STUDENT’S BOOKLET
Teen 1 Inglês
•
7 . o ano
•
Nível 3
7
n
BOOKLET
CONTENTS ÍNDICE
GLOSSARY Unit 1
Physical description.......................................... 3 Names of countries. ........................................ 4 Music................. ................................. .................................. .................................. ................. 4 Numbers............................................................. 5
Unit 2
Unit 3
........................ ........................ ........................ ................. ..... Daily Routine............. Food...................................................................... Hobbies..................... ........................................ ........................................ ...................... .. Sports..................................................................
5 6
School............................................................... 7 Types of schools .............................................. 7 Subjects........................................................ 8 Facilities/rooms.............................................. 8 School objects / materials .............................. 8 Activities.................. ..................................... ................................... ................ 9 People. ................... ....................................... ........................................ ...................... 9
Unit 5
The city.............................................................. Shops / stores ................................................... Means of transport ......................................... ........................... ............................ ............................ .................... ...... Weather.............
Unit 7
Pág.
Personal pronouns........................................... Verb to be .......................................................... .......................................................... Indefinite article............................................... Possessive determiners.................................. Adjective ..........................................................
17 17 18 18 18
Unit 2
Simple present: regular verbs...................... 19 Present continuous.......................................... 19 Interrogative pronouns................................... 20 Interrogative adverbs.................................... 20 Interrogative determiners.............................. 20 Adverbs of frequency .................................... 20
Unit 3
Conditional sentences................................... 20 Modal verbs..................................................... 21 Simple past: to be ........................................... ........................................... 22 Simple past: regular verbs ............................ 22
Unit 4
Personal pronouns: object............................. 24 Adjectives: comparative............................... 24 Simple past: irregular verbs ......................... 25 Possessive case .............................................. 25
Unit 5
Prepositions of time........................................ 26 Prepositions of place ....................................... 27 Prepositions of movement............................ 27 Adjectives: superlative............. ......................... ...................... .......... 27 Verbs: past continuous................................... 28
Unit 6
Verbs: present perfect.................................... 28 Relative pronouns............................................ 29 Noun plurals..................................................... 30
11 11 12 12
Holidays.............................................................. 13 Places/destinations.......................................... 13 Activities............... ............................... ............................... ............................. .............. 13 Description of places .................................... 13 ........................... ............................. ..................... ...... 14 Working places............. ............................ .............................. .............................. ......................... .......... 14 Jobs ............. Hallowe’en.............. .............................. ............................... .......................... ........... Christmas and New Year ............................... Saint Valentine’s Day...................................... Independence Day..........................................
Unit 1
7
The family................. ............................... ............................... ........................... ........... 9 The house............... ................................ .................................. ......................... ........ 10
BASIC GRAMMAR
6
Unit 4
Unit 6
2
Pág.
14 15 16 16
Unit 7
Imperative.......................................................... 31 Future: going to............................................... 31 ......................................................... 31 Future: will ......................................................... Indefinite adjectives and pronouns ............ 32 Indefinite adverbs and pronouns ................. 32
CONTENTS ÍNDICE
GLOSSARY Unit 1
Physical description.......................................... 3 Names of countries. ........................................ 4 Music................. ................................. .................................. .................................. ................. 4 Numbers............................................................. 5
Unit 2
Unit 3
........................ ........................ ........................ ................. ..... Daily Routine............. Food...................................................................... Hobbies..................... ........................................ ........................................ ...................... .. Sports..................................................................
5 6
School............................................................... 7 Types of schools .............................................. 7 Subjects........................................................ 8 Facilities/rooms.............................................. 8 School objects / materials .............................. 8 Activities.................. ..................................... ................................... ................ 9 People. ................... ....................................... ........................................ ...................... 9
Unit 5
The city.............................................................. Shops / stores ................................................... Means of transport ......................................... ........................... ............................ ............................ .................... ...... Weather.............
Unit 7
Pág.
Personal pronouns........................................... Verb to be .......................................................... .......................................................... Indefinite article............................................... Possessive determiners.................................. Adjective ..........................................................
17 17 18 18 18
Unit 2
Simple present: regular verbs...................... 19 Present continuous.......................................... 19 Interrogative pronouns................................... 20 Interrogative adverbs.................................... 20 Interrogative determiners.............................. 20 Adverbs of frequency .................................... 20
Unit 3
Conditional sentences................................... 20 Modal verbs..................................................... 21 Simple past: to be ........................................... ........................................... 22 Simple past: regular verbs ............................ 22
Unit 4
Personal pronouns: object............................. 24 Adjectives: comparative............................... 24 Simple past: irregular verbs ......................... 25 Possessive case .............................................. 25
Unit 5
Prepositions of time........................................ 26 Prepositions of place ....................................... 27 Prepositions of movement............................ 27 Adjectives: superlative............. ......................... ...................... .......... 27 Verbs: past continuous................................... 28
Unit 6
Verbs: present perfect.................................... 28 Relative pronouns............................................ 29 Noun plurals..................................................... 30
11 11 12 12
Holidays.............................................................. 13 Places/destinations.......................................... 13 Activities............... ............................... ............................... ............................. .............. 13 Description of places .................................... 13 ........................... ............................. ..................... ...... 14 Working places............. ............................ .............................. .............................. ......................... .......... 14 Jobs ............. Hallowe’en.............. .............................. ............................... .......................... ........... Christmas and New Year ............................... Saint Valentine’s Day...................................... Independence Day..........................................
Unit 1
7
The family................. ............................... ............................... ........................... ........... 9 The house............... ................................ .................................. ......................... ........ 10
BASIC GRAMMAR
6
Unit 4
Unit 6
2
Pág.
14 15 16 16
Unit 7
Imperative.......................................................... 31 Future: going to............................................... 31 ......................................................... 31 Future: will ......................................................... Indefinite adjectives and pronouns ............ 32 Indefinite adverbs and pronouns ................. 32
GLOSSARY
GLOSSARY UNIT 1
Who is who?
