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MAJLIS PEPBRIKSAAN MALAYSIA (MALAYSTAN EXAMINATIoNS CoTNCIL)
Instructions to candidates: DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION pApER UNTIL yOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO. There rtre forty-five questions in this test. For each question, choose the most appropriate answer. Indicate your answer on the separate answer sheet given. Reqd the instructions on tlte answer sheet
carffilly.
Attempt all questions.
This question paper consists of 16 printed pages. O Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia 2011
MUET
8OO/3/M
*This question paper is CONFIDENTIAL until the test is over.
[Turn over CONF'IDENTIAL*
CONFIDENTIAL* Questions
1
I
to 7 are bqsed on thefollowing passage.
At
a time when most industries are predicting gloomy days ahead, the country's rubber glove manufacturers see a bright future. Global demand is expected to remain strong, especially for medical gloves. Historically, the rubber glove industry has been blessed with rapid growth in globai demand - estimated at 8oh to l}oh per annum. The growth in demand is anticipated to continue, driven mainly by the traditional medical market and an aging population. Malaysian glove makers are the world's leading players, accounting for 55o/o to 65Yo of the market share. Industry players have also begun to focus on nitrile gloves as these gloves have become more popular in hospitals due to their low protein content versus latex gloves.
2
10
A leading glove manufactureq Mr Lim, expects demand for medical gloves to be stable, if not increase. "Greater emphasis will be placed on healthcare in companies' annual budgets as no one can afford to fall sick or incur heavy medical expenses in such times. Therefore, the medical glove industry is resilient in any economic climate," he said. Nevertheless, he predicted a slight decrease in demand for industrial and laboratory gloves from the non-medical sectors, including the electrical and electronics and food and beverage sectors during periods of economic slowdown which could lead to lower business activities and thus lower usage. "While we are more prudent in terms of expansion, we will focus on research and development to offer higher value products. We aim to achieve double-digit growth in revenue for the next two or three years. With our new plant which produces premium grade nitrile gloves scheduled to run soon, we are confident of achieving our targeted growth," he said.
3
Another leading glove company reported that the group had allocated some RM80 million for capital expenditure, which would include expansion andpotential acquisitions. "We continue to focus on producing high quality products efficiently and at a low cost. The main challenge for the industry is the volatility of latex price, crude oil price and also foreign exchange. As long as all these factors remain stable, it will be good for us. As rubber gloves constitute less than 1% of the total cost of healthcare centres, any increase in selling price is deemed too insignificant to affect overall demand," he said.
l5
20
25
30
Figure 1: Profitability of Glove Companies
30 ()
Szo
E ()
Bro 0
2010 Year
W
Gnlim
Co.
NlMangal
Rubber Industries
Co.
ffi
Century Holdings Co.
[TIllTl
Corbel Corp Co.
(Adapted from The Star, Jantary 2,2009)
800/34{ *This question paper is CONFIDENTIAL until the test is over.
CONFIDENTIAL*
CONF'IDENTIAL*
1
8 per cent to10 per cent
A B C 2
Not stated
True False
Not stated
True False
Not stated
Natural latex gloves are more expensive than other fypes of gloves.
A B C 5
False
The rubber glove industry is recession-proof.
A B C 4
True
Malaysian glove makers captured more than half of the world's market share.
A B C 3
ofrubber gloves produced are for export.
A
True False
Not stated decrease
in
dernand
for gloves is a more serious problem for glove makers than rising
manufacturing cost.
A B C
True False
Not stated
Glove makers are reluctant to increase the price of gloves as this will affect demand.
A B C
True False
Not stated
Century Holdings Co. is the biggest manufacturer of gloves in Malaysia.
A B C
True False
Not stated
800/3/M *This question paper is CONFIDENTIAL until the test is over.
[Turn gver CONF'IDENTIAL*
CONFIDENTIAL* Questions 8 to 14 are based on the following passage.
I
Europe's population is, right ncw, peaking, after more than six centuries of continuous growth. With each generation reproducing only half its number, this looks like the start of a continent-wide collapse in numbers. Some predict wipe out by 2100.
