MATERI B INGGRIS-TOEFL-READING COMPREHENSION
READING COMPREHENSION Sectio Sect ion n 3 da dala lam m uj ujia ian n TO TOEF EFL L ad adal alah ah Readi Reading ng comp comprehen rehension sion.. Ini digunakan untuk mengukur kemempuan peserta ujian dalam memahami teks tertulis dalam Bahasa Inggris. Bagian ini mengujikan setidaknya 5 bacaan bac aan,, dim dimana ana ma masin sing-m g-masi asing ng bac bacaan aan bia biasan sanya ya ter terdir dirii dar darii sep sepulu uluh h pertanyaan. Sehingga pertanyaan pada bagian ini berjumlah limapuluh pertanyaan. Anda harus menyelesaikan semua pertanyaan dalam waktu limapuluh menit. Bagian ini hanya mengujikan teks bacaan saja, tanpa gambar, diagram, atau alat Bantu visual lainnya. Tema bacaan yang diujikan dalam bagian ini cukup bervariasi, namun secara umum berkaitan dengan materi perkuliahan yang diajarkan oleh universitas-universitas di Amerika Serikat. Misalnya, sejarah, sastra, seni, arsi ar site tekt ktur ur,, ge geol olog ogi, i, bi biol olog ogi, i, ke kese seha hata tan, n, as astr tron onom omi, i, ge geog ogra rafi fi,, da dan n seterusny seter usnya. a. Adap Adapun un pert pertanyaa anyaan n pada sec sectio tion n 3 bisa dikat dikategor egorikan ikan ke dalam dua bentuk pertanyaan sebagai berikut: 1. Read Reading ing comprehensi comprehension on Pada se sect ctio ion n 3 in inii an anda da ak akan an di dimi mint nta a un untu tuk k me menj njaw awab ab pe pert rtan anya yaan an-pertanyaa pert anyaan n yang berkaitan dengan infor informasi masi yang terd terdapat apat pada teks bacaan. Mulai dari main idea, idea, bagian bacaan yang lebih rinci, sampai inferasi atau penyimpulan atas informasi yang terdapat pada bacaan. 2. Vo Vocab cabula ulary ry Section 3 juga meminta anda untuk menjawab arti dari kata-kata tertentu yang terdapat pada teks bacaan. Namun apabila anda sama sekali tidak tahu arti kata-kata tertentu, anda masih tetap bias mengetahui arti katakata tersebut dengan memahami konteks bacaan. Dengan demikian anda bias memperkirakan arti dari kata-kata yang ditanyakan dalam soal.
Permasalahan yang biasa dihadapi oleh peserta tes TOEFL dalam ujian Reading Readi ng Com Compreh prehensio ension n ada adalah lah bat batasa asan n wa waktu ktu yan yang g sin singka gkat. t. Ba Banya nyak k pesert pes erta a tes yan yang g tid tidak ak bis bisa a men menyel yelesa esaika ikan n sem semua ua per pertan tanyaa yaan n ket ketika ika waktu yang disediakan telah habis. Untuk itu berba Untuk berbagai gai kema kemampu mpuan an yang dibutuhkan dibutuhkan dalam reading harus anda kuas kuasai ai sebelu sebelum m benar benar-bena -benarr menja menjalanka lankan n ujian TOEFL. Seka Sekalipun lipun demikian, Anda masih berpeluang untuk mendapatkan skor TOEFL yang lebih tinggi apabila menguasai trik-trik taktis. Berikut disajikan beberapa kunci yang bisa membantu anda berkompetisi dengan waktu yang ketat sekaligus untuk mendapatkan hasil yang lebih baik.
1. Kunc Kuncii umum Kunci 1:
Jangan terlalu lama membaca membaca teks bacaan.
Harus diingat bahwa anda tidak memiliki cukup waktu untuk membaca teks te ks ba baca caan an se seca cara ra me mend ndal alam am.. Pe Pert rtan anya yaan an ya yang ng mu munc ncul ul da dala lam m te tes s reading ini umumnya dapat dijawab secara tepat dengan tanpa langsung membaca bacaan secara rinci. Anda dapat mengalokasikan satu atau dua menitt untu meni untuk k mem membaca baca main idea pada masing-masing paragraph dari sebuah bacaan sebelum mulai membaca pertanyaan. Dengan demikian anda and a sud sudah ah me menda ndapa patka tkan n ga gamba mbaran ran sek sekila ilas s ten tentan tang g inf infor ormas masii yan yang g disampaikan oleh bacaan. Kunci 2 : Per Perhat hatika ikan n sem semua ua per pertan tanyaa yaan n yan yang g ter terdap dapat at pad pada a seb sebuah uah bacaaan dan ingat-ingat kata kuncinya. Setela Sete lah h me mem mba baca ca se seki kila las s main idea masing-masing paragraph paragraph,, selanjutnya anda harus segera membaca pertanyaan pada soal-soal yang terdapat terd apat pada baca bacaan an ters tersebut. ebut. Rekamlah kata-kata kata-kata kunci pada masi masingngmasin ma sing g per pertan tanyaa yaan n pad pada a pik pikira iran n and anda a seh sehing ingga ga and anda a dap dapat at me menca ncari ri jawabannya pada bacaan dengan sekali tempo untuk beberapa pertanyaan. Anda juga dapat memberi tanda pada kata kunci di lembar soal, karena anda tidak dilarang memberikan coretan. Cara ini sangat efektif untuk menghemat waktu, sehingga pandangan anda tidak bolakbalik antara teks bacaan dengan pertanyaaan. Kunci 3 : Jangan panik apabila tema bacaan bukan merupakan disiplin yang anda kuasai. Ujian TOEFL sudah didesain sedemikian rupa sehingga peserta ujian tidak dipersyara diper syaratkan tkan untuk meng menguasa uasaii tema tema-tem -tema a dari disip disiplin lin ilmu tert tertentu. entu. Semua informasi yang ditanyakan dalam soal section 3 sudah tersedia dalam teks bacaan. Sehingga apapun latar belakang keilmuan yang anda kuasai kua sai and anda a aka akan n te tetap tap dap dapat at me menja njawab wab soa soal-s l-soal oal pa pada da ba bacaa caan n yan yang g sama sekali berbeda dari disiplin anda.
KUNCI KHUSUS Materi yang diujikan dalam tes reading biasanya memiliki pola-pola dan stan st anda darr te tert rten entu tu.. Bi Bias asan anya ya an anda da di dim min inta ta un untu tuk k me meng nget etah ahui ui te tem ma bacaaan, menentukan main idea, idea, mengetahui arti dari kosakata tertentu, menget men getahu ahuii inf infor ormas masii ter terten tentu, tu, mel melaku akukan kan pen penyim yimpul pulan, an, me melak lakuka ukan n identifikasi atas pengecualian-pengecualian dan mengetahui rujukan dari pronoun tertentu. Untuk mem Untuk membek bekali ali dir dirii and anda a dal dalam am men mengah gahada adapi pi are area a per persoa soalan lan yan yang g diujikan dalam reading tes, perhatikan kunci-kunci berikut ini :
Kunci 4 :
Lakukan previewing Lakukan previewing untuk mengetahui topic bacaan .
Topik merupakan salah satu item yang hampir dapat dipastikan keluar pada pad a set setiap iap tes TOE TOEFL. FL. Unt Untuk uk men menget getahu ahuii top topik ik seb sebuah uah bac bacaan aan,, and anda a tidak perlu membaca secara detail dan mendalam. Anda cukup membaca kalimat pertama dan terakhir pada tiap-tiap paragraph tiap-tiap paragraph bacaan. Anda tidak dituntut ditun tut untu untuk k mem memaham ahamii baca bacaan an seca secara ra rinci melainkan hanya untu untuk k mene me nent ntuk ukan an to topik pik,, ol oleh eh ka kare rena na ny nya a an anda da ha haru rus s me memb mbac aca a se sece cepa patt mungkin. Kunci 5 : Per Perhat hatika ikan n kal kalima imatt per pertam tama a dar darii seb sebuah uah paragraph untuk mengetahui main idea. idea. Tes reading se seri ring ng ka kali li me meng nguj ujik ikan an pe pert rtan anya yaan an-p -per erta tany nyaa aan n ya yang ng berkaitan dengan main idea. idea. Main idea biasanya terdapat pada kalimat pertama dari sebu sebuah ah paragraph paragraph.. Den Dengan gan me menge ngetah tahuin uinya, ya, and anda a dap dapat at memahami pesan apa yang ingin disampaikan oleh penulis. Main idea dari sebuah bacaan biasanya terdapat pada dua kalimat pertama. Kunci 6 : Pah aham amil ilah ah kont ntek eks s ya yang ng mengetahui arti kata tertentu.
