Contents Module 4 Lighting Calculations
Determining Average Illuminance Average Illuminance Equation The Lumen Method Determining the Illuminance at a Point- Direct rect Compone Component nt Sample Calculations
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Determining Average Illuminance The standard lumen method formula is also used to calculate average illuminance levels when the Coefficient of Utilization (CU’s) are taken from a utilization curve.
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Average Illuminance Equation General equation for illuminance in space
Ewp
Φ(TOTAL)
x CU x LLF
Awp
Ewp = average maintained illuminance on the work plane Φ(TOTAL)
= total system lamp lumen output
CU = coefficient of utilization LLF = light loss factor Awp = area of the work plane Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
The Lumen Method Means of determining the average workplane illuminance within a space with a given number of luminaires Components Total system lamp lumen output Coefficient of utilization Loss factor determination Calculated illuminance Spacing criteria
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Total System Lamp Output Lamp lumen output is the total initial luminous flux that t he lamps emit as specified by t he manufacturer. Example 1: In an office space 3m x 4.6m with a 2.6m ceiling height, there are 2 recessed fluorescent luminaires. Each luminaire has three (3) 32W 48” T8 fluorescent lamps. Manufacturer’s Manufacturer’s data shows that the initial initial lumen output of the lamp is 2900 lumens. What is the total lamp lumen output Φ(TOTAL)? Φ(TOTAL) = 2 luminaires x
3 lamps/luminaire x 2900 lumens/lamp = 17,400 lumens
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Coefficient of Utilization (CU) Factors influencing coefficient of utilization: The efficiency of the luminaire The luminaire distribution The geometry of the space The reflectances of the room surface Each luminaire has its own CU table specific to that luminaire’s light distribution and efficiency. CU values are listed in tables for different room geometries and room surface reflectances.
Coefficients of Utilization (CU) Coefficient of utilization is based on room cavity ratio (RCR) RCR is five (5) times the ratio of total vertical surface area to total horizontal surface area within the room cavity, and therefore indicates the relative space proportions.
Where, h RC = Room cavity height L = Length of the room W = Width of the the room room
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Coefficients of Utilization (CU)
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Coefficients of Utilization (CU) Cross section of a room showing room cavities.
Cavity ratios : Ceiling cavity ratio – is the space between the ceiling and luminaire plane computed using using the equation below in relation to room cavity ratio:
Floor cavity ratio – is the space between between the workplane workplane and the floor computed using the equation below in relation to room cavity ratio:
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Coefficients of Utilization (CU) For a given room, the cavity ratios are in direct proportion to their respective cavity heights. heights. For the case where the luminaires are mounted on the surface of the ceiling or are recessed into the ceiling, the ceiling cavity ratio is zero.
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CU Determination Using Example 1 above, the following steps should be followed in calculating the coefficient of utilization. Step 1. 1. Determine the room cavity ratio using the equation below
Since the coefficient of utilization utilization is based on the room cavity ratio, it is necessary to treat this cavity as if there were a ceiling surface at the luminaire plane and a floor floor surface at the workplane workplane level. It is necessary to convert the actual ceiling reflectance into an effective ceiling cavity reflectance ( p CC) CC) and the actual floor reflectance must be converted to an effective floor cavity reflectance (p FC FC ).
Room cavity height (h RC) = Luminaire height – Workplane height Assuming a workplane workplane height height of 0.76m 0.76m (typical desk height) height)
hRC = 2. 59 59 m –0.76m = 1.83m
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CU Determination In this example, the luminaires are recessed in the ceiling so the luminaire height is the as the ceiling height. Computing the room cavity ratio, we have: RCR = 5 x Room cavity height (Length + Width)
CU Determination Step 2. Since the Lumen Method considers what occurs only within
the room cavity, the ceiling and floor cavities are replaced with their effective reflectances. To find the effective reflectance of a floor or ceiling cavity, find the floor cavity ratio and ceiling cavity ratio using the equations below
Length x Width RCR = 5 x 1.83m (3.05m + 4.57m) 3.05m x 4.57m RCR = 5
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CU Determination
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CU Determination
Step 3. Find the effective cavity reflectances using cavity surface
reflectances. The surface that is opposite the opening to the cavity is called the base cavity. The base reflectance, the wall reflectances, and the cavity ratio determine the effective cavity reflectance. Using the IESNA Lighting Handbook, look for the cavity reflectances and cavity ratios. For the ceiling cavity, the base reflectance is the actual ceiling surface reflectance while the floor cavity, the base reflectance is the actual floor surface reflectance.
