be preferable to others. 2. Layout and Characteristic Characteristic of the buil ding Another restricting restricting factor is availability of space for handling. Low-level ceiling many preclude the the use of hoist or cranes, and the presence of supporting columns in awkward places can limit the size of material handling equipment. If the building is multi-storeyed, chutes or ramp for industrial trucks may be used. Layout itself will indicate the type of production operation (continuous, intermittent, fixed position or group) and indicate some items of equipment that will be more suitable than others. Floor capacity also helps in selecting the best material handling equipment. 3. Production Flow If the flow is fairly constant between two fixed positions that are not likely to be changed, fixed equipment such as conveyors or chutes can be successfully used. If, on the other ha nd, the flow is not constant and the direction d irection changes occasionally from one point to another because several products are being produced simultaneously, moving equipment such as trucks would be preferable. 4. Cost Cost Considerations This is the most important consideration. The ab ove factors can help narrow the range rang e of suitable equipment, while costing can he lp in taking the final decision. Several cost elemen ts need to be taken into consideration when comparisons are made between various items of equipment that are all capable of handling the same load. Initial investment and operating and maintenance cost are the major costs to be considered. By calculating and comparing the total cost of each items of equipment under consideration, a more rational decision can be reached on the most appropriate choice. 5. Nature Nature of Operatio ns Selection of equipment also depends on the nature of operations like whether ha ndling is temporary or permanent, whether the flow is continuous or intermittent and material, flow pattern-horizontal or vertical. 6. Engineering Factors Engineering factors such as door, ceiling dimensions, floor space, floor conditions and structural strengths are also taken in consideration in the selection of equipment.

-ABANADOR –ASA –PATENIA –NALUZ

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MATERIAL HANDLING

7. Equipment reliability Reliability of the equipment and supplier reputation and the after sale services plays an important role in selecting the equipment. Goals of Material Handling 1. Maintain product quality, reduce damage and provide protection of materials. 2. Promote safety and improve working conditions. Improve productivity through: 

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Materials should move as short distance as possible

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Increase the size of materials handled

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Mechanize /Automate Material Handling

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Maintain/Improve material handling ratios

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Increase throughput by using automated material handling equipment

3. Promote increase use of facilities 

Increase cubic utilization

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Purchase versatile equipment

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Standardize material handling equipment

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Maintain, and replace as needed, all equipment and develop a preventive maintenance program

4. Integrate all material handling equipment into a system 5. Reduce tare weight (describe the weight of packaging material). 6. Control inventory. How Does Materials Handling Works Material handling is a necessary and significant component of any warehousing and logistics activity. Material handling means providing the right amount of the right material, in the right condition, at the right place, at the right time, in the right position and for the right cost, by using the right method. It applies to the movement of raw materials, work in process, finished goods, packing materials, and disposal of scraps. In g eneral, hundreds and thousands of tons of materials are handled daily requiring the use o f a large amount of manpower and equipment while the movement of materials takes place from one processing area to another or from one department to another department of the plant. As a process, material handling incorporates a wide range of manual, semi-automated and automated equipment and systems that support logistics and make the supply chain work. Their application helps with: Forecasting Resource allocation Production planning Flow and process management Inventory management and control Customer delivery After-sales support and service