ter erda dap pat
pad ada a
bac acaa aan n
untu un tuk k
Konteks dalam bacaan bahasa Inggris adalah kombinasi dari kosakata dan grammar yan yang g dig diguna unakan kan pad pada a seb sebuah uah kat kata. a. Ia dap dapat at ber berupa upa seb sebuah uah kalimat, paragraph paragraph,, at atau au bac bacaan aan.. Den Dengan gan mem memaha ahami mi seb sebuah uah ko konte nteks ks anda an da ak akan an da dapa patt me memp mper erki kira raka kan n ar arti ti se sebu buah ah ka kata ta.. Ka Kare rena na de deng ngan an menget men getahu ahuii art artii sec secara ara um umum um dar darii seb sebuah uah kal kalima imatt ber berart artii and anda a jug juga a memahami arti kata-kata yang terdapat pada kalimat tersebut. Kunci 7 : Lakukan scanning untuk menemukan informasi tertentu yang berkaitan dengan permintaan soal. Sebuah teks bacaan dalam ujian TOEFL biasanya diikuti dengan sepuluh pertan per tanyaa yaan, n, kar karena ena bat batasa asan n wak waktu tu yan yang g san sangat gat me mende ndesak sak seb sebaik aiknya nya anada membaca kesepuluh pertanyaan tersebut. Ketika membaca semua pertanyaan anda harus menemukan kata kunci dari sebuah pertanyaan dan da n me mere reka kamn mnya ya da dala lam m pi piki kira ran. n. Ba Baca cala lah h se seca cara ra ce cepa patt de deng ngan an ca cara ra scanning untuk menemukan kata-kata tertentu yang menjadi kata kunci dari da ri se sebu buah ah pe pert rtan anya yaan an.. Ha Hall in inii san sanga gatt be berg rgun una a da dala lam m me mela laku kuka kan n klar kl arif ifik ika asi pa pad da te tek ks ba bac caa aan n unt ntuk uk men ene emuka kan n in info forrmas asii yan ang g dittan di anya yaka kan n. Den enga gan n men eng gin ing gat sem emu ua ka katta ku kun nci per erttan any yaa aan, n, pandan pan dangan gan,, dan fok fokus us and anda a tid tidak ak per perlu lu ter terpec pecah ah unt untuk uk me menco ncocok cokkan kan pert pe rtan anya yaan an de deng ngan an te teks ks.. Ka Kare rena na bi bias asan anya ya ur urut utan an no nomo morr so soal al ti tida dak k menanyakan kalimat atau bagian dari teks secara berurutan. Sehingga bila anda hnaya membaca satu pertanyaan kemudian mencarinya di teks bacaan akan menghabiskan banyak waktu karena anda perlu melakukan hal yang sama berkali-kali. Kunci 8 : Kumpulkan fakta dan data dalam bacaan untuk melakukan inferasi atau penyimpulan
Tidak semua jawaban dari sebuah pertanyaan dalam tes TOEFL dapat ditemukan secara langsung dalam teks bacaan. Hal ini karena informasi yan ya ng di dim maks ksud ud ti tid dak sec ecar ara a ek eksk sklu lus sif di dis seb ebu utk tkan an dal alam am seb ebua uah h pernyataan langsung. Sering kali dalam ujian reading anda diminta untuk membua mem buatt kes kesim impul pulan an me menge ngenai nai inf inform ormasi asi ter terten tentu. tu. Unt Untuk uk itu ket ketika ika membaca teks sebaiknya anda memberikan perhatian khusus terhadap data atau fakta tertentu yang mengarah pada sebuah kesimpulan yang informative.. Lagi-lagi dalam hal ini mengetahui kata kunci dari sebuah informative pertanyaa pert anyaan n terl terlebih ebih dahu dahulu lu mer merupak upakan an sebu sebuah ah keun keuntunga tungan n terse tersendir ndiri. i. Dengan berbekal kata kunci anda akan menentukan data dan fakta apa yang patut anda pilih dan kumpulkan untuk membuat sebuah kesimpulan. Kunci 9 :
Berkonsentrasi selama membaca teks bacaan.
Konsen Kons entr tra asi sang ngat at di dip per erlu luka kan n dan mer eru upa pak kan sal alah ah sat atu u ku kunc ncii keberhasi keber hasilan lan yang palin paling g men menentuk entukan an dalam readi reading ng test . Se Seri ring ng ka kali li peserta ujian lupa dengan apa yang telah disampaikan oleh kalimat atau paragraph sebelumnya ketika ia mulai membaca kalimat atau paragraph atau paragraph baru. Akhirnya ia membaca ulang lagi kalimat tersebut. Apabila ini juga terjadi pada anda, langkah berikut dapat dimanfaatkan untuk meminimalisasi meminimalisa si kesalahan tersebut. • Keti Ketika ka an anad ada a mem emba baca ca se sebu buah ah ka kali lima mat, t, la lati tihl hlah ah di diri ri anda anda untu untuk k mene me nerk rka a at atau au me memp mper erki kira raka kan n ap apa a is isii at atau au in info form rmas asii ya yang ng ak akan an disampaikan oleh kalimat selanjutnya. • Perhatikan Perhatikan kesesu kesesuaian aian sebuah sebuah teks dengan dengan judul judul atau main main idea yang sudah anda ketahui sebelumnya, dengan cara ini anda tetap dapat menang men angkap kap pes pesan an uta utama ma yan yang g dia diasam sampai paikan kan ole oleh h ma masin sing-m g-masi asing ng kali ka lim mat se seka kali lipu pun n an anda da su suda dah h be bera ranj njak ak pa pada da ka kali lima matt-ka kali lim mat berikutnya. Kunci 10 : Tingkatkan kecepatan membaca anda. Dengan keterbatasan waktu ujian yang singkat, maka kemampuan anda untuk membaca secara cepat dan singkat sangat penting dalam ujian TOEFL. Memang kecepatan membaca ini tidaklah sesuatu yang instant . Melainkan ia harus dilatih secara terus menerus apalagi membaca teks yang bukan bahasa asli kita. Salah satu caranya adalah dengan memilih kata-kata yang paling penting dalam sebuah kalimat, yang mana hal ini akan memberikan anda ringkasan atas arti sebuah bacaan.
2.RECOGNIZE THE ORGANIZATION OF IDEAS Dalam tes reading seringkali aka kan n ada pertanyaa aan n tentang pengor pen gorgan ganisa isasio sioan an ide ide-id -ide e dal dalam am tek teks s pad pada a jen jenis is per pertan tanyaa yaan n ini and anda a akan aka n dim dimint inta a unt untuk uk men menent entuka ukan n bag bagaim aimana ana ide ide-id -ide e dal dalam am paragraph berhubungan dengan ide-ide lain dalam paragraph dalam paragraph lain.
Example The passage : If as aske ked d wh who o in inve vent nted ed th the e ga game me of ba base seba ball ll,, mo most st Am Amer eric ican ans s wo woul uld d probab pro bably ly rep reply ly tha thatt it wa was s Ab Abher her Do Doubl ubleda eday. y. At the beg beginn inning ing of thi this s century, there was some disagreement over how the game of baseball had ha d ac actu tual ally ly or orig igin inat ated ed,, so sp spor orti ting ng-g -goo oods ds ma manu nufa fact ctur urer er Sp Spau auld ldin ing g inaugurated a commission to research the question. In 1908 a report was publis pub lished hed by the com commis missio sion n in whi which ch Abn Abner er Do Doubl ubleda eday, y, a U.S Arm Army y officer from Cooperstown, New York, was given credit for the invention of the th e ga gam me. Th The e Nat atio iona nall Ba Base seba ball ll Ha Hall ll of Fam ame e wa was s es esta tabl blis ishe hed d in Coop Co oper erst stow own n in ho hono norr of Do Doub ubled leday ay., ., mo most st sp spor orts ts hi hist stor oria ians ns ar are e in agre ag reem emen entt th that at Do Doub uble leda day y re real ally ly di did d no nott ha have ve mu much ch to do wi with th th the e development of baseball. Instead, baseball seems to be a close relation to the th e En Engl glis ish h ga game me of ro roun unde ders rs an and d pr prob obab ably ly ha has s En Engl glis ish h ra rath ther er th than an American roots. The question The second paragraph paragraph (A) provides examples to to support the ideas in the the first paragraph (B) precedes the ideas in the first paragraph paragraph (C) outlines the effects of ideas in the the first paragraph (D)refuses the ideas in the first paragraph
TOEFL EXERCISE PASSAGE ONE (QUESTIONS 1-2) Confli Conf lict ct wi with thin in an or orga gani niza zati tion on is no nott al alwa ways ys vi view ewed ed as un unde desi sira rabl ble, e, various managers have widely divergent ideas on the value that conflict can have. Accordin Accor ding g to the tra tradit dition ional al vie view w of con confli flict, ct, con confli flict ct is har harmf mful ul to an organization. Managers with this traditional view of conflict see it as their role in an organization to rid the organization of any possible sources of conflict. The interactionist view of conflict on the other hand, holds that conflict can ca n ser erve ve an im imp port rtan antt fu func ncttio ion n in an orga gani niz zat atio ion n by red edu uci cing ng compla com placen cency cy am among ong wo worke rkers rs and cau causin sing g pos positi itive ve cha change nges s to occ occur. ur. Managers who hold an interactionist view of conflict may actually take steps to stimulate within the organization. 1. How is the information in the passage organized? (A) The origin origin of ideas ideas about about conflict conflict is presen presented. ted.
