School of Distance Education
e s r u o C n o m m o C
aebmf kmln-X-yw-þ2 (Malayalam) For
BA /B.Sc. II SEMESTER (2014 Admission) CUCBCSS
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION CALICUT UNIVERSITY PO, MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635
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School of Distance Education
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
BA/B.Sc. II SEMESTER COMMON COURSE
Prepared by:
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Dr. Saithalavi. C Asst. Professor Thunchathezhuthachan Malayalam University Tirur. Layout: Computer Section, SDE (c) Reserved
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School of Distance Education
PAGES
CONTENTS
MODULE -
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MODULE -
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MODULE - 3 &4
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School of Distance Education
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School of Distance Education
samU-yqÄ þ 1 Nn´m-hn-jvS-bmb koX þ Ipam-c-\m-im³ 1873þ \mcm-b-Wsâbpw Imfn-b-½-bp-sSbpw aI-\mbn Imbn-¡-c-bn Ipam-c-\mim-\m³ P\n-¨p. {]ikvX ]WvUnX-·m-cpsS Iogn kwkvIr-X-¯nepw ZÀi-\-§fnepw {]mho-Wyw t\Sn. 1891  {io\m-c-b-W-Kp-cp-hns\ Ip-ap-«n. 1902 apX ]Xn\mdp hÀjw Fkv.-F³.-Un. ]n. tbmKm sk{I-«-dn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. 1922 shbn cmP-Ipam-c³ ]«pw hfbpw \ÂIn BZ-cn-¨p. 1924  ]Ã-\-bm-änse t_m«-]-S-I-S-¯n acn-¨p. hoW ]qhv, \fn-\n, eoe, IcpW, {]tcm-Z-\w, NWvUm-e-`n-£p-In, Nn´m-hn-jvS-bmb koX XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv apJ-y-Ir-Xn-IÄ. Ihn-Xm-kmcw Ipi-eh³am-tcbpw Iq«n hmÂaoIn- a-lÀjn {iocmasâ Ai-z-ta-[-bm-K-¯n ]¦p-tN-cm³ t]mbn«v Znh-k-§-fm-bn. ISp¯ GIm-´X A\p-`-hn-¡p¶ koX Hcp sshIp-t¶cw B{i-a-¯n\p kao-]s¯ ]qt´m-¸n sN¶n-cp-¶v hnNmc \na-á-bm-Ip¶p. DS-Pm-´-hmSnbn {]IrXn koX¡v Ccn-¸nSsamcp-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ]qhm-I-sIm¼p-IÄ ]q]-´Â t]mse tim`n¨p lcn-\o-e-]p-Ãp-IÄ ]«p-hn-cn-¸mbn Na-ªp. Nn´-bn-em koX kqc-y-\-kvX-an-¨tXm Npäpw \nemhv h¶p \nd-ªtXm AdnªtX CÃ. Xa-km-\-Zn-bn Hmf-§Ä krjvSn-¡p¶ IpfnÀam-cp-X³ kk-y-e-Xm-Zn-Isf Xgp-Ip-¶p. CÀ¸-ap-ff Ce-I-Ä \nemhv hoWv shf-fn-bn hmÀ¯-Xp-t]mse sh«n-Xn-f§p¶p h\-ap-Ã-bn \n¶v DXnÀ¶p hogp¶ ]q¡Ä koX-bpsS apSn-s¡-«n an¶m-an-\p§p-IÄ h¶n-cp-¶p. ac-§Ä¡n-S-bn-eqsS ImWp¶ \£-{X-§Ä \ndª BImiw t]mse koX-bpsS apSn tim`n-¨p. DS-bm-S-IÄ icocw ad¨v \o ssIIÄ XpS-ta h¨v ]mXn-\n-dª I®p-I-tfmsS Ccn-¡p¶ koX-bpsS Nn´m-`mcw A\p-hm-N-IÄ¡v A\p-`-ht- h-Zy- amw h®w Ihn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. Imän-ep-eªv Af-I§ - Ä I®n ]Xn-¡p-t¼mgpw AS-ªp-X-s¶-bn-cn-¡p¶ I®p-IÄ koX-bpsS Nn´-bpsS Bgw hy-à-am-¡p-¶p. Ip\nª ico-ca - p-ff - h - s - f-¦nepw koX CS¡v \nhÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. \m\m-hn[ Nn´Isf {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡m-\m-hmsX ZoÀL-\n-iz- m-ka - p-XnÀ¡p-¶p. DÅn Ae-bS- n-¡p¶ \m\mXcw Nn´-IÄ Ah-fpsS IhnÄ XS-§-fn ]e-hn[ `mh-§Ä {]Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p-¶p. a\-kns\ \nb-{´n-¡m-\m-hmsX hnNmc `mj-bn Xs¶¯ms\ Ft´m-sam-gn-bp-¶p. XpSÀ¶v koX-bpsS Bß-KX cq]-¯n-emWv Imhyw hnI-kn-¡p-¶-Xv. Imev]-\n-IX-bpsS AgIpw XX-z-Nn-´-bpsS Kuchhpw \ndªhbmWv XpSÀ¶p-ff hcn-IÄ Hcp \nÝ-an-Ã-sbm-¶n\pw hcptamtcm Zi h¶-t]mse t]mw hnc-bp¶ a\p-j-y-t\-Xnt\m Xncnbm temI-c-l-k-y-amÀ¡pta Pohn-X¯ - n H¶n\pw Hcp-d¸ - p-an-Ã. Hmtcm Ah-Ø-IÄ h¶pw t]mbpw Ccn-¡pw. CXn\n-Sb - n F´n-s\-¶d- n-bmsX a\p-j-y³ Dg-ep-¶p. temI cl-ky- -s¯-¡p-dn¨v BÀ¡pw H¶pw Adn-bnà C{]-Imcw a\p-j-y-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ `n¶m-h-Ø-I-fn \n¶mWv koXae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
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School of Distance Education
bpsS Nn´-IÄ Bim³ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. a\Êv ck-_n-µp-t]mse HmSn-¡f - n-¡pI-bpw s\·-Wn-t]mse s]mcn-bp-Ibpw sN¿p¶p. Nne-t¸mÄ Xo{h-ambpw Nne-t¸mÄ eLp-hmbpw AXv DÂWvTm-Ip-e-am-Ip-¶p. Cu AhØ hnh-cWw koX-bpsS ]pÀÆ-Ime kvay-Xn-bn \n¶p-f-hm-Ip¶ am\-knI kwLÀj-¯n sXfn-bp¶ XX-z-i-I-e-am-Wv. Xm³ IS-¶pt]m¶ Poh-X-¯nse ITn\]co-£-W-§-fpsS ]mX-Ifpw Ah-Øm-hn-]-c-y-b-§-fp-amWv koXsb Cusbmcp Nn´-bn-te-s¡-¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. kt´mjw \ndª ]qÀÆ-Imew kvacn-¡p-t¼mÄ ZpÀhn[n ]p©n-cn-bpsS [mcmfn¯w sImv Ahsb ambvNp-I-f-ª-Xmbn koX HmÀ¡p-¶p. aÀ¯-y-Po-hnXw kpJ Zp:-J-k-½n-{i-am-sW-t¶mÀ¯v koX Bi-z-kn-¡m³ {ian¡p-¶p. Ak-z-Ø-amb th\-en\p ]ndtI Ft¸mgpw ag-sb¯pw . Ce-IÄ s]mgnªv ipjvI-amb Xcp-¡Ä XfnÀ¯ ]qhn-Spw. ChnsS a\p-jy Pohn-¯nsâ AØn-c-Xsb EXp-t`-Z-§t- fmSv Ihn kma-ys - ¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. kk-yP - ´ - p-Pm-e§ - f - nepw Ag amdn amdn h¶p s]Sp-sa-¦nepw Bßm-`n-am-\-ap-ff a\p-j-y-\n am\-lm-\n-aq-e-ap-ff Zp:Jw Ønc-ambn \n¡pw. C{]-Imcw Nn´n-¨n-cns¡ koX-bpsS CS-Xp-tXmÄ H¶p XpSn-¨p. CXv ip`-e-£W-am-sW-¦nepw koX AXns\ "]pgp-t]mse' F¶v hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶p. {]nb-ka - m-Kas¯ kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ Hcp \nan-¯-am-sW-¦nepw Xm³ AXns\ ]n³Xp-S-cp-I-bn-söv koX Dd¸n-¡p-¶p. Ip«n \ng-ens\ ]n³Xp-S-cp-¶-Xp-t]mse Xm\n\n kpJ-t`m-K-§-fn {`an¨v Dg-ep-I-bn-söv koX Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p. ]p{X³amÀ sNmÃnb cmam-b-W-Im-hyw tI«v {iocm-a³ Ahsc Xncn-¨-dn-ªn-«pm-h-Ww. Ah-tcmSv A\p-Xm-]-ap-f-f-h-\mbn XoÀ¶n-cn-¡-Ww. {incm-a-t\m-sSm¸w Ignª \à \mfp-IÄ ad-¶n-«n-¦nepw Ah Nn´-bn Du¶n-Sm-sX-bm-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Ah tIÄhn-bn amsäm-en-t]msebmbn XoÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. Aev]t- \-cs¯ hntbmKw t]mepw kln-¡m³ Ign-bm-¯-hn[w Xo{h-am-bn-cp-¶ {]Wbw Ct¸mÄ Dd-§p¶ AW-en-¸m¼p-I-Ws¡ Df-fn Xe-s]m¡m\mh-sX-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. C{µn-b§ - Ä¡v BËm-Zt- l-Xp-hm-Ip¶ `mh-§Ä Hgn-ªp-t]mb Xsâ a\kv {]mhpIÄ Dt]-£n¨pt]mb IqSp-t]mse Zb-\o-b-ambn XoÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. Xsâ lrZ-b-Imim-¯n kZm hnf-§n-\n¶ sh¬N-{µ\pw HmÀa-bmbn XoÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. Zm¼-Xy- ¯ - nsâ a[p-c-`m-h-§-tfmSv koX¡v Ct¸mÄ {]Xn-]¯n tXm¶p-¶n-Ã. B{i-a-¯nse {hX-N-cy X\n-¡n¶p ioe-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Bß-hn-Zy Xs¶ im´bm¡n XoÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶p. hnthI iàn-sImv FÃm Zp:-J-§fpw X¶nÂ\n¶pw Hgnªp t]mbn-cn-¡p-¶p. F¶m "A]am-\-ieyw' Xs¶ Ct¸mgpw Np«p-s]m-f-fn-¡p¶p. Xm³\n-jvI-cpWw h\-a-²yb-¯n Dt]-£n-¡-s¸« Imcyw koX HmÀ¡p-¶p. kzbw Poh³ shSn-bm³ B{K-ln¨ Xm³ KÀ`nWnbmb-Xn-\m AXn-\p-ap-XnÀ¶n-Ã. Ct¸mÄ {]nb-tN-jvS-IÄ sImv B D®n-IÄ X\n¡v IuXp-I-ta-Ip-¶p. D®n-I-fpsS aµ-kvan-X-c-ivan-IÄ Xsâ thZ-\-b-I-äm³ t]m¶ Huj-ambn XoÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. thZ-\m\nÀ`-ca - mb Poh-X¯ - n AÀ`-IÀ (a-¡Ä) Huj-[a - mbn Na-bp-¶p-sh¶v Bim³ HmÀ½n¸n¡p-¶p. Iqcn-cp-«nepw sXfn-ªp-{]-Im-in-¡p¶ Nne \£-{X-§Ä ImWmw. AXp-t]mse IS ]c-¸n sNdp Zzo-]p-Ifpw ImWmw. GXp hn]-¯nepw Bi-zm-k-ta-Im³ Fs´ae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
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School of Distance Education
¦nepw amÀKw CÃm-Xn-cn-¡n-Ã. a¡-fpsS km¶n-²-yhpw tNjvS-I-fp-amWv koX¡v Bi-zm-kt- a-Ip-¶-Xv. Hcp ssIsImv XÃp¶ \nbXn adpssI sImv Xtem-Sp-Ibpw sN¿psa¶v koX Bi-z-kn-¡p-¶p. \ngepw shfn-¨-hpw-t]mse Htc `mh-¯nsâ c-h-Ø-I-fmWv kpJhpw Zp:-J-hp-sa¶v koX Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p. alm-ßm-¡Ä Ch cnepw AN-©-e-cmIp-¶Xv Cu kXyw a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶Xv sImm-sW¶v koX Icp-Xp-¶p. C\nbpw e`n-t¨-¡m-hp¶ kpJm-\p-`-h-§-tfmSv koX CuÀj-y-tbmsS Xncnªv \n¡p-¶p. Ahsb "hn\-bmÀ¶ kpJ' ambn ImWp-¶p. Xsâ Poh-Xn-X-¯nse DÃm-k-\m-fp-IÄ thZ-\-bnepw A]-am-\-¯n-ep-am-WtÃm HSp-§n-b-Xv. Zp:-Js¯ kzbw hcn-¡m³ sNÃp-t¼mÄ ZpÀhn[n AXnsâ CuÀj-y-`mhw ssIhn-Sp-sa¶p Xs¶-bmWv koX-bpsS {]Xo-£. A]-am-\m-\p-`-h-t¯-tbmÀ¯v \odp¶ koX-bpsS kwLÀj-`-cnX-amb a\-Ên \n¶mWv Cu hm¡p-IÄ DXn-cp-¶-Xv. Zp:-Js¯ Gäp-hm§n icn-bmb a[p-cn-¨nSmw kzbw ]cn-io-en-s¸mcp Ibv]p-X-\pta ''F¶ XoÀ¸n koX Bi-zmkw Is-¯p-¶p. Hcp-J-WvUn-bn D¯-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. 1. \ne-sb-¶nsb tZhn-bmÄ¡I AI¯e-s¶mcp Nn´bmw IS ]e `mh-a-W¨p sasà \nÀþ ½eamw Nmcp IhnÄX-S-§-fn þ hym-J-ym-\n-¡p-I. 2. ]pgp-t]mse XpSn-¡-bÃn lm ............................................................ ............................................................. bpgem t`mK anc¶p Rm\n-\n...þ hni-Z-am-¡p-I. 3. kv^pS-Xm-c-§Ä Iqcn-cp-«n-epþ ........................................................... ............................................................ ¶nS-bm-taXp alm-hn-]-¯nepw þ hym-J-ym-\n-¡p-I. 4. hn\-bmÀ¶ kpJw sImXn-¡-bnþ ...................................................................... ....................................................................... X\ntb ssIhnSp aoÀj-y-ZpÀhn-[n. þ hym-J-ym-\n-¡p-I. D]-\-ym-k-sa-gp-XpI 1. Bß-\n-µ-tbm-f-sa-¯p¶ koX-bpsS hnNm-c-t`-Z-§Ä hnIm-tcm-±o-]-I-am-¡n-XoÀ¡p¶-Xn Bimsâ ]mShw hni-I-e\w sN¿p-I. 2
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s]cp-´-¨³
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Pn. i¦-c-¡p-dp¸v 1901þÂ s\Ãn-¡m-¸-ffn i¦-c-hm-c-y-cp-sSbpw hS-¡n\n e£van-¡p«n A½-bp-sSbpw aI-\mbn Ime-Sn-¡S- p-¯p-ff \mb-t¯mSv {Kma-¯n-emWv i¦-c¡ - p-dp¸v P\n-¨X - v. "kmlnX-y-Iu-XpI' amWv At±-l-¯nsâ BZy IrXn. ]pPm-]p-jv]w, sN¦-Xn-cp-IÄ, h\-Km-bI³, ap¯p-IÄ, CX-fp-IÄ, A´ÀZm-lw, HmS-¡p-gÂ, Poh-\-kw-KoXw apX-bm-h-bmWv ae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
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School of Distance Education
{][m\ IrXn-I-Ä. "HmÀa-bpsS Hmf-§-fn ' F¶ t]cn cNn¨ Bß-IY A]qÀWam-Wv. BZ-ys¯ Úm\-]o-T-]p-c-kvImcw 1965þ PnbpsS HmS-¡p-g F¶ IhnXm kam-lm-c¯ - n-\mWv e`n-¨X - v. 1968þ At±-l¯ - n\v "]ß-`q-j³' e`n-¨p. 1978þ At±lw \nc-ym-X-\m-bn. "alm-\mb ZmÀi-\nI Ihn' F¶mWv tUm. Fw. eoem-hXn At±-ls¯ hnti-jn¸n-¨-Xv. a\p-jy Poh-X-¯nsâ FÃm aWvU-e-§-fn-te¡pw i¦-c-¡p-dn-¸nsâ IhnX IS-¶p-sN-Ãp-¶p. {]]-©-¯n apgp-h³ hym-]n¨p \n¡p¶ Znhy ssNX-\-ys¯ km£m-XvI-cn-¡m³ At±lw Xsâ anÌnIv Ihn-X-I-fn-eqsS {ian-¨p. ZpÀ{K-l-amb Bi-b-§sf {]Xn-cq-]-§Äs¡mv kv]jvShpw kpµ-c-hp-am-¡m³ At±-l-¯n\v km[n-¨p. s]cp-´-¨³ hmÀ²-I-y-¯nsâ Ah-i-X-I-fn Iptd-\m-fmbn s]m¯n³ Npcpp InS-¡p-¶-Xpt]mse Ign-bp-I-bmWv s]cp-´¨³. hmXw ]nSn-ap-dp-¡n-bn«pw Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶Xn\v sXfn-h-t]mse iz-kn-¡p-¶p-v. Ah-i-X-bnepw ac-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw Ipe-s¯-gn-ens\-¡p-dn-¨p-amWv s]cp-´-¨sâ Nn´þ Dfn-sh-¡p-t¼mÄ I«n-s¸m-¶p-t]mse an¶p¶ ¹mhpw Ifn-h-©n-bp-m-¡m³ ]änb tX³amhpw B ao³Im-e¯v Cd-b¯v sN¶p\n¶v ImWm³ At±lw sImXn-¡p¶p kzbw ]d-¼n Hcp hmg-¡p-än-t]m-ep-an-sÃ-¦nepw ImWp¶ ac-t¯m-sSms¡ X\n¡v C¼w tXm¶pw. A¼-e-ap-ä¯v hfhpw t]mSpw tISp-an-Ãm¯ H¼-XmÄ ]nSn¨mepw ]nSn-Iq-Sm¯ X¼-I-a-c-ap-v. AXp-ap-dn-¨m Xsâ \m«nse FÃm apf-tam-´m-b§fpw ac-ap-¯-c-am-¡m-\m-Ipw. AsÃ-¦n Ducm-W-a-¡mÀ tamln-¡p-¶Xv t]mse AhcpsS amfn-I-IÄ¡v Noem-´n-bp-m-¡mw. ]t£ ]pX-en-¨p-t]mb Xsâ XSn-sImv B ImX-en Dfn hogv¯m-\m-hn-Ã-tÃm. "\m\n' bpsS \nhÀ¶ IS-sª-Sp¯ sa¿gIpw HmÀa-bm-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ]q¯ sN¼-I-s¯-t¸m-se-bn-cp¶ AhÀ shSn-sh-¨m t]mepw tIÄ¡m-¯-hn[w sNIn-Sn-bmbn Ip\n-IqSn Ign-bp-¶p. apdp-¡n-Np-h-¸n¨v ]q¯shf-fn-eb - psS tim`-tbmsS Xsâ Acn-I¯ - h - ¶p \n¡m-dp-ff "\m\n' sb s]cp´-¨³ HmÀ¡p-¶p. Ct¸mÄ Icn-sh-än-e-¯ppw sIm«-S-bv¡bpw \qdn³ Xcnbpw ]pIbn-e-sR«pw X¸n X¸n \S-¡p¶ \m\n s]cp-´-¨-\n hÃmbva ]SÀ¯p-¶p. ]Wn-sN-¿p-hm³ hs¿-¦nepw \o§n-\n-c§n ]Wn-im-e-bn sN¶n-cn-¡m³ Ignªn-cp-¶p-sh-¦n-se¶v AbmÄ tamln-¡p-¶p. Zqsc Icn-ho-«n-bpsS ImX IS-¯pm- ¡ nb h³a- c nI Ian- g v ¯ n- s h- ¨ - X pt]mep- f f BIm- i - ¯ n\p Iosg Xsâ sIIÄsImp XoÀ¯ s]cpw Xrt¡m-hnensâ sN¼p-Xm-gn-I¡ - pSw ImWp-¶p. AXn\p ap¼nse DbÀ¶ sImSn-a-c-¯n ]d-¡m³ NndIp-hn-SÀ¯p-t¼m-gp-ff Ne\w t]mepw Bhm-ln-¡p¶ hn[w Kcp-Usâ at\m-lc cq]w sIm¯n-sb-Sp-¯Xv Dfn-]n-Sn-¡m³ Xm³ Xs¶ ]Tn-¸n-¨ Xsâ {]nb-a-I-\m-bn-cp-¶tÃm F¶v AbmÄ thZ-\-tbmsS HmÀ¡p-¶p. Kcp-Usâ Nndp-Ip-IÄ Ct¸mgpw Nen-¡p-¶-Xmbn tXm¶p-¶Xv aIsâ Ic-hn-cp-Xp-sImm-Wv. aIsâ Ic-hn-cp-Xn Xm³ Akq-bm-ep-hm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶t{X \m«p-ImÀ ]dªp-]-c-¯n-b-Xv. GX-¨-\mWv aI-\p-e-`n-¡p¶ {]iwk DÄs¡m-f-fm-\m-hm-Xn-cn-¡pI ? Bbncw aWn-bpsS \mh-S¡mw, ]t£ Hcp a\p-jysâ \m¡-S-¡m\ BÀs¡-¦nepw Ign-bptam ? ae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
