Republic of the Philippines SUPREME COURT Manila EN BANC
G.R. Nos. L-37201-02 March 3, 1975 CLEMENTE MAGTOTO, petitioner, vs. HON. MGUEL M. MANGUERA, !"#$% o& 'h% Co"r' o& ()rs' *s'a*c% +ra*ch o& Occ)#%*'a M)*#oro, Th% PEOPLE O( THE T HE PHLPPNES, GNACO CALARA, !R., a*# LOUR/ES CALARA, respondents. G.R. No. L-372 March 3, 1975 MAMO SMEON, LOUS ME/NATT, ME/NATT, NOCENTES /E LUNA, RUEN MRAN/A, AL(ONSO ALLESTEROS, RU/OL(O SUARE, MANUEL MANALO, ALERTO GAON, a*# RA(AEL RLL, %')')o*%rs, 4s. HON. ONO(RE A. LLALU, )* h)s caac)'6 as !"# $% o& 'h% Cr))*a C)rc")' Co"r ' o& Pas)$, R)8a, a*# PEOPLE O( THE PHLPPNES, r%so*#%*'s. G.R. No. L-3929 March 3, 1975 THE PEOPLE O( THE PHLPPNES, %')')o*%r, 4s. HONORALE ASAAL S. SNAN, /)s'r)c' !"#$% o& 'h% Co"r' o& ()rs' *s'a*c% o& a:oa*$a #% S"r, ra*ch , CENTE LONGA;T, a*# !AME /ALON, r%so*#%*'s. Felipe S. Abeleda for petitioner Clemente Magtoto. Joaquin L. Misa for petitioners Maximo Simeon, et al. Alan L. Roxas for respondents Ignacio Calara, Jr., Jr., et al. rgano La! ffice for respondent respo ndent "icente Longa#it, et al. ffice of t$e Solicitor %eneral &stelito '. Mendo(a and Assistant Solicitor %eneral "icente ". Mendo(a for respondent and petitioner 'eople of t$e '$ilippines.
(ERNAN/E, J.)
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Th% r%s%*' cas%s )*4o4% a* )*'%rr%'a')o* o& S%c')o* 20, Ar')c% o& 'h% N%< Co*s')'"')o*,
No %rso* sha :% co%%# 'o :% a <)'*%ss a$a)*s' h)s%&. A*6 %rso* "*#%r )*4%s')$a')o* &or 'h% co)ss)o* o& a* o&&%*s% sha ha4% 'h% r)$h' 'o r%a)* s)%*' a*# 'o co"*s%, a*# 'o :% )*&or%# o& s"ch r)$h'. No &orc%, 4)o%*c%, 'hr%a', )*'))#a')o*, or a*6 o'h%r %a*s
% ho# 'ha' 'h)s s%c)&)c or')o* o& 'h)s co*s')'"')o*a a*#a'% has a*# sho"# :% $)4%* a ros%c')4% a*# *o' a r%'ros%c')4% %&&%c'. Co*s%?"%*'6, a co*&%ss)o* o:'a)*%# &ro a %rso* "*#%r )*4%s')$a')o* &or 'h% co)ss)o* o& a* o&&%*s%, % >% h%r%:6 s"s'a)* 'h% or#%rs o& 'h% r%so*#%*' !"#$ %s )* G.R. No. L-37201-02 2 a*# G.R. No. L-372 3 #%car)*$ a#)ss):% 'h% co*&%ss)o*s o& 'h% acc"s%# )* sa)# cas%s, a*# >% h%r%:6 s%' as)#% 'h% or#%r o& 'h% r%so*#%*' !"#$% cha%*$%# )* G.R. No. L3929 % r%%a', *o s"ch r)$h' %@)s'%# a' 'h% ')%. Th% ar$"%*' 'ha' 'h% s%co*# ara$rah o& Ar')c% 125 o& 'h% R%4)s%# P%*a Co#%,
* %4%r6 cas%, 'h% %rso* #%'a)*%# sha :% )*&or%# o& 'h% ca"s% o& h)s #%'%*')o* a*# sha :% ao<%#, "o* h)s r%?"%s', 'o co"*)ca'% a*# co*&%r a' a*6 ')% <)'h h)s a''or*%6 or co"*s%. ))%#6 $ra*'%# 'o a #%'a)*%# %rso* 'h% r)$h' 'o co"*s% a*# 'o :% )*&or%# o& s"ch r)$h', )s "*'%*a:%. Th% o*6 r)$h' $ra*'%# :6 sa)# ara$rah 'o a #%'a)*%# %rso* % $ra*' 'ha' h% % %rso*a6 *%< h) 'o :%, a %ar*%# a<6%r a*# s%*a'or. "' h)s s'a'%%*' co"# r%&%c' o*6 h)s %rso*a o)*)o* :%ca"s% )& Co*$r%ss ha#
SECTON 1. A*6 ":)c o&&)c%r
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Confession.DTh% Confession.DTh% #%cara')o* o& a* acc"s%# %@r%ss6 ac*o<%#$)*$ h)s $")' o& 'h% o&&%*s% char$%#, a6 :% $)4%* )* %4)#%*c% a$a)*s' h).
