UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO AMAZONAS - UFAM FT01 – ENGENHARIA CIVIL
DIEGO MONTEIRO DE SOUZA.
Nº 21457785.
ESTRUTURA ATÔMICA E MOLECULAR DOS MATERIAIS Tr! Tr!"#$ "#$ %r&'& %r&'&() ()*$ *$ +$,$ +$,$ &/( &/(+ + * *'+% *'+%"( "( FTC11 FTC1177 - MAT MATERIAIS ERIAIS DE CONSTR CONSTRU UO O I3 %r %r $!)&($ *& ($)3 +$,$ 6$r, *& "$. D) 29:0;:201; OO DE ALMEIDA MELO FILHO
MANAUS-AM 201; 1
Sumário
I. INTRODUÇÃO.....................................................................................................................? II. CLASSIFICAÇÃO DOS MATERIAIS .............................................................................4 II.1 - Materiais Metálicos......................................................................................................4 II. - Materiais !oli"#ricos $!lásticos%..............................................................................5 II. & - Materiais Cer'"icos...................................................................................................5 II. ( - Materiais Co")*sitos.................................................................................................; III. ESTRUTURA E !RO!RIEDADES DOS MATERIAIS ................................................7 III. 1 - N+,el Sat*"ico.......................................................................................................8 III. - N+,el At/"ico.............................................................................................................9 III. & - N+,el Microsc*)ico....................................................................................................9 III. ( - N+,el Macrosc*)ico...................................................................................................9 I0. LIAÇ2ES ATÔMICAS...................................................................................................9 I0.1 - I3tera45es At*"icas ....................................................................................................9 IV.1.1 – L/@&' I(+'...................................................................................................11 IV.1.2 - L/@&' C$"&()&'.............................................................................................11 IV.1.? - L/@&' M&)B"+'...............................................................................................12
0. ARRAN6OS ATÔMICOS 7 ESTRUTURA DOS MATERIAIS....................................1? 0.1 - Estrtra Cristali3a...................................................................................................1? 0. - Estrtras Moleclares ..............................................................................................15 0.& - Estrtras A"or8as....................................................................................................1; REFER9NCIAS :I:LIOR;FICAS..................................................................................17
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I. INTRODUÇÃO O' ,)&r' &')$ (),,&()& "/*$' &')(+ & &$"$ * &'%+& #,(. D&'*& $ (+$ * +"$3 $' ,)&r' & &(&r/ '$ '*$' +$, $ $!&)$ *& ,&"#$rr $ (&" *& * *$ '&r #,($. D&()r& $' ,)&r' ,' +$,('3 %$*&-'& +)r ,*&r3 +,&()$3 %&*r3 $3 %"B')+$3 *r$3 !$rr+#3 ",($3 +$!r& & %%&". E')&, ,)$' $)r$' )%$' *& ,)&r' &3 %r '& ($)r )" 6)$3 !') $!'&rr +$('))$ *$' $!&)$' $ ($''$ r&*$r. O' ,)&r' '$ ("'*$' & *&'&($"*$' *&()r$ *$ r,$ *$ +$(#&+,&()$ *&($,(*$ *& C(+ & E(/&(#r *& M)&r'3 $ J" )&,3 +$,$ ,&) %r(+%" /&r$ & &,%r&/$ *& +$(+&)$' &($"&(*$ +$,%$'$ J,+3 rr($ ),+$ & %r$+&'',&()$ *$' ,)&r' +$, '' +r+)&r')+' & &,%r&/$'. A +(+ *$' ,)&r' &')B ''$+* /&r$ *& +$(#&+,&()$ !B'+$ '$!r& &')r)r ()&r(3 %r$%r&**&' & %r$+&'',&()$ *& ,)&r'. E" )&, (* +$r($ $!&)$3 +$,%r&&(*&r ()r& *$' ,)&r'3 &')!&"&+&(*$ +$(+&)$' & )&$r' J& %&r,), r&"+$(r &')r)r *$' ,)&r' +$, '' %r$%r&**&' & +$,%$r),&()$. A &(/&(#r *$' ,)&r' &')B %r(+%",&()& "/* $ &,%r&/$ *& +$(+&)$' 6(*,&()' & &,%r+$' *$' ,)&r'3 ( +$(&r'$ *$' ,&',$' &, %r$*)$' 6('.