(B) Contrasting views of conflicts are presented. (C) Two theorists discuss the strength and weaknesses of their views on conflict. (D) Examples of conflict within organizations are presented. 2. What type of information is included in the third paragraph? (A) A comparison of the interactionist and traditional views of conflict. (B) A discussion of the weaknesses of the interactionist view of conflict. (C) An outline of the type of manager who prefers the interactionist view of conflict. (D) A description of one of the opposing views of conflict.
PASSAGE TWO (Questions 3-4) IQ, or intelligence Quotient as the radio of a patron’s mental age to chronological age, with the radio multiplied by 100 remove the decimal. Chronological age is easily determined; mental age is generally measured by some kind of standard test and is not so simple to define. In theory, a standardized IQ test is set up to measure an individual’s ability to perform intellectual operations such as reasoning and problem solving. These intellectual operations are considered to represent intelligence. In practice, it has been impossible to arrive at consensus at to which types of intellectual operations demonstrate intelligence. Furthermore, it has been impossible to devise a test without cultural bias, which is to say that any IQ tests so far proposed have been shown to reflect the culture of the test makers. Test makers from that culture would, it follows, score higher on such a test than test takers from a different culture with equal intelligence. 3. What type of information is included in the first paragraph (A) An argument (B) A definition (C) An opinion (D) A theory 4. How does the information in the third paragraph differ from that in the second paragraph? (A) It presents a contrasting point of view. (B) It follows chronologically from the ideas in the second paragraph.
(C) It presents real information rather than a premise. (D) It presents an example of the ideas in the second paragraph
PASSAGE THREE (Questions 5-6) The largest lake in the western United sates in the Great Salt Lake, an island saltwater lake in northwestern Utah, is just outside the state capital of Salt Lake City. Rivers and streams feed into the Great Salt Lake, but none drain out of it, this has a major influence on both the salt content and the size of the lake. Although the Great Lake was fed by freshwater streams, it is actually saltier than the oceans of the world. The salt comes from the more than two million tons of minerals that flow into the lake each year from the rivers and creeks that feed it. Sodium and chloride-the components of salt- comprise the large majority of the lake’s mineral content. The Great Salt Lake can vary tremendously from its normal size of 1,700 square miles, depending on long term weather conditions. During periods of heavy rains, the size of the lake can swell tremendously from the huge amount of water flowing into the lake from its Feeder Rivers and streams; in 1980 the lake even reached a size of 2,400 square miles. During periods of dry weather, the size of the lake decreases, sometimes drastically, due to evaporation. 5. How is the information in the passage organized? (A) Two unusual characteristics of the Great Lake are discussed. (B) Contrasting theories about the Great Salt Lake’s salt levels are presented. (C) The process by which the Great Salt Lake gets its salt is outlined. (D) The reasons for the variation in the Great Salt Lake’s size are given. 6. The third paragraph contains information on … (A) how the size of the lake affects weather conditions (B) the effects of contrasting weather conditions on the size of the lake (C) the effects of changes in the size of the lake (D) the causes of the varied weather conditions in the area of the lake Common types of calendars can be based on the Sun or on the Moon. The solar calendar is based on the solar year. Since the solar year is 362.2422 days long, solar calendars consist of regular years of 365 days and have an extra day every fourth year, or leap year, to make up for the additional
fractional amount. In a solar calendar, the waxing and waning of the moon can take place at various stages of each month. lunar calendar is synchronized to the lunar month rather than the solar year. Since the lunar month is twenty-nine and thirty days. A twelvemonth lunar year thus has 354 days, 11 days shorter than a solar year.
Solar eclipse Lunar eclipse 1. What is the main idea of the passage? (A) All calendars are the same. (B) The solar calendar is based on the sun. (C) Different calendars have dissimilar bases. (D) The lunar month is twenty-nine and a half days long. 2. How is the information in the passage organized? (A) Characteristics of the solar calendar are outlined. (B) Two types of calendars are described. (C) The strengths and weakness of the lunar calendar are described. (D) The length of each existing calendar is contrasted. Vaccines are prepared from harmful viruses or bacteria and administered to patients to provide immunity to specific diseases. The various types of vaccines are classified according to the method by which they are derived. The most basic class of vaccines actually contains disease-causing microorganisms that have been killed with a solution containing formaldehyde. In this type of vaccine, the microorganisms are dead and therefore cannot cause disease; however, the antigens found in and on the microorganisms can still stimulate the formation of antibodies. Examples of this type of vaccine are the ones that fight influenza, typhoid fever, and cholera. A second type of vaccine contains the toxins produced by the microorganisms rather than the microorganisms themselves. This type of vaccine is prepared when the microorganism itself does little damage but the toxin within microorganism is extremely harmful. For example, the bacteria that cause diphtheria can thrive without much harm, but when toxins are released from the bacteria, muscles can become paralyzed and death can ensue.
A final type of toxin contains living microorganisms that have been rendered harmless. With this type of vaccine, a large number of antigen molecules are produced and the immunity that results is generally longer lasting than the immunity from other types of vaccines. The Sabin oral antipolio vaccine and BCG vaccine against tuberculosis are examples of this type of vaccine.
3. Which of the following expresses the main idea of the passage? (A) Vaccines provide immunity to specific diseases. (B) Vaccines contain disease-causing microorganisms. (C) Vaccines are derived in different ways. (D) New approaches in administering vaccines are being developed. 4. How many types of vaccines are presented in the passage? (A) two (B) three (C) four (D)five
3.FIND “UNSTATED” DETAILS Dalam tes reading anda seringkali akan diminta untuk menentukan jawaban yang tidak disebutkan atau tidak benar dalam teks. Jenis pertanyaan ini berarti bahwa ada tiga pilihan yang disebutkan atau benar dalam teks, sementara satu pilihan tidak. Jadi tugas anda adlah menemukan tiga pilihan yang benar kemudian memilih satu pilihan yang tersisa yang menjadi jawaban pada soal. Anda harus memperhatikan bahwa ada pertanyaan ini :
dua
macam
pilihan atas
1.
Tiga pilihan benar dan satu tidak dibahas dalam teks.
2.
Tiga jawaban benar dan satu salah menurut teks.
The passage: In English there are many different kinds of expressions that people use to give a name to anything whose name is unknown or momentarily forgotten. The word gadget is one such word. It was first used by British sailors in the 1850’s and probably came from the French word gachette, which was a small hook. In everyday use, the word has a more general
meaning. Other words are also used to give a name to something, unnamed or unknown and these words tend to be somewhat imaginative. Some of the more commonly used expressions are a what-d’ye-call-it, a whatsis, a thingamabob, a thingamajig, a doodad, or a doohickey. 1. Which of the following is NOT true about the word “gadget” ? (A)It is used to name something when the name is not known (B)It was used at the beginning of the nineteenth century (C)It most likely came from a word in the French language. (D)
It’s first known use was by British sailors.
2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as an expression for something that is not known? (A) a thingamabob (B) gadget (C) A doohickey (D) A what-is-it
Passage one (question 1-2) Blood plasma is a clear, almost colorless liquid. It consists of blood from which the red and white blood cells have been removed. It is often used in transfusions because a patient generally needs the plasma portion of the blood more than the other components. Plasma differs in several important ways from whole blood. First of all, plasma can be mixed for all donors and does not have to be from the right blood group, as whole blood does. In addition, plasma can be dried and stored, while whole blood cannot.
3. All of the following are true about blood plasma EXCEPT… (A). it is a deeply colored liquid (B). blood cells have taken out of it (C). patients are often transfused with it (D). it is generally more important to the patient than other part of whole blood’ 4. Which of the following is NOT stated about whole blood?
(A). it is different from plasma (B). it cannot be dried (C). it is impossible to keep in storage for a long time. (D). it is a clear, colorless liquid.
