MUNTU: LAS CULTURAS NEOAFRICANAS
JANHEINZ JAHN Traducción de JASMIN REUTER COLECCIÓN POPULAR FONDO DE CULTURA ECONÓMICA MÉXICO - BUENOS AIRES Priera edición en a!e"n# $%&' Priera edición en e()a*+!# $%, La edición +ri.ina! de e(/a +0ra 1ue re.i(/rada re.i(/rada )+r Eu.en Diederic2( Diederic2( 3er!a.# 3er!a.# de Du((e!d+r1Du((e!d+r1C+!+nia# c+n e! /4/u!+ Muntu: /4/u!+ Muntu: Umrise der neoafrikanischen Kultur. Derec2+( re(er5ad+( c+n1+re a !a !e6 7 $%,# F+nd+ de Cu!/ura Ec+nóica A58 de !a Uni5er(idad# %9& - M:;ic+ $<# D8 F8 I)re(+ 6 2ec2+ en M:;ic+ Printed M:;ic+ Printed and made in México
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La /e+r4a 1unci+na!i(/a de !a /ran(1+ración cu!/ura!# /a! c++ !a c+nci0e Ma!in+(i# 6 =ue a 1in de cuen/a( /iene )+r e/a# c++ !a a6+r4a de !a( /e+r4a( (+0re 1rica# a(e.urar un d+ini+ e(/a0!e 6 e1ica de una in+r4a 9 Ke( decir# de una in+r4a eur+)eaK# c+n(idera =ue !a nue5a 5ida in1undida a !a( /radici+ne( a1ricana( n+ e( "( =ue un naci+na!i(+ a!(an+# un )r+duc/+ de !a e!u(ión )(ic+!ó.ica de !a )re(ión eur+)ea# una 1+ración de i/+( en !+( /ie)+( c+n/e)+r"ne+(# un e(/u)e1acien/e# en una )a!a0ra (+ian8 Per+ @6 (i (e /ra/ara de a=ue! )r+ce(+ de /+a de c+nciencia a! =ue Ja()er( a/ri0u6e /an/+ )+der @Si e(/a ren+5ación# e(/a raci+na!iación de !a /radición# 1ue(e e! )eri+d+ e>e a1rican+# =ue )eri/iera a !+( a1rican+( (+0re5i5ir 6 (in e0ar.+ e(ca)ar de !a a/eria!iación =ue !e( re(er5an Ja()er( 6 Ma!in+(i ui" a=ue! naci+na!i(+ =ue !+( (e*+re( eur+)e+( c+n(ideran /an a!(an+ n+ !+ (ea /an/+ )ara !+( a1rican+(# e()ecia!en/e (i (e /iene a !a 5i(/a =ue 6a 2a c+enad+ a crear E(/ad+( a1rican+( inde)endien/e(8 Se )re.un/an !+( in5e(/i.ad+re( có+ )ien(an !+( a1rican+(# =u: )!ane( /ienen# en =u: creen# a =u: (e de0e =ue !+.ren (+0re5i5ir !a cri(i(# )+r =u: e! )r+ce(+ 2i(/óric+ n+ (e e1ec/a (e.n e! e(=uea )r+n+(/icad+888# a( n+ (e !e )re(/a a/ención a !a re5i5i1icación raci+na! de !a /radición a1ricana edian/e !a intelligentsia a1ricana + (e !e nie.a /+da i)+r/ancia )+r 5er en e!!a "( =ue una dr+.a de e0ria.ue )(ic+!ó.ica (+ian8 La (i/uación )(4=uica de(e)e*a (in duda cier/+ )a)e! c++ +/i5+ de !a re5i5i1icación# )er+ n+ )uede (er (u cau(a nica# )ar/icu!aren/e (i rec+rda+( =ue !+( 2+0re( "( cread+re( 6 )r+duc/i5+( de! rea5i5aien/+ n+ (+n a=ue!!+( a =uiene( (e nie- i Id., )8 9# c+n 1aci!idad 6 =ue )r+du>era r")idaen/e e! e1ec/+ a!c+2ó!ic+ de(ead+8 Q De anera )arecida# /+d+( !+( +0>e/+(# 2ec2+(# 1+ra( de 5ida# e/c8# nue5+( en 1rica (+n re(u!/ad+ de !a )re(ión eur+)ea 6 de !a re(i(/encia a1ricana8 Ta0i:n e! naci+na!i(+ a1rican+# =ue arrai.a en !a )r+)ia cu!/ura a1ricana )r+)+rci+n"nd+!e una nue5a 5ida# e( (e.n Ma!in+(i un er+ (+ian e! a1rican+# a1ira e(/e au/+r# e( (educid+ )+r !a( /en/aci+ne( de !a ci5i!iación +cciden/a!# ad+)/a nue5a( 1+ra( de 5ida# 6 (u e/a e( c+n5er/ir(e# (i n+ en eur+)e+# a! en+( en a+ + a+ )arcia! de /+d+( !+( in5en/+(# )+(e(i+ne( e in1!uencia( =ue a (u( +>+( c+n1+ran !a (u)eri+ridad de !+( eur+)e+(8 & Si ade"( 2a /enid+ e! )ri5i!e.i+ de 5i(i/ar una uni5er(idad eur+)ea + n+r/eaericana# /endr" =ue de(cu0rir a !a !ar.a =ue (e !e nie.an !+( derec2+( 6 5a!+re( en a(un/+( !e.a!e(# ec+nóic+(# (+cia!e( 6 )+!4/ic+( =ue /ienen !+( +cciden/a!e(8 c++ a !+( a1rican+( (e !e( i)ide )ar/ici)ar en 0uena )ar/e en !+( idea!e(# in/ere(e( 6 5en/a>a( de una c+!a0+ración# recurr4an na/ura!en/e a (u( )r+)i+( (i(/ea( de creencia(# 5a!+ra-/i5+( 6 a1ec/i5+(8 Cuan/+ "( inde)endien/e# )er()ica 6 (en(i0!e e( e! a1rican+# /an/+ "( 5i+!en/a (er" (u reacción8 L+( an/i.u+( e!een/+( cu!/ura!e(# c++ )+r e>e)!+ !a c+n(ideración ri/ua! de! .anad+# de !a (ica# de !a( dana( 6 !a( di5er(i+ne(# (e rea5i5an c+n un nue5+ 6 ca(i e/n+.r"1ic+ in/er:( )+r !a 2i(/+ria racia!# )+r e! derec2+ c+n(ue/udinari+ 6 )+r !a( creaci+ne( ar/4(/ica( 6 e()iri/ua!e( de !a )r+)ia raa8 E(/e naci+na!i(+ a!(an+ e;/rae /+d+ (u 5i.+r de !+( i)+nen/e( re(/+( de !a 5ie>a /radición8 , La /e+r4a 1unci+na!i(/a de !a /ran(1+ración cu!/ura!# /a! c++ !a c+nci0e Ma!in+(i# 6 =ue a 1in de cuen/a( /iene )+r e/a# c++ !a a6+r4a de !a( /e+r4a( (+0re 1rica# a(e.urar un d+ini+ e(/a0!e 6 e1ica de una in+r4a 9 Ke( decir# de una in+r4a eur+)eaK# c+n(idera Id8# )8 98
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=ue !a nue5a 5ida in1undida a !a( /radici+ne( a1ricana( n+ e( "( =ue un naci+na!i(+ a!(an+# un )r+duc/+ de !a e!u(ión )(ic+!ó.ica de !a )re(ión eur+)ea# una 1+ración de i/+( en !+( /ie)+( c+n/e)+r"ne+(# un e(/u)e1acien/e# en una )a!a0ra (+ian8 Per+ @6 (i (e /ra/ara de a=ue! )r+ce(+ de /+a de c+nciencia a! =ue Ja()er( a/ri0u6e /an/+ )+der @Si e(/a ren+5ación# e(/a raci+na!iación de !a /radición# 1ue(e e! )eri+d+ e>e a1rican+# =ue )eri/iera a !+( a1rican+( (+0re5i5ir 6 (in e0ar.+ e(ca)ar de !a a/eria!iación =ue !e( re(er5an Ja()er( 6 Ma!in+(i ui" a=ue! naci+na!i(+ =ue !+( (e*+re( eur+)e+( c+n(ideran /an a!(an+ n+ !+ (ea /an/+ )ara !+( a1rican+(# e()ecia!en/e (i (e /iene a !a 5i(/a =ue 6a 2a c+enad+ a crear E(/ad+( a1rican+( inde)endien/e(8 Se )re.un/an !+( in5e(/i.ad+re( có+ )ien(an !+( a1rican+(# =u: )!ane( /ienen# en =u: creen# a =u: (e de0e =ue !+.ren (+0re5i5ir !a cri(i(# )+r =u: e! )r+ce(+ 2i(/óric+ n+ (e e1ec/a (e.n e! e(=uea )r+n+(/icad+888# a( n+ (e !e )re(/a a/ención a !a re5i5i1icación raci+na! de !a /radición a1ricana edian/e !a intelligentsia a1ricana + (e !e nie.a /+da i)+r/ancia )+r 5er en e!!a "( =ue una dr+.a de e0ria.ue )(ic+!ó.ica (+ian8 La (i/uación )(4=uica de(e)e*a (in duda cier/+ )a)e! c++ +/i5+ de !a re5i5i1icación# )er+ n+ )uede (er (u cau(a nica# )ar/icu!aren/e (i rec+rda+( =ue !+( 2+0re( "( cread+re( 6 )r+duc/i5+( de! rea5i5aien/+ n+ (+n a=ue!!+( a =uiene( (e nie
-i Id., )8 9# de !a /radición =ue 2a!!an (u c+n/inuación en !a cu!/ura ne+a1ricana# ien/ra( =ue !+( +/r+( (+n de>ad+( de !ad+8 Se )r+duce a(4 una ia.en e=ui5+cada de! )a(ad+ K(e +0>e/ar"KG en !u.ar de una ia.en +0>e/i5a de !a 2i(/+ria (e crea un i/+8 Per+ e(/+ +curre c+n /+da 2i(/+ria8 Cada :)+ca /iene una ia.en de1inida 6 )ecu!iar de /+d+( !+( )a(ad+( =ue !e (+n acce(i0!e( a (u c+nciencia# e(cri0e Frie-de!!8 La !e6enda n+ e( una de !a( 1+ra(# (in+ !a nica 1+ra en =ue )+de+( )en(ar# ia.inar 6 re5i5ir !a 2i(/+ria8 T+da 2i(/+ria e( !e6enda# i/+# 6 en cuan/+ /a! e( e! )r+duc/+ de !a (i/uación +en/"nea de nue(/ra( )+/encia( e()iri/ua!e( de nue(/ra ca)acidad de c+)ren(ión# de nue(/ra ca)acidad de e(/ruc/uración# de nue(/r+ (en/iien/+ uni5er(a!8 ' E! 1rica re)re(en/ada )+r !+( e/nó!+.+( e( una !e6enda en !a =ue (e cre4a8 La /radición a1ricana =ue (e ue(/ra a !a !u de !a cu!/ura ne+a1ricana =ui" /a0i:n e( una !e6enda# )er+ e( una !e6enda en !a =ue cree !a intelligentsia a1ricana8 e( (u )er1ec/+ derec2+ dec!arar c++ !+( au/:n/ic+(# >u(/+( 6 5erdader+( e!een/+( de (u )a(ad+ a=ue!!+( =ue c+n(idera c++ /a!e(8 Si a un cri(/ian+ (e !e )re.un/a )+r !a e(encia de! cri(/iani(+# rei/ir" a! en(a>e e5an.:!ic+ de! a+r a! )ró>i+ 6 n+ a !a In=ui(ición8 La idea de có+ !a /radición a)arece a !a !u de !a cu!/ura ne+a1ricana e(# (in e0ar.+# (i n+ !a +0>e/i5a# en /+d+ ca(+ !a nica 5erdadera# )+r (er e!!a !a =ue a )ar/ir de a2+ra c+de/erinar" e! 1u/ur+ de 1rica8 Duran/e 5ari+( (i.!+(# e! 1rica 2a /enid+ =ue (u1rir 0a>+ !a ia.en =ue Eur+)a (e 2a04a 2ec2+ de! )a(ad+ a1rican+8 Duran/e /+d+ e(e /ie)+# !a idea eur+)ea era 5erdadera# e( decir# e1ica8 Per+ e! )re(en/e 6 e! 1u/ur+ (+n de/erinad+( )+r ' Friede!!# /8 I# )8 $8 $, ,
