UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA
ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERÍA CIVIL
PROGRAMA DE TITULACIÓN TITULACIÓN EXTRAORDINARIA MEDIANTE CURSOS DE ACTUALIZACIÓN DE CONOCIMIENTOS
INFORME TÉCNICO “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO PROFESIONAL EN INGENIERÍA CIVIL
PRESENTADO POR
BACH. Julio César Marín Zamora ASESOR
MAG. ING. Hugo Miranda Tejada Cajamarca, Febrero del 2009
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
DEDICATORIA
A mis padres: Termópilo Marín Cachay Sara Zamora Cachay y hermanos: Betty, José y Carlos Por su infinito apoyo y cariño para lograr uno más de mis objetivos personales.
A mi esposa Lizeth e hijo César Fernando, Fernando, por su amor, paciencia y comprensión y quienes son mi inspiración en todo momento.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
AGRADECIMIENTO A los docentes de la Facultad de Ingeniería de mi Alma Mater la Universidad Nacional Nacional de Cajamarca, de de manera muy especial al Mag. Ing°. Hugo Miranda Tejada por su valioso aporte de tiempo y de conocimientos para la culminación del presente Informe Técnico.
Al Sr. Geoff Chapman, gerente del área de construcción – movimiento de tierras de minera Gold Fields La Cima S.A., por el apoyo en el trabajo y las facilidades prestadas para asistir al curso de titulación.
Al Sr. Jorge Burr, gerente del área de construcción – caminos de minera Gold Fields La Cima S.A., por las facilidades prestadas para asistir y finalizar con éxito el curso curso de titulación. titulación.
Al Sr. Luis Ruiz Z., supervisor sénior en el área de construcción – movimiento de tierras, por brindarme sus conocimientos, experiencia y apoyo los cuales fueron determinantes para la elección del presente informe técnico.
Al Sr. Carlos Casso; instructor de maquinaria pesada de la compañía Stracon, por su valioso aporte con información relacionada con el tema.
A todos los demás familiares y amigos que hicieron posible la culminación
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
RESUMEN El presente informe técnico técnico tiene como finalidad identificar la maquinaria maquinaria utilizada para el movimiento de tierras en las instalaciones de la minera Gold Fields La Cima cuyo método de explotación es a tajo abierto, describiendo sus características y también las múltiples funciones que realizan dentro de las operaciones propias del movimiento de tierras. La experiencia adquirida durante tres años en la supervisión de campo en el área de construcción del proyecto “Cerro Corona” de minera Gold Fields La Cima cuyo
centro de operaciones se encuentra ubicado en la provincia de Hualgayoc, ha permitido que pueda plasmar en el presente trabajo el uso de la maquinaria para el movimiento de tierras. Se presenta la clasificación y utilización de la maquinaria como resultado de la supervisión y la experiencia en el uso de los equipos, las fórmulas utilizadas para el cálculo de los rendimientos, la producción en obra, el análisis de los costos de operación y mantenimiento complementados con ejemplos numéricos, tablas y gráficos que nos permiten estimar preliminarmente la producción de los equipos. Se describe también los diversos equipos de las líneas de productos de las marcas Caterpillar y Komatsu. Se incluye un panel fotográfico mediante el cual se identificarán los equipos indicando: marcas, modelos, y los trabajos ejecutados en las diferentes áreas de operación. Adicionalmente se presenta el análisis para determinar el costo horario de operación para un tractor D8R y un cargador frontal 966H los cuales nos servirán como base de cálculo para determinar el costo horario de operación de los demás equipos.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
INDICE CAPÍTULO I
INTRODUCCIÓN
1
1.1 Introducción…………………………………………………
1
1.2 Objetivos…………………………………………………… ..
1
1.3 Antecedentes…………………………………………… .....
2
1.4 Alcances………………………………………………… ......
2
1.5 Características locales………………………………… .....
2
1.6 Justificación……………………………………………… ....
3
CAPÍTULO II
4
REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA
2.1 Maquinaria para movimiento de tierras………………………
4
2.2 Movimiento de tierras……………………………………………
4
2.3 Explotación minera a tajo abierto – cielo abierto...………...
5
2.4 Explotación de bancos y minas a cielo abierto…..…………
5
2.5 Minería y movimiento de tierras………….……………………
5
2.6 Cómo calcular la producción en la Obra.……………………
11
2.7 Cálculo de producción con fórmulas……………..………….
12
2.8 Determinación de rendimientos……..…………………………
15
2.9 Costo de operación………………………………………………
16
2.10 Línea de productos Caterpillar…………………………………
17
2.11 Línea de productos Komatsu…………………………………..
20
CAPÍTULO III
24
METODOLOGÍA
3.1 Materiales empleados……………………………………………
24
3.2 Metodología……………………………………………………….
24
CAPÍTULO IV
26
RESULTADOS
4.1 Clasificación de maquinaria utilizada en movimiento
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
4.3 Fórmulas para el cálculo de la producción………………….
59
4.4 Panel f otográfico………………………………………………… otográfico…………………………………………………
93
4.5 Ejemplo para el cálculo del costo costo horario de operación tractor D8R – cargador f rontal rontal 966H………………………….
111
4.5.1 Cálculo de la tarifa tarifa horaria horaria para para un tractor D8R……
112
4.5.2 Cálculo de la tarifa horaria para un cargador frontal 966H. ……………………………………………………….
CAPÍTULO V
CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES
116 120
5.1 Conclusiones………………………………………………………
120
5.2 Recomendaciones………………………………………………..
122
CAPÍTULO VI
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
124
CAPÍTULO VII
ANEXOS
125
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
CAPÍTULO I:
INTRODUCCIÓN
“Por poderosa que sea un máquina tiene tiene sus límites. El querer excederse puede conducir a
la rotura o al aniquilamiento de la máquina, llevando a menudo a accidentes de mucha gravedad. Es por esto que es indispensable que el maquinista posea una especie de conocimiento intuitivo de la máquina y de sus posibilidades. Es necesario, pues, que haya recibido una instrucción técnica que lo especialice.” Dr. Jean Perrin, 1968.