2
Half a century ago, Europe was basking in a post-war baby boom, with 2.8 babies per woman in Britain, 2.9 in France, and 3.2 in the Netherlands. Then, levels sank back. Demographers assumed that fertility would settle down at about the level required to maintain the population - slightly more than two babies per woman. The trouble is nobody told Europe's women.
3
In the real world, even the swinging 60s did not see a lot of procreation. By the mid-60s, alarrn bells were ringing. "Europe is entering a demographic w'inter," declared demographer Gdrard-Frangois Dumont. Ron Lesthaeghe at the Free University of Brussels blamed "post-materialistic values, in which self-
5
10
development becomes the primary aim."
4
Aresolution at the Eurcpean parliament in 1984 warned that Europe's share 15 of the world's population rvas set to halve between 1950 and 2000, and was likely to halve again as soon as 2025. This trend, it said, "will have a decisive effect on the significance of the role Europe will play in the world in future decades." The twentieth century began with western Europe producing 10 million babies a year:' by the end it couldn'tmanage 6 million-2 million fewer than it needs to maintain 20 the population in the long term. That baby famine is now heading into a second generation; it is no longer a blip.
5
Demographically, Europe is living on borrowed time. It already badly needs foreign hands to keep its societies and economies functioning, and should stop pretending
otherwise.
25
6
Thirty years ago,23 European countries had fertilify above replacement levels; now none does, with only France, Iceland, Albania, Britain and Ireland anywhere near. And last year's economic downtum threatens to depress fertility further.
7
Once a country has very low fertility for a generation, it begins to run out of young women able to gestate future generations. Germany is there already: it has only half as many children under 10 as adults in their 40s. Demographer Peter McDonald calculates that if Italy gets stuck with recent ferlility levels, and fails to top up with foreign migrants, it will lose 86% of its population by the end of the century falling to 8 million compared with today's 56 million. Spain will lose 850%, Germany 83% andGreeceT4o/o.
8
30
35
Jesse Ausubel, a futurologist at Rockefeller University in New York, fears "the twilight of the west" as Europe's population thins and ages. But, population historianDavid Reher told the jourcal Science in 2006 that, "As population and tax
revenues decline in Europe, urban areas could well be filied with empty buildings and crurnbling infrastructure . . . surrounded by large areas which look more like what we might see in some science-fiction movies."
40
(Adapted fromThe Guardian, February 1,2010)
800/3/M
*This question paper is CONFIDENTIAL until the test is over.
CONFIDENTIAL*
CONF'IDENTIAL* The current desired family size in Britain is three.
A B C
True False
Not stated
The population of Europe has started to decline.
A B C
True False
Not stated
10 Ron Lesthaeghe's opinion is that Europeans have become self-centred.
A B C ll
True False
Not stated
The trouble is nobody told Europe's women (line
A B C
is not putting the blame on women is acknowledging the importance of women
is accusing demographers for making
12 Which of the
A B C
9). This implies that the writer
a
wrong assumption
following statements is true of paragraph4?
Europe's population
will
be reduced by half
Europe's population
will
be maintained with six million babies ayear.
from 1950 tifl2A25.
Europe's population is declining fwice as fast between 2000 and2025.
13 Peter McDonald believes that
A B C T4
low fertility among Europeans is due to economic considerations Spain
will
be the worst hit by population decline
Italy should welcome foreign migrants
Inthelastparagraph,DavidReherpresentsa-pictureofEurope.
A B C
gloomy
futuristic promising
800/3/1\4
*This question paper is CONFIDENTIAL until the test is over.
[Turn over CONFIDENTIAL*
CONFIDENTIAL* Questions
1,5
to 21 are based on the following passege.
1
A l5-second
2
lt also syrabolises a massive investment in the future of Chinese cinema. Grand historical sets are a staple of Chinese epics. But in the past, most of those films were shot with intemational money for an international audience. Bodyguards and Assassir?s represents a new model of Chinese filmmaking. It has i00 per cent Chinese flnancing - half private and half public - and is being shot primarily for a Chinese audience. In the past, the size of the mainland Chinese market alone vrould not have supported such a big-budget frlm. But in the last coLrple of years the Chinese market has exploded, and for the first time fiims are being produced for just that audience. Foreign sales are no longer the biggest slice of the pie in terms of recoup. The rnajorily of the investments, if not all, can be recouped with the projected revenue of the Chinese market alone.