a=ue!!a idea =ue !a intelligentsia a1ricana (e crea acerca de! )a(ad+ a1rican+8 De e(/a anera# !a cu!/ura ne+a1ricana (e )re(en/a c++ una c+n/inuidad# c++ una !e.4/ia (uce-(+ra de !a /radición8 Só!+ d+nde e! 2+0re (e (ien/e c++ 2ereder+ 6 (uce(+r )+(ee !a 1uera )ara un nue5+ c+ien+8 &8 Muntu. HLa )re.un/a )+r e! 2+0re8 Muntu, /4/u!+ de !a +0ra# e( una )a!a0ra 0an/ =ue (e (ue!e /raducir c++ 2+0re8 Sin e0ar.+# e! c+nce)/+ muntu n+ e( id:n/ic+ a! de 2+0re + (er 2uan+8 Muntu a0arca a !+( 5i5+( 6 a !+( uer/+(# a !+( )r+.eni/+re( 6 a !+( an/e)a(ad+( di5iniad+(# + (ea a !+( di+(e(8 La unidad =ue e;)re(a e! c+nce)/+ .en:ric+ de muntu c+n(/i/u6e una de !a( carac/er4(/ica( de !a cu!/ura a1ricana# 6 e( )+(i0!e deri5ar de e!!a +/r+( uc2+( ra(.+( )ecu!iare(8 Per+ (e*a!a a! i(+ /ie)+ =ue /+da( !a( di1erencia( encuen/ran (u den+inad+r c+n en !a na/ura!ea de! 2+0re8 En e! cur(+ de !a e;)+(ición (e rea!ar"n !a( di(/inci+ne(# (e re5e!ar"n !+( c+n/ra(/e(# edi+( /+d+( e!!+( =ue re(u!/an nece(ari+( )ara e(c!arecer !a( )ar/icu!aridade( de una cu!/ura8 Si a! !ec/+r !e )arece de()u:( =ue !a( )ar/icu!aridade( n+ (+n /an e;/ra+rdinaria(# =ue uc2+ de !+ =ue carac/eria !a cu!/ura a1ricana (e )re(en/a i.ua!en/e en +/ra( cu!/ura(# e()era+( =ue e! /4/u!+ Muntu !e recuerde =ue en e! "0i/+ de !a( cu!/ura( 2uana( n+ ca0e e()erar nada e;/ra-2uan+8 Si e! !ec/+r /iende en un+ u +/r+ )a(a>e a +0>e/ar =ue e! có+ =ue de(/aca+( )ara !a cu!/ura a1ricana de(e)e*a un )a)e! /a0i:n en +/ra( cu!/ura(# =ue e! (en/id+ de !a e;i(/encia (e acen/a i.ua!en/e en !a cu!/ura eur+)ea# =ue !a )a!a0ra )+(ee una ";ia (i.ni1icación /a0i:n en +/ra( cu!/ura( Ken e()ecia! en !a( cu!/ura( a.ra1a(K# =ue e! ri/+ /iene (u 1unción en /+d+( !+( )ue0!+(# =ue en !a Edad Media cri(/iana !a ia.en 2a (id+ a(ii(+ (40+!+# ide+.raa 6 a!e.+r4a# =ue /+d+ !+ /an acen/uadaen/e a1rican+ n+ e( en c+n(ecuencia /an +ri.ina!# )edi+( =ue e(e !ec/+r recuerde =ue /+da( !a( cu!/ura( 2uana( (e a(ee>an una a !a +/ra 2a(/a cier/+ .rad+ 6 =ue !a( di1eren/e( cu!/ura( (i)!een/e 5a!+rian de anera di(/in/a !+( e!een/+( c+une(# =ue una )+ne e! :n1a(i( a=u4 6 +/ra a!!"# 6 =ue !a di1erencia en/re !a( cu!/ura( =ueda de/erinada )+r !a di()+(ición 6 re!ación rec4)r+ca de !+( e!een/+(8 Una cu!/ura 0u(ca i".ene( )riaria( )+r=ue !a ia.en 6 !a idea )receden a !a )a!a0raG +/ra 2ace (ur.ir !a ia.en a )ar/ir de !a )a!a0raG en una cu!/ura# e! ri/+ e( +n+:/ric+# en !a +/ra e( )+!i:/ric+8 Per+ e( !a /+/a!idad de !a( anera( 6 e()ecie(# cada una de !a( cua!e( )uede ani1e(/ar(e /a0i:n en a!.una +/ra cu!/ura# !a =ue )r+)+rci+na e! .ran có+# e! ne;+ +rdenad+ )+r una de/erinada c+nce)ción 1i!+(ó1ica 6 =ue e( c+n(/i/u/i5+ de !a )ecu!iaridad de una cu!/ura8 Me/a de e(/e !i0r+ e( )reci(aen/e +(/rar =ue !a( di1erencia( cu!/ura!e( radican en una di()+(ición 6 un :n1a(i( di(/in/+( de a!.+ 1undaen/a!en/e i.ua!# 6 n+ en !a( di1erencia( 0i+!ó.ica( en/re !+( 2+0re(8 La cu!/ura ne+a1ricana deue(/ra en .ran edida =ue !a cu!/ura n+ e( 2eredada 0i+!ó.icaen/e# =ue n+ e( )+(i0!e a0and+nar + ad=uirir una cu!/ura# =ue !a( c+(/u0re( 6 ca)acidade(# !a( idea( 6 !+( >uici+( n+ (+n inna/+(8 L+ =ue (e 2ereda 0i+!ó.icaen/e e( !a cu!/ura e(/"/ica de !a( a0e>a(G !a cu!/ura 2uana# en ca0i+# )er5i5e en/re n+(+/r+( )+r !a /ran(i(ión de .eneración a .eneración8 La Franen0er.# ))8 Q,& 6 Q,$-$' cu!/ura ne+a1ricana (e n+( ue(/ra c++ un 1enóen+ e()iri/ua!8 E! !ec/+r (e en/erar" en e! cur(+ de !a e;)+(ición =ue !+ i(/eri+(+ de !a cu!/ura a1ricana# c++ (+n !a( )r"c/ica( ".ica( de !+( curander+( + !a )+(e(ión en e! cu!/+ 5ud de ai/4# n+ e( en rea!idad /an 9
i(/eri+(+ 6 =ue e( )+(i0!e in/er)re/ar!+ )+r una c+nce)ción de! und+ in/e!i.i0!e )ara cua!=uier )er(+naG (i e! !ec/+r e( c+nducid+ a(4 a una c+)ren(ión 2uana 6 n+ a un e(/reeciien/+ a.rada0!e )er+ 1a!/+ de in/e!i.encia# e()era+( =ue n+ (e (ien/a de1raudad+# (in+ =ue (e a!e.re a! rec+n+cer en !a c+nduc/a de! )ró>i+ una acción raci+na!8 ,8 E! a1rican+ au/:n/ic+ Cuand+ 2a0!a+( a=u4 de 1rica# n+( re1eri+( a! 1rica =ue (e encuen/ra a! (ur de! de(ier/+ de Sa2ara# a! 1rica ne.ra# 6 !+( 2a0i/an/e( de e(/a re.ión (+n !+( =ue !!aa+( a1rican+(# inc!u6end+ a !a .en/e de !a (e!5a /an/+ c++ a !+( in/e!ec/ua!e(8 En e! cur(+ de !a 2i(/+ria eur+)ea (e 2a de(i.nad+ a !+( a1rican+( c++ )a.an+(# (a!5a>e( + )rii/i5+(# ien/ra( =ue +/ra( 5ece( (e !+( 2a idea!iad+ c++ 2+0re( )ur+( 6 +ri.ina!e(8 E(/e 5+ca0u!ari+ deri5ó de de/erinad+( )re>uici+(# =ue a (u 5e 2a!!a0an c+n1iración en e(/e i(+ 5+ca 0u!ari+# de anera =ue cada a1iración )arec4a e(/ar en !+ >u(/+8 Pue( =uien e()era 5er en (u( c+n.:nere( a neci+(# /+n/+( + dia0!+( enc+n/rar" (u1icien/e( )rue0a( =ue c+n1iren (u( )re>uici+(8 uien e(/: c+n5encid+ de =ue e! +/r+ n+ )uede can/ar# n+ /iene "( =ue de(i.nar (u can/+ c++ .ranid+ + au!!id+ )ara c+n(iderar =ue /iene !a raón8 Só!+ 2ace 1a!/a a)!icar un de/erinad+ 5+ca0u!ari+ )ara /ran(1+rar (in di1icu!/ad a !+( di+(e( en 4d+!+(# !+( r+(/r+( $%en ueca(# !a( i".ene( 5+/i5a( en 1e/ic2e(# !a( di(cu(i+ne( en )ar!+/e+(# 6 (+e/er a cier/+( )re>uici+( /+da c+(a 6 circun(/ancia +0>e/i5a(8 A e(/+ (e de0e =ue en nue(/r+ !i0r+ n+ 2a0!e+( de (a!5a>e(# )rii/i5+(# )a.an+(+ ne.r+(# (in+ de a1rican+( 6 a1r+aerican+(# =ue n+ (+n "n.e!e( ni dia0!+(# (in+ .en/e en/re !a =ue# c++ en /+da( )ar/e(# 2a6 0uen+( 6 a!+(# /+n/+( 6 (a.ace(# .eni+( 6 0ru/+(# 2+0re( 2+nrad+( 6 e(/a1ad+re(8 Per+# en 5i(/a de =ue (e /ra/a a=u4 de 2a0!ar de cu!/ura# ci/are+( )rinci)a!en/e )er(+na( de un de/erinad+ ni5e! e()iri/ua!8 E(/+ )arece (er c+(a 0ien na/ura!8 Ma( !+( re!uicios 2an cread+ una (erie de /i)+( +de!+ en !a c+nciencia de! )0!ic+8 Só!+ un 2+0re de re1inada cu!/ura# un 2uani(/a a0ier/+ a! und+# de a)!i+( c+n+ciien/+( 6 )r+.re(i(/a e( c+n(iderad+ c++ e>e)!ar eur+)e+ au/:n/ic+8 En ca0i+# e! a1rican+ au/:n/ic+ 5i5e en !a (e!5a# /a!!a e(cu!/ura( )rii/i5a(# n+ (a0e !eer ni e(cri0ir# anda de(nud+# 5i5e (in )re+cu)aci+ne( 6 a!e.re d4a /ra( d4a 6 narra cuen/+( acerca de! c+c+dri!+ 6 e! e!e1an/e8 Cuan/+ "( )rii/i5+# /an/+ "( au/:n/ic+8 Per+ un a1rican+ =ue# a0ier/+ a! und+# de a)!i+( c+n+ciien/+( 6 cu!/ura re1inad4(ia# )re(ide c+n.re(+(# )r+nuncia di(cur(+( )+!4/ic+( + e(cri0e n+5e!a( n+ cuen/a c++ a1rican+ au/:n/ic+8 N+ de(ea+( edir a=u4 c+n d+( edida(# (in+ c+nceder =ue /a0i:n en Eur+)a una .ran can/idad de )er(+na( (e de>an .uiar )+r idea( c+!ec/i5a( 6 =ue (+n inca)ace( de )en(ar c+n !ó.ica8 En 1rica n+ +curre de +/ra anera8 Per+ =uien de(ee c+n+cer !a cu!/ura eur+)ea# !a e(/udia en !a( +0ra( de (u( au/+re( 6 ar/i(/a(8 c++ a=u4 =uere+( c+n+cer e! e()4ri/u a1rican+# n+( 2e+( de diri.ir a !a( )er(+na( =ue !+ re)re(en/an8 Cuand+ +1rec4 a! )0!ic+ !a an/+!+.4a "rfeo negro,# cier/+ cr4/ic+ c+en/ó =ue e(/+( 1a(cinan/e( )+ea( 2a04an (u1rid+ )+r de(.racia !a in1!uencia de! )en(aien/+ eur+)e+ 6 =ue# )+r !+ /an/+# 6a n+ eran au/:n/icaen/e a1rican+(8 Pue( 0ien# !a )re(en/e +0ra (e 2a i)ue(/+ c++ /area de1inir an/e /+d+ =u: e( !+ au/:n/icaen/e a1rican+# )ara !ue.+ e;a'
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E( un 2ec2+ !+( 0!anc+( )re(uen de (er "( =ue !+( ne.r+(8 2a6 /+da54a +/r+ 2ec2+ !+( ne.r+( =uieren de+(/rar a !+( 0!anc+( a cua!=uier )reci+ =ue (u )en(aien/+ e( /an ric+ 6 (u e()4ri/u /an )+der+(+ c++ e! de e!!+(8 <\ Mien/ra( (e in/en/e a)+r/ar e(/a )rue0a 0u(cand+ en !a cu!/ura a1ricana 5a!+re( =ue c+rre()+ndan e;ac/aen/e a !a( )iedra( de /+=ue (ur.ida( en !a cu!/ura eur+)ea 6 5"!ida( )ara :(/a# e! re(u!/ad+ (er" (ie)re un 1raca(+8 En ca0i+# (i (e ide c+n !+( )rinci)i+( =ue +1rece !a )r+)ia cu!/ura a1ricana K6 e( e(/+ !+ =ue /ra/a+( de 2acer a=u4K# e(/a cue(/ión 5a!+ra/i5a re(u!/a a! )!an/eada# )ue( n+ e;i(/e una edida uni5er(a! )ara e! 5a!+r de !a( cu! /ura(8 Medida c+n (u )r+)ia n+ra K @=ui:n n+ !+ (a0r4aK cada cu!/ura e( (u)eri+r a !a( de"(8 L+( )re>uici+( racia!e( c+n(/i/u6en un )r+0!ea de !a cu!/ura +cciden/a! 6 n+ (+n# )+r /an/+# +0>e/+ de e(/e !i0r+8 N+ )ueden di(+!5er(e a )ar/ir de! a1rican+8 É(/e e( (u 54c/ia# 6 arra(/ran a uc2+( a1r+aerican+( 2acia !a cu!/ura ne+a1ricana# /a! c++ !+ 2a e;)ue(/+ Fran/ Fanón# n+ +0(/an/e =ue e(+( a1r+aerican+( (+n )+r (u cu!/ura eur+aeri-can+(8 Fanón e;)!ica a(4# a =uiene( de(i.nan c++ skokian *c++ e(/u)e1acien/e )ara e! a1r+aerican+ in/e!ec/ua!K# + c++ una (i/uación# <$ !a )+e(4a de e(/a cu!/ura En e(/a )+e(4a n+ (+!aen/e 2e enc+n/rad+ i (i/uación# (in+ =ue e 2e enc+n/rad+ a mi mismo. Sien/+ en 4 un a!a .rande c++ e! uni5er(+# un a!a /an )r+1unda c++ e! "( )r+1und+ de !+( r4+(# i )ec2+ (e di!a/a 2acia e! in1ini/+8 2a6 =uiene( e ac+n(e>an !a +de(/ia de un en1er+8 Arra(/rad+ en/re !a nada 6 e! in1ini/+# (u1r+ )+r e! und+8 << are+( 0ien# )ue(# en an/ener !a di(cu(ión 1uera de! ca)+ de !a( cue(/i+ne( 5a!+ra/i5a( 6 1uera /a0i:n de! /erren+ de !a ad+ración 6 de! +di+8 T+ e+( c++ )un/+ de +rien/ación !a( 1ra(e( de Fran/ Fanón =ue re)re(en/an e! e+!!+ de (u an"!i(i( 6 =ue 0ien )+dr4an (er5ir de !ea a e(/e !i0r+ A nue(/r+ >uici+ e(/" /an en1er+ e! =ue ad+ra a !+( ne.r+( c++ a=ue! =ue !+( de/e(/a8 a !a in5er(a# e! ne.r+ =ue =uiere 0!an=uear (u )ie! e( /an in1e!i c++ e! =ue )redica e! +di+ a !+( 0!anc+(8 < 88 División del libro
