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1
stress^n飞 always bad.A stress researcher Hans setye(SEL-yay)(1970obseⅣ ‘
tΓ o
be totally without stress“
to be dead。
”
ed,
Stress is the menta1ε md phys允 al
coh西ton伍 at occurs when a person must a内 ust or adapt to the en"ronment. Unpleasant events such as wOrk pressllres,manta1problems,or financial、 voes na饨 rally produce stress.But so do travel sports,a new Job,mountain cⅡ mung, ‘ dating,and other pos“ ive actiⅤ “ies。 EⅤ en if you aren’ tatⅢ 11seeker,a hea1tby hfestyle may inchde a fair amo讪 t of eustress毽 ood stress)。 Eustress can be Activ⒒ ies that provoke
energizing,
“good s订 ess” are usua11y experienced as
cha11enging and rewarding。
2
10
<丿
Astressoris a ConditioⅡ or eventin the enⅤ ironmentthat cha11enges or threateⅡ s a person. Stress reactions are complex。 Let’ s examine some of thc chief factors 伍at dete1… he whether or not stress is harlnm1.Lg。 es almost without sayiⅡ g that some eⅤ ents are more likely to cause stress伍 an o伍 ers.Imagine stan山 Ⅱg at伍 e top ofa whd-whⅡ ped sk jump forthe血 st time.Intemal△ 伍ere would be a rapid surge in your heartrate,b1ood pressure,respratioⅡ and muscle tension. Sho⒒ -te.Ⅱ I stresses of曲 nd can bel】 ncomfortable,but山 ey rarely d9any damage.Pol忆 e
^Ⅱo伍 er hand,sufFer from a high rate of stress-related山 seases.The 。mcers,。 n the threat of i刂 ury or death,phs occasi(冫 nal confrontati(冫 ns With dmnk or be11iI苔 erent citizens,tε 凵os a to11.Am苟 or factor here is tlle unpredictab1e namre ofpolice work。 An。 fncer who stops someone to issue a traⅢ c ticket never knoWsifa cooper龃ve otizen or an ar1ned gang member k w缸ting in伍 ec趾 k】
3
A study done witll rats shows how unpredLctable events add to stress.Rats in one gTOup were gheⅡ shocks prcceded by a w叮 血ng tone.A seGOnd group got shocks w⒒ hOut warning. The dlird group received no shocks,but heard伍 e tone.After a few weeks,伍 e anhnals that received unpredictable shocks had seⅤ ere stomach ulcers。
20
25
Those giⅤen predictab1e shocks showed little or nO u1ceration.The
lucky group that receiⅤ ed no shocks also had no u1cers(Weiss,1972).
The tab1e be1ow gives an oveN\ew oftypica1signs or symptoms ofprolonged siess. VVarning sigⅡ §of stress
E阴 o矽 氵 o刀 砑
g刀s
`S氵
Anx忆 ty Apathy IⅡ tabⅡ ty ˇΙ enta1fatigue
B已助c历 绷 昭
眵 s
`s讠and re1atioⅡ ship ofresponsibiⅡ ties
Avoidanc。 Ex饣 eme or suicidal behaviOur sclf-neglect
Poorjudgment Paysicσ ExcessiⅤ e wOrry about
gns
Ⅱ`s讠 lness
Frequent Ⅱlness
Exhaustion Overuse ofrnedic1nes Physical ailmen“
and∞ mph血 s
800/3/M *This question paper is CONFIDENTIAL untⅡ thetest o oⅤ e⒈
(DOctor&Docto△ 1994)
CONFIDENTIAL*
CONFIDENTIAL* To manage stre“ s△ ess.In
eX钮 ℃me
,o【 le1nusHear【 l
to re∞ gnize伍 e⒍ gns
and symptoms of
domg so,one can avoid the negative efects ofstress which could result in
30
or suiCkkd behaviou⒒
(Adapted flom Coon,D。 2000.Ⅰ oscn饣氵 cJs o/Psyc肋 o皮 △¤亻Ιb`Jo阳 ″o刀 曰刀J/pp`jc曰 rjo″ 8伍
Ed.UsA∶ Wadsworth。
.
)
According to lΙ ans Selye,1ife can be devoid ofsiess.
A Tme B False C Notstated stress can be brought on by bo伍
neg菠 Ⅳe and pos“ 卜e acj呐 ties.
A Tme B Fdse C Notstated The sl丨
jijump 【
example ilhs△ ates behavioural⒍ gns ofstress.
A Tme B False C Notstated Accor蕊Ⅱg to1he table,physical signs ofs饣
ess are the rnost se∏ ous.
A Tme B Faloe C Notstated A police omcer st。 pping sozneone to^sue a tramc住 cket泌 likely to be az1xious.