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Principles o f Material Handling By analyzing the goals of the material handling process and aligning them to guidelines, such as the 10 Principles of Material Handling, a prop erly designed system will improve customer service, reduce inventory, shorten delivery time, and lower overall handling costs in manufacturing, distribution and transportation (Mhi.org, 2017). These principles include: 1. Planning: Define the needs, strategic performance objectives and functional specification of the proposed system and supporting technologies at the outset of the design. The plan should be developed in a team approach, with input from consultants, suppliers and end users, as well as from management, engineering, information systems, finance and operations. 2. Standardization: All material handling methods, equipment, controls and software should be standardized and able to perform a range of tasks in a variety of operating conditions. 3. Work: Material handling processes should be simplified by reducing, combining, shortening or eliminating unnecessary movemen t that will impede productivity. Examples include using gravity to assist in material movement, and employing straight-line movement as much as possible. 4. Ergonomics: Work and working conditions should be adapted to support the abilities of a worker, reduce repetitive and strenuous manual labor, and emphasize safety. 5. Unit load: Because less effort and work is required to move several individual items together as a single load (as opposed to moving many items one at a time), unit loads — such as pallets, containers or totes of items—should be used. 6. Space utilization: To maximize efficient use of space within a facility, it is important to keep work areas organized and free of clutter, to maximize density in storage areas (without compromising accessibility and flexibility), and to utilize overhead space. 7. System: Material movement and storage should be coordinated throughout all processes, from receiving, inspection, storage, production, assembly, packaging, unitizing and order selection, to shipping, transportation and the handling of returns. 8. Environment: Energy use and potential environmental impact should be considered when designing the system, with reusability and recycling processes implemented when possible, as well as safe practices established for ha ndling hazardous materials. 9. Auto mati on : To improve operational efficiency, responsiveness, consistency and predictability, automated material handling technologies should be deployed when possible and where they make sense to do so. 10. Life cycle cost: For all equipment specified for the system, an analysis of life cycle costs should be conducted. Areas of consideration should include capital investment, installation, setup, programming, training, system testing, operation, maintenance and repair, reuse value and ultimate disposal.

II.

MATERIAL HANDL ING SYSTEM EQUATION

Before planning, one should be very clear about perspective, material handling equation which emphasizes the necessity of careful analyzing both the material to be handled and the move to be made before selecting method. Such an equation is also helpful in the planning stage of selection of materials handling equipment for the proposed project. (Comprehensive production and operation management (1st ed., p. 304), Arora, K. (2004))

Why Unnecessary

What Material Factors to be considered: 1. Type 2. Characteristics 3. Quantity


Where + When Move Factors to be considered: 1. Source destination 2. Logistics 3. Characteristics 4. Type

How + Who Method Factors to be considered: 1. Unit handled 2. Equipment 3. Manpower 4. Physical restrictions

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MATERIAL HANDLING

Viewing the complex nature of materials handling, one can conclude that it needs through planning for smooth and economic running of any productive and distributive system. It further needs a large amount of data necessary for planning, no matter one is using it within an industry or on a national transportation basis. III.

MATERIAL HANDL ING SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION  Mechani zed System Most mechanized systems combine different handling devices Moderate fixed and variable cost with good flexibility Examples o Forklift Rider pallet trucks o o Towlines Tractor trailers o Conveyors o Carousels o o Paperless picking labor capability: machine Control capability: human   

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Auto mated Sys tem 

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Automated materials handling (AMH) refers to any automation that reduces or eliminates the need for humans to check-in, check-out, sort material, or to move totes and bins containing library material. Highest fixed cost, lowest variable and labor cost with low flexibility Potential to automate is the elimination of direct labor by substituting capital equipment Examples o Order selection systems o Automated storage and retrieval system (AS/RS) The mechanical equipment used in AMH systems includes: o

check-in machines

o

sorters

o

conveyors


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o

o

stackers and unstackers

o

totes

o

bins

o

trolleys

o

tote carriers.

labor capability: machine Control capability: machine

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singulators

Semi-automated System Most existing material handling equipment is only semi-automated because a human operator is needed for tasks like loading/unloading an d driving that are difficult and/or too costly to fully automate, although ongoing advances in sensing, machine intelligence, and robotics have made it possible to fully automate an increasing number of handling tasks.