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II. CLASSIFICAÇÃO DOS MATERIAIS <$r +$(&((+3 ,$r *$' ,)&r' *& &(/&(#r +"''6+* &, )r' +"''&' %r(+%'3 J' '&, ,)&r' ,&)B"+$'3 ,)&r' %$",r+$' K%"B')+$' & ,)&r' +&r,+$'. E, *$ &')&' )r' )%$'3 , &')*$ ,' !r(/&()& *&& (+"r , $)r$ )%$3 J& &!&3 )",&()&3 /r(*& ,%$r)(+ )&+($"/+ $' ,)&r' +$,%')$' $ +$(/*$'.
II.1 - Materiais Metálicos O' ,)&r' ,&)B"+$' '$ '!')(+' ($r/(+' +$,%$')' %$r , $ ,' &"&,&()$' ,&)B"+$' & %$*&,3 ),!,3 +$()&r &"&,&()$' ($-,&)B"+$'. E&,%"$' *& ,)&r' ,&)B"+$' $3 +$!r&3 ",($3 (J&" & ))($. E"&,&()$' ($-,&)B"+$' +$,$ +r!$($3 ()r$/($ & $/($ %$*&, &')r +$()*$' &, ,)&r' ,&)B"+$'. O' ,&)' ), , &')r)r +r')"(3 ( J" $' B)$,$' &')$ rr(*$' *& ,(&r $r*&(*. E"&'3 &, /&r"3 '$ !$(' +$(*)$r&' )r,+$' & &")r+$'. '& )$*$' $' ,&)' '$ ,&+(+,&()& r&'')&()&'3 *P+)&' & ,)$' ,(), &') r&'')(+ ,&',$ &, ")' )&,%&r)r'.
II. - Materiais !oli"#ricos $!lásticos% A ,$r *$' ,)&r' %$",r+$' +$('')& *& +*&' ,$"&+"r&' $r/(+' K+r!$($ *& "$(/ &)&('$. E')r)r",&()&3 ,$r *&')&' ,)&r' ($ +r')"(3 %$r, "/(' &!&, , ,')r *& r&/@&' +r')"(' & ($-+r')"('. A r&'')(+ ,&+(+ & *+)"**& *$' ,)&r' %$",r+$' r &($r,&,&()&. D&*$ ()r& * &')r)r ()&r(3 ,$r *$' %"B')+$' +$(*&, &"&)r+**& & +"$r *& ,(&r &)r&,,&()& %r&+Br. I')$ %&r,)& J& $' ,&',$' '&, 6r&J&()&,&()& )"*$' +$,$ '$"()&'3 )&(*$ /r(*& ,%$r)(+ ( +$(6&+$ *& *'%$')$' & &J%,&()$' &"&)r(+$'. E, /&r"3 $' ,)&r' %$",r+$' ), !$ %&'$ &'%&+6+$ & %r&'&(), )&,%&r)r *& *&+$,%$'$ r&"),&()& !.