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School of Distance Education
AÑ\pw aI\pw shtÆsd ]WnIgn¸n¨ cp tKm]p-c-¯nsâ X«n-embn AjvSZnIv]meI cq]s¯ Xmc-X-a-y-s¸-Sp¯n aItâXmWv IqSp-X Poh-Êp-ä-sX¶v \m«pImÀ ]d-bm³ XpS-§n. Fsâ I®n-ep-®n-bmb aI\v e`n-¡p¶ {]ikvXn XtâXp-IqSn-bm-WtÃm F¶mWv Xm³ At¸mÄ Nn´n-¨-Xv. aIs\ aäp-f-f-hÀ ]pI-gv¯p-t¼mÄ Xsâ apJw a§p-¶p-sh¶v Bfp-IÄ Ifn-bm-¡n. Xm³ X¨-\m-sW-¦nepw A¨-\-Ãm-Xmhn-ÃtÃm F¶mWv At¸mSpw Nn´n-¨-Xv. " IW¡pw tIm¸pw ap¯m-im-cn-¡m-sW-¦nepw inev]-KpWw aI-\mWv' F¶ \m«p-Im-cpsS hne-bn-cp-¯epw Xm³ Ku\n-¨n-Ã. Bebn ASp-¯-Sp-¯n-cp¶v ]Wn-sN-¿p-t¼mgpw A¨\pw aI\pw anp-¶n-sÃ-¶m-bn-cp¶p ]n¶oSv \m«p-Im-cpsS Is-¯Â. tIa-\mb aI³ {Kln-¨Xpw A`-y-kn-¨Xpw Cu AÑ-\n \n¶m-WtÃm F¶v A`n-am-\n-¡p-I-I-bm-bn-cp-¶pAt¸mÄ. Rmbdp adtª¡mw Xn¦-fm-etÃ' F¶ aq¯-\m-b-cpsS tNmZ-y-ap-\bpw Xm³ tI«n-söv \Sn-¨p. hgn-t]m-¡À ]me-¯nsâ \Sps¡¯p-t¼mÄ A{]-Xo-£n-X-ambn apJ-t¯¡v Xp¸p¶ b{´-¸m-hsb shdpw t\cw t]m¡n-\p-thn Dm-¡n-bX - m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v s]cp´-¨³ HmÀ¡p-¶p. Cu hnNn-{X-hn-Zy ImWm³ B Bän³ h¡n Bfp-IÄ \nd-bm³ XpS-§n. F¶m \mep Zn\w Ign-bp-¶-Xn\p ap¼p-Xs¶ Xp¸p-hm³ `mhn¨v s]m§p¶ Xsâ ]mh-bpsS hm Xp¡p-t¼m-tg¡pw sNIn-S-¯-Sn-¡p¶ asämcp ]mh ]me-¯n Øm\w ]nSn-¨p. aIsâ Ic-hn-cp-Xn³ \n¶mWv B ]mhbpm-bXv F¶-dn-ª-t¸mÄ s]cp-´-¨\v ASn-tb-ä-Xp-t]mse tXm¶n. Aѳ Ak-z-Ø-\mbn \nÂs¡ "\m\n' bpsS I®oÀ hI-sh-bv¡msX BImi¯v Htc kabw cp N{µ³amÀ¡v Øm\-an-sö Xncn-¨-dn-hn aI³ hoSp hn«pt]m-bn. aI³ ]Sn-bn-d-§p-t¼mÄ Dan-\odpw t]mse a\kv \odn-sb-¦nepw Aѳ H¶pw Dcn-bm-Sn-bn-Ã. Xs¶ \nµn-¡m-\m-bn-cp-¶nà aI³ A¯-c-samcp anSp¡v Im«n-b-sX¶v C¶v s]cp-´-¨³ Xncn-¨-dn-¡p-¶p-v. ]n¶oSv tImhn-en ]pXnb B\-¸-´Â ]Wn-bp-t¼mÄ Xm³ aIs\ Xncn¨p hnfn-¨Xv F´n-\m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v s]cp´-¨³ Nn´n-¡p-¶p. aXnen-\-I¯v sN¶-t¸mÄ " aI-t\m-Sm-tem-Nn¨p `wKn-bm-¡Ww ]´Â ' F¶ X¼p-cmsâ hm¡v s]cp-´-¨s\ Gsd Ak-z-Ø-\m-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. CXp-hsc asäm-cm-fpsS D]-tZiw tXSm¯ Xt¶mSv A§s\ ]d-ª-t¸mÄ Xncn-¨p-t]m-cm³ tXm¶n-b-Xm-Wv. F¶n«pw £an-¨Xv Xsâ aI-WmtÃm F¶ Nn´-sIm-mWv. Xm³ AXn Akq-bm-ephmbn F¶mbn ]n¶oSv \m«p-Im-cpsS Is-¯Â. aI-\p-ff am\w AÑ-\p-ap-m-bn¡q-sS. acmimcn ac-ÃtÃm hnIm-c-c-ln-X-\m-Im³. Ducm-W-·-¡mÀ IuXp-I-t¯msS t\m¡n \nÂs¡ `wKn-bp-ff ]´Â s]m§n. apI-¸nsâ sIm¯p-th-e-IÄ _m¡n-bp-v. AXv Xm³ sNbvX-tXmfm F¶pw Aѳ tam´mbw Ib-än-t¡mfq F¶pw aI³ ]d-ª-t¸mÄ s]cp-´¨ - \v Xsâ ta[m-i-àn¡v {]l-c-ta-ä-Xp-t]mse tXm¶n. "tam\-\p-h-Zn-¡tWm tam´mbw tamfn tIäm³' F¶v s]cp-´¨ - ³ AaÀj-t¯msS kzbw tNmZn-¡p-¶p. apI-¸nsâ sIm¯p-th-e-IÄ Xs¶ AXn-i-bn-¡m³ t]m¶ Ic-hn-cpXv {]I-Sn-¸n-¡m³ aI\v Ah-kcw \ÂIp-sa¶v Hcp thf s]cp-´-ѳ Nn´n-¨n-cn-¡mw. Nµ-\¸ - -eI - b - n alm-e£ - ao tZhn-bpsS tIfo-]ßw sIm¯n-s¡m-n-cp¶ aIsâ Igp-¯n-te¡v t\sc apI-fn tam´m-b¯ - nsâ BWn No´n-sIm-n-cp¶ s]cp-´¨ - sâ hoXpfn DuÀ¶p-ho-gp-¶p. "ssIb-dn-bmsX, bdn-bm-sXbmþWpfn' F¶v s]cp-´-¨³ ae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
9
School of Distance Education
kzbw Bi-zk - n-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p-v. aIsâ ta hogtà F¶v hoW \nanjw Xs¶ Xm³ t\À¶n-cp-¶p-sh¶v s]cp-´-¨³ HmÀ¡p-¶p. ]t£ I®p-an-gn-¡p-t¼m-tg¡pw ]nS-bp¶ Igp-¯p-ambn InS-¡p¶ aI-s\-bmWv s]cp-´-¨³ I-Xv. Npäpw IqSnb Bfp-I-fpsS t\m«w kqNn Xp¼p-t]mse Xsâ t\sc \ofp-t¼mÄ Imep-d-¡msX Xmsg hoW Xm³ aI³ "ams¸'¶v ]d-ªXv tI«n-Ã. ac-W-th-f-bn aI³ "am¸v' F¶v ]dªp-sh¶v kzbw kam-[m-\n-¡m³ s]cp-´-¨³ Iev]n-s¨-Sp-¯-Xm-hmw. sXäp sNbvXh-cm-WtÃm am¸p ]d-bp-I. aI³ sXäp sNbvXn-«mWv Xm\-§s\ sNbvXp-t]m-bXv F¶v s]cp-´-¨³ kzbw t_m[n-¸n-¡m³ {ian-¡p-I-bmWv F¶v A\p-hm-N-IÀ¡v t_m[y-s¸-Spw. cà-¯n Ipfn¨p InS¶ inckä aIsâ cq]w s]cp-´-¨s\ th«-bm-Sn-s¡m-tbn-cp-¶p. \m\n-bs Nncn¨p In-«n-Ã. ]n¶o-Smcpw Pohn-¨n-cp-s¶-¦n hmÀ²-Iy- ¯ - nsâ Cu Ah-i-X-I-fn X\n¡pw \m\n¡pw Ah³ Du¶phSn-bm-tbt\ F¶v s]cp-´¨³ thZ-\-tbm-sS Nn´n-¡p-¶p. Hc-Ñ-\nXv sN¿m-\m-hn-söv BhÀ¯n¨v Bi-z-kn¡m³ {ian-¡p¶ s]cp-´-¨³ "`oa-am-]-ar-Xyp ]nW-bm-Xn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ' F¶v hne-]n-¡p¶p. F¶m Xsâ A´:-I-cWw "]nbv¡m-Xn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ' F¶v Xncp¯n ]d-bp-¶Xv s]cp-´-ѳ Adn-bp-¶p. F§-s\-sbms¡ ambv¡m³ {ian-¨mepw Df-fn sXfn-ªph-cp¶ B `oI-c-k-Xyw s]cp-´Ñs\ \nc-´cw th«-bm-Sp-¶p. Cusbm-cä {]tbm-K-¯neqsS s]cp-´Ñsâ am\-knI kwLÀjw Ihn \½p-tS-Xp-Iq-Sn-bm-¡n-XoÀ¡p-¶p. Bi-zmk¯n\mbn kzbw Iev]n-s¨-Sp-¡p¶ bpàn-Ifpw hni-zm-k-§fpw amªp-t]mIp-Ibpw bmYmÀ°yw a\-Ênsâ At_m-[-X-e-¯n a§msX \n¡p-Ibpw sN¿pt¼m-gp-ff `oI-cm-c-hØ s]cp-´-ѳ A\m-h-cWw sN¿p-¶p. 150 hm¡n Ihn-bmsX D¯-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. 1. X¼-I-a-cs¯¡pdn-¨p-ff s]cp-´-¨sâ Nn´-IÄ A¡m-es¯ kmaq-ln-Im-hØsb¡pdn¨v Fs´Ãmw kqN-\-I-fmWv \ÂIp-¶-Xv. ? 2. "\m\n' sb ¡pdn-¨p-ff s]cp-´-¨sâ HmÀa-IÄ Fs´Ãmw. ? 3. Bbncw aWn-bpsS \m¡-S-¡oSm, samäþ hmbnse \mhmÀ¡m\pw sI«p-hm³ Ign-bptam ? - kµÀ`-taXv ? 4. "" Rmb-dp-a-d-tª¡mw Xn¦-fm-età '' F¶ aq¯ \mb-cpsS hm¡nse [z-\n-sb´v ? 5. "CS-an-Ãm-Im-i¯p cp Xn¦-fn-s\¶pw ' -þ Bibw hni-Z-am-¡p-I. 6. "hmin-bmse \n¡-Sn-tb-äXp t]mse tXm¶n ' þ kµÀ`-taXv ? 7. hoWp-Rm³, aI³ "ams¸'t¶mXn s]mÀ, tI«nà Rm³.þ kµÀ`-taXv ? 8. "" ]nW-bv¡m-Xn-cp-s¶-¦n-se¶p lm, Xncp-¯p-¶pþ pW-cp-s¶m-sc-¶-´:-I-cWw IqsS IqsS ''- þ Bibw hni-Z-am-¡p-I. D]-\-ymk cq]-¯n D¯-c-sa-gp-XpI 1. ]m]-t_m-[-¯m th«-bm-S-s¸-Sp¶ Hcp a\:-km-£n-bpsS hnNm-c-W-bmWv s]cp-´¨³ F¶ Ihn-X. ' -kaÀ°n-¡p-I. kl-ysâ aI³ þ sshtem-¸n-ffn {io[-c-ta-t\m³ tNcm-\-ÃqÀ sIm¨p-Ip-«³ IÀ¯m-hnsâbpw If-¸p-c-¡Â \mWn-¡p-«n-b-½-bpsSbpw aI-\mbn 1911þ Gd-Wm-Ip-f-¯mWv {io[-c-ta-t\m³ P\n-¨-Xv. Gd-Wm-Ipfw ae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
10
School of Distance Education
alm-cm-Pmkv tImtf-Pn \n¶v _ncpZw t\Snb At±lw hnhn[ kv¡qfp-If - n imkv{X[-ym-]-I-\mbncp-¶p. I¶n-s¡mbv¯v , IpSn-sbm-gn-¡Â, HmW-¸m-«p-ImÀ, IS¡m-¡IÄ, hn¯pw ssIt¡m-«pw, Ibv¸-h-Ã-cn, hnS aI-c-s¡mbv¯v XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv {][m-\- Ir-Xn-IÄ. ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn Hcp bpK-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-¯n\v km£yw hln¨ Ihn-X-IÄ F¶ \ne-bn sshtem-¸n-ffnbpsS Ihn-X-IÄ {]tX-yIw ]T-\-aÀln-¡p-¶p. ]pdta¡v \nÝ-e-sa¶v sXm¶n-¡p¶ a\-Ênsâ AKm-[-X-fn \S-¡p¶ kwLÀj-§Ä sshtem-¸n-f-fn-bpsS ]e Ihn-X-Ifpw A\m-h-cWw sN¿p-¶p. a\-im-kv{X-]c - -amb Cu A´À ZrjvSn-bmWv X¨sâ aI³, klysâ aI³ F¶o Ihn-X-IfpsS apJy `mhw. kl-ysâ aI³ DÕhw \S-¡p¶ A¼-e-¯nsâ shfn-¨-¯n Ipfn¨p \n¡p¶ apä¯v Icn¼md-IÄ t]mse-bp-ff ]Xn-\-©m-\-IÄ Hcp-§n-\n¡p-¶p. Ah-bpsS s\än-¸-«§Ä shfn-¨-¯n Acp-hn-Is - f-t¸mse an¶p-¶p. hmZ-y-ta-f-¯nsâ D·¯X-bn Xebm«v Xmgvhc-t]mse ]c¶p \n¡p-I-bmWv ]pcp-jm-cw. D¯-h-cwKw hÀ®n-¡m³ Ihn D]-tbm-Kn¨ _nw_-§Ä t\m¡p-I. Icn-¼m-d-IÄ, Acp-hn-IÄ, Xmgvhc - I - Ä F¶o D]-am-\-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨v B\-bpsS Zy-jvSn-bn-eqse DÕ-hs¯ ImWm-\mWv Ihn {ian-¡p-¶-Xv. A\-bpsS At_m-[-¯n ImSv Hcp In\m-hmbn \nd-bp-¶p. apdp¡m³ Nh-¨n-cn-¡p¶ Hcp kwLw \Sp-¡p-ff sIm¼-\m-\m-sb-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp¶Xv tIÄ¡p-I. "" Ah³ Ipdp-¼-\m-Wv tZhsâ s]m³Xn-S-¼m-SWv Gäp-¶-sX-¦nepw B akvXn-I-¯n-\p-f-fn a{´n-¡p-¶Xv ]nim-Np-¡-fm-Wv. aZw Pew apgp-h³ tXmcp-¶Xn\p ap¼p-Xs¶ Ahs\ DÕ-h-¯n\v Iq«n-bn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. Fs´mcp Xe-s¸m-¡-amW-h\v! Ahsâ \o sIm¼p-IÄ Fs´-Ãmtam kml-k-¯n\v Hcp§n \n¡p-I-bmsW¶v tXm¶p-¶p. I®p-IÄ \nW-k-z]v\w ImWp-¶p, Xp¼n¡cw a®p-tXm-p¶p ]mhw im´n-¡m-c³ hnd¨p \n¡p-¶p''. DÕ-h-ta-fw, Zosh-«-IÄ, P\-¯n-c¡v F¶nh XoÀ¡p¶ i_vZ-km-Kcw sIm¼³ Adn-bp-t¶-bn-Ã. Xs¶ Xf-¡m-\p-ff Iq¨p N§-e-sbtbm IqÀ¯ tXm«n-Nmcn \n¡p¶ ]m¸m-t\tbm Ah³ Ku\n-¡p-¶n-Ã. B ka-b¯v Ahsâ {]uU-amb akvXn-jvI-¯n\-I-¯nsâ Ccp-fn {`m´nsâ \nemhv s]¿p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. GtXm kml-knI k¦-e-¸-¯n tabp¶ Ah³ kzm-X-{´-¯nsâ Nnd-Ip-I-IÄ IWs¡ henb ]pf-fn-s¨-hn-IÄ hoin-s¡m-n-cp-¶p. at\m-bm-{X-bn Ah³ F¯nt¨À¶Xv hk-´-¯ns³ kar-²n-bn ]q¯p-eªp \n¡p¶ sNdp-¸-¯n Xsâ Ifn-ap-ä-am-bn-cp-¶p kl-y-km\p tZi-¯m-Wv. kl-y-Xm-gvh-c-b-ÃmsX asäm-cn-Shpw Xs¶t¸m-se-sbm-cm-\¡v A\p-tbm-P-y-a-söv Ah³ HmÀ¡p-¶p. AhnsS aeÀhm-I-IÄ ]q¯v amWn-I-y-ap-XnÀ¡p¶pv. akvXIw Xtem-Sm³ Cfw amcp-X-\p-v. ]«nepw arZphmb Xfn-cp-Ifpw Cu´Â]-«-Ifpw apIfpw hncp-s¶m-cp¡n Im¯p \n¡p-¶p-v. Im«p-]q-t©meIÄ Aar-Xnepw hnin-jvamb X®o-cp-ambn amSn hnfn-¡p-¶p-v. thÀs]«p-t]mb Hcp aIs\ AW-bm³ sh¼p¶ A½-bpsS `mh-amWv Ihn ChnsS kl-y\p \Âbn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Nncn-¡p¶ hmI-¸q¡Ä, Bi-zm-k-ta-Ip¶ amcp-X³, arZp-hn-c-ep-Ifm-Ip¶ Xfn-cp-IÄ, IpfnÀa-bm-Ip¶ X®oÀ CjvS-t`m-Py- s - am-cp-¡n-bp-ff Im¯n-cp-¸v....... Ch-sbÃmw h\-¯n\v amXr-`mhw \ÂIp-¶p-v. ae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
11
School of Distance Education