1.1 INTRODUCCIÓN Hoy en día la región Cajamarca se ha convertido en una potencial zona de explotación minera, así tenemos por ejemplo a minera Yanacocha en el distrito de la Encañada en la provincia de Cajamarca, minera Gold Fields en el distrito de Hualgayoc en la provincia de Hualgayoc, minera Río Tinto en el distrito de Querocoto Querocoto en la provincia provincia de Chota, y muchas otras; todas todas ellas en su explotación utilizan el método a tajo abierto. Los ingenieros civiles, especialmente los egresados de la Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, no podemos estar ajenos y debemos ser partícipes activos de esta realidad, debiendo para ello conocer y saber la correcta aplicación de la maquinaria empleada en el movimiento de tierras en minas a tajo abierto para poder participar de manera efectiva en los procesos de planeamiento, supervisión, costos y presupuestos, control, y otros aspectos de los cuales somos partícipes directamente. En los movimientos de tierras realizados en las minas a tajo abierto se
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
b) OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS - Conocer los principales tipos de maquinaria maquinaria para movimiento de tierras utilizadas en nuestro medio. - Describir las funciones que realizan dentro de las operaciones propias del movimiento de tierras. - Presentar la clasificación clasificación de maquinaria utilizada utilizada para movimiento de tierras. - Desarrollar fórmulas utilizadas para el cálculo de los rendimientos. - Calcular mediante un ejemplo el cálculo del costo horario de operación de la maquinaria (HM).
1.3 ANTECEDENTES Anteriormente se han confeccionado catálogos, revistas y manuales de la gran variedad variedad de maquinaria existente existente para para el movimiento movimiento de tierras en general, pero en su información, es muy mínimo lo que se encuentra en cuanto a las funciones, rendimientos y la determinación del costo horario, encontrándose mayor información acerca de las características físicas, mecánicas e hidráulicas. El presente trabajo pretende complementar la información disponible incidiendo sobre los temas relacionados a las funciones, rendimientos y costo horario de la maquinaria en mención.
1.4 ALCANCES Este informe servirá para dar un mayor conocimiento a los estudiantes, egresados, profesionales y demás interesados a fin de hacer más certera y
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
El proyecto Cerro Corona , se ubica a 80 km al noroeste de la ciudad de Cajamarca, en la margen izquierda de la carretera
Cajamarca –
Bambamarca.
b) Topografía La topografía de la zona muy accidentada.
c) Clima El clima es seco y frío, con lluvias de octubre a abril y sequías entre los meses de junio y agosto; el resto del año las lluvias son esporádicas. La temperatura media es de 10ºC a 12 ºC, pero varía según la época, en los meses de sequía la temperatura en las madrugadas es muy baja.
d) Altitud El proyecto cerro corona se encuentra ubicado a una altitud entre los 3500 y 3900 msnm.
1.5 JUSTIFICACIÓN La bibliografía existente sobre maquinaria para movimiento de tierras en minas a tajo abierto es muy escasa y difícil de conseguir; sumado a ello la información que se muestra acerca de las funciones, rendimientos y costo horario en algunos casos es muy limitada. limit ada. Este informe está dirigido especialmente a los estudiantes de ingeniería civil quienes reciben muy poca información y capacitación acerca del tema; adicionalmente se pretende que los interesados asimilen un poco de la
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
CAPÍTULO II:
REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA
2.1 Maquinaria para movimiento de tierras Equipo que se usa en la construcción pesada, sobre todo en proyectos de ingeniería, que requieren mover millones de metros cúbicos de tierra. (Microsoft Encarta, 2007).
2.2 Movimiento de tierras Se denomina movimiento de tierras al conjunto de operaciones que se realizan con los terrenos naturales, a fin de modificar las formas de la naturaleza o de aportar materiales útiles en obras públicas, minería o industria. Las operaciones del movimiento de tierras en el caso más general son: excavación o arranque, carga, acarreo, descarga, extendido, humectación o desecación, compactación, servicios auxiliares (refinos, saneos, etc.). Los productos de excavación se colocan en un medio de transporte mediante la operación de carga. Una vez llegado a su destino (acarreo), el material es depositado mediante la operación de descarga. Esta puede hacerse sobre el propio terreno, en tolvas dispuestas a tal efecto, etc. Es frecuente conformar , con el material aportado, capas de espesor aproximadamente uniforme, mediante la operación de extendido. De acuerdo con la función que van a desempeñar las construcciones hechas con los terrenos naturales aportados, es indispensable un comportamiento mecánico adecuado, una protección frente a la humedad, etc. Estos objetivos se consiguen mediante la operación llamada compactación, que debido a un apisonado enérgico del material consigue las cualidades
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
Acarreo: Es el transporte de materiales con equipo mecánico cuya fuerza motriz es un motor así se tienen: camión, volquetes, mototraillas, trailla, vagones, locomotoras, fajas transportadoras.
Descarga: Es la actividad que consiste en vaciar la carga o material contenido en las unidades de acarreo o en tolvas.
Conformación: Dar forma a las capas de relleno de un determinado espesor a través del extendido del material.
Compactación: Es un proceso de la disminución o minimización de espacios vacíos por medio de la acción mecánica de los equipos de compactación.
2.3 Explotación minera a tajo abierto – cielo abierto El minado (explotación) a tajo abierto o cielo abierto se realizan cuando los yacimientos son de gran tamaño, presentan una forma regular y están ubicados en la superficie o cerca de esta. (sociedad nacional de minería petróleo y energía, 2007).
2.4 Explotación de bancos y minas a cielo abierto El término “cielo abierto” se aplica para designar cualquier excavación al
descubierto hecha para obtener material de valor. (Herbert L. Nichols, 1981).
2.5 Minería y movimiento de tierras El rendimiento óptimo de una máquina se expresa de la siguiente manera:
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
Producción En la mayoría de las aplicaciones de movimiento de tierra y manejo de materiales, la producción se calcula multiplicando la cantidad de material (carga) movido por ciclo por el número de ciclos por hora. Producción por hora = Carga/ciclo x ciclos/hora
Los que trabajan minas de metal trabajan, generalmente, con medidas de peso (toneladas métricas). (manual de rendimiento Caterpillar, 2007).
