Ligas Metálicas

Igtrvinbe|h lb B}mhki} Thnbr Mhttbì ” Ieh Kbm|`qh 4696(4699 B}mhki ]bmrelétì Thnbr Mhttbì ” Abòý

K@GI] NB\ÉK@MI]? MHNVH]@ÇÍH B IVK@MIÇÒB]

Iei Dbi|t` Gheçikqb} e¿9 Nit`}i N`kjieh e¿44 Vblth Khvb} e¿4< Yrîn`mi I Vthab}}hti Iei Virki ]`kqb`th

9: lb Ehqbndth lb 4696

K`gi} Nb|ék`mi}? mhnvh}`çíh b ivk`miçòb}

 Mhvpt`gj| Nit`}i N`kjieh 4699

ÎEL@MB

@e|thlrçíh

=

K`gi} Nb|ék`mi} 

K`gi} lb Mhdtb

2



K`gi} lb B}|iejh

0



K`gi} lb Abtth

99



K`gi} lb Nbtmÿt`h

9<



K`gi} lb Eîyrbk

91



K`gi} lb Hrth

90



K`gi} lb Vti|i

44



K`gi} mhn Nbnýtì lb Ahtni

4<

Tbm`mkigbn lb ni|btì`} *nb|i`} b k`gi} nb|ék`mi})

41

Mhemkr}íh

40

D`dk`hgtiaì

=6

Wbdgtiaì

=6

Wbdgtiaì ” @nigbe}

=4


4{V é g ` e i



@E\THLRÇÍH H} nb|i`} vh}}rbn vthvt`blilb} mitim|btî}|`mi}+ mhnh i lrtbi+ i mhelr|`q`lilb |àtn`mi b bkàm|t`mi+ yrb vhlbn ivtb}be|it ikgrni} qitìçòb} lb nb|ik viti nb|ik% Ivb}it l`}}h+ ebn }bnvtb bz`}|b rn nb|ik yrb+ ei }ri ahtni vrti+ ivtb}be|b i} mitim|btî}|`mi} bzim|i} vtb|bel`li} viti rni lb|btnèili ivk`miçíh% Vhrmh} nb|i`} }íh i}}`n r|`k`ilh} eh }br b}|ilh vrth+ tbmhttbelh.}b ei gtielb ni`htì li} qbb} æ} k`gi} nb|ék`mi}%

I} k`gi} nb|ék`mi} }íh n`}|rti} jhnhgàebi} lb rn nb|ik vtèm`vik *}hkqbe|b) mhn rn hr ni`} bkbnbe|h} nb|ék`mh}+ hr eíh.nb|ék`mh} *}hkr|h})+ yrb }hatbtin rn vthmb}}h lb ar}íh+ }bgr`lh lb ittbabm`nbe|h+ vhlbelh |indàn }btbn ahtnili} i vit|`t lrn vthmb}}h lb mhnvtb}}íh%

I} k`gi} nb|ék`mi} ahtnin.}b i|tiqà} lb ik|btiçòb} ei b}|tr|rti lh nb|ik vtèm`vik+ yrb à ehtniknbe|b rn nb|ik lb |tie}`çíh+ vbt|bembe|b ih dkhmh l li \idbki Vbt`ýl`mi+ mhnh h mhdtb *Mr)+ h èmh *_e)+ h abtth *Ab)+ h mtýn`h *Mt)+ h eîyrbk *E`)+ h |reg}|àe`h *W)+ h hrth *Ir)+ h nbtmÿt`h *Jg) b i vti|i *Ig)% B}|i}

ik|btiçòb}

hmhttbn

ehtniknbe|b

vht

}rd}|`|r`çíh lb é|hnh} lb hr|th} bkbnbe|h}+ nie|belh.}b eh be|ie|h h £nit³ lb bkbm|tòb} yrb mitim|bt`i h} nb|i`}+ h yrb ht`gèi rni k`gi nb|ék`mi }rd}|`|rm`heik% B}|b |`vh lb k`gi hmhttb yrielh h} é|hnh} lh} bkbnbe|h} vh}}rbn l`nbe}òb} }bnbkjie|b}+ mhn rni làbtbeçi néz`ni lb 92"+ i}}`n mhnh b}|tr|rti} bkbm|týe`mi} }`n`kitb} b i nb}ni b}|tr|rti mt`}|ikèi%

A`grti 9? Bzbnvkh lrni k`gi nb|ék`mi }rd}|`|rm`heik+ i k`gi lb mhdtb b eîyrbk+ bn yrb h} é|hnh} lb mhdtb }rd}|`|rbn i} vh}`çòb} i|ýn`mi} lh} é|hnh} lb eîyrbk%

Vht hr|th kilh+ yrielh h} ti`h} i|ýn`mh} }íh nr`|h làbtbe|b}+ h} é|hnh} ni`} vbyrbeh} hmrvin h} è|btqikh} be|tb h} é|hnh} ni`htb}+ mhe}|`|rèlh rni k`gi nb|ék`mi è|bt}|`mìk% Rn bzbnvkh lb k`gi nb|ék`mi è|bt}|`mìk à h mi}h lh içh+ rni k`gi lb abtth b mitdheh% A`grti 4? Mhnvitiçíh be|tb rni k`gi nb|ék`mi }rd}|`|rm`heik b rni k`gi nb|ék`mi è|bt}|`mìk%  Mhvpt`gj| Nit`}i N`kjieh 4699

={V é g ` e i



I}}`n+ rni li} qie|igbe} li} k`gi} nb|ék`mi} à i lb }b vhlbt mhe|thkit i} vbtmbe|igbe} lh} }br} tb}vbm|`qh} mhe}|`|rè|b}+ lb imhtlh mhn i} vthvt`blilb} yrb lb}boinh} hd|bt+ h yrb tb}rk|i erni èaè`lilb lb vh}}`d`k`lilb} viti i mhnvh}`çíh+ yrik`|i|`qi b yrie|`|i|`qi+ li} nb}ni}% I il`çíh lb làbtbe|b} mhnvhebe|b}+ bn vbyrbei} vthvhtçòb}+ vhlb mhelr`t i vthvt`blilb} di}|ie|b làbtbe|b} li} ht`gèi`}% Ik|btiçíh ei} vthvt`blilb} li k`gi nb|ék`mi Irnbe|h li tb}`}|ïemì nbmäe`mi Irnbe|h li tb}`}|ïemì æ mhtth}íh

Nb|ik ( K`gi Nb|ék`mi

Mhnvhebe|b il`m`heik

Abtth

\reg}|àe`h+ Niegieà}`h+ Nhk`dlàe`h hr Qieél`h

Abtth

Eîyrbk hr Mtýn`h

Dtheb

Mjrndh

L`nèr`çíh li lrtbi

Vbçi} lb néyrèi}+ b}|é|ri}

Hrth

Mhdtb hr Vti|i

Irnbe|h li lrm|`d`k`lilb

Ohikjitì

Ikgrni} ivk`miçòb} Abttinbe|i}+ èlÿ}|tì ir|hnýqbk Içh èhz`léqbk

\idbki 9? @lbe|à`miçíh li} vthvt`blilb} hd|`li} bn làbtbe|b} nb|i`} hr k`gi} nb|ék`mi}+ i vit|`t li il`çíh lb mbt|h} mhnvhebe|b}+ b ikgrni} li} }ri} ivk`miçòb}%

I} k`gi} vhlbn |indàn }bt mki}}à`mili} lb imhtlh mhn h nb|ik vtblhnèie|b *k`gi} lb mhdtb+ k`gi} lb ikrnîe`h+ k`gi} lb mjrndh)+ mhn h eÿnbth lb mhnvhebe|b} yrb i} mhe}|`|rbn *k`gi} dèétì} b |btm`étì}+ vht bzbnvkh) hr mhn i vtèm`vik vthvt`blilb yrb ivtb}be|i *k`gi} kbqb} b k`gi} lb di`zh d i`zh bkbqilh lb ar}íh+ be|tb hr|ti})% Lb}|i ahtni+ lh} vtèm`vi`} tb}vhe}éqb`} vbkh mhe}rnh lh} nb|i`} b li} k`gi} nb|ék`mi} lb}|imin.}b i} èlÿ}|tì} ir|hnhd`kî}|`mi}+ ibtheér|`mi}+ eiqi`} b li mhe}|trçíh m`q`k+ i}}`n mhnh vbkh} }bm|htb} li bkbm|týe`mi b li mhnre`miçíh% H mhe}rnh b i r|`k`içíh lb}|b} ni|btì`} ei Nbl`mèi b ei vthlrçíh lb hteinbe|h} |indàn }íh }`geà`mi|`qh}+ aibelh mhn yrb h} nb|i`} b i} k`gi} nb|ék`mi} }boin bz|tbninbe|b arelinbe|i`} b `nvht|ie|b} ei eh}}i }hm`blilb%


<{V é g ` e i



K@GI] LB MHDTB H mhdtb vrth à rn ni|btìk lb mhkhtiçíh iqbtnbkjili+ lÿm|`k b nikbéqbk% Mhe|rlh+ }b kjb ore|itbn l`qbt}h} bkbnbe|h}+ vhlb.}b hd|bt k`gi} mhn vthvt`blilb} nr`|h qik`h}i}+ lbehnèili} k`gi} lb mhdtb%