Nn´-IÄ IS-¶Â IqSm-¡n-XoÀ¯ Xe-bn sXfnª k¦ev] hoYn-I-fn Aebm³ sIm¼³ sImXn-¡p-¶p. aZ-e-l-cn-bn asäÃmw ad¶v AXv apt¶m-«m-bp-¶p. \o«n-sh¨ Imen ]m¨dw sXdn-¨v Im«p-]m-X-bn-eqsS kÀh-k-zm-X-{´-y-t¯msS \S¡p-¶p. Imän hcp-¶Xv ]me-¸q-hnsâ kpK-Ôa - m-tWm, AtXm Im«p-]\ - I - f - n \ns¡men-¡p¶ If-fnsâ KÔ-amtWm ? sacp-hnsâ aZ-{Z-h-amtWm ? B\ sXÃnS Xp¼nssI-IÄsImv hmbp-hn X¸n-t\m-¡n. ]md-bn \n¶v Pew hmÀ¶p t]mIp-¶-Xpt]mse Xsâ hocyw hmÀ¶p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xmbn Ah\v A\p-`h - -s¸-Sp-¶p. hnj-h-ffn Xn¶Xp-t]m-se. Pzcw _m[n-¨-Xp-t]mse. ac-s¡m-¼p-IÄ HSnªv hogp-¶p. akvX-I-¯n³ sN½-®nsâ ]qs¼mSn s]mgnbp-¶p. D¯-cn¸v XoÀ¡m³ `n¯n-bn Dc-¨-t¸mÄ cà-K-Ô-ap-ff ]m B ]mebn \n¶p-Xncp-¶p. _ew tNmÀs¶¶v tXm¶p-t¼mgpw D{K-_ew Xsâ DS-en \nbp¶Xv B\ Adn-bp-¶p. kvt\ln-¡m³ sh¼p-t¼mÄ Xs¶ ]nSn-¨p-sIm-Ãm\pw tXm¶p¶p ChnsS _me-y¯n \n¶v Iua-cm-¯n-te-s¡-¯p-t¼m-gp-ff ]pcp-jm-\p-`-hs¯ Ihn hyw-K-y-ambn kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Ft§mt«m IpXn-¡m-\p-ff sh¼Â el-cn-]n-Sn-¸n¡p¶ B´-cnI tNmZ-\-IÄ. _ew tNmÀ¶p-t]mIpw t]msebpw Cc-«n¡pw t]mse-bpap-ff tXm¶Â. Bsc-sbm-s¡tbm kvt\ln-¡m\pw sImÃm-\p-ap-ff hy-{K-X. aZ-e-l-cn-bn Im Iogn Aa-cp-¶Xpw hogp-¶Xpw hr£-im-J-I-fà a\p-j-y-cmsW¶v A\-b-dn-bp-¶n-Ã. IhnÄ tNÀ¯p-c-¡p-¶Xv t£{X XqWn-em-sW¶pw Adn-bp¶n-Ã. hk´nsâ aWw HmÀt¯mÀ¯v B\ Im«p-]m-X-bn-eqsS apt¶-dn. s]m´-bn ]pf-fn-¸pen ]Xp-§n-bn-cn-¶p-¶p-v. Ahs\ sIm¼n³t¡mÀ¡m³ DÕmlw tXm¶p¶n-Ã. Xncn-tªm-Sp¶ Ipc-§-·m-cpsS ]pÑw \ndª hm¡p-IÄ adp-]Sn \ÂIm³ ka-b-an-Ã. s]mbvI-bn Im«p-t]m-¯p-IÄ sIm¼n-«-Sn-¡p¶ i_vZhpw ac-¯n ]¶nIÄ tXä Dc-¼p¶ i_vZhpw tIÄ¡p-¶p-v. Zqsc Gdp-a-S-ªn-en-cp¶v thS³amÀ ]mSp-¶p-v. ]t£ Ch-scm¶pw tI«p-\n¡m³ ka-b-an-Ã. ]I ]d-bp¶ amac \ng-ep-IÄ¡v AIn-tS-Im³ Ccp«v hs¶-¯p-¶p. Infn-IÄ IqS-W-bp-¶p. BIm-i¯nse \oe ]qh³a-bn ]oen-hn-SÀ¯n-¡-gn-ªp. Im«p-apà hmk\ sNmcn-bp-¶p. \nem-hn h\-tZ-h-\vamÀ \r¯-am-Sp-¶p. th«-ar-K-§-fpsS Hm«-¯n NnÃ-IÄ HSn-bp¶p. Ipdp-¡-·mÀ Hmcn-bn-Sp¶p Ccp-fnsâ \ni-_vZX t`Zn-¨p-sImv Noho-Sp-IÄ hne]n-¡p-¶p. £W-t\cw B\-bpsS tNX-\-bp-WÀ¶p. Xm³ Im«n-eà DÕ-h-cw-K-¯m-sW¶v \nan-j-t\-c-t¯¡v Ah³ Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p. DÕ-h-]-d-¼nse a\p-j-ysc ]Xn-bn-cn-¡p¶ ]pen-Ifpw Xncn-c-tªm-Sp¶ Ipc-§-·m-cp-am-bmWv B\ ImWp-¶-Xv. hmZ-y-tLm-j-§Mfpw Bc-h-§fpw Im«nse hnhn[ i_vZ-§-fmbn [cn-¡p-¶p. Im«ps]m-bvI-bnse Xh-f-I-fpsS Ic-¨n-embn Ahsb Bh-K-Wn-¡p-¶p. DÕ-h-]-d-¼nse shfn-¨-§Ä Im«nse an¶m-an-\p-§I - -fmbn Ahs\ t\m¡n Nncn-¡p-¶p. cmdXn AI-ep-¶Xpw ]I civan-IÄ F«p-Imen he-IÄ XoÀ¡p-¶Xpw Ah³ Adn-bp-¶p. t]S-am-\p-IÄ KqVamw hf-fn-s¡-«n-\p-f-fn \n¶pw t]Sn-tbmsS Xs¶ t\m¡p-¶p-v. h\-]m-X-bn ]pXsbmcp KÔw ]c-¡p-¶Xv Ah-¶d- n-bp-¶p. {]mWs\ \nÀhrXnbnte¡v¯n¡p¶ K\v[w. ama-c-in-I-c-§-sfm-Sn-ªp-mb hgn-bn Xma-c-bnse hSn-hp-ff ]nSn-bm-\-bpsS ImÂ]m-Sp-IÄ Bhn s]m§p¶ ]¨-]nWvVw. Cu hgn B\-IÄ shffw IpSn-¡m³ ae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
12
School of Distance Education
t]mbn-«p-s¶v Ah³ Duln-¡p-¶p. A¼-e-¯n \n¶p-b-cp¶ sIm¼p-hnfn Nn¶w hnfn-sb¶v Ah³ XoÀs¨-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. ]peÀhm-bp-hn Nmacw hoip¶ ZÀ`-IÄ \ndª Bäph-¡n kl-ysâ kuµc-y-[m-a-§-fmb B\-¡q-«s¯ ImWp-¶p. Ah-bvs¡m¸w tNcm³ sImXn¨v IpXn¨ Ahsâ Iq¨q N§e s]m«p-¶p. Ahsb Im«p-h-ff - n-I-fmtb Ah³ KWn-¨p-ff "B\tbmSn' F¶ BÀ¸p-hnfntbmsS P\w Poh\pw sImtm-Spt¼mÄ Imän sImSp-¦mäp ]SÀ¶-Xm-bn B\¡v tXm¶p-¶p. ae-sh-Ÿ - m-¨ntem ImSn-f¡ - p¶ Im«m-f·mcpsS Bchtam BsW¶v B\ ktµ-ln-¡p-¶p. Ipc-§-·mÀ Xsâ ]pd-¯p-I-bdn adn-bp-IbmtWm ? ]q¯-Im-«p-a-c-§Ä t]Sn-t¨m-Sp-I-bmtWm ImÂNp-h-«n sRcn-bp¶ sNSnIÄ Ic-bp-¶-sX-´-§s\ ? Dcn-sª-Sp-¡p¶ ac-s¡m-¼p-I-fn \n¶v càw In\n-bp¶-sX-´mWv ?. sIme-¡f - a - m-bn-XoÀ¶ A¼-e¯ - n \n¶v ]pd-¯p-IS- ¡ - m-\p-ff Adn-bn¸v h¶p. Aev] kabw sImv i_vZ-tLm-jhpw shfn-¨hpw AS-§n. aq¡n X§n-\n¡p¶ ZpÀJ\v[w am{Xw _m¡n-bm-bn. B\-bpsS Df-fn hopw Hcp h\-Nn{Xw sXfn-ªp. sIm¼p-ap-f-¡m³ XpS§n-bn«pw Ifn ssIsh-Sn-bms¯ tIma-f-·m-cmb Ip«n-bm-\-IÄ. Bäp \oÀIp-Sn-¡pt¼mgpw {]W-b-\oÀ sIm¯n-¡p¶ ]nSn-bm-\-IÄ Ah-scm-sSm¯v Isf-fm¯ shffw Ip-Sn¨pw Icn-s¼m¯ \mbv¡W No´nbpw Ah³ ckn¨pthm? Iq«-¯n kpµ-cnbmb ]nSn-bm-\-bpsS Im«p-Xm-fn-et- ]m-ep-ff tImaf IÀW-§f - n Xsâ at\m-cYw a{´n¨pthm ? N§e sXmSm¯ AhfqsS Imen³ Xp¼n-ssI-sImv Ah³ t{]a-N-§e _Ôn-¨pthm ? CXnsâ ]c-amÀY-a-dn-bp-¶Xv DÂk-h-]-´-ense Ipe-hm-g-IÄ¡mbn-cp¶p. ]e coXn-bn Ipg-ªp-a-dnªp InS-¡p¶p Ah-tbm-Sm-bn-cp-¶-htÃm Ahsâ t{]aeoe-I-sf-Ãmw. asämcp sIm¼-\m\ Xs¶ FXnÀ¡m³ hcp-¶-Xmbn Ah\p tXm¶n. Ahsâ ba-ZÞw t]mep-ff Xp¼nssI Xsâ t\À¡v Db-cp¶p. ImSp Ipep-§p-¶p. ]nSn-bm-\IÄ t\m¡n \n¡p¶p Ip«n-IÄ \Sp-§p-¶p. Df-fn ASn-at¨dmsW-¦nepw X¶n hocyw DW-cp-¶Xv Ah³ Adn-bp-¶p. Al-¦mcw ]X-bp¶ i{Xp-hnsâ akvX-I-¯n Ah³ Bªp {]l-cn-¨pthm. tKm]p-c-¯nse CSnªphoW XqWp-IÄ¡pw IÂIjvW-§-¡pta ]c-amÀY-a-dn-bq. Ccp-«¯v t]Sn-t¨m-Snb amtem-I-cpsS ss[cyw ]I shfn-¨-¯n DWÀ¶p ZpÀa-y-X-y-hnsâ tkh-¡m-c-s\-t¸m-semcp ]«m-f-¡m-c³ t£{X-a-Xn-en Ib-dn-bn-cp-¶p. AbmfpsS shSn-bp-s-bn Ai-c-W-\mb B a-Zb - m\ Bsctbm hnfn-¨-edn ]nS-ªphoWp. tImhn-en ab-§p¶ am\-h-cpsS ssZhw B hnfn tI«pthm ? B \ne-hnfn kly ly-Z-b-¯n sN¶p X«n {]Xn-[-z-\n-¨p. ]p{X-hn-tbmKw kln-¡msX kl-y\pw B k¦-S-¯n ]¦p-sIm-p. 150 hm¡n Ihn-bmsX D¯-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. 1. Adn-bn-sÃmcp ]t£ ]´-en ]te-]-Sn. adnbpw Ipe-hmg bv¡dnbmw ]c-amÀYw ' - þ kµÀ`w hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I. 2. Im\\ hoYn-bn sIm¼-\m\ ImWp¶ ImgvN-Isfs´Ãmw. ? ae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
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School of Distance Education
3. A¼e apä-¯p-\n¶ sIm¼-s\-¡p-dn¨v ImWn-I-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-§-sf-´-Ãm-am-bn-cp¶p. ? 4. kl-ysâ amXr-`mhw Ihn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\ ? 5. hnj-h-Ãcn Xnt¶m ? hn]n-\m-´-cm-f-¯n hnj-a-P-zcw h¶p Xs¶bpw _m[n-s¨t¶m ? - þ C§s\ sXm¶m Imc-W-sa´v ? 6. hcn-bm-bp-tZ-ym-Zn¡p a±o-sh-«n-IÄ apäpw h\-Ip-RvPI tPymX Jt{Z-ym-X-iXw am{Xwþ hni-Z-am-¡p-I. D]-\-ym-k-sa-gp-XpI 1. ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn hnI-kn-¡p¶ {]mIrX tNmZ-\-IÄ F{]-Im-c-amWv "kl-ysâ aI-\n Ihn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶Xv ?
ae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
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School of Distance Education
samU-yqÄ 2 ]I-ep-IÄ cm{Xn-IÄ þ A¿-¸-]-Wn-¡À (C. \mcm-b-W³ Fw. ao\m-£n-b½ F¶n-h-cpsS aI-\mbn Imh-em-¯mWv A¿-¸-Wn-¡À P\n-¨-Xv) ae-bm-f¯ - nse B[p-\n-IX - m-hm-Z¯ - nsâ XpS-¡¡ - m-cn-sem-cmÄ F¶ \ne-bn-emWv A¿-¸-]-Wn-¡À apJ-y-ambpw Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. At±-l-¯nsâ "Ipcp-t£{Xw' F¶ IhnX Sn. Fkv. Fen-b-änsâ "Xcn-ip-`qan' sb kvacn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Ipcp-t£-{Xw, ay-X-y q-]q-P, IpSpw-_-] p-cm-W w, Aán-]q-P , lpKvfn, ]mtkPv Sp Ata-cn-¡, XpS-§n-bh {][m\ Ih-Xn-I-fm-Wv. ]I-ep-IÄ cm{Xn-IÄ Htc kabw Pohn-X-¯nsâbpw ac-W-¯nsâbpw {]XoIw F¶ \ne-bv¡mWv Cu Ihn-Xb - n A¿-¸W - n-¡À kÔ-ysb Ah-Xc - n-¸n-¡p-¶X - v. \o Xs¶ PohnXsa¶pw \o Xs¶ Xs¶ ac-W-sa¶pw Ihn kÔ-ytbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. \nsâ I®n \n_n-²amb AÔ-Imcw h¶v \nd-bp-¶p. Npn L\-ssi-Xyw Dd-bp-¶p. \n¶n ]I-epIÄ ]nd-¡p-Ibpw cm{Xn-IÄ ac-W-a-S-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. \o cm{Xn-bpsS P\-\nbpw ac-W-¯nsâ Imap-In-bp-am-Ip-¶p. ]pW-y-]m-]-]-cn-lm-chpw \o Xs¶.\c-\mbn ]nd-¶Xp-sImv Xmt§-n-h¶ Zpc-\p-`-h-§fpsS hnf-dbnb HmÀ½-IÄ Ihnsb Ak-z-Ø\m-¡p-¶p. kzÀK-þ-\-c-Im-\p-`-§Ä Ihn HmÀs¯-Sp-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. I®m-Sn-bn ImWp¶ kz´w apJs¯ shdp-t¸msS t\m¡mt\ Ihn¡v km[n-¡p-¶p-Åq. GsXmcm-sfbpw s]mse Ihn-tbbpw Pohn-Xs¯ {]k-¶XtbmsS t\m¡n-Im-Wm³ Zpc-\p-`h-§Ä A\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶n-Ã. I\n-hnsâ \\-hq-dn \n¡p¶ I®p-I-fp-ambn F¯n Xs¶ Bi-z-kn-¸n-¡m³ Ihn kÔ-y-tbm-Sm-h-i-y-s¸-Sp-¶p. "\n³ aSn-bn-se-¡p-Sn-en s¨þ ¶`bw Xncn-¡p¶p' kÔ-ysb Imap-I-bmbpw Ihn k¦-ev]n-¡p-¶p. kÔ-y-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-ff HmÀa-IÄ ap{Z-I-fmbn \ng \«p \nÂs¡ Xsâ \nd-I-®n \n{Z-hm-cmsXbmbn F¶v Ihn ]dbp-¶p. kÔ-y-bpsS apSn¨p Hfn hnc Npän ckn-¡p¶ Imap-I-\mbn amdp¶ Ihn. kÔ-y-bpsS aSn-¡p-gn-bn Xsâ IcÄ sIm¯n hen-bp-¶-Xmbn Ihnbv¡v A\p-`-hs¸-Sp-¶p. ]pÃn\pw ]pgp-hn-\p-aS- ¡w FÃm-hÀ¡pw hkn-¡m³ CS-ap-ff Cu `qan-bn Xm³ A`-b-a-t\-z-jn-¡p-¶Xv apSn ]n¶n-sa-S-bp¶ hnc \op \n kÔ-y-bpsS aSnbnse¡pSn-en-em-sW¶v Ihn Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p. ]I-ep-IÄ aS-¡a - m-cw-`n-¡p¶ kÔ-ym-th-f-If - n \o ]Xn-hmbn hs¶-¯m-dp-mbn-cp-¶p. "ip`-cm{Xn t\À¶v ]ncn-bm-\m-hmsX Ip¶n sNcn-hn Ign-ªXv Ihn HmÀs¯-Sp-¡p-¶p. ]pW-cmsX Npw_\w ]I-cmsX aªns³ Ipfncn {]W-bm-Xp-ccmbv IgnªXv Ihn HmÀ¡p-¶p. hmXn sasà Xpd-¶n-d-§p¶ t]mse, Icn-bnse sImgn-bp¶ t]mse, aªp-I« Aen-bp-¶t- ]mse Ccp-h-cp-sSbpw thÀ]n-cn-b eLphmbncp¶p efn-X-am-bn-cp-¶p. ChnsS thÀ]-cn-b-en\v kzm-`m-hn-Ihpw im´-hp-amb Hcp ]Ým-¯-e-amWv Ihn \ÂIp-¶-Xv. hcp-sa¶v \o sNmÃn-sb-¦nepw h¶-tX-bnà \o Imew LSn-Im-c-kq-Nn-bpsS ]nSnbn Xpd-¨p-\n¡p-¶nÃ. Xmc-§Ä \ns¶ emfn¨p ]d-ª-Xnsâ el-cn-bn-emtWm ae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
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School of Distance Education
\o Ct¸mgpw ? A`u--a-amb kwKoX elcn \pW-bp-hm³ acn-J-zm\ (e-l-cn-a-cp-¶v) Xn¶v ad-hn-bn-em-p-t]m-b-XmtWm ? Xmc-§Ä NncnIäp hogp-¶p. Imew NnX-sbm-cp¡n Im¯p-\n¡p-¶p. \obm-Is« CcpÄ¡-b-ambn amdn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Fsâ a\-kn ih-Zmlw \S-¡p-¶p.-hcn-sÃ-¶dnªn«pw hm\w \nsâ hchpw Im¯n-cn-¡p-¶p. Pohn-X¯ - nsâ Nnc-Imew NnXÂXn¶p t]mbn«pw NnX-bn sh¡m³ Nne \à HmÀ½-IÄ _m¡n-bm-bn-«p-v. Icn-bn-e-IÄ s]mgn-ªp-sIm-n-cn-¡p¶p \mgn-I-Ifpw hn\m-gn-I-Ifpw IS-¶p-t]m-Ip¶p. taL-§Ä hnd-sIm-f-fp-¶p. \o Aar-X-am-tWm, hnj-am-tWm, hnjm-Z-amtWm F¶v Ihn kÔ-y-tbmSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p. {Iqcn-cpÄ Ib-ambn amdnb Fsâ Pohn-X-¯nte¡v kvt\l-¯nsâ I\n-hp-ambn \o hop-sa-¯p-sa¶v Rm³ {]Xo-£n-¨n-cp-¶p. \nsâ \ng-e Bg-se-t¶mÀ¯v Fsâ X{´n-IÄ \nsâ hnc-ep-I-fn sh¨n-cp-¶p. \nsâ hnj aqÀO-bpsS Xo{hX C¶v Rm³ Adn-bp-¶p. Rm³ AXn ]nS-bp-¶p. C¶v Nncn-ªp-amª Fsâ Npnsâ tImWn Hcp ]cn-lmk ap{Z \n\-¡p-ImWmw. AXv Fsâ Pohn-X-¯nsâ arXn-ap-{Z-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. hcpw-Im-e-§-fn \obn-Xnte IS¶p t]mhp-t¼mÄ Fcn-bm¯ kqc-y\pw hnfdm¯ N{µ\pw hncn-bm¯ Xmchpw Ae-dm¯ ISepw aªn-ep-d-bm¯ aebpw Imänep-e-bm¯ ama-chpw \o ImWpw. AhnsS Fsâ ]cm-Pbw ]Wn sNbvX kvamcIw DbÀ¶p \n¡p-¶Xpw \n\¡p ImWmw. \o Pohn-Xhpw ac-Whpw X¶p. Ccp-fp-Ibpw ad-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Fhn-sS-\n¶mWv Pohn-X-¯nsâ ISp¯ Ibv]p-ckw F¶n-te¡v h¶-sX-¶-dn-bmsX Rm\p-g-dp¶p. Fsâ Icn-hoW a\kv Fcn-bp-Ibpw ]pI-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. \o t]mbv ad-bq. taLw Xmc-I-s¯bpw Ccp«v IcntaLPm-e-§-tfbpw hngp-§p-¶p. kuc-bq-Y-§Ä Ccp-fn³Ib-¯n ap§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Rm\pw Ah-km-\-bm{X ]dªp Ign-ªn-cn¡p-¶p. Nnd-I-ä-]-£n-bmb X\n¡v Nnd-Ip-ambv C\n-sbm-cn-¡epw \o hc-cptX F¶v Ihn kÔ-y-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. \o I¯n-¨p-sh¨ sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-IÄ Zln¨p XoÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. Zo]-§fpw shfn¨hpw C\n tijn-¡p-¶n-Ã. \nsâ Ime-Sn-I-fnse s]mSn-IqSn X«n-¡f - ªv ]Sn-hm-Xn sIm«n-b-S-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. \nsâ ad-hn-IqSn \o adbv¡q F¶v Ihn kÔ-y-tbmSv ]d-bp¶p. \o X¶ Pohn-Xhpw \o X¶ ac-Whpw \o Xs¶ sImp t]mIp-¶p-sh¶v ]dªv Ihn Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡p-¶p. kvt\l-¯nsâ Xo{h-Xbpw thÀ]m-Snsâ s\m¼-chpw Cu Ihn-X-bnse Imev]\n-I-amb Bg-§-fn \n¶v \ap¡v ]c-Xn-sb-Sp-¡m-\m-Ipw. kvt\l-¯nsâ apdn-hpIÄ F¡m-e¯pw \odn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-sa¶v B apdn-hp-I-tf¸n¨v ad-bp-¶-hÀ Adnbp-¶n-Ã. kpJ-Zp:J k½n-{i-amb PohnXw 'kÔy'bneqsS \ap¡v ZÀin-¡m-\m-Ipw. H¶nsâ A`m-h-am-WtÃm asäm-¶nsâ k¯bv¡v angn-th-Ip-¶-Xv. ]I-ep-IÄ sXfn-¨ap-f-f-Xmbn tXm¶p-¶Xv cm{Xn-bpsS IqSn km¶n-²yw sImm-W-tÃm. 150 hm¡p-I-fn Ihn-bmsX D¯-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. Xmsg ]d-bp-¶-h-bpsS kµÀ`-sa-gpXn Bibw hy-à-am-¡p-I. 1. "I®p-I-f-Sªp shdp-¸m³' 2. "\n³ aSn-bn-se-¡p-Sn-en sN¶-`bw Xnc-¡p-¶p.' 3. "efn-X-ambv \o adªp' ae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
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School of Distance Education
4. "Nne-Xpp NnX-bn-t·Â hbv¡m³' 5. "arXn ap{Z \ob-Xn ImWpw ' 6. AhnsS³ ]cm-Pbw ]Wn-sNbvX kvamcIw \nh-c-t«, \n¡t« ktÔy! 7. Nnd-Iä ]£n¡p Nnd-Ip-ambv \obn\n¸ndtI hscmtÃ, hscmtà D]-\-ym-k-cq-]-¯n D¯-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. " ]I-ep-IÄ cm{Xn-IÄ ' F¶ Ihn-Xbv¡v Hcp Bk-zm-Z-\-¡p-dn¸v X¿m-dm-¡p-I.