Medición del Volumen El volumen del material se define según el estado en que se halla al moverlo. Las tres medidas de volumen son: m3 banco:
un metro cúbico como se encuentra en estado natural.
m3 suelto:
un metro cúbico de material expandido como resultado de haberlo movido.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
Tabla 1. Coeficiente de trasformación según el tipo de material (Cherné, J – González, A, 2006).
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LOS SUELOS EN MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS Densidad
%
Densidad
EN kg/m3
Expansión
ES kg/m3
Ceniza volcánica
860
52
565
Arcilla: Seca
1840
23
1485
2075
25
1660
Seca
1660
41
1185
Mojada
1840
11
1660
75% roca + 25% tierra
2790
43
1960
50% roca + 50% tierra
2285
33
1720
25% roca + 75% tierra
1960
25
1570
Seca (apisonada)
1900
25
1515
Húmeda (excavada)
2020
27
1600
Marga
1540
23
1245
Granito fragmentado
2730
64
1660
Grava: Mojada
2165
12
1930
Seca
1690
12
1515
Suelo arenoso: Arcilloso
2020
27
1600
2520
67
1515
SUELO
Mojada Arcilla y grava: grava:
Roca descompuesta:
Tierra:
Piedra caliza
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
Dilatación Es el porcentaje de aumento en el volumen de un material (en metros cúbicos) después que se saca de su estado original. (manual de rendimiento Caterpillar, 2007).
1 Dilata Dilataci ción ón
Volumen suelto suelto de un peso peso dado
Volumen en el banco del del mismo peso dado Banco Banco
Suelto
Suelto Dilataci ción ón 1 Dilata
Banc Banco o x (1
Dilatación )
Factor de carga (L.F) En vez de dividir por 1 + Dilatación para determinar el volumen en el banco, se puede multiplicar el volumen de material suelto por el factor de carga. (manual de rendimiento Caterpillar, 2007).
L. F .
100% 100% % de dilatación
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
La densidad de un material cambia entre el banco y suelto. Una unidad cúbica de material suelto pesa menos que una unidad cúbica de material en el banco debido a formación de bolsas de aire y huecos. (manual de rendimiento Caterpillar, 2007).
Dilataci ción ón 1 Dilata
kg / m3 suelto suelto
kg / m3 banco kg / m3 suelto suelto
kg / m3 banco 1 Dilata Dilataci ción ón
Kg/m3 banco = kg/m 3 suelto x (1 + Dilatación) Dilatación)
Factor de llenado El porcentaje del volumen disponible en un cuerpo, cucharón o caja que
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
Estudio del tiempo de ciclo Para estimar la producción hay que determinar el número de viajes completos que hace una máquina por hora. Antes de esto, debe hallarse el tiempo que invierte la máquina en cada ciclo. Se debe medir el tiempo de varios ciclos completos a fin de obtener el tiempo medio por ciclo. Dejando que el cronómetro continúe midiendo, se pueden registrar las diversas porciones de cada ciclo, tales como el tiempo de carga, el tiempo de espera, etc. También se puede incluir otras porciones del ciclo, tales como el tiempo de acarreo, el tiempo de descarga, etc. El tiempo de espera es el que invierte una máquina en esperar a otra, a fin de hacer juntas una operación.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
Factor de resistencia a la rodadura (RR) = 2% del peso bruto de la máquina + 0.6 % del peso
bruto por cm de penetración de los
neumáticos.
Factor de resistencia a la rodadura (RR) = 2% del peso bruto de la máquina + 1.5 % del peso bruto por pulgada de penetración de los neumáticos.
Resistencia en pendientes. Es la fuerza que debe vencer una máquina en pendientes desfavorables (cuesta arriba). Ayuda en pendientes es la fuerza que favorece el movimiento de una máquina en pendientes favorables (cuesta abajo). Las pendientes suelen medirse en porcentaje de inclinación, o sea la
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
La resistencia (o la ayuda) en pendientes actúa en las máquinas de ruedas y en las de cadenas. (manual de rendimiento Caterpillar, 2007).
Resistencia total. Es el efecto combinado combinado de la resistencia a la rodadura rodadura (vehículos de ruedas) y la resistencia en pendientes. Se calcula sumando los valores, en kg fuerza, de la resistencia a la rodadura (RR) y la resistencia en pendientes (RP). (manual de rendimiento Caterpillar, 2007). Resistencia Total = Resistencia a la rodadura + Resistencia a la pendiente La resistencia total también se puede representar como constituida totalmente por resistencia en pendientes expresada en porcentaje de pendiente. En otras palabras, se considera que el componente de resistencia
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
La pendiente efectiva es muy útil en las gráficas de rendimiento en pendiente-velocidad-tracción en las ruedas, así como en las gráficas de retardación, en las de rendimiento de los frenos y en las gráficas de tiempos de desplazamiento. (manual de rendimiento Caterpillar, 2007).
Altitud. Cuando una máquina estándar trabaja a altitudes elevadas, puede ser necesario reducir la potencia del motor a fin de lograr una vida útil normal. Con esta reducción de la potencia del motor habrá menos fuerza de arrastre en la barra de tiro o de tracción en la rueda. Debe advertirse que en algunas máquinas con motor turboalimentado sólo es necesario reducir la potencia a partir de 4,570 m de altitud. La mayoría de las máquinas se diseñan para funcionar hasta 1,500-2,290 m sin tener que reducir la potencia a causa de la altitud. (manual de rendimiento Caterpillar, 2007).
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
cantidad o magnitud producida, en un tiempo determinado”. (Herbert L.
Nichols, 1981).