A*# accor#)*$ 'o S%c')o* 3, R"% 133 o& 'h% R"%s o& Co"r'= &xtra4udicial confession, not sufficient ground for con5iction.DA* %@'ra"#)c)a co*&%ss)o* a#% :6 a* acc"s%#, sha *o' :% s"&&)c)%*' $ro"*# &or co*4)c')o*, "*%ss corro:ora'%# :6 %4)#%*c% o& corpus delicti . E@'ra"#)c)a co*&%ss)o*s o& 'h% acc"s%# )* a cr))*a cas% ar% "*)4%rsa6 r%co$*)8%# as a#)ss):% )* %4)#%*c% a$a)*s' h), :as%# o* 'h% r%s"')o* 'ha' *o o*%
"' 'h% r")*$ )* Moncado 5s. 'eople8s Court et al., 0 Ph) 1, % r%4%r'%# 'o 'h% or)$)*a r"%. As s'a'%# :6 'h)s Co "r', s%a)*$ 'hr" Justice 9ee$an#ee in 'eople 5s. :rro + SCRA 73, Ar) 27, 1972, B)*4o"*'ar6 or co%rc%# co*&%ss)o*s o:'a)*%# :6 &orc% or )*'))#a')o* ar% null and 5oid a*# ar% a:horr%# :6 a< % '"r*%# &" c)rc% a*# r%'"r*%# 'o 'h% r"% or)$)*a6 %s'a:)sh%# )* 'h% cas% o& :.S. 5s. 7elos Santos, 2 Ph). 323 a*# 'eople 5s. 6is$is$ima, 2 Ph). 2. +S%% aso P%o% 4s. %r)o, SCRA 75. ' "s' :% *o'%# 'ha' a 'h%s% Ph)))*% cas%s r%&%r 'o co%rc%# co*&%ss)o*s,
To s"ar)8%, <% ho# 'ha' h%* )*4o%# )* 'h)s "r)s#)c')o*, ho<%4%r, 'h% M)ra*#a r"% % r%%c'%# 'h% r"% 'ha' a* %@'ra"#)c)a co*&%ss)o* $)4%* <)'ho"' 'h% ass)s'a*c% o& co"*s% )s )*a#)ss):% )* %4)#%*c%. Th)s Co"r' )* 'h% !os% cas%+as )* 'h% Paras cas%, h%#= t1*.-2$q!3-
Th% )*a#)ss):))'6 o& h)s %@'ra"#)c)a s'a'%%*'s )s )%<)s% :%)*$ ?"%s')o*%# :6 !os% o* 'h% o'h%r $ro"* # 'ha' h%
c"s'o#)a )*'%rro$a')o*s. H% c)'%s 'h% #%c)s)o*s o& 'h% S"r%% Co"r' o& 'h% U*)'%# S'a'%s )* Massia$ 5s. :.S. +377 U.S. 201, &scobedo 5s. Illinois +37 U.S. 7 a*# Miranda 5s .Ari(ona +3 U.S. 3. Th% ro4)s)o* o& 'h% Co*s')'"')o* o& 'h% Ph)))*%s )* o)*' )s Ar')c% +) o& R)$h's, S%c')o* 1, ar. 17 o& h)% 'h% sa)# ro4)s)o* )s )#%*')ca 'o 'ha' )* 'h% Co*s')'"')o* o& 'h% U*)'%# S'a'%s, )* 'h)s "r)s#)c')o* 'h% '%r cr))*a ros%c"')o*s % ha4% ro4)#%# )* S%c')o* 1, R"% 115 o& 'h% R"%s o& Co"r' 'ha' B* a cr))*a ros%c"')o*s 'h% #%&%*#a*' sha :% %*')'%# ... +: 'o :% r%s%*' a*# #%&%*# )* %rso* a*# :6 a''or*%6 a' %4%r6 s'a'% o& 'h% roc%%#)*$s, 'ha' )s, &ro 'h% arra)$*%*' 'o 'h% ro"$a')o* o& 'h% "#$%*'.B Th% o*6 )*s'a*c%s h%* /%%$a'% #% G"8a* +A s":)''%# 'h% #ra&' o& 'h)s S%c')o* 20, Ar')c% 'o 'h% Oc'o:%r 2, 1972 %%')*$ o& 'h% 17-a* co)''%% o& 'h% S'%%r)*$ Co"*c), /%%$a'% L%4)s'% +O %@r%ss6 a#% o& r%cor# 'ha' B<% ar% a#o')*$ h%r% 'h% r")*$s o& US S"r%% Co"r' )* 'h% M)ra*#a-Esco:%#o cas%s.B A*# >% ca**o' a$r%% <)'h 'h% )*s)*"a')o* )* 'h% #)ss%*')*$ o)*)o* o& !"s')c% Cas'ro 'ha' 'h% /%%$a'%s #)# *o' *o< o& 'h% %@)s'%*c% o& 'h% s%co*# ara$rah o& Ar'. 125 o& 'h% R%4)s%# P%*a Co#%. H%*c%, >% r%%a', 'h)s h)s'or)ca :ac$ro"*# o& S%c')o* 20, Ar')c% o& 'h% N%< Co*s')'"')o*, )* O"r co*s)#%r%# o)*)o*, c%ar6 sho
r%'roac')4% %&&%c'. ' #)# *o' %@)s' :%&or% )'s )*corora')o* )* o"r N%< Co*s')'"')o*, as >% h%# )* 'h% !os% a*# Paras cas%s, supra. Th% a"'hors o& 'h% #)ss%*')*$ o)*)o*s )$*or% 'h% h)s'or)ca &ac' 'ha' 'h% co*s')'"')o*a a*# %$a $"ara*'%%s as <% as 'h% %$a r%c%#%*'s 'ha' )*s"r% 'ha' 'h% co*&%ss)o* :% 4o"*'ar6, "*#%r<%*' a so< a*# '%#)o"s #%4%o%*'. Th% co*s')'"')o*a $"ara*'%% )* ?"%s')o* )$h' )*#%%# ha4% co% a'% )* 'h% ro$r%ss o& 'h% a< o* 'h% a''%r. "' )' )s o*6 *o< 'ha' )' ha# co% "*#%r S%c')o* 20 o& Ar')c% o& 'h% 1973 Co*s')'"')o*. Tha' )s a 'ha' o"r #"'6 a*# o<%r or#a)* Us 'o roca)F >% ca**o' ro%r6 #o or%. ("r'h%ror%, 'o $)4% a r%'roac')4% %&&%c' 'o 'h)s co*s')'"')o*a $"ara*'%% 'o co"*s%