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
DESCRIÇÃO DE PESSOAS
Body corpo
Eyes olhos
blue azuis
fat gordo/forte
small pequenos
strongly-built bem constituído
big grandes
slim/slender elegante
brown castanhos
thin magro
dark negros hazel verdes
Mouth boca
Height altura
large grande tall alto
small pequena
short / small baixo
smiling sorridente
of medium height médio
serious séria
Arms braços
Nose nariz
long (conk) comprido (penca) short curto
long compridos
turned-up arrebitado
short curtos
pointed pontiagudo round redondo
Legs pernas long compridas
Skin/Complexion pele pale pálida
strong fortes
dark escura
thin magras
brown morena
short curtas
Face cara
light clara
Hair cabelo
wavy ondulado
round redonda
curly frisado, encaracolado
square quadrada
short curto
rectangular rectangular
long longo light claro dark escuro black negro blond/fair loiro
EXAMPLES
He’s quite handsome. He’s of medium medium hei height ght, his skin is pale. He’s got blue eyes and straight fair hair. His nose is a bit pointed. He isn’t slim but he isn’t fat either.
brown castanho red ruivo pony tail rabo de cavalo
3
GLOSSARY
NAMES OF COUNTRIES
NOMES DE PAÍSES
United Kingdom Reino Unido
Canada – Canadian Canadá – canadiano/a
England – English Inglaterra – inglês/esa
Australia – Australian Australia – australiano/a
France – French França – francês/esa Switzerland – Swiss Suíça – suíço/a
Countries países Countries países
Scotland – Scottish Escócia – escocês/esa
Poland – Polish Polónia – polaco/a
Wales – Welsh País de Gales – galês/esa
Spain – Spanish Espanha – espanhol/a
Germany – German Alemanha – alemão/alemã
India – Indian Índia – indiano/a Portugal – Portuguese Portugal – português/esa
Austria – Austrian Áustria – austríaco/a
Northern Ireland – Irish Irlanda do Norte – irlandês/esa
NOTICE
Republic of Ireland / Eire – Irish República da Irlanda – irlandês/esa
An Englishman – um inglês An Englishwoman – uma inglesa A Scot / Scotsman – um escocês An Irishman – um irlandês A Welshman – um galês
MUSIC
United States of America – American Estados Unidos da América – americano/a
MÚSICA
classical clássica
Types tipos
piano piano
pop pop
choral coral
country country
saxophone saxofone
guitar guitarra
alternative alternativa rock rock
cello violoncelo
Musical instruments instrumentos musicais jazz jazz
metal metal
clarinet clarinete
violin violino band banda
bass baixo recorder flauta de bisel
People pessoas
singer cantor/a
keyboard keyboard/teclado
vocalist vocalista orchestra orquestra
groups grupos
conductor maestro
players instrumentistas
EXAMPLES
4
Nowadays many teenagers play musical instruments. Boy and girl bands are becoming more and more popular. They play pop music. They have their favourite bands and buy their CDs. This is commercial music. Others prefer listening to classical music; most children learn how to play the piano, the recorder or the violin. They sometimes go to concerts and join in school choirs.
GLOSSARY
NUMBERS
NÚMEROS
1 one
5 five
9 nine
13 thirteen
17 seventeen
2 two
6 six
10 ten
14 fourteen
3 three
7 seven
11 eleven
4 four
8 eight
12 twelve
UNIT 2
60 sixty
15 fifteen
19 nineteen
30 thirty
70 seventy
100 one / a hundred
16 sixteen
20 twenty
40 forty
80 eighty
ROTINA DIÁRIA
have dinner / dine jantar
comb one’s hair pentear-se
Daily routine rotina diária
wrist watch relógio de pulso
church clock relógio de igreja
Clocks
have lunch almoçar
wake up acordar get up levantar-se
90 ninety
Life is tough!
DAILY ROUTINE
sleep dormir
50 fifty
18 eighteen
21 twenty-one
relógios digital clock relógio digital
alarm clock despertador
get washed lavar-se have breakfast tomar o pequeno almoço
morning manhã
sunset pôr-do-sol
grandfather clock relógio de caixa alta
get dressed vestir-se
sunrise nascer do sol
Time tempo
afternoon tarde night noite
evening (5 pm-9 pm) tardinha/noite EXAMPLES
It’s 3 o’clock = it’s 3 am/3 pm. São três horas. It’s 10 o’clock = it’s 10 pm. São dez horas. It’s 12 o’clock. São doze horas = é meio dia. It’s 3.30 – it’s half past 3. São três e meia. It’s 10.45 – it’s ten forty five = it’s a quarter to eleven. São dez e quarenta e cinco = é um quarto para as onze.
I usually get up at 7.30 when the alarm clock rings. My classes begin at It’s 6.20 – it’s twenty past six. 8.30 every day. I don’t São seis e vinte. have any classes on Saturday. We generally 8.50 – it’s ten to nine=it’s eight fifty. have lunch at 1.30, when I São dez para as nove / oito e cinquenta. get home from school and we have dinner at 8 12.00 am = midday/noon o’clock in the evening. At meio-dia am = before midday weekends I always get up around 10 and go to bed 12.00 pm = midnight later at night. Most shops meia-noite pm = post midday open at 9 am and close at 5.30 pm.
It’s 3.15 – it’s a quarter past 3. São três e um quarto.
5
GLOSSARY
FOOD
COMIDA
Food produtos • milk leite • bread pão • butter manteiga • corn flakes flocos de aveia • coffee café • fruit fruta
• yoghurt iogurte • eggs ovos • cheese queijo • ham fiambre • meat carne • fish peixe
• vegetables legumes • chips batatas fritas • soup sopa • fruit juice sumo de fruta • beer cerveja • wine vinho
Meals refeições
Types tipos traditional food comida tradicional
breakfast pequeno almoço
fast food comida pronta a comer
lunch almoço
vegetarian food comida vegetariana
tea chá
exotic food comida exótica
dinner jantar
take away comida para levar para casa
supper ceia ou jantar snack refeição ligeira
EXAMPLES
Nowadays most people take care about the food they eat. Teenagers love fast food but they also try not to put on too much weight. They have light breakfasts and avoid greasy food like chips. Some prefer yoghurts and milk to meat or fish. In general hamburgers and crisps are still popular among teenagers. Older people prefer traditional food, soup, meat or fish and a lot of vegetables and fruit. Some British people are vegetarian.
Places locais cafeteria cafetaria
restaurant restaurante
sweet shop confeitaria, pastelaria
café café
pub bar
HOBBIES/SPORTS spare time tempos livres
PASSATEMPOS FAVORITOS/DESPORTOS listening to music ouvir música
computer games jogos de computador
Hobbies passatempos favoritos
weekends fins-de-semana
6
coffee shop casa de chá
watching TV ver TV cinema cinema
holidays férias
painting pintura
leisure lazer
dancing dança
pastimes passatempos
drama teatro
games jogos
knitting fazer malha
reading leitura
writing letters escrever cartas
surfing the net navegar na net
playing cards jogar às cartas
cooking cozinhar
GLOSSARY
bike riding andar de bicicleta/ciclismo
athletics atletismo
surfing surf
horse riding equitação
swimming natação
tennis ténis skiing ski
jogging jogging
gymnastics ginástica
UNIT 3 SCHOOL
EXAMPLES
football/soccer futebol
Sports desportos
hockey hóquei
karate karaté
basketball mountaineering basquetebol montanhismo
Most teenagers spend their spare time doing some hobbies or practising sports. The most popular hobbies nowadays are computer games or surfing the net. Those who are not so keen on technology watch TV or listen to music. At school they play football, basketball or volleyball. At the weekend they go jogging, mountaineering, swimming or bike riding.