Fórmulas para determinar el rendimiento Una fórmula que se puede utilizar para determinar el rendimiento de cualquier máquina con ciclo regular es:
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
2.10 LÍNEA DE PRODUCTOS PRODUCTOS CATERPILLAR CATERPILLAR TRACTORES DE CADENAS
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
EXCAVADORAS HIDRÁULICAS
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
CARGADORES DE CADENAS
EQUIPO DE PAVIMENTACIÓN
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
CARGADORES DE RUEDAS
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CAMIONES
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
J. MARTILLOS HIDRÁULICOS Aplicaciones de los martillos -
En la construcción construcción de caminos: herramienta esencial esencial al hacer mejoras de carreteras.
-
En minería y áridos: se pueden usar martillos para quebrar material grande y evitar tener que usar explosivos por segunda vez o mover los escombros. Se puede ubicar el martillo cerca de las chancadoras (trituradoras) para preparar el material antes de triturarlo.
-
En donde donde está prohibido dinamitar el picar piedra con martillos hidráulicos puede ser la mejor opción.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
Fig.50. Dimensiones de martillos hidráulicos.
K. MINICARGADORES Máquina muy versátil y ligera, que es utilizada para: -
El extendido y conformación de rellenos de poca altura.
-
Carguío.
-
Nivelación.
-
Transporte de diversos materiales.
-
Limpieza de áreas donde el espacio es reducido (chancadoras), etc.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
Fig.52. Herramientas acopladas a los minicargadores.
Fig.53. Herramientas acopladas a los minicargadores.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
4.3 FÓRMULAS PARA EL CÁLCULO DE LA PRODUCCIÓN (RENDIMIENTOS) A. BULLDOZER La capacidad de la hoja del bulldozer bulldozer no se puede calcular calcular exactamente. La hoja constituye solamente uno de los seis lados de una carga útil uniforme. Se puede decir que un buen promedio de carga puede ser el que resulta de aumentar en 20% el volumen formado por todo el ancho de la hoja, con un talud hacia adelante de 1 a 1. La carga efectiva será mayor en el centro y menor en las orillas, siendo el promedio el que ya se dijo. En condiciones muy buenas el promedio de la carga puede llegar a ser el correspondiente a una altura mayor en seis pulgadas (15 cm) que la del borde de la hoja, prolongándose hacia adelante con un talud de 11/2 a 1.
vista en planta
vista de perfil
Fig.54. Vista en planta y de perfil de la carga de las hojas de bulldozer.
A la capacidad de la hoja la afecta mucho la pendiente. De bajada, la carga tiende a deslizarse con el mínimo de presión, de subida, el rozamiento aumenta y se escurre más por los lados. Cuando se está haciendo una obra se puede comprobar la capacidad de la hoja contando el número de pasadas completas necesarias para excavar un volumen conocido de un banco, o contando las cargas empujadas para formar un montón y midiendo éste.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
Rendimiento: El rendimiento de bulldozer viene dado por la fórmula siguiente:
Vc :
capacidad de la cuchilla, en m3 de material esponjado (suelto).
Fe :
factor de eficacia de la máquina. No se puede lograr que la máquina trabaje de forma continuada. Su mayor o menor eficacia depende del conductor, estado de la máquina, clase de terreno y tipo de trabajo. El factor de eficacia suele variar entre el 70% y el 80%.
Ct :
coeficiente de transformación. Se pueden establecer los valores medios del siguiente cuadro, según que el material transportado por la máquina se cubique s/perfil, esponjado o compactado.
Tabla 5. Coeficiente de trasformación según el tipo de material (Cherné, González, 2006).
Tc :
tiempo empleado en el ciclo, en minutos. Es la suma del tiempo fijo y del tiempo variable. Tiempo fijo es el que se emplea en maniobras. El tiempo variable depende de la distancia y de la velocidad de marcha.
N:
coeficiente de gestión, acoplamiento al tajo y adaptación. Varía entre 0.8 y 0.9.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
Ciclo de trabajo piloto
Actividad de ripado (desgarrado) En terrenos muy compactos es necesario utilizar un bulldozer para ripar (desgarrar) la superficie, siempre que ésta no exceda el valor de 3500 m/seg de velocidad sísmica. El parámetro que decide si un terreno es ripable o no es su velocidad sísmica.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
Ciclo de trabajo piloto
Si el terreno es llano se ripa en ambos sentidos. Si tiene una pequeña pendiente se ripa en sentido favorable. f avorable.
CÁLCULOS DE PRODUCCIÓN DE HOJAS TOPADORAS (CATERPILLAR) Se puede calcular la producción de una hoja usando las gráficas de producción y los factores de corrección aplicables. Producción (m3 sueltos/hora) = Producción máxima x Factores de corrección
Las gráficas de producción dadas a continuación dan la producción máxima no corregida de las hojas empujadoras recta, semiuniversal y universal y se basan en ciertas condiciones (ver manual de rendimiento Caterpillar).
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
Fig.55. Producción Calculada – Hojas Semiuniversales – D6N hasta D11T (manual de rendimiento Caterpillar, 2007).
Similarmente se tienen gráficas para las hojas Universales y rectas. El uso de esta gráfica es de la siguiente manera: 1. Se selecciona la curva adecuada según el tipo de maquinaria y la hoja a utilizar según la clave ubicada al
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
Tabla 7. Factores de corrección según las condiciones de trabajo (manual de rendimiento Caterpillar, 2007).
El uso de estas tabla y gráfica es de la siguiente manera: 1. Se selecciona los factores de corrección según: la pericia del operador, las condiciones del material a empujar, el método de empuje, la visibilidad y la eficiencia del trabajo (tabla del lado izquierdo); izquierdo); 2.
En la gráfica del lado derecho derecho y ubicando en la escala
horizontal la pendiente del terreno (ya sea en contra o a favor), se sube en forma
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
CÁLCULO DE PRODUCCIÓN DE LA HOJA MEDIANTE FÓRMULAS Problema: Halle la producción media por hora de un D8T/8SU (con cilindro de inclinación) que mueve, por el método de zanja, arcilla compacta una distancia media de 45 m cuesta abajo, con una pendiente del 15%. Se calcula que la densidad del material suelto es de 1600 kg/m3 suelto. El operador es mediano. La eficiencia del trabajo se calcula en 50 min/h. Producción máxima sin corregir: 458 m3 suelto/hora. (ver fig. 55: ). Factores de corrección aplicables: (ver tabla 7) -
Operador bueno
0.75
- Arcilla muy compacta, “difícil de cortar”
0.80
-
Método de zanja
1.2
-
Eficiencia del trabajo (50 min/hora)
0.83
-
Corrección de la pendiente (de la gráfica)
1.3
-
Corrección de la densidad: (1370/1600)
0.86
Producción = Producción máxima x Factores de corrección = 458 m3 suelto/hora x(0.75)x(0.80)x(1.2)x(0.83)x(1.3)x(0.86) = 306 m3 sueltos/hora.
