MAKALAH TEKNIK FLUIDA TURBIN AIR
Oleh :
HERU IRYANTO (121.03.1060) ANDRI PURNAMA (121.03.1001) (121.03.1001) JUWARI SUTONO (121.03.1002) ADAM MUHAMMAD N. F (121.03.1034)
JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI INSTITUT SAINS & TEKNOLOGI AKPRIND YOGYAKARTA 2014
KATA KAT A PENGANTAR PENG ANTAR
Dengan eng!"a#$an #!%& '!$! $e*a+&a, A--a* SWT a$a $a& /&'a ene-e'a&$an a$a-a* ang /e%!+!- T!/&n A& +an +engan *aa#an 'ega a$a-a* &n& /&'a /eanaa, +an en%a+&$an eeen'& /ag& $&,a 'e*&ngga -e/&* enge,a*!& ,en,ang T!/&n A& +an Penga#-&$a'&an T!/&n T!/&n A&. A$*& A$ *& $a,a $a,a 'e 'ega ga /&'a /&'a /e /ean ana aa, a, /ag& /ag& #aa #aa a*a' a*a'&' &'a a !! !! $*!'!'na #a+a +&& 'aa 'en+&& +an 'e!a ang e/a"a a$a-a* &n& 'ega /&'a +&#eg!na$an +&#eg!na$an +engan +engan 'ee',&na. O-e* O-e* $ae $aena na &,! &,! $a& $a& eng eng*a *aa a#$ #$an an $&,& $&,&$$ +an +an 'aa 'aann ang ang /e' /e'& &a, a, e/ang!n !n,!$ $e'e#!naan a$a-a* &n&. A$*& $a,a $a& eng!"a#$an ,e&a ,e&a $a'&* $a'&* $e# $e#a+a a+a 'e!a 'e!a #&*a$ #&*a$ ang ang ,e-a* ,e-a* e/an e/an,! ,! +a-a +a-a #e/!a #e/!a,an ,an a$a-a* &n&.
Yga$a,a 12Jan!a& 2015
Pen!-&'
DAFTAR ISI KATA KATA PENGANTAR PENG ANTAR ............................................. .................................................................... .................................................& ..........................&
DAFTAR ISI.............................................. ..................................................................... .............................................. ......................................&& ...............&& DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................... .................................................................. ..................................................&&& ...........................&&& DAFTAR TABEL ..................................................................................................& BAB I PENDAHULUAN ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................1 .....................1
1.1
7a,a 8e-a$ang 8e-a$ang Ma'a-a*. Ma'a-a*...... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............... ...........1 .1
1.1.1 1.1.1
Se%aa* Se%aa* Ten,an Ten,angg T!/&n T!/&n A&..... A&.......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .............. .................. ..........1 .1
1.2
R!!'an R!!'an Ma'a-a*.. Ma'a-a*....... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .............. ................... ...............2 .....2
1.3
T!%!an T!%!an +an Manaa,... Manaa,........ .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........2 .....2
BAB II PEMBAHASAN ........................................................................................3
2.1
Penge,&an Penge,&an T!/&n T!/&n A&..... A&.......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............ ................ .............3 ....3
2.2
F!ng'& F!ng'& T!/&n. T!/&n...... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........... ................ ................... ...............3 ......3
2.3
P&n'&# P&n'&# 9e%a T!/&n. T!/&n...... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............... .................4 .......4
2.4
8ag&an:/ag 8ag&an:/ag&an &an U! T!/&n. T!/&n...... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .............. .............4 ....4
2.5
Pengg-n Pengg-ngan gan +an Jen&':%en Jen&':%en&' &' T!/&n T!/&n A&...... A&........... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... .........5 .....5
2.5.1 2.5.1
8e+a' 8e+a'a$ a$an an M+eM+e- A-&a A-&ann A& A& Ma'!$ Ma'!$ R!nn R!nne. e.... ...... ....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .......5 ...5
2.5.2 2.5.2
8e+a' 8e+a'a$ a$an an Pe! Pe!/a* /a*an an Me Men,! n,! F-!&+ F-!&+aa 9e%a 9e%ana na.... ........ ........ ........ ........ .......6 ...6
2.6
Paae,e Paae,e T!/&n T!/&n A&...... A&........... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............... ..............16 ....16
2.;
A#-&$a'& A#-&$a'& T!/ T!/&n &n A&... A&........ .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .........21 ....21
2.<
Penga!* Penga!* T!/&n T!/&n A& Pa+a 7&ng$!nga 7&ng$!ngan.... n......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............ ................ ..........23 .23
BAB III PENUTUP ........................................... .................................................................. ...................................................24 ............................24
3.1
9e'&#!-an 9e'&#!-an..... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .........24 ....24
3.2
Saan..... Saan.......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ...............2 ..........255
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...........................................................................................26
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Ga!a" 1# 8ag&an:/ag&an T!/&n A&................................. A&..................................................................... ....................................44 Ga!a" 2# T!/&n A-&an Tangen Tangen'&a'&a- (Ha&e-
7.A. 1=60)..................................5 1=60)............................... ...5
Ga!a" $# M+e- T!/&n A-&an A$'&a- (Ha&e- 7.A. 1=60)..............................6 Ga!a" 4# M+e- T!/&n A-&an A$'&a-:Ra+&aA$'&a-:Ra+&a- (Ha&e- 7.A. 1=60)..................6 1=60)............ ......6 Ga!a" %# T!/&n Pe-,n.......................................................... Pe-,n............................................................................. .............................. ...........;; Ga!a" # T!/&n >'' F-.................................... F-................................................................................ ............................................== Ga!a" '# T!/&n T!g............. T!g.................................... .............................................. ............................................ ............................11 .......11 Ga!a" (# T!/&n Fan"&'..................................... Fan"&'............................................................ ................................................12 .........................12 Ga!a" )# A-&an a& a'!$ ,!/&n Fan"&' +an In',a-a'& ,!/&n Fan"&'..............14 Ga!a" 10# T!/&n 9a#-an +an P#e--e...................................................... P#e--e.............................................................14 .......14
DAFTAR TABEL
Ta!le 1# Pe&-&*an
,!/&n /e+a'a$an $e"e#a,an '#e'&&$....................................1;
Ta!le 2# Pe&-&*an %en&' ,!/&n /e+a'a$an ,&ngg& %a,!* a&.................................1<
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 7a,a 8e-a$ang 8e-a$ang Ma'a-a* Ma'a-a* Da-a Da -a $ea $ea%a %a!a !ann ,e$n ,e$n-g g&& 'e$a 'e$aa ang ng &n& &n& /an /ana$ a$ +&/! +&/!a, a, #ea #ea-a -a,a ,an: n: #ea-a,an &na,& +an ,e#a, g!na. Sa-a* 'a,! "n,* +a-a ,e$n&$ e'&n ,e!,aa +a-a /&+ang $ne'& eneg +an #eanaa,an a-a 'e/aga& '!/e eneg&. D&an,aana a+a-a* #eanaa,an a& ang /&'a +&g!na$an !n,!$ eng*a'&-$an ,enaga -&',&$. A-a, ,e'e/!, a+a-a* /e!#a ,!/&n ang +&gea$$an -e* a& ang +&'a/!ng$an -e* genea,. Da-a $nen'&na-na #a+a ?aan +a*!-! a& %!ga +&anaa,$an !n,!$ #e/ang$&, ,enaga -&',&$ a&,! !n,!$ enggea$$an enggea$$an genea, #e/ang$&, +&g!na$an 'e/!a* $&n"& a& ,e,a#& 'e$aang &n& $&n"& a& '!+a* +&,&ngga-$an +an +&g!na$an-a* ,!/&n a&. Da-a '!a,! '',e P7TA P7TA ,!/&n a& e!#a$an 'a-a* 'a,! #ea-a,an !,aa 'e-a&n genea,. T!/&n a& a+a-a* a-a, !n,!$ eng!/a* a& en%a+& eneg #!n,&. Eneg& #!n,& &n& +&!/a* en%a+& eneg -&',&$ -e* genea,.