Dtheb H Dtheb à rni k`gi lb mhdtb *06") b b}|iejh *96")+ }belh yrb vhlb |indàn }bt mhe}|`|rîlh vht èmh+ ikrnîe`h+ vti|i hr mjrndh+ bn vbyrbei} yrie|`lilb}% H b}|iejh |bn i mivim`lilb lb irnbe|it i tb}`}|ïemì nbmäe`mi b i lrtbi lh mhdtb+ }bn ik|btit i }ri lrm|`d`k`lilb%

H} Dtheb} vhlbn }bt igtrvilh} bn ainîkì} lb imhtlh mhn h vthmb}}h lb vthlrçíh b i mhnvh}`çíh% 

\tidikjilh}? . Dtheb} lb aý}ahth *Mr+ ]e+ V) . Dtheb} lb mjrndh b aý}ahth *Mr+ ]e+ Vd+ V)%

=

<

. Dtheb} lb ikrnîe`h *Mr+ Ik)% . Dtheb} lb }`kîm`h *Mr+ ]`)% 2 

Arel`lh}? . Dtheb} lb b}|iejh *Mr+ ]e)% . Dtheb} lb b}|iejh b mjrndh *Mr+ ]e+ Vd)% . Dtheb} lb b}|iejh b eîyrbk *Mr+ ]e+ E`)%

1 A`grti} =+ <+ 2 b 1? Dtheb lb aý}ahth+ Dtheb lb ikrnîe`h+ Dtheb lb }`kîm`h b Dtheb lb b}|iejh+ tb}vbm|`qinbe|b%

. Dtheb} lb ikrnîe`h *Mr+ Ik)%

I gtielb vhvrkit`lilb lh Dtheb lbqb.}b b}}bemìknbe|b æ }ri gtielb tb}`}|ïemì b}|tr|rtik+ æ eíh mhtth}íh i|nh}aàt`mi+ æ aim`k`lilb lb arel`çíh b æ mivim`lilb lb imidinbe|h+ yrb vbtn`|b rn bzmbkbe|b vhk`nbe|h+ hr i|à h r}h lb l`qbt}i} mhtb} b |`vh}% \indàn }b bzvielb yrielh tb}atì+ tb}rk|ielh ern tb}}ik|ielh lb |hlh} h} lb|ikjb} lrn nhklb%


2{V é g ` e i



:

7

H

Dtheb

ah`

è`mìknbe|b

r|`k`ilh

ei

mhe}|trçíh lb itni} b abttinbe|i} nb|ék`mi}+ }belh jhob ièli r}ilh eh aidt`mh lb vbçi} lb niyrèitì+ bn nhbli} b bn b}|é|ri}% Vh}}r` `griknbe|b+ mitim|btî}|`mi} imÿ}|`mi} + b lb gbtiçíh lb heli} }èr}h`li`} nr`|h vrti}+ mhn rn |`ndtb di}|ie|b l`}|è|h% \hteielh.}b i}}`n rn bzmbkbe|b nb|ik viti i aidt`miçíh lb è}|trnbe|h} 96

nr}`mi`} lb vbtmr}}íh + mhnh à h mi}h lh} }èh}+ hr

A`grti} 7+ :+ 0 b 96? B}|é|ri} bn dtheb+ nhbli lb dtheb b |thnvb|b mhn dhmik bn dtheb%

0

lb }bmçòb} lb è}|trnbe|h} lb }hvth+ mhnh à h mi}h lh} dhmi`} viti }izhaheb}+ |thnvb|b} b |thndheb}%

Ki|íh H Ki|íh à rni k`gi nb|ék`mi lb mhdtb b èmh *be|tb =" i <2 ")+ lb mht initbkh nb|ék`mh+ }bnbkjie|b æ lh hrth+ vhlbelh hmi}`heiknbe|b }bt bemhe|tilh vbyrbei} yrie|`lilb} lb hr|th} bkbnbe|h} mhnh h ikrnîe`h+ h b}|iejh+ h mjrndh hr it}àe`h+ h yrb invkì ikgrni} mitim|btî}|`mi} li k`gi% À ik|inbe|b tb}`}|be|b æ mhtth}íh+ b à ni`} aht|b+ ni`} lrth b ni`} tb}`}|be|b lh yrb h mhdtb vrth% Gitie|b |indàn rn bzmbkbe|b imidinbe|h ei} vbçi} vthlr`li}+ vhlbelh a`mit mhn rni ivitïemì }bnbkjie|b æ lh içh èhz%



Ki|íh qbtnbkjh ” mhe|àn mbtmi lb 46" èmh+ à nr`|h nikbéqbk b vhlb }bt mheqbt|`lh bn känèi} aèî}}`ni}%



Ki|íh initbkh ” mhe|àn 46" i <6" lb èmh+

99

94

b r|`k`i.}b }hdtb|rlh eh aidt`mh lb vbçi} lb niyrèitì% 

Ki|íh dtiemh ” *kbqbnbe|b mhtilh lb initbkh) mhe|àn :6" lb èmh+ b à di}|ie|b yrbdtil`çh+ b vht|ie|h }ý vhlb }bt r}ilh bn

9=

arel`çíh% A`grti} 99+ 94 b 9=? Vbçi} lrn ditmh+ äemhti b vbçi} lb niyrèitì bn ki|íh%  Mhvpt`gj| Nit`}i N`kjieh 4699

1{V é g ` e i



I} ivk`miçòb} lh ki|íh idtiegbn h} minvh} l`qbt}h}+ lb}lb h itninbe|h+ vi}}ielh vbki hteinbe|içíh lb mi}i} lb diejh b mhèji}+ i|à |rdh} lb mhelbe}ilhtb} b |btnèi`} bkàm|t`mh}% ]íh `griknbe|b r|`k`ilh} ei aidt`miçíh lb hdobm|h} lb r}h lhnà}|`mh+ mhnh |imjh} b dimì}+ è}|trnbe|h} nr}`mi`} lb }hvth b oýì}%

9<

92

97

91

9:

A`grti} 9<+ 92+ 91+ 97 b 9:? Lhdtil`çi+ |hteb`ti+ |içi+ jitnýe`mi b vht|i.oýì} bn ki|íh

Mrvtheîyrbk H Mrvtheîyrbk à rni k`gi nb|ék`mi lb mhdtb b eîyrbk% À i k`gi lb mhdtb yrb ivtb}be|i i ni`ht tb}`}|ïemì æ mhtth}íh+ lbq`lh ih bab`|h lh eîyrbk+ yrb èakrbemì i b}|tr|rti li k`gi b irnbe|i i }ri vi}}`q`lilb+ bn mhnvitiçíh mhn h mhdtb vrth% À gbtiknbe|b r|`k`ilh ei nieraim|rti lb nhbli}+ mhelbe}ilhtb} b byr`vinbe|h} lb lb}|`kiçíh%

A`grti} 90 b 46? Nhbli} bn mrvtheîyrbk%

H Mhe}|ie|ie à rni k`gi nb|ék`mi lb mhdtb *lb 2:" i 16")+ lb eîyrbk *=4" i <4") b lb nigeà}`h *9" i 4")+ yrb à nr`|h r|`k`ili im|riknbe|b% À nr`|i} qbb} r|`k`ilh ei vthlrçíh lb è}|trnbe|h} lb nbl`çíh+ mhnh a`h} viti i} tb}`}|ïemì} bkàm|t`mi}+ rni qb yrb i }ri tb}`}|ïemì bkàm|t`mi à vti|`minbe|b èlbvbelbe|b li |bnvbti|rti+ }b b}|i eíh rk|tivi}}it h} 266¿M% À i k`gi yrb vh}}r` i nbkjht mhndèiçíh lb vthvt`blilb} viti ivk`miçòb} lb ik|i} |be}òb} b lb |bnvbti|rti% A`grti} 49 b 44? A`h} viti tb}`}|ïemì} bkàm|t`mi} lb mhe}|ie|ie%  Mhvpt`gj| Nit`}i N`kjieh 4699

7{V é g ` e i



Ikvimi I Ikvimi à rni k`gi nb|ék`mi |bteétì+ mhnvh}|i vht mhdtb *12")+ eîyrbk *9:") b èmh *97")+ mroh ehnb }`geà`mi nb|ik dtiemh% À |indàn mhejbm`li mhnh i vti|i ikbní+ lbq`lh ih }br dt`kjh b mhkhtiçíh% À mitim|bt`ili vbki }ri lrm|`d`k`lilb+ b vbki aim`k`lilb mhn yrb

4=

vhlb }bt |tidikjili æ |bnvbti|rti ind`be|b% I il`çíh lb eîyrbk mheabtb. kjb |indàn rni dhi tb}`}|ïemì æ mhtth}íh% Ikgrni} li} ivk`miçòb} ni`} `nvht|ie|b} li Ikvimi vtbelbn.}b mhn i vthlrçíh lb ohgh} lb vti|h} lb nb}i+ hdobm|h} lb dòr|itì+ abmjh}+

4<

mjiqb} lb ik|i yrik`lilb+ mhtli} lb è}|trnbe|h} nr}`mi`} mhnh gr`|itti}+ q`hkòb} b mhe|ti.di`zh}+ i}}`n mhnh ikgre} è}|trnbe|h} m`tÿtg`mh} b lbe|ét`h}% Vht a`n+ à |indàn invkinbe|b r|`k`ili bn ikgre} viî}b} ei vthlrçíh lb nhbli}+ lbq`lh æ }ri tb}`}|ïemì b }bnbkjieçi mhn i vti|i%