A Tme B False C Notstated 6
stress can1ead to suicide ifthe symptoms are igⅡ ored。
A Tme
,
B False C Notstated The wnter“ ofthe opinion伍 atthe animal expeⅡ ment“
cruel。
A Tme B False C Notstated 800/3/M 艹This ques“ on paperis CONFIDENTIAL uⅡ
ITurⅡ
tilthe test o oⅤ e⒈
。ψer
CONFIDENTIAL艹
CONFIDENTIAL* 口“邻 r0刀 s8to14曰 昭 D9sc歹
1
o刀
Book retai1ing o h r蚺 d
砀c/oJFol/oJ刀 g`‘ 沼s￠ge. change。 Traditiona11y,shops were independently operated
wi伍 ow11ers who kneW thor patrons and w⒐ eh坨 hly sensitive to伍or hterest. Then came the mall stores in the 1970s,reshaping how books were marketed. Today super bookstores are reWnting the mles again,
2
custome⒈dHven model of book retaⅡing worked for al1nost250years. EVen as 曲e book business grew,sales representatives from1he pubⅡ shing houses sti111nade h山 op oWners to chat about thor wares,and曲 e shop ow11ers "dual calls ordered what they on啦 in仅 IitiVe1y knew their customers wanted. shops maintained distinctive inⅤ
3
5
IⅡ dependeⅡ ts. In Co1onia1Boston,the first seat ofAmeⅡ can inteⅡ ectuaⅡ sn△ book-se11ing was a local en饣 eprenelInal bu‘ iness。 The individuals who ow11ed bo0k shops catered to the reading interests of their particular customers. That
10
entooes.
VΙ aⅡ st① res, WVith曲 e growth of rnass1nerchandising and shopping malls in 伍e1970s,seⅤ eral bookstore ch缸 ns emerged,Typ⒑ ed by B。 Dalton and Walden Books,which together had2300stoies at their peak,these chains ordered books
15
in huge lots△ om the pubⅡ shers and stocked the△ stores coast to coast Ⅵ汀th mbber
stamp inventoⅡ
es.often,曲 ese chains bought books eⅤ en befOre they were
pⅡ nted,basing伍 eir decisons on publishers’ promises for promotional blitzes and
When huge stoCks arHVed,the rna11stores had to — move then1— somethnes going to extraordinary steps w△ h display and discounts t。 nlln11their。 wn proJections,and som0ti1nes without considera刂 on for a book’ s Ⅱterary qualities.Suddenly,book-seⅢ ng became market-dr卜 en with且 ashy big discounts for bu1k pllrchases。
20
dsplays and other hcent卜 es prodding customers to buy-ˉ hardly a custome⒈ driven way ofdo1ng bus1Ⅱ
4
ulaic These fo.I【 ェ
ess。
stores focused on what∞ uld be moved rapidly wi由 out
any
25
Asked once nd Freud∞ u1d be found, “ aB.Dalton store rnanager answered∶ hhh, Id1ink we had one once,” The new '凵 teⅡ a was not1iterary or en1ighte11ment but、 cⅡ vhat products could be rnoved。 The attendon to whe山 er thoy had a balance represented on1heir she1ves。
where伍 e books by伍ei硐uentia1psychoanalyst⒐
grnl】
30
goa⒈ fast inventory tumove⒈
5
VVhatever their deficiencies, maⅡ
stores sold a lot of books-ˉ and it hurt
the independents。 In fac1by 1995,independent stores,which once do1ninated
AmeⅡ can book-se11ing,accounted for only21.4per cent of sales.
6
superst① res.Market-dr卜 en book retaⅡ ing entered a new dimen⒍ on,literallb Ⅵ注d1staⅡ d-a1one super bookstores in the1990s.BamesandNob1e,Crown,Borders
35
and]3ooks-a-MⅡ 1ion bui1t900ofthe humungous stores,some bigger than grocery supeIⅡ larkets and stocking180000titles。
The superstores do rnore than seⅡ books.
Part of the△ appeal has been to become a commuⅡ ty center of sorts,with cafes,
lectures,cⅡ ldren’ s programmes and poetry readings.The best neWs,though,o that、 碲 h
gigantic inventories,superstores have Freud in stock— an improvement
40
over the rna11stores,
7
WhⅡ e superstore customers 1ked the discounts, the pⅡ ce war profoundly damagedpub1ishers,Unableto move a11the new hventory,伍 e superstores shlpped ⑾ ckloads of books back to pubⅡ shers. Refunds had been cO11mon practice in pub1ishing,a11nost a con⒍ gm△ ent relationshlp between stores and pubⅡ shers。 The
45
vohⅡ ne ofthe new returns,hoWever,caught pubⅡ
shers unaware;at Harper Co11ins, fOr example,operating profits fe1166per centin1996,forcing the pubⅡ sher to take
800/3/M *This quesu。 n paperis CONFIDENTIAL vmtilthe testis ove⒈
CONFIDENTIAL*
CONFIDENTIAL* drastic steps. It cance11ed106books￡ or which it had issued advances to authors。 It also0ut back its acquisition ofnew t△ les. In1996,1J.s.book output had reached 58000new t⒒ les. It was down to56000iⅡ 1997and su11tL。 pping。 Book ouVu1 one1neaswe ofa culmre’ s quaⅡ o” sufered.
50
mdapted fr。 mV卜 ian,J.(199⑵ .彐 %ε 盹 由α 瓯 s Co昭 勿″刀Jc曰 r'o刀 sth Ed.MA∶ A11yn&Bacon.)
.