1.1.1 1.1.1 Se%aa Se%aa** Ten,a Ten,ang ng T!/& T!/&nn A& A& J*+ A+, +,"e "e-- Se.+ Se.+e" e" /1'00 /1'00 eng enge e/a /ang ng$a $ann
,!/ ,!/&n &n a& a& ea$ ea$'& '& #a+a #a+a
#e,enga*an ,a*!n 1;00. T!/&n &n& e#!na& '!/! *&?n,a- +an e!#a$an aa- !-a +a& ,!/&n a& +en. T!/&n &n& e!#a$an e'&n ang '&#e- ang a'&* +&#+!$'& 'aa, &n& !n,!$ #e/ang$&, ,enaga -&',&$ '$a-a $e"&-. Segne /e$e%a +engan +engan E!-e +a-a e/!a, e/!a, ,e& a,ea,&' aaaa- !n,!$ +e'a&n ,!/&n. ,!/&n. Be+3 F"+e5+ /1(2 enge/ang$an ,!/&n a-&an a-& an $e-!a. T!/&n &n&
'angan 'angan e&'&e e&'&enn (@<0) (@<0) ang ang engaenga-&$ &$an an a& e-ae-a-!& !& 'a-!a 'a-!ann +en +engan gan '!+! '!+! -eng$!ng 'a,! +&en'&. Sa-!an $e-!aan %!ga e#!na& -eng$!ngan #engaa*.
TEKNIK FLUIDA
1
U"ah U"ah A# B5,e+ B5,e+ /1(44 /1(44 enge enge/a /ang$ ng$an an
,!/&n ,!/&n a-&an a-&an $e-!a $e-!a ang ang
en&ng$a,$an #ea +a& ,!/&n F!nen. 8en,!$ '!+!na &&# +engan ,!/&n Fan"&'. Jae6 Jae6 B# F"a+7 F"a+766 /1(4) /1(4) en&n en&ng$a g$a,$a ,$ann
e&'&e e&'&en'& n'& ,!/&n ,!/&n ea$'& ea$'& a-&an a-&an
$e+a-a *&ngga -e/&* +a& =0. D&a e/e&$an ,e', ang e!a'$an +an enge/a enge/ang$a ng$ann e,+e e,+e eng&nee& eng&nee&ng ng !n,!$ !n,!$ +e'a&n +e'a&n ,!/&n a&. T!/&n T!/&n Fan"&' Fan"&' +&naa$an 'e'!a& +engan naana ang e!#a$an ,!/&n a& +en #e,aa. T!/&n &n& a'&* +&g!na$an 'e"aa -!a' +& +!n&a 'aa, &n&.
1.2 R!!'an R!!'an Ma'a-a Ma'a-a** 1. A#a ang ang +&a +&a$'! $'!++ +engan +engan ,!/ ,!/&n &n a&B a&B 2. 8aga&an 8aga&anaa !ng'& !ng'& +an +an #&n'&# #&n'&# $e%a +a& ,!/&n ,!/&n a&B 3. A#a 'a%a /ag&an:/a /ag&an:/ag&an g&an !! +a& 'e/!a* 'e/!a* ,!/&n ,!/&nBB 4. 8aga& 8aga&ana ana #engg #engg- -nga ngan n %en&': %en&':%en %en&' &' ,!/&n ,!/&n +an a#-&$a a#-&$a'& '& 'e,a 'e,a #aae #aae,e ,e +a& ,!/&n a&B 5. A+a$ A+a$a* a* +a#a$ +a#a$ +a& +a& #engg!n #engg!naan aan ,!/&n ,!/&n a& a& /ag& -&ng$! -&ng$!ngan ngan B
1.3 T!%!an T!%!an +an Manaa, Manaa, 1. Un,!$ Un,!$ enge,a* enge,a*!& !& a#a ang ang +&a$'! +&a$'!++ +engan +engan ,!/&n ,!/&n a&. a&. 2. Un,!$ Un,!$ enge,a*!& enge,a*!& !ng'& !ng'& +an +an #&n'&# #&n'&# $e%a +a& +a& 'e/!a* 'e/!a* ,!/&n ,!/&n a&. a&. 3. Un,!$ Un,!$ enge, enge,a*! a*!&& /aga& /aga&a ana na #engg #engg- -nga ngan n %en&': %en&':%en %en&' &' ,!/&n ,!/&n a& a& +an +an a#-&$a'& ,!/&n a&. 4. Un,!$ Un,!$ enge,a* enge,a*!& !& a#a 'a%a #aae,e #aae,e +a& ,!/&n ,!/&n a&. a&. 5. Un,!$ Un,!$ enge,a*!& enge,a*!& +a#a$ +a#a$ nega,& nega,&ee +an #'&,& #'&,& ,!/&n #a+a #a+a -&ng$!ng -&ng$!ngan. an. BAB II PEMBAHASAN
2.1 Penge,&an T!/&n A& 9a,a C,!/&neC +&,e!$an -e* 'eang &n'&n! Pean"&' ang /enaa >-a!+e 8!+&n #a+a aa- a/a+ 1= ang +&a/&- +a& ,e%ea*an /a*a'a 7a,&n +a& $a,a C*&-&ngC (#!,aan) a,a! C,eC (#!'aan a&). T!/&n a& &n& /&a'ana
+&g!na$an !n,!$ ,enaga &n+!',& !n,!$ %a&ngan -&',&$. Se$aang -e/&* !! +&#a$a +&#a$a&& !n,!$ !n,!$ gen genea ea, , -&',&$ -&',&$.. T!/& T!/&nn $&n& $&n& +&an +&anaa, aa,$an $an 'e"a 'e"aaa -!a' -!a' +an +an e!#a$an '!/e eneg& ang +a#a, +&#e/a*a!$an. Da-a #e/ang$&, -&',&$ ,enaga a& (P7TA) ,!/&n a& e!#a$an #ea-a,an !,aa 'e-a&n genea,. T!/&n a+a-a* 'e/!a* e'&n /e#!,a ang enga/&- eneg& +a& a-&an -!&+a. T!/&n 'e+e*ana e&-&$& 'a,! /ag&an ang /egea$ Ca'e/-& ,: /-a+eC. F-!&+a ang /egea$ en%a+&$an /a-&ng:/a-&ng /e#!,a +an eng*a'&-$an eneg& !n,!$ enggea$$an ,. >n,* ,!/&n aa- a+a-a* $&n"& ang&n +an +a a&. Pe$e/angan $&n"& a& en%a+& ,!/&n +en e/!,!*$an %ang$a a$,! ang "!$!# -aa. Pe$e/angan ang +&-a$!$an +a-a a$,! e e-! -!'& '& &n+! &n+!', ',& & eng engg! g!na na$a $ann e,+ e,+ee +an +an #&n #&n'& '&## &-&a &-&a*. *. Mee Mee$a $a %!ga %!ga enge/ang$an ,e$n-g& a,e&a- +an e,+e #+!$'& /a! #a+a 'aa, &,!. Pe/e+aan +a'a an,aa ,!/&n a& aa- +engan $&n"& a& a+a-a* $#nen #!,aan a& ang e/e&$an eneg& #a+a #' ang /e#!,a. 9#nen ,a/a*an &n& e! e!ng ng$& $&n$ n$an an ,!/ ,!/&n &n +a#a +a#a,, e/ e/e e&$ &$an an +aa +aa ang ang -e/& -e/&** /e'a /e'a +eng +engan an $#nen ang -e/&* $e"&-. T!/&n +a#a, eanaa,$an a& +engan #!,aan -e/&* "e#a, "e#a, +an +a#a, +a#a, ean eanaa, aa,$an $an *ea+ *ea+ ang ang -e/&* -e/&* ,&ngg& ,&ngg&.. (Un,!$ (Un,!$ 'e-an% 'e-an%!,n !,na a +&$e/ang$an +&$e/ang$an ,!/&n &#!-'e ang ,&+a$ e/!,!*$an #!,aan a&). 2.2 F!ng'& F!ng'& T!/& T!/&nn T!/ T!/&n &n /e! /e!ng ng'& '& !n !n,! ,!$$ eng eng!/ !/a* a* ene eneg& g& # #,e ,en' n'&a &a-- en% en%a+ a+&& ene eneg& g& e$an&$. e$an&$. aa %a,!* a& ang en+ng en+ng /a-&ng:/a /a-&ng:/a-&ng -&ng ene/a/ ene/a/$an $an ,!/&n ,!/&n /e#!,a. T!/&n a& $e/ana$an $e/ana$an 'e#e,& $&n"& ang&n +engan enggan,&$an !ng'& +ng ang&n !n,!$ e!,a /a-&ng:/a-&ng +&gan,&$an a& !n,!$ e!,a ,!/&n. Pe#!,aan ,!/&n &n& +& *!/!ng$an $e genea,. genea,.