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CU Determination Step 4. Once all room cavity reflectances and the room
cavity ratio are known, the CU value can be determined by selecting the appropriate value from the luminaire’s CU table. Continuing with Example 1, the f ollowing assumptions are made after consulting the IES Lighting Handbook Table on Effective Reflectances:
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CU Determination CU = 0.50, which means that 50% of the lumens given off by the lamps reach the workplane and the other 50% are absorbed by the luminaire or the room surfaces and never reach the workplane.
Effective Ceiling Cavity Reflectance, ρCC = 0.70 Wall Reflectance, ρW = 0.50 Effective Floor Cavity Reflectance, ρFC = 0.20 RCR = 5 (calculated in Step 1)
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Coefficients of Utilization for Some Luminaire
Light Loss Factor Two types of Light Loss Factor (LLF) Recoverable Non-recoverable
Total Light Loss Factor (LLF) is the product of the individual light loss factors, recoverable and non - recoverable
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Light Loss Factor Recoverable LLF Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD) Lamp Burnout Factor (LBO) Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Factor (LDD) Room Surface Dirt Depreciation Factor (RSDD) Area of workplane (AWP)
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Lamp Burnout Factor If lamps are not replaced immediately after burnout, a lamp burnout factor should be applied to any analysis of the system. Unreplaced burned- out lamps will vary in quantity, depending on the kind of lamps and the relamping program used. This factor is simply the ratio of the number of lamps that would be burning o the total number of lamps in the system. Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
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Lamp Lumen Depreciation The lamp lumen depreciation factor is the fraction of initial lumens at a specific time during the life of the lamp Lamp lumen depreciation comes from aging and dirt accumulation on lamps, reflectors, lenses and room surfaces. Most lighting designs base calculations on “maintained” as opposed to “initial” lamp lumens
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Room Surface Dirt Depreciation Room Surface Dirt Depreciation Factor (RSDD) is influenced by: The amount of dirt in the environment The room cavity ratio (proportions of the room) Type of lighting equipment used
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Room Surface Dirt Depreciation
Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Factor (LDD) depends on three (3) aspects of the situation: The amount and type of dirt in the environment (a clean office environment compared to a dirty manufacturing facility) The type of luminaire used The expected cleaning cycle for the equipment
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Luminaire Dirt Depreciation
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Area of Workplane Is the area of the entire workplane, which is typically the same as the floor area Illuminance will be greatest near the center of the room and slightly less toward the walls for a given uniform layout of luminaires
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Light Loss Factor Non - Recoverable LLF Luminaire Ambient Temperature Factor Heat Extraction Thermal Factor Voltage to Luminaire Factor Ballast Factor Ballast Lamp Photometer Factor Equioment operating Factor Lamp Position (Tilt) Factor Luminaire Surface Depreciation Factor
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Luminaire Ambient Temperature Variations in temperature, above those normally encountered in interiors, have little effect on the output of incandescent and high intensity discharge (HID) lamps, but can have a significant effect on light output of fluorescent lamps
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Heat Extraction Thermal Factor Heat extraction factor is the fractional lumen loss or gain due to airflow Airflow has an effect on lamp temperature and lamp lumens especially those air handling fluorescent luminaires which are integrated with the HVAC system as a means of introducing or removing air from the room
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Ballast Factor Ballast used for a specific application is usually different from the ballast used to determine the rated lumen output for a lamp Ballast factor corrects this difference to maintain the arc within the lamp Ballast factor is the ratio of the lamp lumens generated on commercial ballasts to those generated on the test quality ballasts . The ballast factor for good quality fluorescent ballast is nominally is 0.95while electronic ballasts can have ballast factors ranging from 0.70 to 1.28 Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Equipment Operating Factor Effects on the lumen output of lamps caused by the ballast, the lamp operating position and the effect of power reflected from the luminaire back onto the lamp are collectively incorporated into the equipment operating factor