3
scene for a Chinese movie, Bodyguards and Assassins, is being shot not on location but on an elaborate set built on the outskirts of Shanghai" As big as 10 football fields, this full-scale replica of a section of the former British colony took a year to build, costs $5 million - a fifth of the film's budget - and includes the fogades ofabout 200 shops.
Compared with Hollywood or even Bollyw'ood, the Chinese film industry is still in its infancy. Private companies have been allowed to film independently only since 2002, and private-equiry players began to invest in the industry just in 2A07 . But with a domestic box office that ballooned from $117 million five years ago to $630 million in 2008, it is becoming easier for Chinese films to atffact private domestic capital. They got a boost from international blockbusters as well as acciaimed local films. Total box-offrce revenues for 2009 reached $800 million. That is still a long way from the $9.8 billion the U.S. box offrce earned in 2008, but mainland China so far has only 4100 movie screens, compared with 38 834 in the United States.
4
10
15
20
25
The race is now on. New movie theaters are opening every week, increasingly
in smaller cities. Dadi Cinemas Co., a Hong Kong-based firm that started building cinemas on the mainland less than three years ago. will have 300 screens by the end of the year; Dadi's chairman, John Sham, says the company's objective is to build 1500 screens within the next five years. Dadi's strategy has been to concentrate on second-tier cities, u'here there are often no movie theaters, and to keep ticket prices at a quarler to a third of those for cinemas in larger cities.
5
6
Five years ago, Chinese filmmakers had to go to Hong Kong producers to finance their films, since those people controlled the distribution pipeiine outside China, where a big-budget film would have to show to recoup its money. Though they are still looking 1o Hong Kong firms for their expertise, Chinese production houses are increasingly in the driver's seat. But for all the rising box-office revenues, Chinese cinema has yet to mine a key stream ofpotential riches: spin-offs. In Hollywood. box-office receipts account for just 30 per cent of a film's revenues, with the rest coming from television rights, DVD sales, and merchandising. "Residual income outside box-office receipts is very low in China -- no more than 20 per cent-- because television is still a monopoly, there is no video-on-demand platform, and DVD piracy is still a very big issue," says Sham. "There is a lot of room for residual income to grow." China
30
35
40
45
800/3/M
*This question paper is CONFIDENTIAL until the test is over.
CONFIDENTIAL*
CONFIDENTIAL* proved with its Olympic mascots that it can fully capitalise on merchandising. It won't be long before filmmakers figure out how to turn their work into millions of sword-fi ghting action fi gures. (Adapted from Newsweek, September 21,2009)
l5
Grand historical sets are a staple of Chinese epics (line 7). This implies that
A B C 16
the Chinese enjoy watching historical movies the Chinese love movies with spectacular settings
The biggest slice of the pie (line 14) in paragraph 2 refers to
A B C 17
the Chinese are proud of their culture
the highest earnings
the largest investors the biggest budget movies
The current strategy of movie producers is to
A B C
invest heavily in epic movies target movie-goeru in China attract foreign investors
18 Which of the following
A B C 19
Earnings from Chinese movies peaked at $800 million in 2009.
Moviemaking as a lucrative industry is not new in China.
27). This refers to
building more cinemas producing more big budget films selling more movie tickets at lower price
The Chinese movie producers no longer need Hong Kong counterparts. Why?
A B C 21
There are almost ten times more cinemas in the United States compared to China.
The race is now on (line
A B C 20
statements is not true of paragraph 3?
They have distribution channels outside China.
They do not need Hong Kong experlise. They can earn enough within China.
The main idea of paragraph 6 is
A B C
revenue from spin-offs is expected to overtake box-office revenues
China's movie industry is capable of making money from spin-offs China's film makers should emulate Olympic organisers in marketing spin-offs
800/3/M
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CONFIDENTIAL*
CONFIDENTIAL* Questions 22 to 29 are based on the following passage.