2.3 P&n'&# P&n'&# 9e%a T!/&n T!/&n T!/&n a& eng!/a* eneg& #,en'&a- a& en%a+& eneg& e$an&'. Eneg& e$an&' e$an&' +&!/a* +&!/a* +eng +engan an genea, genea, -&',&$ en%a+& ,enaga ,enaga -&',&$. -&',&$. 8e+a'a$ 8e+a'a$an an #&n'&# $e%a ,!/&n +a-a +a-a eng!/a* eneg& eneg& #,en'&a- a& en%a+& eneg& eneg& e$an&'.
TEKNIK FLUIDA
3
2.4 8ag&an:/ag&an U! T!/&n T!/&n
Gambar 1. Bagian-bagian Turbin Air
A+a#!n /e/ea#a /ag&an:/ag&an +a& 'e/!a* ,!/&n a& a+a-a* 'e/aga& /e&$!, &n& 1. R, a&,! a&,! /ag&an /ag&an ang ang /e#!,a /e#!,a #a+a '&',e '&',e ang ang ,e+&& ,e+&& +a& a) S!+!:'!+! /e!ng'& !n,!$ ene&a &a /e/an #an"aan an
ang
+&'e#,$an-e* +&'e#,$an-e* n??-e. /) P' /e!ng'& !n,!$ ene!'$an a-&an ,enaga ang /e!#a gea$ #!,a ang +&*a'&-$an -e* '!+!. ") 8an,a-an 8an,a-an /e!ng'& /e!ng'& 'e/aga& 'e/aga& #ea#a,:# #ea#a,:#ea#a ea#a,, $#nen:$ $#nen:$#ne #nenn +engan ,!%!an aga ,&+a$ enga-a& $e/"an #a+a '&',e. 2. S,a, S,a, a&,! /ag&a /ag&ann ang ang +&a #a+a #a+a '&',e '&',e ang ang ,e+&& ,e+&& +a& +a& a) P&#a &#a #eng engaa aa*Gn *Gn???-e ?-e /e /e!!ng ng'& '& !n !n,! ,!$$ ene ene!'$ !'$aan a-& a-&aa -! -!&+a &+a 'e*&n 'e*&ngga gga,e$ ,e$ana anann +an $e"e# $e"e#a,a a,ann a-& a-& -!&+a -!&+a ang ang +&g!na +&g!na$an $an +& +a-a +a-a '',e /e'a. /) R!a* ,!/&n /e!ng'& 'e/aga& !a* $e+!+!$an $#nen $#nen +a& ,!/&n. 2.5 Pengg-ngan +an +an Jen&':%en&' T!/&n T!/&n A& A& A+a#!n /e/ea#a ,!/&n a& ang +a#a, +&g-ng$an /e+a'a$an 2.5.1 2.5.1 8e+a'a 8e+a'a$an $an M+eM+e- A-&an A-&an A& Ma'!$ Ma'!$ R!nne R!nne
8e+a'aan +e- a-&an a& a'!$ !nne a$a ,!/&n a& +a#a, +&/ag& en%a+& ,&ga ,&#e a&,! A. T!/&n T!/&n A-&an A-&an Tan Tangen' gen'&a&aPa+a Pa+a $e-# $e-#$ $ ,!/&n ,!/&n &n& #' #'&'& &'& a& a'!$ a'!$ runner +engan aa* ,angen'& ,angen'&aa- a,a! ,ega$ ,ega$ -!!' +engan +engan #' !nne !nne enga$&/a enga$&/a,$an ,$an runner /e#!,a "n,*na Turbin Pelton +an Turbin Cross-Flow.
Gambar 2. Turbin Aliran Tangensial (Haimerl, L.A., 19!"
8. T!/& T!/&nn A-&a A-&ann A$'& A$'&aaPa+a ,!/&n &n& a& a'!$ runner +an +an $e-!a runner 'e%a%a +engan #' runner Turbin #a$lan a,a! Pro$eller a+a-a* a+a-a* 'a-a* 'a,! "n,* +a& ,&#e ,!/&n &n&.
Gambar %. &o'el Turbin Aliran Asial (Haimerl, L.A., 19!"
>. T!/& T!/&nn A-&an A-&an A$'&a-:R A$'&a-:Ra+& a+&aaPa+a Pa+a ,!/&n ,!/&n &n& a& a'!$ a'!$ $e +a-a +a-a runner 'e"aa a+&a- +an $e-!a runner 'e"aa 'e"aa a$'&aa$'&a- 'e%a%a 'e%a%a +eng +engan an #'. #'. Turbin Fran)is a+a-a* ,ea'!$ +a& %en&' %en&' ,!/&n &n&. TEKNIK FLUIDA
5
Gambar *. &o'el Turbin Aliran Asial-+a'ial (Haimerl, L.A., 19!"
2.5.2 2.5.2 8e+a'a 8e+a'a$an $an Pe!/a Pe!/a*an *an Men Men,! ,! F-!&+a F-!&+a 9e%ana 9e%ana A. T!/ T!/&n &n I#I#-!' !' T!/& T!/&nn &#!-' &#!-' a+a-a a+a-a** ,!/&n ,!/&n a& ang ang "aa "aa $e%a $e%ana na e!/ e!/a* a* 'e-!!* eneg& a& (ang ,e+&& +a& eneg& #,en'&a-,e$anan$e"e#a,an) ang ang ,e'e+ ,e'e+&a &a en%a+ en%a+&& eneg eneg&& $&ne,& $&ne,&$$ !n,!$ !n,!$ e!,a e!,a ,!/&n ,!/&n 'e*&ng 'e*&ngga ga eng*a'&-$an eneg& eneg& $&ne,&$. Eneg& #,en'&a- a& +&!/a* +&!/a* en%a+& eneg& $&ne,&$ #a+a n?-e. A& $e-!a n?-e ang e#!na& $e"e#a,an ,&ngg& e/en,! '!+! ,!/&n. Se,e-a* e/en,! '!+! aa* $e"e#a,an a-&an /e!/a* 'e*&ngga ,e%a+& #e!/a*an en,! (&#!-'e). A$&/a,na A$&/a,na +a ,!/&n a$an /e#!,a. T!/&n &#!-' a+a-a* ,!/&n ,e$anan 'aa $aena a-&an a&ang $e-!a +a& n?-e ,e$ananna a+a-a* 'aa +engan ,e$anan a,'& 'e$&,ana. Se!a eneg& ,&ngg& ,e#a, +an ,e$anan $e,&$a a'!$ $e '!+! %a-an ,!/&n +&!/a* en%a+& eneg& $e"e#a,an. T!/& T!/&nn &#!-' &#!-' e!/a e!/a** a-&an a-&an 'e/! 'e/!an an a&. a&. Se/! Se/!an an ,!/&n ,!/&n e/ e/en en,! ,!$$ '!+! '!+!,, ang ang e/ e/!a !a,, a-& a-&an an ,!/ ,!/&n &n.. Ha Ha'& '&-- #e! #e!/a /a*a *ann en,! (&#!-') +&'e/a/$an ,e$anan #a+a '!+! ,!/&n. Se%a$ ,!/&n /e#!,a gaa /e#!,a e-a-!& $e%a +an enga-&*$an a-&an a& +engan eng!ang& eneg&. Se/e-! engena& '!+! ,!/&n ,e$anan a& (eneg& #,en'&a-) +&$ne'& en%a+& eneg& $&ne,&$ -e* 'e/!a* n'e- +an +&$!'$an #a+a ,!/&n. T&+a$ a+a ,e$anan ang +&!/a* #a+a '!+! ,!/&n +an ,!/&n ,&+a$ ee-!$an !a*an !n,!$ #ea'&na.