]«p-]m-hmS þ kpK-X-Ip-amcn 1934-þ {]ikvX Ihn t_mt[-i-z-csâbpw ImÀ¯-ym-\n-b-½-bp-sSbpw ]p{Xn-bmbmbn Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c-¯mWv kpK-X-Ip-amcn P\n-¨-Xv. ]cn-ØnX kwc-£-W-¯n-\pth-nbpw kv{XoI-fpsS Ah-Im-i§ - Ä¡p-th-nbpw \S-¶p-hc - p¶ {]t£m-`§ - f - psS ap¶-Wn-bn {]hÀ¯n-¨p-h-cp¶ kpK-X-Ip-am-cn¡v tI{µ-þ-tI-cf kmln-Xy A¡m-Za - nIÄ DÄs¸sS \nc-h[n _lp-a-Xn-IÄ e`n-¨n-«p-v. ap¯p-¨n-¸n, kz-]v\-`q-an, ]mhw am\-h-lr-Z-bw, CXÄ Nd-Ip-IÄ, cm{Xn-a-g, A¼-e-a-Wn, Xpdp-ªn-¸q-¡Ä XpS-§n-bh apJy IhnXm kam-lm-c-§-fm-Wv. Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw _me-`h - sâ {]n³kn-¸fpw "A`b' bpsS Øm]I sk{I-«-dnbpw "Xfncv' amkn-I-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-cp-am-bn-cp-¶p. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS apJ-ap-{Z-IÄ sXfn-ªp-Im-Wm-sa-¦nepw Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS tas¼m-Sn-IÄ kpK-XI - p-am-cn-bpsS Imh-ys - si-en-bn-ep-S\ofw ImWmw. A´Àap-JX - bpw au\m-t\-z-j-W-§fpw ]e Ihn-XI - -fnepw {]I-S-am-Wv. Ih-bn{Xn Pohn-Xs¯ \ntj-[n¡p-Itbm Xnc-kvI-cn-¡p-Itbm sN¿p-¶n-Ã. adn¨v Ak-z-Ø-amb Xsâ a\-kns\ im´n-tX-Sn-b-eb - m³ t{]cn-¡p-¶p. Ihn-Xm-kmcw Hcp Znhkw cmhnse t]meo-kp-ImÀ Hcp sIm¨p s]¬Ip-«n-bp-ambn kpK-X-Ipam-cn-bpsS ASp-s¯-¯p-¶p. ]n¨-¡m-cn-bmb B s]¬Ip«n I®q-\oÀ s]mgn-¨p-sImt-bn-cn-cp-¶p. t]Sn-am-dmsX AhÄ Ih-bn-{Xnsb t\m¡n Ahsf A`-b-tI-{µ-¯nem-¡m-\p-ff tImS-Xn-bp-¯c - hv t]meo-kp-ImÀ ImWn¨p. tamj-W¡ - p-ä¯ - n\v A½ Pbnen-em-b-t¸mÄ Hä-s¸«p t]mb-XmWv AhÄ. F®-tX-¡m¯ apSn ]mdn-¸-d-ªn-cp¶ DSp¸v Iodn-¯q-§n-bn-cp-¶p. Ihn-f¯v ]¨-Ip-¯nb AS-bm-f-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. a§nb ap¡p-¯nbpw t]Sn-¨-c I®p-I-fp-ambn sImÃm-\mtWm hfÀ¯m-\mtWm Xs¶ sImp-h-¶-sX¶v kwi-b-t¯msS Xs¶ t\m¡nb B _men-Isb Ih-bn{Xn HmÀ ¡p-¶p. Nncn-¨p-sImv ssI ]nSn-¨-t¸mÄ AhÄ hnd-¡p-I-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. AhÄ¡v hni-¡p-¶ptm F¶v AhÄ tNmZn-¨p. t]cv tNmZn-¨-t¸mÄ hnXp-¼p¶ Npp-ItfmsS Imfn F¶-hÄ samgn-ªp. \n§Ä¡v ]pXn-sbmcp IqS-¸n-d-¸mbn F¶v ]dªv Ahsf A`-b-tI-{µ-¯nse aäp-Ip-«n-IÄ¡v G¸n-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p¶p. ]ntä¶v Xsâ ap¶n sImp h¶p \nÀ¯nb Ip«n AhÄ Xs¶tbm F¶v Ih-bn{Xn AÛp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p. Ipfn¨p s]m«psXm«v apSn-NoIn ]pXnb DSp-¸n«v sXfnªv Nncn-¡p-I-I-bm-cp-¶p AhÄ. ssII-fn hf-IÄ Inep-§p-¶p-m-bn-cp-¶p. aq¡p-¯n¡v Xnf-¡-ta-dnbncp-¶p. Imfn-tbm-bnXv F¶v AÛpXw Iqdn-b-t¸mÄ "Cssà \m³ tla-e-Xbm' sW¶pw "F³t]À \mt\amän' F¶pw AhÄ ]d-ªp. aäp-Ip-«n-IÄ CXp-tI«v ssIsIm«n BËmZw {]I-Sn ae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
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School of Distance Education
- n-¨p. Ah-fpsS s\dp-Ib ¸ - n Npw_n¨v \obn-\n-sb¶pw tla-e-X-bm-sW¶v Ih-bn{Xn BinÀh-Zn-¨p. ]pXnb Npäp-]m-Sp-ambn tla-eX s]s«-¶n-W§n. AXp-Iv Ih-bn{Xn Gsd kt´m-jn-¨p. apSn]n¶n `wKn-bmbn dnº¬ sI«n ]pkvX-I-hp-ambn ap¶n h¶p \n¶ Ahsf " \¶m-bn-hcpw ' F¶v Ih-bn{Xn BinÀh-Zn-¨p. anSp-¡n-bm-bn-cp-¶p AhÄ. XanÄ ]m«p-IÄ Dds¡ ]mSn-\-S-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p. IY ]dbpw, ]Wn-I-fn klm-bn-¡pw. amk-§Ä IS-¶p-t]m-bn. HmWw h¶p. ]q¡-f-an-Sm\pw Duªm-ep-sI-«m\pw {]Y-a-\p-m-¡m\pw Iem]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ Ah-Xc - n-¸n-¡m\pw AhÀ Xocp-am-\n-¨p. HmW-t¡mSn thW-sa-¶mbn NneÀ. kn\n-aI - m-Wm\pw SqÀ t]mhm-\p-ap-ff B{Klw AhÀ ad-¨p-sh-¨nÃ. Ih-bn{Xn FÃmw tI«p sImn-cns¡ tla-eX ]dªp ""Xmtb Hcp ]«p ]mhmssS thW-sat¶ \¡mssi '' Ih-bn{Xn AhÄ¡v hm¡p-sIm-Sp-¯p. ]n¶oSv Xan-gvNp-h-tbmsS tlaeX amth-en-¸m«v ]mSp-¶Xv tI«p. AhÄ DuÀÖ-k-z-e-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Zmh-Wn-Npän So¨dmbn A`n-\b - n-¡pw. ssI¯mfw sIm«n "PXn' sNmÃpw Icmt« A`-ym-k¯ - n\v ssN\okv `mj-bn Iev]\ ]d-bpw. Ih-bn{Xn Ahsf kt´m-j-t¯msS ho£n-¨p-sIm-ncp-¶p. ]t£ HmWs¯ kz]v\w In-cp¶ tla-e-Xbv¡v HmWam-tLm-jn-¡m-\mbn-Ã. \mdnb tNe-bp-Sp¯v saen-ªp-W-§nb Ipªns\ Ae-£-y-am-sb-Sp¯v Hcp Znhkw Imfn-bpsS A½ tZj-y-t¯msS Ibdn h¶p. tXmf¯v amdm-¸p-m-bn-cp-¶p. apdp¡n apdp¡n \mhv Idp-¯n-cp-¶p. Idp¯ \mhn im]-h-N-\§Ä KÀÖ-\-§fmbn s]¬Ip-«nsb A½¡v hn«p-\-ÂIm-\p-f-fp-ff tImS-Xn-bp-¯-chv t]meo-kp-ImÀ Ih-bn-{Xn¡v \ÂIn. Ih-bn{Xn B A½-tbmSv ssIIq¸n bmNn-¨p. Ip«n \¶mbn ]Tn-¡p-sa¶v \n§Ä¡v CS-bv¡nsS Ahsf h¶v ImWm-sa¶pw ]dªp t\m¡n. thW-sa-¦n B A½bv¡pw Ipªn\pw aIÄsIm¸w AhnsS Xs¶ I g n b m sa¶pw Ih-bn{Xn ]d-ªp. F¶m KÀPn-¨p-sImv B kv{Xo ]d-ªp. "thmw !' Xmsbsâ s]mss® io{Iw ''. \nÊ-lm-b-bmb Ih-bn-{Xn-bpsS ap¶n-te¡v hy-¯n-bn thjw [cn¨v hc-I-®p-ambn tla-eX \n¶p. AhÄ¡v Ic-bm³ I®p-\o-cp-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. " t]mItà ' F¶v Iq«p-ImÀ Ic-bp-¶p-m-bn-cp-¶p. I¿n-ep-m-bn-cp¶ k©n-bnse DSp-¸p-IÄ amdm-¸n-te¡v amän ]pkvX-I-§Ä hen-s¨-dnªv "hmSo hmSo' tIm]-t¯msS B A½ apc-p-sIm-n-cp-¶p. tla-eX t]mItà F¶v Iq«p-ImÀ Ic-ªp-hn-fn-¨t- ¸mÄ Rm³ tla-e-X-bà Imfn-bmWv F¶v ]dªv AhÄ Xsâ Zptc-ym-K-¯n-te¡v \S¶v adªp. hgn-bn-te¡v t\m¡n-\n¶ Ih-bn{Xn ]pkvX-I-¯mfp-IÄ Imän adn-bp-¶Xpw AS-bp-¶Xpw Ip. Hcp JWvUn-I-bn D¯-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. 1. " Xan-sgm-¨-bn-semcp Infn-sIm-©p¶p' þ kµÀ`w hni-Z-am-¡p-I. 2. "sR«n-¯-cn-¡p¶ Rm³ anm³ h¿' - þ kµÀ`-taXv 3. "" thmw ! Xmsbsâ s]mss® io{Iw'' þ kµÀ`w hni-Z-am-¡p-I. 4. A`b tI{µ-¯n F¯ns¸« Imfn-bn-ep-mb amä-§-sf-s´Ãmw ? 5. HmWs¯-¡p-dn-¨p-ff Ip«n-I-fpsS kz-]v\-§-sf-s´-Ãm-am-bn-cp-¶p. ae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
18
School of Distance Education
D]-\-ymk cq]-¯n D¯-c-sa-gp-XpI \jvS-_m-e-y-§-fpsS \nÊ-lm-b-X-IÄ ]«p-]m-hm-S-bn F{]-Im-c-amWv A\m-h-cWw sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶Xv ?
Chs\¡qSn. þ k¨n-Zm-\-µ³ sImSp-§-Ãq-cnse ]qÃqäv {Kma-¯n P\n¨ k¨n-Zm-\-µ³ Gd-Wm-Ipfw alm-cmPmkv tImtf-Pn \n¶v Cw¥ojv kmln-X-y-¯n _ncp-Zm-\µ - c _ncpZw t\Snb tijw hnhn[ tImtf-Pp-I-fn A[-ym-]-I-\mbn tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-¨p. A©p kqc-y³, Fgp-¯-ѳ Fgp-Xp-t¼mÄ, ]oT-\-Im-ew, th\Âag, Ch-s\-¡q-Sn, hoSp-amäw, tZim-S\w, A]qÀWw, H¶m-]m-Tw, A\-´w, km£-y-§Ä, hn¡v XpS-§nb {][m\ IrXn-Ifm-Wv. tIhew hnem-]I - m-hy- s - a-¶X - n-\p-a¸ - pdw sshtem-¸n-ff - nsb ae-bmf IhnXm kmlnXy Ncn-{X-¯n Nnkva-c-Wo-b-\m-¡p¶ kn²n-hn-tijw Hcp A\-´-c-h³ amXp-es\ HmÀ¡p¶ a«n k¨n-Zm-\-µ³ "Ch-s\-¡qSn' F¶ Cu Ihn-X-bn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶p. Ihn-Xm-kmcw tla-´-Im-es¯ saenª Ipfp-\oÀ ssIIÄ \o«n Ch-s\-¡qSn kzo-I-cn-¡pI F¶v Ihn \nf-tbm-S-t]-£n-¡p-¶p. sshtem-¸n-f-fn-bpsS `uXnI icocw kzo-I-cn-¡m\mWv Ihn At]-£n-¡p-¶-Xv. \nftbmSv am{X-aà Imän-t\mSpw [\p-cm-hn-t\mSpw Ihn A`-yÀ°n-¡p-¶p-v. Xp¼n-ssI-sImv Ihn-bpsS `uXnI icocw DbÀ¯m-\mWv Ben-³Np-h-«nse ]m©m-cn¡p sNhn-bm-«p¶ sX¡³ Imän-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶-Xv. B\¡-hn-XI - Ä Fgp-Xnb sshtem-¸n-ff - n-bpsS `uXnI icocmh-injvSw D - b - À¯m³ sX¡³ Imäns\ B\-bmbn Xs¶ Ihn-X-bn k¦-ev]n¨cn-¡p-¶p. Xnhn-e-zm-a-e-bnse "]p\ÀÖ\n' sb¶ Kpl-bn-eqsS \pW-h-cp¶ \nem-hp-sIm-v PUs¯ aqSn-]p-X-¸n¡m-\mWv [\p-am-k-cm-hnt\mSv Bh-i-y-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. ]p\ÀÖ\n \pW-IS- ¶ - m ]n¶oSv ]m]-P-·-§Ä t]td-n-h-cn-Ã-¶mWv hni-zm-kw. XpSÀ¶v sshtem-¸n-f-fn-bpsS Ihn-X-IÄ kqNn-¸n-¨p-sImv At±-l-¯nsâ Ihn hy-àn-Xzw hc-¨p-Im-Wn-¡-¶p. Ch³ (C-t±-lw) R§-fpsS HmW-]m-«n\p Nph-Sp-sh¸mWv ( HmW-¸m-«p-ImÀ F¶ IhnX HmÀ¡p-I.) I¶n hb-ense s\Ãn³ ]mem-Wv. sX¡³ ]m«n³ hocyam-Wv. ]mXn-cm-¸q-hn³ tX³ \nd-¨Xpw Im¡-¨n-d-In kqtc-yÕhw hnf-bn-¨Xpw Cf-\oÀ ssii-h-amsI tImcn-sbm-gn-¨Xpw Ch³ Xs¶. I¶ns¡m-bvXv, enÃn-¸q-¡Ä, Im¡ XpS-§nb Ihn-X-IÄ Cu `mK¯v kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. "Adn-hn ]¨ ssIX-¸q-hn³ BXncm N{µ³, apdn-hn aqÀ¨ apf-¦m-Sn\p Ipdp-¦p-gÂ' F¶n-§-s\-bmWv Ihnsb k¨n-Zm-\-µ³ AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv. Adnhnsâ shbn-en \n¶v sshtem-¸n-ffn IhnX A\p-`q-Xn-bpsS lcnXw amäp-¶p-sh¶v \ncq-]-I-{]-iw-k-bmWv k¨n-Zm-\-µ³ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. apdn-hn³ aqÀ¨ F¶-Xn-eqsS ]cn-hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v t{]c-W-bm-Im-dp-ff thZ-\m-\p-`-h-§-sf-¡qSn kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v \nfm \Znsb I]n-eÀ F¶ kwL-Im-e-I-hn-bpsS acpXpw Ce-ªnbpw \\¨ Xmbv \Zo-sb¶v k¨n-Zm-\-µ³ kwt_m-[-\-sN-¿p-¶p. Imh-y-\n-f-bpsS Ncn-{X-Kae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
19
School of Distance Education