En 5i(/a de =ue !a cu!/ura a1ricana# /an/+ !a /radici+na! c++ !a nue5a# e( a(e=ui0!e en /+d+( (u( ca)+( a)ena( cuand+ (e c+n+cen !+( c+nce)/+( 1undaen/a!e(# de0er4a+( c+enar# de()u:( de e(/e ca)4/u!+ in/r+duc/+ri+ S+ian# c+n !a 1i!+(+14a a1ricana8 Sin e0ar.+# e! !ec/+r n+ e()era una +0ra did"c/ica# (in+ una e;)+(ición 5i5a =ue !e +1recer" d+c/rina( (ó!+ en e! +en/+ en =ue )ueda ia.inar(e a!.+ c+n e!!a( .racia( a cier/+ e(/udi+ )re5i+8 De a=u4 =ue e! (e.und+ ca)4/u!+# 3ud# (ea una in/r+ducción a !a re!i.ión a1ricana# )ara !a cua! n+( (er5i+( de un e>e)!+ )ar/icu!aren/e a/rac/i5+# de una )ar/e )+r (er c+n(iderad+ e! +ud c++ un cu!/+ (+0re anera )er5er(+# 6 de !a +/ra )+r=ue e( )+(i0!e +(/rar a=u4 có+ (e a1ricanian 6 ada)/an e!een/+( cri(/ian+(8 E! i(+ )r+0!ea (e 2u0iera )+did+ re1erir a! Bra(i!# a !a ua6ana + a !a re.ión de La P!a/a en !u.ar de ai/48 Nue(/ra +0ra (i.ue (ie)re e! :/+d+ a1rican+ de +1recer una ia.en c++ (i.n+# /a! c++ e! c+nce)/+ de skokian, 0e0ida e0ria.an/e ec!ada de e!een/+( eur+)e+( 6 a1rican+(# (i.ni1ica /an/+ c++ idea( 2e/er+.:nea( =ue (ir5en a !a au/+e0ria.ue8 Sie)re =ue a)arecan e(/a( i".ene(# (u )a)e! n+ (er" e! de e;c!uir# (in+ e! de inc!uir en e! (i.n+ a)arece e! (en/id+8 $<
E! /ercer ca)4/u!+# Ru0a# ec2a (u( raa( a!reded+r de !a dana 6 (e de(en5ue!5e en Cu0a8 Se e;/iende de(de e! cu!/+# )a(and+ )+r !a a(+ciación (ecre/a# 2a(/a !a +derna !4rica a1r+cu0ana# 6 +1rece de )a(+ una 2i(/+ria de !+( 0ai!e( a1rican+( !!e .ad+( a Eur+)a8 En e(/+( d+( e;/en(+( ca)4/u!+(# =ue c++ /+d+( !+( de"( +(ci!an de(de !a /radición 2a(/a !+( /ie)+( +dern+(# (e +1rece una (u1icien/e 5i(ión )an+r"ica# de /a! +d+ =ue )+de+( +(ar 6a e! (a!/+ a! 1rica8 E(/e (a!/+ e( i)re(cindi0!e# )ue( !a 1i!+(+14a =ue e;)+ne+( en e! cuar/+ ca)4/u!+# N/u# e( e! 1undaen/+ de !a cu!/ura a1ricana8 La 1i!+(+14a )re(u)+ne una c+nciencia cr4/ica K(e +0>e/ar"K# una c+nciencia =ue n+ 2a04a e;i(/id+ en e! )a(ad+ a1rican+G en e(/e )a(ad+ (ó!+ 2u0+ i/+(8 e+( re()+ndid+ 6a a e(/a +0>eción8 En cuan/+ (e )re(en/a !a c+nciencia# !a ia.en de! und+ cre4da# )re(en/ida# 5i5ida (e /ran(1+ra en 1i!+(+14a8 T+da( !a( c+(a( /ienen (u 1i!+(+14a Ke(cri0e Friede!!K# 6 an "(# /+da( !a( c+(a( son 1i!+(+14a8 E! 2+0re /iene !a i(ión de 0u(car !a idea =ue (e 2a!!a e(c+ndida en cada 2ec2+# e! )en(aien/+ cu6a (i)!e 1+ra e( e(e 2ec2+8u(/i1icación de e(/a .enera!iación de !+( )rinci)i+( 1i!+(ó1ic+( (e encuen/ra en e! )r+)i+ re(u!/ad+8 En 5i(/a de =ue (e /ra/a de una 1i!+(+14a a1ricana 6 n+ de una eur+)ea# e( di14ci! ca)/ar!a en c+nce)/+( eur+)e+(8 Ju(/aen/e !+( c+nce)/+( e(encia!e( (ó!+ )ueden circun(cri0ir(e en una !en.ua eur+)ea acerc"nd+(e )rier+ de un !ad+ 6 !ue.+ de! +/r+# 2a(/a =ue )+r 1in (e !+.re r+dear e! c+nce)/+8 R+.a+(# )ue(# a! !ec/+r =ue n+ (e de/en.a en !a )riera in/er)re/ación# =ue ca(i (ie)re n+ e( "( =ue un 0+(=ue>+8 En e! cur(+ de !a e;)+(ición (e ir"n ac!arand+ /+d+( !+( c+nce)/+(8 E(/+( c+nce)/+( (e /+an en cada ca(+ de !a !en.ua en =ue )rier+ 1uer+n ci/ad+(8 A(4# magara e( un c+nce)/+ de! ?eniaruanda# nommo un c+nce)/+ de! idi+a de !+( d+.+ne(8 Una 5e e)!ead+ un c+nce)/+# !+ c+n(er5a+( aun=ue a=ue!!+ =ue (i.ni1i=ue (e de(i.ne de una anera en/eraen/e di(/in/a en +/r+( ca)+(8 C++ !a cu!/ura a1ricana (e )re(en/a uni/ariaen/e# da !+ i(+ de cu"! de (u( !en.ua( )r+cede un de/erinad+ c+nce)/+8 Ade"(# !+( c+nce)/+( n+ nece(ariaen/e /ienen =ue )r+ceder de una (+!a !en.ua# )+r !+ =ue )udier+n e!e.ir(e a=ue!!+( =ue e>+r (e .ra0aran en !a e+ria8 ue e! !ec/+r n+ (e 2+rr+rice# )ue(# (i a! 2a0!ar de una "(cara 5ara0a u/i!ia+( c+nce)/+( 0an/e( + d+.+ne(8 La 1i!+(+14a +1rece e! 1undaen/+ de !a cu!/ura a1ricana8 Una 5e ac!arad+( (u( )rinci)i+(# (e a)r+5ec2an )ara in5e(/i.ar e in/er)re/ar !+( de"( ca)+( cu!/ura!e(8 En e! ca)4/u!+ =uin/+# N++# e;)+ne+( e! )+der ".ic+ de !a )a!a0ra8 De e(/e +d+# e(/e ca)4/u!+ a0re !a( )uer/a( 2acia !a e(encia de !a edicina 6 !a )+e(4a a1ricana(8 A! i.ua! =ue en !+( ca)4/u!+( an/eri+re(# /a0i:n en :(/e (e e;/iende e! arc+ de(de !a /radición 2a(/a !a +dernidad8 E! !4i/e# + e>+r dic2+# e! e>e en/re a0+( e(/" c+n(/i/uid+ )+r !a c+nciencia# n+ )+r e! /ie)+8 La /radición =ue )er5i5e /+da54a 2+6 inc+n(cien/een/e !a de(i.na+( c++ $
re(/a1ricana# 6 !a /radición =ue (i.ue 5i5a en !a c+nciencia + =ue (e re5i5e c+n(cien/een/e !a !!aa+( ne+a1ricana8 E! (e;/+ ca)4/u!+# ?un/u# e;aina e! ar/e a1rican+ Ke(cu!/ura# )in/ura# "(cara(K 6 (e )re(en/a a(4 c++ un an"!i(i( de! e(/i!+ a1rican+8 E! ca)4/u!+ (:)/i+# an/u# +1rece una 2i(/+ria de !a !i/era/ura a1ricana8 E! +c/a5+ ca)4/u!+# B!ue(# (e +cu)a de! c+n1!ic/+ cu!/ura!# de! /erren+ !i4/r+1e en/re !a cu!/ura +cciden/a! 6 !a a1ricana# (e*a!a !a( c+n(ecuencia( )+!4/ica( 6 ue(/ra !a i)+r/ancia =ue )uede /ener !a cu!/ura a1ricana )ara una 1u/ura cu!/ura uni5er(a!8 De e(/e re(uen ca0e deducir =ue e! !ec/+r n+ )uede e()erar un e(/udi+ e;2au(/i5+# 6a =ue cada ca)4/u!+ 0ien )+dr4a +cu)ar un /ra/ad+ 5+!uin+(+ )+r (4 (+!+8 O1rece+( (i)!een/e un+( e(0++( de !a cu!/ura a1ricana# n+ una e;)+(ición =ue )re/enda a.+/ar e! /ea8 De(de !ue.+ 2u0i:ra+( )+did+ a0re5iar !a( ci/a( +0/eniend+ a(4 un e()aci+ a!.+ "( e;/en(+ )ara una e;)+(ición "( de/a!!ada# )er+ n+( )areció nece(ari+ arar de !+( c+n+ciien/+( 0"(ic+( a! !ec/+r .enera!# =uien en e(/e ca)+ (ue!e carecer de e!!+( )+(e6end+ cuand+ uc2+ a!.un+( )re>uici+(8 De )+r (4 !a( ci/a( 2an (id+ a0re5iada( en (u a6+r4a# )ara !+ cua!# c+n 5i(/a( a una e>+r !e.i0i!idad# 2e+( e!iinad+ !+( )un/+( (u()en(i5+( =ue (ue!en indicar !a( )a!a0ra( + 1ra(e( ei/ida(8 Per+ c+n e!!+ n+ (e 2a )erdid+ en nin.n ca(+ e! (en/id+# c+(a =ue e! !ec/+r )uede c+)r+0ar c+n e! au;i!i+ de !a( 1uen/e(8 E(/a +0ra e( un c+ien+# e( e! )rier in/en/+ de e(0+ar !a cu!/ura ne+a1ricana c++ una cu!/ura inde)endien/e =ue /iene e! i(+ 5a!+r =ue +/ra( cu!/ura(8 E( una cu!/ura =ue e(/ruc/ura e! 1u/ur+ de un c+n/inen/e 6 =ue n+ de0er4a de>ar de !ad+ nin.una )er(+na =ue de(ee c+n5i5ir )ac41icaen/e c+n e! re(/+ de !a 2uanidad en e(/a Tierra e)e=ue*ecida# 6 =ue de(ee a(ii(+ 5i5ir c+n e! re()e/+ a !a !i0er/ad a>ena8
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II8 3UD] LA MATERIALIACIÓN DE LOS DIOSES É(/e e( e! !ar.+ cain+ a uinea8#8 -acues /oumain I# E! cu!/+ en !+( an/i.u+( re!a/+( 01ud2 Pa!a0ra de +(cura( 5+ca!e(# de (+rda( 6 re/u0an/e( c+n(+nan/e(8 01ud2 Mi(/eri+(+ 6 n+c/urn+ (+nar de /a0+re( en !a( /ierra( de ai/4# (+nid+ =ue !!ena de e()an/+ a! /uri(/a 6 =ue !e recuerda una (erie de 2+rr+re( !e4d+( en a!.una )ar/e +ud, id+!a/r4a# 2ec2icer4a# 5i(i+ne( in1erna!e(# i(a ne.ra c+n (acri1ici+( can40a!e(8 1ud, =uin/ae(encia de !a de)ra5ación# de /+d+( !+( 5ici+( 6 2+rr+re(# a=ue!arre de !a( )+/encia( in1eri+re( 6 2ere>4a ine;/erina0!e8 @u: 2a6 de /+d+ e(/+ a6 =uiene( 2an =uerid+ deri5ar e(/a )a!a0ra de !a dana a!reded+r de! Becerr+ de Or+ 3+ean d4or5 re!aci+n"nd+!a c+n !a (ec/a 2er:/ica de !+( 5a!den-(e( 3+audois5, =ue .+a0a 1aa de 0ru>er4a8 T+d+ e! "0i/+ de !a 2ec2icer4a (e !!aa0a en !a Edad Media +audoisie. Per+ e(/a )a!a0ra# e(cri/a de uc2a( anera( di(/in/a( 5aud+u# 5aud+u;# 5+d++# e/c8# e( +ri.inaria de Da2+e6 en e! 1rica Occiden/a!# d+nde (i.ni1ica .eni+# e()4ri/u )r+/ec/+rG en !a !en.ua 1+n (e dice 5+dun 6 en !a ee 5ud8 E! n+0re de! cu!/+# a! i.ua! =ue e! cu!