A`grti} 4=+ 4<+ 42 b 41? Nhbli}+ vti|h}+ mhtli} lb q`hki b abmjh} bn Ikvimi%

42

_inim H _inim à rni k`gi lb mhdtb+ èmh+ ikrnîe`h b nigeà}`h% À vh}}r`lhti lrni |heik`lilb mèbe|i+ b rni dhi tb}`}|ïemì æ mhtth}íh+ |timçíh+ mjhyrb} b lb}gi}|b}% À rni li} k`gi} nb|ék`mi} mhn ni`ht minvh lb r|`k`içíh+ lbq`lh} æ} }ri} vthvt`blilb} aî}`mi}+ nbmäe`mi} b æ aém`k mivim`lilb lb tbqb}|`nbe|h vht 47

bkb|thlbvh}`çíh *diejh} lb mtýn`h+ eîyrbk+ mhdtb b hrth)% Mhnh vh}}r` |indàn rn vhe|h lb ar}íh tbki|`qinbe|b di`zh+ ivthz`nilinbe|b <66¿M+ vbtn`|b rni ni`ht lrtid`k`lilb lb nhklb}+ h yrb kbqi i rni ni`ht vthlrçíh lb vbçi} bn }àt`b% 4:

H _inim vhlb }bt r|`k`ilh bn a`qbki} viti mè|h} b mikçilh+ viti beab`|b} bn dhk}i}+ bn mhnvhebe|b} lb tbkýg`h}+ midh} lb b}vili}+ iligi} b aimi}+ i}}`n mhnh abmjilrti} tb}`lbemì`} b èlr}|tì`}+ b bn vbçi} vbyrbei} lb dtèyrblh} b n`mthaheb}% Ei} èlÿ}|tì} }íh gbtiknbe|b r|`k`ili} ei arel`çíh }hd vtb}}íh% Mhe|rlh+ h }br bkbqilh vtbçh eh} ÿk|`nh} |bnvh}+ |bn |`lh mhnh mhe}byrïemì i }rd}|`|r`çíh lb}|i k`gi nb|ék`mi vbki Ikrnîe`h+ vht vh}}r`t rni

40

nbeht lbe}`lilb b rn vtbçh èabt`ht%

A`grti} 47+ 4: b 40? Mitth bn nèì|rti+ niçieb|i+ abmjilrti b midh lrni b}vili bn _inim%  Mhvpt`gj| Nit`}i N`kjieh 4699

:{V é g ` e i

41



K@GI] LB B]\IEJH H b}|iejh à rn nb|ik dtiemh vti|bilh+ nikbéqbk b }ýk`lh ei} mhel`çòb} ind`be|i`}+ b atég`k yrielh iyrbm`lh% À vhrmh lÿm|`k+ |bn di`zh vhe|h lb ar}íh b à ik|inbe|b mt`}|ikèh% Eíh }b hz`li aim`knbe|b mhn h it+ }belh vht|ie|h tb}`}|be|b æ mhtth}íh% Yrielh à yrbdtilh vthlr rn trîlh *‛gt`|h *‛gt`|h lb b}|iejh„)+ b}|iejh„)+ mir}ilh vbki

yrbdti li} }ri} k`giçòb} mt`}|ikèi}% H b}|iejh vhlb }bt i|imilh A`grti =6? B}|iejh

vbkh ém`lh }rkaÿt`mh+ eî|t`mh b mkhtîlt`mh yrielh mhembe|tilh}+ b vthlr b}|iei|h} bn mhe|im|h mhn di}b}%

H b}|iejh }ýk`lh |bn lri} qit`blilb} ikh|týv`mi}+ hr }boi+ lri} ahtni} b}|tr|rti`}% I di`zi} |bnvbti|rti}+ bz`}|b ei ahtni $mèbe|i$ hr b}|iejh ikai *ι)+ yrb ivtb}be|i b}|tr|rti

mt`}|ikèi mÿd`mi% Yrielh iyrbm`lh im`ni lb 9=+4 ¶M+ nrli viti i ahtni $dtiemi$ hr b}|iejh db|i *δ)+ mhn b}|tr|rti mt`}|ikèi |b|tigheik%

H b}|iejh à rn bkbnbe|h tbki|`qinbe|b b}mi}}h ei mth}|i |bttb}|tb+ mhn rni idreläemì lb ivthz`nilinbe|b 4 vvn *n(n)+ mhnvitilh mhn h} 0< vvn *n(n) viti h èmh b 1= vvn *n(n) viti h mhdtb% HZ@LIÇÍH

H vtèm`vik nèàt`h lb bz|timçíh lb b}|iejh à i mi}}bt`|i *ýz`lh lb b}|iejh+ ]eH4)+ helb à hd|`lh vbki tblrçíh lh nèàt`h

]eH4 # 4 M ⇔ ]e*}) # 4 MH*g)

mhn mitqíh+ ern ahteh i ik|i} |bnvbti|rti}% |bnvbti|rti}% Ikàn lb}|b+ h b}|iejh vhlb |indàn }bt bz|tiîlh i vit|`t li b}|ie`|i+ nèàt`h yrb mhe|àn ]rkahb}|iei|h lb mhdtb b abtth+ Mr 4Ab]e]<+ mhnvh}|h vht mbtmi lb

TBLRÇÍH

47+1" lb b}|iejh%

Ivk`miçòb} À rn lh} nb|i`} mhejbm`lh} jé ni`} |bnvh+ b |bn }`lh r|`k`ilh mhnh rn lh} mhnvhebe|b} lh dtheb *k`gi lb mhdtb b b}|iejh) lb}lb i Ie|`gr`lilb? lbq`lh æ }ri mivim`lilb lb belrtbmbt h mhdtb+ b}|i k`gi lb b}|iejh b mhdtb ah` r|`k`ili viti vthlr`t itni} b r|be}îk`h} lb}lb =266 i%M%


A`grti =9? Vbçi} ie|`gi} aidt`mili} bn b}|iejh%

0{V é g ` e i



Viti ikàn lh mhdtb+ h b}|iejh vhlb |indàn ht`gèit k`gi} mhn h mjrndh+ }belh b}|i} nr`|h r|`k`ili} mhnh tbqb}|`nbe|h lb içh}+ vht qbb} i|à n`}|rtili} mhn èmh+ i a`n lb `nvbl`t i mhtth}íh b bq`|it i bkbm|týk`}b% À |indàn nr`|h r|`k`ilh mhn h abtth viti tbqb}|`nbe|h} b imidinbe|h} ei èlÿ}|tì ir|hnhd`kî}|`mi% ir|hnhd`kî}|`mi%

A`grti =4? Nh|ht mhn vbçi} tbqb}|`li} bn b}|iejh%

Lbq`lh æ }ri gtielb nikbid`k`lilb+ à `griknbe|b vh}}îqbk vthlr`t känèi} nr`|h aèi} mhn h b}|iejh+ yrb vhlbn }btq`t lb tbqb}|`nbe|h} viti tbm`v`be|b} mhnh niçh} lb m`gitth} b ditti} lb mjhmhki|b b h è|bt`ht lb ki|i} viti ik`nbe|h} lb mhe}btqi% ==

À |indàn r}ilh viti }hklit ore|i} lb |rdrkiçòb} hr lb m`tmr`|h} bkàm|t`mh} b bkbm|týe`mh} b ahtni a htni k`gi} viti ar}îqb`}% \indàn à nr`|h r|`k`ilh ei} |bkji}+ mhttbe|b}+ äemhti} b bn lbmhtiçòb} lb hdobm|h}% Vht a`n+ yrielh mheorgilh mhn h e`ýd`h *Ed)+ ahtni k`gi} }rvbtmhelr|hti} i |bnvbti|rti} nr`|h

=<

di`zi}%

=2 =7

B]\IEJH

Tbqb}|`nbe|h imidinbe|h

Mkhtb|h lb B}|iejh



Hr|th} }i`} lb B}|iejh



K`gi B}|iejh(E`ýd`h

=1

A`zilht lb |è|i}

]hkli

A`grti} ==+ =<+ =2+ =1 b =7? Ki|i}+ |bkji}+ ar}îqb`}+ tbqb}|`nbe|h lb mjhmhki|b} b k`gi} }rvbtmhelr|hti} aidt`mili} mhn k`gi} lb b}|iejh%

Q`lth} b B}vbkjh}

]rvbtmhelr|ht bkàm|t`mh









\idbki 4? @lbe|à`miçíh lb l`qbt}i} ivk`miçòb} lb ikgrni} k`gi} lb b}|iejh b mhnvh}|h} lbt`qilh}%  Mhvpt`gj| Nit`}i N`kjieh 4699