Xn-bn sshtem-¸n-ffn IhnXsb AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯m-\mWv Ihn-bpsS {iaw. \nfsb `mj-bp-sSbpw kwkvIm-c¯ntâbpw {]hm-l-am-bmWv Ihn hn`m-h\w sN¿p-¶-Xv. "\oe-¡p-dpªn Im«n³ an¶Â ]nWÀt]m-ep-ff Ddh' kwL-km-ln-X-y-¯ nse sF´nssW k¦-ev]-¯n-te¡v Imh-y-N-cn-{Xs¯ sImp-t]m-Ip-¶p. Nne-s¼men Nne-¸-Xn-Im-c-Im-h-y-t¯bpw ]pf-fp-h-¡p-Shpw ]mW-¯p-Sbpw k¼¶-amb \mtSmSn Km\ ]mc-¼-c-y-s¯bpw kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. B Imhy KwK Fgp-¯-Ot\mfw F¯n-b-Xmbn Ihn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. " Za-b-´n-X³ Iod-t¨e ' D®m-bn-hm-c-ycpsS B«-¡-Y-tbbpw "km\p-¡-fn-e-eªp s]mcpÄ tXSn' F¶Xv Ipam-cm-\m-imsâ Bi-bK - l - \ - X - t- bbpw A\p-kvac - n-¸n-¡p-¶p. Imhy ]mc-¼c - y- ¯ - nsâ XpSÀ¶p-ff I®nI-fmb CS-tÈ-cn-tbbpw ]n tbbpw Ihn kvacn-¡p-¶p. Cu L«¯n-emWv sshtem-¸nffn Imhy {]hm-l-¯nsâ `mK-am-Ip-¶-Xv. " F«p-sI-«p-I-fpsS ]«S' kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv P·n-Xzw hnj-b-am¡n sshtem-¸n-ffnsbgp-Xnb " IpSn-sbm-gn-¡ens\' bmWv XpSÀ¶v Zm¼-Xy Pohn-X-¯nse Dĸn-cn-hp-IÄ hnj-b-am-¡nb At±-l-¯nsâ {]i-kvX-amb "I®oÀ¸mSw' kqNn-X-am-Ip-¶p. \ncm-`c - W - \pw \mZm-Im-c\ - p-amb Ihn Bdm«p ap§m-s\-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Chsâ sImSn ]\n-\oÀap-f-fn ]SÀt¶-dp¶ Ibv]-h-Ãc - n-b-t{X( " ]\n-\oÀ¸q-hnt\mSv' " Ibv]h-Ãcn' ) Ibv]-bnse apffpw Ibv]pw arZp-X-zhpw sshtem-¸n-ffn Ihn-X-bpsS `n¶-`mh-§sf hyÖn¸n-¡p-¶p. Chsâ hml\w "ISÂIm¡' sb¶pw ]pen t\À¡p hcpt¼mÄ "HmW-hnÃm' Wv Chsâ Bbp-[-sa¶pw Ihn kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Ipcpt¯mebpw sImSn-¯q-hbpw Xncp-hm-Sb - m-¡nb sshtem-¸n-ffn Ihn-X-IÄ a®nsâ aW-ap-ff-h-bm-sW¶v k¨n-Zm-\-µ³ HmÀ¡p-¶p. sshtem-¸n-ffn IhnXbnse BZn {ZmhnU `mh-§Ä Is-¯m³ k¨n-Zm-\-µ³ {ian-¡p-¶pv. " I\-em-gn-bn \r¯w hN-\-a¸w Ipcnþ t¯me-bn \nd-ame ]qPn-¡m³ Ipd-h-·mÀ ' "t\cnsâ hm¡n\pw hS-¡n\pw Ch³ s]cp-amÄ, Ch\p {]nb-I-en-Im-e-¯n³ tXmäw'. Cu `n_-§s - fÃmw sshtem-¸n-ffn Ihn-Xb - nse {Zmhn-Ut- h-cp-IÄ NnI-bm³ t]m¶h-bm-Wv. \oÀ XmWn«pw hämsX IS tXSp¶ \nfm-\Z- n-tbmSv sshtem-¸n-ff - n-bpsS `uXnI ico-cm-h-in-jvS-§Ä kzo-I-cn-¡m³ Ihn hopw At]-£n-¡p-¶p. H¸w \nf-bpsS ka-Im-en-Im-h-Ø-tbmÀ¯v Ihn hne-]n-¡p-¶p. \K-c-§Ä hnjw Xp¸n aen-\-am-¡nb \nf-bnse hnj-\o-tcäv ]mWsâ Npc-¸p-¶bpw ¹mipw ]bv\nbpw Xf-cp-¶p. {Kma§Ä ayp-Xp-h-cn-¡p-¶p. th«-¸«nIfm hfªv \mbm-«p-ImÀ {Kma-§sf shSn-sh¨p hogv¯p-¶X - mbn Ihn k¦-ev]n-¡p-¶p. a\p-jym-ßm-hp-t]mepw aeo-ak - a - m-Ip-¶p. \½Ä Hgn-¸n¨ PmXn aX ]nim-Np-IÄ Imhn-bnepw shfp-¸nepw Bßm-¡Ä¡v hne-t]-ip¶p. HmW-¯n-\p-Wc - p-¶Xv amth-en-bà hma-\\ - m-W.v \mw ImWp¶ hnjp-¡Wn sdbn ]me-¯n F¶pw hogp¶ Ak-zØ bph-c-à-¯am-Wv. hm¡nepw a\-Ênepw ]mcpae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
20
School of Distance Education
jyw s]cp-Ip-¶p. Imc-W-h-cmb Ihn-tbmSv (ssh-tem-]n-Ån-tbm-Sv) C¶sX Ihn (k¨n-Zm-\-µ³ ) £a tNmZn-¡p-¶p. am¼-g-¡m-e-¯nsâ ss\Àa-eyw Ft¶ \jvS-s¸-«pt]m-b-Xmbn ]cn-X-]n-¡p-¶p. \oXn-bpsS angn-IÄ AS-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. kvt\l-¯nsâ Ie-h-dbv¡v Xmgn-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. \mSnsâ \s«-Ãmb kwkvImcw NnX-bnÂs]m«p-¶p. aeÀImew aW- e n- s e- c n- ª - a - c p- ¶ p. shbn Xmgp- ¶ p. XWp- t ¸- d p- ¶ p. HSp-¡s¯ amhn IqS-W-bp-sam-än-¡nfn Nne-¡p-¶p. " ]mhao \mSn³ kzÀ® In®-am-bn-cp-¶-h³ Zm, t\m¡p-hm-\n ]qÀ®-N-{µ-\m-b-h³ hopw' kµÀ`hpw kmc-k-yhpw hy-à-am-¡p-I. 1. Adn-hn³ ]¨, ssIXþ ¸qhn-em-Xn-cm-¨-{µ³ apdn-hn aqÀ¨, apf ¦mSn¶p Ipdp-¦p-g 2. At¸m-gm-Wn-h-s\-¯nþ sb«p sI«p-IÄ I¯pw ]«S sh®o-dn Xm³ s\Ãn¡p \oÀ tImcp-hm³ 3. s]cp-am-fn-h³ t\cmw hm¡n\pw hS-¡n\pw Ch¶p {]nb-taäw Ien-Im-e-¯n³ tXmäw 4. ]pc-§Ä \n¶n hnjw Xp¸p¶p; ]c-Wsâ Npc-¸p-¶bpw ¹mipw ]bv\nbpw Xf-cp¶p 5. amXp-em-s]m-dp-¯mepw XoÀ¶p am¼-a-¡m-ew. D]-\-ym-k-sa-gp-Xp-I. 1. "Ch-s\-¡qSn' F¶ Ihn-Xbv¡v Hcp Bk-zm-Z-\-¡p-dn¸v X¿m-dm-¡p-I. þþ-þ-þ-þþ
-ag-sImp am{Xw þ d^o¡v Al-½Zv 1961þ XrÈq-cn-emWv d^o¡v Al-½Zv P\n-¨-Xv. No«p-I-fn-¡m-c³, ]md-bn ]Wn-ªXv kz-]v\-hm-Mvaqew, sXmcmag, Ae-am-c, inh-Im-an, {Kma-hr-£¯ - nse hmh XpS-§n-bh {][m\ IrXn-I-fm-Wv. 2006þ "Ae-amc' F¶ IrXn¡v tIcf kmln-X-yA-¡m-Zan AhmÀUv e`n-¨n-«p-v. Ht«sd ae-bmf kn\n-abv¡v Km\-c-N\ \nÀh-ln-¨n«p-v. ae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
21
School of Distance Education
IhnXm kam-lmcw BÀ{ZX hän-s¡m-n-cn-¡p¶ ka-Im-enI PohnX kml-N-c-y-§-fn {]W-bhpw hcp t]mb-Xmbn kwi-bn-t¡-n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. hnip-²-amb {]Wbw Imh-y-`m-h-\bmbn Npcp-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. {]W-b-¯nsâ Xo{hhpw kpµ-c-hp-amb thZ-\-IÄ ]pX-Xe-ap-dsb Is¿m-gn-ªp-t]m-Ip¶p C¡m-e¯v Ah A\p-`qXn Zmb-I-amb H¶mb Ihn Nn{Xo-Ic - n-¡p-¶p. a®n aqSn InS-¡p¶ Nne hn¯p-IÄ ag-sIm-m am{Xw apf-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. Ah {]Wbw sImp-am{Xw Fcn-ªp-I-¯p¶ s\©nse Xncn-IÄ t]mse-bm-Wv. agsImv am{Xw XfnÀ¡p¶ Nne NnÃ-I-fp-v. lz-k-z-amb Pohn-X-Im-e-¯n-\n-S-bn Xfncn-Sp¶ ]q¯-e-bp¶ Hcp {]W-b-Im-e-hp-ap-v. kqZoÀL-amb X]-Ên \n¶p-WÀ¶v I¯p¶ shbn NnX-bn-te¡v HmÀa-IÄ \o«p-¶-XmWv B {]W-b -Im-ew. ag sNhn-bn {]W-bn-\n-sb-t¸mse kz-Imcyw ]d-bp¶p. s]cp-hn-c-en sIm¯n A\p-`qXn ]I-cp-Ibpw ]oen \nÀ¯n \r¯w Nhn-«p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. a\-Ênse Hgn-hnS-§-fn ]¨¸v \nd-bv¡p-¶p. Pohn-X-¯n {]l-c-ta¸n-¡p¶ shbn-e-h-ØIsf AXv IgpIn ip²n-h-cp-¯pw. s]mSn-bnepw Icn-bnepw ap§n t{]X-cq-]n-I-fmbn Xocp¶ ac-§Ä ag-bn Ipfn¨v ]pXp-cq-]a - W - n-bpw. a\-Ên Icn-aq-Snb Ah-Øb - n A{]-Xo-£n-Xa - mbn ag-t]mse h¶v Xsâ a\-Ênsâ Cd-b¯p \n¶ {]W-bn-\nsb Ihn HmÀ¡p-¶p. CSn an¶-ensâ s]m¶pfn-sImv sIm¯nb \á Pe-inev]w t]mse Ihn-bpsS a\-Ên {]W-bn\n CSw t\Sp-¶p. ]t£ {]Wb agt¯mÀ¨¡v Im¯p \n¡msX {]W-bn-\n¡v ]Sn-bn-dt§n h¶p. \o ]Sn-bn-d-§n-b-tXmsS Rm³ Xcn-ip-`q-an-t]mse hc-p. Fsâ Zn\-§Ä Icnbn-e-t]mse ]d-¶p. Xcn-imbn XoÀ¶ Fsâ Pohn-X-¯nse NXp-¸n-se-hn-sStbm Nne hn¯p-IÄ C\nbpw ag-bv¡mbn Im¯n-cn-¡p-¶p-v. ag-bpsS Nq-bn tImÀ¡m³ Ahsb HXp¡n \nÀ¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. {]W-ba - g- m am{Xw ]nd-¡p¶ apdn-¸m-Sn s]mSn-bp¶ cà-ambn Rm³ \n¡pw. Rm³ X\nsb s\m¼-c-¯nsâ Cu ag sImv XoÀ¡pw. {]Wbw k½m-\n¨ ]\nbn hnd-¨p-In-S-¡pw. Bibw hy-à-am-¡p-I. 1. "NneXpv s]mSn-sImv aqSn' 2. "Igp-Ip¶p shbn-ensâbpffw ' 3. ""Adn-bmsX hs¶mcp ag-bn a\-Ênsâ Cd-b¯p \n¶-Xm-tWmÀ½'' 4. "C¶p Rm³ \nsâ ]\n-bn hnd¨p InS-¡pw.'' D]-\-ym-k-sa-gp-Xp-I. 1. "agsImp am{Xw' F¶ Ihn-X-bnse {]W-b-`m-h-§Ä \ncq-]Ww sN¿p-I.
ae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
22
School of Distance Education
samU-yqÄ þ 3 & 4 CXn-lm-k-I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä þ Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ kuµ-c-b-ZÀinbpw XX-z-Úm-\nbpw \nin-X-_p-²n-bmb hnaÀiI\pw H¯p-sNcp¶ amcm-cpsS \ncq-]I {]Xn` Cu teJ-\-¯n sXfn-ªp-Im-Wmw. e£vao-hm-ck-ym-cp-tSbpw IrjvW-am-cp-tSbpw aI-\mbn Xr{]-t§m-«mWv amcmÀ P\n-¨-Xv. ]«m¼n kwkvIrX ]mT-im-e-bn \oe-I-WvT-iÀ½-bp-sS inj-y-\m-bn-cp-¶p. 1928 emWv BZ-yIr-Xn-bmb kmln-X-y-`q-jWw {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨-Xv. ae-bmfn ssien `mjm-]-cn-N-bw, hy-¯-inev]w , kmln-X-y-k-Ãm]w, NÀ¨mtbmKw, kmln-X-y-hn-Z-y, Z´-tKm-]p-cw, `mc-]c-y-S\w, Ie PohnXw Xs¶ XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv {][m\ IrXn-IÄ. "Ie PohnXw Xs¶' F¶ IrXn tIcf, tI{µ kmln-Xy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv t\Sn. Fw.-]n. t]mfnsâ A`n-{]m-b¯ - n CXn-lm-k§ - f - n-tebpw alm-Im-hy- § - f - n-tebpw \mb-IÀ amXrIm ]pcp-j-·m-cm-Wv. \mbn-Im-\m-b-I-·mÀ FÃm kZvKp-W-§-fp-sSbpw D¯a amXr-I-bm-bn-cn-¡pw. Ak ]m{X§fn-em-ht« kÀh ZpÀKp-W-§fpw H¯ptNÀ¶n-cn-¡pw. km[m-cW Pohn-X¯ - n C§-s\-bp-f-f-hÀ ImW-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. Cu IYm]m-{X-§Ä km[m-cW a\p-jy kz-`m-h-¯n\v hncp-²tcm AXo-Xtcm BWv. A¯cw IYm]m{X§-tf-¡mÄ a\-kn CSw t\Sp-¶Xv KpW-tZm-j-k-¦-en-X-cmb bYmÀY a\pj-y-cpsS `mh-§Ä t]dp¶ IYm-]m-{X-§-fm-sW¶v Fw. ]n. t]mÄ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ Cu \nco-£-Ws¯ "CXn-lm-k-I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä ' F¶- ]T\¯n kq£v-a-ambn hni-I-e\w sN¿p-¶p. bYmÀY a\p-jy Pohn-X-hpw kz-`m-hhpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-s¸« Akw-Jyw kmln-Xy IrXn-I-tf-¡mÄ CXn-lmk IYm-]m-{X-§-fmWv s]mXp-P-\-lr-Z-b-¯n ]Xnªp InS-¡p-¶Xv F¶mWv amcm-cpsS A`n-{]mbw. `mc-Xo-bÀ¡v CXn-lm-kI - Y - m]m-{X-§Ä Ab-ho-«p-Imsct¸mse kp]-cn-Nn-Xc - m-Wv. km[mc-W¡ - mÀ Cu ]cn-Nbw ]mcm-bWw sImp am{X-aà - , ]e-t¸mgpw tI«p-tIÄhn sImp IqSn-bmWv t\Sp-¶-Xv. CXn-lm-k-§-fnse "kz-`m-hm-XoX' IYm-]m-{X-§-fsf `mc-Xo-bÀ IqsS sImp \S-¡p-¶-Xp-Im-Wp-t¼mÄ CXn-lm-k-Im-c-·mÀ Gähpw \à a\:-im-kv{XÚ-cm-sW¶v \½Ä Nn´n-¨p-t]m-Ipw. \·-Xn·IÄ Bt]-£n-Ia - m-bn-cns¡ km[m-cW Pohn-X¯ - n Ah hI-Xn-cn-¡pI {]bm-k-am-sW¶v \ap¡v t_m[-y-s¸-Spw. CXn-lmk IYm-]m-{X-§-fnse \·-Xn-·-Ifpw kq£va ZrjvSn-bn XoÀ¸p-I-ev]n-¡m-\m-hm-¯-hn[w Ipg-ªp-a-dnªp InS-¡p-¶-XmsW¶v t_m[-y-s¸-Spw. AhÀ shdpw BZÀi hy-àn-X-z-§-sf-söpw bYmÀ° a\p-j-y-cpsS Ipd-¨-[nIw henb t¢mk-¸p-I-fm-sW¶pw Bg-¯n-ep-f-f-hn-i-I-e-\-¯n ImWm-\m-Ipw. cmam-b-W-¯nse apJ-y-I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fpsS am\p-jn-I-amb ZuÀ_-e-y-§-fmWv IYmK-Xn-bpsS Hgp-¡n\v B¡w Iq«p-¶-sX¶v amcmÀ Npn-Im-Wn-¡p-¶p. koX-bn ]mXn{]-X-yhpw cma-\n ]nXr-`-àn-bpw {`mXr-kvt\-lhpw, {]Pm-c-Ö-\hpw ap´n-\n ¡p-¶p. F¶m Cu Iev]nX KpW-§-fn h¶p-s]-Sp¶ am\p-jnIamb ]pgp-¡p-¯pIÄ amcmÀ Npn-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p. koX X\n-¡p -Im-h \n¶ e£-a-Ws\ sXdn ]dªv B«n-b-I-än-bn-Ãm-bn-cp¶p-sh-¦n cmam-bWw Bc-W-y-Im-WvT-t¯msS Ah-kmae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
23
School of Distance Education