... Tha' s"r4%6 )*#)ca'%s 'ha' )* 'h% %ar6 #%c)s)o*s r%%c')*$ r%'roac')4)'6, 'h% U*)'%# S'a'%s S"r%% Co"r' #)# *o' r%?")r% B"r% ros%c')4)'6FB 'h% *%< co*s')'"')o*a r%?")r%%*'s 'h%r% <%r% a)%# 'o a cas%s s') %*#)*$ o* #)r%c' r%4)%< a' 'h% ')% 'h%6 <%r% a**o"*c%#. +S%% L)*%''%r 4s. >a%r, 31 U.S. 1 +195 +o* a#)ss):))'6 o& )%$a6-s%)8%# %4)#%*c%F 9e$an 5s. S$ott, 32 U.S. 0 +19 +o* 'h% s%&-)*cr))*a')o* r"% o& Gr)&&)* 4s. Ca)&or*)a, 30 U.S. 09 +195. ;ut t$e Court began a ne! course !it$ Jo$nson 5s. 6e! Jerse< , 3 U.S. 719 +19. ' #%ar'%# &ro Lin#letter a*# T%ha* a*# ca% cos%r 'o B"r% ro s%c')4)'6B :6 r%&"s)*$ 'o %r)' cas%s s') %*#)*$ o* #)r%c' r%4)%< 'o :%*%&)' &ro 'h% *%< )*-c"s'o#6 )*'%rro$a')o* r%?")r%%*'s o& Miranda 5s. Ari(ona. As Ch)%& !"s')c% >arr%* o:s%r4%# )* Jen#ins 5s. 7ela!are, 395 U.S. 213 +199, B>)'h !oh*so* <% :%$a* )*cr%as)*$ %has)s "o* 'h% o)*' a' a#%, 3 U.S. 21 +197 a*# %ilbert 5s. California, 3 U.S. 23 +197. Th%s% *%< r")*$s <%r% h%# a)ca:% o*6 )* 'h% )%#)a'% cas%s Ba*# a &"'"r% cas%s a#% a*# G):%r' <%r% 'h"s 'h% o*6 :%*%&)c)ar)%s o& 'h% *%< r"%s
13, 19 D 'h% c"'-o&& o)*' s%' &or 'h% M)ra*#a r%?")r%%*' :6 Jo$nson 5s. 6e! Jerse< D :%ca"s% !%*)*s or)$)*a 'r)a ha# :%$"* :%&or% 'h% c"'-o&& o)*'. Th"s, 'h% r%ara:% 'h)*$ a:o"' 'h)s #%4%o%*' )* "#$%-a#% a< )s *o' 'ha' )' )s $)4%* ))'%# r%'roac')4% %&&or'. Tha' )s 'o :% %@%c'%# )* 'h% cas% o& "#)c)a #%c)s)o* as #)s')*$")sh%# &ro %$)sa')o*. 9$e notable t$ing is t$at t$e limited retroacti5it< gi5en to 4udge>made la! in t$e beginning b< Lin#letter 5s. =al#er $as been abandoned as t$e Supreme Court in Jo$nson 5s. 6e! Jerse< and in Jen#ins 5s. 7ela!are mo5ed to!ard ?pure prospecti5it
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Retroacti5e effect of penal la!s .DP%*a a% ha4% arr)4%# a' 'ha' 'h% co*s')'"')o*a ro4)s)o* )* ?"%s')o* has a ros%c')4% a*# *o' a r%'ros%c')4% %&&%c', :as%# o* 'h% r%aso*s >% ha4% $)4%*F s%co*#, :%ca"s% 'h% B%*a a% r"% 'ha' 'h% *%< co*s')'"')o*a r)$h' o& a #%'a)*%# %rso* 'o co"*s% a*# 'o :% )*&or%# o& s"ch r)$h' "*#%r a)* o& a*6 co*&%ss)o* $)4%* :6 h) )* 4)oa')o* 'h%r%o& #%car%# )*a#)ss):% )* %4)#%*c%, 'o :% ros%c')4%, a*# 'ha' co*&%ss)o*s o:'a)*%# :%&or% 'h% %&&%c')4)'6 o& 'h% N%< Co*s')'"')o* ar% a#)ss):% )* %4)#%*c% a$a)*s' 'h% acc"s%#, h)s &"*#a%*'a r)$h' 'o ro4% 'ha' h)s co*&%ss)o* O( ALL THE (OREGONG, 'h% %')')o*s &or
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CASTRO, J., #)ss%*')*$= Th% :"r#%* o& 'h)s #)ss%*' )s 6 co*s)#%r%# 4)%< 'ha' 'h% ar')c"ar ro4)s)o* o& S%c')o* 20 o& Ar')c% o& 'h% 1973 Co*s')'"')o*
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* %4%r6 cas% 'h% %rso* #%'a)*%# sha :% )*&or%# o& 'h% ca"s% o& h)s #%'%*')o* a*# sha :% ao<%# "o* h)s r%?"%s' 'o co"*)ca'% a*# co*&%r a' a*6 ')% <)'h h)s a''or*%6 or co"*s%. M)sr%a#)*$ 'h% intendment o& 'h)s ro4)s)o*, 'h% aor)'6 o& 6 :r%'hr%* ar% o& 'h% literal 4)%< 'ha' 'h% Bo*6 r)$h' $ra*'%# :6 'h% sa)# ara$rah 'o a #%'a)*%# %rso*
%4%r6 %rso* )* 'h% r%a. a %rs"a#%# 'ha' o*6 a ha*#&" o& 'h% or% 'ha* &or'6 ))o* )*ha:)'a*'s o& 'h)s co"*'r6 ac'"a6 *o< 'h% ro4)s)o*s o& 'h% s%co*# ara$rah o& ar')c% 125, *o'<)'hs'a*#)*$ 'h% )sch)%4o"s %$a &)c')o* 'ha' %4%r6o*% )s co*c"s)4%6 r%s"%# 'o *o< 'h% a<.