1
When Kellogg introduced breakfast cereal to India 14 years ago, it underestimated the tradition of cooked breakfasts. The few customers for cornflakes ate them with hot milk, because until recently milk was rarely pasteurised in India, and they were disappointed by the soggy results.
2
Kellogg responded with an extensive advertising campaign and, to adapt to local tastes, introduced products like Basmati rice ffakes and mango-flavoured cereal. To entice customers, the company also produced small packs that sold for 10 rupees, or 25 IJ.S. cents. "It would be foolhardy for me to say Kellogg has replaced cooked breakfast. I don't think we can ever hope for that. But we've become a parl of the consideration set for breakfast in many Indian homes, and that's a tipping point," saidAnupam Dutta, the managing director of Kellogg India.
3
Getting a foothold in India's processed-food market, estimated to be worth $90 billion, requires persistence and a willingness to adapt products to food and cultural preferences. Rising incomes, more working women, modem stores and greater culinary choices are helping companies like PepsiCo, Nestle, Unilever and McDonald's get a piece of the market. Adaptation appears to be essential for success in the sector. PepsiCo for example, has produced strong sales from ethnic salty snacks and sells aam panna, or green mango nectar, along with its colas.
4
l0
Nestle promoted Milkmaid, a condensed milk, as being ideal for traditional Indian sweets. But it had better results with Maggi noodles, a bold step in a country divided between eaters of ric e and roti, a flat wheat bread. Maggi soon became a staple in school lunch boxes, helped by masala, or mixed spices. Nestle recently introduced packaged yogurt, competing with another time-honoured Indian tradition. A few years ago, Indian and foreign companies struggled to sell packaged foods. But now it is much easier to break into the lndian market because of a younger population, higher incomes, new technologies and a growing middle class,
l5
20
25
estimated at 50 million households.
5
Hemant Kalbag of A.T. Kearney, a consulting company, estimates that will grow at 15 per cent annually over the next four years. "We have a young population with higher disposable incomes, living away from the large joint families and seeking greater convenience. The market is constantly evolving and creating demand for products that you never thought would have had a chance. Increasingly, Indian consumption patterns are mirroring global trends such as a preference for protein and for functional foods," said Kalbag. processed foods
6
30
McDonald's which is doubling its outlets in India to nearly 300 this yeaq does not sell beef products in the country. Half its menu is vegetarian, with popular offerings like the McAloo Tikki Burger, which is essentially a potato patfy. The company also has more sit-down restaurants for large Indian families and home delivery a first.
35
Indian companies are imitating these fast-food rivals to attract young
40
7
customers. For instance, Jumbo King, an Indian fast-food chain, is mass producing vada pav, a spiced potato patfy in a bun, using modified cookie-dough machines and temperature-controlled stoves. Their inspiration is clearly McDonald's.
800/3/M
*This question paper is CONFIDENTIAL until the test is over.
CONFIDENTIAL*
CONFIDENTIAL*
8
Despite the opporhrnity, there are longstanding hurdles. Cumbersome tax rules give an advantage to smaller local companies. And the refrigerated system of transportation and storage is inadequate. Problems in this cold chain result in waste ofnearly 40 per cent ofall fresh produce. There is a need for stronger legislation on food safety, more robust supply chains and improvements in the cold chain. The govemment and modern retailers are addressing these issue3 with new laws on packaging and labelling, as well as greater investment in the supply chain.
45
50
(Adapted from Herald Tribune, March 20, 2008)
22
In the first paragraph, the writer implies that
A B C 23
Indians do not eat breakfast cereals with cold milk
it is dififlcult to break the habit of eating cooked breakfasts breakfast cereals are relatively recent food products in India
The writer mentions Basmati riceflakes and mango-flavoured cereal (lines 6 andT) to
illustrate the
A B C 24
many varieties of breakfast cereals new way of packaging snacks in small packets
The main reason for the success of global food companies in India is
A B C 25
attempts to include ethnic options
theirproducts are relatively cheap they have invested heavily in technology they take into account cultural food preferences
The market for processed foods has grown in India primarily because
A B C
a growing middle class
huge population growth a desire to
follow global consumption trends
26 Why is the introduction
A B C 27
of
of Maggi noodles considered a bold step (line 20)?