/+ i(+# /iene un +ri.en a1rican+ +cciden/a!# )ue( !+( 2ai/ian+( )r+ceden )rinci)a!en/e de a248$ E! )+r=u: 1uer+n )reci(aen/e i er(+5i/( III# ))8 Q< ss, Q !a( idea( re!i.i+(a( de Da2+e6 !a( =ue (e i)u(ier+n en ai/4 (e )uede deducir )+r un in1+re +1icia! de L+ndre( de! a*+ $9'%# ( en e! =ue (e dice =ue de! rein+ de Da2+e6 (e e;)+r/a0an cada a*+ de die i! a d+ce i! e(c!a5+(8 L+( in.!e(e( e;)+r/a0an de :(/+( (ó!+ (e/ecien/+( a +c2+cien/+(# !+( )+r/u.ue(e( un+( /re( i! 6 !+( 1rance(e( e! re(/+# + (ea de (ei( a +c2+ i! a! a*+# =ue eran !!e5ad+( a !a( An/i!!a( 1rance(a(# )rinci)a!en/e a San/+ D+in.+# n+0re =ue /en4a en/+nce( ai/4# !a "( i)+r/an/e c+!+nia de Francia8 La indicación "( an/i.ua (+0re !a )er5i5encia de cu!/+( a1rican+( en ai/4 !a de0e+( a un in1+re 1ranc:( anóni+ en e! =ue (e dice E! 0ai!e =ue en Surina (e !!aa %ater'mama 6 en nue(/ra( c+!+nia( m6e d4agua Hadre de! a.ua !e( e(/" e(/ric/aen/e )r+2i0id+ a !+( e(c!a5+(8 P+r e(+ !+ 2an c+n5er/id+ en un .ran (ecre/+# 6 !+ nic+ =ue (e (a0e e( =ue enciende uc2+ (u 1uera de ia.inación8 Para !a( c+(a( a!a( (4 (e e(1ueran de(e(uradaen/e8 E! >e1e de! c+)!+/ en/ra en /a! /rance =ue )ierde !a c+nciencia8 M+reau de Sain/-M:r6# i!u(/rad+ e(cri/+r# a0+.ad+ 6 )+!4/ic+ =ue# nacid+ en !a Mar/inica# /ra0a>ó duran/e nue5e a*+( en ai/4 c++ a0+.ad+ an/e( de de(e)e*ar un i)+r/an/e )a)e! en !+( inici+( de !a Re5+!ución 1rance(a# a)r+5ec2ó (u( 2+ra( de +ci+ en e! e;i!i+ n+r/eaerican+ K=ue !e 2a04a (id+ i)ue(/+ a c+n(ecuencia de (u de(a5enencia c+n R+ 0e()ierreK )ara de(cri0ir en de/a!!e !a( c+ndici+ne( .e+.r"1ica(# (+cia!e( 6 )+!4/ica( de ai/48 Q < T2e Re)+r/( +1 /2e L+rd( +1 /2e C+i//ee +1 C+un-ci! a))+in/ed 1+r c+n(idera/i+n +1 a!! a//er( re!a/in. /+ /rade and 1+rei.n )!an/a/i+n(8 L+ndre(# $9'%8 ( C18 Ra+(# )8 %<8 M+reau# 5:a(e Bi0!i+.ra14a8 II8 3UD] LA MATERIALIACIÓN DE LOS DIOSES É(/e e( e! !ar.+ cain+ a uinea8#8 -acues /oumain I# E! cu!/+ en !+( an/i.u+( re!a/+( $&
01ud2 Pa!a0ra de +(cura( 5+ca!e(# de (+rda( 6 re/u0an/e( c+n(+nan/e(8 01ud2 Mi(/eri+(+ 6 n+c/urn+ (+nar de /a0+re( en !a( /ierra( de ai/4# (+nid+ =ue !!ena de e()an/+ a! /uri(/a 6 =ue !e recuerda una (erie de 2+rr+re( !e4d+( en a!.una )ar/e +ud, id+!a/r4a# 2ec2icer4a# 5i(i+ne( in1erna!e(# i(a ne.ra c+n (acri1ici+( can40a!e(8 1ud, =uin/ae(encia de !a de)ra5ación# de /+d+( !+( 5ici+( 6 2+rr+re(# a=ue!arre de !a( )+/encia( in1eri+re( 6 2ere>4a ine;/erina0!e8 @u: 2a6 de /+d+ e(/+ a6 =uiene( 2an =uerid+ deri5ar e(/a )a!a0ra de !a dana a!reded+r de! Becerr+ de Or+ 3+ean d4or5 re!aci+n"nd+!a c+n !a (ec/a 2er:/ica de !+( 5a!den-(e( 3+audois5, =ue .+a0a 1aa de 0ru>er4a8 T+d+ e! "0i/+ de !a 2ec2icer4a (e !!aa0a en !a Edad Media +audoisie. Per+ e(/a )a!a0ra# e(cri/a de uc2a( anera( di(/in/a( 5aud+u# 5aud+u;# 5+d++# e/c8# e( +ri.inaria de Da2+e6 en e! 1rica Occiden/a!# d+nde (i.ni1ica .eni+# e()4ri/u )r+/ec/+rG en !a !en.ua 1+n (e dice 5+dun 6 en !a ee 5ud8 E! n+0re de! cu!/+# a! i.ua! =ue e! cu!/+ i(+# /iene un +ri.en a1rican+ +cciden/a!# )ue( !+( 2ai/ian+( )r+ceden )rinci)a!en/e de a248$ E! )+r=u: 1uer+n )reci(aen/e i er(+5i/( III# ))8 Q< ss, Q !a( idea( re!i.i+(a( de Da2+e6 !a( =ue (e i)u(ier+n en ai/4 (e )uede deducir )+r un in1+re +1icia! de L+ndre( de! a*+ $9'%# ( en e! =ue (e dice =ue de! rein+ de Da2+e6 (e e;)+r/a0an cada a*+ de die i! a d+ce i! e(c!a5+(8 L+( in.!e(e( e;)+r/a0an de :(/+( (ó!+ (e/ecien/+( a +c2+cien/+(# !+( )+r/u.ue(e( un+( /re( i! 6 !+( 1rance(e( e! re(/+# + (ea de (ei( a +c2+ i! a! a*+# =ue eran !!e5ad+( a !a( An/i!!a( 1rance(a(# )rinci)a!en/e a San/+ D+in.+# n+0re =ue /en4a en/+nce( ai/4# !a "( i)+r/an/e c+!+nia de Francia8 La indicación "( an/i.ua (+0re !a )er5i5encia de cu!/+( a1rican+( en ai/4 !a de0e+( a un in1+re 1ranc:( anóni+ en e! =ue (e dice E! 0ai!e =ue en Surina (e !!aa %ater'mama 6 en nue(/ra( c+!+nia( m6e d4agua Hadre de! a.ua !e( e(/" e(/ric/aen/e )r+2i0id+ a !+( e(c!a5+(8 P+r e(+ !+ 2an c+n5er/id+ en un .ran (ecre/+# 6 !+ nic+ =ue (e (a0e e( =ue enciende uc2+ (u 1uera de ia.inación8 Para !a( c+(a( a!a( (4 (e e(1ueran de(e(uradaen/e8 E! >e1e de! c+)!+/ en/ra en /a! /rance =ue )ierde !a c+nciencia8 M+reau de Sain/-M:r6# i!u(/rad+ e(cri/+r# a0+.ad+ 6 )+!4/ic+ =ue# nacid+ en !a Mar/inica# /ra0a>ó duran/e nue5e a*+( en ai/4 c++ a0+.ad+ an/e( de de(e)e*ar un i)+r/an/e )a)e! en !+( inici+( de !a Re5+!ución 1rance(a# a)r+5ec2ó (u( 2+ra( de +ci+ en e! e;i!i+ n+r/eaerican+ K=ue !e 2a04a (id+ i)ue(/+ a c+n(ecuencia de (u de(a5enencia c+n R+ 0e()ierreK )ara de(cri0ir en de/a!!e !a( c+ndici+ne( .e+.r"1ica(# (+cia!e( 6 )+!4/ica( de ai/48 Q < T2e Re)+r/( +1 /2e L+rd( +1 /2e C+i//ee +1 C+un-ci! a))+in/ed 1+r c+n(idera/i+n +1 a!! a//er( re!a/in. /+ /rade and 1+rei.n )!an/a/i+n(8 L+ndre(# $9'%8 ( C18 Ra+(# )8 %<8 M+reau# 5:a(e Bi0!i+.ra14a8 1a!/aran en e! ac/+ cu!/ua! de(cri/+ )+r M+reau (e de0e a una( ra+ne( =ue cier/aen/e (e re!aci+nan c+n e! de(e+ de en.a*ar a !a )+!ic4a8 L+( cre6en/e( n+ )+d4an (a0er =ue (u( a+( n+ /en4an !a en+r idea de =ue a cada ac/+ cu!/ua! c+rre()+nd4an de/erinad+( /a0+re( c+n(a.rad+(8 Para n+ de!a/ar(e# !+( 1ie!e( e!iina0an !+( /a0+re( ri/ua!e(# )+r !+( =ue !+( )+!ic4a( ne.r+( =ue (e 2a!!a0an a! (er5ici+ de !+( a+( 2u0ieran )+did+ rec+n+cer cada de/a!!e de !a cere+nia# 6 2ac4an (+nar de()u:( de !a )ar/e ri/ua! a!.una( dana( (ei)r+1ana( c++ !a calenda, )ara !a( =ue (e u(a0an /a0+re( "( )r+1an+(8 Se cre4a a(4 =ue en ca(+ de (er de(cu0ier/+( e! ca(/i.+ (er4a en+r8 Ta0i:n !+( >uraen/+( =ue +0!i.a0an a !+( cre6en/e( a .uardar e! (ecre/+ de0en (e)arar(e de! cu!/+ en (48 Só!+ eran nece(ari+( )ara en1ren/ar(e a !a( (e5era( !e6e( de! a1aad+ C+de $,
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Re()ec/+ a !a )r+nunciación# !a( 5+ca!e( c++ en e()a*+!# !a( c+n(+nan/e( c++ en in.!:(# !a é 6 !a : c++ en 1ranc:(8 E! (i.n+ K_ (i.ni1ica na(a!iación8 &Q 3udu Le.0a# a0re !a 0arrera )ara 48 Cuand+ Cuand+ 5ue!5a dar: .racia( a !+( !+a(8 A0+0+Y Mien/ra( (e dice e(/+# la'tace c+rre re)e/ida( 5ece( 2acia !a )uer/a de! )eri(/i!+ 6 !a a0re (i0ó!icaen/e 2a(/a =ue 5iene Le.0a 6 +n/a a un danan/e8 En e(e ca(+# Le.0a e( un ancian+ c+>+ c+n u!e/a8 Una 5e =ue e(/" :! )re(en/e )ueden 5enir /a0i:n !+( de"(8 8am9a>ah HDa0a!a# HDa0a!a# Da0a!!a2-O Da0a!!a2-Ouedd+ uedd+## A/c2a(-(+uA/c2a(-(+u-an.ód an.ódó ó e( e! toa de !a 1er/i!idad8 3i5e a +ri!!a( de !+( anan/ia!e( 6 en !+( )an/an+(8 Su (40+!+ e( !a (er)ien/e# 6 !a )er(+na a =uien +n/a ue5e !a !en.ua a anera de !a( (er)ien/e(# (e arra(/ra (er)en/eand+ )+r e! (ue!+# e(ca!a !+( )+(/e( 6 (e cue!.a# c+n !a ca0ea 2acia a0a>+# de !a( 5i.a( de! /ec2+8 E! n+0re e(/" c+)ue(/+ de Dan + Dan.0e# e! cu!/+ de !a (er)ien/e ce!e(/e# + (ea de! arc+ iri(# 6 de A!iada# n+0re de un rein+ en e! (ur de Da2+e6 de! cua! )r+5en4a !a dina(/4a de !+( A0+e6# 1undad+ra de! .ran rein+ Da2+e68 La )a!a0ra Da2+e6 i(a (i.ni1ica en e! cuer)+ de Dan HDan 2+ e68 <& Da0a!!a2 (e e=ui)ara c+n San Pedr+ + San Pa/rici+8 Su( (40+!+( (+n !a (er)ien/e 6 e! 2ue5+8 P+r (u cau(a (e cre6ó duran/e uc2+ /ie)+ =ue !+( 2ai/ian+( )rac/ica0an !a +1i+!a/r4a# <' e( decir =ue 5enera0an a !a( (er)ien/e(8 Su e()+(a e( ;yida "ueddo 3 A6da-[edd+# A6da-Ouedd+# !a (e*+ra de! arc+ arc+ iri( + (er)ien/e ce!e(/e8 ;g%é HA.+ue/# A.: + ;goué'taroyo + ;goué'taroyo HA.+ue/-Arr+-6+# A.: e! re/u0an/e# e( e! (e*+r de !+( are(8 Su( (40+!+( (+n e! )e# !a 0arca 6 !+( re+( + <& a+u: II# )8 $&$8 M M:/rau; II# )8 ,Q8 && ci>ada en =ue (e encuen/ran e! e>e 2uan+ 6 e! di5in+ (e e(/a0!ece !a c+unicación c+n !a( deidade(8 e(/a encruci>ada e( 5i.i!ada )+r e! Le.0a8 < En Da2+e6 6 Ni.eria e( e! in/:r)re/e de !+( di+(e(# e( =uien !e( /raduce !a( )e/ici+ne( 6 +raci+ne( de !+( 2+0re( a (u !en.ua8 e re/+urnerai# >e (a!uerai !e( L+a( 3+d+u Le.0a# +u5re !a 0arriere )+ur +i L+r(=ue >e re/+urnerai# >e reercierai !e( L+a( A0+0+Y A/i0+n Le.0a# a0re !a 0arrera )ara 4# Pa)" Le.0a# a0re !a 0arrera )ara 48 A0re !a 0arrera )ara =ue )ueda 6+ en/rar8 Cuand+ 5ue!5a (a!udar: a !+( !+a(8 < Deren# ))8 , s.
