INTRODUCTION High concentrations of suspended solids can lower water quality by absorbing light. Waters then become warmer and lessen the ability of the water to hold oxygen necessary for aquatic life. Because aquatic plants also receive less light, photosynthesis decreases and less oxygen is produced. The combination of warmer water, less light and less oxygen makes it impossible for some forms of life to exist. Suspended solids affect life in other ways. They can clog fish gills, reduce growth rates, decrease resistance to disease, and prevent egg and larval development. Particles that settle out can smother fish eggs and those of aquatic insects, as well as suffocate newly-hatched larvae. The material that settles also fills the spaces between rocks . The total suspended solid (TSS)
Include solids that either float on or suspended in water.
Include solids that are insoluble and large enough to remain visible and separate from the water, including debris such as clay, silt, oil, pieces of wood, plastic, paper, sand and grit.
Also include small settleable solids that will not remain asfloat, and will slowly separate from the water (settle out) if the water is left relatively undisturbed.
Suspended solids are the maincause of turbidity.
The total dissolved solids ( TDS)
Include colloidal solids not large or heavy enough to settle readily, nor small enough to dissolve in the water.
Colloidal solid are mainly organic and decay quickly.
Colloidal solids cannot be removed from water using sedimentation or filtration. filtrat ion. However, when these two gravity based techniques are combined with coagulation or other biological treatment, a high rate of removal can be achieved.
Many dissolved substrances are undersirable in water because it can impart aesthetically displeasing colour, taste and odor.
Furthermore, based on the study done some of dissolved organic can be carcinogenic.
OBJECTIVE To provide and strenghten knowledge, skill, understanding in solid determination and enable to relate theories taught to the practices in laboratory LEARNING OUTCOME At the end of this course course students students are able able to:
Apply knowledge in solid determination
Analyze the laboratory result and differentiate between suspended solid and dissolve solid
Identify problems and use their generic skill to solve problems
Develop their ability to work in group
THEORY Solids refer to matter suspended or dissolved in water or waste water. Solids may affect water or effluent quality adversely in a number of ways. Waters with high dissolved solids generally are of inferior palatability and may induce a favorable physiological reaction in the transient consumer. Solids analyses are important in the control of biological and physical wastewater treatment process and for assessing compliance with regulatory agency wastewater effluent limitations. Generally, ‘total solids’ is the term applied to the material residue left in the dishes after evaporation of a sample at 103°C to 105°C. Total solids include ‘total suspended solids,’ and ‘total dissolved solids’. ‘Total suspended solids’ is the portion of total solids retained by filter, and ‘total dissolved solids’ is the portion of solids that passes through a filter of 2.0 µm (or smaller) nominal pore size under specified speci fied conditions. ‘Fixed solids’ is refer to the residue of total, suspended, or dissolved solids after heating to dryness for a specified time at a specified temperature (500°C ± 50° C for 15 minutes). The weight loss on ignition is called ‘volatile solids’. Determination of fixed and volatile solids does not distinguish precisely between inorganic and organic matter because it includes losses due to decomposition or volatilization of some mineral salts. ‘Settle able solids’ is the term applied to the material settling out of suspension within a defined period. It may include floating material, depending on the technique.
Settleable solids
Imhoff cone
Filter paper
Samples
Fibre glass filter ( ≤
Microwave (at 103C - 105C)
Total solids (TS)
Dissolved Solid
2.0m)
Microwave (at 103C - 105C)
Microwave (at 180C ±2C)
Suspended solids (SS)
Dissolved solids (DS)
Muffle furnace (at
Muffle furnace (at
500C 50C)
500C 50C)
Volatile suspended
Fixed suspended solids
Volatile dissolved
Fixed dissolved solids
solids (VSS)
(FSS)
solids (VDS)
(FDS)
Total volatile solids TVS =
Total fixed solids
VSS + VDS TFS = FSS + FDS
Total solids (TS)
D I A G R A M 1 .0
EQUIPMENTS AND MATERIAL
Evaporating dishes: Dishes of 100mL capacity made of porcelain, platinum or high-silica glass.
Muffle furnace for operating at 500 C 50C
Steam bath
Desicator
Drying ove
Analytical balance
Magnetic stirrer
Graduated cylinder
Wid-bore pipe
Low-form beaker
PROCEDURES In this experiment, students should run three parallel laboratory tests for:
i. Total Suspended Solids (TSS) ii. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) iii. Total Volatile Solids (TVS)
Generally, students need to prepare samples for those three tests, filter the samples and separate the samples into three categories.
i. Suspended solids in unfiltered samples. ii. Suspended solids which remained on the filter paper. iii. Suspended solids inside the filtered samples which passed the filter paper.
Wieght both samples. Then, dry those samples inside the furnace with temperature of 105 OC to make sure water are evaporated. Obtain the weight of dried samples.