School
ESCOLA
break intervalo
class turma
timetable horário
exam exame
term período
school report boletim escolar
School escola
study / field trip visita de estudo
essay trabalho escrito
fail reprovar test teste
school bus autocarro escolar
EXAMPLES
My school report was excellent this term. We will use the school bus for the study trip. I hope I don’t fail this year. My marks were not very good.
homework trabalho de casa mark nota
pass passar
kindergarten / nursery school jardim infantil primary / elementary school (US) escola primária / 1º. ciclo
bell campainha
private school escola privada
lessons lições / aulas
state school escola pública
boarding school colégio interno
Types of schools tipos de escolas
preparatory school escola preparatória
EXAMPLES
secondary school / high school (US) escola secundária middle school / junior high school escola do 2º e 3º. ciclo
special school escola de educação especial
university / college ensino superior
Mark goes to a boarding school. He only comes home at the weekend. When I finish secondary school, I want to go to university. 7
GLOSSARY
Biology Biologia
Religious Education Religião e Moral
Portuguese Português
German Alemão
French Francês
Subjects disciplinas
History História
Physical Education (P.E.) Educação Física
Maths Matemática
Art Arte / Educação Visual
Music Música
Craftswork Trabalhos Manuais
Geography Geografia
Chemistry Química
term período
bar bar
playground recreio
gym ginásio
English Inglês
school office secretaria
library biblioteca swimming pool piscina
Facilities / rooms instalações / salas / divisões
teacher’s staff room sala de professores
football field campo de futebol
students’ common room sala dos alunos
classroom sala de aula
headteacher’s study sala do director / Presidente
laboratory laboratório
Our Arts room is really great. I also love the gym. Our students’ common room isn’t big. When we don’t have classes, we like to go to the video room and the library.
microscope microscópio
chalk giz
pencil lápis
Arts room sala de Educação Visual
notebook caderno de apontamentos
School objects / material material escolar
watercolours aguarelas EXAMPLES
dictionary dicionário computer computador
desk carteira
8
reception recepção
video room sala de vídeo
EXAMPLES
school uniform uniforme escolar
toilets casas de banho
overhead projector retroprojector
pen caneta
training shoes / trainers ( inf .) sapatilhas
I didn’t play football today because I forgot my training shoes. Today my satchel is very heavy. I’m carrying three notebooks and two dictionaries. In my opinion, school uniforms are not a good idea.
GLOSSARY
dance club clube de dança
English club clube de Inglês
drama club clube de teatro
journal jornal
sports club clube de desporto music club clube de música
Activities actividades
competition competição, prova
exhibition exposição
pottery club clube de olaria multimedia club clube de multimédia environment club clube do ambiente
classmate colega de turma student estudante partner companheiro de carteira
teacher professor
quiz concurso
People pessoas
pupil aluno
school secretary funcionário de secretaria
EXAMPLES
classmate colega de turma
This year all my classmates are great, especially my partner. We are making a journal for the English club. Rui is our form leader. Everybody likes him.
UNIT 4 THE FAMILY
school pal colega
form teacher director de turma form leader delegado de turma
Home sweet home! A FAMÍLIA
grandfather avô father pai
grandmother avó
The family a família
mother mãe
son filho
in-laws parentes por afinidade
daughter filha brother irmão
children filhos
godfather padrinho
Relatives parentes
aunt tia
nephew sobrinho niece sobrinha
uncle tio
sister irmã
godmother madrinha
cousin primo
sister-in-law cunhada brother-in-law cunhado
father-in-law sogro
mother-in-law sogra
EXAMPLES
My family is quite big. There are six of us at home. My father is 42, my mother is 40. There are three children, two sons and a daughter. My grandmother is also living with us. My grandfather died last year. Uncle Tom and aunt Nina live in the neighbourhood with my cousins, Jim and Laura.
birth nascimento
birthday dia de anos
divorce divórcio
baptism / christening baptismo
wedding casamento
death morte
9
GLOSSARY
THE HOUSE
A CASA
terraced house casa térrea detached house moradia
semi-detached house casa geminada
block of flats bloco de apartamentos/prédio
floor chão (dentro de casa)
council house casa da câmara
Types of houses tipos de casas
wall parede
Parts of the houses partes da casa
manor house casa senhorial
chimney chaminé
cottage casa de campo
ceiling tecto
bungalow moradia num só piso
door porta gate portão
bedroom quarto de cama
drawing room sala de visitas
bathroom casa de banho
Rooms divisões
kitchen cozinha
pantry dispensa
chest of drawers cómoda armchair maple cupboard
sink banca
armário
Furniture mobília
living room sala comum
table mesa
bed cama
oven forno freezer arca congeladora
roof telhado
children’s room quarto das crianças
cellar cave
study escritório dining room sala de jantar
window janela
garden jardim
sofa sofá
chair cadeira
bookcase bedside table closet / fitted wardrobe estante mesa de cabeceira guarda-fatos
vacuum cleaner / hoover aspirador fridge frigorífico
Electrical appliances electrodomésticos
washing machine máquina de lavar roupa ornament bibelot
dishwasher máquina de lavar loiça hi-fi system aparelhagem de som
TV set aparelho de televisão cooker / stove fogão
EXAMPLES
picture quadro
Decoration decoração
curtain cortina
I love my house. It’s my sanctuary, where I feel at home. It’s cosy and warm. It’s a detached house with a small garden, near the woods. It has got six rooms. The kitchen is quite large and we have our meals there. We’ve got all modern appliances and the furniture is simple. 10
clock relógio
mirror espelho
shelf prateleira vase vaso carpet tapete
lamp candeeiro
fireplace fogão de sala
coffee table mesinha de café
GLOSSARY
UNIT 5 THE CITY
Places around you
A CIDADE
building edifício
corner esquina
market mercado
hospital hospital
hostel estalagem
hotel hotel
block of flats bloco de apartamentos
The city a cidade
theatre teatro
bus stop paragem de autocarro
youth hostel albergue de juventude
cinema cinema
shopping mall centro comercial
avenue avenida
restaurant restaurante
square praça
post office correios
street(s) rua(s)
police station esquadra
park parque
garden jardim
church igreja
bridge ponte
museum museu
skyscraper arranha-céus
EXAMPLES
When we visited London last month we stayed in a youth hostel. I must go the post office to receive a package. My sister lives in a block of flats, next to the park. There is a bus stop right in front of her building.
menswear shop loja de modas (homem)
drugstore drogaria
greengrocer’s pomar
grocer’s mercearia
Shop / stores lojas / armazéns
stationery papelaria
women’s clothes loja de modas (senhoras) newsagent’s tabacaria
chemist’s farmácia
butcher’s talho
hypermarket hipermercado
fishmonger’s peixaria
supermarket supermercado
bookshop livraria
music shop artigos musicais
sweetshop pastelaria
baker’s padaria
ironmonger’s / hardware store (US) loja de utensílios domésticos / ferragens
EXAMPLES
My mother likes to shop in big shopping malls such as Harrods because she can find everything she needs there. Paul avoids going to hypermarkets. He prefers to shop in his neighbourhood shops, such as the grocer’s and the butcher’s. Where’s the chemist’s? I need to buy a pill for my headache.