8
Before rna11stores came into existeⅡ ce,book-se11ing was doⅡ 1inated by individua1businesses∶
A Tme B False C NOtstated 9
OFders for books in individua1shops depend on custo1ners’ needs,
A Tme B Fa1se C Notstated 10 The Ⅱterary
quali饪 es ofbooks iⅡ crease book sales in ma11stores。
A Tme B Fa1se C Notstated
11
∷〃乃乃屁,r砀 切庀w纟 尼曰 刀co刀 c召 'ε
A
”
(linρ
2θ .TⅡ s suggests thatthe book k
not discoumted
B notin hgh demand
C ofpoor
Ⅱterary quality
12Mrs.Tan wants her children to read and also e刂 oy food and video shows in山 e same place。 She wou1d patronise
A an hdependently operated shop B
a superstore
C ama11store 13 Bo@庀 @“ rp“ 豸o″ 纟昭c彐 s笏 昭 q厂曰c叨 Jr,昭 &g〃 曰Jf仍 s涕 田臼 th“
statement“ A
superstores wi11reduce progra1nrnes￡ or children
B
the pubⅡ c wⅡ l have less accessto new knowledge
c pubⅡ shers飞 VⅡl
80O/3/M
es5o and51).The h∞pl允 乩ion of
'fliⅡ
ComⅡ lission new authors to increase sa1es
*This question paper is CONFIDENTIAL untilthe test“ ove⒈
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ver ①
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1
Happiness,researchers find,is infcctious∶ 】 he more happy peop1e you associate with,thc happier you become, Happiness is contagious,according to new rescarch, The same team that demonstr甜 ed伍 at obe⒍ ty and smoking spread in network has shown thatthe Fnore happy pcop1e you knOw,the more Ⅱke1y you are yoⅡ selfto be happy. And being connccted to happy people improⅤ es a person’ s happi且 ess,they reported in the Br⒒ ish ⅣIedica1Jourlla1,
2
3
“
’
What we are deaⅡ ng with is an emOtionalstampede,’ saidNicho1as Chostakis, a professor ofrnedica1sociology at Harvard ⅣIedical school in】 Boston.
Chris切 ks and James Fowle△
a political soentist at the UniⅤ ersity of
CaⅡ foⅡ 1ia,San Diego,havc been using data froⅡ
14700chⅡ dren of Ⅴolunteers in
10
the Framingham Heart Stu讷 、an extensive health smdy begun in Framinghanl, bΙ assachuse钆
s in1948. Thcy havc been analysing a trovc of免 cts from tracking
sheets dating back to 1971, fOlloⅥ 注ng bh△hs, rnarriages, deaths and diⅤ orces. Vo1untecrs a1sO listed contact infoⅡ nation oftheir closest￡ Hends,coˉ
workers,and
neighbours. They assessed happiness using a shnp1e,fou⒈ question tcst.
4
15
“ Pcople are asked how often durhg the past week they e死 Oyed Ⅱ fe,were happy,fclt hopenⅡ ab。 utthe nture and fc⒒ just as good as othcr people,’ ’ Fowler said.
5
The60per cent ofpeople who scored high1y on aⅡ four questiOns were rated as happy,whⅡ e the rest were designated unhappy. Peop1c wid△ the most soCia1
20
connections— —岔忆nds,spouses,neighbol】 rs,relatiⅤ es were also the happies1the “ data showed. Each additiona1happy person rnakes you happier,” ChⅡ s仅珏os said. “
6
Imagine thatI anl connected tO you and you are connected to others and others
are connected to stⅢ others.It k tho fabr忆
ofhumani11∶ o`I,lke an Amer忆 an patch
25
quⅡ t,”
7
Each persOn sits on a different-coloured patch.
“
Imagine that these patches are
happy and unhappy patches. Yol】 r happiness depends on whatis going on in the patch around you,” christakis s缸
8
not just happy peop1e connecting Ⅵ 砬 th happy pcOple,which they do. Above and beyond,there is this coⅡ tagious process going On。 ”
9
10
30
And happiness is Fnore contagious than unhappiness,they discovered. “ If a socia1contact is happy,it increases thc1ikeⅡ hood that you are happy for by15per cent,” Fow,ler said. ‘ 勹廴iiend ofa Ⅱ end,orthe mend。 f a spouse Or a sibⅡ ng,ifthey
11
d。
‘ 叮 t is
are happy,increases your chances by10per cent”
A happy thLd-degree fr忆 nd——the
fr忆 nd
he added.
Ofa mend。 fa i忆 nd— ˉ increases a
35
person’ s chances ofbeing happy by six per cent.
12
‘ ‘
But eⅤ ery extra unhappy fⅡ end increases the ⅡkeⅡhood that you’ 11be unhappy by seven per ce酞,” Fowler said. The finding is interesung but it is usefu1too,
Fowler said, “
13
Anlong other benefits,happinQss has been shown to have an important efFect
40
on reduccd mOrtal∶ 1y pah rcducton,and improved c盯
dac functon,So be仇 er understanding of how happiness spreads can hclp us leam how to promote a ” healthier sOcie吖、 he said. 800/3/⒈汪
*This questiOn paperis CONFIDENTIAL unti1the test is oⅤ
ITurⅡ over
e⒈
CONFIDENTIAL*
cONFmENTIAL* The study also nts in with o伍 er data suggested in1984,that having Us$5000
14
extra increased a person、 ohances ofbecoming happier by abouttwo per cent。
45
’ “ Ahappy n吐 end is worth about US$20000,’ said CⅢ stakis whoseteam o also
15
eXaⅡ 1ining the spread ofdepression,loneⅡ ness and dnr山 ong behavio⒒
(AdOpted fr。 m`汲 ヵ v srrJ'rs r切m邵 ,January6,200⑵
15 Among 伍e
words listed below,which are sⅡ nⅡ ar in rneaning?