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Voltage to Luminaire Factor High or low voltage at the luminaire will affect the lumen output of lamps High voltage condition will increase the lumen output of lamps over their rated output Low voltage condition will reduce the lumen output The rate of change of lumen output with a voltage change varies with each light source, but has the greatest effect on incandescent lamps Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Ballast Lamp Photometer Factor Ballast Lamp Photometer Factor adjusts the lumen output when a different lamp ballast combination is used other than the manufacturer’s set- up Temperature effects within the luminaire may cause the lamp to operate at less than the rated output and should be considered in the determination of the luminaire’s coefficient of utilization Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Lamp Position Factor Lumen output is sensitive to the lamp orientation especially for high intensity discharge (HID) lamps when they are tilted from their rated horizontal or vertical position Lamp position factor adjusts the lumen output and is defined as the ratio of luminous flux in the given operating position to that in the test position
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Luminaire Surface Depreciation Luminaire surface depreciation results from adverse changes in metal, paint and plastic components that result in permanently reduced light output Luminaire surface depreciation factor adjusts light output to original reflectance
Loss Factor Determination Example 2. LLF Determination Detailed description of the determination of the light loss factors can be found in the IESNA Lighting Handbook . The product of the recoverable factors and the non-recoverable factors will give us the total light loss factor. Recoverable Factors Lamp Lumen Depreciati on (LDD)
0.90
Lamp Burnout Factor (LBO)
1.00
Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Factor (LDD)
0.94
Room Surface Dirt Depreciation Factor (RSDD) 0.96 Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Loss Factor Determination Nonrecoverable Factors
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Calculated Illuminance At this point it is possible to calculate the illuminance on the workplane:
Ballast Factor
0.93
Other Non Recoverable Factors
1.00
LLFTOTAL = Recoverable Factors x Nonrecoverable Factors LLFTOTAL = 0.90 x 1.00 x 0.94 x 0.96 x 0.93 x 1.00 LLFTOTAL = 0.75
Ewp
Φ(TOTAL)
x CU x LLF
Awp
Ewp = average maintained illuminance on the work plane Φ(TOTAL)
= total system lamp lumen output
CU = coefficient of utilization
Total Light Loss Factor (LLF) is 0.75, which means that 25% (100%-75%) of the luminous flux that might otherwise reach the workplane is lost due to ballast factor, dirty l uminaires, room surfaces, and aged lamps.
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Calculated Illuminance Substituting all the computed values in Example 1and using the equation for average illuminance on the workplane, we have: EWP = 17,400 lm x 0.50 x 0.75 3.05m x 4.57m = 468 lm/m2 or 486 lux (Maintained) The average initial illuminance on the workplane can be determined by substituting only the non-recoverable light loss factors for the total light loss factor. EWP = 17,400 lm x 0.50 x 0.0.93 3.05m x 4.57m = 581 lm/m2 or 581 lux (Initial) Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
LLF = light loss factor Awp = area of the work plane Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Calculated Illuminance An average maintained illuminance of 468 lumens per square meter will strike the area covered by the workplane in a completely empty space Some points on the workplane will have an illuminance higher than 468 while others will have an illuminance lower than this value During first time that this system will be turned on, wherein the lamps are new and the surfaces are clean, the average initial illuminance will be greater than the maintained value, which is computed as 582 lumens per square meter (lux) Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
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Calculated Illuminance By rearranging the Lumen Method equation, it is possible to find the number of luminaires required to meet a specific average illuminance level:
EWP =
(lumens/lamp) x (lamps/luminaire) x (no. of luminaires) x CU x LLF TOTAL AWP
No. of = luminaires
AWP x EWP
Calculated Illuminance Example 2 . Find the number of luminaires needed in a room given the
following: Room dimensions: 9.15m by 9.15m by 3.5m Target Illuminance: 300 lux average maintained Working Plane Height: 0.76m Luminaire: Recessed round Lamp: 70 watt metal halide, 5600 lumen initial output Reflectances ( ρ):
(lumens/lamp) x (lamps/luminaires) x CU x LLFTOTAL
Ceiling cavity
0.70
Walls
0.30
Floor Cavity
0.20
Assume LLFTOTAL = 0.75 Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Calculated Illuminance
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Calculated Illuminance Using the equation below, and substituting all the known values:
Step 1. Calculate RCR
Using the equation for RCR, we get 3 as the answer. Step 2. Determine Cavity ratios for ceiling and floor Step 3. Obtain Effective Ceiling Cavity Reflectance ( ρCC) using Tables in
CU determination for metal halide lamps
Step 4. Obtain Effective Floor Cavity Reflectance ( ρFC) using Tables in
CU determination for metal halide lamps
Step 5. Obtain Coefficient of Utilization (CU) from Manufacturer’s Data
The CU based on calculated value of RCR and the given reflectances, we get 0.55 as the answer.