11
GLOSSARY
motorbike motocicleta
ship barco
van carrinha
train comboio
Means of transport meios de transporte
car carro
taxi táxi
plane avião
bus autocarro bicycle bicicleta
lorry camião
underground metropolitano
EXAMPLES
A car is faster and probably safer but I prefer the bicycle. When I need to travel longer distances I use the train. The undeground is the fastest way to move around in the city. The bus is also efficient, but not as fast.
Directions direcções go straight on seguir em frente
walk down the street descer a rua
turn left virar à esquerda
go through the park ir através do parque
turn right virar à direita
cross the bridge atravessar a ponte
walk up the street subir a rua
go along the street seguir ao longo da rua
WEATHER
take the second turning on the left/right virar na segunda rua à esquerda/direita EXAMPLES
To get to the museum you need to turn left, walk along the street and go through the park . Then, cross the bridge and take the second turning on the right. The museum is opposite the hospital.
TEMPO ATMOSFÉRICO • forecast previsão • fog nevoeiro • sleet granizo • shower aguaceiro • thunder trovão • wind vento • lightning relâmpago • storm tempestade • sun sol • cloud nuvem • rain chuva
• winter Inverno • summer Verão • autumn Outono • spring Primavera • heat calor • climate clima • hurricane ciclone • north norte • south sul • east este • west oeste
Adjectives adjectivos • rainy chuvoso • cloudy nublado • stormy tempestuoso • sunny solarengo • heavy forte
• light leve, fraco, desanuveado • snowy nevado • windy ventoso • cool fresco • cold frio
• damp húmido • wet molhado • fine bom • dry seco • hot muito quente
• warm quente • northern de norte • southern de sul • eastern de leste • western de oeste
EXAMPLES
12
The forecast says there will be thunder and lightning tomorrow morning, but it will be fine in the afternoon. What’s the weather like in your region? It’s usually sunny and warm this time of the year, but in winter it is always cloudy and very cold.
GLOSSARY
UNIT 6 HOLIDAYS
To work or not to work
FÉRIAS beach praia
desert deserto
monuments monumentos
island ilha
coast costa
mountains montanhas open spaces espaços ao ar livre
Places / destinations lugares / destinos
ruins ruínas
river(side) (beira-)rio
lake lago city cidade indoor spaces espaços fechados
country(side) campo
explore wild regions explorar regiões selvagens
sea(side) (beira-)mar
enjoy peace and quiet desfrutar de paz e sossego go to a disco / the casino ir a uma discoteca / casino
fly voar
go on a safari fazer um safari
have fun divertir-se
practise sports praticar desporto
Activities actividades
get a suntan bronzear-se take photos tirar fotografias
go sightseeing visitar (locais famosos ou interessantes) relax / rest descontrair-se / descansar
sit in a café sentar-se num café sail velejar
admire landscapes admirar paisagens
camp acampar
EXAMPLES
I’ve decided to spend these summer holidays at the seaside. Mark likes to explore wild regions but his wife prefers to go sightseeing. You will risk your health if you spend too much time lying in the sun to get a suntan. I don’t like anything too dangerous or exciting during my holidays. All I want is to enjoy peace and quiet.
DESCRIPTION OF PLACES
DESCRIÇÃO DE LUGARES
Positive positivo
Negative negativo beautiful belo peaceful sossegado pleasant agradável entertaining divertido green verdejante relaxing repousante clean limpo exciting excitante
awful horrível dirty sujo noisy barulhento dull monótono dangerous perigoso uninteresting desinteressante unpleasant desagradável polluted poluído boring aborrecido
13
GLOSSARY
WORK
TRABALHO company companhia, firma
factory fábrica
Working places locais de trabalho
bank banco
shop loja
stage palco
court tribunal office escritório
surgery consultório
studio estúdio
Jobs profissões / ocupações • actor actor • actress actriz • astronaut astronauta • pilot piloto • boss patrão • cameraman operador de câmara • pianist pianista • policeman polícia • psychiatrist psiquiatra • reporter repórter • secretary secretária • singer cantor • shop-assistant empregado(a) • inventor inventor
UNIT 7
mummy múmia trick partida
14
• driver motorista • electrician electricista • executive executivo • fisherman pescador • fireman bombeiro • gardener jardineiro • dancer dançarino • cook cozinheiro • coach treinador • dustman homem do lixo, varredor • shopkeeper comerciante, lojista • mechanic mecânico
Let’s celebrate!
HALLOWE’EN – 31st October broom vassoura
• journalist jornalista • lawyer advogado • manager gerente • model modelo • musician músico • painter pintor • writer escritor • photographer fotógrafo • dentist dentista • detective detective • plumber canalizador • doctor / physician médico
candle vela
DIA DAS BRUXAS – 31 de Outubro sweet doce
costume fato
ghost fantasma
Hallowe’en dia das bruxas
lantern lanterna
witch bruxa
goblin duende maléfico pumpkin abóbora wizard feiticeiro
beach praia
All Hallows Todos-os-Santos
mask máscara
nightmare pesadelo
GLOSSARY EXAMPLES
Verbs verbos
On Hallowe’en, kids wear costumes, knock on doors and say ‘Trick or treat’. People carve pumpkins and put candles inside to make them look scary.
Adjectives adjectivos
• to frighten / scare assustar • to knock on the door bater à porta • to play a trick (on) pregar uma partida (a) • to scream / shout / yell gritar • to wear vestir • to carve esculpir
• funny engraçado • amusing divertido • frightening / scary / spooky assustador • strange estranho • traditional tradicional • cross zangado
CHRISTMAS AND NEW YEAR
25th December and 1st January DIA DE NATAL E DE ANO NOVO – 25 de Dezembro e 1 de Janeiro
Dates datas Boxing Day 26 de Dezembro Christmas Eve Véspera de Natal New Year’s Eve Véspera de Ano Novo New Year’s Day Dia de Ano Novo
Father Christmas Pai Natal
sleigh trenó
presents presentes
stocking meia, peúga
Saint Nicholas S. Nicolau
Santa Claus / Father Christmas Pai Natal
coal carvão North Pole Pólo Norte
fireplace lareira toys brinquedos
reindeer rena
sack / bag saco
chimney chaminé
EXAMPLES
Boxing Day is a holiday on the first weekday after Christmas. Some children believe Santa Claus comes down the chimney on Christmas Eve and leaves a present in the stocking they put on the fireplace.