\n-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v amcmÀ Nqn-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p. e£-a-Ws\ B«n-b-I-än-b-Xp-sImm-WtÃm cmh-W\v Ffp-¸-¯n koXsb I«p-sIm-p-t]m-hm-\m-b-Xv. e£-a-W-t\mSp-ff ZpÀ`m-jWw koXsb kXo-Xzw ssIsh-Snªv Hcp km[m-cW kv{Xobmbn amäp¶p. cmasâ Imc-yhpw hn`n-¶-a-Ã. AÑsâ hmKvZm\ ]me-\-¯n-\p-thn cmPm-[nImcw hens¨dnªp Im«n-te-¡p-t]mb Xym-Kn-bmb aI³ F¶-XmWv cmasâ apJ-y`mhw. F¶m kÀh-KpW k¼-¶\ - mb cma\pw X\n-a\ - p-jy- \ - mbn Xocp¶ Nne kµÀ`§Ä amcmÀ Npn-¡m-«p-¶p. ]«m-`n-tjIw aqS-§n-t¸mbXnep-ff Zp:Jw koX-bpsS ap¼n ad-bn-ÃmsX ]pd-t¯-s¡m-gp-Ip-¶p. ]n¶oSv Im«n-te¡v A\p-bm{X sNbvX Atbm-²ym hmkn-I-sfÃmw Xncn-¨p-t]m-b-t¸mÄ e£-a-W-t\mSv cma³ ]nXm-hns\ Ipäs¸-Sp¯n kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p-v. hnÑn-¶m-`n-tj-I-¯n\pw ImcWw `qX-cmb `c-X-t\bpw ssItI-bn-tbbpw Ipä-s¸-Sp¶ H¶n-e-[nIw kµÀ`-§Ä cmam-b-W-¯n-ep-v. Nn{X IqS-¯n-en-cns¡ Xs¶ kµÀin-¡m-s\-¯nb `c-Xt- \mSv sXän-²m-cW - t- bm-sS-bmWv cma³ s]cp-am-dp-¶-Xv. cmasâ ]nXr-`-àn-bnepw {`mXr-kvt\-l-¯nepw {]Pm cRvP-X-z-¯nepw ImWp¶ Cu sshcp-²-y-§Ä CXn-lmk IYm-]m-{X-§-fnse bYmÀ° a\p-j-y-X-bp sS Nn{Xo-I-c-W-¯n-\p-ff DZm-l-c-W-§-fm-Wv. {]Xn-\m-b-I-\mb cmh-W³ "Hcp a\p-j-y-\p-m-Im³ ]mSq-ff kIe ZpÀKp-W§fpw \nd-ª-h-\-söv ' {io l\p-am³ Xs¶ hnfn¨p ]d-bp-¶Xv amcmÀ Nqn-Im«p¶p. kpµ-c-Im-WvU-¯n l\p-am³ cmh-Wsâ cq]-t¯bpw ss[c-y-t¯bpw HmPÊn-t\bpw {]IoÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. kÀÆ-e-£-W-bp-à-s\¶v {]iw-kn-¡p-¶p. cmh-Wsâ A[À½w temI-cm-h-W-X-z-amtWm ssXtem Iy-]n-P-b-amtWm F¶v amcmÀ At\-z-jn¡p-¶p. Zzn-K-zn-Pbw t\Sp¶ N{I-hÀ¯n-amÀ _lp-am-\n-X-cm-Ip-t¼mÄ aq¶p-tem-Ihpw Pbn¨ cmh-W³ F´p-sImv _lp-am-\n-X-\m-hp-¶n-söv amcmÀ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. cmhWs\ sI«n-bn« ImÀ¯y hoc-ymÀÖp-\-\s\ \mw _lp-am-\n-¡p-t¼mÄ AXnsâ ap¡m ]¦p-t]mepw C{µs\ sI«n-bn« cmh-W\pw \mw \ÂIp-¶n-Ã. \½Ä _lp-am\n-¨mepw CsÃ-¦nepw cma³ AXp sNbvXn-«p-s¶v Imfn-Zm-k³ cLp-hw-i-¯n ]dªn-«p-v. tZh-i{- Xp-hmb cmh-W³ tZhm-cm-[I - c - mb X]-kz- n-Isf t{Zmln-¨n-«p-s-¦n AXv ZWvU \oXn am{X-ambn ImWmt\ ]äq F¶v amcmÀ ]d-bp-¶p. cpÜnWo lc-W-IÀ¯mhmb {ioIr-jvW³ apX At\Iw _lp-`m-c-y-·msc Bcm-[n¨pw BZ-cn¨pw t]mcp¶ \mw cmh-Ws\ am{Xw AXnsâ t]cn Ipäw ]d-bp-¶-sX-´n-\mWv F¶pw amcmÀ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. cmam-b-Ws¯ \mep Iq«p ktlm-Z-c· - m-cpsS IY F¶ \ne¡pw amcmÀ t\m¡nIm-Wp-¶p-v. cma-e£ -- -a-Wm-Zn-IÄ, _men-kp-{Ko-h-·mÀ, cmh-W-Ipw-`-IÀ® hn`o-j-W·mÀ, k¼mZn PSm-bp-¡Ä F¶n§s\-bp-ff Iq«p ktlm-Z-c-·m-cn Gähpw D¯aw HSp-hn-e-t¯-Xm-sW¶v amcmÀ Icp-Xp-¶p. `c-X-e-£a-W-·m-cpsS tPym-jvT-\p-th-n-bpff kl\w k¼mXn A\p-P\ - p-thn sNbvXt- Xmfw al-¯c - s - a¶v ]d-ªp-Iq-Sm. A\pP-\mb PSm-bp-hns\ c£n-¡m-\mbn k¼mXn Poh-X-ymKw sNbvXp. PSm-bp-hm-Is« koXsb c£n-¡m³ cmh-Ws\ hgn-ap-S-¡p-¶-Xn-\nsS kzÀKw ]qIn. hm\-c-{`m-Xm-¡fpsS IY-bn A\p-P³, tPy-jvTs\ sImÃn-¡-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. sXän-²m-cW - -bmWv tPymj-Tsâ ac-W-¯n\v Imc-W-am-bXv F¶Xv IYm-k-µÀ`s¯ Gähpw timI-]qÀWhpw lrZ-b-t£m-`-I-hp-am¡n XnÀ¡p-¶p. cm£k -k-tlm-Z-c\am-cpsS IY-bn tPy-jvT³ ae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
24
School of Distance Education
(cm-h-W³) A\ysâ `mc-ysb I«p-sIm-p-t]m-¶-Xns\ A\p-P-·mÀ (Ipw-`-IÀW\pw hn`o-j-W-\pw) Hcp t]mse FXnÀ¡p-¶pv. Ipw`-IÀ®³ tPy-jvT-\p-thn bp²w sNbvXv sImÃ-s¸-Sp-¶p. hn`o-j-W³ tPy-jvTsâ A\o-Xn-s¡-Xnsc cma-e-£-a-W-·mtcmSv tNÀ¡p-¶p. alm-`m-c-Xw. alm-`m-c-¯nse {]Xn-\m-b-I-\mb Zptc-ym-[\sâ al-X-z-§Ä amcmÀ NnI-sª-Sp¡p-¶p. s]äp hoW-Xp-ap-X Zptc-ym-[s\ D]-t£n¨pIf-bm-\m-bn-cp¶p hnZp-ccpw aäpw [y-X-cm-jv{S-tcmSv D]-tZ-in-¨-Xv. AbmÄ ImcWw Ipew apSn-bp-sa¶pw AhÀ ]d-ªp. Btcbpw sNhn sImf-fmsX Zptc-y-[-\³ ]nXr-k-tlm-Z-c-]p-{X-·msc D]{Zhn¨p-sImn-cp-¶p. ZpÀ½-Xn, ZpÀ_p-²n, Zpcm-ßm-hv, tem`-]-cm-b-W³, t{Im[-]-cm-b-W³ F¶n§-s\-bp-ff iIm-c-hm-¡p-I-IÄsImmWv Zptc-ym-[-\³ hnti-jn-¡-s¸-«-Xv. Ipcp-t£-{X-bp-²¯ - nsâ Ah-km\w `oa-\p-am-bp-ff Zz-µz- b - p-²¯ - n XpS NXªv hoW Zptc-ym-[\ - ³ XpSÀ¶p-mb Zpc-´§ - Ä¡pw Iem-]§ - Ä¡pw km£n-bmbn Iptd \mfp-IÄIqSn acn-¡msX InS-¶p. Cu Ah-k-c-¯nepw ]ecpw Zptc-ym-[s\ A[n-t£]n-¨p. {ioIr-jvW³ t]mepw ]tcm-£-ambn AXn ]¦p-sIm-p. an{X-sat¶m i{Xpsht¶m Icp-Xm-\m-Im¯ ac-ap-«n-t]m-se-bmbn XoÀ¶ Chsâ ta C\n-hm-¡p-IÄ sh«n-bn-«n-s«-´mWv F¶m-bn-cp-¶p {ioIr-jvWsâ ]tcm-£-amb A[n-t£-]w. CXptI« Zptc-ym-[-\³ ssI cpw \ne-¯q¶n Duc-sImv \nhÀ¶p \n¶v ]pcnIw Npfn¨v D{K-amb adp-]Sn ]d-ªp. "" Rm³ hn[nbmw h®w A[-y-b\w sNbvXp, Zm\w sNbvXp, `qan-b-S¡n hmWp, cmPm-¡-fpsS Xe-bv¡p-aosX \n¶p, anI¨ sFi-z-c-yhpw tZthm-Nn-X-ambn t`mK-§fpw A\p-`-hn-¨p. kz-[À½w t\m¡p¶ £{Xn-bÀ CjvS-s¸«pw hn[w sIme-bp-taäp FsâXnt\-¡mÄ \à Ah-km\w BÀ¡m-Wp-f-fXv. Rm³ kplr-¯p-¡-sfmSpw A\pP-·m-tcmSpw IqSn kzÀK-¯n-te¡v t]mIp-I-bm-Wv. \n§tfm k¦Â]w sI«p hnjmZn¨p Ign-¨p-Iq-t«-nbpw hcpw '' Cu hm¡p-IÄ tI«v BIm-i-¯p-\n¶v ]pjv]-hr-jvSnbp-mbn KÔÀhm-]vk-c-Êp-IÄ hmZ-y-tLmjw apg-¡n. \½Ä "Xm³ t]mcna ' sb¶v eLq-I-cn-¡p¶ Zptc-ym-[-\sâ hm¡p-IÄ¡v Akm-[m-c-W-amb t{ijvL-X-bp-m-bncp¶p F¶mWv CXv sXfn-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu t{ijvTX CXn-jm-k-Ihn Xs¶ ]n¶oSv Nn{Xo-Ic - n-¨n-«p-v. [À½-{i-²b - m³ DStemsS kzÀKw ]qInb bp[n-jvTc - ³ tZh³amÀ¡nS-bn alm-{]-`m-h-t¯m-sS-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Zptc-ym-[s\ I-t¸mÄ AaÀjw ]q-t{X. CXp I \mc-Z³ Zptc-ym-[-\sâ kzÀK-tbm-K-y-X-sb-¡p-dn¨v ]d-ªXv {it²-b-am-bn. Gähpw henb `b-¯nepw AX-ym-]¯ - nepw kÀh-{]m-Wn-`b - ¦ - c - a - mb ac-W¯ - n t]mepw sXÃp `b-s¸-SmsX \Sp-§msX \n¡pI F¶-Xns\ tZh-kn-²hpw KÔÀhm-`n-\-µ-yhp-amb Hcp ]pWyambmWv \mc-Z³ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Zptc-ym-[s\ kzÀKm-h-Im-cnbm-¡n-bXv CXm-Wv. Zptc-ym-[-\sâ \nÀ`-b-X-z-¯nsâ t\sc adp-h-i-amWv bp[n-jvTn-c\n-ep-f-f-Xv. AÀÖp-\-s\-¡mfpw anIhv ImWn¨ IÀ®-t\mSv bp[n-jvT-c\v _lp-am-\-t¯¡mÄ `b-am-bn-cp-¶p. `ojva-tcbpw t{ZmW-tcbpw Ir]-tcbpw Ai-z-°m-am-hn-t\bpw Ah-cpsS ZpÀÖ-b-X-tbmÀ¯v bp[n-jvT-c³ `b-¶p. bp[n-jvTn-csâ Ømbn `mh-am-bncp¶ Cu `bw Imc-W-amWv ]mWvU-hÀ¡v hmc-Wm-h-X-¯nse Ac-¡n-Ã-¯n sN¶v ]mÀ¡p-Ibpw AhnsS \n¶v Hfn-t¨m-Sp-Ibpw thn-h-¶-Xv. FhnsSt¸mbmepw Zptc-ym-[\ - ³ Nmc³am-sc-s¡mv X§sf sImÃn-t¨-¡p-sa¶v bp[njvTnc³ `b-¶p. GIae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
25
School of Distance Education
N-{I-bn ]n¨-bn-c-t¡-n-h-¶p. AÀÖp\sâ A`-ym-k_e¯m ]m©m-ensb th«v _Ôp-_ew t\Sn A`n-hy- ²{]m]n-s¨-¦nepw ]Ip-¯p-In-«nb cmPyw NqXp-If - n-bn \jvSs¸-Sp-t¯n h¶p. ]m©m-en-sb-t¸mepw ]Wbw sht¡n h¶p. ]m©men k`bn A]-am-\n-Xbmb-t¸mÄ bpZn-jvTn-csâ £{Xn-b-Xzw am{X-aà BW¯w t]mepw Nqfn-t¸m-bn. AÚmX hmk-¡m-e¯v bp[n-jvTn-c\v hopw CtX A\p-`-h-ap-mbn ]m©m-en-bn Imam-thiw ]q IoN-I³ AXv \nd-th-dm¯ tZj-y-¯n Ahsf bp[n-jvTn-cm-Zn-I-fpsS ap¼n-en«v Nhn«v. AÚm-X-hm-k-¯n-em-b-Xp-sImv `oa\v Dincp-ff \mev hm¡v t]mepw ]d-bm³ km[n-¨n-Ã. ià-cmb ktlm-Z-cpsS ]n´pW Dm-bn«pw `bw Hcp ZuÀ_-ey- a - mbn bp[n-jvTn-cs\ ]n³Xp-Sc - p-Ib - m-bn-cp-¶p. Cu ZpÀ_eX Nqn-¡m-Wn¨v alÀjnamÀ amÀ¡-WvtU-b³ bp[n-jvTc - t- \mSv ]d-ªp. "" t\ti_e-tk-zXn NtcZ[À½w'' HcmÄ X\n¡v _e-anÃm F¶p IcpXn sXsc-sª-Sp-¡p¶ {]h-y¯n F´p-X-s¶-bm-bmepw Abmsf kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw AXv A[À½-am-sW¶mWv CXn\v kµÀ`-a-\p-k-cn¨v e`n-¡p¶ hnim-emÀYw. Zptc-ym-[³ ]mWvU-h-tcmSv sNbvX ISpw-ssI-IÄ i{Xp kwlm-c-¯n\vthn GXv cmPmhpw sN¿p-¶Xpw Xs¶. £{Xn-bÀ AwKn-I-cn-¡p¶ ZWvV-\oXn am{X-amWv. Imfn-Zm-k³ hnti-jn-¸n-N-t]mse " ]cmXn kÔm\ hnZ-y-IÄ' ]b-än-bmWv ]ecpw Pbw I-s-¯n-bn-cp-¶X - v. Ipcp-t£-{X¯n ]mWvUhcpw IrjvWsâ au\m-\-ht- ¯msS Nne "]cmXn kÔm-\h - n-Zy- I - Ä' ]b-än-bmWv i{Xp-kw-lmcw \S-¯n-bX - v. Cu A[À½§Ä kÀÆ -£-{Xn-b -km-[m-c-W-am-Wv. Cu \ne¡v Zptc-ym-[-\sâ A[À½-§-tfbpw Akm-[m-c-W-ambn ImtW--Xn-Ã. Ah amän-sh-¨m Bc-y-P-\-§Ä¡p-m-bn-cn-t¡p¶ kÀh -\·-Ifpw Zptc-ym-[-\-\p-m-bn-c-¶p. {]Pm-XÂ]-c-\mb cmPm-hm-bn-cp¶p Zptc-ym-[-\-\³. `ojvam-Zn-I-fmb Kpcp-P-\-§-tfmSpw amXm-]n-Xm-¡-tfmSpw AbmÄ¡v thp-thmfw `à-ym-Z-c§ - f - p-sm-bn-cp-¶p...-]m-WvUh - -cp-ambn kÔn sN¿pI' Fs¶msXm-gn¨v Kpcp-P-\-§fpw FÃm CjvS-§fpw Zptc-ym-[-\³ A\p-k-cn-¨p. iIp-\n-t]mepw cp kµÀ`-¯n ]mWvU-h-tcm-Sn-W-§p-hm³ Zptc-ym[\s\ D]-tZ-in--¡p-¶p-v. AXnepw t`Zw Bß-l-XybmWv F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p Zptc-ym-[-\-\sâ \ne-]m-Sv. Zptc-ym-[\ - \ - sâ amXr-`àn t{ijvTa - m-bn-cp-¶p. bp²w \S¶ ]Xn-s\-«p-Zn-hk - hpw AbmÄ A½-bpsS A\p-{Klw hm§ntb bp²-¡-f-¯n-te¡v ]pd-s¸-«n-«p-f-fq. B A½-bm-It« [À½w Pbn-¡t« F¶-ÃmsX aI\v {]tX-yIw Pb-am-iw-kn-¨n-Ã. kplrs¯¶ \ne-bn Zptc-ym-[\-t\-¡mÄ t{ijvT\mb HcmÄ `mcX-¯n-ep-s-¦n AXv Abm-fpsS kplr-¯mb IÀ®\m-sW¶v amcmÀ Nqn-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p. i{Xp-]-£-]mXn-sb¶p Icp-Xs - ¸« `K-hm³ IrjvWt- \m-Sp-t]mepw Zptc-ym-[\ - \v _lp-am-\a - m-bn-cp¶p. sXm®q-säm-¼Xv ktlm-Zc - cpw At±-l¯ - n\p thn bp²-¯n {]mW-Xy- mKw sNbvXp F¶-Xn \n¶v B ku{`m-{X-¯nsâ Bgw a\-Ên-em-¡m³ Ignbpw. ]mWvU-hÀ Zptc-ym-[-\\v ASp¯ ktlm-Z-cm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. A¸w H¸w hfÀ¶-h-cmbn-cp-¶n-Ã. AXp-sImp Xs¶ kz´w sFi-z-c-y-¯nsâ A]-lÀ¯m-¡Ä F¶ \nebnte Ahsc ImWm³ Zptc-ym-[-\\v Ign-ªn-cp-¶q-f-fq. Cu ØnXn¡v Abm-f-hsc i{Xp-¡-sf¶ `mh-¯n ho£n-¨Xv a\p-j-y-k-l-P-amtb ImWm-\m-hq. alm-`m-c-¯nse \mbI {]Xn-\m-b-Im-Zn-Isf amcmÀ shdpw Ip«n-I-fmbn ImWp¶p. Ii-]ni IqSp¶ Ch-cnse apXnÀ¶ Iq«n-bm-bmWv IÀ®s\ ImWp-¶-Xv. Xd-hm«nse apXnÀ¶ {][m-\-h-y-àn-Isf Htcm-cp-¯-cmbn amcmÀ ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. a¡-sf-sNmÃn Zp:-Jn-¡p¶ Ip´nbpw KmÔm-cn-bpw, Bcm-[-\m-]m-{X-§-fmb
ae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
26
School of Distance Education
`K-hm³ hmkp-tZ-h\pw Ipcp-]n-Xm-a-l³ `ojva-cpw, ]p{X-hm-Õ-eyw sImv AÔ-\mbn-XoÀ¶ [y-X-cm-jv{SÀ, Akv{X-hn-Z-ym-\n-[n-bmb t{ZmWm-Nm-c-ycpw aI³ Ai-z-°mamhpw kzbw \njv]-£-hm-Zn-sb¶v hnti-jn-¸n¨ _e`{Z³ C§s\ F®n-bm-sem-Sp§m¯ a\p-j-y-{]-Xn-cq-]-§Ä. Ejn-I-hn-bmb Iy-jvW-ssZ-z-]m-b-\\v {]am-W-aÀ¸n-¨psIm-mWv amcmÀ Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. D¯-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. 1. Fw. ]n. t]mfnsâ A`n-{]m-b-¯n CXn-lmk IYm-]m-{X-§Ä F§-s\-bp-f-f-hcmWv ? 2. "F¦n BZn-Im-hyw Bc-W-y-Im-WvU-t¯msS Ah-km-\n-t¡-n-bn-cp-¶p.' þ amcmcpsS Cu A`n-{]m-bs¯ km[q-I-cn-¡p-I. 3. cmam-bW IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS am\p-jnI `mhw amcmÀ hnh-cn-¡p-¶-sX-§-s\. 4. \mep-Iq«p ktlm-c-·m-cpsS IY F¶ \ne¡v amcmÀ cmam-b-Ws¯ t\m¡n-ImWp-¶sX§s\ 5. AÚmX hmk-Im-e¯v bp[n-jvTn-c\v hopw tamt´-n-h-¶-sX´v ? 6. Zptc-ym-[-\-\sâ kZvKp-W-§-sf-s´-Ãm-am-bn-cp-¶p. 7. CXn-lm-k-Im-c³ cmam-b-Ws\ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨Xv F§-s\-bmWv 8. Zptc-ym-[-\sâ hotcm-Nn-X-amb hnS-hm-§Â amcmÀ hni-I-e\w sN¿p-¶-sX-§s\ D]-\-ym-ks - a-gp-Xp-I. 1. "CXn-lm-k-I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä bYmÀ° a\p-j-y-cpsS hep¸w IqSnb t¢mk-¸p-I-fmWv.' amcm-cpsS teJ-\s¯ Bkv]-Z-am¡n Ah-tem-I\w sN¿p-I.