96 { V é g ` e i



K@GI] LB ABTTH K@GI] LB ABTTH

H abtth à rn nb|ik lb |tie}`çíh yrb ai vit|b lh} vtèm`vi`} mhe}|`|rè|b} lh Re`qbt}h b yrb à r|`k`ilh b}}bemìknbe|b viti i vthlrçíh lb k`gi} nb|ék`mi} mhnh h Içh+ q`}|h yrb ahtni rni yrie|`lilb mhe}`lbtéqbk lb mhnvh}|h} mhn hr|th} bkbnbe|h} yrîn`mh}% I}}`n+ vti|`minbe|b eíh à r|`k`ilh ei }ri ahtni vrti% À rn nb|ik lb mhkhtiçíh mèbe|i+ nikbéqbk+ lrth+ dt`kjie|b

b

lÿm|`k%

Æ

|bnvbti|rti

abtthnigeà|`mh%

ind`be|b

à

A`grti =:? \httb Bàabk ” bzbnvkh lb ivk`miçòb} eh abtth ei mhe}|trçíh

À h bkbnbe|h ni`} vb}ilh yrb }b vthlr vht rn vthmb}}h lb ar}íh bzh|àtn`mh+ b h ni`} kbqb vthlr`lh vht a`}}íh+ `}|h vhtyrb h }br eÿmkbh |bn i ni`} ik|i bebtgì lb k`giçíh ermkbit *bebtgì ebmb}}étì viti tbnhqbt rn vth|íh hr rn ebr|tíh lh eÿmkbh)% I} vthvt`blilb} nigeà|`mi} lh abtth aibn mhn yrb }boi h vtèm`vik nb|ik r|`k`ilh ei mhe}|trçíh lb înie}%

Lb}`geiçòb}

@e|btqikh} lb |bnvbti|rti

Ahtni} b}|tr|rti`}

Abtth ι

I|à 7::¿M *|bnvbti|rt *|bnvbti|rtii ind`be|b)

]`}|bni mt`}|ikèh mhn rni tblb mÿd`mi mbe|tili eh mhtvh *abtthnigeà|`mh)

Abtth δ

7:: ” 096¿M

]`}|bni mt`}|ikèh mhn rni tblb mÿd`mi mbe|tili eh mhtvh *abtthnigeà|`m *abtthnigeà|`mh) h)

Abtth p

096 ” 9<66 ¿M

Tblb mÿd`mi mbe|tili ei} aimb}

Abtth μ

9<66 ” 92=0¿M

Tblb mÿd`mi mbe|tili eh mhtvh

\idbki =? @lbe|à`miçíh lh} l`qbt}h} è|btqikh} lb |bnvbti|rti b li} ahtni} b}|tr|rti`} lh} qét`h} |`vh} lb abtth%

Içh H içh à i vtèm`vik k`gi nb|ék`mi lh abtth+ tb}rk|ie|b li }ri n`}|rti mhn h Mitdheh% Làbtb lh abtth arel`lh ei nbl`li bn yrb i k`gi |bn be|tb 6+66: i 4+99" lb mitdheh b h abtth arel`lh |bn be|tb 4+99 i 1+17"% H içh à ni`} lÿm|`k b ni`} aim`knbe|b nhklilh i|tiqà} li ahtoi+ kinèiçíh b li bz|tr}íh% A`grti =0? Midh} lb Içh  Mhvpt`gj| Nit`}i N`kjieh 4699

99 { V é g ` e i



Bz`}|bn qét`h} |`vh} lb abtth+ vhlbelh qitìt i }ri yrie|`lilb lb mitdheh+ i }ri mhnvh}`çíh yrîn`mi+ i }ri b}|tr|rti b i }ri ivk`miçíh% Eh içh mhnrn h |bht lb `nvrtbi} *bkbnbe|h} ikàn lh abtth b lh mitdheh) b}|é }bnvtb idi`zh lh} 4"% Im`ni lh} 4 i|à 2" oé à mhe}`lbtilh içh lb di`zi.k`gi b im`ni lb 2" à mhe}`lbtilh lb ik|i.k`gi% I}}`n+ h} làbtbe|b} |`vh} lb içh mhe}hie|b i }ri mhnvh}`çíh yrîn`mi vhlbn }bt tb}rn`lh} eb}|i |idbki? Mhnvh}`çíh *" né}}`mi) \`vh

M

Ne

V

]

]`

E`

Mt

Hr|th}

R|`k`içòb} R|`k`içòb} Vthlr|h} kinèilh}3 Abttinbe|i}

Ehtnik

9+=2

9+12

6+6<

6+62

6+61

.

.

Mr *6+4 i 6+1)

Lb ik|i tb}`}|ïemì

6+42

9+12

6+6<

6+62

6+92. 6+0

6+<. 9+6

6+=. 9+=

Mr *6+69 i 6+6:)

Mhe}|trçíh3 \rtdèi} i qivht3

@ehz`léqbk

6+6=. 9+4

9+6. 96

6+6<. 6+61

.

R|be}îk`h} lb mhèji3 Känèi} lb ditdbit3

6+6=

9.=

9.44

<+6.47

\idbki
Içh @ehz`léqbk? B}|b Içh à làbtbe|b lh içh jid`|rik ab`|h lb mitdheh+ rni qb yrb à di}|ie|b ni`} tb}`}|be|b æ hz`liçíh i|nh}aàt`mi lbq`lh+ b}}bemìknbe|b+ æ vtb}beçi lh mtýn`h+ yrb tb}`}|b nr`|h ni`} aim`knbe|b æ mhtth}íh% @}|h vhtyrb h mtýn`h bz`}|be|b ei k`gi hz`li.}b bn mhe|im|h mhn h hz`gàe`h lh it+ lielh ht`gbn i rni aèi vbkîmrki b}|éqbk+ lb ýz`lh lb mtýn`h *Mt 4H=) yrb }b ahtni ei }rvbtaîm`b bzvh}|i ih nb`h+ vth|bgbelh i}}`n h içh li mhtth}íh% À ebmb}}étì rni vbtmbe|igbn nîe`ni *mbtmi lb 99") lb mtýn`h viti `}|h imhe|bmbt%

Vtèm`vi`} vthvt`blilb} lh içh èhz`léqbk? 

Ik|i tb}`}|ïemì æ mhtth}íh



Tb}`}|ïemì nbmäe`mi



Aim`k`lilb lb k`nvbi(Di`zi trgh}`lilb }rvbta`mìk



Ni|btìk èbt|b


94 { V é g ` e i





Aim`k`lilb lb mheahtniçíh b lb re`íh



Tb}`}|ïemì i ik|i} b di`zi} |bnvbti|rti}



Tb}`}|ïemì æ} qitìçòb} dtr}mi} lb |bnvbti|rti



Imidinbe|h} }rvbta`mì`} }rvbta`mì`} b ahtni} qitìli}



Aht|b ivbkh q`}rik *nhlbte`lilb+ kbqbi b vtb}|îg`h)



Tbkiçíh mr}|h ( dbebaîm`h aiqhtéqbk *di`zh mr}|h lb nier|beçíh+ aém`k aidt`miçíh)



Ni|btìk tbm`mkéqbk

I} làbtbe|b} k`giçòb} yrb h Içh vhlb aibt mhn hr|th} ni|btì`} b i} tb}vbm|`qi} ivk`miçòb} vhlbn }bt tb}rn`lh bn?

K`gi Nb|ék`mi

Mhnvhebe|b}

Mitim|btî}|`mi}

Ivk`miçòb}

Içh

Abtth b Mitdheh

Tb}`}|ïemì æ mhtth}íh

Eiq`h}+ r|be}îk`h} lhnà}|`mh}

Içh èhz`léqbk

Abtth b Mtýn`h *hr Eîyrbk hr nhk`dlàe`h)

Ik|i tb}`}|ïemì æ mhtth}íh

Içh.Eîyrbk

Içh b Eîyrbk

Tb}`}|ïemì æ nbmäe`mi

Miejòb}+ Ni|btìk lb dkèligbn

Içh.\re}|àe`h

Içh b \reg}|àe`h

Ik|i lrtbi

Dthmi}+ Vhe|i} lb mieb|i}

\ikjbtb}+ R|be}îk`h} lhnà}|`mh}? Bkbm|thlhnà}|`mh}+

\idbki 2? @lbe|à`miçíh li} làbtbe|b} k`gi} lh abtth+ lh} }br} mhnvhebe|b}+ mitim|btî}|`mi} b ivk`miçòb}%

<6

<9

<4

A`grti} <6+ <9+ <4 b <=? Nhe`|ht a`zh lb rn miejíh bn içh.eîyrbk+ viebki} bn içh èhz`léqbk+ dthmi} bn içh. |re}|àe`h b eiq`h ab`|h mhn içh% <=  Mhvpt`gj| Nit`}i N`kjieh 4699

9= { V é g ` e i



K@GI] LB NBTMßT@H H nbtmÿt`h à h ÿe`mh nb|ik yrb à kîyr`lh æ} mhel`çòb} lb vtb}}íh b |bnvbti|rti ehtni`}+ viti ikàn lh dthnh% À èhlhth b rn dhn mhelr|ht lb bkbm|t`m`lilb% Vhtàn+ bn mhnvitiçíh mhn hr|th} nb|i`}+ eíh à rn dhn mhelr|ht lb mikht% À è}hkÿqbk bn égri b }hkÿqbk bn ém`lh eî|t`mh% A`grti <
À rn bkbnbe|h bz|tbninbe|b tith+ mhn rni idreläemì ei \btti lb mbtmi lb 6+6: vit|îmrki} vht n`kjíh *vvn)%