Customs and traditions costumes e tradições • Christmas cards cartões de Natal • Christmas decorations decorações de Natal • Christmas carols canções de Natal • Christmas greetings saudações de Natal
• Christmas tree árvore de Natal • (boughs) of holly (ramos de) azevinho • midnight mass missa da meia-noite • New Year’s resolutions resoluções de Ano Novo
• mistletoe visco • tinsel ouropel • snow neve • crib presépio
15
GLOSSARY
Food comida
toast brinde
mince pie pastel com recheio de frutas
Christmas pudding pudim de Natal
Christmas cake bolo de Natal
raisins uvas passas
EXAMPLES
The Christmas tree looks beautiful with tinsel and snow. Mince pie and Christmas pudding are my favourite food at Christmas. On New Year’s Eve people drink a toast and make New Year’s resolutions.
(roast) turkey peru (assado)
SAINT VALENTINE’S DAY
14th February DIA DE S. VALENTIM – 14 de Fevereiro darling / sweetheart querido/a, adorado/a
kiss beijo
date encontro
surprise surpresa
heart coração patron saint santo padroeiro
Nouns nomes
gift presente
soul alma
postbox / letter box boyfriend girlfriend Valentine marco / caixa do correio namorado namorada postal de S. Valentim o/a eleito/a
Verbs verbos • to cry chorar • to fall in love apaixonar-se • to love amar, gostar muito • to lie mentir
• to miss sentir falta (de) • to need precisar • to send enviar • to share partilhar
• to sign assinar • to smile sorrir
INDEPENDENCE DAY
4th of July DIA DA INDEPENDÊNCIA – 4 de Julho picnic piquenique parade parada
fireworks fogo-de-artifício
Countries países
colony colónia
band banda
16
flag bandeira
barbecue churrasco
declaration declaração
BASIC GRAMMAR
BASIC GRAMMAR UNIT 1
Who is who?
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
PRONOMES PESSOAIS
Subject Singular
Plural
I
we
you
you
he
they
EXAMPLES
I am Portuguese. Do you play the piano? He is English. She can play the guitar. We don’t speak English. They love ice cream.
she it
VERB TO BE – SIMPLE PRESENT
VERBO TO BE – PRESENTE DO INDICATIVO Simple Present (To Be)
Affirmative
Interrogative
Negative
I
am
I’m
I
am
I
‘m
Am
I
You
are
you’re
You
are
You
‘re
Are
you
he’s
He
she’s
She
it’s
It
we’re
We
you’re
You
they’re
They
He She
is =
It We You
are
They
He is
not =
She
he ‘s
It
not
Is
it
We are
You
she
?
we ‘re
Are
They
you they
As respostas curtas são: Yes, I am.
No, I’m not.
Yes, we are.
No, we aren’t.
Yes, he is.
No, he isn’t.
Yes, they are.
No, they’re not = they aren’t.
Usa-se o verbo to be, em certas condições, quando falamos de:
T7B-2
naturalidade – I’m from Porto. idade – I’m thirteen. altura – I’m 1 metre 50. peso – I’m 50 kilos. tamanho – This room is 20 square metres.
EXAMPLES
I’m English. He’s Spanish. We’re students. He isn’t tired. They aren’t Portuguese. Are you French? Is he hungry? Are they ill?
distância – It’s 50 km from here. preço – It’s $2. horas – It’s 4.30. datas – It’s 4th July today. fome, sede, cansaço – I’m hungry. I’m thirsty. I’m tired.
17
BASIC GRAMMAR
THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE
O ARTIGO INDEFINIDO
a utiliza-se antes de palavras que começam por
consoante.
an utiliza-se antes de palavras que começam por
vogal.
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
We’ve got a big car. Take a seat! A sandwich, please.
Take an umbrella. It’s going to rain. Give me an example, please. I’d like an ice cream, please.
• antes de palavras começadas por y, u (som j) e w não se deve utilizar “an”. He’s got a yellow pullover. Is there a university here? England is a European country. She’s a wonderful teacher. NOTA
• antes de h (h mudo) utiliza-se “an”. The plane arrives in an hour. He’s an honest man.
POSSESSIVE DETERMINERS
Não se utiliza “a” ou “an” no plural . Boys and girls go to the school bar regularly. He buys books every month.
DETERMINANTES POSSESSIVOS
Possessive determiners Singular
Plural
my
our
your
your
his her
their
its
ADJECTIVE
EXAMPLES
What’s your address? My mother is a teacher. His uncle works for ‘Virgin’. Our house is quite big. Have you got your tickets? They lost their books.
ADJECTIVO
• O adjectivo é invariável em inglês. É igual no masculino, feminino e plural. EXAMPLES
a blue dress a beautiful house it’s very heavy
18
• O adjectivo vem sempre antes do substantivo (pessoa, lugar ou coisa). EXAMPLES
three blue dresses two beautiful houses they are very heavy
a fat woman a young man a beautiful story
an expensive house a modern car a heavy satchel
NOTA
NOTA
Pode-se usar mais de um adjectivo antes do substantivo sem and entre eles. It’s a new English dictionary. She’s a nice young woman.
O adjectivo vem sempre depois do verbo to be. She’s slim and smart. He is late. They are angry.
BASIC GRAMMAR
UNIT 2
Life is tought!
SIMPLE PRESENT: REGULAR VERBS
VERBOS REGULARES: PRESENTE DO INDICATIVO
Affirmative I
I
work
You
You
He
I
do
You
He
She
She
works
It
It
We
We
You
Interrogative
Negative
You
work
They
don’t
Do
He does
not = work
She
doesn’t
It
You
They
you he
Does
work
she it
We do
I
work?
we don’t
Do
They
you they
NOTA
Com o presente do indicativo usam-se advérbios de tempo como: always • often • usually • sometimes • rarely • generally • normally • seldom • frequently • never • regularly • etc. EXAMPLES
Affirmative
We go to school every day. She loves ice-creams. I live in Oporto. He often drives to work. He lives in Baker Street.
Negative We don’t go to school by bus. She doesn’t speak English. I don’t like bananas. NOTA
Verbos terminados em:
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Interrogative Does she usually wear bikinis? Do they listen to music? Do you like football?
consonant + -y – acrescenta-se -ies -sh, -s, -ch, -x – acrescenta-se -es -o – acrescenta-se -es
VERBOS REGULARES: PRESENTE DO INDICATIVO
Affirmative
Interrogative
Negative
I
am
I
am not
Am
I
You
are
You
are not (aren’t)
Are
you
He She
He is
It We You They
sleeping.
She
he is not (isn’t)
It
sleeping.
Is
You They
she it
We are
cry – cries wash– washes go – goes
sleeping?
we are not (aren’t)
Are
you they 19
BASIC GRAMMAR
O present continuous usa-se para indicar acções que estão a decorrer no momento em que se está a falar. Também serve para indicar um hábito que nos incomoda ou é negativo. O present continuous é usado ainda quando nos referimos a uma acção futura já planeada.
As respostas curtas são: Yes, I am. Yes, he is. Yes, we are.
No, I’m not. No, he isn’t. No, we aren’t.
QUESTION WORDS
EXAMPLES
While Lisa is studying, Joe is listening to music. She’s always teasing me. Mum is talking on the phone to her friend Maureen. Who’s knocking on the door? Are you leaving now? She’s travelling to Paris next week. I’m staying at home tonight.