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ac/+re( kueGón: e! e(c!a5+ de Eu:# c+!a0+rad+r de !a (i F8 Or/i II# ))8 &' s. '< Eu (i.ni1ica uer/e en !a !en.ua 6+ru0a8 %Q uer/e# una e()ecie de i(/a.+.+ + 2ieródu!+# in(/ruc/+r# ae(/r+ de cere+nia( e iniciad+r M+ru" u"n(a e! (acerd+/e megó: e! e(cri0an+# un au;i!iar de! (acerd+/e M+ru" u"n(a# e! (acerd+/e# 0!ande (u ekón Hecón !a ca)ana (a.rada# E)e.ó /+ca e! /a0+r# e! /a0+r de and+# 6 !+( /re( K!!e5and+ !a 5+ )rinci)a! Eue*ón# e! c+!a0+rad+rK can/an e! c+n>ur+ de a)er/ura8 Duran/e e! )rier ac/+ )eranecen en e! e(cenari+ c++ +r=ue(/a 6 c+r+8 PRIMER ACTO LA CONSARACIÓN ac/+re( L+( an/eri+re( 6 m96kara: e! a6udan/e ?aroko: !a 54c/ia Hun ac2+ ca0r4+ kué: !a uer/e Hin5i(i0!e LUAR DE LA ACCIÓN 1ren/e a! /e)!+ H1a0"# en e! !u.ar de (acri1ici+( Isaroko, en e! =ue (e encuen/ra una cei0a E! ac2+ ca0r4+ e(/" a/ad+ a !a cei0a8 Sa!e de! /e)!+ E0"ara# de(a/a c+n +5iien/+( cere+nia!e( a! ania! 6 !+ en/re.a a! Eue*ón# e! c+!a0+rad+r de !a uer/e# ien/ra( (uenan !a( (+na>a(# !+( /a0+re( 6 !+( can/+(8 E! Eue*ón c+nduce a !a 54c/ia 2acia e! /e)!+8 En :(/e (e arca a! ania! c+n 6e(+ aari!!+# (e !+ c+n>ura 6 c+n(a.ra c++ (i (e /ra/ara de iniciar a un 2eran+# e( decir# a un oko9io + a9anékue. En (e.uida (e )re(en/a !a 54c/ia a !a uer/e8 É(/a n+ e( 5i(i0!eG (ó!+ (e e(cuc2a (u .ru*id+ (a/i(1ec2+8 C18 asson en e! ca)8 3ud# <8 %& SEUNDO ACTO EL SACRIFICIO ac/+re( A1+rad Du6nsa: e! (acerd+/e nkr=kamo: e! /a0+ri!er+ kueGón: e! c+!a0+rad+r Hde !a uer/e megó: e! e(cri0an+ Casakó: e! 2ec2icer+ r=9angandó: e! )uri1icad+r ;9er=sn: e! 5erdu.+ l no+icio + candida/+ ?aroko: !a 54c/ia Hun ac2+ ca0r4+ kué: !a uer/e Hin5i(i0!e LUAR Isaroko, !u.ar de (acri1ici+ 1ren/e a! fam96 H/e)!+ en =ue e(/" !a cei0a ORA edi+d4a Se a0re !a )uer/a de! /e)!+8 En )r+ce(ión cere-+nia! a)arecen !+( ac/+re( .uiad+( )+r e! /a0+ri!er+8 Le (i.uen a :(/e e! c+!a0+rad+r# e! e(cri0an+# e! 2ec2icer+ 6 e! 5erdu.+8 Per+ e! 5erdu.+ ac/a c++ (i n+ (u)iera =ue e( e! 5erdu.+8 C+n e!!+( 5iene e! n+5ici+# +/i5+ de =ue (e ce!e0re !a cere+nia# )ue( 2a de (er adi/id+ en e! c4rcu!+ de !+( *a*i.+( 6 QQ
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E! 5erdu.+ +0(er5a !!en+ de /e+r a !a 54c/ia# arcada c+n !+( (i.n+( aari!!+( de !a uer/e# /e0!and+ (e acerca a! ania!# =ue )+ne !+( +>+( en 0!anc+ 6 ira a (u 5e a! 5erdu.+8 Si e! ac2+ ca0r4+ !ana a2+ra un (+!+ 0a!id+ (e in/erru)e !a cere+nia 6 e! ania! e( !i0erad+# )ue( (er4a (e*a! de =ue !a 54c/ia (e 2a c+n5er/id+ en 2eran+ 6 =ue rue.a %' e!!a i(a )+r (u 5ida8 Per+ e! ania! de (acri1ici+ n+ ei/e e! en+r (+nid+# )ue( e! 2ec2icer+ !e an/iene !a( and40u!a( cerrada(8 A(4# e! 5erdu.+ !e5an/a e! 0a(/ón 6 !e a(e(/a un 1uer/e .+!)e en e! cr"ne+G e! ania! uere in(/an/"neaen/e + a! en+( =ueda a/urdid+8 Inedia/aen/e# e! 5erdu.+ 2u6e c+n un /err+r )"nic+8 Un a6udan/e !e c!a5a a! ania! una da.a en e! cue!!+# c+r/a !a 5ena 6u.u!ar 6 de>a c+rrer !a (an.re en !a 5a(i>a =ue 6a /iene !i(/a8 Se !e c+r/a a !a 54c/ia !a ca0ea# (e de(ue!!a 6 de(cuar/ia8 L+( can/+( anuncian ien/ra( /an/+ !a uer/e de !a 54c/ia8 Laen/+( /renódic+( a!/ernan c+n can/+( de a.radeciien/+ )+r 2a0er(e !+.rad+ e! (acri1ici+8 ENTREACTO PERSONAJES T+d+( !+( a9anékue, dia0!i/+( + 2eran+( kué< !a uer/e Hin5i(i0!e LUAR in/eri+r de! fam96 L+( 2eran+( (e re/iran a! in/eri+r de! /e)!+8 A=u4 (e +1rece !a (an.re de !a 54c/ia c++ !i0ación a Eu:8 E! in5i(i0!e de>a +4r (u 5+# i(/eri+(a c++ ru.ir de! !e+)ard+8 La 5+ de! in5i(i0!e c+n(a.ra !a !i0ación de (an.re 3macu9a5, =ue )a(a a2+ra de 0+ca en 0+ca en una 5a(i>a e()ecia!8 E! candida/+ 0e0e en c+unidad c+n !+( a9anékues, !+( 2eran+( en !a uer/e# a !+( cua!e( a2+ra )er/enece /a0i:n :! 6 cu6a )+/encia 5i/a! (e renue5a a /ra5:( de e(/a c+unión8 La ca0ea de! ania! (acri1icad+ (e en/re.a a! ktteGón, e! c+!a0+rad+r de !a uer/e# c+!+cada (+0re e! eri9ó, e! /a0+r (a1+ rad+8 Or/i (e*a!a a=u4 e! )ara!e!+ c+n e! cu!/+ de! i(%% /eri+ e!eu(in+8 En :(/e (e reci/a0a duran/e !a iniciación de un n+5ici+ e c+id+ (+0re e! /a0+r# 2e 0e0id+ de! c40a!+# 2e car.ad+ e! kernos, e 2e re(.uardad+ 0a>+ e! 0a!da=u4n888 Tan/+ en E!eu(i( c++ en Cu0a (e !e +1recen a! nuen !+( /e(/4cu!+( de !a 54c/ia# 6 e( a)ena( en/+nce( cuand+ (e !e =ui/a a! n+5ici+ !a 5enda de !+( +>+( 6a e( un rena/u(# un re(uci/ad+# a! =ue (e !e ue(/ran a2+ra !+( in(/ruen/+( (a.rad+(8& TERCER ACTO LA PROCESIÓN 3?eremd5 ac/+re( nko9oró: e! dia0!i/+ )rinci)a! A1+n4a Du6nsi: e! (acerd+/e I sité: e! (u+ (acerd+/e u +0i()+ M++n.+ Mosongo: f /re( .rande( (acerd+/e( A0a(an.a k ;9as=: e! cruci1i>+ $uku9akarionga: una )ie! de ac2+ ca0r4+ koko: !a )ie! de !a 54c/ia Hde! ac2+ ca0r4+ ri9ó: e! /a0+r Q,
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)+r=ue e! re4r e( !a )r+1e(ión de la risa de !a =ue :(/a (e an/iene8 P+r 1in !e r+.a+( a la risa =ue de>ara de re4r# )er+ n+ !+ )+d4a 2acer8 $Y La anera en =ue !a 2er+(ura (e )uede a-in1e(/ar c++ 1uera n+( !+ ue(/ra +/r+ )a(a>e de! ?e9edor de +ino de alma4. E(/e (e*+r era /an 2er+(+ (i (e 2u0ie(e )re(en/ad+ en un ca)+ de 0a/a!!a# nin.n enei.+ !+ 2a0r4a a/ad+ + a)re2endid+# (e.ur+ =ue n+# 6 (i !+( 0+0arder+( !+ 2u0ie(en 5i(/+ en una ciudad =ue 2a04a de (er 0+0ardeada# n+ 2a0r4an !anad+ una (+!a 0+0a ien/ra( :! (e 2a!!ara en !a ciudad# + (4 2u0ieran arr+>ad+ una# !a 0+0a n+ 2a0r4a e;)!+/ad+ ien/ra( n+ (e 2u0ie(e a!e>ad+ de !a ciudadG /an 2er+(+ era8 $< 8 Di+( Di+( e( )ara e! )adre Te)e!( e! .ran muntu, !a .ran )er(+na# e! .ran (er )+der+(+ 6 raci+na! + !a .ran 1uera 5i/a!8 $ Ma( en +/r+ )a(a>e# Te)e!( (e*a!a a Di+( c++ e! (a0i+ (+0re(a!ien/e# =ue c+n+ce /+d+( !+( en/e(# =ue a2+nda "( =ue nadie en !a e()ecie 6 na/ura!ea de !a( 1uera(8 É!# !a 'fuer&a, en s= =ue osee !a 1uera )+r (4 i(+ 6 =ue 2a hecho a /+d+( !+( de"( (ere(# c+n+ce /+da( !a( 1uera(88 88 $Q Di+( K+ B+n Dieu# c++ )re1eri+( !!aar a e(/e (er )+r a2+raK )arece (er 0a(/an/e )arecid+ a! Di+( cread+r de !+( cri(/ian+( a >u.ar )+r e(/a de(cri)ción8 P+r +/ra )ar/e# (e.n Te )e!( !+( )adre( )ri+rdia!e( deri5an (u de(cendencia de Di+(# + (ea =ue Di+( !+( de0e de 2a0er rocreado, $$ Tu/u+!a I# )8 Q8 $< Id., )8 <$8 $ Te)e!(# )8 <'8 i Id., )8 %8 $Q< n+ cread+8 a Sar/re (e*a!ó e(/a di1erencia en/re !a c+(+.+n4a eur+)ea 6 !a a1ricana en (u an"!i(i( de !a !4rica ne+a1ncana Para e! /:cnic+ 0!anc+# Di+( e( an/e /+d+ un in.enier+# J)i/er anda (+0re e! ca+( 6 !e i)+ne !e6e(G e! Di+( cri(/ian+ di(e*a e! und+ c+n e! en/endiien/+ 6 !+ rea!ia a (u 5+!un/ad !a re!ación de !a cria/ura c+n (u cread+r n+ e( >a"( de /i)+ carna!# (i de>a+( de !ad+ a a!.un+( 4(/ic+( a !+( =ue !a I.!e(ia (e en1ren/a c+n (u()icacia8 ade"(# e! er+/i(+ 4(/ic+ n+ /iene nada =ue 5er c+n !a 1er/i!idad e( una e(1era )a(i5a de un c+)ene/ranY4en/+ n+ (en(ua!8 E(/a+( 1+rad+( de 0arr+ (++( 1i.ura( (a!ida( de !a an+ de! e(cu!/+r di5in+8 Para nue(/r+( )+e/a( ne.r+(# en ca0i+# !a Creación e( un )+der+(+ 6 c+n/inu+ naciien/+# e! und+ e( carne e 2i>+ de !a carneG en e! ar 6 en e! cie!+# en !a( duna(# en !a( )iedra( 6 e! 5ien/+# )+r d+=uiera encuen/ra e! ne.r+ !a (ua5idad a/erci+)e!ada de !a )ie! 2uana# (e e(/rec2a c+n/ra e! cuer)+ de !a arena# c+n/ra !+( u(!+( de! cie!+ e( carne de !a carne de! und+#$& e( )+r+(+ )ara cua!=uier (+)!+ de aire de! und+# $ e( a!/erna/i5aen/e 2+0re 6 u>er de !a na/ura!ea# 6 cuand+ 6ace en/re !+( 0ra+( de una u>er de (u raa# !a có)u!a e( )ara :! una ce!e0ración de! i(/eri+ de! (er8 E(/a re!i.ión e()er"/ica e( c++ una /en(ión de! a!a en !a =ue (e e=ui!i0ran d+( /endencia( =ue (e c+)!e/an u/uaen/e e! (en/iien/+ din"ic+ de (er un 1a!+ =ue (e 6er.ue 6 e! (en/iien/+ "( (+rd+# )acien/e 6 1eenin+ de (er una )!an/a =ue crece8 $9 Cuand+ !e ci/: a Te)e!( e! an"!i(i( de Sar/re# e re1irió uc2+( )r+5er0i+( =ue c+n1iran =ue !+( 0a!u0a( c+n(ideran a Di+( c+rn+ a un cread+r e()iri/ua!# n+ c++ a un )r+.eni/+r8 P+r +/r+ !ad+ $& C18 C:(aire en Sen.2+r III# )8 &%8 $ J0id8 Y9 Sar/re en Sen.2+r III# )8 ;;;ii8 ,9