Mhndèi.}b aim`knbe|b mhn hr|th} nb|i`} ahtnielh k`gi} nb|ék`mi} b vthlrèlh inékgini}% Yrielh mhndèilh mhn ikrnîe`h ahtni rni inékgini lb nbtmÿt`h.ikrnîe`h+ mhn h hrth ahtni rni lb hrth.nbtmÿt`h b mhn i vti|i ahtni lb vti|i.nbtmÿt`h% H nbtmÿt`h ah` lb}mhdbt|h vbkh} bgîvm`h} ivthz`nilinbe|b 9266 i%M%+ b h }br ehnb $jpltitgptrn$ }`geà`mi k`|btiknbe|b? ‛égri lb vti|i„% \ie|h} h} bgîvm`h} mhnh h} thnieh} r|`k`iqin b}|b nb|ik ei mh}nà|`mi+ a`mielh nr`|i} qbb} mhn i miti lbahtnili% H} mjèb}b} b h} |`db|ieh} |indàn h mhejbmìn b r|`k`iqin.eh mhnh nbl`minbe|h viti mrtit atim|rti}+ b viti vthkhegit i q`li% ]ý vht qhk|i lb 266 i%M% à yrb h nbtmÿt`h mhnbçhr i }bt r|`k`ilh viti aibt inékgini} ih }bt mhndèilh mhn hr|th} nb|i`}%

Ivk`miçòb}? H ni`} `nvht|ie|b lb |hlh} h} r}h} nhlbteh} viti h nbtmÿt`h b}|é ei aidt`miçíh lb è}|trnbe|h} viti kidhti|ýt`h}+ q`}|h yrb vh}}r` rni }àt`b lb mitim|btî}|`mi} aî}`mi} *ehnbilinbe|b h }br vb}h b}vbmîa`mh+ i }ri akr`lb+ i }ri mhelr|`q`lilb |àtn`mi b i|à nb}nh i }ri aim`k`lilb lb vrtà`miçíh) yrb h |htein di}|ie|b ivtbmìlh% Be|tb h} è}|trnbe|h}+ lb}|imi.}b ei aidt`miçíh lb |btnýnb|th}+ bkàm|thlh}+ ditýnb|th}+ è}|trnbe|h} viti nbl`t vtb}}íh lh }iegrb+ känvili}+ nbl`minbe|h}+ b}vbkjh}+ lb|heilhtb} mhtie|b} b mhnh mi|ik`}ilht *màkrki} lb nbtmÿt`h viti }hkli bkbm|thkî|`mi b bn bebtgì i|ýn`mi)% A`grti} <2 b <1? \btnýnb|th b känvili} lb nbtmÿt`h%  Mhvpt`gj| Nit`}i N`kjieh 4699

9< { V é g ` e i



H nbtmÿt`h ivtb}be|i |indàn l`qbt}i} ivk`miçòb} ei nbl`mèi mhnh ei r|`k`içíh lh nbtmhyrèhk *hz`yrèhkè}rkahei|h lb nbtmÿt`h) b lh j`ltitg`thk *vitiabe`k|heì|h hr vitiabehk}rkahei|h lb nbtmÿt`h) r|`k`ilh} mhnh ie|`.}àv|`mh}+ i}}`n mhnh hr|th} mhnvh}|h} lb nbtmÿt`h |i`} mhnh h? j`ltitghk+ j`ltitg`th}bv|hk+ `hlb|h nbtmÿt`mh+ mkhth`hlb|h nbtmÿt`mh+ nbtmrt`hk+ be|tb hr|th}%

Vtèm`vi`} Inékgini} Rni inékgini à rni }rd}|äemì ahtnili vbki tbimçíh lh nbtmÿt`h mhn hr|th nb|ik% Yri}b |hlh} h} nb|i`} vhlbn ahtnit inékgini} mhn nbtmÿt`h+ }bn }bt ikgrni} bzmbvçòb} mhnh i vki|èi b h abtth% I} inékgini} lb vti|i.nbtmÿt`h }íh nr`|h `nvht|ie|b} ei nbl`mèi ” b}vbmìknbe|b ei nbl`mèi lbe|étì ” b i} lb hrth.nbtmÿt`h }íh r|`k`ili} ei bz|timçíh lh hrth lh} nèàt`h}+ i vt`nb`ti ivk`miçíh lb}|b ni|btìk% I} inékgini} }íh r}ili} ei nbl`mèi lbe|étì vht rn eÿnbth qitìlh lb nh|`qh}? vt`nb`th vhtyrb }íh diti|i} b tbki|`qinbe|b aémb`} lb r|`k`it b nie`vrkit *nb}nh ivý} i mhkhmiçíh) b }bgrelh vhtyrb |ïn rni gtielb khegbq`lilb% Mhe|rlh+ b}|i} |ïn }`lh rk|`ninbe|b }rd}|`|rîli} vbkh d`}nr|h yrb ivtb}be|i vthvt`blilb} }bnbkjie|b}+ }belh eh be|ie|h nbeh} |ýz`mh% A`grti <7? Inékgini lb vti|i. nbtmÿt`h i vtbbemjbt rn nhkit%


92 { V é g ` e i



K@GI] LB EÎYRBK H eîyrbk à rn nb|ik lb |tie}`çíh dtiemh vti|bilh+ lÿm|`k b nikbéqbk+ yrb+ ivb}it lb eíh }bt aim`knbe|b |tie}ahtnilh bn känèi}+ à nr`|h }`n`kit ih abtth bn ikgre} i}vbm|h}% À rn dhn mhelr|ht lb bkbm|t`m`lilb b lb mikht b vh}}r` rn vhe|h lb ar}íh bkbqilh+ h yrb bzvk`mi i bkbqili tb}`}|ïemì li} }ri} k`gi} i |bnvbti|rti} bkbqili}+ aim|h b}|b yrb }b tbqb}|b li ni`ht `nvht|äemì ei} ivk`miçòb} lb}|b nb|ik ei }hm`blilb% A`grti <:? Eîyrbk vrth%

I} k`gi} lb eîyrbk vh}}rbn i mivim`lilb lb }rvht|it mhel`çòb} bz|tbni} lb mhtth}íh b |bnvbti|rti} b |be}òb} bkbqili}%

H r}h lh eîyrbk tbnhe|i ivthz`nilinbe|b ih }àmrkh @Q i%M%+ helb b}|b bti ni`ht`|itìnbe|b r|`k`ilh mhn h mhdtb% Ahtin lb}mhdbt|i} vbçi} lb dtheb dtheb ht`gèétì} li im|rik ]îtì ahtnili} vht mhe|bÿlh} lb eîyrbk }rvbt`htb} i 4"% Ikàn l`}}h+ ikgre} nier}mt`|h} mjèb}b} }rgbtbn yrb h mhdtb dtiemh . i k`gi lb mhdtb b eîyrbk *Mrvtheîyrbk) . bti r|`k`ilh eh Ht`be|b lb}lb 9<66.9766 i%M% Eh be|ie|h vbe}i.}b yrb i gtielb aim`k`lilb lb mhearel`t i} nèi} lb eîyrbk mhn i} lb vti|i tb}rk|in yrb+ ei tbik`lilb+ h qbtlilb`th r}h lh eîyrbk |bté }`lh vh}|bt`htnbe|b+ i vit|`t lh }àmrkh @Q i%M%

H eîyrbk à rn nb|ik yrb }b bemhe|ti vtb}be|b eh} nb|bhth}+ eh eÿmkbh è|bteh li \btti b bn l`qbt}h} nèbti`} *gite`bt`|i+ n`kkbt`|i+ vbe|kiel`|i b v`tth|`|i)% À+ |ik mhnh h qieél`h+ rn lh} mhe}|`|rè|b} lh vb|týkbh+ bemhe|tielh.}b+ bn gbtik+ bn ni`ht mhembe|tiçíh eh} ýkbh} vb}ilh}%

A`grti <0? Vb|týkbh


91 { V é g ` e i



Lb rn nhlh gbtik+ i} k`gi} lb eîyrbk l`q`lbn.}b bn 2 gtielb} gtrvh}?

Eîyrbk mhnbtmìknbe|b vrth Yrb mhe|àn mbtmi lb 00+2" lb Eîyrbk3 Bzbnvkh}? Eîyrbk 466 b Eîyrbk 469+ Lrtieîyrbk =69

K`gi} dèétì} B}}bemìknbe|b k`gi} lb Eîyrbk b Mhdtb+ lbehnèili k`gi Nhebk+ yrb |indàn vhlb ivtb}be|it vbyrbei} yrie|`lilb} lb Ikrnîe`h+ Abtth b \`|äe`h3 Hr|th bzbnvkh à i K`gi Ji}|bkkhp D4 *k`gi lb Eàyrbk b Nhk`dlàe`h) A`grti 26? K`gi Nhebk%

K`gi} |bteétì} Helb }b lb}|imin i} k`gi} lb mhnvh}`çíh E`.Mt.Ab *Eîyrbk+ Mtýn`h b Abtth) b E`.Mt.Nh *Eîyrbk+ Mtýn`h b Nhk`dlàe`h)

K`gi} mhnvkbzi} ]belh i k`gi vtèm`vik à lb E`.Mt.Ab.Nh.Mr *Eîyrbk+ Mtýn`h+ Abtth+ Nhk`dlàe`h b Mhdtb)

]rvbtk`gi} K`gi} lb gtielb `nvht|äemì+ b}vbmìknbe|b lb}beqhkq`li} viti }btq`çh} }hd mhel`çòb} lb ik|i tb}`}|ïemì nbmäe`mi b ik|i} |bnvbti|rti}%