COMO MEDIR LA PRODUCCIÓN EN OBRA Se muestra a continuación los tres métodos más aceptados en general para medir la producción con hoja topadora. El tercer método es empírico pero su aplicación es la más sencilla. 1. Uso de la técnica técnica de levantamiento de planos. planos. a. Para determinar determinar el volumen del material extraído del del corte, mida el tiempo invertido y luego obtenga la sección transversal del corte.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
3. Medición de las cargas de la hoja. a. Operación de la hoja topadora. i. Recoja la carga y condúzcala hasta un espacio horizontal. ii. Haga ascender ascender la hoja y, cuando cuando se acerque a la cúspide de la pila, hágala avanzar un tanto a fin de que la pila quede simétrica. iii. Retroceda para dejar dejar la pila. b. Medidas que deben hacerse: i. La altura media (H) de la pila en m. Mantenga la cinta vertical en el borde interior de la huella de cada cadena. Dirija una visual a ras con la cúspide de la pila, para medir bien la altura.
Fig.56. Vista en planta y frontal de la carga de las hojas topadoras.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
Cálculos de producción para el desgarrador: Hay tres métodos usuales para estimar la producción del desgarrador: 1. El mejor método consiste consiste en medir el tiempo invertido en desgarrar, y luego sacar (mediante cargadores y camiones) el material desgarrado y pesarlo. El peso total dividido por el tiempo usado dará la producción por hora. Si al contratista se le paga por volumen, se debe usar un factor de densidad, recordando que el grado de precisión de los cálculos estará determinado por la exactitud del valor de densidad que se use. Si se paga por volumen sacado, el método 2 puede ser el más conveniente. Se debe tener cuidado que sólo se quita el material desgarrado. 2. Otro método consiste consiste en hacer hacer cortes transversales del sitio y luego luego medir el tiempo invertido en desgarrar. Después que se haya sacado el material, haga de nuevo un corte transversal para determinar el volumen de roca sacado. El volumen dividido por el tiempo invertido da la velocidad de desgarramiento por minuto o por hora. 3. El método menos exacto, pero usado con frecuencia en la obra por su rapidez, consiste en medir el tiempo en que el desgarrador necesita para avanzar una cierta distancia. Para obtener el tiempo medio de un ciclo se deben utilizar los tiempos medidos durante varios ciclos, incluyendo el
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
Penetración del desgarrador: 610 mm (24”).
El tractor desgarra durante toda la jornada. (no empuja traíllas ni trabaja con la hoja parte del tiempo).
Solución: Tiempo por pasada: 1.6 km/h = 26.7 m/min. Entonces:
91m 26.7m / min min
min 3.41min
3.41 min. + 0.25 min. (tiempo de viraje) = 3.66 3. 66 min/pasada. Si el trabajo medio del operador es de 45 min. por hora, es posible hacer:
45 3.66
12.3 pasadas
por hora.
Volumen desgarrado: 91 m. x 0.9 m. x 0.6 m. = 49.1 m3 B por pasada. Producción = 49.1 x 12.3 = 604 m3 B/hora. Producción real
= 80% de 604 m3 B/hora. = 483 m3 B/hora.
EMPLEO DELAS GRÁFICAS DE VELOCIDAD DE ONDAS SÍSMICAS
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
3. Con voladura previa se puede conseguir suficiente fraccionamiento fraccionamiento para que penetre el diente. El desgarramiento sigue siendo más un arte que una ciencia, y mucho depende de la habilidad y experiencia del operador del tractor. El número y longitud de vástagos que se utilicen, así como el ángulo de los dientes, la dirección y la posición del desgarrador, etc. Son factores que deben ajustarse según según las condiciones condiciones del del terreno. El éxito de un trabajo con con desgarrador depende, en muchos casos, de que el operador halle la combinación adecuada para las condiciones existentes.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
B. MOTONIVELADORAS PRODUCCIÓN Hay muchas formas de medir su capacidad de operación, o producción. Un método expresa la producción de la motoniveladora en función del área cubierta por la vertedera. Fórmula:
A = S x (Le – Lo) x 1000 x E
Donde:
A: área de operación horaria (m2/hora). S: velocidad de operación (km/hora o mph). Le: longitud efectiva de la hoja (m). Lo: ancho de superposición (m). E: eficiencia del trabajo.
Velocidades de Operación Típicas Nivelación de acabado
0-4 km/h
0-2.5 mph
Trabajo pesado con la hoja
0-9 km/h
0-6 mph
Reparación de zanjas
0-5 km/h
0-3 mph
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
Fig.58. Ángulo de la vertedera para el cálculo de producción.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
Ejemplo: Una motoniveladora 140 H con una vertedera de 3.66 m (12 pies) está haciendo trabajo de mantenimiento de una carretera. La máquina trabaja a una velocidad media de 13 km/h (8 mph) con un ángulo de transporte de la vertedera de 30°. ¿Cuál es la producción de la motoniveladora en función del área cubierta? Nota: Como en el trabajo de mantenimiento de carreteras se dan pasadas largas (menos vueltas), se ha elegido una eficiencia de trabajo más alta (0.90).
Solución: De la tabla, la longitud efectiva de la vertedera es de 3.17 m (10.4 pies). Producción,
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
C. CARGADORES FRONTALES FRONTALES Y EXCAVADORAS (Palas cargadoras cargadoras y excavadoras) El rendimiento de estas máquinas viene dado por la fórmula:
Vc :
capacidad de la cuchara en m3.