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High fixed cost, low variable cost with low flexibility

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Examples:

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Automated guided vehicles (AGV) Sortation systems o Robotics o  Build and breakdown unit loads o Live racks o

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Information-directed System • • •

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Moderate fixed and variable cost with high flexibility and utilization Offers selected benefits of automation without substantial capital investment Main drawback is accountability regarding work assignment Examples o RF wireless (Wi-Fi)  Use lift trucks, RFID scanners and data collection terminals o Pick-to-light carousel system

Characteristic s o f Materials

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size weight shape other (slippery, fragile, sticky, explosive, frozen)


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IV.

FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT

1. Storage And Handlin g Equip ment Storage equipment is usually limited to non-automated examples, which are grouped in with engineered systems. Storage equipment is used to hold or buffer materials during “downtimes,” or times when they are not being transported. These periods could refer to temporary pauses during long-term transportation or long-term storage designed to allow the buildup of stock. The majority of storage equipment refers to pallets, shelves or racks onto which materials may be stacked in an orderly manner to await transportation or consumption. Many companies have investigated increased efficiency possibilities in storage equipment by designing proprietary packaging that allows materials or products of a certain type to conserve space while in inv entory. Examples of storage and handling equipment include:

Racks, such as pallet racks, drive-through or drive-in racks, push-back racks, and sliding racks

Source: http://www.ontarioindustrial.com/

Stacking frames

Source: https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au

Shelves, bins and drawers

Source: http://www.nationwideindustrialsupply.com

Mezzanines

Source: http://www.aw-systems.com


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MATERIAL HANDLING

2. Engineered Systems An engineered system is one that is typically automated. Such systems are also usually created from a variety of units. When combined, they work to enable both storage and transportation. 

AUTOMATED STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM

There are several types of automated storage and retrieval systems. Their common feature is the ability to quickly and directly access each designated storage location. There are also different levels of automation for these systems, depending on the type of equipment used. Storage and retrieval systems primarily are used to: Store raw materials or bulk containers of goods for later use in manufacturing or distribution operations Temporarily store or buffer items between various manufacturing pro cesses Store and stage items for picking an d kitting in distribution or assembly operations Store and sequence finished goods in manufacturing facilities prior to shipping 

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Some of the most co mmon typ e of Automated Storage and Retrieval System are as follow s: Unit Load Automated Storage & Retrieval Systems (AS/RS) These systems are designed to handle common size unit loads such as totes or pallets of goods. The goods are usually stored on static racking (or on pitched gravity conveyors in flow through systems). The items are stored and retrieved via automated cranes that move through aisles between the racks. Source: http://www.isddd.com 

Vertical Li ft Modul e (VLM) Stor age & Retrieval Systems These systems are primarily intended to s tore product for quick access in picking and kitting operations. Goods are placed on trays that are stored and retrieved by a shuttle mechanism within the unit. Some advantages of this unit are:  Fast, direct, random access to all stored items  Secure storage of items within the unit's enclosure  Dense storage of items in a small footprint  Better utilization of vertical building space  Automatic presentation of the next item to pick  Reduction of worker travel distance to retrieve or store items  Multiple access points on the same or multiple building floors are possible  Available with refrigerated enclosures


Source: http://www.isddd.com

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MATERIAL HANDLING

Carousel-type Storage & Retrieval Systems Carousels come in vertical and horizontal models and have the same uses as Vertical Lift Module-type storage and retrieval units. Goods are stored on shelves in vertical carousels and in bins or shelves on horizontal carousels. The shelves or bins are linked to each other by a chain. Like the name implies, the units rotate in a carousel-like manner to the appropriate item storage location. Vertical carousels have the same advantages as VLMtype storage systems except for the direct, random access and multiple access points. 