I `砂c莎 jo昭 αine1) s(Ⅱ ne2) II c@刀 rJg汩 叨 ⅡI‘ Ⅱ 9彻 歹(line⑴ IⅤ
he匀 ε c勿 歹α co刀 刀
A IandⅡ B IandIV C Ⅱ amdⅡ I 16The wⅡ ter
g α ine3)to supportthe meⅡ jorls s〃o″ ″
A
⒒灬 1inked to obeslty
B
△Ⅵ砬11make people happy
C
Ⅱea
that
it spreads in the same way as happiness
、
pede(Ⅱ ne7)gives the idea of q`s勿〃 17 The expres⒍ on召 〃o∫ 汩刀 A an uncontro11ed response ofa crowd B
a chain reacuon offeeⅡ ngs
C an outburst9fhappiness
ˉ
18 The Ameocan patch quⅡ tshows A the interdependence ofpeople B
the Gultural praGtice ofshanng
C the important efe∝ ofh叩 ∮ne“ 19 What kind ofdata is given to suppo⒒ 仇 e findings oⅡ happhess?
A ObseⅣ ations B Experiments C SlIrveys
20The s缸 dy Ⅱe碰ned
A
the f。 11owhg as characteⅡ sjcs ofhapⅡ ness except
。pum。 m
B ambijous C self-esteem
800/3/M 艹This quesu° n paperis CONFIDENTIAL untilthe test跽 ove⒈
CONFIDENTIAL艹
C0NFDENTIAL△ 21The foⅡ o吲 汔mg
statements∷ about happy
9 Ⅲ曲ds are锨 exc0pt
A they are姒 celess¨ B thcy are“ mcult“ nnd
C they“ 吨 “more mends
800/3/M |
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s日gc
`鲋 A11yson was con呐 nced thatshc had nothhg to put on her吒 sumo.In a conferencc, her instmctor asked A11yson to descril,e exactly whE1t she had done,Allyson’ s ‘ was actually hOu∞ management and c11ild care。 Btlt a suF1merjob ℃aby-蛀 ttinζ ’
at Harvard had consisted of changing beds and cleaning rooms for confercnce guests.
2
Ⅱ.sounded1nore proⅡ 1ising. She wenttO Her fiⅤ e su1rl1ners ofwork at a law￡ 【 the library,fo.Ⅱ
1u1ated rnedica1and1ega1questions,and searched for answcrs. Thc w血 a$7mⅢ on Out-of-court se钆 lement.
infoI…aton she found helped the且 I…
Not bad for a sophomore in co11egc, ]But A11yson was in adⅤ ertising and wanted to go into copywriting,not rnarket research. The eⅩ peⅡ ence was certain1y wo岫 ing she had done as a1aw clerk was not putting on her rosumo,butthe kind ofthkⅡ 【
10
the kind ofthinking she needed to demons订 atc to an adⅤ erHsing agency.
3
some of the iteIns under ACHIEⅤ Eˇ IENTs were interesting.The Locker ROo111was a restawantin town where A11yson had had dinne⒈ Its rnenu said the In fac免 the restaurant was new;it wasthe buⅡ ding that was o1d.Allyson went up to the o、 vner,to1d hhn several of伍 e things that were
restaurant“ had a1ong history.”
15
wrong with1he Fnenu,and offered tO rew11itc it, The ownertold her he wOuld pay her for doing that and also invited her to subn1it ideas for ads.
4
The instmctor w"impressed.The who1e anecdote血 ght wOrk in a job app1ication le倪 e△ whi1e the佑 sumo could hghIight伍 c factthatA11yson had written ’ ‘ q汛厂 hat you need,’ the menu and advertising copy ofrea1business(notjust aC1ass). ins缸 uCtor said,“ is a skⅡ 1s rosumo。
20
”
5
“ Are skⅡ ls r6sumos very CommOn?”
6
‘
佑 sum6s, And they’ re Ⅱttle harder to 1町 ot as cO11mon as chrono1ogica1 wⅡte.You can wnte a chronoIo￡ :ical r色咖 o just by gc)ing through the1ist and
25
remembeⅡng what you’ ve done under EDUCATION,under EXPERIENCE,and so on.You can almost￡ 11h the b1anks∶ thejob title,the organ^ati()n,the oty and state,the dates,
′ 丙Ⅰth a skⅡ ls rosu1no,you think aboutthe s1【 i11s you’ d need in the
job you wantto have,the shlk伍 e employer o looⅡ ng fo毛 and show how you’ ve used those sklls in what you’ ve a1rcady done,A sl∈ i11s吒 趾m说 lets you take thi11gs
iom dasses,from paidj。 bs,from
7
“
8
“
Ⅴ olunteer
work and putthem a11togethe⒈
’ ’
30
How do employers fee1about skⅡ ls r6sum6s?” There isn’ t any good research。
‘
One sl】 rvey asked employers which they’ d
But曲 at、 just becau∞ s eⅤ er done sumo.NObody’ they know where to look forthings on the饣 aditiona1茁 rath∝ get,and more people saⅡ the订 adtonal“ sum6,’
35
research taking the same quaⅡ fications,prcsenting them in小 Ⅴo different ways,and e seeing wⅡ ch way gOt more inteⅣ 忆ws Or morejob offers。 I knOw people who’ Ⅴ
9
go悦enjobs using skⅡ 1s rosum6s.” “ You want a“ sumO th乱 炯 血 emately says‘ WOW’ to the employe⒈ Peop⒗
always get rnore resum6s than they wantto deal with,to survive the c吐,ar6sumo has to stand out. You wantthe resume t。 haⅤ e the samc punch that you have in person.’