$Q enc+n/ra+( en ?a.ae cier/+( .ir+( =ue )arecen dar !a raón a Sar/re N+ de0e+( >ac/arn+( diciend+ e )r+cread+# )ue( e( Di+( =uien )r+crea8 $' Só!+ Di+( )r+creaG !+( 2+0re( n+ 2acen (in+ criar8 $Y O (ea =ue n+( enc+n/ra+( c+n /re( /e(i(8 O Di+( e( en !a 1i!+(+14a 0an/ un di+( cread+r# un )!ani-1icad+r# un di(e*ad+r# + e( un )r+.eni/+r uni5er(a!# )ura 1uera )r+crea/i5a# e! 1a!+ )ri+rdia! de !a re !i.ión e()er"/ica K(e.n a1ira Sar/reK# + e(# c++ )+dr4a )arecer )+r !a 1i!+(+14a# e! Ctu i(+# !+ cua! =uerr4a decir =ue e( a=ue! (er en (4 =ue e( a !a 5e 1uera 6 a/eria# indi(/in/a( e in(e)ara-da(# )+r a(4 decir# !a 1uera )ri+rdia! =ue duere# =ue carece /+da54a de nommo, de 5ida8 Si (e.ui+( a ?a.ae# !a deidad +ri.ina!en/e (u)rea en Ruanda e( N6a-Murun.a# n+0re =ue (i.ni1ica e! au/:n/ic+# .ran )r+cread+r8 Parece# )ue(# =ue Sar/re /iene raón8 Ma( O.+/+e!i ue(/ra có+ !+ e()iri/ua! 6 !+ c+r)+ra! (e c+)ene/ran8 En e! i/+ d+.ón de !a creación# Aa# e! di+( nic+# creó !a /ierra c++ 2e0ra 6 !a 1ecundó de()u:(8 Su (ei!!a# e! nommo, e( a.ua 6 1ue.+ 6 (an.re 6 ala9ra. E! nommo e( !a 1uera 5i/a! 14(ic+e()iri/ua! =ue de()ier/a a /+da( !a( 1uera( d+rida(# =ue +/+r.a !a 5ida c+r)+ra! 6 !a 5ida e()iri/ua!# N+ (e /ra/a a=u4 de una re!i.ión e()er"/ica ni de una re!i.ión e()iri/ua!G Di+( /a)+c+ e( e! $' ?a.ae II# )8 &$8 I0id8 # La deidad rec+n+cida en Ruanda (e !!aa Iana# )er+ ?a.ae ue(/ra =ue e(/a deidad KManaK 1ue i)+r/ada8 La deidad +ri.ina! de e(/+( 0an/e( 6ace e(c+ndida en e! +c/a5+ n+0re de Iana N6a-Murun.a Hc18 ?a.ae# II# ))8 <'-'8 $QQ Ctu i(+8 Di+( e(# en )a!a0ra( de Te)e!(# e! .ran mun=u: e( a !a 5e cread+r 6 )r+.eni/+r )ri+rdia!8 Q8 La 5ida 6 4a uer/e Se.n Te)e!(# !+( 0an/e( di(/in.uen en e! (er 5i(i0!e a=ue!!+ =ue e( )+(i0!e )erci0ir c+n !+( ór.an+( de !+( (en/id+( 6 !a c+(a i(a8 A! 2a0!ar de !a c+(a (e re1iere a !a e()ecie )r+)ia e in/erna# a !a na/ura!ea de !a e(encia de! (er + de !a 1uera8 En (u !en.ua>e 1i.ura/i5+ !+ e;)re(a de !a (i.uien/e anera en cada e(encia de un (er (e encuen/ra +/ra e(encia de un (er en e! (er 2uan+ (e 2a!!a# (in (er 5i(/+# +/r+ (er 2uan+ )e=ue*+8 < Te)e!( c+n(idera e(/a 1+ru!ación c++ una circun(cri)ción de! c+nce)/+ a!a8 Sie)re +4a decir a !+( ancian+( =ue e! 2+0re i(+ (i.ue e;i(/iend+# É!-i(+# e! 2+0reci!!+ =ue e(/" +cu!/+ de/r"( de !a 1i.ura e;/eri+ren/e 5i(i0!e# e! n- tu =ue (e 2a04a a!e>ad+ de !+( 5i5+(8 Me )arece a(4 =ue e! c+nce)/+ muntu )+(ee na/ura!en/e un cuer)+ 5i(i0!e# )er+ :(/e n+ e( e! muntu i(+8 Un ne.r+ cu!/+ e di>+ cier/a 5e c+n mun=u de(i.na+( "( 0ien !+ =ue u(/ede( !!aan en 1ranc:( !a )er(+nne# 6 n+ /an/+ !2+e8<$ Te)e!( (e dedica a c+n/inuación a e(/udiar en 4 de/a!!e e! )r+0!ea de! 1+r/a!eciien/+ 6 de0i!i/aien/+ de !a 5ida 6 e;)!ica =ue !+( di1un/+( )er5i54an en un e(/ad+ 5i/a! de.radad+# c++ 1uera( 5i/a!e( disminuidas =ue (in e0ar.+ c+n(er5a0an (u 1uera 5i/a! suerior 6 )a/erna! =ue !a( 1+r/a!ec4a8 De a=u4 =ue !+( uer/+( de0en de 2a0er +0/enid+ < Te)e!(# )8 <98 <$ Id., )8 <'8 ,'
$Q& un c+n+ciien/+ "( )r+1und+ de !a( 1uera( 5i/a!e( 6 na/ura!e(# )+r !+ =ue !a di(inución de (u 1uera de0e (er en+( c+n(idera0!e de !+ =ue (e )uede creer a! )rinci)i+8 << La( c+nce)ci+ne( de Te)e!( )r+5ienen de !a !en.ua )+)u!arG n+ (+n errónea(# )er+ /a)+c+ u6 )reci(a( =ue di.a+(8 An/e /+d+ (e 0+rra a=u4 e! !4i/e en/re !+( 5i5+( 6 !+( uer/+( a /a! .rad+ =ue (e (ien/e e! i)u!(+ de )re.un/ar dónde (e encuen/ra )r+)iaen/e !a uer/e8 ?a.ae e(/udia en c+n(ecuencia a)!iaen/e e! )r+0!ea de !a 5ida 6 !a uer/e8 a6 en e! in6aruanda /re( )a!a0ra( =ue (i.ni1ican 5ida 9ugingo, 9u&ima 6 magara. ?ugingo (e*a!a !a duración de !a 5ida 6 carece de i)+r/ancia en nue(/r+ c+n/e;/+8 ?u&ima, cu6a 1+ra de a0(/racción (e rec+n+ce )+r !a )ar/4cu!a de/erina/i5a 9u, indica !a unión de una (+0ra c+n un cuer)+8 C++ 1+ra a0(/rac/a# !a )a!a0ra 9u&ima (e encuen/ra den/r+ de !a ca/e.+r4a ?un/u# !a ca/e.+r4a de !a +da!idad8 E( un )rinci)i+ =ue indica cómo !!e.a a )r+ducir(e !a 5ida 6 +0ra c++ )rinci)i+8 E(/e )rinci)i+ dice (i una (+0ra (e une c+n un cuer)+ (ur.e 5ida# =ue dura ien/ra( !a (+0ra 6 e! cuer)+ n+ (e (e)aranG cuand+ +curre e(/+# e( !a uer/e8 Per+ (i# )+r e>e)!+# nace un ania!# e(/e )r+ce(+ n+ e( a0(/rac/+# (in+ c+ncre/+8 Un cuer)+ animal (e une c+n una (+0ra animal 6 (ur.e un (er ania! 5i5+# un gegia# =ue )er/enece a !a ca/e.+r4a Kintu. A2+ra 0ien# (u)+n.a+( =ue !a duración de !a 5ida de e(/e ania! 2a !!e.ad+ a (u /:rin+ 6 (e )re(en/a !a uer/e8 En/+nce( (e (u()ende 9u&ima, !a << id., )8 &8 $Q, unión de cuer)+ 6 (+0ra# 6 ki&ima, e! (er 5i5+ ania! 6 c+ncre/+# 6a n+ e( (u cuer)+ (e c+rr+)e 6 (u (+0ra de(a)arece8 A! +rir e! ania!# n+ =ueda nada de :!8 P+r e! c+n/rari+# e! (ur.iien/+ de un (er 2uan+ (e )re(en/a c++ un d+0!e )r+ce(+G )rier+ c++ !a unión )uraen/e 0i+!ó.ica de (+0ra 6 cuer)+ (e.n e! )rinci)i+ 9u&ima. Per+ a !a 5e (e une a! cuer)+ a!.+ e()iri/ua!# una 1uera de! nommo, (i a(4 (e =uiere# )ue( !a )r+creación de un 2+0re e( un )r+ce(+ 14(ic+-e()iri/ua!8 E! )rinci)i+ =ue (e*a!a !a unión de !a 1uera de! nommo c+n un cuer)+ (e !!aa magara: 5ida8 Magara e( una 1uera de! ?un/u# un )rinci)i+ =ue c+!a0+ra en cada 1+ración de un (er 2uan+8 La 5ida 0i+!ó.ica 39u&ima5 6 !a 5ida e()iri/ua! 3magara5 (e encuen/ran en e! 2+0re8 Nin.una de !a( d+( )uede )re(en/ar(e (+!a en !a 5ida 2uana c+ncre/a8 En e! 2+0re n+ (e a/eria!ia !a 5ida )uraen/e 0i+!ó.ica# )er+ e! 2+0re n+ carece /a)+c+ >a"( de (+0ra8 La na/ura!ea de! 2+0re 5i5+ (e carac/eria )reci(aen/e )+r=ue )ar/ici)a de !+( d+( )rinci)i+(G (ó!+ de e(/e +d+ e( un mu&ima, un (er 2uan+ 5i5+ =ue )er/enece a !a ca/e.+r4a Mun/u8 La 5ida 0i+!ó.ica 39u&ima5 !a c+)ar/e c+n e! ania!# ien/ra( =ue !a 5ida e()iri/ua! 3magara5 !+ di(/in.ue de! ania!8 A(4# cuand+ un 2+0re uere /a0i:n /erina# (in duda# (u 5ida 0i+!ó.ica 39u&ima5, y /a0i:n aca0a (u +ida e()iri/ua! 3magara5... )er+ )eranece a!.+# a=ue!!a 1uera 5i/a! !!aada nommo, =ue 2a 1+rad+ (u )er(+na!idad 6 =ue Te)e!( !!aa e! muntu )r+)iaen/e dic2+8 E! uia# e! (er 2uan+ 5i5+# (e c+n5ier/e en uiu# un (er 2uan+ (in 5ida8 E! mu&imu e( un di1un/+# 6 !+( 9a&imu c+n !+( $Q9 uer/+(G e( :(/e un )!ura! n+ra!# a(4 c++ muntu (e /ran(1+ra en 9antu a! )!ura!iar(e8 Se ac!ara a2+ra /a0i:n )+r =u: !+( c+nce)/+( mu&ima, e! (er 2uan+ 5i5+# 6 muntu, e! ,%