aor)'6 )*'%rr%'a')o* #o%s 4)o%*c% 'o 'h% #%ocra')c 'ra#)')o* o& a&&or#)*$ 'h% a%s' ro'%c')o* 'o 'h% )*#)4)#"a D a*6 a*# %4%r6 )*#)4)#"a D a$a)*s' 'h% '6ra**6 o& a* 6 $o4%r*%*'a a$%*c6. ' sho"# :% "*'h)*a:% 'ha' a* )**oc%*' a* a6 :% co*#%*%# 'o %*a s%r4)'"#% or %4%* s%*' 'o h)s #%a'h :%ca"s% h% )s *o' :%ss%# <)'h &a))ar)'6 <)'h 'h% )*'r)cac)%s o& 'h% a<. a 'h"s o& 'h% &)r 4)%< 'ha' 'h% s%co*# ara$rah o& ar')c% 125 a%s )' a* o:)$a')o* o* 'h% ar' o& a*6 #%'a)*)*$ o&&)c%r 'o )*&or 'h% %rso* #%'a)*%# o& h)s r)$h' 'o co"*s% :%&or% 'h% 4%r6 )*c%')o* o& c"s'o#)a )*?"%s', a*# 'ha' 'h)s o:)$a')o* )'ho"' a)*$ a*6 r%&%r%*c% 'o 'h% )*"'%s o& a*6 roc%%#)*$s o& 'h% 1971 Co*s')'"')o*a Co*4%*')o*, !"s')c% (%r*a*#%8, a>5is 'h% M)ra*#aEsco:%#o #oc'r)*%. a or% )*c)*%# 'o :%)%4% 'ha' 'h% #%%$a'%s, )& )*#%%# 'h%6 <%r% a
%rso* has 'h% ass)s'a*c% o& co"*s%, c"s'o#)a )*'%rro$a')o* < o"# c%as% 'o :% a* %&&%c')4% %a*s o& so4)*$ 'h% cr)% ho# *o :r)%& a$a)*s' c"s'o#)a )*'%rro$a')o* per se. "' #o %*'%r'a)* or'a &%ar 'ha' )'*%ss 'h% )**"%ra:% cas%s )* 'h% a**as o& a#"#)ca')o*
r%a')*$ 'o 'h% )*a#)ss):))'6 o& a co*&%ss)o* o:'a)*%# &ro a #%'a)*%# %rso* #"r)*$ c"s'o#)a )*'%rro$a')o* <)'ho"' 'h% ass)s'a*c% o& co"*s%, ))a /o"$as as a co*c"s)o* 'o 'h)s #)ss%*'= 'h% r)$h's o& *o*% ar% sa&% "*%ss 'h% r)$h's o& a ar% ro'%c'%#F %4%* )& <% sho"# s%*s% *o #a*$%r 'o o"r o<* r)$h's :%ca"s% <% :%o*$ 'o a $ro" 'ha' )s )*&or%#, )or'a*' a*# r%s%c'%#, <% "s' a
SEC. 20. No %rso* sha :% co%%# 'o :% a <)'*%ss a$a)*s' h)s%&. A*6 %rso* "*#%r )*4%s')$a')o* &or 'h% co)ss)o* o& a* o&&%*s% sha ha4% 'h% r)$h' 'o r%a)* s)%*' a*# 'o co"*s%, a*# 'o :% )*&or%# o& s"ch r)$h'. No &orc%, 4)o%*c%, 'hr%a', )*'))#a')o*, or a*6 o'h%r %a*s
'h% a)* o)*)o*Ks r")*$ 'ha' co*4%rs%6 s"ch co*&%ss)o*s obtained :%&or% ar% 'o :% h%# a#)ss):% )* %4)#%*c% a$a)*s' 'h% acc"s%#. 1. Th% Co*s')'"')o* *o< %@r%ss6 ro'%c's Ba %rso* "*# %r )*4%s')$a')o* &or 'h% co)ss)o* o& a* o&&%*s%B &ro 'h% o4%rha' 'h% a)* a*$"a$% o& 'h% Co*s')'"')o* sa6s )s :%6o*# 'h% o<%r o& 'h% co"r's 'o cha*$% or o#)&6. 2. Th% o"'a<)*$ o& a s"ch co*&%ss)o*s )s a)*, "*?"a)&)%# a*# !it$out distinction
Co*s')'"')o*a Co*4%*')o* 'o )os% co*#)')o*s 'ha' "s' :% &"&)%# :%&or% a #"'6 )s cas' o* a co"r' 'o ao< a co*&%ss)o* 'o &or ar' o& 'h% r%cor#s o& 'h% cas% a*# 'ha' s"ch o<%r % #o *o' o& co"rs% s'o 'h%r%, :"' 'ha' )s ha' )' sa6s accor#)*$ 'o 'h% '%@' o& 'h% ro4)s)o* 'o :% co*s'r"%# co%s acc%'a*c% a*# *%$a'%s 'h% o<%r o& 'h% co"r's 'o a'%r )', :as%# o* 'h% os'"a'% 'ha' 'h% &ra%rs a*# 'h% %o% %a* ha' )' roh):)'s 'h%* ca**o' :% co"*'%*a*c%# )'s ca'%$or)ca
'h% r%c%#)*$ ara$rah. E4%* )& )' <%r% so, 'h% 'r%*# o& a"'hor)'a')4% #%c)s)o*s o& r%c%*' #a'% )s "*)s'aa:%. Co*&%ss)o*s ar% 1
O s"&&%r)*$ )* a*6 <)s% &ro Bco%rc)o* ha' )s %ss%*')a &or )'s 4a)#)'6 )s 'ha' )' roc%%#s &ro 'h% &r%% <) o& 'h% %rso* co*&%ss)*$.B 12 ' )s *o' "s' a ha6 co)*c)#%*c% 'ha' a$asaa