Fe :
factor de eficacia de la máquina, entre 70 y 80%.
Fe´ :
factor de eficacia de la cuchara, que depende de la clase de terreno:
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
Excavación y carga …………………6 seg. Inversión marcha …………………... 1 seg. Retroceso cargada ………………… 3 seg. Giro ………………………………… .. 1 seg. Parar ………………………………... . 1 seg. Descenso carga ……………………. 4 seg.
Invertir marcha ……………………... 1 seg. Transporte ………………………… ....
L
12
3.6
Parar ………………………………... . 1 seg. Voltear carga ……………………… . 4 seg. Invertir marcha ……………………... 1 seg. Retroceder …………………………...2 seg.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
FACTORES DE LLENADO DEL CUCHARÓN (cargadores frontales) Material Suelto
Factor de llenado
Agregados húmedos mezclados
95 – 100 %
Agregados uniformes hasta de 3 mm (1/8”)
95 – 100 %
De 3 a 9 mm (1/8 a 3/8”)
90 – 95 %
De 12 a 20 mm (1/2 a 3/4”)
85 – 90 %
De 24 mm (1”) y más grandes
85 – 90 %
Roca de voladura Bien fragmentada
80 – 95 %
De fragmentación mediana
75 – 90 %
Mal fragmentada
60 – 75 %
Varios Mezcla de tierra y roca
100 – 120 %
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
D. CAMIONES Las cajas de los camiones Las medidas de capacidad generalmente suponen una carga enrasada con un tablón que se hace descansar en los dos costados y se mueve de adelante hacia atrás. El ciclo de trabajo de un camión se puede desglosar de la forma siguiente:
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
La unidad de transporte de tierras se mide y abona por metros cúbicos de tierras realmente transportados, es decir, de tierras esponjadas. Un estudio general más completo lleva a considerar el conjunto pala camión de la siguiente forma: - Ciclo de la pala:
tp seg.
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E. EXCAVADORAS (Igual que para para cargador frontal).
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
Tiempos de ciclo vs. las condiciones de la obra.
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CÓMO AUMENTAR AL MÁXIMO LA PRODUCCIÓN CON UNA EXCAVADORA
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F. COMPACTADORES COMPACTADORES DE SUELOS
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
4.5.2 CÁLCULO DE LA TARIFA HORARIA – CARGADOR FRONTAL 966H CALCULO DE TARIFA HORARIA CARGADOR 966H
EQUIPO: TASA DE INTERES: HORAS VIDA UTIL: TIEMPO DE POSESION: PRIMA SEGURO: IMPUESTOS:
15 % ANUAL 20000 HRAS 6 AÑOS 1.03 % ANUAL 0.50 % ANUAL
COSTO DE POSESION
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
PRECIO DE ENTREGA
259,000.00
VALOR A RECOBRAR MEDIANTE-TRABAJO COSTO POR HORA COSTO POR INTERES SEGUROS IMPUESTOS
259,000.00 12.95 3.77 0.47 0.23
COSTO TOTAL POR HORA DE POSESION
US$
17.41
FACTOR INCIDENCIA 23.06 6.71 0.83 0.40
F.I.
% % % % 31.00 %
COSTOS DE OPERACION A. B. C. D. E.
COMBUSTIBLE LUBRICANTES Y GRASAS LLANTAS + ELEMENTOS DE DESGASTE REPUESTOS Y MANTENIMIENTO OPERADOR
8.46 0.83 8.44 5.65 6.00
COSTO TOTAL POR HORA DE OPERACION
US$
29.39
F.I.
% % % % % 52.33 %
TOTAL COSTO DE OPERACION Y POSESION
US$
46.80
F.I.
83.33 %
4.68 4.68
F.I. F.I.
8.33 % 8.33 %
GASTOS GENERALES UTILIDAD
10 % 10 %
COSTO TOTAL U$ / HORA
Bach. Julio César Marín Zamora
56.15
15.07 1.49 15.04 10.06 10.68
F.I. 100.00 %
116
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
A. COMBUSTIBLE: ELEMENTO COMBUSTIBLE
UND GAL
CANT 6.00
PRE.UNI. 1.41
COSTO DURACION(HRAS) COSTO/HRA F.I. 8.46 1 8.46 15.07%
8.46
COSTO POR HORA (US $ / HR)
15.07%
B. LUBRICANTES: 1. CAMBIO A 250 HRS ELEMENTO FILTRO DE PETROLEO FILTRO DE ACEITE ACEITE MANO DE OBRA
FRECUENCIA UND UND UND GAL %
CANT 1.00 1.00 7.30 0.20
250 HRAS PRE.UNI. 11.72 8.16 3.69 0.19
COSTO DURACION(HRAS) COSTO/HRA 11.72 250 0.05 8.16 250 0.03 26.94 250 0.11 0.04 0.04
F.I. 0.08% 0.06% 0.19% 0.07%
0.22
0.40%
COSTO DURACION(HRAS) COSTO/HRA 44.89 1000 0.04 61.81 1000 0.06 0.02 0.02
F.I. 0.08% 0.11% 0.04%
0.13
0.23%
COSTO DURACION(HRAS) COSTO/HRA 179.56 2000 0.09 128.49 2000 0.06 32.32 2000 0.02 32.32 2000 0.02 83.71 2000 0.04 45.53 2000 0.02 0.05 0.05
F.I. 0.16% 0.11% 0.03% 0.03% 0.07% 0.04% 0.09%
0.30
0.54%
COSTO POR HORA (US $ / HR) 2. CAMBIO A 1000 HRS ELEMENTO FILTRO DE TRANSMISION ACEITE MANO DE OBRA
FRECUENCIA UND UND GAL %
CANT 1.00 15.30 0.20
1000 HRAS PRE.UNI. 44.89 4.04 0.11
COSTO POR HORA (US $ / HR) 3. CAMBIO A 2000 HRS ELEMENTO FILTRO HIDRAULICO ACEITE ACEITE DIFERENCIAL DELANTERO ACEITE DIFERENCIAL POSTERIOR POSTERIOR FILTRO DE AIRE PRIMARIO FILTRO DE AIRE SECUNDARIO MANO DE OBRA COSTO POR HORA (US $ / HR)