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(e)arar !+( n+0raien/+( c++ (e 2ace c+n !+( 5er0+( 6 decir e! ar/i(/a (e +cu)a de! n+0raien/+ 2a0i/ua!# ien Sen.2+r 3I# )8 ,8 Q <Q I0id8 /ra( =ue e! danan/e !!e5a a ca0+ e! n+0raien/+ ac/ua!8 La "(cara (i.ni1ica (ie)re un Mun/u# inc!u(+ cuand+ e( !a "(cara de un ania!8 A di1erencia de !a e(cu!/ura# !a "(cara n+ /iene un (e0!an/e de Mun/u /a! c++ !+ 2e+( de(cri/+ )"rra1+( arri0a c++ den+inad+r c+n de! Mun/u 5i5+ 3mu&ima5 6 de! Mun/u uer/+ 3mu&imu5. Ra(.+ c+n(/i/u/i5+ de (u 1unción e( =ue (ó!+ )uede (er !+ un+ + !+ +/r+# )ue( e! danan/e n+ )uede )re(/ar +5iien/+ 6 5+ (iu!/"neaen/e a un 5i5+ 6 a un di1un/+8 Só!+ !a e(cu!/ura )uede rea!iar !a unidad Mun/u# 6 e!!+ )+r=ue n+ (e ue5e ni 2a0!a8 E! danan/e de "(cara# )+r e! c+n/rari+# n+ !!e5a a ca0+ e! n+0raien/+ de un (er 2a0i/ua!# de un (40+!+# (in+ e! n+0raien/+ de un (er c+ncre/+# e( decir# de un mu&ima o de un mu&imu. N+( enc+n/ra+( a(4 c+n d+( /i)+( de "(cara(8 La( "(cara( mu&ima re)re(en/an a un 2+0re 5i5+ 6 /ienen )+r !+ /an/+ 1unci+ne( )r+1ana(# =ue (e reducen ca(i (ie)re a! en/re/eniien/+ 6 a !a di5er(ión8 En ca0i+# !a( "(cara( mu&imu H5:a(e !"ina II cu)!en 1unci+ne( cu!/ua!e(8 Para 2acer ani1ie(/a( !a( 1uera( mu&imu, !a( "(cara( /ienen =ue de(/acar# en c+n/ra(/e c+n !a( e(cu!/ura(# a=ue!!+( ra(.+( =ue di(/in.uen a! mu&imu de! mu&ima: a! 5er!a(# (e de0e (a0er =ue n+ re)re(en/an a (ere( 2uan+( 5i5+(8 P+r e! i(+ +/i5+ e>ecu/an !+( *a*i.+( en Cu0a !+( (a!/+( "( .r+/e(c+( 6 e(/ra1a!ari+( duran/e (u( 0ai!e( de "(cara(8 , !a "(cara mu&imu /a)+c+ /iene c++ 1ina!idad !a 1i>ación de !a e;)re(ión 2uana8 Ma!rau; e(cri0e a! re()ec/+ C18 ca)8 Ru0a# 8 <& E( una a)arición8 E! e(cu!/+r n+ .e+e/ria a=u4 a un 1an/a(a =ue n+ c+n+ce# "( 0ien !+ c+n>ura edian/e (u .e+e/r4a8 La e1icacia de (u "(cara (e ide n+ /an/+ )+r e! .rad+ en =ue (e a(ee>a a! r+(/r+ 2uan+ c++ )+r e! .rad+ en =ue n+ (e !e )arece8 Pue(/+ =ue un mu&imu n+ /iene cuer)+# carece /a0i:n de r+(/r+8 La "(cara mu&imu, )ue(# /a)+c+ e( e! (e0!an/e real de una a)arición8 E( una ia.en (u)rarrea!# e( !a ne.ación de !a cara de! mu&ima, 6 de a=u4 =ue# /eóricaen/e# e! ar/i(/a /en.a )!ena !i0er/ad a! dar 1+ra a (u "(cara# (ie)re =ue (ea ca)a de )r+ducir un r+(/r+ (u)rarrea!# un n+-r+(/r+8 /4nicaen/e )+r e! n+0raien/+ (e c+n5ier/e una "(cara en e! n+-r+(/r+ de un deter' minado an/e)a(ad+G )er+# (e.n (ue!e +currir# (e 2an id+ e!a0+rand+ cier/a( /radici+ne(# de /a! +d+ =ue en un de/erinad+ n+-r+(/r+# en una de/erinada "(cara de mu&imu (e rec+n+ce a un an/e)a(ad+ de/erinad+8 E;i(/en !a( "( 5ariada( )+(i0i!idade( 1+ra!e( )ara =ue una "(cara n+ (i.ni1i=ue mu&ima, (in+ mu&imu: e! c+!+r 0!anc+ Hcada5:ric+# !a 1+nna in2uana# !+ cua! =uiere decir /an/+ c++ 1+ra n+ c+rre()+ndien/e a! mu&ima *!+ =ue S6d+ !!aa 1i.ura 1an/"(/icaK + !a 1+ra ania!8 La "(cara ania!# )+r !+ /an/+# n+ re)re(en/a un ania! di1un/+ H6a 2e+( (e*a!ad+ =ue n+ =ueda nada de !+( ania!e( de()u:( de (u uer/e# ' (in+ e! n+-r+(/r+ de un an/ece(+r M"(cara(# +2 "(cara(# +( (a!ud+ en (i!enci+# 6 a /i n+ en !/i+ !u.ar# i a0ue!+ $$$
c+n ca0ea de )an/era K)uede !eer(e en un )+ea de Sen.2+rK H Ta0i:n !a ia.en ania! (i.ni1ica a=ue!!+ =ue e!!a .enera e! e!e1an/e# )+r e>e)!+# e( '9 Ma!rau;# )8 &,8 ' C18 ca)8 N/u# Q8 ^% Sen.2+r I# )8 <%8 <, !a 1ueraG !a ara*a# !a in/e!i.enciaG !+( cuern+( (+n !una( 6 !a !una e( 1er/i!idad8 Q La 1i.ura ania! e;)re(a !+ (u)rarrea!8 A! /ra/ar(e de una "(cara mu&imu re(u!/a (u)er-1!u+ )re.un/ar )+r (u e;)re(ión 1i(+nóica8 Só!+ c+n re!ación a una "(cara mu&ima, =ue re)re(en/a a un 2+0re 5i5+# )uede /ener a!.n (en/id+ )re.un/ar (i !a )er(+na re)re(en/ada r4e# !!+ra + e(/" en1adada8 E(/a )re.un/a carece de (en/id+ a! re1erir(e a !a "(cara mu&imu, =ue n+ e( un r+(/r+# (in+ un n+-r+(/r+8 E! =ue )r+5+=ue a!e.r4a + /e+r n+ de)ende de (u a()ec/+# (in+ de (u n+0raien/+G de! )rier n+0raien/+# e! de! ar/i(/a# cuand+ 2a de re)re(en/ar a un mu&imu ca(i (ie)re e()an/+(+G de! (e.und+ n+0raien/+# e! de! 0ai!ar4n# de acuerd+ c+n e! )a)e! =ue :(/e e;)re(a en cada ca(+8 Pue( a(4 c++ un )+ea e( inc+)!e/+ cuand+ n+ (e reci/a# a(4 !a "(cara e( inc+)!e/a ien/ra( nadie !a !!e5e# ien/ra( nadie !a u(e8 Si )+r e>e)!+ una de/erinada "(cara egungun de !+( 6+-ru0a( re)re(en/a a cier/+ di1un/+# !+( )arien/e( )ara !+( =ue e! danan/e egungun )re(/a (u 5+ a !a "(cara (e en1ren/ar"n c+n re()e/u+(+ a+r a (u an/e)a(ad+ a /ra5:( de !a "(caraG /endr"n ied+ cuand+ re5e!e (u( 1uera( (+0rena/ura!e( 6 reir"n (i (e !e +curre .a(/ar a!.una 0r+a8 A)ena( en !a unidad de "(cara 6 danan/e# + (ea en !a acción# !a "(cara mu&imu e( )+r/ad+ra de )+dere( e;/ra2uan+(# de !a( 1uera( mu&imu =ue e! danan/e c+n>ura c+n una 5+ di(iu!ada8 E! 0ai!ar4n n+ )re/ende >a"( =ue es un e()4ri/u# (e.n (ue!en re)e/ir /an/+( au/+re(8 T+d+ )a.an+ e( )er1ec/aen/e c+n(cien/e de =ue /ra( !a "(cara (e 2a!!a un (er 2uan+# cu6a 1i.ura reSen.2+r 3I# )8 &%8 <9 c+n+ce c!araen/e de/r"( de !a "(cara8 Per+ (e cree =ue =ui" (e )uede in1!uir en e! e()4ri/u de! di1un/+ de /a! anera =ue e! danan/e (ea )+(e4d+ )+r :! duran/e e! 0ai!e8 Q$ En 5ir/ud de e(/e n+0raien/+# !a "(cara 6 e! 0ai!ar4n (+n (acr+(an/+( 6 )ueden +ca(i+nar !a uer/e de! a!2ec2+r cuand+ c+e/e en e!!+( (acri!e.i+8 En ca0i+# una "(cara en cuan/+ /a!# e;)ue(/a en un u(e+# e( ?in/u# una c+(a e( un /r++ de adera# una 1i.ura de 2ue(+ 6 )ie!# de cuer+# de 0r+nce# de )er!a( + de! a/eria! de =ue 2a6a (id+ 2ec2a8 La +0ra de ar/e a1ricana# (ea )+e(4a# (ica# e(cu!/ura + "(cara e( c+)!e/a a)ena( cuand+ e( nomino, )a!a0ra cread+ra# )a!a0ra e1icien/e# en (ua# 1unción8 Si )ierde (u ca)acidad )ara !a 1unción re(u!/a 1a!/a de /+d+ 5a!+r8 a =ue e! ar/i(/a e(/" c+)r+e/id+ Ke(cri0e Sen-.2+rK# n+ (e )re+cu)a )+r crear una +0ra )ara !a e/ernidad8 ue !a +0ra de ar/e )ereca8 Inc!u(+ (e /iene )ri(a en (u(/i/uir una +0ra 5ie>a )+r +/ra nue5a# (i 0ien c+n(er5and+ e! e()4ri/u 6 e! e(/i!+ de a=u:!!a8 O (ea =ue (e ac/ua!ia an/e( de =ue re(u!/e an/icuada 6 decaden/e8 Q< E(/a ac/i/ud 1ren/e a !a +0ra de ar/e 2a c+nducid+ a a!.un+( eur+)e+( a a1irar =ue !+( a1rican+( /ienen e! ar/e )+r )+ca c+(a# =ue de 2ec2+ n+ (a0en !+ =ue e(8 a(/a +)inan =ue )+r (ó!+ 2a0er un ar/e 1unci+na! 6 n+ un ar/e )ur+# e( decir un ar/e )+r e! ar/e# n+ e;i(/e en/re e!!+( e! ar/e 5erdader+# (iend+ e! ar/e a1rican+ cuand+ "( era ar/e(an4a8 En !+ re1eren/e a! en>uiciaien/+ de! ar/e e;i(/en )+r !+ .enera! d+( )un/+( de 5i(/a di(/in/+( e! de! ^ Beier 3# )8 '8 S Sen.2+r 3I# )8 &98 <' $$<
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%$ E(/a( ca(a( m9ari, c+n(/ruida( /a0i:n )+r !a( c+unidade( e5an.e!iada( a )e/ición 6 en 2+n+r de !a di+(a de !a /ierra A!a# (e arruinan c+n (ua ra)ide8 En un+( cuan/+( a*+( (e a)a.an !+( c+!+re( 6 (e de(+r+nan !a( 1i.ura( de 0arr+8 E! cu!/+ 6 e! ar/e (e )r+ducen en !a ac/i5idad 5i5a# en e! n+0raien/+ 5enerad+r 6 cread+r# 6 /erinan en !a c+)!eción de !a +0ra8 La di+(a# =ue ani1ie(/a (u 5+!un/ad edian/e e! +r"cu!+# cuida de =ue e! cu!/+ 6 e! ar/e# !a 1uera de ad+ración 6 !a 1uera de creación# n+ de>en de ac/uar8 T+da54a (+n rar+( !+( ar/i(/a( inde)endien/e( en 1! C18 Beier I3# ))8 $QQ ss. ,& C18 M++re# ))8 J'Q((8 <& 1rica8 Mu6 )+c+( (+n !+( =ue n+ (e 2an (+e/id+ a !a( in1!uencia( eur+)ea(8 La a6+r4a cre4a /ener =ue ad+)/ar /a0i:n !a( 1+ra( 6 !+( e(/i!+( eur+)e+( >un/+ c+n !+( a/eria!e( 6 !a( /:cnica( eur+)e+(# A)ena( !i0erad+ e! ar/e eur+)e+ de! na/ura!i(+# en !+ cua! !+ au;i!ió en edida nada de()recia0!e e! ar/e a1rican+# !+( ar/i(/a( a1rican+(# c++ a!un+( de! eur+)e4(+# (e e(1ueran )+r re)r+ducir )ai(a>e(# *>ar (i/uaci+ne(# +de!ar re/ra/+( 1ie!e( a !a na/ura!ea8 A!.un+( e(/a0!ecier+n c+n/ac/+ c+n !a /radición 5ern"cu!a H)+r e>e)!+ e! /a!!i(/a Ida2 6 F:!i; Idu0+r de Benin# !"8 3# 6 u6 )+c+( !+.rar+n enc+n/rar nue5aen/e !a ac/i/ud ar/4(/ica a1ricana8 En 2ana# Ou A)+1+ de(cu0rió /ra( !ar.+( r+de+( una e;)re(ión ne+a1ricana )er(+na!G !+ i(+ +currió en Ni.eria c+n Ben En+nu8 En !a i(a edida en =ue !+( ar/i(/a( a1rican+( nece(i/an .en/e =ue !e( 2a.an encar.+(# e(/+( i(+( c+i/en/e( c+n(/i/u6en un )e!i.r+ Ben En+nu reci0ió e! encar.+ de e(cu!)ir a !a reina in.!e(a# =uien duran/e uc2a( 2+ra( !e (ir5ió de +de!+G e! 2ec2+ de =ue En+nu !+.rara !a de(eada re)r+ducción na/ura!i(/a e( un /e(/i+ni+ de (u 2a0i!idad ar/e(ana!# )er+ n+ de (u ar/e# e! cua!# en ca0i+# (e ani1ie(/a en (u( ".ica( e(cu!/ura( 6 )in/ura( ne+a1ricana( H5:a(e !"8 3I8 Paradó>icaen/e# (+n di5er(+( !+( ar/i(/a( eur+)e+( =ue (e 2a!!an "( cercan+( a !a ac/i/ud ar/4(/ica a1ricana =ue uc2+( ar/i(/a( de! C+n/inen/e ne.r+8 )en(a+( a=u4 en+( en !a( +0ra( )!"(/ica( eur+)ea( en =ue (e ad+)/ar+n di5er(+( e!een/+( 1+ra!e( a1rican+( !a( d+nce!!a( de A5i.n+n de Pica((+# 6 uc2a( 1i.ura( de ?irc2ner# Brancu(i 6 M+di-.!iani8 La ad+)ción e inc!u(ión de +de!