A. Total Suspended Solids (TSS) i.
Preparation of the glass fibre filter disc: Insert the filter disc onto the base and clamp on funnel. While vacuum is applied, wash the disc with three (3) successive 20 mL distilled water. Remove all traces of water by continuing to apply vacuum after water has passed through. Remove funnel from base and place filter in the dish and dry in an oven at 103 C - 105C for one (1) hour. When needed, remove dish from the oven, desiccate and weight.
i.
Select a sample volume (max. of 200 mL) that will yield not more than 200 mg of total suspended solids.
ii.
Place the filter on the base and clamp on funnel and apply vacuum. Wet the filter with small volume of distilled water to seal the filter against the base.
iii.
Shake the samples vigorously and quantitatively transfer required volume (mL) of samples to the filter using a large orifis, volumetric pipette. Remove all traces of water by continuing to apply vacuum after samples has passed through.
iv.
Rinse the pipette and funnel onto the filter with small volume of distilled water. Remove all traces of water by continuing to apply vacuum after samples has passed through.
ii.
Carefully remove the disc filter from the base. Dry for at least one (1) hour at 103 C 105C. Cool in a desiccator and weigh.
B.
Total Dissolved Solids i.
Preparation of evaporating dish: Ignite cleaned evaporating dish at 500 C 50C for one (1) hour in muffle furnace. Store in desiccator until needed. Weigh immediately before use.
ii.
Choose samples volume to yield between 2.5 and 200 mg dried residue. If more than 10 minutes are required to complete filtration, increase filter size or decrease sample volume.
iii.
Stir samples with magnetic stirrer and pipet a measures volume onto glass-fibre filter with applied vacuum. Wash with three (3) successive 10 mL of distilled water, allowing complete drainage between washings, and continue suction for about 3 min after filteration complete.
iv.
Transfer total filtrate (with washings) to a weighed evaporating dish and evaporate to dryness on a drying oven. Dry evaporated samples for at least 1 h in an oven at 180°C± 2°C, cool in a desiccator to balance temperature, and weigh. Repeat drying cycle of drying, cooling, desiccating, and weighing until a constant weigh is obtained. (The filtrate from the total suspended solids determination may be used for determination of total dissolved solids).
Total Volatile Solids If volatile solids are to be measured, the residue from method A and B is ignited at 500C 50C for 15 minutes in a muffle furnace. Cool in desiccator to balance temperature and weigh. Repeat cycle of drying or igniting, cooling, desiccating, and weighing until a constant weight change less than 4% of the previos weighing or 0.5 mg, whichever is less. Store in desiccator until needed.
RESULTS AND CALCULATION Fill in the tables provided in the bench sheet. (a)Total Solid (mg/L) mgTotal Solid/L = ( A – B ) x 1000 Volume of Sample (mL) Where; A = Weight of dried residue + dish, mg B = Weight of dish, mg
(b) Mg Total dissolved solids/L
= ( A - B ) x 1000 Sample Volume, (mL)
Where; A = Weight of dried residue +dish, B = Weight of dish, mg (c) mg Total Suspended Solid/L
= ( A - B ) x 1000 Sample Volume (mL)
Where; A = Weight of filter + dried residue, mg B = Weight filter, mg (d) mg volatile solids/L
= (A – B) x 1000 Sample Volume (mL)
(e) mg fixed solids/L
= (B – C) x 1000 Sample Volume (mL)
Where; A = Weight of residue + dish or filter before ignition, mg B = Weight fresidue + dish or filter after ignition, mg C = weight of dish or filter, mg
BENCH SHEET Unfiltered Sample DATA FOR TOTAL SOLID TEST
Sample A 1
Volume of sample (ml)
10
2
Weight of evaporating dish (g)
46.26
3
Weight of evaporating dish + sample
54.82
4
Weight of sample (g)
8.56
5
Weight of evaporating dish + sample after drying process at 103 oC - 105oC
46.89
6
Weight of solid (g)
0.63
7
Weight of evaporating dish + solid after drying process at 500 oC - 50oC
46.23
8
Weight of volatile solid (g)
0.03
9
Total Solid (TS) (mg/L)
0.429
10
Percentage of solid in sample (%)
42.90
11
Total volatile solid (VS) (mg/L)
0.003
12
Percentage of volatile solid (%)
0.3
Filtered Sample DATA FOR TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID (SS)
Sample A 1
Volume of Sample (ml)
10
2
Weight of filter paper (g)
0.09
3
Weight of filter paper + solid after drying at 103 oC 105oC or at 180 oC
1.00
4
Weight of solid (g)
0.08
5
Weight of filter 50oC (g)
6
Weight of volatile solid (g)
7
Total Suspended Solid (SS) (mg/L)
0.091
8
Percentage of Volatile Suspended Solid (VSS) %
0.30
+ solid after drying at 500 oC
0.06 0.03