Passage two (question 3-4) Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman was an American journalist at the turn of the century who wrote for the newspaper New York World under the pen name Nellie Bly, a name which was taken from the Stephen, Foster song Nellie Bly. She achieved fame for her exposes and in particular for the bold and adventuresome way that she obtained her stories. She felt that the best way to get the real story was from the inside rather than as an outside observer who could be treated to a prettified version of reality. On one occasion she pretended to be a thief so that she would get a nested and see for herself how female prisoners were really treated. On another occasion she faked mental illness in order to be admitted to a mental hospital to get the real picture on the treatment of mental patients. 3. Which of the following is NOT true about Nellie Bly? (A). Nelly Bly’s real name was Elizabeth Cochrane seaman. (B). Nellie Bly was mentally ill (C). The name Nellie Bly came from a song. (D). The name Nellie Bly was used on articles that Seaman wrote. 4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as something that Nellie Bly did to get a good story? (A). she acted like a thief (B). she got arrested by the police. (C). she pretended to be ill. (D). she worked as a doctor in a mental hospital.
4. FIND PRONOUN REFERENTS Dalam tes reading seringkali anda diminta untuk menentukan sebuah pronoun mengacu pada noun yang mana? Cara menjawab pertanyaan ini adalah dengan melihat kalimat /kata-kata sebelum pronoun. Anda akan mendapatkan noun yang dimaksud disana.
Example The passage Carnivorous plants, such as the sundew and the Venus Flytrap are generally found in the humid areas where there is an inadequate supply of nitrogen in the soil. In order to survive, these plants have developed mechanisms to trap insects within their foliage. They have digestive fluids to obtain the necessary nitrogen from the insects. These plants trap the insects in a variety of ways. The sundew has sticky hairs on its leaves; when an insect lands on these leaves, it gets caught up in the sticky hairs, and the leaf wraps itself around the insect. The leaves of the VenusFlytrap function more like a trap, snapping suddenly and forcefully shut around an insect. The questions : 5. The pronoun ‘they’ in line 4 refers to (A) humid areas (B) these plants (C) insects (D) digestive fluids 6. The pronoun ‘it’ in line 6 refers to … (A) a variety (B) the sundew (C) An insect (D)the leaf
5. INDIRECTLY ANSWERED QUESTIONS Beberapa pertanyaan dalam tes TOEFL akan meminta jawaban yang tidak secara langsung disebutkan dalam teks. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan ini anda harus menarik kesimpulan dari informasi yang di berikan dalam teks. Pertanyaan jenis ini meliputi dua : (1) implied detailed questions and (2) transitions questions.
ANSWER IMPLIED DETAILED QUESTIONS CORRECTLY Example The passage
The Hawaiian language is a melodious language in which all words are derived from an Alphabet of only twelve letters, the five vowels, A,E,I,O,U and the seven consonants H,K,L,M,N,P,W. Each syllable in the language ends in a vowel, and two consonants never appear together, so vowels have a much higher frequency in the Hawaiian language than they do in English. This musical sounding language can be heard regularly by visitors to the islands. Most Hawaiians speak English, but it is quite common to hear English that is liberally spiced with words and expressions from the traditional language of the culture. A visitor may be greeted with the expression aloha, and may be referred to as a malihini because he is a new comer to the island. This visitor may attend an outside luau where everyone eats too much and be invited afterwards to dance the hula. The questions : 1. Which of the following is probably NOT a Hawaiian word? (A) mahalo (B) mahimahi (C) meklea (D) moana 2. It is implied a luau is … (A) a dance (B) a feast (C) a concert (D) a language TOEFL EXERCISE PASSAGE ONE (Questions 1-2) Eskimos need efficient and adequate means to travel across water in that the areas where they live are surrounded by oceans, bays, and inlets and dotted with lakes and seas. Two different types of boats have been developed by the Eskimo, each constructed to meet specific needs. The Kayak is something like a canoe that has been covered by deck. A kayak is generally constructed with one opening in the deck for one rider, however, some kayaks are made for two, Because the deck of a kayak is covered over except for the hole (or holes) for its rider (or riders), a kayak can tip over in the water and roll back without filling with water and sinking. One of the primary uses of the kayak is for hunting.
The umiak is not closed over, as is in the kayak, instead it is an open boat that is built to hold ten to twelve passengers. Eskimos have numerous uses for the umiak which reflect the size of the boat; e.g. the umiak is used to haul belongings from campsite to campsite, and it is used for hunting larger animals that are too big to be hunted in a kayak. 2. It can be inferred from the passage that an example of the animal mentioned in lines 12-13 might be … (A) a kangaroo (B) a snake (C) a whale (D) a salmon PASSAGE TWO (Questions 3-5) Two types of trees from the same family of trees share honors in certain respects as the most impressive of trees. Both evergreen conifers, the California redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and the giant sequoia (Sequoiandendrom gigantteum) are found growing natively only in the state of California. The California redwood is found along the northern coast of the state, while the giant sequoia is found inland and at a higher elevations, along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas. The California redwood is the tallest living tree and is in fact the tallest living thing on the face of the earth; the height of the tallest redwood on the record is 385 feet (120 meters). Though not quite as tall as the California redwood, with the height of 320 feet ( 100 meters), the giant sequoia is nonetheless the largest and the most massive of living things ; giant sequoias have been measured at more than 100 feet (30 meters) around the base, with weights of more than 6,000 tons. 3. It is implied in the passage that (A) the leaves of only California redwood turn brown in the autum (B) the leaves of only the giant sequoia turn brown in the winter (C) the leaves of both types of trees in the passage turn brown in the winter (D) the leaves of neither types of tree in the passage turn brown in the winter 4. It can be inferred from the passage that the Siera Nevadas are … (A) a type of giant redwood (B) a coastal community (C) a group of lakes
(D) a mountain range 5. Which of the following is implied in the passage? (A) The giant sequoia is taller than the California redwood. (B) The California redwood is not as big around as the giant sequoia. (C) The California redwood weighs more than the giant sequoia. (D) Other living things are larger than the giant sequoia.
TRANSITION QUESTION CORRECTLY You will sometimes be asked to determine what a probably came before the reading passage (in the preceding paragraph) or what probably comes after the reading passage (in the following paragraph). Of course, the topic of the preceding or following paragraph is not directly stated, and you must draw a conclusion to determine what a probably in these paragraph. This type of question. It asks you to demonstrate that you understand that good writing contains transition from one paragraph to the next. A paragraph may start out with the idea of the previous paragraph as a way of linking the ideas in the two paragraphs. A paragraph may also end with an idea that will be further developed in the following paragraph.
Example The passage: Another myth of the oceans concerns Davy Jones, who in folklore is the mean-spirited sovereign of the ocean’s depths. The name “Jones” is thought by some etymologists to have been derived from the name “Jonah” the Hebrew prophet who spent three days in a whales belly. According to tradition, any object that goes overboard and sinks to the bottom of the ocean is said to have gone to Davy Jones’s locker, the ocean sized, mythical receptacle for anything that falls into the water, needless to say, any sailor on the seas is not so eager to take a tour of Davy Jones’s locker, although it might be a rather interesting trip considering all the treasures located there. The questions: 1.
The paragraph preceding this passage most probably discusses
1.
The youth of Davy Jones
2.
Davy Jones career as a sailor
3.
A different traditional story from the sea
4.
Preparing to travel on the ocean
1.
The topic of the paragraph following the passage most likely is
1.
valuable items located of the bottom of the ocean.
2.
Where Davy Jones is found today
3.
Jonah and the whale
4.
Preventing objects from failing overboard
6. VOCABULARY QUESTIONS
Dalam tes reading akan ada sejumlah soal tentang vocabulary. Jawaban atas soal ini seringkali sudah ada dalam teks itu sendiri. Berikut ini beberapa macam jenis soal vocab. FIND DEFINITIONS FROM STRUCTURAL CLUES (Menemukan definisi dari kata kunci yang ada dalam teks :) Ketika anda diminta kemungkinannya:
untuk
menemukan
kata
dalam
tes
reading
1.
Teks memberikan informasi tentang kata itu
2.
Ada tanda-tanda trtentu yang mengarahkan kita pada kata tersebut
Example The passage ; One of the leading schools of psychological thought in the twentieth century is behaviorism – the belief that the role of the psychologist is to study behavior, which is observable, rather than conscious and unconscious thought, which is not. Probably the best known proponent of behaviorism is B.E Skinner, who is famous for his research on how rewards and punishment influence behavior. He came to believe that positive reinforcements such as praise, food, or money were more effective in promoting good behavior than negative reinforcement or punishment. The questions 1.