H!$! H!$ ! $e+!a $e+!a Ne,n Ne,n engga engga/a /a$a $ann ,an' ,an'e e eneg eneg&& !n,!$ !n,!$ ,!/&n &#!-'. T!/&n &#!-' #a-&ng 'e&ng +&g!na$an #a+a a#-&$a'& ,!/&n ,e$anan 'anga, ,&ngg&. >n,* ,!/&n &#!-' a+a-a* ,!/&n Pe-,n ,!/&n >'' F- +an ,!/&n T!g. A+a#!n %en&':%en&' +a& T!/&n I#!-' a+a-a* 'e/aga& /e&$!, 1) T!/&n /&n Pe-, Pe-,n n
Gambar . Turbin Pelton
T!/&n Pe-,n ang /e$e%a +engan #&n'&# &#!-' 'e!a eneg& ,&ngg& +an ,e$anan $e,&$a a'!$ $e '!+! %a-an ,!/&n +&!/a* en%a+& eneg eneg&& $e"e#a $e"e#a,an ,an.. Pan"a Pan"aan an a& ,e'e/ ,e'e/!, !, ang ang a$an a$an en%a+ en%a+&& ga gaaa ,ang ,angen en'& '&aa- F ang ang /e$e /e$e%a %a #a+a #a+a '!+! '!+! +a +a %a-a %a-an. n. T!/& !/&nn #e-, #e-,nn /e#ea'& #a+a ,&ngg& %a,!* ang ang /e'a . T&ngg& T&ngg& a& %a,!* +&*&,!ng !-a& +a& #e!$aan a,a' 'a#a& ,enga* ,enga* #an"aan a&. 8en,!$ '!+! ,e/e-a* en%a+& +!a /ag&an ang '&e,&' +engan a$'!+ a+a-a* aga +a#a, e/a-&$an #an"aan a& +engan /a&$ +an e/e/a'-an '!+! +a& gaa:gaa 'a#&ng. T&+a$ 'e!a '!+! ene&a #an"aan a& *ana 'e/aga&an %a! $a,!# a& ,e$anan ,&ngg& /aga&an 'a%a '"aa /egan,&an /egan,!ng #'&'& '!+!, ,e'e/!,. J!-a* n'e-na /egan,!ng /egan,!ng $e#a+a /e'ana $a#a'&,a' a& ,&a# +a ,!/&n +a#a, +&-eng$a#& +engan n'e- 1 'a#a& 6. A+a#!n #ena#ang $n',!$'&
TEKNIK FLUIDA
7
'!+! %a-an +a& #e-,n /e'e,a n'e-na +a#a, +&-&*a, #a+a ga/a 21.2 U$!an:!$!an !,aa ,!/&n #e-,n a+a-a* +&ae,e -&ng$a '!+! ang $ena #an"aan a& +&'&ng$a, +&ae,e -&ng$aan #an"a +an +&ae,e #an"aan a&. Penga,!an n'e- a$anenen,!$an a$anenen,!$an $e"e#a,an +a& ,!/&n. Un,!$ ,!/&n:,!/&n ang /e$e%a #a+a $e"e#a,an ,&ngg& %!-a* n'e+&#e/ana$ *!/!ngan an,aa %!-a* n'e- +engan $e"e#,an 'e#e'&&$. A+a#!n $e!n,!ngan +an $e-e/&*an +a& ,!/&n #e-,n a+a-a* 'e/aga& /e&$!, &n& a. 9e!n,!ngan •
Daa ang +&*a'&-$an /e'a
•
9n',!$'& ang 'e+e*ana
•
M!+a* +a-a #eaa,an
•
Te$n $n-g -g&& ang ang 'e+e* 'e+e*ana ana !+a* !+a* +&,ea +&,ea#$a #$ann +& +aea* +aea* ang ang ,e&'-&
/. 9e$!angan •
9aena a-&an a& /ea'a- +a& a,a' a$a /&a'ana e'e& a& a,a! /en+!ngan a& 'e*&ngga ee-!$an &ne',a'& ang -e/&* /ana$
•
T!/&n #e-,n +&g-ng$an $e +a-a %en&' ,!/&n &#!-' a,a! ,e$anan 'aa. 9aena 'e-aa enga-& +& 'e#an%ang '!+!:'!+! ,!/&n ,!/&n ,&+a$ ,&+a$ ,e%a+& ,e%a+& #en! #en!!nan !nan ,e$anan ,e$anan 'e+ang$a 'e+ang$ann #e!/a*an #e!/a*an 'e-!!*na ,e%a+& #a+a /ag&an #engaa* #an"aan a,a! n'e-
•
Eneg& ang a'!$ $e +a %a-an +a-a /en,!$ eneg& $&ne,&$. Pa+a a$,! e-ea,& +a ,!/&n eneg& $&ne,&$ +&$ne'&$an en% en%a+ a+&& $e%a $e%a # # '' +an +an 'e/a 'e/ag& g&an an $e"& $e"&-- ene eneg& g& ,e-e ,e-e#a #a'' +an +an 'e/a 'e/ag& g&an an -ag& -ag& +&g! +&g!na na$a $ann !n,! !n,!$$ e-a e-aa ann ge'e ge'e$a $ann +eng +engan an #e!$aan '!+! '!+! ,!/&n
2) T!/& !/&nn >' >'': ':FF-
Gambar . Turbin Cross Flow
T!/&n >'':F- a+a-a* 'a-a* 'a,! ,!/&n a& +a& %en&' ,!/&n a$'& (&#!-'e ,!/&ne). P&n'&# $e%a ,!/&n &n& !-a:!-a +&,e!$an -e* 'eang &n'&n! A!',a-&a ang /enaa A..M. M&"*e-- #a+a ,a*!n 1=03. 9e!+&an ,!/&n &n& +&$e/ang$an +an +&#a,en$an +& Je Jean an 8aa 8aa,, -e* -e* P P.. D Dna na,, 8an$ 8an$&& 'e*& 'e*&ng ngga ga ,!/ ,!/&n &n &n& &n& +&/e +&/e& & naaT naaT! !/&n /&n 8an$& 8an$& $a+ $a+ang ang +&'e/! +&'e/!,, %!ga %!ga T!/& T!/&nn M&"*eM&"*e--:O -:O''/ ''/eg ege e (Ha&e- 7.A. 1=60). Pea$a Pea$a&an &an %en&' %en&' T!/& T!/&nn >'': >'':F- F- -e/&* -e/&* eng!n eng!n,!n ,!ng$a g$ann +&/an+&ng +engan #eng!naan #eng!naan $&n"& a& a!#!n %en&' ,!/&n &$ *&+ -a&nna. Pengg!naan ,!/&n &n& !n,!$ +aa ang 'aa +a#a, eng*ea, /&aa #e/!a,an #enggea$ !-a 'a#a& 50 +a& #engg!naan #engg!naan $&n"& a& +engan /a*an ang 'aa. Peng*ea,an &n& +a#a, +&"a#a& $aena !$!an T!/&n >'':F- -e/&* $e"&- +an -e/&* $#a$ +&/an+&ng $&n"& a&. D&ae,e $&n"& a& a$n& +a %a-an a,a! !nnena /&a'ana 2 e,e $e a,a' ,e,a#& +&ae,e T!/&n >'':F- +a#a, +&/!a, *ana 20 " 'a%a 'e*&ngga /a*an:/a*an ang +&/!,!*$an %a!* -e/&* 'e+&$&, &,!-a* &,!-a* 'e/a 'e/a/n /naa /&'a /&'a -e/&* -e/&* !a* !a*.. De&$& De&$&an an %!ga %!ga +a +aaa g!n g!naa a,a! a,a! e&'&en'& a,a:a,a ,!/&n &n& -e/&* ,&ngg& +a& #a+a +aa g!na $&n"& a&. Ha'& Ha '&-- #eng #eng!% !%&a &ann -a/ -a/a a, ,&! &! ang ang +&-a$ +&-a$!$ !$an an -e* -e* #a/ #a/&$ &$ ,!/ ,!/&n &n O''/ege Jean 8aa, ang en&#!-$an /a*a +aa g!na $&n"& a& +a& %en&' ang #a-&ng !ngg!- 'e$a-&#!n *ana en"a#a& ;0