Bach. Julio César Marín Zamora
FRECUENCIA UND UND GAL GAL GAL UND UND %
CANT 4.00 36.40 8.00 8.00 1.00 1.00 0.20
2000 HRAS PRE.UNI. 44.89 3.53 4.04 4.04 83.71 45.53 0.25
117
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
4. GRASAS
FRECUENCIA
ELEMENTO GRASAS + GRASERAS MANO DE OBRA
UND UND %
CANT 4.00 0.50
4 VECES x SEMANA (50 HRAS) PRE.UNI. 1.50 6.00
COSTO DURACION(HRAS) COSTO/HRA 6.00 50 0.12 3.00 50 0.06
F.I. 0.21% 0.11%
COSTO POR HORA (US $ / HR)
0.18
0.32%
TOTAL LUBRICANTES Y GRASAS
0.83
1.49%
C. ELEMENTOS DE DESGASTE + LLANTAS 1. ELEMENTOS DE DESGASTE ELEMENTO UÑAS ADAPTADORES SEGUROS Y PINES PLANCHAS Y SOLDADURA LAMPON PINES Y BOCINAS
UND. UND UND UND GLB JGO
CANT. 8 8 8 1 1
PRE.UNI. 70.00 180.00 16.50 1200.00 4620.00
COSTO DURACION(HRAS) COSTO/HRA 560.00 300 1.87 1440.00 1500 0.96 132.00 300 0.44 1200.00 1000 1.20 4620.00 8000 0.58
F.I. 3.32% 1.71% 0.78% 2.14% 1.03%
5.04
8.98%
COSTO DURACION(HRAS) COSTO/HRA 10200.00 3000 3.40
F.I. 6.05%
COSTO POR HORA (US $ / HR)
3.40
6.05%
TOTAL ELEMENTOS DE DESGASTE Y LLANTAS
8.44
COSTO POR HORA (US $ / HR) 2. LLANTAS ELEMENTO L-3 MICHELLIN
UND. UND
CANT. 4
PRE.UNI. 2550.00
15.04%
D. REPUESTOS Y MANTENIMIENTO 1. A LAS 5000 HRS ELEMENTO REEMPLAZO DE TURBO
Bach. Julio César Marín Zamora
FRECUENCIA UND UND
CANT. 1
5000 HRAS PRE.UNI. 1969.00
COSTO DURACION(HRAS) COSTO/HRA 1969.00 5000 0.39
F.I. 0.70%
118
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
INYECTORES BOMBA DE AGUA OTROS REPUESTOS MANO DE OBRA
JGO UND JGO %
1 1 1
0.19 0.02 1.60 0.44
0.34% 0.04% 2.85% 0.79%
2.65
4.71%
COSTO DURACION(HRAS) COSTO/HRA 42000.00 14000 3.00
F.I. 5.34%
COSTO POR HORA (US $ / HR)
3.00
5.34%
TOTAL REPUESTOS Y MANTENIMIENTO
5.65
0.20
956.00 104.00 8000.00 2.21
956.00 104.00 8000.00 0.44
5000 5000 5000
COSTO POR HORA (US $ / HR) 2. OVERHAUL ELEMENTO
UND
CANT.
PRE.UNI.
OVERHAUL
10.06%
CUADRO RESUMEN DE COSTOS DE POSESION Y OPERACIÓN OPERACIÓN ( US$ / HRA )
EQUIPOS
COSTOS DE POSESION COSTO COSTO x SEG. IMP. COSTO T. COMB. x HORA INTERES POSESION
COSTOS DE OPERACIÓN LUBR. Y GRASAS
ELEM.
SISTEMA DE
REP. Y
OVER OP.
DE DESGASTE RODAMIENTO MANTENIM. HAUL
COSTO T. OPERACIÓN
GASTOS
COSTO
GRALES. UTIL.
TOTAL US$ / HRA
10%
10%
TRACTOR D8R
21.94
5.47
0.68 0.33
28.42
14.10
0.94
7.55
7.85
3.76
7.87 6.00
48.07
7.65
7.65
91.79
CARG. FRONTAL 966F
12.95
3.77
0.47 0.23
17.41
8.46
0.83
5.04
3.40
2.65
3.00 6.00
29.39
4.68
4.68
56.15
NOTA: TARIFA POR HORA ( US$/HRA.) Fecha :30/05/98
Bach. Julio César Marín Zamora
119
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
CAPÍTULO V:
CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES RECOMENDACIONES
5.1 CONCLUSIONES
El presente Informe Técnico Técnico es un trabajo de investigación bibliográfica complementado con la experiencia adquirida en la supervisión de campo de las diferentes actividades propias de movimiento de tierras.
Dentro de las actividades actividades de de movimiento de tierras en minas a tajo abierto tenemos la siguiente clasificación para los equipos: a) tractores de cadenas; b) motoniveladoras; c) excavadoras; d) palas frontales; e) retroexcavadoras cargadoras; f) camiones; g) volquetes; h)
compactadores
compactadores
de
suelos;
vibratorios;
k)
i)
cargadores
martillos
frontales;
hidráulicos
y
j) l)
minicargadores.
Los principales tipos de maquinaria que se utilizan en nuestro medio son: MAQUINARIA UTILIZADA EN MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS
EQUIPO
Tractores
MARCA CAT
KOMATSU
Motoniveladoras
CAT KOMATSU
Excavadoras
CAT
MODELO D6G D6R D8N D8T D10R D10T D155AX 140H 16H GD655 320C 320CL 325BL 325DL 330BL
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
HYUNDAI
PC220LC6 PC220LC8 PC300 PC300LC PC300LC7 PC350 PC350 LC7 EC340 EC360 360LC7
O&K
RH120E
CAT
420E
KOMATSU
WB146
CAT
KENWORTH
785B 785C 330M P124 P360 P380 P420 NL12 FM12 FM440 T-800
CAT
825C
KOMATSU
Excavadoras VOLVO
Palas Frontales Retroexcavadoras Cargadoras Camiones
KOMATSU SCANIA
Volquetes VOLVO
Compactador de Suelos Cargadores Frontales Compactadores Vibratorios
CAT JHON DEERE CAT BOMAG INGERSOLL RAND
966H 988H 994F 744H CS533E BW219DH SD100 SD150 PC200LC-8
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
La maquinaria utilizada para el acarreo de materiales son: camiones; camiones; volquetes y ocasionalmente cargadores frontales. La maquinaria utilizada para el empuje, empuje, nivelación y conformación de rellenos
son:
tractores
de
cadenas;
cargadores
frontales;
retroexcavadoras; minicargadores y ocasionalmente excavadoras.