Source: http://www.isddd.com

CONVEYORS

Flat belt conveyor - Flat belt conveyor is that in which the belt runs flat on the carrying side over straight roller type idler or a set of idlers. Flat belt conveyors are suitable for lower capacity, low speed requirement and for handling unit goods or bulk material of small lump size and higher angle of repose. Declination is undesirable. Source: http://beltconveyorsystems.in/products/ Belt Conveyor – is typically used in package handling, raw material handling, and small part handling. It is effectively used for elevation change or incline/decline applications. A more common application of belt conveyor you might not notice is in the check-out line at your local grocery store. Source: http://www.haroldsequipment.com/equipment/beltconveyors

Minimum Pressure Conveyor – is used in short sections of accumulation, general transport of product, and is ideal for medium to light loads such as package handling applications. Source: http://www.automatedconveyors.com/

Drag Chain – is typically used for handling extremely heavy loads, special pallet configurations, and extremely low- to hightemperature areas. Source: http://sites.dksh.com/htm/620/en/Drag-ChainInterflex-SLE-Steel-line.htm


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MATERIAL HANDLING

Roller – Roller pallet conveyor is typically used for handling extremely heavy loads and is ideal for accumulation zones in pack out areas.

Source: http://www.arrcoolingtowers.com/rollerconveyors.html

Live Roller Conveyor – is typically used in general transport when product accumulation is not required. It is also used in package handling applications and is ideal for light- to medium-product loads.

http://www.lewcoinc.com/conveyors/conveyors

Diverter Stationary or movable arms that deflect, push, or pull a product to desired destination Since they do not come in contact with the conveyor, they can be used with almost any flat surface conveyor Usually hydraulically or pneumatically operated, but also can be motor driven Simple and low cost Pop-Up Device One or more rows of powered rollers or wheels or chains that pop up above surface of conveyor to lift product and guide it off conveyor at an angle; wheels are lowered when products not required to be diverted Only capable of sorting flat-bottomed items Pop-up rollers are generally faster than pop-up wheels Sliding Shoe Sorter Sliding shoe sorter (a.k.a. moving slat sorter) uses series of diverter slats that slide across the horizontal surface to engage product and guide it off conveyor Slats move from side to side as product flows in order to divert the product to either side Gentle and gradual handling of products 

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Source: http://www4.ncsu.edu/

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AUTOMATED GUIDED VEHICLES - AGVs do not require an operator - Good for high labor cost, hazardous, or environmentally sensitive conditions (e.g., cleanroom) - Also termed "automated" guided vehicle


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MATERIAL HANDLING

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AGVs good for low-to-medium volume medium-to-long distance random material flow operations (e.g., transport between work cells in a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) environment)

Two means of guidance can be used for AGV systems: Fixed path: Physical guidepath (e.g., wire, tape, paint) on the floor used for guidance Free-ranging: No physical guidepath, thus easier to change vehicle path (in software), but absolute position estimates (from, e.g., lasers) are needed to correct dead-reckoning error

i. ii.

a. Tow AGV - Used to pull a train of trailers - Automated version of a tractor trailer Trailers usually loaded manually (early type of AGV, not much used today) Source: http://www4.ncsu.edu/

b. Unit Load AGV - Have decks that can be loaded manually or automatically - Deck can include conveyor or lift/lower mechanism for automatic loading - Typically 4 by 4 feet and can carry 1 – 2,000 lb. loads - Typically less than 10 vehicles in AGV system c. Assembl y AGV - Used as assembly platforms (e.g., car chassis, engines, appliances) - Greatest development activity during the 1980s (alternative to AEMs) - Typically 50 –100 vehicles in AGV system



3. Industrial Trucks This term is another broad definition that can be applied to many different types of equipment. Such pieces of equipment do have one thing in common, though – they all provide transportation. Trucks have the capability to lift via powered or manual means, and can be ridden upon in a driver’s cab, or simply power -assisted when pushed. Such tucks can also be steered by human intervention, or can be completely automated, following a pre-defined track on the production floor, sunken or raised tracks, or colored strips that are laid out and sensed by optical sensors. Such automated industrial trucks also have anti-collision technology that senses when an employee or other obstacle is near. Characteristics of Industrial Trucks: 

Pallet/Non-Pallet: Does the truck have forks for handling pallets, or does the truck have a flat surface on which to place loads. Non-Pallet (usually) other means required to load truck.