TEKNIK FLUIDA
9
'e+ang e&'&en'& ,!/&n >'':F- en"a#a& <2 ( Ha&e- 7.A. 1=60). T&ngg&na e&'&en'& T!/&n >'':F- &n& a$&/a, #eanaa,an eneg& a& #a+a ,!/&n &n& +&-a$!$an +!a $a-& ang #e,aa eneg& ,!/!$an a& #a+a '!+!:'!+! #a+a 'aa, a& !-a& a'!$ +an ang $e+! +!aa a+a-a a-a* +aa aa +n ngg a& #a+a #a+a '!+ !+!: !:''!+! 'aa 'aa, a& a$an en&ngga-$an !nne. A+ana $e%a a& ang /e,&ng$a, &n& ,ena,a e/e e/e&$a &$ann $e! $e!n,! n,!nga ngann +a-a +a-a *a- ee$ ee$,&& ,&&,a' ,a'n naa ang ang ,&ngg& ,&ngg& +an $e'e+e*anaan $e'e+e*anaan #a+a '&',& #enge-!aan a& +a& !nne. 3) T!/&n /&n T!g g
Gambar . Turbin Turgo
T!/&n T!g +a#a, /e#ea'& #a+a *ea+ 30 'G+ 300 . Se#e,& ,!/&n #e-,n ,!/&n ,!g e!#a$an ,!/&n &#!-' ,e,a#& '!+!na /e/e+a. Pan"aan a& +a& n??-e e/en,! '!+! #a+a '!+!, 20 . 9e"e#a,an #!,a ,!/&n ,!g -e/&* /e'a +a& ,!/&n Pe-,n. A$&/a,na +&!ng$&n$an ,an'&'& -ang'!ng +a& ,!/&n $e genea, 'e*&ngga ena&$$an e&'&en'& ,,a- 'e$a-&g!' en!!n$an /&aa #eaa,an. 8. T!/ T!/&n &n Rea$ Rea$'& '&
T!/&n Rea$'& a+a-a* ,!/&n ang "aa $e%ana e!/a* 'e-!!* eneg& a& ang ,e'e+&a en%a+& eneg& $&ne,&$. T!/&n %en&' &n& a+a-a* ,!/&n ang #a-&ng /ana$ +&g!na$an. S!+! #a+a ,!/&n ea$'& e#!na& #&- $*!'!' ang ene/a/$an ,e%a+&na #en!!nan ,e$anan a& 'e-aa e-a-!& '!+!. Pe/e+aan ,e$anan &n& e/e&$an gaa #a+a '!+! 'e*&ngga !nne (/ag&an ,!/&n ang /e#!,a) +a#a, /e#!,a. T!/&n ang /e$e%a /e+a'a$an #&n'&# &n& +&$e-#$$an 'e/aga& ,!/&n ea$'&. R!nne ,!/&n ,!/&n ea$'& ea$'&'e# 'e#en en!*n !*na a ,e"e ,e"e-!# -!# +a-a +a-a a& +an +an /ea+a /ea+a +a-a +a-a !a* !a* ,!/&n. A+a#!n %en&': %en&' +a& T!/&n Rea$'& a+a-a* 'e/aga& /e&$!, 1) T!/&n /&n Fan Fan"& "&''
Gambar . Turbin Fran)is
T!/& T!/&nn Fan"& Fan"&'' e!#a e!#a$an $an 'a-a* 'a-a* 'a,! 'a,! ,!/&n ,!/&n ea$'& ea$'&.. T!/& T!/&nn +&#a'ang +&an,aa '!/e a& ,e$anan ,&ngg& +& /ag&an a'!$ +an a& /e,e$anan en+a* +& /ag&an $e-!a. T!/&n Fan"&' engg!na$an engg!na$an '!+! #engaa*. S!+! S!+! #engaa* engaa*$an engaa*$an a& a'!$ a'!$ 'e"aa ,angen'&a-. ,angen'&a-.
TEKNIK FLUIDA
11
T!/&n an"&' /e$e%a +engan ea$a& #'e' ,e$anan -e/&*. Pa+a a$,! a& a'!$ $e +a %a-an 'e/ag&an +a& eng& ,&ngg& %a,!* ,e-a* /e$e%a +& +a-a '!+! #engaa* +&!/a* 'e/aga& $e"e#a,an a& a'!$. S&'a eneg& ,&ngg& %a,!* +&anaa,$an +a-a '!+! %a-an +engan a+ana #&#a &'a# e!ng$&n$an eneg& ,&ngg& %a,!* /e$e%a +& '!+! %a-an +engan 'ea$'&! !ng$&n. T!/&n ang +&$e-&-&ng& +engan '!+! #engaa* 'e!ana ,e/ena +a-a a&. A& ang a'!$ $e+a-a ,!/&n +&a-&$an e-a-!& #eng&'&an a& +a& a,a' ,!/&n ('"*a",) a,a! e-a-!& 'e/!a* !a* ang /e/en,!$ '#&a- (!a* $eng). Se!a +a %a-an 'e-a-! /e$e%a. Daa ang +&*a'&-$an ,!/&n +&a,! +engan "aa eng!/a* #'&'& #e/!$aan '!+! #engaa*. Pe/!$aan '!+! #engaa* +a#a, +&-a$!a$an +&-a$!a$an +engan ,angan a,a! +engan #enga,! +a& -& ,e$an(g/en ,e$an(g/en ,e$anan -&) +engan +e&$&an $a#a'&,a' a& ang a'!$ $e +a-a +a ,!/&n /&'a +&#e/e'a a,a! +&#e$e"&-. Pa+a '&'& 'e/e-a* -!a +a %a-an ,e+a#a, ,e$anan $een+a*an ($!ang +a& 1 a,'&) +an +an $e"e $e"e#a #a,a ,ann a-&a a-&ann ang ang ,&ng ,&ngg& g&.. D& +a-a +a-a #&#a #&#a &'a# &'a# $e"e $e"e#a #a,a ,ann a-&anna a$an /e$!ang +an ,e$ananna a$an $e/a-& na&$ 'e*&ngga a& /&'a +&a-&$an $e-!a -ea, 'a-!an a& +& /aa* +engan ,e$anan 'e#e,& $ea+aan 'e$&,ana. T!/& T!/&nn an" an"&' &' e#!n e#!na a&& #' #' ,ega$ ,ega$ +en +engan gan !$! !$!an an ang ang /e'a 'e+anga$an +engan !$!an ang $e"&- +engan !$!an en+a,a. T!/&n an"&' ea$a& +a ##e--e a,a! !nne ang +a#a, /e#!,a 'e"aa /e/a'. 9n',!$'& 9n',!$'& ,!/&n ,e+&& +a& +a& '!+! #engaa* +an '!+! %a-an +an $e+!a '!+! ,e'e/!, 'e!ana ,een+a +& +a-a a-&an a&. A& #e,aa a'!$ #a+a ,e!'an /e/en,!$ !a* $eng. Pe!/a*an eneg& 'e-!!*na ,e%a+& #a+a '!+! #engaa* +an '!+! gea$. A-&an a& a'!$ $e '!+! #engaa* +engan $e"e#a,an 'ea$&n na&$ +egan ,e$anan ang 'ea$&n ,!!n 'a#a& +a %a-an #a+a +a %a-an $e"a#a,an a$an na&$ -ag& +an ,e$anan ,!!n 'a#a& +& /aa* 1 a,. Un,!$ eng*&n+a& $a&,a'& ,e$anan *a!' +&na&$an 'a#a& 1 a, +engan "aa #ea'angan #&#a *&'a#. Penga,!an +aa ang +&*a'&-$an a&,! +engan enga,! #'&'& #e/!$aan #e/!$aan '!+! #engaa* 'e*&ngga 'e*&ngga $a#a'&,a' a& ang a'!$ $e
+a +a ,!/&n ,!/&n +a# +a#a, a, +&#e/ +&#e/e'a e'a a,a! a,a! +&#e$ +&#e$e"& e"&-. -. T!/& T!/&nn an"& an"&'' +a# +a#a, a, +&#a'ang +engan #' e,&$a- +an *&?n,a-.