10
丿 “
“
The next step was to answer“ 〃o quesjons∶ What do you wantto do?” VVhat ‘ do you think the employer^looking for?” A11yson rep1忆 d,‘ I wantto get ajob as a copywriter in Cleve1and. It’ s the 10th biggest1marke1and I’ d rather work as
800/3/M
40
*Thh question paperis CONFIDENTIAL untilthe testis Ove⒈
45
CONFIDENTIAL*
CONFIDENTIAL* a∞ mw血
eriⅡ a sma11er market伍 an have to“ art as a seCretary at a New York
agency,Id匝 nk the agencies want someone who shows creativio1who has a strong personali饥 who isn’ ta△缸d to take risks.” “
Then yow resum6needs to do that. And it can. You’ re coⅡ1ing across as a prOblem solve⒈ When you actually wⅡ te your吒 sumo,use the
11
a self-starte△
50
language of your neld, ProbleⅡ 1so1ver is a pos⒒ iⅤ e teIⅡ I in most nelds,but it may orrnay not be right￡ or adve⒒ ising。 GiⅤen what you’ ve done,you cou1d have
headings for WRITING EXPERIENCE, CREATING ADⅤ ERTISEMENTs, PLANNING PROMOTIoNAL CANIPAIGNs,RESEARCH,and sPEAKING, 55
Ⅱ
wⅡh a1ist ofitems under cach one. “
Your rosumo is going to make you1ook quaⅡ fied. IⅡ ghly quaⅡ Iied.other students are going to rcad it and say,‘ Butshe has done so much. I haⅤ en’ t done
12
They’ re going to fec1justthe way you felt when you said you hadh’
anything.’
t
done much in the last four years, ]But you have done a1ot. You’ 111ook great in
your resumo. Anyone can,who understands the optioⅡ s and who puts in the ume
60
and energy.”
13
Ofco1Ⅱ se,A11yson
sti11had to tinker with headⅡ gs,deode what det缸 lsto use,
and cxperi1nent with1ayout and spacing.
(Adapted from Locke△ K.O.2006。
BcJsj刀 6s夕 刀歹
为彳加1沁 rrcr” ε∞ ″″m“ n讠cGrjo刀
'‘ed.New 7伍
York∶
.
McGraw HⅢ 。 )
22h the first paragraph,the wⅡ ter mentions A11yson to hgh1ight
A the dimculty ofwⅡ ting a“ sumO B the relevance ofpart-timejobs h a“ sulne C
the importance ofseekng help in writing a rosumo
23 In wⅡ ting her resum。 ,A11yson’ s expeⅡ encc in a1aw frn1can be considered as
A iⅡ elevant B insumc1ent C
Lteplaceable
24 The ins饣uctor was impressed w⒒ hA11yson’ s achievement at the resta刂 ant because A the instmctor can relate to the expeⅡ
ence
B
AⅡ yson has飞 Vorked for a reputable restaurant
C
A11yson has shown abⅡ ities that suit her ature career
(line4⑴ means 25%s仍 ″氵 vc肋 纟c笏 莎
A
tobese1ected
B tobe i11terv忆 wed C
to be recoⅡ vncnded
Iurn over 【
800/3/M *This quesu。 n paperis CONFIDENTIAL mti1d1e test is oⅤ
e⒈
CONFIDENTIAL*
ˉˉ ˉ -ˉ T
cONFmENTIAL+
12
“ When somethi瑰
is=de⒃ Ⅱo-as如 呲
(1ine41、
⒒suggests
'm99汕
A ithas Ⅱ刨北i1i″
B Liso刂 e。 讨ve
: ˉ
C "has appe耐 27What doe怂
the h岬 ￠ say
A It may notsuitthe need§
about伍 etempIˉo3`臼” oJycr・ (1蚰 s1'
ofan涎 溺
B R灬 曲Ⅱ l盯 to self-start∝
C
耻desc五 bes
that
ement agency. β
`
Allysoo we11‘
⒛ ‰ hsmctor may be des耐 bed as ∷ A competentinherjob
B expenenced h羽 Ⅷ Ⅱsmg
C aqu耐ned0areer
advisOr
z,The nna1.paragraph血 琪 确 thnt ・ A Allyson wiⅡ be able to Complete her‘
sl1【 JE1彐
ut,som
B A11ysom h agai11st the虫血‘“烛m茁
C AllysO1L needs moFe pmcjce
咖 勹阽“ques血斑 paper“ :・
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矽氵@刀 s30rc,37曰
13
昭
3日sε 歹 o刀
s鳄
砀 ε 丿o`JoⅥ ″ 驾
召・
`硼
I
If it seems like disastcrs are ge钆 ing morc col1mon,it’ s because they are。 But some disasters do seem to be affecting us worse-ˉ and not forthe reasons you rnay think. F1oods and sto.Ⅱ Is haⅤ e led to mOst ofthe excess damage∶
:Γ
he number of
且ood and storm disasters has gone up by7,4per cent evcry year in recent decades,
aCCording to伍 e Centrc for Research on the E五 dem0logy of Disasters。 Of the tota1197Π 1i11ion peop1e aσ ected by disasters in2007,164Ⅱ 1i11ion were affected by且 oods.