II. & - Materiais Cer'"icos O' +&r,+$' '$ ,)&r' ($r/(+$' +$('))*$' %$r &"&,&()$' ,&)B"+$' & ($,&)B"+$' (*$' %$r ,&$ *& "/@&' J,+'. E')&' ,)&r' %$*&, '&r +r')"($'3 ($+r')"($' $ , ,')r *& ,!$'. A ,$r *$' +&r,+$' %r&'&() ") *r& & &"&* r&'')(+ ,&+(+3 ,&',$ &, ")' )&,%&r)r'. 4
E()r&)()$3 )' ,)&r' '$3 ($r,",&()&3 !')()& 6rB/&'. U, /, !')()& ,%" *& ($$' ,)&r' +&r,+$' &')B '&(*$ *&'&($"*3 )&(*$ +$,$ $!&)$ *&r'' %"+@&'3 +$,$ $ +'$ *& %&' %r ,$)$r&' *& +$,!')$ ()&r(. N&')& +'$3 &')&' ,)&r' ), ()/&, *$ !$ %&'$3 r&'')(+ & *r& &"&*'3 ), r&'')(+ $ +"$r & %r$%r&**&' '$"()&'. O 6)$ *& '&r , !$, '$"()& )r,+$3 !&, +$,$ '&r r&'')&()& $ +"$r3 %&r,)& J& $' ,)&r' +&r,+$' )&(#, ,%$r)()& %%&" ( +$(')r$ *& 6$r($' '*$' ( (*P')r ,&)"Pr/+. U, %"+$ r&+&()&3 J& r&)r) +$, 6*&"**& $ %$)&(+" *$' ,)&r' +&r,+$'3 $ '$ *$' ,&',$' ( +$(')r$ *$ (!' &'%+" ,&r+($. A &')r)r *&')& &+"$ *& ",($ r&&')* %$r ,"#r&' *& %')"#' +&r,+'. E')' %')"#' *$ %r$)&$ )r,+ $ (!' *r()& '!* & %$r $+'$ * r&&()r* *$ ,&',$ ( ),$'6&r.
II. ( - Materiais Co")*sitos O' ,)&r' +$,%')$' $ +$(/*$' '$ +$,!(@&' *& *$' $ ,' ,)&r'. A ,$r *&')&' ,)&r' +$('')& *& , &"&,&()$ *& r&6$r$ &($"*$ %$r , ,)r3 +$('))* *& r&'( +$"()&3 +$, $ O!&)$ *& $!)&r +r+)&r')+' &'%&+6+' & %r$%r&**&' *&'&*'. G&r",&()&3 $' +$,%$(&()&' ($ '& *''$"&, , ($ $)r$ & %$*&, '&r *&()6+*$'3 6'+,&()&3 %$r , ()&r6+& &()r& $' ,&',$'3 !&, *&6(*. O' ,)&r' +$,%')$' %$*&, '&r *& Br$' )%$' & $' ,' +$,(' '$ $' 6!r$'$' K6!r' &($"*' %$r , ,)r & $' %r)+"*$' K%r)+"' &($"*' %$r , ,)r. E')& , (6(**& *& )%$' *& &"&,&()$' *& r&6$r$'3 !&, +$,$ ,)r&' '*' (*')r",&()&. D$' )%$' ($)B&' *& ,)&r' +$,%')$'3 '*$' ()&(',&()& ( (*P')r3 '$ 6!r *& *r$ &, ,)r *& &% & 6!r *& +r!$($ ),!, &, ,)r *& &%. U, &&,%"$ !')()& 6,"r *& ,)&r" +$,%')$ $ +$(+r&)$ r,*$ J&3 (* ,' 3 J& , ,)r *& +$(+r&)$ K+,&()$3 r& & %&*r &($"&(*$ $ &"&,&()$ *& r&6$r$3 r&%r&'&()*$ %$r !rr' *& $. N tabela l '$ +$,%r*' "/,' %r$%r&**&' *$' ,)&r' ,&)B"+$'3 +&r,+$' & %$",r+$'.
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II. < - Sstiti4=o e Co")eti4=o >e Materiais A +$,%&)$ &()r& *6&r&()&' )%$' *& ,)&r' , %r$+&''$ +$()($ J& $+$rr& *&'*& $' %r,r*$' * +"$3 ,&** J&3 &, 6($ *& '' (&+&''**&'3 $ #$,&, (+$ )r('6$r,$ *& ,)&r' &, 6&rr,&()' & )&('"$'.