To co%'% 'h% )c'"r%, "s' shor'6 :%&or% 'h% ar')%s )* Magtoto a*# Simeon, <%r% h%ar# )* ora ar$"%*', )* 'h% cos)*$ #a6s o& No4%:%r, 1973, )* 'eople 5. Saligan, 19 !"s')c% Cas'ro co"# s%a 'h"s &or a "*a*)o"s Co"r'= B' )s arr%*, h%# 'ha' s"ch s'a'%%*'s a#% #"r)*$ 'h% %r)o# o& c"s'o#)a )*'%rro$a')o* 'o :% a#)ss):% r%?")r% a c%ar, )*'%)$%*' arr%*Ks o)*)o*, )s 'o 'h)s %&&%c'= BO"r ho#)*$ <) :% s%%# o"' <)'h so% s%c)&)c)'6 )* 'h% a$%s
)*'%rro$a')o* o& 'h% #%&%*#a*' "*%ss )' #%o*s'ra'%s 'h% "s% o& roc%#"ra sa&%$"ar#s %&&%c')4% 'o s%c"r% 'h% r)4)%$% a$a)*s' s%&-)*cr))*a')o*. 6 c"s'o#)a )*'%rro$a')o*, <% %a* ?"%s')o*)*$ )*)')a'%# :6 a< %*&orc%%*' o&&)c%rs a&'%r a %rso* has :%%* 'a%* )*'o c"s'o#6 or o'h%r<)s% #%r)4%# o& h)s &r%%#o o& ac')o* )* a*6 s)$*)&)ca*'
. No< as 'o 'h% ?"%s')o* o& o)c6. ' )s s":)''%#, <)'h r%s%c', 'ha' 'h% )*'%rr%'a')o* a#o'%# :6 'h% Co"r' a&&or#s %ss 'ha* hos)'a:% sco% 'o a ca'%$or)ca coa*# o& 'h% r%s%*' Co*s')'"')o* <)'ho"', 'o 6 o"# )' *o' ao"*' 'h%* 'o &r"s'ra')*$ 'h% %4)#%*' %*# a*# a) o& s"ch co*s')'"')o*a sa&%$"ar# (or )' #o%s a%ar 'ha' 'h% Co*4%*')o*, )* a*)&%s')*$ )'s <), ha# *%$a'%# a*6 ass"')o* 'ha' cr))*a ros%c"')o* )'*%ss 'h%s%
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Th% co*s'a*' #oc'r)*% o& 'h)s Co"r' has a% ha4% a% ha4% aso #%car%# 'ha' a* %@'ra"#)c)a co*&%ss)o* )s *o' r%*#%r%# )*a#)ss):% :6 r%aso* o& &a)"r% 'o ca"')o* 'h% acc"s%# 'ha' h% *%%# *o' 'a a*# 'ha' )& h% #o%s,
Th% co*c%' )* 4o"*'ar)*%ss s%%s 'o :% "s%# :6 'h% co"r's as a shor'ha*# 'o r%&%r 'o rac')c%s % %@a)*%# )* 'eople 5. Carillo 5 'ha' B'h% co*4)c')o* o& a* acc"s%# o* a 4o"*'ar6 %@'ra"#)c)a s'a'%%*' )* *o ha' 'h% a:o4% )*h):)')o* s%%s 'o ro'%c' )s co"sor6 #)scos"r% o& )*cr))*a')*$ &ac's. >h)% 'h%r% co"# :% so% oss):% o:%c')o*s 'o 'h% a#)ss):))'6 o& a co*&%ss)o* o* $ro"*#s o& )'s "*'r"s'% r%%c'%# 'h% a)ca:))'6 o& 'h% r)*c)%s %*"*c)a'%# )* Messia$, &scobedoa*# Miranda o* 'h% $ro"*# 'ha' B'h% r"% )* 'h% U*)'%# S'a'%s *%%# *o' :% "*?"%s')o*a:6 a#h%r%# 'o )* 'h)s "r)s#)c')o*, *o' o*6 :%ca"s% )' has *o :)*#)*$ %&&%c' h%r%, :"' aso :%ca"s% )* )*'%rr%')*$ a ro4)s)o* o& 'h% Co*s')'"')o*, 'h% %a*)*$ a''ach%# 'h%r%'o a' 'h% ')% o& 'h% a#o')o* 'h%r%o& sho"# :% co*s)#%r%#. Th% a< %*&orc%%*' o&&)c%rs o& 'h% $o4%r*%*' a*# 'h% co"r's ha4% r%)%# "o* 'h%s% #oc'r)*%s a*# &oo<%# 'h%)r coa*#s. H"*#r%#s, )& *o' 'ho"sa*#s, o& cas%s, <%r% &)*a6 #%c)#%# o* 'h% :as)s o& s"ch #oc'r)*%s. To ass%r', 'h%r%&or%, 'ha' Ar')c% , S%c')o* 20, o& 'h% N%< Co*s')'"')o* - % ca**o' sa6 'ha' 'h)s "ros%
co**%c')o* <)'h 'h% 'a)*$ o& s'a'%%*'s o& s"s%c's #"r)*$ c"s'o#)a )*'%rro$a')o* r)or 'o 'h% %&&%c')4)'6 o& 'h% N%< Co*s')'"')o*, )' <) *o' :% corr%c'%# :6 a)*$ 'h)s roscr)')o* r%'roac')4%. . Th%r% ar% )*'%r%s's )* 'h% a#)*)s'ra')o* o& "s')c% a*# 'h% )*'%$r)'6 o& 'h% "#)c)a roc%ss 'o co*s)#%r. To a% 'h% roscr)')o* )* Ar')c% , S%c')o* 20, o& 'h% N%< Co*s')'"')o* r%'ros%c')4%