Indians are mainly rice and bread eaters. Indian spices were added to the noodles.
It became the main item of school lunches.
The following statements are true of McDonald's in India except
A B C
800i3/M
it offers products unique to India it is the fastest growing global company in India it has influenced the operations of Indian companies
*This question paper is CONFIDENTIAL until the test is over.
[Thrn over
CONFIDENTIAL*
CONFIDBNTIAL*
28
t0
The passage is particularly rich in
A B C
restatements
opinions of experts illustrativeexamples
29 Which of the following
A B C
best summarises the central idea of the passage?
Indian consumer patterns are adapting to global trends. Global food companies adapt to local markets for success.
In India, food products are constantly evolving to meet local taste.
800/3/M
*This question paper is CONFIDENTIAI until the test is
over.
CONFIDENTIAL*
CONFIDENTIAL*
ll
Questions 30 to 37 ere based on the.following passage.
1
Rosette Babkian knew that something was seriously wrong. She had woken up with a burning discomfort in her chest and an upset stomach and vomited soon after she got to work. Her doctor called an ambulance and before she knew it, the 43-year-old Sydney mother of three was in the emergency unit. For the next seven hours, hospitai staff ran a battery of tests, but couldn't find the problem. "They kept on giving me Mylanta. They thought it was a stomach ulcer or a bit of this or a bit of that," says Rosette. By late aftemoon, a cardiologist was finally called and diagnosed what the other staff had missed: Rosette had suffered aheart attack.
2
Amazingly, her story is not dn unusual one. Men and women often present different sets of symptoms when they experience heart attacks. Yet, because hospital protocols - the rvay staff are trained to react and subsequently act - are
10
typically based on the symptoms that men present, women are often misdiagnosed, wait ionger for correct treatment or may even be sent home untreated.
3
4
Men and women are not the same. That is hardly an earlh-shattering revelation.
Yet traditionally, women have been viewed by the medical profession as simply smaller versions of men. Now, however, scientists are revealing how wrong - and dangerous - that assumption really is. Researchers are uncovering tiny biological ditierences at every level - from the cells up - which influence the way men and women experience disease and how.they need to be treated for it.
l5
"Men and women share more than 99 per cent of their genetic material. But sometimes the small genetic differences result in dramatic differences as far as diagnosis and treatrnent go," says Dr Susan Philips of Queen's University in
20
Ontario, Canada.
5
6
7
For example, researchers now know that men and women rnetabolise drugs in different ways - the balance of hormones and distribution of body fat play a parl in determining how the chemicals are stored and used. Women's brains are mole "plastic" than men's, meaning they recover more easily from strokes. And men's bodies respond to certain types of pain in diff'erent ways from women's bodies and may need different treatment fbr it. That is not all. As well as the way our bodies are put together, our gender also affects our health outcomes, thanks to the rvay in which society shapes us as men and women. Women are more likely to see their doctor and take care of their health. Men, on the other hand, generally do not visit the doctor until their disease has progressed further, so they are more likeiy to die from it. Men also sufler higher rates of accident and injury, including suicide. Yet much of the evidence on which medicine is based does not take gender differences into account.
30
35
Iinforfunately, that is what happened to Rosette Babkian. Her heart attack symptoms fell into a definition of "atypical" symptoms which are based on male experience. As a result of the delay in her treatment, she suffered permanent damage to her heart muscle.
8
25
40
Why is this happening? Around the world, more clinical trials have been carried out on young white men. [t is more complicated for researchers to include women, because they have had to factor in complexities such as fluctuating hormone levels through menstruation or menopause. In addition, drug companies are wary of testing their new products on women who might be pregnant.
800/3/M *This question paper is CONFIDENTIAI. until the test is over.