2
5
It is tempthg to look at伍 e Ⅱnc-up of stO1… s in the Atlant忆 (Hanna,Ike, JoscphinΘ and blame c1imε 1te change for thk虬 ate of afairs。 But thcre o another inconⅤenient缸uth out there∶ We are gc⒒ ing more vu1nerable to wea伍 er most1y
10
becausc ofwhere we1ive,notjust how we live. 3
In recent decades,peop1e around the world haⅤ e moⅤ ed en massc to big cities near wate⒈ The population ofbΙ iami-Dade County in F1oⅡ da was about150000 in the1930s,a decade fraught、 vith severe hur【 △canes. since1hen,the popu1ation of⒈压iaⅡ 1i-Dade intens⒒ y
County has rocketed1600per cent to2400000, So伍 e same
hurrlcane today wrcaks a11sorts Of havoc that wOuldn’
15
t have occt】 rred
had human beings notrnigratcd.
4
If cⅡ mate change is having an effect on the intensities of stor1ns, it’
s not
obvious in the historica1weather data. And、
much smaⅡ er
``hatever efect it is having is rnuch, than the efcct of deⅤ elopment a1ong the coast1incs. In fact,ifyou
20
1ook at a11stoHms Ilon△ 1900to2005and imagine we had today’ s popu1ations on the coasts,you wou1d see thatthe wOrst h11【 1ricane wou1d have actually happened
in1926. 5
iaIui sto.Ⅱ I、 Vould havc caused$140to$157 Ifit happencd today,the Great⒈ 汪 bi11on in damages.(HuⅡ cane Katrha,thc cost1忆 st stO1Ⅱ Iin U。 S.Ⅱ story,caused “ $100bⅡ Ⅱon in1osses。 ) There has bcen no trend in(he number or intens△ y of
25
’ at1andfa11since1900,’ says Pieke,a professor ofenviromenta1studies at “ The“ o1… s伍 emselⅤ es haven’ t Changed.” the UⅡ Ⅴer盅 ty ofCo1orado。 stoIⅡ Is
6
What’ s changed is、Ⅳhat
we’ Ⅴe put in the stoIⅡ
I’
s Way. CrOwding together in
coasta1c⒒ ies puts us at Ⅱsk on a fe、 〃 leⅤ e1s. Firs1it is harder for us to evacuate
30
And in much ofthe deve1oping world,peop1e don’ t get the kinds of carly w盯 血 ngs that AmeⅡ cans get.So largc mlgrant populatons gct且 ooded out year after yea⒈ That helps exp1ain why A⒍ a hⅡ repeatedly been曲 e hardest Ⅱt by山 sasters in recent years.Secondy even fwe before a stoIⅡ I because ofgod1ock。
get。 11the humans to safe饥 we still have more stufiⅡ
harln、
way.So each big
35
hu彐 Hcane costs rnore than the big one before it eⅤ en controⅡ ing for inIlation.
7
Butthe rnostinsidious efect ofbuⅡ ding condos and industry along the wateris that we are systematica11ys缸 pping the coasts ofthe protection that used to℃ ushion the blow ofextreme weathe⒈
Three years aacr Kh缸 na,southe∏ 1Louisiana is sti11
40
1osing a footba11field worth ofwetlands eⅤ ery38Ⅱ1inutes.
8
“
Human beings haⅤ e been cleaong away our best protections a11over the ’ world,’ says Kath1een Tiemey,d“ ector of the Na仉 ral Hazards Center at the U山 er⒍ ty of Co1orado,“ The namral protectons are dimin灬 Ⅱ ng— whether you’ re talking about mangrove forests h areas afFec饴 d oy the In山 an ocean tsunan1i or wetlands in the Gu1f Coast or forests,which ofFer protection against
45
lands1ides and Fnuds1ides.”
800/3/M
*This question paper o CONFIDENTIAL unulthe test o ove⒈
ITurⅡ over
CONFIDENTIAL*
CONFIDENTIAL*
14
Before we become hopelessly lostin despai△ howeve△ there k gOod news∶
9
we
can do someu1ing about this problem。 We can enact rneaningf、 11buⅡ ding codes and stop keephg insurance premiums引 限noally low in no。 dz。 nes。 But￡ 阝t
we nced to understand曲 at dsasters aren’ tjust Caused oy FEMA and gTeenhouse gases. Says Tiemey∶ “I
don’ tthink
50
that people have an understanding ofquestions
they shou1d be asking— ab0ut where伍 ey1iⅤ e,about design and construction, about b碰 lding inspecton,nre pr。 tecton,These just aren’ t thhgs that are on peop1e’ s lninds.”
10
Increasingly,cⅡ mate change is on people’ s rninds,and thatis a11for the bette⒈ Even if cⅡ mate change has not been the primary(jbl∶ (;ly lⅡ∈
55
iver of disaster losses,it is
to cause far deadⅡ er disasters in the ature if1eR unchecked.
“
11
But even ifgreenhouse gas eⅡ 1issions p1un11ueted rniracu1ous1y next year,we wOuld not expectto see a big change in(Ⅱ saster1osses. So it’ s important to stay focused on the rea1cause of the problem,”
says Pieke.