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Spacing Criteria Spacing Criteria is the maximum ratio of spacing to mounting height of the luminaire above the workplane that provides reasonable uniformity of illumination within the space
Number of luminaires =
AWP x EWP
lumens/lamp x lamps/luminaires x CU x LLF TOTAL Number of luminaires = 9.15m by 9.15m by 3.5m x 300 lux
5600 lumen x 1 x 0.55 x 0.75 Number of luminaires = 10.9 In this example, 12 fixtures can be spaced uniformly in a 3 by 4 pattern. Although 12 is more than the calculated value of 10.9 fixtures, results within a 10% margin is generally acceptable for meeting this target criterion
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Spacing Criteria For luminaires using essentially point sources of light, such as incandescent or HID lamps, the number of luminaires per row should be in proportion to the width-to-length ratio of the room
Spacing ratios for specific luminaires are given in the data sheets published by each manufacturer. This number, usually between 0.5 to 1.5, when multiplied with the mounting height, gives the maximum distance that the luminaires maybe separated and provide uniform illuminance on the workplane
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Spacing Criteria
Spacing Criteria
For fluorescent luminaires, it is necessary to first establish the maximum number that can be installed in one row . the maximum number is calculated by subtracting at least 0.3 meter from the room length and then dividing by the length of the luminaire.
The exact spacing between rows is calculated by dividing the room width by the number of rows Spacing between luminaires in each row is calculated by dividing the room length by the number of luminaires per row. spacing between the outer luminaires and the adjacent wall is onehalf of the luminaire spacing If desks or other work areas are to be located alongside the walls, then the wall-to-luminaires spacing should be reduced to one-third of the luminaire spacing
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Spacing Criteria
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Illuminance at a PointPoint-Direct Component
Examples: What is the illuminance on a wall display from a spotlight aimed at the display? How much light is striking a point on the façade of a building or in a parking lot from a floodlight?
Factors to consider Luminous intensity Distance Orientation of the surface
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Luminous Intensity
I
Luminous Flux in a certain direction, radiated per unit of solid angle
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Luminous Intensity Rotational symmetrical Light distribution same in all planes
Usually Circular or Bowl shaped luminaire ‘
’
w I = Luminous flux Solid Angle
=
φd
Unit : Candela Symbol : I
w
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Luminous Intensity
Luminous Intensity
Planar symmetrical
Luminaire distribution is confined to two vertical planes separately
Asymmetrical
Asymmetry present in one of the Planes of measurement.