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MATERIAL HANDLING

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Manual/Powered: Does the truck have manual or powered vertical (lifting) and/or horizontal (travel) movement capabilities. Manual => walk => ope rator provides the force needed for lifting loads and/or pushing the vehicle. Powered => on-board power source (e.g., batteries) used for lifting and/or travel. Walk/Ride: For non-automated trucks, can the operator ride on the truck (in either a standing or sitting position) or is the ope rator required to walk with the truck during travel. Walk => manual or powered travel possible => powered travel speed limited to a normal walking pace. Ride => powered => travel speed can be faster than a walking pace. Stack/No Stack : Can the truck be used to lift loads for stacking purposes. Stack => can also be used as no stack => more expensive to add stacking capability. No Stack may lift a load a few inches to clear the floor for subsequent travel (e.g., pallet jack), but the loads cannot be stacked on top of each other or on shelves. Narrow Aisle: Is the lift truck designed to have a small turning radius or does it not have to turn at all in an aisle when loading/unloading. Narrow Aisle => greater cost and (usually) standing operator => less aisle space required. Counterbalance and/or straddle used for load support. Small turning radius => load support via straddle or reaching capabilities. No turning required => even narrower aisle => only one-side loading (sideloaders) or the capability to rotate the load (turret truck). Auto mated: Is the truck automated so that it can transport loads without requiring an operator. Non-Automated => direct labor cost of operator is by far the largest cost to operate a non-automated truck. Semi-Automated => operator used to control loading/unloading, but automated transport control (e.g., the S/R machine of a Man-onboard AS/RS). Automated => Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) => no direct labor cost, but higher equipment costs.

Hand Truc k

Two-Wheeled Hand Truc k - Load tilted during travel


Dolly - Three or more wheeled hand truck with a flat platform in which, since it has no h andles, the load is used for pushing


Floor Hand Truck - Four or more wheeled hand truck with handles for pushing or hitches for pulling. Sometimes referred to as a "cart" or "(manual) platform truck".


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Pallet Jack - Front wheels are mounted inside the end of the forks and extend to the floor as the pallet is only lifted enough to clear the floor for subsequent travel


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Pallet restrictions: reversible pallets cannot be used, double-faced nonreversible pallets cannot have deckboards where the front wheels extend to the floor, and enables only two-way entry into a four-way notched-stringer pallet because the forks cannot be inserted into the n otches.

Manual Pallet J ack - Manual lifting and/or travel


Powered Pallet J ack - Powered lifting and/or travel


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Walki e Stacker Manual Walkie Stacker - Manual lifting and/or travel (and straddle load support)


Powered Walkie Stacker - Powered lifting and/or travel (and either counterbalance or straddle load support)


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Pallet Truck

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Same pallet restrictions as a pallet jack Control handle typically tilts to allow operator to walk during loading/unloading


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MATERIAL HANDLING

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Powered pallet jack is sometimes referred to as a "(walkie) pallet truck"

Figure 31. Pallet Truck Source: http://www4.ncsu.edu/

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Platform Truck

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used to provide support for nonpalletized loads Used for skid handling; platform can lift skid several inches to allow it to clear the floor Greater lifting capacity compared to fork trucks because the platform provides a greater lifting surface to support a load

Walkie Platform Truck Operator walks next to truck Floor hand truck is sometimes referred to as a "(manual) platform truck"


Rider Platform Truck - Operator can ride on truck


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Counterbalanced (CB) Lift Truck - Also referred to as fork truck. - Weight of vehicle (and operator) behind the front wheels of truck counterbalances weight of the load (and weight of vehicle beyond front wheels); front wheels act as fulcrum or pivot point. - Rated capacity reduced for load centers greater than 24 in. and lift heights greater than 13 ft. Sit-Down Counterbalanced L ift Truck - Operator sits down; 12-13 ft. minimum aisle width requirement