Gambar 9. Aliran air masu turbin Fran)is 'an /nstalasi turbin Fran)is
2) T!/& T!/&nn 9a#-a 9a#-ann +an +an P#e P#e--e --e
Gambar 1!. Turbin #a$lan 'an Pro$eller
T!/&n T!/&n 9a#-an +an ##e--e ##e--e e!#a$a e!#a$ann ,!/&n e$a'& a-&an a$'&a-. T!/&n &n& ,e'!'!n +a& ##e--e 'e#e,& #a+a #ea*!. P#e--e TEKNIK FLUIDA
13
,e'e/!, /&a'ana e#!na& ,&ga *&ngga ena '!+!. T&+a$ /e/e+a +engan ,!/&n an"&' ,!/&n $a#-an "aa $e%ana engg!na$an engg!na$an #&n'&# ea$'&. T!/&n &n& e#!na& +a %a-an ang &&# +engan /a-&ng: /a-&ng #e'aa, ,e/ang. 8&-a /a-&ng:/a-&ng #e'aa, ,e/ang /e!ng'& !n,!$ eng*a'&-$an gaa +ng +a %a-an #a+a $a#-an /e!ng'& !n,!$ en+a#a,$an gaa F a&,! gaa #!,a ang +a#a, eng*a'&-$an ,'& #a+a #' ,!/&n. 8e/e+a +engan +a %a-an #a+a an"&' '!+!: '!+ !+!! #a+a #a+a +a +a %a-a %a-ann $a#$a#-aan +a#a +a#a,, +&#!, &#!,aa #'&' '&'&n &na !n,! n,!$ ene'!a&$an ene'!a&$an $n+&'& /e/an ,!/&n. T!/&n $a#-an /ana$ +&#a$a& #a+a &n',a-a'& #e/ang$&, -&',$ ,ena ,enaga ga a& a& '!ng '!nga& a& $ae $aena na ,!/ ,!/&n &n &n& &n& e# e#!n !na& a& $e-e $e-e/& /&*a *ann +a#a +a#a,, ene'!a&$an ene'!a&$an *ea+ ang /e!/a*:!/a* 'e#an%ang ,a*!n. T!/&n $a#-an +a#a, /e#ea'& #a+a $e"e#a,an ,&ngg& 'e*&ngga !$!an +a ,!/&n -e/&* $e"&- +an +a#a, +&$#e- -ang'!ng +engan genea,. Pa+a $n+&'& #a+a /e/an ,&+a$ #en!* ,!/&n $a#-an e#!na& e&'&en'& #a-&ng ,&ng ,&ngg& g& *a*a- &n& &n& +&$a +&$ae ena na$a $ann '!+! '!+!:' :'!+ !+!! ,!/ ,!/&n &n $a#$a#-an an +a#a +a#a,, +&a, +&a,! ! ene'!a&$an ene'!a&$an +engan /e/an ang a+a.T!/&n $a#-an a+a-a* ,!/&n ang /e#ea'& #a+a *ea+ ang en+a* +engan $a#a'&,a' a-&an a& ang ,&ngg& a,a! /a*$an /e#ea'& #a+a $a#a'&,a' ang 'anga, ena*. Ha- &n& $ae $aena na '!+! '!+!:' :'!+ !+!! ,!/& ,!/&nn $a#$a#-an an +a#a +a#a,, +&a, +&a,! ! 'e"a 'e"aa a an! an!aa- a,a! a,a! ,a,&' ,a,&' !n,!$ !n,!$ ee'#n ee'#n #e!/a*an #e!/a*an $a#a'&,a' $a#a'&,a' 8e$e/a-& 8e$e/a-&$an $an +eng +engaa ,!/&n $a#-an ,!/&n #e-,n a+a-a* ,!/&n ang /e#ea'& +engan *ea+ ,&ngg& +engan $a#a'&,a' ang en+a*. Un,!$ ,!/&n an"&' e#!na& $aa$,e&,&$ ang /e/e+a +engan -a&nna a&,! ,!/&n an"&' +a#a, /e#ea'& #a+a *ea+ ang en+a* a,a! /e#ea'& #a+a *ea+ ang ,&ngg&. 2.6 Paae,e Paae,e T!/&n T!/&n A& A+a#!n /e/ea#a #aae,e +a& 'e/!a* ,!/&n a& a+a-a* 'e/aga& /e&$!, &n& 1. Ra'& Ra'& 9e 9e"e "e#a #a,a ,ann Ra'& $e"e#a,an a+a-a* #e/an+&ngan an,aa $e"e#a,an $e-&-&ng -&n&e ,!/&n #a+a !%!ng +&ae,e n&na-na +&/ag& +engan $e"e#a,an ,e&,&' a& e-a-!&
"!a, +engan ,&ngg& ,e%!n 'aa +engan ,&ngg& ,e%!n ( H Ne,) ang /e$e%a #a+a ,!/&n.
Dengan N a+a-a* #!,aan ,!/&n # (,a'& #e en&,) D a+a-a* +&ae,e n&na- H a+a-a* ,&ngg& ,e%!n ne,,Gee$,& ( ). ). 2. 9e"e# 9e"e#a,a a,ann S#e'& S#e'&&$ &$ T! T!/&n /&n A& Da-a Da -a *a*a- &n& &n& a$an a$an +&#e +&#e$ $en enaa-$a $ann #aa #aae e,e ,e $e"e $e"e#a #a,a ,ann '#e' '#e'&& &&$$ a&, a&,!! $e"e#a,an ,!/&n +&ana +a#a, eng*a'&-$an 1 *# !n,!$ 'e,&a# ,&ngg& a& %a,!*. 1 H# 1 , Da-a /en,!$ #e'aaan 'e/aga& /e&$!,
D&ana n $e"e#a,an ,!/&n #a+a e&'&ne'& a$'&! # N +aa ,!/&n *# H ,&ngg& a& %a,!* , Un,!$ $n+&'& a& ,e,en,! /e+a'a$an '#e'&&$na +a#a, +&#&-&* %en&' ,!/&n ang 'e/a&$na +&g!na$an aga en+a#a, e&'&en'& ang a$'&!. A+a#!n #e+anna a+a-a* 'e/ag& 'e/ag& /e&$!, N 1
9e"e#a,an '#e'&&$ '#e'&&$ (#) 10 'a#a& 35
T#e T#e G Jen&' ,!/&n T!/&n Pe-,n +engan N??e- ,!ngga-
2
35 'a#a& 60
T!/&n Pe-,n +engan +!a N??e- a,a! -e/&*
3
60 'aa#& 300
T!/&n Fan"&'
4
300 'a#a& 1000
T!/&n 9a#-an
TEKNIK FLUIDA
15
Table Ta ble 1. Pemili0an Pemil i0an turbin ber'asaran e)e$atan s$esii (+.. #0urmi, 192 3 1"
3. Da Daa T! T!/&n /&n A& Daa ang +&*a'&-$an -e* ,!/&n a& +a#a, +&,!-&'$an +engan #e'aaan a,ea,&' 'e/aga& /e&$!,
4. T&ngg &ngg&& Ja,! Ja,!** A& A& Pe&-&*an +engan /e+a'a$an ,&ngg& %a,!* a& +&#e-e* a$a +a#a, +&-&*a, #a+a ,a/e- /e&$!, /e&$!, N
T&ng T&ngg& g& %a, %a,!* !* a& a& G *ea *ea++ () ()
T#e G Jen& Jen&'' T! T!/& /&nn
1
0 'a#a& 25
9a#-an a,a! Fan"&' (-e/&* ""$ 9a#-an)
2
25 'a#a& 50
9a#-an a,a! Fan"&' (-e/&* ""$ an"&')
3
50 'a#a& 150
Fan"&'
4
150 'a#a& 250
Fan"&' a,a! #e-,n (-e/&* ""$ an"&')
5
250 'a#a& 300
Fan"&' a,a! #e-,n (-e/&* ""$ #e-,n)
6
D& a,a' 300
Pe-,n
Table Ta ble 2. Pemili0an 4enis turbin ber'asaran tinggi 4atu0 air (+.. #0urmi, 192 3 1"
5. 9e 9e"e "e#a #a,a ,ann Sa,! Sa,!an an 9e"e#a,an 'a,!an ( N ! ) a+a-a* $e"e#a,an #!,a ,!/&n ang e#!na& +&ae,e +&ae,e ( D ) 'a,! 'a,!an #an%ang #an%ang +an /e$e%a /e$e%a #a+a ,&ngg& ,&ngg& ,e%!n ( H Ne, ) 'a,! 'a,!an #an%ang. Da& #e'aaan +&a,a' +&#e-e* $e-a'&