PERGUNTAS
Interrogative Pronouns Pronomes interrogativos
Interrogative Adverbs Advérbios interrogativos
Interrogative Determiners Determinantes interrogativos
Who… ? What… ? Which… ?
Where… ? When… ? Why… ? How… ?
What... ? Which (of them)... ? How many… ?
Usam-se com interrogativas directas, para formular perguntas.
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY usually often
ADVÉRBIOS DE FREQUÊNCIA
regularly always
sometimes every day
seldom rarely
never occasionally
Usam-se para indicar uma acção frequente, um hábito.
UNIT 3
School
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
FRASES CONDICIONAIS
São constituídas por duas orações – a oração condicional (if-clause ) e a oração principal (main-clause ) – traduzindo, como o próprio nome indica, condições, isto é, situações que podem acontecer, levando a determinados resultados. Quando a if-clause surge no simple present, podem ocorrer duas situações na main clause :
1. 20
If
+
Simple Present
---------------------
Simple Present
(TYPE 0)
Este tipo de frase traduz hábitos, situações repetidas com frequência, factos tidos como verdadeiros.
BASIC GRAMMAR NOTA
Nas orações condicionais TIPO 0, a conjunção if tem o significado de when(ever) (quando, sempre que). EXAMPLES
If (= When) I don’t have anyone to go out with, I stay at home. I spend the summer holidays at home. If (= When) it’s cold, I don’t go out so often. If (= When) it rains a lot, it is very dangerous to drive fast. If
2.
+
Simple Present
------------------
will + infinitive will not (won’t) + infinitive
(TYPE 1)
Usamos frases deste tipo para exprimir forte possibilidade / probabilidade. EXAMPLES
If you don’t behave, you won’t (will not) have bacon and eggs for breakfast tomorrow. If I have the courage, I’ll ask Doris to marry me. Melissa will miss the beginning of the class if she doesn’t hurry. If you come with me, you won’t (will not) be late for class.
MODAL VERBS
VERBOS MODAIS
Affirmative
I
Interrogative
Negative
can
can
can’t / cannot
Can
could
could
couldn’t
Could
may
may
—
May
might
might
mightn’t
Might
won’t
Will
will
I
will
not
=
I
would
would
wouldn’t
Would
shall
shall
shan’t
Shall
should
should
shouldn’t
Should
must
must
mustn’t
Must
NOTA
Os verbos modais: • são sempre seguidos do infinitivo de outro verbo; • nunca levam -s na 3.a pessoa do singular; • não se formam com auxiliar na negativa e interrogativa.
EXAMPLES
She can play the guitar. Would you do me a favour? It might rain today. We must go now. They shouldn’t speak so loud.
He cannot swim. May I open the window, sir? Could you bring me that chair? You should go to the dentist.
Usam-se para indicar, por exemplo: capacidade ability: can, could permissão permission: can, may dever duty: should probabilidade probability: can, might pedido request: can, could, would possibilidade possibility: can necessidade necessity: must (have to) obrigação obligation: must (have to) proibição prohibition: mustn’t oferta offer: can, would, shall
I
?
21
BASIC GRAMMAR
VERB TO BE – SIMPLE PAST Simple Past (To Be) Affirmative
Interrogative
Negative
I
was
I
was
I
wasn’t
Was
I
You
were
You
were
You
weren’t
Were
you
He She
He She
was
It
It
We
We
You
were
They
He was
You
not
=
They
short answers respostas curtas
She
wasn’t
she
Was
It
it
We
we
You
were
he
weren’t
?
you
Were
They
they
Singular
Plural
Yes, I was. No, I was not (wasn’t). Yes, you were. No, you were not (weren’t). Yes, he/she/it was. No, he/she/it was not (wasn’t).
Yes, we / you / they were. No, we / you / they were not (weren’t).
• O verbo to be não precisa de verbo auxiliar para formar a negativa e a interrogativa. • Ao contrário do que acontece com os outros verbos, no simple past o verbo to be apresenta duas formas diferentes: was e were.
EXAMPLES
Who was at the party yesterday? Oh, there were many people there. Were there any friends from school? No, there weren’t any. But, Jane was there with her sister. They were very nice.
SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR VERBS Affirmative I You
visited
He She
I You
did
You
He visited
She
It
It
We
We
You
Negative I
visited
They
You
22
didn’t
Did
He did
not visit
=
She
didn’t
visit
Did
You
They
she
visit?
we didn’t
Did
They
Yes, I / you did. No, I / you did not (didn’t). Yes, he / she / it did. No, he / she / it did not (didn’t).
you
it
We did
I he
It
Singular short answers respostas curtas
Interrogative
you they
Plural Yes, we / you / they did. No, we / you / they did not (didn’t).
BASIC GRAMMAR
• Para formarmos o simple past de verbos regulares, acrescentamos -(e)d à forma infinitiva. NOTAS
a) Aos verbos terminados em -e acrescentamos só -d: to dance to live to prepar e
danced lived prepar ed
b) Os verbos terminados em consoante + -y mudam o -y final para -ie antes de -d: to copy to study to wor ry
copied studied worr ied
to enjoy Compara: to play
enjoyed played
c) Os verbos de uma sílaba terminados em consoante + vogal + consoante dobram a consoante final antes de -ed: to gr ab to plan to stop
grabbed planned stopped
to join Compara: to explain
joined explained
d) Os verbos com mais de uma sílaba só dobram a consoante final antes de -ed se a sílaba tónica for a última: to per mit to refer to regret
permitted referred regretted
to listen listened Compara: to remember remembered
e) Todos os verbos terminados em -el dobram, no inglês britânico, o -l final antes de -ed: to cancel to rebel to travel
cancelled rebelled travelled
• A interrogativa faz-se com did + sujeito + infinitivo. • A negativa faz-se com did + not + infinitivo. • Usa-se o simple past para descrever acções iniciadas e acabadas num tempo passado, definido pelo contexto ou por algumas expressões de texto: – yesterday – last (summer / year / Christmas / month / week(end) / Sunday / night) – (two hours / five days / three weeks / six months / a year) ago
• O simple past dos verbos regulares é igual em todas as pessoas. EXAMPLES
Today I didn’t travel to school by bus. My mother decided to drive me. Did you talk to your teacher about the test? Yes, we did. She agreed with us.
23
BASIC GRAMMAR
UNIT 4
Home sweet home!
PERSONAL PRONOUNS: OBJECT
PRONOMES PESSOAIS: COMPLEMENTO
Object Singular
Plural
me
us
you
you EXAMPLES
him her
She called me a liar. He came with her to the party. Can you help us?
them
it
If you like them, take them. Speak to him. I’m speaking to you.
Estes pronomes são geralmente utilizados na função de complemento directo, indirecto ou a seguir a uma preposição.