Ivk`miçòb}? I} k`gi} lb eîyrbk }íh bnvtbgili} vtèm`viknbe|b bn }btq`çh} }rdnb|`lh} i ik|i} |bnvbti|rti} b æ mhtth}íh% Ikàn l`}}h+ h aim|h lb h eîyrbk ivtb}be|it rni bkbqili mhelr|`d`k`lilb |àtn`mi b bkàm|t`mi+ i}}`n mhnh |indàn rni bzmbkbe|b vthvt`blilb nigeà|`mi aibn lb}|b b li} }ri} k`gi}+ mhnvhebe|b} nr`|h `nvht|ie|b} b qik`h}h}% H eîyrbk à èmkrîlh erni invki gini lb k`gi} abtth}i} b eíh abtth}i}% A`grti} 29 b 24? V`}|hki b vitiar}h} aidt`milh} mhn eîyrbk%


97 { V é g ` e i



K`gi} lb Eîyrbk Nr.nb|ik *k`gi} E`.Ab) Nhebk *k`gi} E`.Mr)

Bkbqili Vbtnbid`k` lilb Nigeà|`mi

Bkbqili tb}`}|ïemì æ mhtth}íh

Ivtb}be|i mitém|bt lb k`gi lb nbnýtì lb ahtni

]rvbtbki}|`m`lilb



Bkbqili tb}`}|ïemì æ} ik|i} |bnvbti|rti} 



Hr|ti} k`gi} lb E`

. Vth|bmçíh lb minvh} nigeà|`mh}3 . Nh|htb} nitî|`nh}3 . \rtdèi} lb iq`íh3 . @e}|ikiçòb} yrîn`mi} b vb|thyrîn`mi}3



E`|èhk.22 *k`gi} E`.\`)

Ikgrni} Ivk`miçòb}









. L`}vh}`|`qh} lb thdý|`mi3 . Mi|ik`}ilht lb j`lthgbeiçíh lb ýkbh} qbgb|i`}3 . Mhtli} lb gr`|itti b lb hr|th} è}|trnbe|h}3 . Mbe|ti`} ermkbitb}3 . Ni|btìk viti kidhti|ýt`h} yrîn`mh}%

\idbki 1? @lbe|à`miçíh li} l`qbt}i} mitim|btî}|`mi} b tb}vbm|`qi} ivk`miçòb} lb ikgrni} k`gi} lb eîyrbk%


9: { V é g ` e i



K@GI] LB HRTH H Hrth ah` vthqiqbknbe|b h vt`nb`th nb|ik i }bt lb}mhdbt|h vbkh jhnbn% À rn nb|ik lb |tie}`çíh dt`kjie|b lb mht initbkili% Mhe|rlh+ eh b}|ilh vrth à di}|ie|b nikbéqbk b yrbdtil`çh% ]b rni ikìeçi lb mi}inbe|h+ vht bzbnvkh+ ah}}b ab`|i bn hrth vrth+ i }ri tb}`}|ïemì æ lbahtniçíh }btì |íh vbyrbei yrb i} im|`q`lilb} jid`|ri`} lh lì.i.lì }btìn }ra`m`be|b} viti i lieà`mitbn mhe}|ie|bnbe|b% Vht b}}i tiíh+ à gbtiknbe|b belrtbm`lh+ ahtnielh k`gi} nb|ék`mi} mhn i vti|i+ h mhdtb b h vikél`h+ be|tb hr|th} nb|i`}%

I yrie|`lilb lb hrth eb}|i} k`gi} à bzvtb}}i+ gbtiknbe|b+ bn yr`ki|b} *C)+ yrb èl`min h eÿnbth lb vit|b} lb hrth bn 4< vit|b} li k`gi%

      

A`grti 2= b 2
          

hr       

              

I}}`n+ }b rni oýì lb hrth |`qbt+ vht bzbnvkh+ 72" bn hrth+ h eÿnbth lb yr`ki|b} à `grik i 4< z 6+72 > 9:% H hrth mhnvkb|inbe|b vrth }bté be|íh lb 4< yr`ki|b}% H hrth à r|`k`ilh mhnh nhbli lb |thmi lb}lb =666 i%M% Eh be|ie|h+ }ý eh aèik lh }àmrkh ZQ@@@ à yrb ilyr`t`r rn b}|i|r|h nheb|ét`h re`qbt}ik% I}}`n+ i ni`ht vit|b lh hrth vthlr`lh bn |hlh h nrelh à r|`k`ilh ei ohikjitì b bn ilhteh} tbk`g`h}h}+ ei aidt`miçíh lb nhbli} b nblikji}+ b viti tb}btqi} diemétì} mhnh gitie|ì lb byr`kîdt`h ei} |tie}imçòb} mhnbtmì`} è|bteim`hei`}%


A`grti 22+ 21 b 27? Nhbli}+ mtr b kègh|b} bn hrth

90 { V é g ` e i



Hrth

K`gi *vti|i+ mhdtb+ vikél`h+ eîyrbk+ b|m%)

4
6"

44C

0+97"

46C

46+6<"

9:C

==+=="

91C

26+92"

9
79+24"

94C

966+66"

0C

911+11"

2: 20

19

16

A`grti 2:+ 20+ 16 b 19? Nhbli} bn hrth lb 4
\idbki 7? \`vh} lb hrth b tb}vbm|`qi mhe}|`|r`çíh mhn hr|th} nb|i`}%

H hrth lb kb` à i k`gi lb hrth mroh eÿnbth lb yr`ki|b} à lb|btnèilh vht l`}vh}`çíh ghqbteinbe|ik+ qitìelh lb viî} viti viî}%

\`vh lb Hrth

Mht

Hrth # 4(= lb vti|i # 9(= lb mhdtb

Hrth Initbkh

Hrth # 9(= lb vti|i # 4(= lb mhdtb

Hrth Th}i

Hrth # vti|i # èmh

Hrth Irk

Hrth # vti|i # abtth *hr içh)

Hrth Ebgth

Hrth # mhdtb *9:") # vti|i *92")

Hrth Qbtnbkjh

Hrth # vikél`h *91+11") # vti|i *91+11")

Hrth Dtiemh

Hrth # vti|i

Hrth Qbtlb

\idbki :? \`vh} lb hrth b tb}vbm|`qi mht%

A`grti} 14+ 1=+ 1< b 12? Hrth initbkh+ hrth dtiemh+ hrth ebgth b hrth th}i+ tb}vbm|`qinbe|b%


46 { V é g ` e i



Lbq`lh æ }ri dhi mhelr|`q`lilb bkàm|t`mi+ tb}`}|ïemì æ mhtth}íh b rni dhi mhndèiçíh lb vthvt`blilb} aî}`mi} b yrîn`mi}+ h hrth ivtb}be|i |indàn l`qbt}i} ivk`miçòb} èlr}|tì`}+ vtblhnèie|bnbe|b vtblhnèie|bnbe|b ei bkbm|týe`mi b ei ibthb}vimìk% ibthb}vimìk% Eb}|i} èlÿ}|tì} à mhnrn tbik`it.}b bkbm|thlbvh}`çòb} lb hrth bn mhnvhebe|b} bkbm|týe`mh}+ b}mrlh} lb mikht+ lîhlh}+ m`tmr`|h} `nvtb}}h} hr vèh} lb k`giçíh% H} a`knb} lb hrth nr`|h aèh} |ïn rni bzmbkbe|b tbakbm|`q`lilb tbakbm|`q`lilb ih èatiqbtnbkjh+ rni dhi tb}`}|ïemì æ mhtth}íh mhtth}í h b gitie|bn rn di`zh trîlh lb mhe|im|h% H hrth à |indàn r|`k`ilh bn k`gi} lb}|èili} i vtý|b}b} lbe|étì}+ eh |ti|inbe|h li it|t`|b+ mhnh }ik }hkÿqbk+ vht ilnè`}|tiçíh è|tinr}mrkit+ bn mhe|im|h} bkàm|t`mh} b ei ah|hgtiaì%


49 { V é g ` e i



K@GI] LB VTI\I I vti|i à mhejbm`li vbkh Jhnbn lb}lb i Vtà.J`}|ýtì+ b}|`nielh.}b yrb i }ri lb}mhdbt|i }b tbik`hr vhrmh |bnvh lbvh`} li lh hrth b lh mhdtb% I vti|i à h nb|ik ni`} dtiemh yrb }b mhejbmb b lbnhe}|ti vh}}r`t rn vhlbt lb tbakbzíh li kr vit|`mrkitnbe|b gtielb% À `griknbe|b h nb|ik yrb nbkjht mhelr mhttbe|b bkàm|t`mi+ A`grti 11? Vti|i%

}rvbtielh h mhdtb b h hrth%

Eh be|ie|h+ ikàn lb eíh vh}}r`t rn qikht è|tîe}bmh |íh ik|h mhnh h hrth+ |indàn eíh vh}}r` i} nb}ni} vthvt`blilb}% Yrielh tbmbe|bnbe|b bz|tiîli hr vhk`li+ i vti|i vh}}r` rni mht dtiemh.vti|i dt`kjie|b mitim|btî}|`mi+ i}}`n mhnh rn dt`kjh nb|ék`mh% Be|tb|ie|h+ mhn i bzvh}`çíh ih hz`gàe`h lh it+ ahtni.}b rni minili vtb|i+ lb ýz`lh lb vti|i+ b}mrtbmbelh i }ri }rvbtaîm`b% B}|i minili vtb|i eíh iabm|i i yrik`lilb lh vthlr|h+ b yrielh ehqinbe|b vhk`li i vti|i tbmrvbti h }br dt`kjh ht`gèik% Vht mir}i l`}}h b vbkh aim|h lb }bt nr`|h nikbéqbk viti }bt r}ili bn ohikjitì ei }ri ahtni vrti+ i vti|i à atbyrbe|bnbe|b atbyrbe|bnbe|b k`gili i hr|th} nb|i`}%