kv]µn-¡p¶ AØn-amSw þ s{]m. Fw.-sI. km\p. 1927þ Be-¸p-g-bn-emWv Fw.-sI. km\p P\n-¨-Xv. ZoÀL-Imew alm-cm-Pmkv tImtf-Pn ae-bmfw s{]m^-k-dmbn tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn¨ At±-l-¯nsâ {][m\ IrXnIÄ Ah-[m-c-Ww, A\p-`q-Xn-bpsS \nd-§Ä, Npa-cnse Nn{X-§Ä, cmP-ho-Yn, {]`mX kµÀi\w XpS-§n-b-hb - m-Wv. "N§-¼p-gb - psS þ \£-{X-§-fpsS kvt\l-`m-P\w 'F¶ Poh-N-cn{X IrXn Gsd {it²-b-am-Wv. kv]µn-¡p¶ AØn-amSw F¶ Cu {]_Ôw N§-¼p-g-bpsS Ah-km\ \mfp-Isf hnIm-c-hm-bvt]msS hc-¨p-Im-Wn-¡p-¶p. tcmKn-bmbn XoÀ¶ N§-¼pg ISp¯ GIm-´-Xb - n \mS-Ii - m-eb - mb temI-s¯¡p-dn¨v Xm³ Ipdn-¨n« hm¡p-IÄ HmÀs¯-Sp-¡p-¶p.NnIn-Õ¡v t]mepw ]W-an-ÃmsX \ncm-{i-b-\mbn \ncm-i-\mbn Ihn-bth Xm³ A´-y-cw-K-t¯mSSp-¡p-¶p-sh¶v N§¼pg Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p. B Xncn-¨-dnhv At±-l-¯nsâ ka-Nn-¯X \jvS-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. Nnet¸mÄ ss\cm-iyhpw AaÀjhpw Bß-\n-µbpw tXm¶p-¶p. {]im-´X A\p-`-hn¡p¶ A]qÀÆ thf-I-fn \nX-y-im-´n-¡p-thn sh¼Â sImf-fp-¶p. ]v X¶n cq]-s¸« NnX-dnb Nn´-IÄ hopw At±-l-¯nsâ HmÀ½-bn h¶p. temI-{]-iw-kbm-Ip¶ apÄs¨-Sn-Im-«n Ae-ªp-Xn-cnªp. ZpÀK-a§ - f - mb ZpÀK-a§ - Ä Xmm³ Ignªp. ]t£ FÃmw shdp-sX-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Xsâ {]Xm]w Pe-tc-J-bm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v C¶v AcnsI h¶v ]p©n-cn-Xq-Ip¶ ih-Ip-So-cw HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p. X\n-¨n-cn-¡p-t¼mgmWv C¯cw Nn´-IÄ Ihnsb aZn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. Xs¶-¡m-Wm³ Bsc-¦nepw h¶m tcmKm-hØ ad¶v {]k-cn-t¸msS hÀ¯ae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
27
School of Distance Education
am\w ]d-bpw. Nncn-¡p-I-Ibpw Nncn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw. N§-¼p-gsb kµÀin¨ C. Fw. sImhqÀ Ihn-bpsS Zb-\o-hØ ]pd-¯-dn-bn-¡p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v hnhn[ tImWp-Ifn \n¶v h¶ klmbw At±-l-¯nsâ NnInÕ¡v D]-I-cn-¨p. Bbn-Sbv¡v ae-bmf-a-t\m-c-a-bpsS dnt¸mÀ«À N§-¼p-gsb kµÀin¨ A\p-`hw hni-Z-ambn dnt¸mÀ«v sNbvXn-cp-¶p. SmtKmdnsâ XmSn-tbmSpw [mSn-tbmSpw InS-\n¡p¶ Ihn-bpsS apJw tcmKm-h-Ø-bn-epw {]k-¶-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v B dnt¸mÀ«À HmÀ¡p-¶p. Xsâ Kpcp-Xc-amb tcmKm-hØ - bpw thZ-bpsS Bghpw dnt¸mÀ«-dp-ambn N§-¼pg ]¦p-sh-¨p. A¶v ]\n \qdp Un{Kn-bn-se-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. \mep Znh-k-ambn NÀ±n-bn cà-a-b-ambn XpS§n-bn-cp-¶p. acp-¶n\p Xs¶ Znh-khpw `mcn¨ XpI sNe-hm-¡W - a - m-W-bn-cp-¶p. aptÈ-cnbpw I-¯n hÀ¤okv am¸n-fbpw P\n¨ kap-Zm-b¯ - n \n¶v X\n¡v e`n¡p¶ klm-bs¯ Ihn \µn-tbmsS kvacn-¨p. Bß X - y- m-K¯ - nsâ AZ-zn-Xo-bN - n{Xw {InkvXphns\ temI-Kp-cp-hmbn ImWm³ Ihnsb t{]cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. al-mXvaPnbpw s\lvdphpw N§-¼p-gbv¡v Bcm-[y- c - m-bn-cp-¶p. s\lvdp-hs - \-¡p-dn¨v ]d-ªt- ¸mÄ A`n-am\w sImv At±lw NmSn-sb-gp-t¶-äp. alm-ß-Pn-sb-¡p-dn¨v Hcp Ihn-Xbpw FgpXm³ Ign-bmsX t]mb-Xn At±lw tJZw {]I-Sn-¸n-¨p. KmÔn-Pn-bpsS Nc-a-s¯-Xp-SÀ¶v C{Xbpw Ig¼n-Ãm¯ Ihn-X-IÄ hcp-s¶-dn-ªn-cp-¶p-sh-¦n KmÔnPn \nÝ-b-ambpw acn-¡n-Ãmbn-cp-¶p-sh¶v A`n-{]mbw N§-¼pg Nncn-¨p-sImv AwKo-Ic - n-¨p. CS¡v Lost my internal music F¶v hnIm-c-`-cn-X-\mbn {]kvXm-hn-¨-t¸mÄ B teJ-I³ s]m«n-¡-c-ªp-t]m-bn. awK-tfm-Z-b-¯n JWvU-È-{]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨n-cp¶ aKvZ-e-\-a-dnbw Cu Ah-ØbnÂ]qÀ¯n-bm³ \nÀhm-la - n-söv N§-¼pg ]d-ªp. A]qÀ×mb thtdbpw JWvUIm-hy- § - f - p-s¶pw Ah-sbÃmw ]qÀ¯n-Ic - n-¡m³ km[n-¨n-cp-¶p-sh-¦n Xsâ km¼¯nI sRcp-¡-¯n\v Ipd¨v ]cn-lm-c-ap-m-tbs\ F¶v At±lw {]X-ym-in-¨p. KmÔn-Pn-bpsS Fgp-]s¯«-Sn {]Xn-a-sb-¡p-dn¨pw t£{X \nÀam-W-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pap-ff hmÀ¯-IÄ N§-¼p-gsb thZ-\n-¸n-¨p. C´-y-bn Hcp amXrIm. Sn. _n. ¢n\nIv Øm]n-¡m³ B ]Ww sNe-hm-¡n-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦n AXv _m¸p-Pn-bpsS BZÀi-§Ä¡v imi-z-Xo-I-c-W-am-Ip-ambn-cp-¶p-sh¶v A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«p. \nc-h[n kplr-¯p-¡-sfbpw Ah-cpsS klm-bhpw IrX-Ú-Xm-]qÀhw kvacn¨ Ihn Smäm-bnepw aäpw tPmen-sNbvXn-cp¶ km[p sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS cW kw`m-h\sb Aaq-e-y-ambn Ip. At±ls¯ NnIn-Õn-¨n-cp¶ tUm. sNX-es\ Iv kwkm-cn-¨-t¸m-gmWv N§-¼p-gbpsS Kpcp-Xc - m-hØ B teJ-I\v icn¡pw t_m[-ya - m-bX - v. CsXÃmw dnt¸mÀ«v sNbvXt- XmsS Ihn-bpsS NnIn-Õ¡v kw`m-h-\-IÄ {]h-ln-¡pI Xs¶ sNbvXp. N§-¼p-g-tbm-Sp-ff Bfp-I-fpsS kvt\l-¯nsâ {]I-S-\-¯nsâ ck-I-c-amb Hcp DZm-l-cWw Fw. sI. km\p kvacn-¡p-¶p. Ihnsb ImWm³ \K-c-¯nte¡v ]pd-s¸« aIs\ hne-¡nb {Kmao-W-\mb AÑ\v aI³ "hmg-¡pe' hmbn-¡m³ \ÂIn. hmg¡pe hmbn-¨-Xnsâ Bthi-¯n IÀj-I-\mb B Aѳ Xs¶ Hcp hmg-¡p-e-bpambn \K-c-¯n N§-¼p-gsb ImWm³ sN¶p.' tcmKw aqÀÑn-¨-t¸mÄ N§-¼p-gsb tImb-¼-¯q-cn-te¡v hnZKv[ NnIn-Õ¡v sImp t]mhm³ Xocp-am-\n-¨p. B Ah-Ø-bn ZoÀL-bm{X IqSp-X tZmj-I-c-amIp-sa¶v Iv XrÈqÀ awK-tfmZbw \gvkn§v tlman At±-ls¯ {]th-in-¸n-¨p. tIc-fo-ba - m-\k - § - s - f-bm-Ia - m\w Aeu-In-Im-\p-`q-Xn-bn A-aáam-¡nb Ihn 1948 Pq¬ 17\v Znhw-K-X-\m-bn. A½-tbmtSm {]nb kp-lr-¯q-¡-tfmtSm bm{X tNmZn-¡m³ At±ae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
28
School of Distance Education
l-¯n\v km[n-¨n-Ã. CS-¸-f-fn-bnse Xd-hm-«p-hI Øe-¯mWv At±-ls¯ kwkvI-cn¨-Xv. A¶v A´n-tam-]-Nmcw AÀ¸n-¡m³ F¯n-b-h-cn Cud-\-Wn-bm¯ I®p-IÄ Dm-bn-cp-¶n-söv Fw.-sI. km\p HmÀ¡p-¶p. ih-Ip-So-c-¯p-\p-ap-¼n Bkmbw-Im-e¯v Fw. sI. km\p Nn´m-`m-c-t¯msS \ne-sIm-p. \nem-hn \ocm-Sn-\n¡p¶ ]mXn-cm-hp-Isf ]me-¸q-hnsâ ]cn-afw ]pÂIn \n¡p-t¼mÄ, B IÃ-db - v¡p-ff - nse lrZbw kv]µn-¡p-II - bpw B kv]µ\w Hcp ]Ã-hn-bmbn Db-cp-I-fbpw sN¿p¶ Zriyw Fw.-sI. km\p k¦-ev]n-¡p-¶p. Nmc¯p-ff ama-c-¡m-hnsâ sIm¼¯v sIm¡p-cp-½n-bn-cn-¡p¶ Infn-IÄ, B ih IpSo-c-cl-ky- ¯ - nsâ ]Ãhn am\¯v \£-{X-§sf Adn-bn-¡p-¶Xv \£-{X-§Ä hnkvab - ¯ - m I®p Nn½n t]mIp-¶Xpw teJ-Isâ k¦-ev]-¯n sXfn-RvMp-h-¶p.
X]sâ A½ þ Fw.-Fw. _joÀ kmln-Xy \ncp-]W cwK¯v X\Xv ap{Z-]-Xn-¸n¨ sUm. Fw.-Fw._joÀ Imen-¡äv kÀÆI-em-imebn ae-bmf hn`mKw A[-ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p.- I-hn-X-bnse Nne {]iv\-§Ä, Bimsâ ]Wn-¸pc, kmln-X-ym-tem-N-\, Ipam-c-\m-imsâ cN-\m-inev]w ae-bmf sNdpIYm kmln-Xy Ncn-{Xw, A£-cmÀYw, Ipam-\m-imsâ t\m«p-_p-¡p-IÄ XpS-§n-b-hbmWv {][m\ \ncp-]-W-{K-Ù-§Ä kaq-l¯ - nse A\o-Xn-It- fmSv {]Xn-Ic - n-¡m-\p-ff k¶-²X - bpw AXns\ Ie-bm¡n amäm-\p-ff {]Xn-_-²-Xbpw alm-ti-z-Xm-tZ-hnsb `mc-X-¯nse Fähpw henb Fgp-¯pIm-cn-bm¡n XoÀ¡p-¶p-sh¶v Fw.-Fw. _joÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. a\p-j-y-Xzw Xs¶bmWv alm-ti-zX - m-tZ-hn-bpsS cmjv{Sob ZÀi-\s - a¶v "X]sâ A½' F¶ t\mh hniI-e\w sNbvXv Fw.-Fw. _joÀ Nqn-¡m-«p-¶p. Hcp X¯-z-im-kv{X-t¯mSpw hntZ-bXzw ]peÀ¯msX \nµnX hÀK-¯n-\p-thn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶XneqsS Cu Fgp-¯pImcn hm¡pw {]hÀ¯nbpw kwtbm-Pn-¸n-¡p-¶p. at\m-cm-Py- ¡ - m-cmb Fgp-¯p-Im-cpsS IqsS IqSm³ AhÀ X¿m-d-Ã. ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-h-tcm-sSm¸w ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡m\pw H¸w Ah-cpsS I®ncpw ]¦-¸mSpw Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m\pw amlm-ti-z-Xm-tZhn X¿-dm-Ip-¶p. If-f\pw sIme-]m-X-In-bp-amb aI-t\m-Sp-ff Hc-½-bpsS \njvI-f-¦hpw ]mh-\-hpamb kvt\l-¯nsâ IY-sbt¶m k¼-¶À sIme-bm-fn-bm¡n hfÀ¯p-Ibpw X§fpsS Ifn-¸m-hb - m¡n amäp-Ibpw sNbvX XojvWb - u-h\ - -¯nsâ IY-sb-t¶m hnti-jn¸n-¡m-hp¶ Hcp t\mh-emWv "X]sâ A½' X]\v ho«n \n¶v kvt\lw e`n-¨n-Ã. AÑ\pw ktlm-Z-c\pw Ahs\ ]cn-K-Wn-¨n-Ã. sXcp-hn ZmZ-bmbn hfÀ¶ Ahs\ A½ am{Xw kvt\ln-¨p. IpX-dn-am-dm-\m-hm¯ hn[w Kpm-bn-k¯ - nsâ ]nSn-bn-ea - À¶pt]mb Ahsâ XIÀ¶ Pohn-X-¯nse Htc-sbm-cm-i-zmkw A½-bm-bn-cp-¶p. X]³ a\Ên ]d-ªp-sIm-t-bn-cp-¶p. "At½, \n§Ä sN¿p-¶Xv icn, Rm³ sN¿p-¶sXÃmw sXäv' A½¡v XW-em-hm³ Ah\v B{K-l-ap-v. aäv B¬-a-¡fpsS IqsS t]mIm³ A½-tbmSv AhÀ \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶p. F{X ]Ww thW-sa-¦nepw F¯n-¡msa¶v ]d-ªp-t\m-¡p¶p. Rm³ IqSn t]mbm \n\¡v ]ns¶ Bcp-ap-m-hn-sömbn-cp-¶p kvt\l-\n-[n-bmb B A½-bpsS adp-]-Sn. A½sb-¡p-dn-t¨mÀ¯v Ah³ hnXp-¼n. Xm³ AI-s¸« sIWn-bn \n¶pw tamN\w t\Sm-\m-hn-ÃtÃm Ft¶mÀ¯v Ah³ thZ-\n-¨p. sXcp-hn ZmZm-bm-sW-¦nepw Ah³ kv{XoIsf D]-{Z-hn-¨n-Ã. IqsS-bp-f-f-hsc ae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
29
School of Distance Education
AXn\v A\p-h-Zn-¨-Xp-anà Btcm-cp-an-Ãm-¯-hÀ¡pw Ah³ Xm§m-bn. ]mh-s¸« Hcp kv{Xosb c£n-¡m-\mbn X]³ FXnÀKp--I-tfmSv Gäv ap«n acn-¡p-¶p. AXp-hsc aI-s\-¡p-dn-t¨mÀ¯v Xe Xmgv¯n \S¶ A½ A¶v A`n-am-\-t¯msS Xe-bpÀ¯n \S-¶p. Hcp s]¬Ip-«nsb thi-y-bm-Ip-¶-Xn c£n-¡m³ thn-bmWv Xsâ aI³ Poh-X-ymKw sNbvX-sX¶v B A½ HmÀ¯p. B A½ C³kvs]-IvS-dpsS ap¼n s]m«n-s¯-dn-¡p-¶p-v. Xsâ aIs\ hmS-IKp--bm¡n XoÀ¯ At[m-temI \mb-I\mb `hm\n _m_p-hns\t¸mep-f-f-hÀ am\-y-cmbn Pohn-¡p-¶-Xnse sshcp-²yw AhÀ tNmZyw sN¿p-¶p. X]s\ A§-s\-bm¡n-XoÀ¯ hy-h-k-Yn-Xn-bn-te-¡mWv alm-ti-z-Xm-tZhn hnc Npp-¶-Xv. k¦p-NnX cmjvv{So-b-¯n hni-z-kn-¡m¯ Fgp-¯p-Imcn kmaq-ln-Im-hØbv¡v amäw hcm³ B{K-ln-¡p-¶p. ]mh-s¸-«-hsâ PohnX \nehmcw DbÀ¯m-\m-hm¯ Hcp `c-W-Iq-S-s¯bpw AhÀ AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã. kzbw hniZo-Icn-¡m-\p-ff Hcp _m[-y-X-sb¶ \ne-bv¡mWv a\p-j-y-cpsS {]iv\-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v AhÄ Fgp-Xn-sIm-tbn-cp-¶p-¶-Xv.
]mcn-Øn-X-I-Ie þ Pn. a[p-kq-Z-\³ sF.-F. Fkv DtZ-ym-K-Ø\ - m-bn-cp¶ Pn. a[p-kq-Z\ - -\³ ]q\-bnse thÀUv C³Ìnä-y«v Hm^v ksÌ-bv\-_nÄ F\ÀPn-bpsS Ub-c-IvSÀ P\-d-em-bn-cp-¶p. {Ko³ F\ÀPn F¶ amkn-I-bpsS No^v FUn-ä-dm-Wv. IYbpw ]cn-Øn-Xn-Xbpw, lcn-X-\n-]q-]Ww ae-bm-f-¯n F¶n-h-bmWv {][m\ ae-bmf IrXn-IÄ. ]mcn- Ø n- X n- I - I e tIh- e - a - b mb {]IrXn t_m[- ¯ ntâtbm Krlm- X p- c Xz¯nsâtbm Ie-b-Ã. AXv Pohn-X-¯nsâ ka-kvX-ta-J-e-I-tfbpw DÄs¡m-f-fp¶ H¶m-Wv. ]p\:-Øm-]n-¡m-\m-hm¯ hn`-h§ - f - psS ]n³_-e¯ - n sI«n-¸S- p¯ B[p\n hy-h-kmb k¼Zv hy-h-Øbpw cmjv{So-bhpw kmt¦-Xn-Ibpw kwkvIm-c-hq-sa-Ãmw ISp¯ {]Xn-k-Ônsb t\cn-Sm³ t]mhp-I-bm-sW¶v Pn . a[p-kq-Z-\-\³ Cu teJ-\¯n ap¶-dn-bn¸p \ÂIp-¶p. PohnXw {]Ir-X-ym-\p-km-cn-bmb ]mX-bn-te¡v ]cn-Wan-s¨-t¯--Xnsâ Bh-iyw Bfp-IÄ Xncn-¨-dnªv XpS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Cu Xncn-¨-dnhmWv B[p-\n-Im-\´ - c - b - psS apJ-ap-{Z. CXv `mj-bnepw kmln-Xy- ¯ - nepw \thm\vtajw krjvSn-¡pw. B[p-\n-Im-\-´-c-amb Cu ]Ým-¯-e-¯n-emWv ]mcn-Øn-Xn-I-Ie DZbw sN¿p-¶-Xv. ]cn-an-X-amb hn`-h-§Ä A\n-b-{´n-X-ambn NqjWw sNbvXv F¡m-ehpw kpJ kar-²n-bn Ign-bm-sa¶ km¼-¯nI hnZ-KvZ-cpsS \nK-a-\-§Ä Ab-YmÀYhpw Dt«-ym-]-y-\p-am-sW¶v Xncn-¨-dnªv hcp-¶p. hnI-k-\hpw kwkvIm-chpw kpØnc hgnI-fn-te¡v Xncn-¨p-hn-Sp-¶-XmWv icn-bmb dnb-en-kw. ]mcn-Øn-X-Ie Hcp ZÀi-\-t¯mSpw hnt[-b-Xzw ]peÀ¯p-¶n-Ã. F¶m FÃm ZÀi\-§Ä¡pw ]mcn-Øn-XnI Iesb DÄs¡m-f-fm-\m-Ipw. kakvX Poh-Pm-e-§-fptSbpw \oXn-bp-à-amb \ne-\nÂ]n-t\m-Sp-am-{X-amWv AXn\v {]Xn-_² - X - . F¶m AXv XnI¨pw Acm-jv{So-b-am-W¶v ]d-ªp-Iq-Sm. ]cn-Øn-Xnsb shdpw Krlm-Xp-c-X-bmbn am{Xw ImW-cpXv F¶mWv kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. ImÀjn-I-an-¨-¯n \n¶p-mb aqe-[\ hfÀ¨bpw X§-fpsS emt`-Ñb - v¡\ - p-kc - n¨v imkvv{X kmt¦-Xn-I-Xsb sacp-¡n-sb-Sp¯ aqe-[\ DS-aI - f - psS BÀ¯n-bp-amWv ]mcn-Øn-XnI hn\m-i¯ - n-te¡v \bn-¨s - X¶v teJae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
30
School of Distance Education
I³ Nqn-¡m-«p-¶p. ]mcn-Øn-XnI ho£-W-s¯-t¸mepw X§Ä¡-\p-Iq-e-am¡n XoÀ¡p¶ apX-em-fn¯ X{´-§Äs¡-Xn-sc-bp-ff Pm{K-Xb - mWv ]mcn-Øn-XnI Ie-bpsS cmjv{So-bw. ]mcn-Øn-XnI Ie-sb-¶m Hcp Xcw kb³kv ^n£-\m-sW¶v Nne-sc-¦nepw sXän-²c - n-¡m-dp-v. Ct¡m-fP - n-bpsS imkv{Xo-bs - X-¡m-tfsd kmaq-ly- hpw cmjv{So-bhpw Bßo-bhpw a\:-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb ka-k-y-I-fmWv ]mcn-Øn-Xn-I-I-ebv¡v hnj-b-amIp-¶-Xv. ka-Im-enI kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ aqe-y§ - sf A]-\nÀan-¡p-I-sb¶ [À½w ]mcn-ØnXn- I - I - e - b v ¡ p- v . kmt¦- X n- I - b psS taÂt¡mbv a \ne- \ n¡p¶ temI¯v {]IrXn¡nW-§nb Hcp _Z kmt¦-Xn-IX AXv apt¶m«v sh¡p-¶p. Cu _Z \nÀan-Xn-bn `mh-\bpw `mjbpw Bhn-jvImc ssienbpw ]pXnb Is-¯-ep-IÄ¡v hnt[-b-am-Ip-¶p. kmt¦-Xn-IX - -bpsS IS-¶p-I-b-än \½psS temI-§fpw hm¡p-Ifpw \jvS-s¸-Sp-¶p. km{am-P-y-X-z-¯nsâ `mjbpw kwkvIm-chpw IS-¶p-I-bdn BZn-a-\n-hmkn-If - psS `mjbpw Pohn-Xhpw CÃm-Xm-¡p-¶p. hmWn-`¯ - ntâbpw ]c-ky- `- m-jb - p-tSbpw IS¶p Ib-ä-¯n X\Xpw {Kma-y-hp-amb hm¡p-IÄ \jvS-am-Ip-¶p. `mj timjn¨v AØn-¡q-Sa - m-Ip-¶p. hy-àn-hm-Z¯ - ntâbpw ip²-Iem hmZ-¯ntâbpw ASn-¯d- n-bn ]Sp-¯p-bÀ¯nb Alw-kz- X - z- s¯ A]-\nÀ½n¨v ]pXn-sbmcp ]mcn-Øn-Xn-Ik - z- Xw sa\ªp \ÂIpIsb¶ [À½w ]mcn-Øn-XnI Ie \nÀÆ-ln-¡p-¶p-v. kv{XoIÄ, BZn-a\ - n-hm-kn-IÄ, `ojWn t\cn-Sp¶ kk-y-P-´p-Pme§Ä XpS§n FÃm Xnc-kvIrX kz-X-z-§Ä¡pw ]mcn-ØnXnI Ie ]pXpPoh³ ]I-cp-¶p. Xnc-kvIrXcptS-XpÄs¸sS hnhn[ hn`mK-§-fpsS kz-c-§Ä Iem-]-c-amb tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-I F¶Xv C¡m-es¯ Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ \ntbmK-am-Wv. _àosâ _lp-k-z-cX (Poly Phony) UbtemKv F¶o ]cn-I-ev]-\-IÄ {]kà-am-Ip-¶Xv AXn\memWv. Iesb Aß{]-Im-i-ambn Npcp-¡m-\n-hn-Ã. ]mcn-Øn-IIe Pohn-X-¯nsâ ka-{K-X-bpsS {]Im-i-\-am-Wv. a\pj-y-cpsS Bßob ]p\À\nÀan-Xn¡v Iebpw kmln-X-yhpw klm-b-I-am-I-Wsa¶ teJ-I³ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. ]mcn-Øn-Xn-t_m[w ]g-a-bn-te-¡p-ff aS-¡-a-Ã. AXv Øe-_-ÔnXamb Ncn-{X-t_m-[-¯n\v Du¶Â \ÂIp-¶p. Fgp-X-s¸« \pW-IÄ ]p\:]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶p. kpØn-c-X-bv¡p-ff {]mtbm-KnI amÀK-§Ä tXSp-¶p.