Th%r% )s *o )*#)ca')o* )* 'h% a*$"a$% "s%# 'ha' S%c')o* 20 o& Ar')c% +) o& R)$h's, o& 'h% N%< Co*s')'"')o*, )s )*'%*#%# 'o o%ra'% r%'ros%c')4%6. No'% 'h% a)* a*$"a$% o& 'h% o & 'h% ro4)s)o*,
No %rso* sha :% co%%# 'o :% a <)'*%ss a$a)*s' h)s%&. A*6 %rso* "*#%r )*4%s')$a')o* &or 'h% co)ss)o* o& a* o&&%*s% sha ha4% 'h% r)$h' 'o r%a)* s)%*' a*# 'o co"*s%, a*# 'o :% )*&or%# o& s"ch r)$h'. No &orc%, 4)o%*c%, 'hr%a', )*'))#a')o*, or a*6 o'h%r %a*s
A co"r's %@)s')*$ a' 'h% ')% o& 'h% ra')&)ca')o* o& 'h)s Co*s')'"')o* sha co*')*"% a*# %@%rc)s% 'h%)r "r)s#)c')o*, "*') o'h%r<)s% ro4)#%# :6 a< )* accor#a*c% <)'h 'h)s Co*s')'"')o*, a*# all cases pending in said courts s$all be $eard, tried, and determined under t$e la!s t$en in force . Th% ro4)s)o*s o& 'h% %@)s')*$ R"%s o& Co"r' *o' )*co*s)s'%*' <)'h 'h)s Co*s')'"')o* sha r%a)* o%ra')4% "*%ss a%*#%#, o#)&)%#, or r%%a%# :6 'h% S"r%% Co"r' or 'h% Na')o*a Ass%:6. +%has)s s")%#. . Th% a< %@)s')*$ a' 'h% ')% o& 'h% a#o')o* o& 'h% N%< Co*s')'"')o*, as co*s'r"%# :6 'h)s Co"r' )*'eople 5. Jose, co*s)#%r%# a#)ss):% %@'ra"#)c)a s'a'%%*'s o& acc"s%# o:'a)*%# #"r)*$ c"s'o#)a )*'%rro$a')o*, <)'ho"' ass)s'a*c% o& co"*s%. Th)s #%c)s)o* &or%# ar' o& 'h% %$a s6s'% )* 'h)s "r)s#)c')o*. 9 Co*s)#%r%# as a* %@r%ss)o* o& ":)c o)c6, S%c')o* o& Ar')c% , 'o 6 )*#, a6s #o<* 'h% $")#%)*%s 'o :% o:s%r4%# :6 'h% co"r's )* 'h% 'r)a a*# #%'%r)*a')o* o& cas%s %*#)*$ a' 'h% ')% o& 'h% ra')&)ca')o* o& 'h% N%< Co*s')'"')o*. *#%%#, 'h)s
)*a#)ss):% )* %4)#%*c%, )& 'h% sa% )s #o*% <)'ho"' 'h% ass)s'a*c% o& 'h% #%cara*'Ks co"*s%. Th)s *o4% 'h%or6 ca**o' :% s?"ar%# %)'h%r <)'h 'h% c%ar h)% )' a6 :% co*c%#%# 'ha' Ar')c% 125 o& 'h% R%4)s%# P%*a Co#% r%?")r%s 'h% #%'a)*)*$ o&&)c%r 'o )*&or 'h% %rso* #%'a)*%# 'h% ca"s% o& h)s #%'%*')o* a*# o& h)s r)$h', )& h% so #%s)r%s, 'o co"*)ca'% a*# co*&%r <)'h h)s co"*s%, )' #o%s *o' *%c%ssar)6 &oo< 'ha' a* a##)')o*a o:)$a')o* )s )os%# "o* sa)# o&&)c%r 'o ao< 'h% s"s%c' 'o :% ass)s'%# :6 h)s co"*s% #"r)*$ 'h% c"s'o#)a )*'%rro$a')o*. N%)'h%r #o%s )' ro4)#% 'ha' a*6 )*cr))*a'or6 s'a'%%*' $)4%* :6 h), %4%* )& 4o"*'ar6, h%r% 'h% a*$"a$% o& 'h% s'a'"'% )s a)* a*# "*a:)$"o"s, 'h% Co"r' sho"# *o' )*#"$% )* s%c"a')o* as 'o 'h% ro:a:% or oss):% ?"a)&)ca')o*s h%r% 'h%r% has :%%* "s')&)a:% r%)a*c% o* O"r #%c)s)o*s, a*# 'hos%
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CASTRO, J., #)ss%*')*$= Th% :"r#%* o& 'h)s #)ss%*' )s 6 co*s)#%r%# 4)%< 'ha' 'h% ar')c"ar ro4)s)o* o& S%c')o* 20 o& Ar')c% o& 'h% 1973 Co*s')'"')o*
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* %4%r6 cas% 'h% %rso* #%'a)*%# sha :% )*&or%# o& 'h% ca"s% o& h)s #%'%*')o* a*# sha :% ao<%# "o* h)s r%?"%s' 'o co"*)ca'% a*# co*&%r a' a*6 ')% <)'h h)s a''or*%6 or co"*s%. M)sr%a#)*$ 'h% intendment o& 'h)s ro4)s)o*, 'h% aor)'6 o& 6 :r%'hr%* ar% o& 'h% literal 4)%< 'ha' 'h% Bo*6 r)$h' $ra*'%# :6 'h% sa)# ara$rah 'o a #%'a)*%# %rso*