In “behaviorism” In line 2, a psychologist is concerned with
(A) unconscious thought patterns
(B) observable actions (C) unobservable actions (D) unobservable actions 2. What is “positive reinforcement” in line 7 A) a gift B) A reward C) A bribe D) A penalty 3. What is “negative reinforcement” in line 9? (A) A promotion (B) A reward (C) A surprise D) A punishment To answer the first question, you should look at the part of the passage following word behaviorism. The dash punctuation (-) gives extra or further information about behaviorism. In the information following the dash you should see that the behaviorist in behavior which is observable, so the best answer to this question is answer (C). To answer the second question, you should look at the part of the passage following the expression positive reinforcements. The expression such as indicate that examples of positive reinforcement are going to follow. Your job is to look at the examples of positive reinforcement and draw a conclusion about what positive reinforcement might be. Since price, food, or money might be given in return for a job well done, then positive reinforcement must be a reward. The best answer to this question is therefore answer (B).To answer the third question, you should look at the part of the passage following the expression negative reinforcement. The word or following negative reinforcement tells you that the idea is going to be restated in different words. You can see in the passage that another word for negative reinforcement is punishment, so answer (D) is the best answer to this questions DETERMINE MEANINGS FROM WORD PARTS When you are asked to determine the meaning of long words but you do not know THE MEANING in the reading comprehension section of the TOEFL test, it is sometimes possible to determine the meaning of the word by studying the word part.
Example The Passage Ring lardner himself was born into a wealthy, educated, and cultured family. For the book of his carrier, he worked as a reporter for newspapers in South Bend, Boston, Santa Louis, and Chicago. However, it is for his short stories of lower middle – clash Americans that ring lardner is perhaps best known. In these stories, Lardner vividly creates the language and the ambiance of this lower class, often using the misspelled words, grammatical errors and incorrect diction that typified the language of the lower middle class. The questions 1. The word “vividly” in line 6 is closest in meaning to … A) in a cultured way (B) in a correct way (C) in a lifelike way (D) in a brief way 2. The word “misspelled” in line 7 is closest in meaning to … (A) highly improper (B) vulgar (C) incorrectly written (D) slang 1.
The word “diction” in line 8 is closest in meaning to …
(A) Writing (B) Sentence structure (C) Form (D) Speech In the first question, the word vividly contains the word part viv, which means life, so the best answer is answer (C). In the second question, the word misspelled contains the word part mis, which means error or incorrect, so the best answer is answer (C). In the third question, the word diction contains the word part dic, which means speak, so that answer is answer (D). USE CONTEXT TO DETERMINE MEANINGS OF DIFFICULT WORDS
On the TOEFL test you will sometimes be asked to determine the meanings of a difficult word, a word that you are expected to know. In this case, the passage will give you a clear indication of what the word means. Example Line in the passage : The barges headed across the lake … The question : A “barge” is probably, which of the following? A) A trai (B) A plane C) A bicycle (D) A boat USE CONTEXT TO DETERMINE MEANINGS OF SIMPLE WORDS You will sometimes be asked to determine the meaning of a simple word, a word that you see often in everyday English. In this type of question, you should not give the normal everyday meaning of the word, instead, the TOEFL test wants you to know the meaning of the word in this situation. Example A line from the passage : He put his answer this way …The question : The word “put” is closest meaning to which of the following? A) Placed (B) Set (C) Expressed D) handed She always helps many people. She, however, is bad with her mother. Cardamon is not as widely used as a spice in the United States as it is in other parts of the world. This fruit of the ginger plant provides an oil that basically has been used solely as a stimulant in American and English medicines. Other cultures have recognized the multipurpose benefits of this aromatic fruit. In Asia it is used to season sauces such as curry; in Middle Eastern countries it is seeped to prepare a flavorful golden colored
tea; in parts of northern Europe it is used as spice in various types of pastry. 1. The word “solely” in line 2 could best be replaced by … A) initially B) only C) reportedly D) healthfully 2. The word “multipurpose” in line 3 is closest in meaning to the word “season” in line 4? (A) Health (B) Singular (C) Recognized (D) varied 3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “season” in line 4? (A) Divide (B) Forecast (C) Spice (D) Put a time limit 4. “Curry” in line 4 is … (A) the fruit of ginger plant (B) A spicy type of sauce (C) A culture in the area of the Middle East (D) A type of golden-colored tea 5. The word “seeped” in line 5 is closest in meaning to … (A) Steamed (B) Dried (C) Stored (D) grown The life-span of an elephant that dies from natural causes is about sixtyfive years. Of course, an elephant can perish from a number of” unnatural causes”; e.g it can be killed by hunters, most probably for the valuable
ivory in its tusks; it can die from deases that spread throughout an elephant herd; or it can die from drought or from the lack of food that almost certainly accompanies the inadequate supply of water. If, however, an elephant survives disasters, it falls prey to old age in its mid-sixties. Around this age, the cause of death is attributed to the loss of the final set of molars. When this last set of teeth is gone, the elephant dies from malnutrition because it is unable to obtain unadequate nourishment. In old age, elephant tend to search out a final home where there is shade for comfort from the sun and soft vegetation for cushioning; the bones of many old elephants have been found in such places. 1.
The word “perish in line 2 means
2.
(A) fall ill
3.
(B) shoot
4.
(C) die
5.
(D) get rich
1.
The word “unnatural” in line 2 is closest meaning to
2.
(A) wild
3.
(B) violent
4.
(C) domesticated
5.
(D) abnormal
1.
The word “drought” in line 4 means …
2. 3.
(A) a drowning
4.
(B) a lack of food
5.
(C) an inadequate supply of water
6.
(D) an overabundance of animals
1. Which of the following could be used to replace the word “survives” in line 6? 2. 3
(A) Rises to
4
(B) Succumbs to
5
(C) Denies
6
(D) Lives through
1.
“Molars” in line 7 are…
2.
(A) germs
3.
(B) old-age characteristics
4.
(C) types of food
5.
(D) teeth
1.
In line 8, “malnutrition” is used to describe someone who …
2.
(A) is in good health
3.
(B) has an illness
4.
(C) suffers from poor eating
5.
(D) experiences dental problems
1.
The expression “a final home” in line 9 is closest in meaning to …
2.
(A) a place to die
3.
(B) a comfortable house
4.
(C) a place for sale
5.
(D) the only remaining place to live
1.
The word “shade” in line 9 is closest in meaning to …
2.
(A) color
3.
(B) heat
4.
(C) diminished light
5.
(D) a front porch
6.
GRAMMAR/STRUCTURE
NORMAL SENTENCE PATERN IN ENGLISH
Subject Verb Complement Modifier (predicate) (object) (adverb) John and I ate a pizza last night We studied “present perfect” last week.
Learn the following sentences and their sentence patterns! •
They smile.
They smile. Subject
Verb / predicate
•
We sleep.
We
sleep.
Subject •
Verb / predicate
My father drinks coffee.
My father
drinks
coffee.
Subject
Verb / predicate Complement
/ object •
The lady writes a letter.
The lady Subject •
A letter.
Verb/ predicate
Complement / object
The man lives in a village.
The man subject •
Writes
lives in a village. Verb/ predicate
Modifier/ adeverb
The man makes handicrafts in a village.
The man Subject
makes
Handicrafts in a village.
Verb / predicate Complement / object
/ adverb •
She can dance.
She
can dance.
Subject
verb phrase
Modifier
•
Mr. Joko has gone.
Mr.Joko
Has gone.
Subject
Verb phrase
•
He is shopping.
He
is shopping.
Subject
verb phrase
Linking verb : am, is, are Incorrect : She drove on the street the car. Verb modifier complement Correct : She drove the car on the street. Verb complement modifier “Urutannya subject + Verb + complement + modifier”, tidak bisa dibalik antara complement dengan modifier” . Identify the subject, verb, and modifier 1.
George is cooking dinner.
2.
Henry and Marcia have visited the president.
3.
We can eat lunch in this restaurant today.
4.
Pat should have visited the president.
5.
We can eat lunch in this restaurant today.
6.
Trees grow
7.
It was raining at seven o’clock this morning.
8.
Jill is buying a new hat in the store.
9.
Harry is washing dishes right now.
10.
She opened her book.
B. Subject pronouns Vs Possessive adjectives •
My car is new.
•
He has a house.
•
His house is old
•
And so on….
•
I have a car.
Aku dalam bahasa Inggris ketika sebagai subjek = “I”, ketika sebagai objek = “me”.. Selanjutnya ketika aku berfungsi menyatakan kepunyaan berubah menjadi “my”, kemudian you menjadi your, dst. Rumusnya Subject pronouns Possessive adjectives I You
my your
They their We
our
He
his
She
her
It
Its
C. Possessive adjectives Vs Possessive pronouns •
My hat is red and your hat is blue.
•
My hat is red and yours is blue.
•
Your hat is blue and mine is red.