Dengan ea'!$$an #e'aaaan #e'aaaan +&a,a' +engan H 1 +an D 1 6. De De/& /&,, Sa,! Sa,!aan De/&, De/ &, an angg a'!$ a'!$ ,!/&n ,!/&n 'e"aa 'e"aa ,e&,& ,e&,&'' +a# +a#a, a, +&an+a +&an+a&$a &$ann 'e/ag 'e/aga& a& +e/&, +e/&, e-a-!& '!a,! "!a, +engan ,&ngg& ,e%!n 'aa +engan ,&ngg& ,e%!n ( H ne,, ) ang /e$e%a #a+a ,!/&n -e* $aena &,! +e/&, ang e-a-!& ,!/&n +a#a, +&na,a$an 'e/aga& Dengan >+ a+a-a* $ee'&en +e/&,. De/&, 'a,!an ( K! ) a+a-a* ,!/&n ang e#!na& +&ae,e (D) 'a,! 'a,!an #an%ang +an /e$e%a #a+a ,&ngg& ,e%!n ( H Ne, ) 'a,! 'a,!an Pan%ang. Pe'aaanna Pe'aaanna 'e/aga& /e&$!, A$*&na #e'aaanna +a#a, +&,!-&'
TEKNIK FLUIDA
17
;. Da Daa T! T!/&n /&n A& Daa ang +&*a'&-$an -e* ,!/&n a& +a#a, +&,!-&'$an +engan #e'aaan a,ea,&' 'e/aga& /e&$!,
<. D&a D&ae, e,e e S#e S#e'& '&& &$ $ D&ae,e S#e'&&$ ( D' ) a+a-a* +&ae,e ,!/&n ang eng*a'&-$an +aa 'e/e'a 'a,! 'a,!an +aa #a+a ,&ngg& ,e%!n ( Hne, ) 'a,! 'a,!an #an%ang. R!!' e#&&' !n,!$ eng*&,!ng +&ae,e eng*&,!ng +&ae,e '#e'&&$ +a& +a& +&ae,e +e/&, ( +&'"*age +&ae,e +&ae,e ( D 3 ) !n,!$ ,!/&n ea$'& a+a-a* 'e/aga& /e&$!,
2.; A#-&$a'& A#-&$a'& T!/&n T!/&n A& A& A+a#!n /e/ea#a #enga#-&$a'&an +a& 'e/!a* ,!/&n a& a+a-a* 'e/aga& /e&$!, &n& 1. P#a A& Jaang ang ,a*! /a*a /e/ea#a ,&#e ##a a& +a#a, +&a#-&$a'&$an 'e/ag 'e/aga& a& ,!/&n ,!/&n a&. a&. 8&a'an 8&a'ana a ##a ##a +&gea +&gea$$a $$ann -e* -e* , , -&',&$ -&',&$ !n,!$ !n,!$ ena&$$an 'e%!-a* a& 'a#a& $e,&ngg&an ,e,en,!. Pa+a a#-&$a'& 'e/aga& ,!/&n #&n'&# $e%a ##a +& /a-&$ a&,! +&/e& %a,!*an a&L +a& $e,&ngg&an ,e,en,! !n,!$ e!,a &#e-e ##a. P!,aan &#e-e &n& a$an +&,e!'$an !n,!$ !n,!$ e!,a e!,a gen genea ea, , 'e*&n 'e*&ngga gga +&*a'& +&*a'&-$a -$ann ,enaga ,enaga -&',&$ -&',&$.. 8e/ea 8e/ea#a #a $e-e/&*an a#-&$a'& ##a 'e/aga& ,!/&n a& a+a-a* 'e/aga& #+!$ &n+!',& ang a''a- ##a !+a* +&#e-e* +engan /e/aga& a'&a'& *ea+ - ,e'e+&a +a-a /e/aga& ,&#e +an !$!an !+a* +a-a &n',a-a'&na *aga e-a,& e-a,& !a* !a* +an '!$! '!$! "a+an "a+angg !+a* !+a* +&#e +&#e-e* -e*.. A# A#-&$ -&$a' a'&& ##a ##a +a# +a#a, a, +&$ne$'& 'e"aa -ang'!ng +engan genea, (+&e", +&e) a,a! engg!na$an ,an'&'& e$an&$ #!--e:/e-, (&n+&e", +&e) a#a/&-a #!,aan ##a 'e/aga& ,!/&n ,&+a$ 'aa +engan #!,aan genea, (!!na 1500 #).
TEKNIK FLUIDA
19
Jen&' ##a ang !! +&#a$a& 'e/aga& ,!/&n a+a-a* en+:'!",&n "en,&!ga- #!# !n,!$ %a,!*an ; L : 100 +engan +e/&, $e"&- ( 50 -&,eG+e,&$ '+ 150L -&,eG+e,&$) +anL &e+:- #!# !n,!$ %a,!*an %a,!*an en+a* 4 15 +engan +e/&, "!$!# /e'a (100 400 -&,eG+e,&$). 8e/ea#a e$ ##a ang "!$!# *an+a- +an !+a* +&#e-e* a+a-a* g!n+' e/aa ,&'*&a '!,*en:"''. Un,!$ %en&' &e+:- #!# #a/&$an E8ARA /a*$an ,e-a* e-a$!$an #eng!%&an +an e&-&$& +&aga a#-&$a'& ##a &e+:- ,&#e S 200 S500. 9a#a'&,a' +aa a#-&$a'& ##a 'e/aga& ,!/&n /eaga 1 $W 100 $W +engan /&aa #ea-a,an ang -e/&* !a* ( '+ 50) 50) +&/an +&/an+&n +&ng$a g$ann +en +engan gan engg engg!na !na$an $an ,!/&n ,!/&n a& ("',! ("',!e e #+!" #+!",). ,). E&'&en'& ##a 'e/aga& ,!/&n e-a,& "!$!# /a&$ /e$&'a 65 ;5 !!na 'e-&'&* 3 +&/an+&ng$an e&'&en'& ,e/a&$ (/e# /e', e&"&en" #&n,) 'e/aga& ##a. ##a. 2. 9&n"& A& R&/!an ,a*!n ang -a-! an!'&a ,e-a* ene!$an anaa, +a& a& ang ang eng engaa-& &.. Da Da& & #ea #ean naa aa,a ,ann a& a& ang ang 'ang 'anga, a, 'e+e 'e+e* *an anaa 'e#e 'e#e,& ,& #engg!naan a!' '!nga& !n,!$ ,a'#,a'& an!'&a ,e!' enge/ang$an enge/ang$an "aa: "aa !n,!$ enag$a# eneg& a& ang enga-&. Eneg& ,e'e/!, +a#a, +&$ne'&$an en%a+& eneg& e$an&$. Ha- &n& +a#a, +&-a$!$an +&- a$!$an +engan $&n"& a,a! a,a! ,!/ ,!/&n &n a& a& +eng +engan an gene genea a, , -&', -&',&$ &$.. Da Da-a -a '$a'$a-aa /e'a /e'a #&n #&n'& '&## &n& &n& +&,ea#$an #a+a '!nga& /e'a +engan e/!a, /en+!ngan !n,!$ #e/ang$&, -&',&$ ,enaga a&. Peanaa,an eneg& a& +a-a '$a-a $e"&- +a#a, /e!#a #enea#an $&n"& a& +an ,!/&n. D&$ena- a+a ,&ga %en&' $&n"& a& /e+a'a$an '&',e a-&an a&na a&,! o5ers0ot breast-s0ot +an un'er-s0ot. Pa+a $&n"& o5ers0ot a& e-a-!& a,a' $&n"& +an $&n"& /ea+a +& /aa* a-&an a&. A& e!,a $&n"& +an a& a& %a,!* $e #e!$aan -e/&* en+a*. en+a*. 9&n"& /egea$ 'eaa* %a! %a. Pa+a $&n"& breast-s0ot $&n"& +&-e,a$$an 'e%a%a +engan a-&an a& 'e*&ngga a& enga-& e-a-!& ,enga*:,enga* $&n"&. A& e!,a $&n"& /e-aanan +engan aa* %a! %a. Pa+a $&n"& un'er s0ot
#'&'& $&n"& a& +&-e,a$$an aga$ $e a,a' +an 'e+&$&, enen,!* a&.