Stand-Up Counterbalanced Lift Truck - Operator stands up, giving vehicle narrow-aisle capability; 9-11 ft. minimum aisle width requirement;



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Narrow-Aisle (NA) Straddle Truck - Similar to stand-up CB lift truck, except outrigger arms straddle a load and are used to support the load instead of the counterbalance of the truck - 7-8 ft. minimum aisle width requirement - Less expensive than stand-up CB lift truck and NA reach truck - Since the load is straddled during stacking, clearance between loads must be provided for the outrigger arms - Arm clearance typically provided through the use of load-on-beam rack storage or singlewing pallets for load-on-floor storage

Figure 36. Narrow-Aisle (NA) Straddle Truck Source: http://www4.ncsu.edu/

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Narrow-Ais le (NA) Reach Truc k - Similar to both stand-up CB lift truck and NA straddle truck - 8-10 ft. minimum aisle width requirement - Load rests on the outrigger arms during transport, but a pantograph (scissors) mechanism is used for reaching, thereby eliminating the need to straddle the load during stacking - Reaching capability enables the use of shorter outrigger arms (arms > 1/2 load depth) as compared to NA straddle truck (arms = load depth) - Counterbalance of the truck used to support the load when it extends beyond the outrigger arms - Although the NA reach truck requires slightly wider aisles than a NA straddle truck since its outrigger arms do not enter a rack during storage, it does not require arm clearance between loads (arm clearance is still required when the truck must enter a storage lane when block stacking or drive-in or -through racks are used) - Extended reaching mechanisms are available to enable double-deep storage

Figure 37. Narrow-Aisle (NA) Reach Truck Source: http://www4.ncsu.edu/

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Turret Truck - Greater stacking height compared to other narrow-aisle trucks (40 ft. vs. 25 ft.), but greater investment cost - Forks rotate to allow for side loading and, since truck itself does not rotate during stacking, the body of the truck can be longer to increase its counterbalance capability and to allow the operator to sit - Can function like a sideloader for transporting greater-than-pallet-size load


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Operator-Down Turret Truck - Operator not lifted with the load; 5-6 ft. minimum aisle width requirement


Operator-Up Turret Truck - Operator lifted with the load to allow precise stacking and picking; 5-7 ft. minimum aisle width requirement

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Order Picker - Similar to NA straddle truck, except operator lifted with the load to allow for less-than-unitload picking - Typically has forks to allow the truck to be used for pallet stacking and to support a pallet during less-than-pallet-load picking - "Belly switch" used for operator safety during picking

Figure 40. Order Picker Source: http://www4.ncsu.edu/

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Sideloader - Forks mounted perpendicular to direction of travel to allow for side loading and straddle load support - 5-6 ft. minimum aisle width requirement - Can be used to handle greater-than-pallet-size loads (e.g., bar stock)

Figure 41. Sideloader Source: http://www4.ncsu.edu/

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Tractor-Trailer - Non-load-carrying tractor used to pull a train of trailers (i.e., dollies or floor hand trucks) - Extends the transporting capacity of floor hand trucks - Typically used at airports for baggage handling

Figure 42. Tractor-Trailer Source: http://www4.ncsu.edu/

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Personnel and Burden Carrier - Non-load-carrying vehicle used to transport personnel within a facility (e.g., golf cart, bicycle, etc.)


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Figure 43. Personnel and Burden Carrier Source: htt : www4.ncsu.edu

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Auto matic Guided Vehicl e (AGV)

Bulk Handling Material Equipment Materials Handling Equipment that falls into the bulk material handling category is used to control loose materials in bulk form such as food or liquid. Equipment such as conveyor belts or elevators are designed to move large quantities of material in loose form, or in packaged form, through the use of drums and hoppers. Some equipment used in Bulk Handling Stackers - Stackers are bulk stockpiling machines that are used to stack material in stockyards in different shapes according to specific requirements.