Ketika kita mau mengatakan topiku bahasa Inggrisnya = my hat. Lantas apa bahasa inggrisnya milikku? Yaitu mine.. milik mereka = theirs, mikik kami ours, dst.Rumusnya Possessive adjectives
My
Possessive pronouns
mine
Your yours Their Theirs Our
Ours
His
His
Her
Hers
Its
Its
D. Object/complement pronouns Vs Reflexive pronouns •
He cooked for me yesterday.
•
He cooked for himself last night.
•
Anisa bought her little brother a new hat.
•
Joan bought herself a new hat.
Rumus ini digunakan terarah pada dirinya diriku”, maka bahsa dirinya = He hurts pronounya.
ketika sebuah subjek melakukan perbuatan yang sendiri. Misalnya, “Aku membeli makanan untuk inggrisnya I buy food for myself. “Dia menyakiti himself. Jadi ada penambahan self/selves pada
Rumusnya Object/complement pronouns Reflexive pronouns Me
myself
You
yourself
yourselves Them themselves Us
ourselves
Him
Himself
Her
Herself
It
Itself
Do the following exercises! 1.
I go to school with (he/him) yesterday.
2.
I see (she/her/herself) at the union everyday.
3.
She speaks to (we/us/ourselves) every morning.
4.
(He/Him) is going to New York on vacation.
5.
(She/her) and John gave the money to the boy.
6.
I hurt (my/mine/the) leg.
7.
John bought (he/him/ hisself /himself) a new hat.
8.
(Your/yours) record is scratched and (my/mine) is too.
9.
(We/us) girls are going camping over the weekend.
10.
We like (our/ours) new car very much.
11.
Marry and (I/me) would rather go to the movies.
12.
Monday is a holiday for (we/us) teahers.
VERBS AS COMPLEMENTS
Verbs as Complements, artinya kata-kata kerja sebagai pelengkap. Maksudnya sering kali kata kerja itu berfungsi sebagai pelengkap, yaitu pelengkap dari kata-kata kerja lain. Contoh : 1.
He agrees to meet.
2.
He enjoys sitting there.
3. Kata meet adalah sebagai pelengkap kata agrees, tapi coba perhatikan meet ditulis dengan to meet. Bukan meet saja atau ditambah ing meeting. 4. Sedangkan kata enjoys diikuti verb ing sitting, bukan sit saja, atau to sit. 5. Jadi materi ini mengajarkan bahwa ada daftar kata kerja yang diikuti “to verb”, dan ada daftar kata kerja yang diikuti verb-ing. 6.
Dalam tes TOEFL materi ini sangat sering diujikan.
A. Verbs yang diikuti infinitives (to verb) Agree : setuju •
Desire : ingin
•
Intend : ingin
•
Prepare : menyiapkan
•
Tend : cenderung
•
Attempt : berusaha
•
Fail : gagal
•
Learn : belajar
•
Pretend : berpura-pura
•
Try : mencoba
•
Claim : mengklaim
•
Forget : melupakan
•
Need : membutuhkan
•
Refuse : menolak
•
Want : menginginkan
•
Decide : memutuskan
•
Hesitate : ragu-ragu
•
Offer : menawarkan
•
Seem : kelihatan
•
Wish : berharap
•
Demand : menuntut
•
Hope : berharap
•
Plan : berencana
•
Agree : setuju
Contoh
•
Marry learned to swim when she was very young.
•
The soldiers are preparing to attack the village.
•
The budget committee decided to postpone this meeting.
B. Verbs diikuti oleh gerund (verb ing) •
Admit : mengakui
•
Appreciate : menghargai
•
Delay : menunda
•
Miss : ketinggalan / rindu
•
Regret : menyesal
•
Risk : mengambil resiko/beresiko
•
Deny : menyangkal
•
Postpone : menunda
•
Report : melaporkan
•
Suggest : menyarankan
•
Avoid : menolak
•
Enjoy : menikmati
•
Practice : berlatih
•
Resent : marah, benci, merasa tersinggung
•
Can’t help : tidak betah
•
Finish : menyelesaikan
•
Quit : berhenti
•
Resist : menahan, menolak
•
Consider : mempertimbangkan
•
Mind : keberatan
•
Recall : mengingat
•
Resume : melanjutkan, mulai lagi
•
Object to : keberatan
•
Look forward to : mengharap-harap
•
Confess to : mengakui
•
Approve of : setuju dengan
•
Give up : menyerah
•
Worry about : merasa cemas dengan
•
Be better off : lebih baik
•
Insist on : bersikeras
•
Succeed in : berhasil
•
Count on : mengharapkan
•
Keep on : terus , tetap
•
Think about : depend on
•
Put off : menunda
•
Think of : berpikir terhadap
Contoh :
•
John admitted stealing the money.
•
We enjoyed seeing them again.
•
Michael was considering buying a new car.
•
John gave up smoking
•
Marry insisted on taking the bus instead of the plane.
•
Fred confessed to stealing the jewels.
•
We are not looking forward to going back to school.
• C. Verbs yang dapat diikuiti oleh “gerund = verb-ing” atau “infinitives = to verb” tanpa perubahan makna.
•
Begin : mulai
•
Like : suka
•
Can’t stand : tidak betah
•
Love : cinta
•
Continue : melanjutkan
•
Prefer : lebih suka
•
Dread : takut kepada
•
Start : mulai
•
Hate : benci
Contoh : •
He started to study TOEFL. OR He started studying TOEFL.
• Joan hates to ride her bicycle. OR Joan hates riding her bicycle to school. • He dreads meeting the headmaster. OR He dreads to meet the headmaster. D. Be berapa verbs yang dapat diikuti baik oleh “infinitive = to verb” atau ”gerund = verb-ing”, tapi maknanya berubah. •
stop
•
remember
•
forget
For examples • John stopped studying. (John sedang belajar kemudian berhenti, dan tidak melanjutkan lagi) • John stopped to study. (John sedang melakukan suatu pekerjaan, kemudian berhenti unuk belajar) • I remember meeting him in a seminar last year. (Aku ingat peristiwa ketika bertemu dia di sebuah seminar tahun lalu.) • I remember to meet him today. (Aku ingat bahwa aku harus / berencana untuk menemui dia hari ini.) •
Tambahan* Daftar kata sifat yang diikuti oleh gerund (verb ing)
•
Accustomed to : terbiasa dengan
•
Intent on : bermaksud sungguh-sungguh untuk
•
Afraid of : takut pada
•
Interested in : tertarik pada
•
Capable of : mampu untuk
•
Successful in : sukses dalam
•
Fond of : senang pada
•
Tired of : lelah dengan
•
For examples
•
Mitch is afraid of getting married now.
•
I am accustomed to smoking
•
We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekends.
•
Alvaro is intent on finishing school next year.
•
Crag is fond of dancing.
• ing)
Tambahan* Daftar kata benda yang diikuti oleh the gerund (verb
•
Choice of : pilihan terhadap/atas
•
Possibility of : kemungkinan terhadap
•
Excuse for : alasan untuk
•
Intention of : keinginan untuk
•
Reason for : alasan untuk
•
Method for / method of : metode….
Contoh : George has excuse for dropping out of school. There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price. There is no reason for leaving this early. Connie has developed a method for evaluating this problem. Tambahan* Daftar kata sifat diikuti oleh infinitive (to verb) •
Anxious : khawatir
•
Eager : ingin tahu
•
Pleased : senang
•
Usual : biasa
•
Boring : membosankan
•
Easy : mudah
•
Prepared : siap
•
Common : umum
•
Dangerous : berbahaya
•
Good : bagus
•
Ready : siap
•
Difficult : sulit
•
Hard : keras
•
Strange : aneh
•
Able : dapat
For Examples •
Muhammad is anxious to see his family.
•
It is dangerous to drive in this weather.
•
We are ready to leave now.
•
It is difficult to pass this test.
Do the following exercise
1.
The teacher decided (accepting/to accept) the paper.
2.
They appreciate (to have/ having) this information.
3.
We found it very difficult (reaching / to reach) a decision)
4.
Dona is interested in (opening/to open a bar).
5.
Marry regrets (to be/ being) the one to have to tell him.
6.
George pretended (to be/being) sick yesterday.
7.
He demands (to know/knowing) what is going on.
8.
Henry shouldn’t risk (to drive/driving) so fast.
9.
There is no excuse for (to leave/leaving) the room in this condition.
10.
She is looking forward to (return/returning) to their country.
THE VERB NEED “The boy needs cutting his hair” or The boy needs to cut his hair”……?
Kata kerja need diikuti infinitive / to verb hanya jika subjeknya benda hidup. Tapi jika subjeknya benda mati maka kata kerja need diikuti oleh gerund (verb ing) atau diikuti oleh “to be + past participle (Verb 3)” A. Subjek benda hidup + infinitive •
John and his brother need to paint the house.