45
[Turn over CONFIDENTIAI,*
CONFIDENTIAL*
9
I2
There is also the question of how medical studies are funded, "the more homogeneous the group, the more rapidly you can explore the question you're
10
11
asking," explains Dr Jo Wainer, director of the Gender and Medicine Research Unit at Monash University. o'As soon as you introduce confounders like sex and ethnicity, the more complicated the study is and the more expensive it becomes." 50 However, it is not just women who have missed out on important research. One in eight cases of osteoporosis involves a male, but little research has been done into the disease in men: the evidence on which their treatment is based is extrapolated from studies on women. It is the same for reproductive medicine: there is not even a male equivalent to the discipline of gynaecology. 55 Ten years ago, the US National Institute of Health made it a prerequisite for government funding that if the research is on health issues that affect both men and women, both sexes must be included in trials and the data analysed for any gender differences. As well as changing the way research is conducted, it is also important to consider gender when it comes to the way doctors are trained and health services 60 are delivered, Dr Wainer says.
(Adapted from Readers' Digest, July 2009)
30 In paragraph
A B C D 31
misdiagnosis by doctors are common occuffences heart attack symptoms of females are often wrongly diagnosed doctors at the emergency unit are not trained to handle heart attacks a cardiologist is needed to diagnose heart attacks suffered by females
training diagnosis treatments procedures
...that assumption (line 17) refers to the belief that
A B C D 33
writer tells us Rosette Babkian's story to make the point that
The word protocols (line 11) can be replaced by
A B C D 32
1, the
men and women are not the same
women are smaller version of men men's response to treatment is different from women's there are biological differences befween men and women
The examples given in paragraph 5 explain
A B C D
the effects of drug metabolism on men and women the reasons why men take longer to recover from a stroke
the differences between men and women that affect ffeatment the similarities and differences of men's and women's genetic material
800i344 *This question paper is CONFIDENTIAL until the test is over.
CONFIDENTIAL*
CONFIDENTIAL*
13
34
Women are more likely to see their doctor and take care of their health (lines 32 and 33). This highlights the point that
A B C D 35
women are concerned about their health doctors seldom recognise gender
differences
I
delay in treatment for women permanent damage to heart muscle using young white men for clinical trials treating women based on symptoms exhibited by men
Why were clinical trials traditionally carried out on young white men?
,d B C D 37
society influences behaviour
The word this (line 41) refers to
A B C D 36
gender affects health
Data analysis of a homogenous sample was more straightforward. Pharmaceutical companies forbid the use of female subjects.
Male subjects were paid less compared to female subjects. Researchers prefer working with men.
The writer mentions osteoporosis and gynaecology in paragraph 10 to make the point that
A B C D
the two diseases affect mostly women men have been neglected in some research gender differences determine the type of study treatment for some branches of medicine is based on studies on women
800/3/M
*This question paper is CONFIDENTIAL until the test is over.
[Turn over
CONF'IDEI{TIAL*
CONFIDEI{TIAL*
L4
Questions 38 to 45 are bctsed on the.following passage.
Man has changed the landscape and the atmosphere. It would be odd if the seas, which he has for centuries used for food, for transporl, for dumping rubbish and, more recently., for recreation, had not also been affected. Man has brought about a hotter atmosphere and warmer seas.
levels,
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could
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Melting sea ice affects ecosystems and cunents. It does not affect sea because floating ice is already displacing water of a weight equal to its own. But melting glaciers and ice sheets on land are bringing quantities of fresh water into the sea, whose levei has been rising at an average of nearly 2 millimetres a year for over 40 years, and the pace is getting faster. Recent studies suggest that the sea level may well rise by a total of 80 centimetres this century though the figure plausibly be as much as 2 metres.
The burning over the past I 00 years or so of fossil fue ls that took half a billion years to fonn has suddenly, in geological terms, released an enoffitous amount of carbon dioxide (COr) into the atmosphere. About a third of this CO, is taken
up by the sea, where it forms carbonic acid. The plants and animals that have evolved or,'er time to thrive in slightly alkaline surface waters their pH is around - the acidity' of their 8.3 are now having to adapt to a 30 per cent increase in suroundings. Some will no doubt flourish, but if the trend continues, as it will for at least some decades, clams, mussels, conches and all creatures that grow shells made of calcium carbonate will struggle. So will corals, especially those whose skeletons are composed of aragonite, a parlicularly unstable form of calcium
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carbonate.