Typical distribution for Fluorescent Lamp luminaires and Road Lighting
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Distance
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Distance
Distance between a surface and the source affects the illuminance (luminous flux per unit of area) striking that surface Surface of a given area that is cl oser to the source captures a larger portion of the flux in the cone than a surface of the same given area that is further away Considering the luminous intensity as the luminous flux (lumens) leaving a source in a cone traveling in a specific direction, as the area increases the iluminance decreases while the luminous flux remains the same Inverse Square Law states that the cross-sectional area of the cone increases with the square of the distance from the source. Therefore, the illuminance on this surface varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source
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Distance
Light Source
E = I/ d2 Solid Angle
w I
Plane
A
P
D i s t a n c e
d
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Orientation of the Surface
Inverse Square Law E = I/ d2
Surface orientation is included in the Inverse Square Law by adding a cos θ term: E = I/ d2 cos θ
Where: E = Illuminance on the surface I = Luminous intensity of the source in the direction of the surface d = Distance from the source to the surface Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
θ is the angle between the light ray coming from the
source to the point, and a line that is perpendicular (normal) to the plane or surface on which the illuminance is being measured or calculated
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Orientation of the Surface
Illuminance at a PointPoint-Direct Component Example 1. This example will consider the illuminance at a single
Light Source
θ
point on a horizontal surface from a single luminaire straight down. An assumed LLF of 0.85 will be used.
Cosine CosineLaw Law
Distance, d
EE == I I//dd22 cos cos
I
Plane
D
= 2.13 m
θ
= 15°
LLF
= 0.85
I
= 2200 candelas
The luminous intensity (I) is determined using the photometric data for the specific luminaire used and the angular relationship between the luminaire aiming direction and the direction from the luminaire to the calculation point.
P Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
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Illuminance at a PointPoint-Direct Component
Example 2 . This example will consider the illuminance at a single point
Using the equation; E = I/
d2 x cos
θ
Illuminance at a PointPoint-Direct Component on a horizontal surface from two luminaires aimed straight down. An assumed LLF of 0.85 will be used and Luminaire #1 is the same in Example 1.
x LLFTOTAL
E = 2200 cd x cos 15° x 0.85 2.13 m 2 E = 398 lux ( maintained) This tells us that 398 lux will strike the point in question directly from the luminaire and no reflected light is calculated. The answer is a maintained illuminance level since a light loss factor of 0.85 was included to account for the loss of light over time due to reduced lumen output of the lamp and dirt on the luminaire surfaces. Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
D1
= 2.13m
θ1
= 15°
D2
= 2.29m
θ2
= 25°
β1
= 15°
I1
= 2200 cd
β2
= 25°
I2
= 2000 cd
E1
= 398 lux (from previous calculation)
E2
= 291 lux (from calculations)
ETOTAL = E1 + E2 = 689 lux Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Illuminance at a PointPoint-Direct Component
Illuminance at a Point-Direct Component
Example 3 . This example will consider the illuminance at multiple points
In Table 1, illuminance at point 2 is greater than at point 1 and illuminance at point 3 is the least. This is because the distance at point 2 is less than point 1 and the angle theta (θ ) at point 2 is less than at point 1, despite the fact that the intensity in that direction is less.
on a vertical surface from a luminaire aimed at the surface. An assumed LLF of 0.85 will be used. Table 1. Components of Example 3 Point
Distance, m
1 2 3
1.74 1.37 2.29
C
C
45 27 56
0 18 11
I
LLF
Emaintained
2300 2225 2100
0.85 0.85 0.85
463 lux 893 lux 194 lux
The luminaire is now aimed at the vertical surface so β is no longer measured from straight down, and β and θ are no longer equal. Illuminance is calculated using the same equation as the prior examples. Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Similar reasoning can be used with regard to point 3. These two factors cause the illuminance at point 2 to be greater than the illuminance at point 3.
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Sample Calculations
Sample Calculations Sample Calculation 1:
The calculations presented using various tables and figures are only meant to give the user of this module a general overview of the design of lighting system, showing individual steps from the selection of t he recommended luminance level, to the design of lighting layout.
The room to be lighted is as follows: Type of building : Commercial Area/activity : Drafting/tracing paper, low contrast Average age of worker : 35 years Demand for speed and/or accuracy : Important Task background reflectance : 75% Size of room : 10.0 by 13.25 meters; 2.91 m ceiling Height of work plane : 0.91 m
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Sample Calculations Reflectance factors : Ceiling 80%, walls 50%, and floor 30% Luminaire type : Type 2, IES Lighting Handbook Table ; 300 mm wide with two lamps Lamps : 430 mA, 40 W, 1200 mm, warm white, rapid start tubular fluorescent lamps Atmosphere : Clean
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Sample Calculations Solution:
Step 1: Determine the recommended illuminance level:
From Illuminance Table ( IES Lighting Handbook) , the illuminance category is F. From the IES Lighting Handbook Table, the recommended level is 1000 lux
Interval between cleaning : 12 months
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Sample Calculations
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Sample Calculations Step 2: Draw a cross section of the room and determine cavity
heights. Note there is no ceiling cavity.