ac-¸m-h-IÄ hopw hmbn-¡p-t¼mÄ þ hn. cmP-Ir-jvW³ kmln-X-y-hn-aÀi-I³, Ne-Nn{X \ncp-]-I³, Xnc-¡-Ym-Ir-¯v, kwhn-[m-I-b³ F¶o \ne-I-fn-seÃmw {it²-b-\mWv t{]m.-hn. cmP-Ir-jvW³ {im²w, tcmK-¯nsâ ]q¡Ä, au\w tXSp-¶-hm-¡v, ImgvN-bpsS Aim-´n, sNdp-I-Y-bpsS NµÊv F¶n-hbmWv {][m\ IrXn-IÄ. Imcp-cnsâ IY-I-fn-b Xe-sb-Sp-t¸msS \n¡p¶ Hcp krj-Sn-bmWv "ac-¸m-hIÄ' F¶v hn. cmP-I-y-jvW³ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Cu IY-bnse \neo\ `wKn-bp-ff i-yw-Km-c-`mhw IY ]pd-¯p-h¶ Ime-¯p-Xs¶ \ncp-]I {i² t\Sn-bn-cp-¶p. AaÀ¯s¸« ssewKnIm`nem-j-¯nsâ Xc-f-amb {]Im-i-\-sa-¶Xv kv{Xolr-Z-b-¯nsâ Bg§Ä tXSn-t¸mb ]n¡me sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-¯p-¡sf tamln-¸n¨ a\-Èmkv{X ka-k-ybmbn amdp-I-bp-m-bn. am[-hn-¡p-«n-sb-t¸m-ep-ff Fgp-¯p-ImÀ ImcqÀ sXm«p-Im-WnÑ ae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
31
School of Distance Education
Cu `mh-ta-J-ebv¡v ]p¯³ s]mcpÄ k½m-\n-¡p-I-bp-mbn. IYm-k-¦-ev]-¯n ]e s]m-fn-s¨-gp-¯p-Ifpw \S-¶p-I-gnª C¡m-e¯v "ac-¸m-h-IÄ' hopw hmbn-¡pt¼mÄ a\-Ên ]Xn-bp¶ Awi-§Ä Is-¯m-\p-ff {ia-amWv Cu Ipdn-s¸¶v teJI³ ]d-bp-¶p. Zm¼-Xy- X - I - À¨-bpsS Ah-in-jvSa - mbn hminbpw k¦-Shpw IqSn-Ie - À¶ Hcp hnImcw "ac¸m-h-Ifn' se IYm-\m-bn-I-bmb \fn-\n-bpsS Df-fn DS-¡n-\n¡p-¶p-v. ]pdta¡v AhÀ {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶X - m-ht« Iqk-en-Ãm-bvabpw hnhm-l-tam-Nn-Xs - b-¡p-dn¨v \m«n]p-ds¯ Ab¡mÀ km[m-cW ]d-bm-dpff Ipä-§Ä hI-sh-bv¡msX kz-X{´ PohnXw \bn-¨p-t]m-cp-¶-h-fmWv \fn-\n. XtâShpw ^en-X-t_m-[hpw thZ-\-Isf IqSsª-dn-bm³ Ahsf klm-bn-¡p-¶p-v. Imcp-cnsâ `mK-y-lo-\-I-fmb IYm-]m-{X-§fn \n¶v \fn-\nsb thÀXn-cn¨v \nÀ¯p¶ hkvXp-XX AhÄ Iem-Im-cn-bm-sW-¶-XmWv. Ah-fp-m-¡nb ]mh-IÄ tIm]-¯n\pw hnem-k-`m-h-¯n-\p-an-Sn-bn shdp-¸n\pw kaÀ¸-W¯ - n-\p-an-S-bn Bfn-I¯ - p¶ Ah-fpsS lr-Zb - ¯ - nsâ {]Xn-^-e\ - a - m-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-fpsS Ag-ImÀ¶ ico-c-¯nsâ hSn-hp-If - m-hm-ln¨ B ac-¸m-hI - Ä aXn-bm-bn-cp¶p Npäp-ap-f-f-hÀ¡v Ipäw ]d-bm³. kz´w kÀKm-ß-I-X-bn-te¡v Npcp-§m³ ioen-¨tXmsS AhÄ¡v A]-hm-Z-§sf t]Sn-bn-Ãm-Xm-bn. Cu Iqk-en-Ãm-bvasb "Al´' sb¶mWv F\-yq-a-td-äÀ hnti-jn-¸n-¨-Xv. Iem-Im-c\p kl-P-amb Cu Al-´-bmWv \fn-\nsb \fn-\n-bm¡n amän-b-Xv. \fn-\n-bpsS hy-àn-k-¯-bpsS ]c-`m-K-tim-`-bv¡mbn F\-yp-a-td-äsd krjvSn-¨Xv Gsd DNn-X-am-sW¶v teJ-I³ Npn-¡m-«p¶p. a\p-j-ysc hkvXpX-I-fm¡n amäp-Ibm-WtÃm F\-yp-a-td-äÀam-cpsS tPmen. F\-yp-a-td-ä-dpsS tNmZ-y-§Ä¡v XÀ¡p-¯cw ]d-bp¶ \fn\n Xsâ "Al´' sImv F\yqatdä-dpsS ^b-ense Hc-¡-ambn Npcp§p-¶n-Ã. Ah-km\w B DtZ-ym-K-Øsâ lrZ-b¯v hnkvabw IeÀ¶ a[p-cm-k-zmØyw P\n-¸n¨v AhÄ ]n³hm-§p-¶p. \fn-\n-bpsS Pohn-X-¯ntâbpw Ie-bp-tSbpw ]Wn-¸pc cl-k-y-§Ä shfn-¨-¯psIm- p- h - c m³ ImcqÀ Is- ¯ nb hnh- c W coXn {]tX- y Iw ]cn- K - W \ AÀln¡p¶p.\fn-\n-bpsS Bß \njvTa - mb ImgvN¸ - m-Sn-eqsS IY Ah-Xc - n-¸n-¨n-cp¶psh¦n D]-cn-Xe kv]Àin-bmb \À½-¯nsâ Øm\¯v hnIm-c-§-fpsS Ips¯m-gp¡v A\p-hm-NI - \v A\p-`h - n-¡m³ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v teJ-I³ hni-Ie - \w sN¿p-¶p. F¶m Hcp aq¶m-asâ \ne-ssI-sImv A]-cn-Nn-X-\mb Hcp hy-àn-bp-ambn \fn\n \S-¯p¶ skmd-]-d-¨n tI«v ckn-¡p-I-bmWv ImcqÀ sN¿p-¶-Xv. kw`mjW{][m-\amb Cu IY-bn " Ub-temKv' am{X-amWv Xsâ {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ am\-kn-ImhØ ]c-Xm-\mbn ImcqÀ Ahew_n¨n-«p-f-f-Xv. km[m-c-bmbn Imcq-cnsâ IY-I-fn hnX-dm-dp-ff temtIm-¯n-I-fp-tSbpw [mÀ½nI ho£-W-§-fp-tSbpw tat¼m-Sn-IÄ Cu IY-bn Ipd-hm-Wv. IY-m´ -- -y-¯n \fn\n F\-yp-a-td-ä-dpsS a\-kn DWÀ¯nb {]XnI-c-W§Ä kqNn-¸n-¡m³ thn am{X-amWv ImYn-IÄ t\cn«v \½-tfm-sS--´-¦nepw ]dbp-¶-Xv. \thm-°m-\-Im-e-¯nse aäp sNdp-IYm Ir¯p-IÄ CtX {]ta-bs¯ F§s\ kao-]n-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v teJ-I³ hnNn-´\w sN¿p-¶p. s]mä-¡mSv CS-XqÀ¶ ]Ým¯e hÀ®-\-sImv \mbn-I-bpsS hnjm-Z-kp-µ-c-ap-J-¯n\v IqSp-X angn-th-Ip-am-bnae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
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School of Distance Education
cp-¶p. Ddq_v IhnX IeÀ¶ sIm¨p hmMvab Nn{X-§-fn-eqsS \fn-\n-bpsS A´ÀK-X§ÄIqSn NnI-sª-Sp-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p. XIgn Xpd-¶S- n¨ kmaq-ly hnaÀi-\¯ - n sNs¶¯p-am-bn-cp-¶p. kap-Zmb hy-h-Øn-Xn-bpsS \oXn XX-zs¯ tNmZyw sN¿p-am-bn-cp-¶p. Npcp-¡-¯n Imcp-cns\ hy-X-y-kvX-\m-¡p-¶Xv EPpw BS-bm-`-c-W-§f - n-Ãm-¯Xpw X\n tIc-fo-b-hp-amb IYm-I-Y\ coXn-bm-Wv. ]ß-\m-`tâbpw Fw. Sn. bptSbpw am[-hn-¡p«n-bp-tSbpw Xe-apd km£m-XvI-cn¨ sFdWn knw_ Iev]-\, {]Xn cq]m-ß-I-Xzw XpS§nb B[p-\n-IX kt¦-X-§Ä Imcp-cns\ Xosc BIÀjn-¨n-Ã. Imcp-cnsâ BJ-ym\ Ie hÀÖ-\-¯nsâ Ie-bmWv (art of elimination) F¶ \nK-a-\-¯n teJ-I³ F¯nt¨-cp-¶p. sshhn-[y- -amÀ¶ cN\kt¦-X§ - -fpsS km[-y-X-IÄ NqjWw sN¿p-¶-Xn-eqsS-bÃ, B km[-y-X-X-IÄ¡v t_m[-]qÀÆw \nb-{´Ww GÀs¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv ImcqÀ IY-IÄ ]e "C^-IvSp-Ifpw' t\Sn-sb-Sp-¯-Xv. ac-¸m-h-I-fpsS IYm inev]hpw \mbn-I-bpsS inev]-I-em-hn-Z-ybpw X½n-ep-ff kmZ-y-iyw teJ-I³ Nqn-¡m-«p-¶p. \fn-\n-sb-t¸mse Imcqcpw HcÀ°-¯n ac-¸mh-I-fpsS \nÀam-Xm-hm-Wv. At±-l-¯nsâ IY-I-fn Z´w sImp-ff Ae-¦m-c-¸-WnI-fn-Ã. amÀ_nÄ ssIIm-cyw sN¿p-¶n-Ã. A\m-IÀj-I-sa¶v tXm¶p¶ ]cp-¡³ Poh-Xn-bm-YmÀ°-y-§-fn \n¶v HXp-¡hpw imeo-\-X-bp-ap-ff IYm-in-ev]-§Ä {i²m]qÀhw sa\-bp¶ hnZ-y-bm-bn-cp¶p Imcp-cntâXv. {kjvSm-hnsâ kzm-X-{´-yhpw krjvSn-bpsS kZm-Nm-chpw þFw. tXmakv a-yp. 19194019-Xp-Xm, 11940 Â
þ Fw. tXmakv amX-yp.
]¯\w Xn«-bnse Ios¡m-gq-cn-emWv Fw. tXmakv amXyp P\n-¨-Xv. hnhn[ tImtf-Pp-I-fn ae-bmfw s{]m^k-dm-bn-cp¶ At±-lw tIc-f-`mjm C³Ìn-S-ä-yq-«nsâ Ub-dI - vS-dmbpw tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-¨n-«p-v. Z´-tKm-]p-c-¯n-te¡v hopw, kmln-X-y-ZÀi\w, Bßm-hnsâ apdn-hp-IÄ acp-`q-an-bn hnfn-¨p-]-d-bp-¶-hsâ ssZhw, ss__nÄ A\p-`-hw, \n\-hp-IÄ \ncp-]-W-§Ä F¶nh {][m\ IrXn-I-fm-Wv. "{kjvSm-hnsâ kzm-X-{´-yhpw krjvSn-bpsS kZm-Nm-chpw ' F¶ teJ-\-¯n Bhn-jvIm-c-k-z-X-{´-y-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw Ie-bpsS [À½-im-kv{X-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw hnNn-´\w sN¿p-¶p. aäp Poh-Pm-e-§sf At]-£n¨v \nÊ--lm-bI-\mb a\p-j-y³ AXn Poh-\¯n-\p-ff t]mcm-«-¯n-emWv ]pXnb hSn-h-pIfpw AS-hp-Ifpw t\Sp-¶-Xv {]IrXn I\nªv \ÂIm-¯-sX-Ã. kzbw Dm-¡m-\p-ff ssh`-h-¯nsâ hn¯v ap\-j-ysâ Xe-t¨m-dn-se-hn-sStbm {]IrXn Xs¶ \nt£-]n-¨n-«p-v. kÀKm-ß-I-amb IÀ½Ä ap\j-ysâ ]cn-an-Xn-I-fn \n¶v IpX-dn-s¯dn-¡m-\p-ff DZ-y-a-§-fmWv. Ah AXp-sIm-pXs¶ kzm-X-{´-y-{]-J-ym-]-\-§-fp-am-Wv. a\q-j-y-IÀ½-§-fn G-ähpw hnin-jvS-amb ssZh-km-Z-y-iyw hnfw-_cw sN¿p¶ IÀ½-amWv IYm-{]-hÀ¯-\w. Iem-hn-jvI-cWw Iem-Im-csâ kzm-X-{´-y-¯nsâ {]Imi-\a - mWv "Ie PohnXw Xs¶' F¶ XoÀ¸n-eqsS amcmÀ Bhn-jvI-cn¨ ZÀi-\hpw CXpX-s¶. Iem-hn-jvIm-c§ - f - n-eqsS Ah-\h - sâ kzXw Is-¯p-¶p. Ah-\m-\p-ff Bß{]-Im-i-\-Xz- -c-bpsS \nc-´-c-amb {]{In-bn-bn-emWv Hcp Iem-Im-c³ bYmÀY kzm-X-{´yw A\p-`-hn-¡p-¶-Xv. AXp-sImv kzm-X-{´-y-¯n-\p-ff Xz-c-bmWv Bhn-jvI-c-W-¯n-\pff t{]c-W-sb¶v ]d-bmw. {kjvSm-hmb hy-àn-am-{X-aà Cu kzm-X-{´yw A\p-`-hn-¡pae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
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School of Distance Education
¶-Xv. Bk-zm-ZI - À IqSn-bm-Wv. Ak-zm-Z\w ]p\:krjvSn-bm-bX - n-\m Ie-bn-eqsS hntamN-\-{]-{Inb \nc-´cw \S-¶p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p. a\p-j-ys\ kw_Ôn¨n-S-t¯mfw kz-X{´yw [mÀ½n-I-bp-ambn IqSn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn¡p-¶p. kz´w CÑ-tbm-sSm¸w kZm-Nm-c-s¯-¡p-dn¨p IqSn Ah\v t_m[-hm-\m-th-nh-cp-¶p. [À½-k-¦-S-§Ä a\p-j-ysâ am{Xw Ah-Im-i-am-Wv. AXvsImv Iebv¡v kuµ-c-y-imkv{Xw am{XaÃ, [À½-imkv{Xw IqSn-bp-v. \à \S-¸nsâ D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xzw I¿m-fn-t¸m-cp¶ A[n-Im-ct- I-{µ-§Ä kz-X{- ´-`c - -Ws¯ kwi-bt- ¯m-sSbpw `oXn-tbmsS-bp-amWv ho£n-¨p-t]m-¶-Xv. H¶p t\m«w sXän-bm hgn-sXän t]mIp-¶-X-h-cmWv hni-zm-kn-IÄ F¶v AhÀ kzbw hni-z-kn-¡p-¶p. sXämbn hym-Jym-\n-¨mtem F¶v t]Sn¨v Hcp Ime¯ ss__nÄ hmb-\-t]mepw k`-IÄ hne-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. ss__nÄ hnhÀ¯\w sNbvX Ipä-¯n-\mWv Sn³tU-ens\ Np«p-sIm-¶-Xv. kz-X-{´amb Fà At\-z-jW - -§-tfbpw krjvSn-I-tfbpw k` kwi-b-t¯msSbmWv t\m¡n-bXv. cmjv{Sobm-[n-Im-chpw hy-X-y-kvX-a-Ã. Imfn-Zm-k³ BZÀi-cm-Pm-hmbn {]iw-kn¨ Zneo-]nsâ {]P-If - psS KpW-§f - n-sem-¶mbn At±lw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv {]P-IÀ cmPmÚ-I-fn \n¶pw ISp-InS hy-Xn-N-en-¡p-¶n-sÃ-¶-Xm-Wv. cmjv{Sm-[n-Imcw Ft¸mgpw B{K-ln-¡p-¶Xv A\p-k-cn-¡p¶ {]Pm-k-©-b-s¯-bm-Wv. ]t£ Iem-Im-c-·mÀ Ft¸mgpw \hh-y-Xn-bm-\-§Ä k¦-ev]n-¡p-Ibpw Ah-bpsS cq]-Ie - v]-\b - n Bßmhv AÀ¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶p. ka-{Km-[n-]-X-y-§-fpsS kphÀ®-Imew Ie-bpsS No¯-Im-e-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v teJI³ Npn-¡m-«p-¶p. F´v, F§s\ Fgp-XWw Fgp-Xm-sa¶v `c-W-IqSw Xocpam-\n¨ Ime¯v tamkvtIm-bn-tebpw skâ v ]otä-gkn_ÀKn-tebpw Nn´-IÀ¡pw Fgp¯pImÀ¡pw Poh\pw sImv ]mem-b\w sNt¿-n-h-¶p. Npcp-¡-¯n krjvSn-bpsS kZm-Nm-c-¯n\p Imh-em-fm-hm³ A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ bmsXm-cq-]hpw \Ã-Xà - . A[n-Im-c¯ - nsâ IqS-¸n-d-¸mWv `bw. ]pXnb-sX´pw AXns\ t]Sn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. Ah X§-fpsS Ccn-¸nSw Cf-¡p-sa¶v AhÀ Icp-Xp-¶p. Cu `bw lnwk-bn-te¡v \bn-¡p-¶p. HXp-¡m-\m-h-¯-Xns\ BZ-c-hnsâ {]tem-`-\-§-fn-eqsS his¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. kÀK-kz- m-X{- ´-ys¯ Ip¯n-bmbmepw \¡n-bm-bmepw sImÃpI Xs¶ sN¿p-¶p. \ne-hn-ep-ff AX-y-]vXn-bmWv krjvSn-bpsS auenI tNmZ-\. kX-y-¯n kz´w \ne-\Â]n-\p-thn AXv {]Xr-Xn-sb ]qcn-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. AXp-sImv krjvSn-bpsS Ncn{Xw Ncn-{Xs¯ \nc-´-c-ambn amän-sb-gp-Xp-¶-Xnsâ Ncn-{X-am-bn-Xo-cp¶p. Bbp-[§ - Ä¡pw ]oV-\§ - Ä¡pw {`jvSn\pw ]pc-kvIm-c{- ]-tem-`\ - § - Ä¡pw BhnjvI-c-W-X-z-csb AS¡n \nÀ¯m³ Ign-ªn-«n-Ã. FXnÀ¸p-I-fpsS a[-y-¯n Xs¶bmWv t{ijvT-amb Ie cq]w sImf-fp-¶-Xv. Iem-Im-csâ GXv kml-N-c-y-¯nepw ]Y-y-amb A{]n-b-k-Xyw hnfn-¨p-]-d-bp-¶p. Abm-fpsS hnc A[À½-¯n\v t\sc Npp-¶p. þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþ ae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2
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