Source: http://www.ameco.eu.com/ourproducts/stackers/

Reclaimers - These devices work closely with stackers. Reclaimers are also large pieces of machinery. They are used to recover bulk material that has been placed in a stockpile. Reclaimers often use bucket wheels to recover the material from stockpiles and, like stackers, are capable of moving horizontally, vertically, and rotationally. The majority of reclaimers used today are computer automated. Source: http://www.zyfzg.com/82.html

Bucket elevators - Elevating products to processing or storage is easy with our industrial duty bucket elevators

Source:http://www.ashoka.cc/material-handlingequipment.html

Hoppers - Hoppers are wide, bin-like entries that help feed bulk materials into other machines. Generally, a hopper is open at the top and it tapers at the bottom to assist with feeding the machine.


: https://www.rouramh.com/

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REFERENCES Anon, (2017). Material Handling Systems. [online] Available at: http://www2.isye.gatech.edu/~mgoetsch/cali/logistics_systems_design/material_handling_systems/materi al_handling_systems.pdf [Accessed 12 Feb. 2017]. Bayt.com. (2017). What is the Types of Material Handling Equipment?. [online] Available at: https://www.bayt.com/en/specialties/q/184810/what-is-the-types-of-material-handling-equipment/ [Accessed 12 Feb. 2017]. Galecia.com. (2017). Automated Materials Handling: More Information | The Galecia Group. [online] Available at: http://galecia.com/content/automated-materials-handling-more-information [Accessed 12 Feb. 2017]. Isddd.com. (2017). Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems | Integrated Systems Design. [online] Available at: http://www.isddd.com/storage-retrieval-systems [Accessed 12 Feb. 2017]. Kaseconveyors.com. (2017). Belt Conveyors | Screw Conveyors | Bucket Elevators | Bulk Material Handling Equipment Manufacturer . [online] Available at: http://www.kaseconveyors.com/ [Accessed 12 Feb . 2017]. Lom200704.blogspot.com. (2017). Material Handling Equipment: Goals of Material Handling . [online] Available at: http://lom200704.blogspot.com/2007/01/goals-of-material-handling.html [Accessed 12 Feb. 2017]. Materials Handling. (2017). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: http://discovery.bitspilani.ac.in/dlpd/courses/coursecontent/courseMaterial/mmzg511/MOML12.pdf [Accessed 12 Feb. 2017]. S.p.A., T. (2017). Bulk material handling - TENOVA. [online] Tenova.com. Available at: http://www.tenova.com/products-technologies/mining/bulk-material-handling/ [Accessed 12 Feb. 2017]. San Jose, D., Thang, S. and Muhammad, I. (2017). Selection of Material Handling Equipment. [online] Asilogi.blogspot.com. Availabl e at: http://asilogi.blogspot.com/2008/01/selection-of-material-handling.html [Accessed 12 Feb. 2017]. Team, (2017). Information-directed Systems | BMS.co.in. [online] BMS.co.in : Bachelor of Management Studies. Available at: http://www.bms.co.in/information-directed-systems/ [Accessed 12 Feb. 2017]. Thomasnet.com. (2017). About Material Handling Equipment. [online] Available at: http://www.thomasnet.com/about/material-handling-equipment-50140409.html [Accessed 12 Feb. 2017]. Www4.ncsu.edu. (2017). Industrial Trucks. [online] Available at: http://www4.ncsu.edu/~kay/mhetax/TransEq/IndusTr/index.htm#Hand truck [Accessed 12 Feb. 2017]. www.alllifting.com.au. (2017). MATERIALS HANDLING EQUIPMENT – WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES?. [online] Available at: https://www.alllifting.com.au/materials-handling-equipment [Accessed 12 Feb. 2017].


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