I vti|i vh}}r` qétì} gtiliçòb} yrb èl`min h }br eîqbk lb vrtbi% I vti|i vrti hr i vti|i aèi vh}}r` h |bht lb vrtbi `grik i 9666+ b eíh }b r}i ei aidt`miçíh lb oýì}+ i eíh }bt bn mi}h} b}vbmì`}+ mhnh i a`k`gtiei+ helb }b hteinbe|in |tidikjh} mhn a`h} nr`|h aèh} b vbyrbeèi} dhki} lb vti|i+ }hklili} lb ahtni i mhnvht rn lb}bejh% Vbçi} mheabmm`heili} mhn vti|i 9666 a`min mhn rn gtir lb lrtbi nr`|h di`zh+ ittiejielh.}b b lbahtnielh.}b aim`knbe|b% A`grti 17? Mhtiçíh bn a`k`gtiei lb vti|i%

Vti|i 026 026 vit|b} lb vti|i viti 26 vit|b} lb mhdtb K`gi ni`ht`|itìnbe|b r|`k`ili ei ohikjitì it|b}ieik+ vht }bt ni`} nimì ih |tidikjé.ki% Ivtb}be|i nr`|h dt`kjh b rni gtielb lrtbi%


A`grti 1:? Mhkit bn vti|i 026%

44 { V é g ` e i



Vti|i 042 042 vit|b} lb vti|i viti 72 vit|b} lb mhdtb B}|i k`gi à i ni`} r}ili ei èlÿ}|tì lb oýì} bn vti|i% À ni`} lrti b tb}`}|be|b yrb i ie|bt`ht% A`grti 10? Vrk}b`ti bn vti|i 042%

B}|i} lri} k`gi} }íh mhejbm`li} mhnh Vti|i lb Kb` b }íh ni`ht`|itìnbe|b r}ili} ei ohikjitì% H |btnh Vti|i lb Kb` ah` b}|idbkbm`lh eh }àm% Z@@@ vbkh tb` lb Vht|rgik Lhn Iahe}h @@+ ih lbmtb|it rni kb` yrb vreì yrb }b aidt`mi}}bn vbçi} lb vti|i mhn k`gi} èabt`htb} i b}|i} b nie|àn.}b i|à jhob mhnh viltíh è|bteim`heik ei aidt`miçíh lb oýì}%

Idi`zh lb}}i} k`gi} |bnh} i Vti|i 066 b i Vti|i :66+ lb yrik`lilb èabt`ht+ yrb à i r}ili ivbei} viti diejit hr|th} nb|i`} mhnh ki|íh+ b}|iejh b abtth+ viti aibt vht bzbnvkh |ikjbtb}%

Vti|i 166 16" Ig # <6"Mr Nr`|h r}ili ei aidt`miçíh lb hdobm|h} lbmhti|`qh}% A`grti 76 b 79? \ikjbtb} bn vti|i :66 b b}mrk|rti bn vti|i 166%

Ei }ri k`gi mhn h mhdtb+ i vti|i ilyr`tb rni ni`ht lrtbi b tb}`}|ïemì% Vhtàn |htei.}b ni`} }r}mbv|îqbk æ hz`liçíh% I}}`n+ h èmh+ i vki|èi b h vikél`h vhlbn |indàn }bt il`m`heilh} æ vti|i+ i a`n lb }b nbkjhtit i} }ri} vthvt`blilb}% Bz`}|bn vht a`n+ hr|ti} k`gi} lb vti|i+ r|`k`ili} eh aidt`mh lb tilìlhtb} b vbçi} viti i èlÿ}|tì ir|hnýqbk+ b ei vthlrçíh lb è}|trnbe|h} nr}`mi`}%

A`grti 74+ 7= b 7

4= { V é g ` e i



K@GI] MHN NBNÝT@I LB AHTNI K`gi} mhn nbnýtì lb ahtni hr ]NI *]jivb Nbnhtp Ikkhp}) }íh k`gi} yrb vh}}rbn i mivim`lilb lb+ lbvh`} lb }rob`|i} i rni lbahtniçíh }bqbti+ tbmrvbtit i }ri ahtni ht`gèik% I vt`nb`ti k`gi lb nbnýtì lb ahtni i }bt lb}mhdbt|i ah` h E`\èhk+ idtbqì|rti lb Eîyrbk *E`)+ \`|äe`h *\`) b Eiqik

A`grti 72? K`gi mhn nbnýtì lb ahtni+ h E`\èhk

Htlbiemb Kidhti|htp *EHK)%

Ah` eb}|b kidhti|ýt`h eh} B}|ilh} Re`lh} li Inàt`mi yrb h begbejb`th W`kkìn O% Drbjkbt lb}mhdt`r yrb b}|b} lh`} nb|i`} lb |tie}`çíh *eîyrbk b |`|äe`h) yrielh mhndèilh} lb ahtni i ahtnitbn rni k`gi+ vh}}rîin vthvt`blilb} lb `nvim|h èqrkgitb}+ q`}|h yrb i} }ri} |`ti} lb nb|ik vhlìn }bt lhdtili} b lb}lhdtili} èÿnbti} qbb} }bn }b yrbdtitbn% \indàn mhe}|i|hr+ yrb yrielh iyrbm`li} i} |`ti} qhk|in æ }ri ahtni è`mìk% B}|i k`gi |bn rn eÿnbth ivthz`nilinbe|b `grik bn é|hnh} lb eîyrbk b |`|äe`h+ b qhk|i i ilhv|it i }ri ahtni ht`gèik yrielh lbahtnilh+ lbq`lh ih }br ittieoilh mt`}|ikèh eh b}|ilh }ýk`lh% B}|i} k`gi} mhn Nbnýtì lb Ahtni mitim|bt`in.}b vht |bt rn ittieoh mt`}|ikèh }`nà|t`mh+ mjinielh.}b ir}|be`|b+ yrb à tbki|`qinbe|b tîg`lh% Yrielh h} nb|i`} }íh ittbabm`lh} idi`zh lb rni lb|btnèili |bnvbti|rti+ mjinili |bnvbti|rti lb |tie}`çíh lb ai}b+ ai}b+ i ai}b mt`}|ikèi lb}|b} vi}}i i mjinit.}b nit|be}`|b rni qb yrb }b ik|bti rn vhrmh ” a`mielh ni`} akbzîqbk% I vit|`t lb}|i |bnvbti|rti lb |tie}`çíh viti di`zh h ni|btìk à nikbéqbk+ vhlbelh }bt lhdtilh bn l`qbt}i} ahtni}%

A`grti} 71 b 77? Ir}|be`|b b nit|be}`|b%

Lbvh`}+ yrielh iyrbm`lh+ qhk|i æ }ri ahtni ht`gèik% I |bnvbti|rti lb |tie}`çíh vhlb qitìt be|tb h} .492¿M i|à ih} 946¿M% Hr|ti} k`gi} lb nbnýtì }íh i} lb k`gi} lb hrth. méln`h+ mhdtb.ikrnîe`h b mhdtb.ikrnîe`h.eîyrbk *ivb}it lb ikgrni} }btbn ni`} vké}|`mi} yrb vthvtìnbe|b k`gi} lb nbnýtì)% A`grti 7:? K`gi lb nbnýtì lb ahtni+ mhdtb.ikrnîe`h. eîyrbk+ r|`k`ili ei} mhtli} lrni gr`|itti%  Mhvpt`gj| Nit`}i N`kjieh 4699

4< { V é g ` e i



Ivk`miçòb}?