La maquinaria maquinaria utilizada utilizada para el mantenimiento mantenimiento y conformación de vías, así como para los trabajos de acabado y refine son: motoniveladoras y rodillos lisos.
El despalme despalme es la primera actividad que que se realiza antes de iniciar cualquier trabajo en movimiento de tierras; la maquinaria utilizada son: excavadoras y tractores.
La maquinaria utilizada para la conformación y compactación compactación de arcillas son: compactadores de suelos y rodillos patas de cabra.
Para lograr lograr una mayor productividad, productividad, de la mano de de la seguridad, en cualquiera de las actividades propias del movimiento de tierras es imprescindible contar con operadores capacitados y con experiencia.
La elección de los factores de corrección, en función función de las condiciones de trabajo, para ajustar la producción teórica dada por los manuales es de forma subjetiva y requiere de mucha experiencia.
El análisis para el cálculo del costo horario de operación de los
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
Se recomienda recomienda que que los ingenieros civiles profundicen estudios en maquinaria debido a que los costos de operación y mantenimiento deben ser optimizados para lograr la eficiencia en la ejecución de las obras.
Al utilizar los manuales manuales y/o catálogos de maquinaria maquinaria para estimar la producción, debe tenerse en cuenta cuenta que todos los datos se basan en un 100% de eficiencia en las operaciones, lo cual no es posible conseguir de forma continua, ni aun en condiciones óptimas. Por lo tanto, al utilizar los datos sobre operación y productividad, es necesario rectificar los resultados obtenidos de las tablas, usando factores adecuados a fin de compensar la menor eficiencia en la obra, la habilidad y experiencia del operador, las características del material, las condiciones de los caminos de acarreo, la altitud, y otros factores que puedan reducir la producción o el rendimiento en un trabajo determinado.
Como trabajo adicional se se recomienda recomienda hacer hacer el cálculo del costo horario de operación para los equipos que tienen largo tiempo de vida útil.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
CAPÍTULO VI: BIBLIOGRAFÍA 1. Biblioteca premium Encarta (2007). 2. Caterpillar (2007) Manual de Rendim iento Caterpillar. Caterpillar. Editorial Caterpillar Inc. Peoria, Illinois, U.S.A. 3. Cherné, J – González, A (2006) Movim iento de Tierras, extraído el 13 de diciembre del 2007, de http://grupos.unican.es/gidai/asignaturas/CI/MMT.pdf 4. Costes, J (1975) Máqu inas para Mo vim iento de Tierras. Editorial Técnicos Asociados S.A., Barcelona. Tierras. Editorial Continental S.A., 5. Nichols, H (1981) Movim iento d e Tierras.
México. 6. Komatsu (2005) Specifications & A p p l i c a t io i o n H an a n d B o o k . Japón. Equip o y su s Costos de Operación. Operación. Perú. 7. Ramos, J (1995) El Equip
8. Revista C o n s t r u c t i v o . Edición 64. Agosto-Setiembre 2008. 9. Revista Costos. Edición 166. Enero 2008. 10. Sociedad Nacional de Minería Petróleo y Energía, informe quincenal Abril 2007. 11. Internet:
http://www.cat.com http://www.komatsu.com
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
CAPÍTULO VII: ANEXOS Se anexa un CD con la siguiente información: I. En un documento de word, los siguientes items: 1. Ejemplo de cálculo de de producción producción en la obra. obra. 2. Ejemplo de cálculo de de producción producción con fórmulas. 3. Selección de una máquina – caso para un cargador frontal. a. Método para seleccionar el cucharón de tamaño adecuado. adecuado. b. Método alternativo alternativo de selección selección de una una máquina usando nomogramas. 4. Como seleccionar seleccionar una una excavadora excavadora de gran volumen. volumen. 5. Producción de apertura de zanjas con excavadora. excavadora. a. Cálculo del tamaño del del cucharón cucharón usando nomogramas. b. Volumen de excavación por metro de longitud de zanja. c. Producción de apertura de de zanjas y tendido de tubos. tubos. 6. Tabla 1: Vida económica útil de los equipos equipos de construcción. construcción. 7. Tabla 2: Consumo de combustible, combustible, lubricante lubricante y grasa. 8. Tabla 3: 3: Vida útil de de llantas. llantas. 9. Tabla 4: Expansión, vacíos vacíos y factores de carga. 10. Tabla 5: Peso de los materiales en estado suelto y en banco – factores de carga. 11. Tabla 6: Reducción de potencia debida a la altitud. 12. Tabla 7: Comparación de pendientes: grados – porcentaje pendiente. 13. Tabla 8: Rendimiento de tractor en la costa (a nivel del mar).
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL “MAQUINARIA PARA MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS EN MINAS A TAJO ABIERTO”
21. Tabla 16: Rendimientos standard de motoniveladora. 22. Tabla 17: Rendimientos standard de rodillos. 23. Tabla 18: Costo referencial de posesión y operación de equipo mecánico del MTC- diciembre 2008. 24. Tabla 19: Precio base de mercado + plus pactado con la comunidad – Cerro Corona. II. Una carpeta donde podremos encontrar algunos catálogos de los siguientes equipos: 1. Camiones. 2. Cargadores frontales. 3. Excavadoras. 4. Martillos. 5. Minicargadores. 6. Motoniveladoras. 7. Retroexcavadoras. 8. Rodillos. 9. Tractores.