‘ ‘
Talking about land-use
polioes h coastal MississⅡ m mayn。 tbe伍 e ho⒒est to9c,but that’ s what、
60
gong
to rnake thc rnost diferencc On this issuc.”
mdapted fr。 mr切彳召,september3,200ω 30 The fo11oⅥ 汀ng ideas are found in paragraph1except A Iloods and sto.⒒ 且 s happen Fnore oRen than o伍 er natural disasters
B
n。 。ds and sto.I.Is are the1nost des“
C mostna仅 ral
uctiⅤ e
ofnatura1disasters
disaster Ⅴictims were Ⅴictims offlOods
D dsasters are occuⅡ ng more frequently 31 .¨ 切ε @刀 v纟 刀 招刀 r rr,砀
A
αhe10)refers
to
Ⅱne-up of stoIⅡ Is
B cl订 nate change
C where weⅡ ve D
how、 ve1ive
32 The rnain idea ofparagraph3is
A the popuIaton OfMhm⒈ Dade County has hcreased largely due to migraton
B huJ忆 anes
are stronger in inten⒍ ty and cause more destructon than befOre
C the huⅡ icanes h the193Os caused less damage伍 an the ones today D
hu口 Hcanes caused more des订 uCtion because ofrnass了nigration'
33 IⅡ storical、 veather data shows that
A the great ⅣⅡ盯ni
stoIⅡ
1Caused rnore damages than HlIrncane Ka订 ina
1900to2005
B
there has been no change in the strengJ1of stoIⅡ
C
the number ofhunHcanes has been on the increase since1900
D
the1926hur1△ cane was the most destmctivc
Is flon△
800/3/⒈汪
*This questiOn paperis CONFIDENTIAL untilthe testis ove⒈
CONFIDENTIAL*
CONFIDENTIAL*
15
34 Ash o砀 c乃 曰喊es矽 屁jr0'湘 ns次″T αhe3θ .The m缸 n
reason for tho、
A too1nany people1ive along1he coast B itisclimcu1tt。 evacuate people C
itis cost1y to reduCe the impact
D there is no early waming syste1n
'
35 Which ofthe folloⅥ 泛ng is the topic sentence壬 or paragraph6?
A
″%曰 矿jC乃 曰ngcd
js lo〃 ‰ 曰r
wchvcP,r切 砀召src,r昭 s㈧唧 ~
B sc,丨α璁 cz″ 9grc刀 r`op笏 助 切 C Crovo巛
D 1%ε
^饣
″g rogc饬 召r扔
曰c肋
刀s淫 F,知 odedo笏 r`cGr四 刃cr`召εr
c0箔 勿
B
`勿
D哲 肋功〃 jc曰 刀0Cos沁 昭 o昭 仂 曰刀 砀 εD愆
36.¨ l〃 召c夕 刀 Jb s@阴 纟砀 J刀g日 3o″ r刀b沁
A man尔
沁 掰 曰r刀 s庀 @刀 σ虍
rj邰 `c莎
v勋 昭
Js’ .
@刀 召 Dc/o昭 丸 召※妫 c0刀 rro历 鳄
”m.(1ines47and48).The
/or'矽 切 j@刀
wⅡ ter o of伍 e
opiⅡ on that
``vD及 responsble for仇 e losses caused by namra1山 sasters
there are Fnore fo1Ⅱ 1s ofnatural disasters today
C rnan is powerless against Ⅱamra1tⅡ sasters D natural disasters are ge倪 ing more severe
37 What pointis Pieke n△ ⅡoⅡg
iⅡ
the1ast paragraph?
A Reduce greeⅡ house gasses B
Focus on coastalland-use poⅡ cies
C Expect no change in disasterlosses D Investigate the reasons￡ or the problem
80O/3/M *Th柢 queston paper k CONFIDENTIAL u“ Ⅱ伍 e
IturⅡ
test跽
ov∝
.
① ver
CONFIDENTIAL丨
CONFIDENTIAL*
16
莎 @刀 s38ro453邵 纟 歹o刀 砀cヵ J`@w莎 驾 ￡冫狄万莎
s日g召 。
`邻 1
N。 u1ing1ike it had been attempted before,and eⅤ en NASAs experts wondered if it could rea11y wOrk。 ]But after rnonitoⅡ ng the data,there was1itt1e doubt that
they had to do somethingˉ -or e1sc lose∞ ntact with their space probe foreve⒈
Launched in1977,Voyager1had sent back spectacular images of Jupiter and Saturn and1hen soared out Ofthe sokr systen1on a oneˉ way Ⅱ1ission to the stars. But after25years ofexposure to the frigid temperatures ofdeep space,the probe was begi1Ⅱ1ing to show its age. Sensors and circuits were on the bⅡ nk of faiⅡ ng,
and with the probe 12500bi1Ⅱ on kilome饣 es from Earth there seemed no伍 ing
anyOne could do, Unless,that is,the NASA engineers cOuld sOmehow get a message to Voyager1,instmcting itto dust ofsome spares and use those instead.
2
In ApⅡ
10
12002,one of曲 c huge ramo dshes be1onging to NAsAs Deep Space
Ne小 Ⅳork sent the message out into伍 e depths of space. Even订 aVe11ing at the speed of lig⒒,it toOk OⅤ er11 hours to reach its targe1far beyond the orbit of ΩⅡnt ca11】 lona its home p1ane1 Pluto. Ye1the1itt1e probe managed to hear the 11y made the switch-oⅤ e⒈ It was the longest distance rep碰 r job and success血 h1圯⒒ed the ineers.But⒒ also hi￡ 当 in Ⅱ story,and a“ umph forthe NASA en￡ 雪
15
astonishing power of techniques develOped by an Arne"can communiCations engineerwhohad diedjustayearearlier,named C1aude Shamon.In the1940s,he had single-handedly cre狨 ed an entire sc忆 Ⅱce ofcommu血 caton Whch has蓝 nce found its way into a host of apphcations,from DVDs to satel1ite cO11muniCation to barcode-— aη冂d1ere,in sho⒒ ,where data has to be conveyed rapidly yet accwatcly.