•
My friend needs to learn Spanish
•
He will need to drive
B. Subjek benda mati + verb ing (to be+ past participle) •
The grass needs cutting. OR The grass needs to be painted.
• The television needs repairing. OR The television needs to be repaired. • The composition needs rewriting. OR The composition needs to be written. “Perhatikan”, kita menggunakan “in need of” dengan aturan berikut. subject + be + in need of + noun For examples •
Jill is in need of money. (Jill needs money)
•
The roof is in need of repairing. (The roof needs to be repaired.)
• The organization is in need of volunteers. (The organization needs volunteers.) •
Exercise
1. It’s too hot and my hair needs … (cut). 2.
The computer needs … (repair).
3.
James needs ….. (see) a doctor.
4.
Marry will need … (make) a new dress for the party.
5.
His car needs … (tune).
6.
You will need … to be here at night.
7.
The house needs … (paint) soon.
QUESTIONS Dalam pertanyaan selalu digunakan kata kerja Bantu atau to be sebelum subjek.
Contoh : •
Are you sad?
•
Is he tall?
•
Why are they angry?
•
What do you eat?
•
What will we get?
•
Etc……
Selalu beriringan to be / kata kerja Bantu + subject… Penting*Embedded Questions : Adalah sebuah pertanyaan yang terdapat dalam sebuah kalimat lain ; kalimat positive, negative, atau interrogative. Pelajari susunannya. Rumusnya : Subject + verb (phrase) + question word + verb Pelajari contoh-contoh berikut ! Question : Where will the meeting take place? Embedded question : We haven’t ascertained where the meeting will take place. Q.word Subject verb phrase Question : Why did the plane land at the wrong airport? Embedded Questions : The authorities cannot figure out why the plane landed at the Q.word subject verb wrong airport. Embedded Questions : Do you know where he went? Could you tell me what time it is? The professor didn’t know how many students would be in her afternoon class. I have no idea how long the interview will take. Tambahan (perkecualian)* Apabila kalimat Tanya nya seperti berikut (question word berfungsi sebagai subject) maka dalam embedded question kalimat Tanya tersebut tidak mengalami perubahan. Question : Who will paint that picture?
Embedded question : They can’t deide who will paint the picture. Question : Whose car is parked in the lot? Embedded Questions : The police can’t determine whose car is parked in the lot. Question tag* Dalam bahasa Indonesia kita sering mengatakan kamu lapar kan?…..Dia tinggal di Jogja kan?….. dst. Berikut caranya, pelajari baik-baik! •
You are sick, aren’t you?
•
He likes tea, doesn’t he?
•
You helped him, didn’t you?
•
You were at home, weren’t you?
•
He can swim, can’t he?
Berikut ini beberapa contoh tipe soal dalam tes TOEFL, pelajari baik-baik!
Tipe soal 1 Penggunaan to be Find the incorrect word/words! Buying clothes are often a very time-consuming practice because those clothes ABC that a person likes are rarely the ones that fit him or her. D Apa jawaban anda? Jawaban yang benar adalah A. To be are yang ditulis disana salah, seharusnya to be nya adalah is. Nah dari sini seharusnya kita kita kritis bertanya, mengapa yang benar is bukan are? Kapan digunakan is, kapan digunakan are? Pertama, to be is digunakan manakala subjeknya adalah he, she, atau it atau orang ketiga tunggal (manusia, hewan, atau benda, atau apa saja yang kita bicarakan dan itu tunggal). Contoh The boy is handsome. The cat is funny.
Kedua, to be are digunakan manakala subjeknya adalah you, they, we atau orang ketiga jamak (manusia, hewan, atau benda, atau apa saja yang kita bicarakan dan itu jamak) Contoh : The boys are handsome. The cats are funny. Adapun untuk soal di atas to be yang benar adalah is karena subjeknya adalah “buying clothes” (membeli pakaian). “Buying clothes disini dianggap tunggal karena sama maknanya dengan kata it (sesuatu yang kita bicarakan, dan itu tunggal). Perhatikan kalimat berikut! Membeli banyak pakaian tidak baik. (Buying clothes is not good.) Coba kita perhatikan frase membeli banyak pakaian itu termasuk subjek tunggal. Jangan terkecoh pada kata banyak pakaian (clothes)! Frase buying clothes tetap itu dianggap tunggal karena frase itu merupakan sebuah topic/ issue tunggal. Tipe soal 2 Penggunaan many atau much, a few atau a little Find the incorrect word/words! Because they had spent too many time considering the new contract, the students ABC lost their opportunity to lease the appartment. D Apa jawaban anda? Jawaban yang benar adalah B. Karena “…too many time..” adalah salah. Seharusnya too much time. Mengapa yang benar pakai much bukan many? Bagaimana aturannya? Rules Diikuti kata benda terhitung /countable nouns Diikuti kata benda tak terhitung /uncountable nouns a, the, some, any some chairs
the, some, any
some water this, that, these, those this, that
none, one, two, three
None
Many a lot of a large number of a great number of (a)
few
(b)
fewer… than
(c)
more… than
much (usually in negatives or questions)
a lot of a large amount of (a)
little
(b)
less… than
(c)
more … than
Tipe soal 3 Penggunaan pronoun kata ganti; my/me, they/them, himself/hisself? Find the incorrect word/words! These televisions are all too expensive for we to buy at this time, but perhaps we ABCD will return later. Apa jawaban anda? Jawaban yang benar adalah C. “……………..all too expensive for we to buy……”. Kata for we disini salah, yang benar seharusnya for us. Mengapa? Karena kata kita disini berposisi sebagai object of preposition/complement of preposition(objek preposisi) Contoh mudahnya sebagai berikut, mana yang benar? I buy an apple for…. (he/him).—————tentu yang benar adalah him He builds a house for … (they/them.) Berikut teori lengkapnya:
A. Subject pronouns Vs Object/complement pronouns •
I like him.
•
He likes me.
•
They like us.
•
We like them.
•
I write a letter for her.
•
And so on…..
Subject pronouns Object pronouns (Complement pronouns) I You
Me You
They Them We
Us
He
Him
She
Her
It
It
B. Subject pronouns Vs Possessive adjectives •
I have a car.
•
My car is new.
•
He has a house.
•
His house is old
•
And so on….
Subject pronouns Possessive adjectives I You
My Your
They Their We
Our
He
His
She
Her
It
Its
C. Possessive adjectives Vs Possessive pronouns My hat is red and your hat is blue. •
My hat is red and yours is blue.
•
Your hat is blue and mine is red.
Possessive adjectives my
Possessive pronouns
Mine
your Yours their Theirs our
Ours
his
His
her
Hers
its
Its
D. Object/complement pronouns Vs Reflexive pronouns •
He cooked for me yesterday.
•
He cooked for himself last night.
•
Anisa bought her little brother a new hat.
•
Joan bought herself a new hat.
Object/complement pronouns Reflexive pronouns me
Myself
you
yourself
yourselves them themselves us
ourselves
him
Himself
her
Herself
it
Itself
Tipe Soal 4 Embedded question Find the incorrect word/words!
The next important question we have to decide is when do we have to submit the ABCD proposal. Apa jawaban anda? Jawaban yang benar adalah pilihan C. Seharusnya kalimat itu adalah “ The next important question we have to decide is when we have to submit the proposal.” Jadi tidak pakai do. Untuk lebih memahaminya perhatikan contoh-contoh kalimat berikut; •
When do you go?
•
Then question is when you go.
Penggunaan do dihilangkan manakala kalimat tersebut berfungsi sebagai objek/complement dari sebuah kalimat (noun clause) Contoh lain : •
Where do you live?
•
I know where you live.
•
Where is your house?
•
He told me where your house is.
Tipe soal 5 Penggunaan either dan neither Find the incorrect word/words! George has not completed the assignment yet, and Maria hasn’t neither. ABCD Apa jawaban anda? Jawaban yang benar adalah pada pilihan D. Seharusnya yang benar adalah Maria hasn’t either, atau Maria has neither. Kata either artinya juga. Sama, kata neither artinya juga. Kedua-duanya digunakan untuk kalimat bermakna negatif.
Anda mau mengatakan : Dia tidak makan, dan aku juga. Anda dapat mengatakan : He does not eat, and neither do I. Atau He does not eat, and I don’t either. Jadi rumusnya : Neither + auxiliary verb + subject Subject + auxiliary verb + not + either Tipe soal 6 Susunan modifier dan complement yang dibalik John decided to buy in the morning a new car, but in the afternoon ABC he changed his mind. D Apa jawaban anda? Jawaban yang benar adalah B. Seharusnya kalimat diatas “John decided to buy a new car in the morning, but ………..” Jadi masalah di atas terkait dengan posisi complement(objek) dengan modifier (keterangan) yang di awali preposis yang terbalik. Seharusnya complement dulu, baru modifier yang diawali preposisi. Pelajari teori berikut. Normal Sentence Pattern in English
Subject Verb Complement Modifier John and I ate a pizza last night We studied “present perfect” last week.