Taela 1? C$('))$ & +r+)&r')+' *$' ,)&r' ,&)B"+$'3 +&r,+$' & %$",r+$'
E, , '')&, *& %r$*$ & +$(',$3 ,)$' 6)$r&' & '%&+)$' '$ +$(')()&,&()& ")&r*$'. I')$ %r$$+ +$()( !'+ %&" r&%$'$ *& ,)&r'3 )&(*$ +$,$ $!&)$ $ ,&($r +')$ *& %r$*$3 !&, +$,$ $ ,&()$ * &6+(+ *$ %r$*)$ 6(".
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III. ESTRUTURA E !RO!RIEDADES DOS MATERIAIS O &,%r&/$ *& ,)&r' ( 6$r, *& %r$*)$' +!*$' &($"&3 /&r",&()&3 &)%' *& %r$+&'',&()$ $(*& "/,' *& '' +r+)&r')+' %$*&, '&r '/(6+),&()& ")&r*'3 $ J&3 ($r,",&()&3 r&'") &, ,$*6+@&' ( &')r)r ()&r( *$ ,)&r". <$r &&,%"$3 ,$*6+$ * 6$r, /&$,)r+ *& , ,)&r" ,&)B"+$3 $ '&3 +$(6$r,$ %"B')+ *$ ,&',$3 +rr&) &, ")&r@&' ($ &')*$ *& )&('$ * &')r)r ),+3 !&, +$,$ %$*& ,$*6+r &')r)r $ (&" ),+$. U, ,)&r" %r '&r %"+*$ &, &(/&(#r (&+&'') %r&'&()r **$' '$!r& '' +r+)&r')+' !B'+' & ),!, '$!r& ,(&r +$, J& $ ,&',$ 6$ %r$+&''*$ ) $ ,$,&()$ *& '&r &,%r&/*$. U, +#% *& $3 J& 3 ( &r**&3 , "/ *& 6&rr$ & +r!$($3 ",(* 6r$ %r&'&() +r+)&r')+' *')()' *& , $)r ",(* J&()&.
MATERIAIS
ESTRUTURA DOS MATERIAIS
PRORIEDAD ES MECÂNICAS
Ligações Atômicas: Metálicas Covalentes Iônicas Estruturas: Cristalina Amorfa Molecular
Resistência Ductilidade Elasticidade Dureza Fadiga Fluência Tencidade á Fratura
PRORIEDAD ES FÍSICAS E QUIMICAS
MODIFICAÇÕ ES DAS PROPRIEDA DES
Densidade Ponto de Fuso Calor Es!eci"co Condut# T$rmica Condut# El$trica Coef# E%!# T$rmica Pro!# Magn$ticas &%ida'o Corroso
Tratamentos T$rmicos Enduf# !( Preci!ita'o Recozimento Têm!era Trat# de )u!er"cie *igas Materiais Com!ositos Trat# Termo+ mecênicos
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A ()r& & +$,%$r),&()$ *$' ,)&r' &, '&r$ &')$ !'+,&()& ''$+*' $' )%$' *& B)$,$' &($"*$' & $' rr($' *$' ,&',$'. U, ,)&r" %$*& '&r +$('))*$ %$r , $ ,' )%$' *& &"&,&()$' J,+$'. E()r&)()$3 6$r, +$, J& )' &"&,&()$' '& rr(, ($ &'%$ *&)&r,(rB ' +r+)&r')+' *$ ,)&r". A &')r)r *$' ,)&r' %$*& '&r &')** *& +$r*$ +$, J)r$ (&' '!),+$3 ),+$3 ,+r$'+%+$ & ,+r$'+%+$.