6%ars "o* 6%ars o& rac')c% :%h)*# 'h% ar% *o' a
'h% 4%r6 )*c%')o* o& c"s'o#)a )*?"%s', a*# 'ha' 'h)s o:)$a')o* )'ho"' a)*$ a*6 r%&%r%*c% 'o 'h% )*"'%s o& a*6 roc%%#)*$s o& 'h% 1971 Co*s')'"')o*a Co*4%*')o*, !"s')c% (%r*a*#%8, a>5is 'h% M)ra*#aEsco:%#o #oc'r)*%. a or% )*c)*%# 'o :%)%4% 'ha' 'h% #%%$a'%s, )& )*#%%# 'h%6 <%r% a)'*%ss 'h% )**"%ra:% cas%s )* 'h% a**as o& a#"#)ca')o*
soc)%'6 ha4%, or% o&'%* 'ha* *o', :%%* s":%c'%# 'o :r"'a a*# :r"'a)8)*$ 'h)r#-#%$r%% %'ho#s, )& *o' ac'"a6 &ra%#, :6 a*6 o)c% a$%*c)%s )* 'h)s co"*'r6. *s'%a# o& :)*)*$ o"r %6%s sh"' 'o 'h)s r%a)'6, <% "s' r%co$*)8% )' &or
acc"s%#, ro4)*$ $")' :%6o*# r%aso*a:% #o":'. *#%%#, 'h% Co"r' has a))a /o"$as as a co*c"s)o* 'o 'h)s #)ss%*'= 'h% r)$h's o& *o*% ar% sa&% "*%ss 'h% r)$h's o& a ar% ro'%c'%#F %4%* )& <% sho"# s%*s% *o #a*$%r 'o o"r o<* r)$h's :%ca"s% <% :%o*$ 'o a $ro" 'ha' )s )*&or%#, )or'a*' a*# r%s%c'%#, <% "s' a
SEC. 20. No %rso* sha :% co%%# 'o :% a <)'*%ss a$a)*s' h)s%&. A*6 %rso* "*#%r )*4%s')$a')o* &or 'h% co)ss)o* o& a* o&&%*s% sha ha4% 'h% r)$h' 'o r%a)* s)%*' a*# 'o co"*s%, a*# 'o :% )*&or%# o& s"ch r)$h'. No &orc%, 4)o%*c%, 'hr%a', )*'))#a')o*, or a*6 o'h%r %a*s
o& s"ch r)$h'. Th%r% )s no room &or interpretationa*# 'h% a)* a*#a'% o& 'h% Co*s')'"')o* %@r%ss6 a#o')*$ 'h% exclusionar< rule as 'h% o*6 rac')ca %a*s o& %*&orc)*$ 'h% co*s')'"')o*a )*"*c')o* a$a)*s' s"ch co*&%ss)o*s o:'a)*%# )* 4)oa')o* o& o*%Ks co*s')'"')o*a r)$h's :6 o"'a<)*$ 'h%)r a#)ss)o* a*# 'h%r%:6 r%o4)*$ 'h% )*c%*')4% o* 'h% ar' o& s'a'% a*# o)c% o&&)c%rs 'o #)sr%$ar# s"ch r)$h's +)* 'h% sa% a**%r 'ha' 'h% %@c"s)o*ar6 r"% :ars a#)ss)o* o& )%$a6 s%)8%# %4)#%*c% sho"# :% s'r)c'6 %*&orc%#. >ha' 'h% a)* a*$"a$% o& 'h% Co*s')'"')o* sa6s )s :%6o*# 'h% o<%r o& 'h% co"r's 'o cha*$% or o#)&6. 2. Th% o"'a<)*$ o& a s"ch co*&%ss)o*s )s a)*, "*?"a)&)%# a*# !it$out distinction
so"$h' 'o :% o&&%r%# )* %4)#%*c%. Par%*'h%')ca6, s"ch a o#% o& 4)%<)*$ 'h% )ss"%
Ass"%, ho<%4%r, 'ha' 'h% *%%# &or co*s'r"c')o* )s "*a4o)#a:%, )' )s 6 s":)ss)o* 'ha' 'h% co"s)o* %@%r'%# :6 'h% s%c)&)c % #o *o' o& co"rs% s'o 'h%r%, :"' 'ha' )s ha' )' sa6s accor#)*$ 'o 'h% '%@' o& 'h% ro4)s)o* 'o :% co*s'r"%# co%s acc%'a*c% a*# *%$a'%s 'h% o<%r o& 'h% co"r's 'o a'%r )', :as%# o* 'h% os'"a'% 'ha' 'h% &ra%rs a*# 'h% %o% %a* ha' )' roh):)'s 'h%* ca**o' :% co"*'%*a*c%# )'s ca'%$or)ca
O s"&&%r)*$ )* a*6 <)s% &ro Bco%rc)o* ha' )s %ss%*')a &or )'s 4a)#)'6 )s 'ha' )' roc%%#s &ro 'h% &r%% <) o& 'h% %rso* co*&%ss)*$.B 12 ' )s *o' "s' a ha6 co)*c)#%*c% 'ha' a$asaa
os' a)*s'a)*$ scr"')*6 "s' :% r%sor'%# 'o :6 'h% 'r)a co"r's )* <%)$h)*$ %4)#%*c% r%a')*$ 'o a%$%# 4o"*'ar6 co*&%ss)o*s o& 'h% acc"s%# a*# 'h% co"r's sho"# :% so< 'o acc%' s"ch co*&%ss)o*s "*%ss 'h%6 ar% corro:ora'%# :6 o'h%r '%s')o*6.B 17 No'h)*$ )s c%ar%r 'h%r%&or% 'ha* 'ha' #"r)*$ 'h% %r)o# 'h)s ro4)s)o*