Man's interference does not stop with COr. Knowingly and deliberately, he throws plenty of rubbish and toxic waste into the sea. Inadvertently, he also lets flame retardants, bunker oil and hear,y metals seep into the mighty ocean, and often invasive species too. Much of the harm done by such pollutants is invisible to the eye: it shows up only in the analysis of dead polar bears or in tuna served in New York sushi bars. Increasingly, though, swimrners, sailors and even those who monitor the sea with the help of satellites are encountering highly visible aigal blooms known as red tides, which have increased in frequency, number and size in recent years, notably since man-made nitrogen ftrtilisers came into widespread use in the 1950s. When rainwater contaminated with these fertilisers and other nutrients reaches the sea, an explosion of (oxic algac and bacteria takes place. killing fish. absorbing almost all the oxygen and leaving a nricrobially-dominared ecosysrem.) Each of these phenomena would be bad enough on its own, but all appear to be linked, usually synergistically. Slaughter one species in the food web and you set off a chain of alterations above or below. Thus, the near extinction of sea otters in the northern Pacific led to a proliferation of sea urchins, which then laid waste an entire kelp forest that had hitherlo sustained its own ecosystem.
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4A
whereas, misfortunes that came singly might not prove fatal, those that come in combination often prove overwhelming. The few coral reefs that remain pristine seem able to cope with the warming and acidification that none can escape, but most of the reefs that have also suffered overfishing or pollution have succumbed to bleaching or even death. Biodiversity comes with interdependence, and the shocks 45 administered by mankind in recent decades have been so numerous and so severe that the natural balance of marine life is disturbed. 800/3/M
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fue these changes reversible? Most scientists believe that fisheries, for instance, could be restored to health with the right policies, properly enforced. But many of the changes are speeding up, not slowing down. Some, such as the acidification of the seas, will continue for years to come simply because of events already in train or past. And some, such as the melting of the Arctic ice cap, may be close to the point at which an abrupt, and perhaps irreversible, series of happenings is set in motion. It is clear, in any event, that man must change his ways. A world of 6.7 billion souls, set to become 9 billion by 2050, cannot afford to treat the sea as an infinite
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resource.
(Adapted from The Economist, December 30, 2008)
38
The main message in paragraph 1 is
A B C D 39
the destruction of the sea is worse than that of the landscape and atmosphere
like the landscape and the atmosphere, the sea also suffers from man's interference
of
sea ice
glaciers
arctic ice cap ice sheets on land
The trend (line 18) refers to
A B C D 41
man has exploited the sea just as he did with the landscape and atrnosphere
'Ihe rise in sea level cannot be credited to the melting
A B C D 40
man is responsible for a hotter climate and warmer seas
increasing acidity in the sea
declining number of shell creatures the continued burning of fossil fuels adapting of marine and plant life to the surroundings
How would you describe the writer's tone in paragraph 4?
A B C D
Condescending
Commanding Convincing
Critical
800/3/M
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42
l6
Artificial fertilisers washed into the sea will lead to
I II ilI IV
increase ofred tides
growth of microbes absorption of oxygen
evolution of new marine species
A I, II andIII B I, II and IV C I, III and IV D II,IIIandIV 43
The writer cites the example of sea otters and sea urchins (lines 38 and 39) to support the idea
that
A B C D 44
when the population of sea otters decreases, the numbers of sea urchins multiply the individual marine species can maintain its own balances in the food web the increasing sea urchins
destroy the kelp forest
the ecosystem of marine creatures can be threatened
Inparagraph 7, the writer is of the opinion that
A B C D 45
will
fisheries can be restored to health
if man changes his ways
it will be difflcult to stop the changes to the marine ecosystem the implementation of right policies the melting of the Arctic ice cap
will
will slow down the acidification of the seas speed up the changes to the marine ecosystem
The passage is mainly about
A B C D
how to reverse the damage done to the how man has slowly destroyed the
sea
sea
the effects of a warmer sea the pollution of the sea
800/3/M
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