III. 1 - N+,el Sat*"ico O (&" '!),+$ &')B r&"+$(*$ (B"'& *$ B)$,$ (**" & $ +$,%$r),&()$ *& '& (P+"&$3 & $' &")r$(' *& '' +,*' %&r6r+'. E')& , +$,%r$,''$ !')()& '"*$ &()r& $ +$,%$r),&()$ *$ B)$,$ & '' %r)+"' '!),+' & %r$%r&**&' &")r+'3 )r,+' & ,/()+'.
III. - N+,el At/"ico O (&" ),+$ &')B "/*$ (B"'& *$ +$,%$r),&()$ *& , B)$,$ &, r&"$ $)r$ B)$,$3 $ '&3 ()&r$ &()r& B)$,$' & "/@&' &()r& $' ,&',$' & 6$r,$ *& ,$"+"'. A' "/@&' I()&r ),+' *&%&(*&, *$ +$,%$r),&()$ *$ B)$,$ $ (&" '!),+$. E, 6($ *$ )%$ & ()&('**& *&''' "/@&'3 , **$ ,)&r"3 &, , *&)&r,(* +$(*$3 %$*& %r&'&()r-'& +$,$ '"*$3 "J*$ $ /'$'$.
III. & - N+,el Microsc*)ico O (&" ,+r$'+%+$ r&"+$(-'& (B"'& *$ rr($ *$' B)$,$' $ '' ,$"+"' ($ &'%$. U, rr($ ),+$ %$*& r&'")r &, )r' )%$' &')r)r'3 J' '&, rr($ +r')"($3 ,$"&+"r & ,$r6$. O rr($ &')r)r" %r&'&()*$ %$r , ,)&r" (6"&(+ *r&),&()& ' %r$%r&**&' & +r+)&r')+' *$ ,&',$.
III. ( - N+,el Macrosc*)ico O (&" ,+r$'+%+$ r&"+$(-'& ' +r+)&r')+' & %r$%r&**&' *$' ,)&r' &, '&r$3 J& &')$ *r&),&()& "/*' ()r& *$ +$,%$r),&()$ ),+$ ($' )r (&' ()&r$r&'3 & ,(&r +$, J& $ ,)&r" 6$ %r$+&''*$.
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I0. LIAÇ2ES ATÔMICAS O +$,%$r),&()$ *& , ,)&r" %$*& '&r &6+&()&,&()& %r&')$ %r)r * (B"'& *$ ,&',$ $' (&' '!),+$3 ),+$ & ,+r$'+%+$. A'',3 )$r(-'& (&+&''Br$ &,(r $ ,&',$3 ($ )$+()& $' B)$,$' J& +$('))&, $ ,)&r"3 !&, +$,$ $ +$,%$r),&()$ &"&)r(+$ *$' ,&',$'. A &')r)r *& J"J&r ,)&r" *r&),&()& *&%&(*&()& *$' )%$' *& B)$,$ &($"*$' & *' "/@&' ),+' J& &"&' 6$r,,.