•
They smile.
They smile. Subject
verb
•
We sleep.
We
sleep.
Subject •
verb
My father drinks coffee.
My father
drinks
Subject
verb complement
•
The lady writes a letter.
The lady Subject •
writes
Subject
verb complement
lives in a village. verb modifier
The man makes handicrafts in a village.
The man Subject
makes
She can dance.
She
can dance.
Subject
handicrafts in a village.
verb complement
•
•
a letter.
The man lives in a village.
The man
•
coffee.
verb phrase
Mr. Joko has gone.
Mr.Joko
Has gone.
Subject
Verb phrase
•
He is shopping.
He
is shopping.
Subject
verb phrase
Linking verb : am, is, are
modifier
Incorrect : She drove on the street the car. Verb complement Correct : She drove the car on the street. Verb complement Tipe soal 7 Penggunaan kata other Some of the plants in this store require very little care, but this one needs AB much more sunlight than the others ones. CD
Tipe soal 8 Penggunaan tenses dalam adverbial clause yang menggunakan kata after dan before After George had returned to his house, he was reading a book. ABCD After + s + had + v3………s + v2 After I had taken a bath, I prayed. After I had taken a bath, I was sleepy. Before I ate , I had taken a bath. Tipe A
Tipe B
Predikat Kata kerja We sleep. He drinks tea. I go home. I do not stand. We do not walk. She does not sing. We do not have money. Do you smoke? Do I sleep?
Predikat selain kata kerja
Does she sing? Do you eat rice? What do you eat? Does she drink milk? What does she drink? Who do you go with? What do you work for? Last night I met a ghost. Yesterday they walked. Yesterday I did not eat. Yesterday he did not smile. Did you go to the beach yesterday? What did you write last night?
Tomorrow I will meet the director. Tomorrow I will go to Bali. Will you fly? Will you sleep? Will she cry? What will you eat? Who will you go with? I have eaten. She has gone. They have left jogja. Has she gone? Have they left jogja? Have I eaten? What have I eaten? I am sitting. He is reading.
They are talking. Are they studying? What are they studying? They are not playing. I have eaten now. At that time I had eaten. At that time she had gone. At that time she had not gone. Now we are studying English. At that time we were studying. At that time I would call you. She is beautiful. They are rich. My mother is pretty. I am not hungry. She is not famous. She is not angry. We are not at home. Are you crazy? Am I beautiful? Why are you sad? Why am I tired? Why are they sad? Last night I was afraid. Yesterday they were angry. Yesterday I was not healthy. Yesterday they were not sick. Were you happy last night? Was crazy last night? Why were you sad last night? Next year I will be happy.
Will she be happy? Will she be mine? Why will you be here? They have been here. He has been satisfied. Why has he been satisfied? Why have you been disappointed?
Tipe soal 9 Subject-verb agreement Many theories on conserving the purity of water has been proposed, AB but no one has been as widely accepted as this one. CD The girls are/is..…in bad condition. The boy playing toys…..naughty. They boys are I eat. You eat. They eat. He eats. She eats. The lady eats. The ladies eat. The lady ..has/have.. a car. The ladies ..has/have.. a car.
Tipe soal 10 Beberapa kata yang tidak pernah digunakan dalam bentuk continuous The food that Mark is cooking in the kitchen is smelling delicious.
ABCD • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Know Understand Have Believe Hate Need Hear Love Appear See Like Seem Smell Want Taste Wish Sound Own
Tipe soal 11 Pemahaman tenses dasar After John eaten dinner, he wrote several letters and went to bed. ABCD
Tipe soal 12 Keterangan waktu pada tenses dasar The manager has finished working on the report last night, and now she will ABC begin to write the other proposal. D I have eaten now. I have eaten two hours ago. S + v2 S + have/has + v3 I have eaten now. I ate two hours ago.
I have bought a dictionary today. I have bought a dictionary this morning.
Tipe soal 13 Masalah pronoun Because Sam and Michelie had done all of the work theirselves., they were ABC unwilling to give the results to Joan. D
Tipe soal 14 Masalah conditional sentence Daniel said that if he had to do another homework tonight, he would not be able AB to attend the concert. D TIPE 1 If I meet Mr. Yanto, I will address him. If I get money , I will treat you. If it rains, I will wear a raincoat. TIPE 1 If I am hungry, I will buy some food. If you are sick, I will take care of you. If he comes, I will be happy. TIPE 2 If I brought money, I would treat you. If he met me, I would be happy. If they helped me, I would thank them. TIPE 2
If I were healthy, I would work. If I were rich , I would build a villa TIPE 3 If I had brought money , I would have given you some food. If I had passed, I would have studied abroad. If they had come, they would have helped us. If I had been healthy, I would have helped you. If I had been rich, I would have built a villa.
Tipe soal 15 Prepositions + gerunds (Verb-ing) After to take the medication the patient became drowsy and more manageable. ABCD
Tipe soal 16 Verbs + prepositions followed by gerund We insist on you leaving the meeting before any further outburst take place. ABCD • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Approve of Give up Rely on Worry about Be better off Insist on Succeed in Count on Keep on Think about Depend on Put off Think of
Tipe soal 17 Question tag
It has been a long time since we have talked to John , isn’t it? ABCD You are sick, aren’t/isn’t you? You will go, won’t you? He sleeps, doesn’t he?
Tipe soal 18 Verbs + prepositions followed the word to as preposition (object to, look forward to, confess to) Henry objects to our buying this house without the approval of our attorney, and ABC John does so. D I want to go. He comes to sleep.
Tipe soal 19 Verbs that are followed by gerund / verb-ing Rita enjoyed to be able to meet several Congress members during her vocation. ABCD • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Admit Delay Miss Regret Risk Appreciate Deny Postpone Report Suggest Avoid Enjoy Practice Resent
• • • • • • • •
Can’t help Finish Quit Resist Consider Mind Recall Resume
Tipe soal 20 Verbs that are always followed by infinitive (to + verb) After being indicted for his part in a bank robbery, the reputed mobster decided find ABCD another attorney . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Agree Desire Intend Prepare Tend Attempt Fail Learn Pretend Try Claim Forget Need Refuse Want Decide Hesitate Offer Seem Wish Demand Hope Plan Strive
LISTENING COMPREHENSION KUNCI UMUM
Kunci 1 : Pahamilah bentuk-bentuk perintah (direction) pada masingmasing bagian ( part ) dengan baik sebelum hari-H ujian. Kunci 2 : Baca pilihan-pilihan jawaban pada masing-masing soal sebanyak mungkin ketika narrator sedang membacakan directions dan contoh soal (example). Kunci 3 : Dengarkan dengan penuh konsentrasi dan fokuskan perhatian Anda pada percakapan yang sedang Anda dengarkan. Kunci 4 : Maksimalkan kemampuan listening pertama pada masing-masing part .
Anda
pada
soal-soal
Kunci 5 : Fokuskan pendengaran Anda pada pembicara kedua. Kunci 6 : Jangan panik bila tidak bisa memahami kata demi kata dalam percakapan secara komplit. Anda hanya perlu menangkap ide atau isi percakapan. Kunci 7 : Bila Anda sama sekali tidak bisa memahami apa yang diucapkan pembicara kedua, pilihlah jawaban yang paling berbeda dari apa yang telah Anda dengar. Kunci 8 : Pahamilah bentuk-bentuk functional expression (agreement, uncertainty, suggestion, surprise), idiomatic expression, dan situasi ketika pembicaraan dilakukan.
LONGER CONVERSATION Kunci 9 :
Ketika narrator membacakan direction part B, anda sebaiknya membaca pilihan jawaban secara sekilas kemudian merekamnya dan memperkirakan tema apa yang akan menjadi perbincangan.
Kunci 10 : Ketika menyimak conversation, anda harus mengetahui apa tema/topic yang dibicarakan. Kunci 11 : Waspadalah terhadap masing-masing pertanyaan. Kunci 12 : Cermati kondisi dan situasi yang terjadi selama percakapan berlangsung, yakni menyangkut tempat dan waktu pembicaraan, apa dan siapa yang dibicarakan. Kunci 13 : Bila anda memiliki waktu, lihatlah pilihan-pilihan jawban yang tertera pada lembar soal dan temukan kata kuncinya. Kunci 14 : Waspadailah pembicaraan pada kalimat-kalimat pertama karena biasanya akan menjadi topic bagi kalimat-kalimat selanjutnya.