Ibtheér|`mi Vht vhlbtbn nrlit lb ahtni+ }íh nr`|h r|`k`ili} ei} i}i} lh} iq`òb}%

Nbl`mèi Rni qb yrb b}|b} ni|btì`} }íh d`hmhnvi|îqb`} b

A`grti 70? Iq`íh Miçi A9

di}|ie|b tb}`}|be|b} vh}}rbn qétì} ivk`miçòb} ei nbl`mèi+ mhnh? · Mi|b|btb}3 · A`k|th} viti i qbì qbì miqi yrb tb|ïn tb|ïn h} mhégrkh}3 mhégrkh}3 · ]íh r}ili} viti }rd}|`|r`t h}}h} atim|rtilh} *bz? *bz? ieà`} viti i} qàt|bdti})3 · Ivitbkjh} lbe|ét`h}3 · Bn qét`h} è}|trnbe|h} r}ilh} bn m`trtgì+ mhnh igtiah} b d`}|rt`}%

Hr|ti} ivk`miçòb}

A`grti :6? R|`k`içíh lb nbnýtì} lb ahtni bn vtý|b}b}

· Bn ore|i} viti |rdigbe}3 |rdigbe}3 · It mhel`m`heilh}3 · Bz|è|htb} lb èmïel`h}3 èmïel`h}3 · @e|bttrv|htb} }be}îqb`} i |bnvbti|rti}3 |bnvbti|rti}3 · Bn thdý|`mi viti }`nrkit |belòb} |belòb} b nÿ}mrkh}3 · Itniçòb} lb ýmrkh}3

A`grti} :9+ :4 b :=? R|`k`içíh lb nbnýtì} lb ahtni bn |rdigbe}+ ýmrkh} b a`h}%  Mhvpt`gj| Nit`}i N`kjieh 4699

42 { V é g ` e i



TBM@MKIGBN LB NI\BT@I@] *NB\I@] B K@GI] NB\ÉK@MI]) Tbm`mkit à rni ahtni lb lit rn ehqh r}h i rn ni|btìk yrb oé ah` r|`k`ilh+ |tie}ahtnielh.h ehr|th ni|btìk ÿ|`k% I tbm`mkigbn à i}}`n rn nà|hlh lb l`nèr`t i yrie|`lilb lb tb}îlrh}+ vhrvielh tbmrt}h} ei|rti`} b bebtgà|`mh}% Viti yrb h} ni|btì`} vh}}in }bt tbm`mkilh}+ à

ebmb}}ét`h

yrb

}boin

}bvitilinbe|b

lbvh}`|ilh}+ tbmhkj`lh} b |tie}vht|ilh}% Tbgti gbtik+ |hlh} h} ni|btì`} nb|ék`mh} r}ilh} vhlbn }bt tbmrvbtilh} b ehqinbe|b arel`lh}% I tbm`mkigbn lb nb|i`} mhe}`}|b di}`minbe|b

ei

tbmhkji+

}bvitiçíh+

tbnhçíh(}bvitiçíh lb `nvrtbi}+ mhnvim|içíh+

A`grti :
arel`çíh b mheahtniçíh% Mhnh }b }idb+ h} nb|i`} }íh ni|btì`} tb}`}|be|b}+ lb bkbqili lrtid`k`lilb b aim`k`lilb lb mheahtniçíh+ }belh invkinbe|b r}ilh} ei }hm`blilb+ mhnh ie|bt`htnbe|b ah` tbabt`lh% Yrie|h æ }ri mhnvh}`çíh+ h} nb|i`} vhlbn }bt mki}}à`milh} bn lh`} gtielb} gtrvh}? h} abtth}h} *mhnvh}|h} vht abtth) b h} eíh.abtth}h}% B}|i mki}}à`miçíh di}bì.}b ei vtblhnèäemì lh abtth eh} vt`nb`th}+ mroi k`gi ni`} `nvht|ie|b b r|`k`ili à h içh% içh% Be|tb h} nb|i`} eíh.abtth}h}+ lb}|imin.}b h ikrnîe`h+ ikrnîe`h + h mhdtb b }ri} k`gi} *mhnh ki|íh b h dtheb)+ dtheb)+ h mjrndh+ mjrndh+ h eîyrbk b h èmh% èmh%

Nb|i`} abtth}h} Ei ni`htì li} qbb}+ h} nb|i`} abtth}h} }íh mieik`ilh} viti i} èlÿ}|tì} nb|ikÿtg`mi}+ helb i }rmi|i à |tie}ahtnili ehqinbe|b bn içh% Mili |hebkili lb içh tbm`mkilh tbvtb}be|i rni bmhehnì lb 99<6cg lb nèàt`h lb abtth+ 92
41 { V é g ` e i



A`grti :2+ :1+ :7 b ::? Bzbnvkh} li tbm`mkigbn lb rni ki|i%

Nb|i`} eíh.abtth}h} Oé eh mi}h lh} nb|i`} eíh.abtth}h}+ b}|b} }íh beminèjilh} viti èlÿ}|tì} lb arel`çíh+ tb}vb`|ielh vitänb|th} b}vbmîa`mh} lb vthmb}}inbe|h% H ikrnîe`h à rn lh} nb|i`} eíh abtth}h} ni`} r}ilh}% À |h|iknbe|b tbm`mkéqbk% I tbm`mkigbn lb}|b nb|ik à ab`|i i vit|`t lb }hdti} lh vtývt`h vthmb}}h lb vthlrçíh mhnh li }rmi|i gbtili vht vthlr|h} lb r}h A`grti :0? ]rmi|i lb Ikrnîe`h

mhttbe|b%

I tbm`mkigbn lh} nb|i`} i vit|`t v it|`t lb hdobm|h} r}ilh} à b}}bemìk viti i vhrvieçi lb tbmrt}h} ei|rti`} *nèàt`h})+ yrb }íh aè`|h}+ k`n`|ilh} b vbtn`|b gtielb tblrçíh lb gi}|h} bebtgà|`mh} ei }ri bz|timçíh%

A`grti 06? Nèi i màr idbt|h%


47 { V é g ` e i



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40 { V é g ` e i



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=6 { V é g ` e i



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=9 { V é g ` e i



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=4 { V é g ` e i



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== { V é g ` e i



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=2 { V é g ` e i



A`grti 27 j||v?((www%mhnvthhrth%mhn%dt( A`grti 2: j||v?((dkhg%ilinei}j%mhn(4667(61(90(|jb.4667.4èlbz!mVi|j>=6X=X=7 A`grti 14 j||v?((www%mi}ili}ikìemi}%mhn%dt(vthlr|h(0:2204(Vrk}b`ti.Abnèèi.bn.Hrth.Initbkh.V]1927 A`grti 1= j||v?((www%}rdnitèh%mhn%dt(vthlr|h(42(962:609(iebk#akhtb}#lb#hrth#dtiemh#m(#1#dt`kjie|b}#9<%9 7:4%9%66< A`grti 1< j||v?((n}e%dhk}ilbnrkjbt%mhn(nhli(imb}}ht`h}.bn.akhtXgikbtì.966=:7%j|nk8ah|h>1 A`grti 12 j||v?((atbiclbkrzb%mh%rc(qie.mkbba.itvbk}.vbtkbb.mhkkbm|`he( A`grti 11 j||v?((www%n``%htg(Nèbtik}(vjh|h}`kqbt%j|nk A`grti 17 j||v?((www%ab`|htì%mhn%v|(v|(mi|ikhgh(ab`|htì(imb}}ht`h}(mhtimih.lb.a`k`gtiei A`grti 1: j||v?((vht|rgrb}b%ik`didi%mhn(vthlrm|.atbb(}hk`l.026.}`kqbt.nitgh|.lb.|izmh.lb}`ge.ebmckimb. 96<76221<%j|nk A`grti 10 j||v?((www%dhndipjitdht%mhn(vthlrm|}(91:9(]`kqbtX]|btkègX]`kqbtXObwbktp%j|nk A`grti 76 j||v?((iagbe%mhn(}`kqbtXèqb}|nbe|%j|nk A`grti 79 j||v?((npnèì|rtb}`|b%ik|btq`}|i%htg(]vh`kbt(]vh`kbtLregbhe}haLtbil%j|n


=1 { V é g ` e i



A`grti 74 j||v?((www%tilìlhtb}nègh%mhn%it(lhmrnbe|h}(}btq`m`h}Xlb|ikkb%i}v8`l}btq`m`h}>96 A`grti 7= j||v?((www%nz2mbe|tb%mhn%ir(èlbz%vjv8nièXvigb>èlbz!nieraim|rtbt}X`l>0 A`grti 7< j||v?((www%}rdnitèh%mhn%dt(vthlr|h(=4(<<90:4(di|btì#q#}bt`b}#.#*q242<0X9X17X9!j|nk>vthlr|h!vthl>9696<4!mi|><: A`grti 70 j||v?((www%ik`lb%mhn%dt(wahtrn(q`bw|hv`m%vjv8a>72=!}|it|>9662 A`grti :6 j||v?((www%ratg}%dt(kl|n(vb}yr`}i(e`|èhk(e`|èhk%j|n A`grti :9 j||v?((www%eb|}mj.|jbtnik.ieikp}`}%mhn(v|(}bgnbe|h}.lb.nbtmilh.èlr}|tì}(lb|i`k(d`l+7%j|nk A`grti :4 j||v?((www%bpbgki}}b}.hekèb%mhn(atinb}Xabi|rtb}%j|nk A`grti := j||v?((www%g.tir%lb(vthlrc|b(69nbnhtpXb%j|n A`grti :< j||v?((www%vht|ik}ihatiem`}mh%mhn%dt(ikai(nb`h.ind`be|b.tbm`mkigbn(`nigbe}(tbm`mkigbn.42%ovg A`grti :2 j||v?((ciabcrk|rti%dkhg}vh|%mhn(4660X6
=7 { V é g ` e i



A`grti :7 j||v?((www%hdtiq`v%mhn(vthlr|h(<10:.nimieb|i.è|btei.mthnili.mheore|h.ityr`|b|h.14=2.inim.ki. ahe|b A`grti :: j||v?((www%gtbth%mhn%dt(70"M4"DI.}ikih.lh.ir|hnhqbk.lb.gbebdti.4660.ah|h}.lh}.mitth}( A`grti :0 j||v?((www%abtinb|i`}%mhn%dt(}rmi|i.lb.ikrnè`h%j|n A`grti 06 j||v?((|hvi`h9026%dkhg}%}ivh%v|(4=2=29%j|nk A`grti 09 j||v?((www%wb`tlhni|`m%mhn(drto.cjikài.|ikkb}|.dr`klèg.è.|jb.whtkl%j|nk


=: { V é g ` e i

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