I0.1 - I3tera45es At*"icas A !'& *& J"J&r (**& &')r)r" &, +(+ & &(/&(#r *& ,)&r' $ B)$,$. O B)$,$ +$('')& !'+,&()& *& )r' %r)+"' '!),+' %r)$('3 &")r$(' & ()r$('. N$ +&()r$ *$ B)$,$ "$+"-'& $ (P+"&$ J& )&, *,&)r$ %r,$ 10 -14 ,. E')& (P+"&$ & &($"*$ %$r , (&, *& &")r$(' *& *&('**& rB&"3 J& r&'") &, , *,&)r$ ),+$ 6(" *& 10 -10 ,. N$ (P+"&$3 $(*& r&'*&, %r)$(' & ()r$('3 &')B J'& )$)"**& * ,'' ),+. A ,'' *& , %r)$( /" 13;7?10 -24/ & ' +r/ &")r+ *& Q1.;0210-19 C$"$,!' KC. O ()r$( %$+$ ,' %&'*$ J& $ %r)$( & )&, ,'' /" 13;7510-24/3 %$r,3 &"&)r+,&()& (&)r$. O &")r$( )&, ,'' *& 9310910 -28/ & +r/ /" 13;0210 -19 C$"$,!'. <$r)()$3 J'& )$)"**& *$ $",& ),+$ +$(+&()r-'& ( (&, *& &")r$('3 %$r,3 &') +$"!$r +$, %&(' , %&J&( %r)& * ,'' 6(" *$ B)$,$. O' &")r$('3 %r)+"r,&()& $' ,' &)&r($'3 *&)&r,(, ,$r *' +r+)&r')+' &")r+'3 ,&+(+'3 J,+' & )r,+' *$' B)$,$' & '',3 $ +$(#&+,&()$ !B'+$ *$ ,&',$ (&+&''Br$ ($ &')*$ *$' ,)&r'. A &')r)r ()&r( *$' ,)&r' & r&'")*$ * /r&/$ *& B)$,$' $!)* )r' *& 6$r' *& "/$ I()&r ),+'. E') /r&/$3 &, 6($ *' +r+)&r')+' *& )' "/@&'3 %$*& r&'")r ($' &')*$' '"*$3 "J*$ & /'$'$. '+,&()&3 $' B)$,$' %$*&, )(/r , +$(6/r$ *&($,(* *& &')B&" %r)r *& )r' ,(&r'3 J' '&, /(#$ *& &")r$('3 %&r* *& &")r$(' $ +$,%r)"#,&()$ *& &")r$('. A 6+"**& &, /(#r &")r$(' +r+)&r $ B)$,$ +$,$ &"&,&()$ &"&)r$(&/)$ 6+"**& &, %&r*&r &")r$(' $ +r+)&r +$,$ '&(*$ , &"&,&()$ &"&)r$%$')$. E')&, ),!, $' B)$,$' J& ($ %r&'&(), 6+"**& &, %&r*&r $ /(#r &")r$('. E')' +r+)&r')+' ),+' r&'"), ( &')(+ *& )r' )%$' *& "/@&' ),+'3 *&($,(*' +$,$ %r,Br' $ 6$r)&'3 J& '$ ,$')r*' ( Tabela 2.
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Taela ? R&"$ &()r& +r+)&r')+' ),+' & "/@&' r&'")()&'.
IV.1.1 – L/@&' I(+' $ r&'")*$ * ()&r$ &()r& $(' %$')$' K+B)$(' & (&/)$' K($('. U, &&,%"$ J& %$* & '&r +$('*&r*$ +"B''+$ *& "/$ (+ $+$rr& ( 6$r,$ *$ NC" K'" *& +$(#. A &')r)r 6$r,* %&"$ NC" &!* ( 6/r 2.