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Sample Calculations Step 3: Calculate the cavity ratios using Equations and indicate
dimensions.
Sample Calculations Step 4: Determine the effective floor cavity reflectance ( pFC ) from IES Lighting Handbook Table. Note that the effective ceiling cavity
reflectance is the same as the actual ceiling reflectance.
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Sample Calculations Step 5: Determine the coefficient of utilization:
It is necessary to interpolate for RCR = 1.75 For luminaire 2, ñCC= 80% and ñW = 50%
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Sample Calculations 30%
1.070 (from above)
28% (interpolate)
1.056
20%
1.00
- Multiply by factor 0.9 as per note on IES Lighting Handbook Table for luminaire 2, 300 mm wide using two lamps. Final Coefficient of Utilization (CU) = 0.61 x 1.056 x 0.9 = 0.58 Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Sample Calculations
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Sample Calculations
Step 6: Calculate the light loss factor (LLF):
- Ballast factor = 0.95 - LLD from IES Lighting Handbook Table is 84% (use 0.84) - From IES Lighting Handbook Table, luminaire 2 is category V. - LDD is 0.88 - RSDD: the light output is all down (direct distribution) the luminaire is direct. From the graph in IES Lighting Handbook Table , for a clean atmosphere at 12 months, the percent expected dirt depreciation is 12%(use10%) and RSDD is 0.98. LLF = 0.95 x 0.84 x 0.88 x 0.98 = 0.69 (two figure accuracy is acceptable) Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
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Sample Calculations Step 7: Calculate the total initial lamp lumens (TILL) using the
equation below:
Sample Calculations Step 8: Calculate the required number of luminaires using equation below. From IES Lighting Handbook Table, the initial lumens
are 3175 and there are two lamps per luminaire.
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Sample Calculations
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Sample Calculations
Step 9: Select a practical layout for the luminaire:
- Assume continuous rows are required - Calculate the maximum number per row lengthwise in the room as in figure below for 1200-mm long luminaires.
- Number of rows required is 52/10 = 5 - Select 5 rows of 10 = 50
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Sample Calculations
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Sample Calculations
Step 10: Calculate the luminaire spacing using the figure below: Sw = 10/5 = 2.0 m
Total length of each row = 10 x 1.2 = 12.0 m Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
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Sample Calculations Step 11: Check the maximum spacing allowed between rows:
- From the IES Lighting Handbook T able, for luminaire 2, SC is 1.4 for crosswise spacing.
Sample Calculations Step 12: Draw plan of the room and indicate the locations of
luminaires
- Maximum spacing = 1.4 x h RC = 1.4 x 2.0 = 2.8 m - 2.0 m is within the limits
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Sample Calculations Step 13: Calculate the actual minimum maintained lighting level:
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Sample Calculations Step 14: Calculate the unit power density (UPD); From the IES Lighting Handbook table, the power input to the ballast for
each luminaire (two 430 mA, 1200 mm lamps) is 95 watts.
(within 4% of target value)
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Sample Calculations The unit power density (UPD) of 35.85 W/m2 (3.33 watts per square foot) is high. Before the advent of the energy shortage, this value was accepted as normal. Today’s practices, however dictate that the lighting load be kept as low as possible by using energysaving lamps and ballast. In this example, the designer should start over with F32T8 or F36T8 lamps operated with electronic ballasts and go through the calculations again to reduce the UPD.