20
Known as Info】 ⅡIation Theory,it uⅡ derpiⅡ s1nany oftoday’ s mostimpo⒒ ant
3
techno1ogies. ButnOw a who1e Ⅱe、 v area of application is s丽 ng to emerge— one Ⅵ砬th profound implications for the very namre of space and tⅡ ne。 Some of伍 e world’ s leading physicists believe that hfoI… ation Theory holds伍 e key to understanding some of the most profound mysteoes in the cosmOs,ion△ 1hc nature ofblack ho1es to the very Fncaning ofreaⅡ
4
25
t∶ y、
Th沁
a11seemsl屯ht-years awayfromthe down-to-ea⒒huses Shannon oⅡ ghalˇ had for his wOrk,which began when he was a22-year-o1d graduate engineering
30
student at the prestigious⒈ 江assachusetts Inst⒈ ute of Techno1ogy in1939. IIe set
out wi伍 an apparently⒍ mple缸 m∶ to,n down the precise mcaning ofthe cOncept of“infonnation” ,The mostbasic fo1Ⅱ I ofinfo1Ⅱ Iajon,Shannon argued,is whether
som汕ing
is truc Or fa1se-which can be captured by a single binary mit or“
of the fo1Ⅱ I1
bir’ ,
or0. HaⅤ ing identified d1is fundamenta1unit,Shannon set about
35
denning otherwise vague ideas aboutinfo.Ⅱ 1ation and trans1ni⒒ing it丘 onl place to place. In the process he discoⅤ ered something surprising∶ it is always possible to ‘ ‘ guarantee messages get through randorn inference-ˉ ˉ noise” -ˉ亠ntact. The tnck, ‘ ‘ ˉ ˉ cOding” 亠-ˉ infoⅡnation to Shannon showed,is to Iind ways of packaging upˉ e stⅡ 1staying wi伍 in the infoIⅡ Iation-ca臼 、砬ng ‘ ‘ ’ capacity— ˉ bandwidth’ -— ofthe communic乱 ion system.
cope w"h the ravages ofCode,whⅡ 5
40
Shannon a1so laid the foundations for efncient ways of stoⅡ ng infoIⅡ .ation, pping out unnecessaryˉ ˉJ‘ redundanr9— bits from data which con仂 ibuted Ⅱ优1e rea1info1Ⅱ .ation.As1nobⅡ e phone text-messages1ike‘ △ CN C U” show,
by血
it is oftcn possib1e to stnp out a lot of data withOut1oshη
g much meaning. As
45
with eⅡ or-coⅡ eCtion,howeⅤ er,there’ sa1iInit beyond which messages become
800/3/M *This question paperis CONFIDENTIAL unti1the test is ov∝
CONFIDENTIAL*
CONFIDENTIAL*
17
shannon showed how to calculate this1iInit,opening the way to the des廴 罗 1ofcompression Fnethods that cram maxhnum info.I【 .ation into Fnini1nal too ambiguous。 space.
6
Not surpⅡ sing1y,Shannon’ s pubⅡ ca伍 on in1948ofA l汀 athematica1Theory of CoⅡⅡnunicationwas quicklyrecognised as atuΠ 1ing-pointintechnologicalhistory.
50
Yet shallnon Ⅱmselfre血 sed to take partin what he saw as hype。 Iro"cally,hints
were already emerging伍 at Info...1at0n Theory was eⅤ en ugger由 an
eⅤ en“ s
most en伍usiastic advocates beheⅤ ed。 (Adapted frOm Robert Matthew岛
25B哲 砌
四召,Oneworld Oxford,2006)
38 Which ofthe fo11owhg is not an obstacle that cou1d prevent NASA from making contact wi伍
Voyager1? A Dotance from earth B Lack ofspare pads
C Low temperamres
D Age ofVoyager1 39 The wnter cites the example ofVoyager1to highⅡ ght
A theh圯hly
spe。 al跽 ed
work ofNASA en纽 neers
B the spectacuIarimages sent ofh∮ ter and Sattlm C
the successa】 l appⅡ cation ofinfoI11Iation technology
D
thedi伍 cu1ties
invo1ved in cO11ml】 nicating with Voyager1
40 The1nain idea ofparagraph2is
A
ˇbyager1was
repa“ du⒍ ng eⅡ o⒈ coⅡeCtion signals
B
theemc1ency ofNAs'rs Deep Space Ne“ 〃ork
C
the power ofsateⅡ ite cor1munication
D how datacou1d be sentra【 冫 idly
41The word'矽
(1ine21)as used in the passage s屯 nals that some伍
hg o
A unusual B surpⅡ 蛀ng C
impossible
D
predictable
42 The fo11oⅥ 泛ng discoveries were rnade by Shannon except
A stoⅡ ng data emcienuy t。 be transmitted
B
Ⅱenti彤 ing of伍 e smallest element ofinfo.… aton through a⒍ ngle binary u血 t
C
codiη g ofinfo.Ⅱ 1ation to cope Ⅵ 注th h1terference so that the message remains intact
D
designing ofcompression IⅡ ethodsto cram max虹 n1Ⅱ n△ infO.Ⅱ Iation into Ⅱlinhnun△ space
800/3/M *This question paperis CONFIDENTIAL unti1仕 1e
TurⅡ over 【
test is ove⒈
CONFIDENTIAL*
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