O '*$ %$'' ' *' %r,&r' +,*' &"&)r(+' +$,%"&)' & )&r+&r +$, %&(' , &")r$(. I')$ ,$')r J& $ N )&, 6+"**& &, %&r*&r , &")r$( K&"&)r$%$')$ %r *Jrr +$(6/r$ &"&)r(+ &')B&". <$r $)r$ "*$3 $ +"$r$ %r&'&() &, ' +,* ,' &)&r( '&)& B)$,$'3 $ '&3 &"& )&, 6+"**& &, r&+&!&r , &")r$( K&"&)r$(&/)$ & )$r(r-'& &"&)r$(+,&()& &')B&". (*$ $ N & C" r&/&,3 $' &")r$(' &)&r($' *$' B)$,$' *& '*$ )r('6&r&,-'& %r $' B)$,$' *& +"$r$3 %r$*(*$ $(' *& '*$
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NQ & $' $(' *& +"$r&)$' C63 J& '$ ,()*$' ()$' %&" )r$ &"&)r$')B)+ *& '' +r/' $%$')'3 6$r,(*$ $ NC". IV.1.2 - L/@&' C$"&()&' (*$ *$' &"&,&()$' &"&)r$(&/)$' r&/&, &()r& '3 ($ 6$r,* , "/$ (+3 %$' $' *$' B)$,$' ), 6+"**& &, r&+&!&r &")r$('. N&')& +'$3 +$(6/r$ &')B&" *$' *$' &"&,&()$' $+$rr& %$r +$,%r)"#,&()$ *& &")r$('. C$,$ &&,%"$3 %$*&-'& +)r 6$r,$ * ,$"+" *& +"$r$ C" 2. C* B)$,$ *& +"$r$ +$,%r)"# , *& '&' &")r$(' +$, $)r$ B)$,$. D&'' 6$r,3 , %r &"&)r(+$ %$*& '&r +$,%r)"#*$ /",&()& %$r *$' B)$,$' &3 +* B)$,$3 )&, ( ' +,* ,' &)&r(3 '&' &")r$(' $r/(",&()& *&"& & , %r +$,%r)"#*$. I')$ )$r( +* B)$,$ &"&)r$(+,&()& &')B&"3 & $ ,&',$ )(/& +$(6/r$ *$ /B' ($!r& r/($. D ,&', 6$r,3 6$r,$ * ,$"+" *& $/($ &($"& $ +$,%r)"#,&()$ *& J)r$ &")r$('. L/@&' +$"&()&' %$*&, '&r $!'&r*' ($ S.
IV.1.? - L/@&' M&)B"+' E''& )%$ *& "/$ ($r,",&()& &(+$()r*$ &, ,&)' & &($"& ()&r$ *& &"&,&()$' &"&)r$%$')$'. A "/$ ,&)B"+ r&'")*$ * $ &()r& &")r$(' "r&' K(&, &"&)r(+ & $(' %$')$'. E')&' &")r$(' "r&' '$ $r/(Br$' * P"), +,* *& "(+3 6r+,&()& %r&'$' $ B)$,$3 & J& &')$ "r&' *&()r$ * &')r)r ,&)B"+. A)r' *& )' &")r$(' %$*&-'& &%"+r ' ")' +$(*)**&' &")r+ & )r,+ *$' ,&)'.
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0. ARRAN6OS ATÔMICOS 7 ESTRUTURA DOS MATERIAIS O' rr($' ),+$'3 J& %r$%+, 6$r,$ *$' ,)&r'3 %$*&, '&r *& )r' )%$' !B'+$'3 /&r(*$3 &()$3 )r' +"''&' &')r)r' %r(+%' •
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0.1 - Estrtra Cristali3a A &')r)r 6'+ *$' ,)&r' '"*$' *&%&(*& 6(*,&()",&()& *$ rr($ &')r)r" *& '&' B)$,$'3 $(' $ ,$"+"'. A /r(*& ,$r *$' ,)&r' +$,,&()& )"*$' &, &(/&(#r3 %r)+"r,&()& $' ,&)B"+$'3 &!& , rr($ /&$,)r+$ *& '&' B)$,$' !&, *&6(*$3 +$('))(*$ , &')r)r +r')"(. U, ,)&r" +r')"($3 (*&%&(*& *$ )%$ *& "/$ &(+$()r* ($ ,&',$3 +r+)&r- '& %$r %r&'&()r , /r%,&()$ $r*&(*$ *& '&' B)$,$'3 $(' $ ,$"+"'3 J& '& r&%&)& (' )r' *,&('@&'. O' rr($' ),+$' &, , '"*$ +r')"($ %$*&, '&r *&'+r)$' '(*$3 +$,$ r&6&r(+3 $' %$()$' *& ()&r'&+$ *& , r&*& *& "(#' (' )r' *,&('@&'. E, , +r')" *&"3 $ rr($ *&')&' %$()$' &, )$,$ *& , %$()$ %r)+"r *&& '&r /" $ rr($ &, )$,$ *& J"J&r $)r$ %$()$ * r&*& +r')"(. D&'' ,(&r3 %$''&" *&'+r&&r , +$(()$ *& %$()$' $ %$'@&' ),+' r&%&))'3 *&($,(*$ *& +"" ()Br. Ur( +"" ()Br ),!, *&)&r,(* +$,$ ,&($r %$r$ *$ +r')" J& (* +$('&r ' %r$%r&**&' $r/(' *$ ,&',$. A)r' * *$$ *& "$r&' &'%&+6+$'3 +$,$ %r,&)r$' ' & (/"$' ()&r'3 %$*&-'& $!)&r +""' ()Br' *& *&r'' ()r&'. O &')*$ * &')r)r ()&r( *$' ,)&r' (&+&'') * )"$ *& 7 rr($' ),+$' !B'+$'3 J& %$*&, r&%r&'&()r ' &')r)r' *& )$*' ' '!')(+' +r')"(' +$(#&+*'.