ADJECTIVES: COMPARATIVE
ADJECTIVOS: COMPARATIVO
Usa-se para comparar duas pessoas ou coisas. Acrescenta-se -er ao adjectivo quando ele tem uma sílaba ou duas, terminando em -er, -le ou -y. EXAMPLES
The Smiths are richer than the Jones. Mary is smarter than her brother.
English is easier than German. Her hair is darker than yours.
Se o adjectivo é longo, com duas, três ou mais sílabas, acrescenta-se more. EXAMPLES
This programme is even more boring than the other. Maths is more difficult than Portuguese.
The film is more interesting than the book. The countryside is more beautiful than the city.
Bad e good formam comparativos irregulares. EXAMPLES
The book is better than the film. That restaurant is good but the other is much better.
I’m worse at sports than at languages.
Para comparar também se pode usar as... as, not as... as or not so... as. EXAMPLES
24
She’s as
nice as her sister.
April is not as
warm as June.
Simon is not so tall
as Vera.
BASIC GRAMMAR
SIMPLE PAST: IRREGULAR VERBS Affirmative I You
went
He She
I You
did
You
He went
She
It
It
We
We
You
Negative I
went
They
You
Interrogative didn’t
Did
you
He did
not go
=
She
he didn’t
It
go
she
Did
it
We You
did
They
go?
we didn’t
Did
They
you they
Singular short answers respostas curtas
I
Plural
Yes, I / you did. No, I / you did not (didn’t). Yes, he / she / it did. No, he / she / it did not (didn’t).
Yes, we / you / they did. No, we / you / they did not (didn’t).
• Ao contrário dos verbos regulares, para formarmos a afirmativa do simple past dos verbos irregulares não podemos usar uma regra. Assim, é necessário saber antecipadamente qual a forma irregular. Para aprender as formas certas, é melhor consultar a lista de verbos no final do manual. • A interrogativa e negativa do simple past dos verbos regulares e irregulares formam-se da mesma maneira. • Tal como nos verbos regulares, o simple past dos verbos irregulares é igual em todas as pessoas. EXAMPLES
I didn’t bring the new book to class. Did you bring your new satchel? No, I didn’t, but I brought the magazine you wanted to read.
POSSESSIVE CASE
CASO POSSESSIVO
Usa-se para indicar posse quando o possuidor é uma pessoa. Coloca-se um ’s (apóstrofo + s) após o nome do possuidor. EXAMPLES
Tim’s bicycle is new. My friend’s house is small. João’s telephone number is 270 45 28.
Her mother’s dog disappeared. The president’s visit to Britain was successful. The student’s books are there.
• Se o nome está no plural e termina em -s, só se acrescenta um ’ (apóstrofo). EXAMPLES
The boys’ surname is Jones. The teachers’ room is over there.
The babies’ bottles are in the cupboard. The girls’ friends will come at 6.
25
BASIC GRAMMAR
• Se o nome está no plural mas não termina em -s acrescenta-se o ’s. EXAMPLES
That’s the children’s room.
Women’s clothes department.
• Se o nome acaba em -s e está no singular acrescenta-se ’s. EXAMPLES
St. James’s park is beautiful in the summer. Note: Jesus’ life
Charles’s sister is coming today.
NOTA
Para indicar posse também se usa of (coisas). That’s the end of the story. The walls of this room need to be painted.
UNIT 5
Places around you
PREPOSITIONS (time)
PREPOSIÇÕES (tempo) EXAMPLES
at usa-se com:
• horas • celebrações anuais • weekends / the weekend • night
I must hurry. My lessons start at 9 a.m. / 9 o’clock. I don’t have to go to school at Christmas or at Easter. I always wake up late at weekends. I never go out at night. It’s very dangerous.
EXAMPLES
on usa-se com:
• dias (da semana) • datas
We don’t have classes on Sunday. Is your birthday on October 15th or October 16th? My English test is on Tuesday morning. They got married on the first day of August.
in usa-se com:
• partes do dia (excepções: at night / on Monday morning) • meses • anos • estações • séculos before e after usam-se para indicar a ordem das
acções (“antes” e “depois”).
during usa-se para indicar a duração (período de
tempo) de uma acção.
26
EXAMPLES
I don’t have Geography lessons in the afternoon. We don’t go to school in August. What about you? Do you have classes in summer? I’m going to be a university student in 2007. Don’t be so old-fashioned! Were you born in the 18th century? EXAMPLES
I always get up before 8 o’clock. Don’t you feel hungry after a match? EXAMPLES
I like making new friends during the holidays. During the break we talk to each other.
BASIC GRAMMAR
PREPOSITIONS (place)
PREPOSIÇÕES (lugar)
Usam-se para falar da posição ou lugar de uma pessoa ou objecto. • Seguem verbos como: be, stand, lie, sit, etc.
above at away from
behind below beside
in in front of near
on on top of opposite
over under
EXAMPLES
The fireplace is in front of the table. The bookcase is on the wall. The dog is in the garden.
PREPOSITIONS (movement)
There is a basket beside the desk. The photo is hanging above the fireplace. The baby is under the chair.
PREPOSIÇÕES (movimento)
Usam-se para indicar movimento, deslocação de uma pessoa ou objecto.
across past to
through along from
up into from… to
down round / around towards
out of
EXAMPLES
To get to the library you must go across the bridge. Paul ran out of the door and into the street.
ADJECTIVES: SUPERLATIVE
John walked past me this morning but didn’t see me. She climbed to the top of the mountain alone.
ADJECTIVOS: SUPERLATIVO
Usam-se para comparar três ou mais pessoas ou coisas. Se o adjectivo tem uma sílaba ou se termina em -er, -e ou -y acrescenta-se -est ao adjectivo. EXAMPLES
John is the youngest of the three. Estrela is the highest mountain in Portugal.
Lisbon is the biggest city of Portugal.
Se o adjectivo é longo (tem duas sílabas ou mais), usa-se ( the) most. EXAMPLES
Camões is the most famous Portuguese poet. His films are the most exciting I know of.
That is the most interesting chapter of the book.
Good e bad têm superlativos irregulares. EXAMPLES
He’s the best player in the world.
She is the worst actress I know.
NOTA
Em alguns casos, as terminações dos adjectivos sofrem alterações: big – biggest nice – nicest easy – easiest hot – hottest strange – strangest happy – happiest
27
BASIC GRAMMAR
VERBS: PAST CONTINUOUS Affirmative I
I
was
You were
Negative I
was
You were
He is
It
She
writing
Was
he
She wasn’t not = writing It
is
We
I
Were you
He
It
We
wasn’t
You weren’t
He
She
Interrogative
writing
she
Is
it
We
writing?
we
You were
You were
You weren’t
They
They
They
Were you
they
Usa-se para indicar uma acção que estava a decorrer em determinada altura no passado ou quando outra ocorreu (simple past). EXAMPLES
was having breakfast when she called. Were you playing? We were reading when she began to laugh. She was working when we came in.