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Sample Calculations Sample Calculation 2. Illustrations in calculating illumination levels
(Lux) on certain lighting layout configurations: Illumination of a conference room with OSRAM DULUX CARRÉ EL/D 2 x 24 W , with two DULUX L 24 W compact fluorescent lamps. Room dimensions:
L = 15.00 m (length) W = 8.00 m (width) H = 3.40 m (ceiling-to-floor height) h = 2.55 m (luminaire-to-work plane height)
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Sample Calculations Required quality of light:
Conference room: Light color ww or nw, Ra group 2A Illuminance E = 300 lux Selected lamp:
2 DULUX L 24 W, Light color LUMILUX Warm (LF 31/830), Ra group 1B, Luminous flux per lamp ƒn= 1800 lumen
Sample Calculations Lighting design data is available in EULUMDAT format for most OSRAM luminaires. EULUMDAT data can be read by a wide range of programs for lighting design, including DIALUX (Version 2.0 and higher), RELUX, SPECTRAL ƒn LUMAGIC and RADEMACHER BELWIN. The table below shows the room utilization factor for numerous combinations of room factors and reflectances (always assuming ideal dispersion). The illuminance E required in a room of area L x W is achieved with n luminaires that have an efficiency çLB and with lamps with a luminous flux φ.
Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Sample Calculations
Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Sample Calculations Luminaire efficiency and light distribution:
OSRAM DULUX CARRÉ EL/D 2 X 24 W Light distribution A40.2 hLB = 0.58 Reflectances:
ñ Ceiling = 0.8 ñ Wall = 0.5 ñ Work surface = 0.3 Room utilization factor:
From the LiTG Table For A40.2 (Table 1) çR = 0.91 Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Sample Calculations
Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Sample Calculations
Calculation:
Result:
24 luminaires (ç is rounded up) Recommended arrangement:
3 rows of 8 luminaries Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
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Sample Calculations Sample Calculation 3. Given are the following :
Sample Calculations General Information: Project Identification: Shopping Mall
Width = 15 m
Average maintained Illuminance: 400 lux or 400 lux /1lux x 10.76fc
Length = 100 m
= 37.17 fc
Ceiling height = 3.5 m
Lamp data: 26W TC-D (compact fluorescent lamp)
Desired Illumination = 400 lux
Lamp flux: 1800 lumen (as per manufacturer’s data)
Type of Luminaire = 200mf Downlight w/ 26W TC-D Lamp
Luminaire data: Manufacturer: Zumtobel Staff (Fumaco) Model No: Panos HG 2/26W TC-D VVG 200 ñw = 50%
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Sample Calculations Selection of Coefficient of Utilization: Step 1: Fill in all information in sketch
Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Sample Calculations Step 2: Determine Cavity Ratio If from manufacturer’s data, CU table are given based on Room Cavity Ratio
L (Length) = 100 m
W (width) = 15 m
h (height) = 3.5 m
Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Sample Calculations If from manufacturer's data, CU table are given based on Room Index
Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Sample Calculations Step 3: Obtain effective cavity reflectance:
Ceiling : cc = 70%
where:
Wall : w = 50% Floor : fc = 20%
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Sample Calculations Step 4: Obtain Coefficient of Utilization from manufacturer's data:
Based on Fig. 9-28 of IESNA Handbook @ RCR 1.34 @ 70/50/20 reflectance
Sample Calculations by interpolation CU @ 1.34: RCR = 0.64
Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Sample Calculations
Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Sample Calculations
Step 5: Compute for the Light Loss Factor (LLF)
LLF = Ballast factor x LLD x LDD x RSDD Ballast Factor = 0.95 LLD (as per Figure 6.3 of IESNA Handbook) = Lumen maintenance (LLD) of compact fluorescent lamp double Biax (TC-D) is LLD = 85% LDD under luminaire maintenance category I @ very clean room using Table 6-2 where maintenance frequency is every 12 months LDD = 0.96
by Interpolation, x = 0.976 (RSDD)
Since luminaire is Direct downlight (as per Figure 6.4 of ELI handbook) % Room Surface Dirt Depreciation (RSDDF) is = 12%
LLF = 0.95 x 0.85 x 0.96 x 0.976
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Sample Calculations Step 6: Compute for Initial Lamp Lumens (TILL) using equation below:
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LLF = 0.76
Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Sample Calculations Step 7: Calculate the required no. of luminaries using equation below.