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0. - Estrtras Moleclares , /r%,&()$ *& B)$,$' K')$ 3 , ,$"+". M$"+" , (P,&r$ ",)*$ *& B)$,$' 6$r)&,&()& "/*$' &()r& '3 ,' *& 6$r, J&3 ' 6$r' *& )r$ &()r& , ,$"+" & ' *&,' '&, r&"),&()& 6r+'. E')&' /r%$' *& B)$,$'3 J& '$ &"&)r+,&()& (&)r$'3 /&, +$,$ '& 6$''&, , (**& K,$"+"3 %$' ' 6$r' ()r,$"&+"r&' K*&()r$ '$ ,)$ 6$r)&'3 &(J()$ J& ' "/@&' ()&r,$"&+"r&' K6$r '$ $r(*' *' F$r' *& V( D&r "' $ '& '$ 6r+'. E&,%"$' *& &')r)r' ,$"&+"r&'
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0.& - Estrtras A"or8as S$ &')r)r' *& ,)&r' J& ($ %r&'&(), r&/"r**& ()&r( *$' +r')'. I(+"&, !'+,&()& $' /'&'3 $' "J*$' K(+"&, $' +$,!')&' & $ *r$. V.?.1 - G'&' Cr+)&r')+' N$ #B J"J&r &')r)r *&()r$ *& , /B'. ! C* ,$"+" &')B , *')(+ '6+&()& *' $)r' ,$"+"' %r '&r +$('*&r* (*&%&(*&()&,&()&. + EJ$ /&r" *$' /'&'
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P V = n R T n = nº de mols
P = pressão V = Volume R = constante do gás T = temperatura 1 mol = 6,02 x 102 moléculas.
V.?.2 - LJ*$' Cr+)&r')+' N$ #B J"J&r &')r)r *&()r$ *& , "J*$. ! O "J*$ "/&r,&()& ,&($' *&('$ J& $ +r')" +$rr&'%$(*&()&. + A' *')(+' ()&r),+' '$ %&J&(' & %r$,*,&()& (6$r,&'. V.?.? - V*r$' Cr+)&r')+' N$ %$''&, J"J&r $r*&, &, '' ,$"+"'. ! O' *r$' %$*&, '&r +$('*&r*$'3 ,)' &&'3 +$,$ "J*$' '%&rr&'6r*$'. + E, )&,%&r)r' &"&*' $' *r$' '$ +$('*&r*$' "J*$' &r**&r$'. * O' *r$' %$*&, '&r )()$ $r/(+$' +$,$ ($r/(+$'. & U, *$' *r$' ,' ',%"&' $ Tr*$ *& $r$ K2 O?.
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REFER9NCIAS :I:LIOR;FICAS CARAM3 R!&('. A)ostila Estrtra e !ro)rie>a>es >os Materiais . C,%(' 2000.
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