They were playing when the light went off. I wasn’t doing anything when the teacher came in. I wasn’t waiting for you when she arrived.
I
NOTA
Com o past continuous usam-se muitas vezes as conjunções while ou as.
UNIT 6
To work or not to work
VERBS: PRESENT PERFECT Affirmative I You
I
have
You
He She
Negative I
have
You
He has
It
slept
We
She
haven’t
has
not slept
It We
=
She
hasn’t
It
slept
Has
you she it
We
slept?
we
You have
You haven’t
They
They
They
Yes, I / you have. No,I / you have not (haven’t). Yes, he / she / it has. No, he / she / it has not (hasn’t).
I he
You have
short answers respostas curtas
Have
He
Singular
28
Interrogative
Have you
they
Plural Yes, we / you / they have. No, we / you / they have not (haven’t).
BASIC GRAMMAR
• Para formarmos o present perfect, usamos o verbo auxiliar to have , no simple present, e o particípio passado do verbo principal. NOTAS
a) O particípio passado dos verbos regulares é igual à forma do simple past, isto é, forma-se acrescentando -(e)d ao infinitivo: Infinitive to decide to invent to plan to work
Simple Past decided invented planned worked
Past Participle decided invented planned worked
b) O particípio passado dos verbos irregulares pode ser… …igual à forma do simple past: Infinitive to buy to have to find to spent to tell
Simple Past bought had found spent told
Past Participle bought had found spent told
…diferente do simple past: Infinitive to be to break to come to sing to write
Simple Past was broke came sang wrote
Past Participle been broken come sung written
• A interrogativa faz-se com have / has + sujeito + particípio passado. • A negativa faz-se com have / has + not + particípio passado. • O Present Perfect usa-se, basicamente, em duas situações: 1. Para descrever acções que começam no passado, mas que têm uma ligação ao momento presente. a) Sem qualquer tipo de referência temporal: Where have you put my slippers? I have washed my hair. b) Com since e for: I’ve worked in Oporto since 1996. (I still live in Oporto) My wife has had a job in Coimbra for two years. (She still has that job) Nota: – since + ponto no tempo; – for + período de tempo 2. Para descrever acções passadas sem referência temporal específica. a) Sem qualquer tipo de referência temporal: The taxi has arrived. b) Com referências temporais do tipo already, just, still e yet (tempo recente): I’ve just seen Mary. She has already finished her degree, but she still hasn’t found a job. Maybe she hasn’t looked in the right places yet... c) Com ever / never / yet / so far / … : – Have you ever visited China? – No, I’ve never been abroad. d) Com referências a situações habituais / repetidas com frequência: I’ve often talked to her on my way home. We’ve always discussed this matter with the children.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS (who / which / that / whose)
PRONOMES RELATIVOS Os pronomes relativos usam-se para ligar frases, dando informação acerca da pessoa ou coisa de que se está a falar.
• WHO, WHICH e THAT substituem substantivos ou pronomes pessoais. a) WHO / THAT – remetem para pessoas: EXAMPLES
The little girl who / that is crying is lost. Those are the students who / that went on a school trip to Paris last year.
29
BASIC GRAMMAR
b) WHICH / THAT
– remetem para coisas e animais:
EXAMPLES
Portugal is the country which / that has the most beautiful beaches. This is the restaurant which / that serves the best meals in town.
• Quando o pronome relativo tem função de complemento pode omitir-se. EXAMPLES
The person (that) you are looking for doesn’t live here any more. The Port (that) we drank was delicious.
• WHOSE substitui adjectivos possessivos e usa-se para indicar a que(m) pertence ou se refere algo. EXAMPLES
The driver whose car was damaged was very angry. The workers whose factory was closed are worried about the future.
NOUN PLURALS
PLURAL DE SUBSTANTIVOS • Em inglês, regra geral, o plural dos substantivos forma-se acrescentando -s. EXAMPLES
hammer hammers
plane planes
tool tools
• Os substantivos terminados em -ch, -sh, -o, -(s)s, -x e -z formam o plural com -es. EXAMPLES
match matches bus buses
flash flashes box boxes
tomato tomatoes quiz quizzes
• Formam o plural só com -s os substantivos terminados em -o de origem grega ou latina ou terminados em vogal + -o. EXAMPLES
kilo kilos
photo photos
piano pianos
radio radios
studio studios
• Substantivos terminados em -f(e) fazem o plural com -ves. EXAMPLES
knife knives life lives
leaf leaves shelf shelves
thief thieves wife wives
wolf wolves
Atenção: chiefs / handkerchiefs / roofs / proofs / dwarfs / safes / gulfs. • Se um substantivo terminar em consoante + -y, transformamos o -y final em -ie para fazer o plural. EXAMPLES
baby babies lorry lorries
secretary secretaries
Comparar:
• Plurais irregulares a)
30
EXAMPLES
child children man men tooth teeth
foot fee t mouse mice woman women
goose geese ox oxen
guy guys key keys
bay bays
BASIC GRAMMAR
b) Plural
= singular
EXAMPLES
1 (rein)deer 2 (rein)deer / 1 fish 2 fish / 1 sheep 2 sheep c) Substantivos
só usados no plural
EXAMPLES
the Portuguese !! (a Portuguese man) the good !! (a good man) d) nomes
the rich !! (a rich man) the blind !! (a blind man)
colectivos
Alguns substantivos representam grupos de coisas ou pessoas, podendo também ser usados no plural. No singular, podem ser seguidos de verbo no singular ou plural. EXAMPLES
The audience is/are waiting for the actors. The football team is/are playing tonight.
UNIT 7
This musician likes to play to different types of audiences. The teams are ready to start the game.
Let’s celebrate!
IMPERATIVE
IMPERATIVO • O imperativo forma-se com o infinitivo sem to (ex.: go) e usa-se sempre sem nome ou pronome antes do verbo.
• A negativa forma-se com don’t + infinitivo sem to (ex.: don’t go). O imperativo pode ser usado para fazer pedidos ou dar ordens, instruções e conselhos.
EXAMPLES
Pass me that book, please. Don’t scream. The baby is sleeping. Press the red button and push the door. Don’t disturb other readers in the library. Don’t drive so fast. You may cause an accident.
GOING TO - FUTURE Podemos usar a expressão going to + infinitivo quando planeamos e temos a intenção clara de fazer algo no futuro. EXAMPLES
I am going to visit my grandmother in the Algarve. They are going to watch a film tomorrow. We are going to buy a new video.
(já decidido e/ou planeado)
WILL - FUTURE A expressão will + infinitivo (sem to) pode ser usada para indicar acção futura. Contudo, o seu uso é diferente do da expressão going to + infinitivo, pois não é usado para expressarmos acções futuras decididas anteriormente. EXAMPLES
I think I’ll visit Mark tomorrow. If you hurry up, you will catch the bus. I will always live in this city. One day you will be a successful musician. I hope it won’t rain tonight. 31