A-&an a& ang enen,!* $&n"& enggea$$an $&n"& 'e*&ngga /e-aanan aa* +engan %a! %a. 2.< Penga!* T!/&n T!/&n A& A& Pa+a 7&ng$!ngan T!/& T!/&nn a& e#!n e#!na a&& #en #enga ga!* !* # #'&, '&,& & +an neg nega,& a,& /ag /ag&& -&ng$! -&ng$!nga ngan. n. T!/&n a+a-a* 'a-a* 'a,! #eng*a'&- ,enaga ,e/e'&* enggan,&$an #e/a$aan /a*an /a$a '&- +an eng*a#!'$an eng*a#!'$an -&/a* n!$-&. T!/&n engg!na$an eneg& ,e/a!$an +an +& +e'a&n !n,!$ /e#ea'& +a-a %ang$a a$,! #!-!*an ,a*!n. T!/&n e#+!$'& '!/e eneg& -&',&$ +!n&a +engan %!-a* ang /e'a. Da-a 'e%aa* ,!/&n %!ga e#!na& $n'e$!en'& nega,&. P!,aan '!+! a,a! ge/ang #engaa* +a& ,!/&n a& +a#a, enggangg! e$-g& na,!a- '!nga& e/!n e/!n!* !* &$an &$an eng*e eng*en,& n,&$a $ann &ga' &ga'&& +an +an engga enggang! ng! a,a a,a #en #en"a* "a*a& a&an an an!'&a. >n,*na '!$! In+&an Ae&$a +& Pa'&&" N,*e', e#!na& a,a #en"a*a&an ean"&ng &$an 'a-n ,a#& #e/ang!nan #e/ang!nan +a 'e"aa age'& eng*an"!$an eng*an"!$an %a-an *&+!#na. H&ngga a$*& a/a+ 20 +a#a, +&!ng$&n$an !n,!$ e/ang!n '&',e #e/ang$&, ,enaga a& ang enga-&*$an &$an +an gan&'e -a&nna +a& 'a-!an a'!$ ,!/&n ,an#a $e!'a$an a,a! $e*&-angan ,enaga ang /ea,&. S&',e a$an ee-!$an 'e+&$&, #e/e'&*an ,e,a#& 'e"aa #a+a +a'ana -e/&* a*a- !n,!$ +&/ang!n. D& Ae&$a Se&$a, 'e$aang ena*an &ga'& &$an a+a-a* &-ega- 'e*&ngga ,angga &$an *a!' +&'e+&a$an -e* #e/ang!n /en+!ngan. BAB III PENUTUP
3.1 9e'&# 9e'&#!-a !-ann T!/&n a+a-a* 'e/!a* e'&n /e#!,a ang enga/&- eneg& +a& a-&an -!&+a. T!/&n 'e+e*ana e&-&$& 'a,! /ag&an ang /egea$ Ca'e/-& ,: /-a+eC. F-!&+a ang /egea$ en%a+&$an /a-&ng:/a-&ng /e#!,a +an eng*a'&-$an eneg& !n,!$ enggea$$an ,. >n,* ,!/&n aa- a+a-a* $&n"& ang&n +an +a a&. Pe$e/angan $&n"& a& en%a+& ,!/&n +en e/!,!*$an %ang$a a$,! ang "!$!# -aa. Pe$e/angan ang +&-a$!$an +a-a a$,! e e-! -!'& '& &n+! &n+!', ',& & eng engg! g!na na$a $ann e,+ e,+ee +an +an #&n #&n'& '&## &-&a &-&a*. *. Mee Mee$a $a %!ga %!ga
TEKNIK FLUIDA
21
enge/ang$an ,e$n-g& a,e&a- +an e,+e #+!$'& /a! #a+a 'aa, &,!. Pe/e+aan +a'a an,aa ,!/&n a& aa- +engan $&n"& a& a+a-a* $#nen #!,aan a& ang e/e&$an eneg& #a+a #' ang /e#!,a. 9#nen ,a/a*an &n& e! e!ng ng$& $&n$ n$an an ,!/ ,!/&n &n +a#a +a#a,, e/ e/e e&$ &$an an +aa +aa ang ang -e/& -e/&** /e'a /e'a +eng +engan an $#nen ang -e/&* $e"&-. T!/&n +a#a, eanaa,$an a& +engan #!,aan -e/&* "e#a, "e#a, +an +a#a, +a#a, ean eanaa, aa,$an $an *ea+ *ea+ ang ang -e/&* -e/&* ,&ngg& ,&ngg&.. (Un,!$ (Un,!$ 'e-an% 'e-an%!,n !,na a +&$e/ang$an +&$e/ang$an ,!/&n &#!-'e ang ,&+a$ e/!,!*$an #!,aan a&). T!/ T!/&n &n /e! /e!ng ng'& '& !n !n,! ,!$$ eng eng!/ !/a* a* ene eneg& g& # #,e ,en' n'&a &a-- en% en%a+ a+&& ene eneg& g& e$an&$. e$an&$. aa %a,!* a& ang en+ng en+ng /a-&ng:/a /a-&ng:/a-&ng -&ng ene/a/ ene/a/$an $an ,!/&n ,!/&n /e#!,a. T!/&n a& $e/ana$an $e/ana$an 'e#e,& $&n"& ang&n +engan enggan,&$an !ng'& +ng ang&n !n,!$ e!,a /a-&ng:/a-&ng +&gan,&$an a& !n,!$ e!,a ,!/&n. Pe#!,aan ,!/&n &n& +& *!/!ng$an $e genea,. A+a#!n /e/ea#a /ag&an:/ag&an +a& 'e/!a* ,!/&n a& a+a-a* 'e/aga& /e&$!, &n& 1. R, a&,! a&,! /ag&an /ag&an ang ang /e#!,a /e#!,a #a+a '&',e '&',e ang ang ,e+&& ,e+&& +a& a) S!+!:'!+! /e!ng'& !n,!$ ene&a /e/an #an"aan
ang
+&'e#,$an-e* +&'e#,$an-e* n??-e. /) P' /e!ng'& !n,!$ ene!'$an a-&an ,enaga ang /e!#a gea$ #!,a ang +&*a'&-$an -e* '!+!. ") 8an,a-an 8an,a-an /e!ng'& /e!ng'& 'e/aga& 'e/aga& #ea#a,:#e #ea#a,:#ea#a a#a,, $#nen:$ $#nen:$#n #nen en +engan +engan ,!%!an aga ,&+a$ enga-a& $e/"an #a+a '&',e. 2. S,a, S,a, a&,! /ag&a /ag&ann ang ang +&a #a+a #a+a '&',e '&',e ang ang ,e+&& ,e+&& +a& +a& a) P&# P&#a #en #engaa gaa*G *Gnn?? ??-e /e /e!n !ng' g'&& !n !n,! ,!$$ ene ene!'$ !'$aan
a-&a -&a -!& -!&++a
'e*&ng 'e*&ngga, ga,e$a e$anan nan +an $e"e# $e"e#a,a a,ann a-& a-& -!&+a -!&+a ang ang +&g!na +&g!na$an $an +& +a-a +a-a '',e /e'a. /) R!a* ,!/&n /e!ng'& 'e/aga& !a* $e+!+!$an $#nen $#nen +a& ,!/&n 3.2 3.2 Saa Saann Ma*a'&'a +a#a, ea*a& /aga&ana #&n'&#:#&n'&# $e%a ang ,e%a+& #a+a ,!/&n a& 'e,a ea*a& /e,!- /aga&ana"aa #enea#ana #enea#ana 'e"aa -ang'!ng.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Ha&e- 7.A.(1=60). T0e Cross Flow Turbine . Jean 8aa, 9e--e S. T&e/a''eeg !n+ '#e?&&'"*e P/-ee n H"*+!"$an-agen. In 9-e&na''e$a,e$e P%e$,&e!ng !n+ En,! P!/-&'*e+ / P. D. S. Ra+-e Un&e'&, S&- >!-,!e In,&,!,e Wa,e Manageen, &enna 1=<1 *,,#GGe"*a*.+#e''."G200=G01G0=G,!/&n:a&:&G *,,#GG-!$.',a.!g.a".&+G/,aGT! *,,#GG-!$.',a.!g.a ".&+G/,aGT!/&nA&. /&nA&.#+ #+ *,,#GGa*an,a13.+#e''."G201 *,,#GGa*an,a13.+# e''."G2011G05G20G,!/&n:a&G 1G05G20G,!/&n:a&G *,,#GG;a'$./-g'#,."G200=G11 *,,#GG;a'$./-g'#,. "G200=G11G"aa:$e%a:,!/&n:a&. G"aa:$e%a:,!/&n:a&.*,*,*,,#GGe:&+*./-g'#,."G2011 *,,#GGe:&+*./-g'#,." G2011G0=G,!/&n:a&. G0=G,!/&n:a&.*,*,*,,#GG&na'21./-g'#,."G2012G0=G,!/&n:&#! *,,#GG&na'21./-g'# ,."G2012G0=G,!/&n:&#!-':+an:,!/&n:ea$'&;.* -':+an:,!/&n:ea$'&;.*,,*,,#GG.e'&n<=&,/. *,,#GG. e'&n<=&,/.gG200=G0
TEKNIK FLUIDA
23