DATA FOR TOTAL DISSOLVE SOLID (TDS)
Sample A 1
Volume of sample (ml)
10
2
Weight of evaporating dish (g)
42.18
3
Weight of evaporating dish + sample (g)
50.57
4
Weight of sample (g)
8.39
5
Weight of evaporating dish + sample after drying at 180oC (g)
42.68
6
Weight of Solid (g)
0.50
7
Total Dissolve Solid (TDS) (mg/L)
8
Weight of evaporating dish + solid after drying at 500oC 50oC (g)
42.15
9
Weight of dissolved solid (g)
0.03
10
Total dissolved Solid (SS) (mg/L)
0.05
11
Percentage of Volatile dissolved Solid (VSS) %
0.30
DATA ANALYSIS Unfiltered sample (a)Total Solid (mg/L) Total Solid (mg/L) =
(A – B ) Volume of Sample (mL)
= (46.89-42.26) 10 = 0.429
(b) Volatile solid Volatile solids (mg/L) = (A – B) x 1000 Sample Volume (mL)
= (46.26 –46.23 ) 10 = 0.003
(c) Percentage of volatile Volatile solids (mg/L) = (A – B) x 1000 Sample Volume (mL) = ( 46.26 –46.23 . ) x 100 10 = 0.3
Filtered sample
(a) Total Suspended Solid Total suspended solid (mg/L) = ( A - B ) x 1000 Sample Volume (mL)
=
(1.00 –0.09 ) 10 = 0.091
(b) Percentage of volatile
Volatile solids (mg/L)
= (A – B) x 1000 Sample Volume (mL)
= ( 0.09 – 0.06 ) x 100 10 = 0.30 %
Dissolved solid
(a) Total dissolved solids
Total dissolved solids (mg/L)
= ( A - B ) x 1000 Sample Volume, (mL)
= (42.68 – 42.18) 10 = 0.05 (b) Percentage of volatile
Volatile solids (mg/L)
= (A – B) x 1000 Sample Volume (mL)
= ( 42.18 – 42.15 ) x 100 10 = 0.30 %
DISCUSSION
1. Distinguish between suspended solid and dissolve solid.
-
Suspended solids refers to small solid particles which remain in suspension in water
as a colloid or due to the motion of the water. Suspended solids are important as pollutants and pathogens are carried on the surface of particles. The smaller the particle size, the greater the surface area per unit mass of particle, and so the greater the pollutant load that is likely to be carried.
Dissolved Solids (often abbreviated TDS) is a measure of the combined content of all inorganic and organic substances contained in a liquid in: molecular, ionized or microgranular (colloidal sol) suspended form. Generally the operational definition is that the solids must be small enough to survive filtration through a sieve the size of two micrometer. Total dissolved solids are normally discussed only for freshwater systems, as salinity comprises some of the ions constituting the definition of TDS. The principal application of TDS is in the study of water quality for streams, rivers and lakes, although TDS is not generally considered a primary pollutant (e.g. it is not deemed to be associated with health effects) it is used as an indication of aesthetic characteristics of drinking water and as an aggregate indicator of the presence of a broad array of chemical contaminants.
2. Suggest some possible causes of high levels of total suspended solids. a) High TSS depends mainly on the usage/purpose of fresh water. b) High TSS depends on where the wastewater comes from and what purpose it was us used for.
For example: Domestic Wastewater- has low TSS (around 400mg/L). Because this domestic wastewater is discharged from our household usages: We are not using/discharging more solids from our houses. Industrial Wastewater- has high TSS (around few 1000mg/L). Because, the clean water is used for various purposes in various industries. Not all industry discharge wastewater with high TSS. But some industries like tannery industries, food industries discharge wastewater with high TSS. Here the reason for such high TSS is animal hair, preservatives, coloring agents and etc.
3. The suspended solid for a wastewater sample was found to be 175 mg/L. If the following Test results were obtained, what size sample was used in the analysis? Tare mass of glass fiber filter = 1.5413 g Residue on glass fiber filter after drying at 105 0C = 1.5538 g
= 0.0714 g/mL
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEETS (SECTION 1/GROUP 3) SUBJECT CODE EXPERIMENT CODE
MA1
EXPERIMENT TITTLE
TOTAL SOLID
COURSE CODE
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING
LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEET SHORT REPORT
SUBJECT CODE
DFC2071
CODE & EXPERIMENT TITLE
MA1 TOTAL SOLID
COURSE CODE EXPERIMENT DATE
8 FEBRUARY 2011
NAME OF STUDENT NO. OF GROUP
GROUP 3 /SECTION 1
NAME OF GROUP MEMBERS
1.FARHAN BINTI HUSSIN
DF090195
2. SHAFIQAH HANI BT MOHAMAD
DF090209
ZUBIR 3. MOHAMAD KHAIRI ANWAR B.
DF090211
MOHD SAD 4. MOHD QAYYUM B ABD BASIT
DF090194
. NAME OF LECTURER/ TUTOR/TRAINER
EN. IZAT BIN YAHAYA
DATE OF SUBMISSION
14 FEBRUARY 2011
MARK
PARTICIPATION/ DISCIPLINE
/15%
RESULT
/25%
DATA ANALYSIS
/30%
DISCUSSION
/30%
TOTAL EXAMINER’S COMMENT
/100% APPROVAL RECEIVE