From table lamp manufacturer’s data, the initial lamp lumens of 26W TC-D lamp = 1,800 lumens
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Sample Calculations Step 8: Select a practical lay out for the luminaire.
Sample Calculations Step 9: Calculate Luminaire Spacing
Spacing Criterion, SC = spacing distance/mounting height As per Figure 9-28 of IESNA Handbook, for 8" open reflector using 2-26 CFL, SC = 1.5 Spacing distance = 1.5 x 3.5 m = 5.25 m
Number of luminaires per row = (15m-5.25m)/5.25 = ~ 2 Number of luminaires per column = 343/2 = 172 luminaires x 5.25 m (spacing) = 903 m which exceeded 150 m. Spacing criterion with this case is not applicable
For this distance, 343 luminaires required to achieve 400 lux illumination cannot be placed for the given area.
Assuming spacing at end rows = 1 m Number of luminaires/row = 15-2(1)/2 = 6.5 ~ 7 luminaires/row Transverse spacing = 15-2(l)/6= 2.17 m
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Sample Calculations
Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Sample Calculations Step 10: Draw plan of the room and indicate the locations of
Total length at each row = 6 x 2.17 m = 13 m
luminaries:
Space at end rows = 15-13/2 = 1 m Number of luminaires/column = 343/7 = 49 luminaires/column Longitudinal spacing = 100-2(1)/48 = 2.04 m Total length at each column = 48 x 2.04 m = 98 m Space at end rows = 100m-98m/2 = 1 m Total luminaires = 7 x 49 = 343 luminaires
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Sample Calculations Step 11: Calculate the actual minimum maintained lighting level:
E = 343/343 x 400 lux = 400 lux (within the target value)
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Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Sample Calculations Step 12: Calculate the power density (UPD) or connected load.
From manufacturers data, the power consumption of 2 x 26W TC-D lamp using conventional ballast = 90watts, in using electronic ballast = 70 watts
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Sample Calculations
Sample Calculations
Sample Calculation 4. Given the following data: Width = 15 m Length = 100 m Ceiling height = 3.5 m Desired Illumination = 400 lux Type of Luminaire = 200mf Downlight w/ 26W TC-D Lamp Luminaire : 8" Downlight with 70W Metal Halide Lamp Lamp Flux : 6600 lumens (from manufacturer’s data) from Table (Figure 9-28) of IESNA handbook CU of metal halide downlight #10 @ 70/50/20 reflectance & RCR of 1.34
Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Sample Calculations
Sample Calculations
Compute for the Light Loss Factor (LLF)
Compute for the the total initial lamp lumens (TILL)
LLF = Ballast factor x LLD x LDD x RSDD Ballast factor = 0.95 LLD of metal halide lamp = 0.85 LDD = 0.96 RSDDF = 0.976 LLF = 0.95 x 0.85 x 0.96 x 0.976 LLF = 0.76
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Sample Calculations Compute for the number of luminaires
Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Sample Calculations Compute for the number of luminaires/row Spacing Criterion = 1.2, does not apply since total of 179 luminaires cannot be placed on the given area. Assuming spacing criterion = 0.9 Spacing distance between luminaries = MH x SC Spacing (Longitudinal) = 3.5 m x 0.9 = 3.15 Number of luminaires/column = 100/3.15 = 31 luminaires Total length of column = 31 x 3.15 = 97.65 m Space at end of column = (100-97.65)/2 = 1.175 m Total luminaires at each row = 179/31 = 5.7 ~ 6 luminaires
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Sample Calculations Transverse spacing = 15m - 2(1.175m)/5
Sample Calculations Draw plan of the room and indicate the locations of luminaries.
= 2.53 m Total length of each row = 5 x 2.53m = 12.65 m Space at ends of row = (15 - 12.65)/2 = 1.175m Total number of luminaries = 6 x 31 = 186 luminaires Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Sample Calculations
Sample Calculations
Calculate the actual maintained lighting level.
Calculate the unit power density (connected load), from lamp manufacturer’s data, the power input of 70W metal halide lamp = 81.5 Watts.
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Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
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