To co%'% 'h% )c'"r%, "s' shor'6 :%&or% 'h% ar')%s )* Magtoto a*# Simeon, <%r% h%ar# )* ora ar$"%*', )* 'h% cos)*$ #a6s o& No4%:%r, 1973, )* 'eople 5. Saligan, 19 !"s')c% Cas'ro co"# s%a 'h"s &or a "*a*)o"s Co"r'= B' )s arr%*, h%# 'ha' s"ch s'a'%%*'s a#% #"r)*$ 'h% %r)o# o& c"s'o#)a )*'%rro$a')o* 'o :% a#)ss):% r%?")r% a c%ar, )*'%)$%*' arr%*Ks o)*)o*, )s 'o 'h)s %&&%c'= BO"r ho#)*$ <) :% s%%# o"' <)'h so% s%c)&)c)'6 )* 'h% a$%s
)*#)ca'%s )* a*6 a**%r a*# a' a*6 s'a$% o& 'h% roc%ss 'ha' h% <)sh%s 'o co*s"' <)'h a* a''or*%6 :%&or% s%a)*$ 'h%r% ca* :% *o ?"%s')o*)*$. L)%<)s%, )& 'h% )*#)4)#"a )s ao*% a*# )*#)ca'%s )* a*6 a**%r 'ha' h% #o%s *o' <)sh 'o :% )*'%rro$a'%#, 'h% o)c% a6 *o' ?"%s')o* h). Th% %r% &ac' 'ha' h% a6 ha4% a*s<%r%# so% ?"%s')o*s or 4o"*'%%r%# so% s'a'%%*'s o* h)s o<* #o%s *o' #%r)4% h) o& 'h% r)$h' 'o r%&ra)* &ro a*s<%r)*$ a*6 &"r'h%r )*?")r)%s "*') h% has co*s"'%# <)'h a* a''or*%6 a*# 'h%r%a&'%r co*s%*'s 'o :% ?"%s')o*%#.B 22 Th% #%%$a'%s 'o 'h% Co*s')'"')o*a Co*4%*')o*, a*6 o& 'h% a<6%rs, <%r% &a))ar <)'h 'h)s r")*$ a**o"*c%# )* 19. Co*c%r*%# as 'h%6 <%r% <)'h 4)'a)8)*$ 'h% r)$h' a$a)*s' s%&-)*cr))*a')o*, 'h%6 a#4)s%#6 "s%#
. No< as 'o 'h% ?"%s')o* o& o)c6. ' )s s":)''%#, <)'h r%s%c', 'ha' 'h% )*'%rr%'a')o* a#o'%# :6 'h% Co"r' a&&or#s %ss 'ha* hos)'a:% sco% 'o a ca'%$or)ca coa*# o& 'h% r%s%*' Co*s')'"')o* <)'ho"', 'o 6 o"# )' *o' ao"*' 'h%* 'o &r"s'ra')*$ 'h% %4)#%*' %*# a*# a) o& s"ch co*s')'"')o*a sa&%$"ar# (or )' #o%s a%ar 'ha' 'h% Co*4%*')o*, )* a*)&%s')*$ )'s <), ha# *%$a'%# a*6 ass"')o* 'ha' cr))*a ros%c"')o* )'*%ss 'h%s%
% ha4% a% ha4% aso #%car%# 'ha' a* %@'ra"#)c)a co*&%ss)o* )s *o' r%*#%r%# )*a#)ss):% :6 r%aso* o& &a)"r% 'o ca"')o* 'h% acc"s%# 'ha' h% *%%# *o' 'a a*# 'ha' )& h% #o%s,
Th% co*c%' )* 4o"*'ar)*%ss s%%s 'o :% "s%# :6 'h% co"r's as a shor'ha*# 'o r%&%r 'o rac')c%s % %@a)*%# )* 'eople 5. Carillo 5 'ha' B'h% co*4)c')o* o& a* acc"s%# o* a 4o"*'ar6 %@'ra"#)c)a s'a'%%*' )* *o ha' 'h% a:o4% )*h):)')o* s%%s 'o ro'%c' )s co"sor6 #)scos"r% o& )*cr))*a')*$ &ac's. >h)% 'h%r% co"# :% so% oss):% o:%c')o*s 'o 'h% a#)ss):))'6 o& a co*&%ss)o* o* $ro"*#s o& )'s "*'r"s'% r%%c'%# 'h% a)ca:))'6 o& 'h% r)*c)%s %*"*c)a'%# )* Messia$, &scobedoa*# Miranda o* 'h% $ro"*# 'ha' B'h% r"% )* 'h% U*)'%# S'a'%s *%%# *o' :% "*?"%s')o*a:6 a#h%r%# 'o )* 'h)s "r)s#)c')o*, *o' o*6 :%ca"s% )' has *o :)*#)*$ %&&%c' h%r%, :"' aso :%ca"s% )* )*'%rr%')*$ a ro4)s)o* o& 'h% Co*s')'"')o*, 'h% %a*)*$ a''ach%# 'h%r%'o a' 'h% ')% o& 'h% a#o')o* 'h%r%o& sho"# :% co*s)#%r%#. Th% a< %*&orc%%*' o&&)c%rs o& 'h% $o4%r*%*' a*# 'h% co"r's ha4% r%)%# "o* 'h%s% #oc'r)*%s a*# &oo<%# 'h%)r coa*#s. H"*#r%#s, )& *o' 'ho"sa*#s, o& cas%s, <%r% &)*a6 #%c)#%# o* 'h% :as)s o& s"ch #oc'r)*%s. To ass%r', 'h%r%&or%, 'ha' Ar')c% , S%c')o* 20, o& 'h% N%< Co*s')'"')o* - % ca**o' sa6 'ha' 'h)s "ros%
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