+( n+ re()+nde a !a ac/i/ud ar/4(/ica a1ricana8 Per+ (i Pica((+ c+n5ier/e un a(ien/+ de 0icic!e/a c+n e! anu0ri+ <&Q en una ca0ea de /+r+ c+n cuern+(# de()!aa de .+!)e un +0>e/+ de! ca)+ u/i!i/ari+ a! ca)+ e(/:/ic+8,' L+ =ue a=u4 ac/a e( e! nommo: (e 2ec2ia un ?in/u8 A !a ca0ea de /+r+ (ó!+ !e 1a!/a e! n+0raien/+ =ue !+ c+n5ier/a en (40+!+ de una de/erinada e;)re(ión 6 c+n e!!+ en una 1unciónG e! re(u!/ad+ (er4a un ar/e a1rican+ )ur+# c++ !a( i!u(/raci+ne( de Pica((+ a! Aors erdu de C:(aire# c++ !+( 9atiks de Su(anne [en.er# =uien /ran(1+ra !+( i/+( a1rican+( en (40+!+( 1i.ura/i5+( a1rican+(8 Pau! ?!ee (e.u4a u6 de cerca !a 2ue!!a de! e(/i!+ a1rican+ de creación ar/4(/ica Se an2e!a una e(encia!iación de !+ ca(ua!G e! ar/e (e c+)+r/a re()ec/+ de !a creación a !a anera de una ecuación8 E( en cada ca(+ un e>e)!+# de +d+ )arecid+ a c++ !+ /erre(/re e( un e>e)!+ có(ic+8 ,T La( a0i.ua( 1i.uraci+ne( de [+!( inc!u(+ +0!i.an a! e()ec/ad+r a rea!iar a=ue! (e.und+ n+0raien/+ )+r e! cua! rea)arece !a e(/ruc/ura có(ica8 La ren+5ación de !a( ar/e( )!"(/ica( a1ricana( e(/" u6 a !a a.a de! ar/e !i/erari+8 Sin e0ar.+# 6a (e 2a iniciad+ e(/a ren+5ación e! )rier .ran ar/i(/a de !a )in/ura ne+a1ricana# e! iniciad+r de una négri'tude )!"(/ica# e( e! a1r+=u0an+ [i1red+ La# de =uien e(cri0e Aini: C:(aire $<
La )in/ura de [i1red+ La na5e.a c+n una car.a de /uu!/+ 2+0re( re)!e/+( de 2+>a(# (e;+( en .eren e)u>ad+( en c+n/ra(en/id+# di+(e( 2ier"/ic+( 6 /ró)ic+(8 En una (+ciedad en =ue e! diner+ 6 !a "=uina 2an en(anc2ad+ de(e(uradaen/e !a di(/ancia de !+( 2+0re( a !a( c+(a(# [i1red+ La 1i>a en (u !ien+ !a cere+nia )ara !a =ue /+d+( (e encuen/ran )re(en/e( !a cere+nia de !a unión 14(ica de 2+0re 6 und+ H5:a(e !"8 3III8 ^e iedi+n-[e!cer# )8 'Q8 ,9 C18 ?naur# )8 $Q%8 <&& AI c+)r+e/er !a in/e!i.encia 6 !a /:cnica a una a5en/ura nica cread+ra de 1"0u!a(# ce!e0ra !a /ran(1+ración de! und+ en i/+ 6 c+n>uración8 a r+/+ c+n !+( )+der+(+( aan/e( de !a( /ar>e/a( )+(/a!e(8 a r+/+ c+n =uiene( /een =ue una redada de (u c+nciencia )+dr4a r+0ar!e( e! /e(+r+ de )ere+(a (a/i(1acción 6 a0!ica /ran=ui!idad =ue (u reducida in/e!i.encia !e( )eri/ió reunir8 [i1red+ La n+ 2a 5aci!ad+ en c+n5er/ir(e en )er/ur0ad+r8 La )in/ura e( una de !a( )+ca( ara( =ue )+(ee+( en c+n/ra de !a (+rdera de !a 2i(/+ria8 [i1red+ La !+ c+n1ira8 :(/e e( un+ de !+( (i.ni1icad+( de (u )in/ura /an arre0a/ad+raen/e rica de/iene !a arc2a de! c+n=ui(/ad+rG (i.ni1ica =ue a )ar/ir de a2+ra en !a( An/i!!a( (ucede a!.+# =ue !+( 2+0re( ac+(ad+( )+r duda(# /en/aci+ne( c+n/radic/+ria( e in5i/aci+ne( incier/a( =ue !+( 2ac4an indeci(+( (e 2an enc+n/rad+ a (4 i(+( n+ +0(/an/e e! /an/e+ ner5i+(+# !a( di5er.encia( 6 !a( +)+(ici+ne(8 En e! n+0re de e(/+( 2+0re(# en e! n+0re de !+( rea)arecid+( de! "( .rande nau1ra.i+ de !a 2i(/+ria uni5er(a! ha9la [i1red+ La8,' '' C:(aire IX# )8 &98 <&, 3II8 ANTU LA ISTORIA DE LA LITERATURA cuand+ e! /a0+r c+enó a /+car(e a (4 i(+ (e !e5an/ar+n /+d+( !+( =ue de(de 2ac4a cien/+( de a*+( e(/a0an uer/+( 6 5inier+n )ara (er /e(/i.+( de có+ e! /a0+r /+ca0a e! /a0+r8 a+( /u/u+!a $8 La e(cri/ura An/e( de (er e(c!a5iad+( 6 !!e5ad+( a A:rica Ke(cri0e Ric2ard [ri.2/K )+(e4a+( en 1rica nue(/ra )r+)ia ci5i!iación8 Tra0a>"0a+( e! 2ierr+# /en4a+( nue(/ra( dana(# nue(/ra( canci+ne(G :ra+( en/endid+( en !a e(cu!/ura# en !a 5idrier4a# en e! 2i!ad+ de !a !ana 6 e! a!.+dón# en !a ce(/er4a 6 e! /e>id+8 In/r+du>i+( edi+( de can>e# acu*a+( +neda( de )!a/a 6 de +r+# c+n+c4a+( !a a!1arer4a 6 !a cuc2i!!er4a8 Fa0ric"0a+( nue(/ra( )r+)ia( 2erraien/a( 6 u/en(i!i+( de !a/ón# 0r+nce# ar1i!# cuar+ 6 .rani/+G /en4a+( nue(/ra )r+)ia !i/era/ura# nue(/ra )r+)ia >uri()rudencia# nue(/ra re!i.ión# nue(/ra ciencia 6 nue(/ra )eda.+.4a8$ Ma( a !a an/i.ua 1rica !e 1a!/a0an d+( ad=ui(ici+ne( cu!/ura!e( de )rier .rad+ !a ar=ui/ec/ura 6 !a e(cri/ura8 Pue(/+ =ue !a ciencia 2a a0and+nad+ de(de 2ace /ie)+ /+d+( !+( +/r+( ra(.+( =ue de04an di(/in.uir una de +/ra !a ci5i!iación 6 !a 0ar0arie# (e /iene cier/a )redi!ección )+r c!a(i1icar a !+( )ue0!+( en a=ue!!+( =ue c+n+c4an !a e(cri/ura 6 a=uei [ri.2/ III# )8 $8 <&9 !4+( +/r+( =ue n+ !a )+(e4an8 L+( )ue0!+( c+n e(cri/ura# (e dice# (+n ca)ace( de 1i>ar !a( e;)eriencia( an/i.ua( 6 c+rrer a(4 de )r+.re(+ en )r+.re(+# ien/ra( =ue !+( )ue0!+( ".ra1+( (+n 54c/ia( de! aar de !a 2i(/+ria8 $<$
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:! (e educó en e(cue!a( de i(i+ner+(8 Tra( 2a0er reci0id+ e! /4/u!+ de ae(/r+ 6 a)rendid+ e! +1ici+ de car)in/er+ 1ue c+rrec/+r de )rue0a( en $%Q en M+ri>a# cen/r+ de !a i(ión e5an.e!i(/a de Par4( =ue di(/ri0u6e e(cri/+( re!i.i+(+( en Ba(u/+!andia8 C++ c+rrec/+r <9Q en M+ri>a e(cri0ió (u( /re( !i0r+(# e! )rier+ de !+( cua!e( 1ue )u0!icad+ en $%, en !a re5i(/a i(i+nera Lesel=nyana. Se /ra/a de !a narración c+)ue(/a en (e(+/2+ l eregrino hacia el "riente, =ue "( /arde (e /radu>+ a! in.!:( c+n un /4/u!+ e=ui5+cad+8 C+iena a(4 En !a "( ne.ra +(curidad# =ue era u6 ne.ra# en !a :)+ca en =ue !a( /ri0u( /+da54a (e c+4an una( a +/ra( c++ ania!e( (a!5a>e(# 5i54a un 2+0re !!aad+ Fee(i8 $ Fee(i# e! 2i>+ de un caci=ue de Ba(u/+!andia# 0u(ca !a 5erdad8 A0and+na (u )a/ria 6 5ia>a )+r a5en/urad+( cain+( 2acia e! Orien/e# d+nde e()era enc+n/rar !a 5erdad =ue cier/a( 5i(i+ne( !e 2a04an anunciad+8 A +ri!!a( de! ar de(1a!!ece# )er+ e( 2a!!ad+ )+r /re( eur+)e+( =ue !+ cuidan en (u 0arc+ 6 !+ !!e5an c+n e!!+( a Eur+)a# /ra6:nd+!+ nue5aen/e a /ierra( a1ricana( duran/e e! (i.uien/e 5ia>e8 S+(/iene uc2a( c+n5er(aci+ne( c+n !+( 2+0re( 0!anc+( e;/ran>er+(8 Le )re.un/an )+r (u e/a 6 :! re()+nde 3ia>+ 2acia d+nde 5i5e Di+(8 E!!+( c+n/e(/an En/re /+d+( !+( )a4(e( n+ e;i(/e e(e )a4(8 Ade"(# Di+( n+ 5i5e en !a Tierra# 5i5e arri0a en !+( Cie!+(# encia de !a( nu0e(# de !a( e(/re!!a( 6 de! (+!8 Rea+( a Di+( ien/ra( e(/a+( en !a Tierra# 6 É! n+( e(cuc2a8 n+(+/r+( +0edecern+( Su( !e6e( 6 Su( andaien/+(8 P+r e(+ cuida+( de /i cuand+ /e enc+n/ra+(8 <$ Fee(i (e )u(+ u6 c+n/en/+ cuand+ !e c+n/ar+n /+d+ e(/+8 Rec+n+ció =ue ca(i /+d+ !+ =ue !e dec4an era e;ac/aen/e !+ =ue 2a04a 0u(cad+8 Pre.un/ó )+r (u .+0iern+ 6 )+r (u( c+(/u0re(# )er+ an/e /+d+ )re.un/ó )+r !a( c+(a( =ue (e re1er4an a !a e(encia de Di+(8 << La ac/i/ud de Fee(i 1ren/e a !+( i M+1ó!+ I# )8 98 < id., )8 $$8 <$ Id., ))8 $$&8 << Id., )8 $$$8 <9& eur+)e+( e( !a ac/i/ud de! >+5en M+1ó!+ i(+G Le en(e*ar+n a !eer 6 a e(cri0ir8 Su a!e.r4a 1ue en/u(ia(/a cuand+ rec+n+ció =ue /+d+ !+ =ue 2a04a 0u(cad+ e;i(/4a# ade"( de +/ra( uc2a( c+(a( =ue n+ (a04a8 Ace)/ó /+d+ !+ =ue !e en(e*a0anG !e( cre4a8 < T2+a( M+1ó!+ ace)/ó /+d+ !+ =ue !e en(e*a0an 6 !e( cre4a8 !+ri1icó e! cri(/iani(+ en l eregrino hacia el "riente, c+ndenó e! )a.ani(+ en (u n+5e!a Ahaka, !a )riera n+5e!a 2i(/órica de !a !i/era/ura a1ricana +derna8 C2aa e( e! .ran re6 de !+( u!e(# e! Na)+!eón ne.r+8 M+1ó!+ 2ace =ue C2aa (e c+a!i.ue c+n !a 2ec2icer4a# !a cua! i)e!e a! re6 de un crien a +/r+# 2a(/a !!e.ar a! ani=ui!aien/+ en a(a8 De()u:( de =ue C2aa c+ncedió )!ena !i0er/ad de acción a! curander+ a.+# :(/e inició (u !a0+r8 Un/ó c+n un edicaen/+ e! )ec2+ de C2aa# a! =ue !!aó !a 5erdadera edicina =ue /ra4a (uer/e8 Lue.+ ra(.u*ó un )+c+ e! cuer+ ca0e!!ud+ d+nde nace e! ca0e!!+ 6 !+ /ra/ó c+n !a edicina de! >e1e8 En (e.uida# e! a.+ di>+ =ue n+ /en4a a!!4 !a +/ra edicina# )er+ =ue )+dr4a )re)arar una )+ca r")idaen/e8 É(/a era !a edicina =ue )r+duce !a !uc2a 6 e! a(e(ina/+8 Cier/aen/e e( u6 )er5er(a# )er+ e(/" !!ena de )+der8 Decide / (i !a =uiere(8 Se 2i+ un )+c+ a un !ad+ )ara =ue C2aa 1ue(e !i0re de 2acer !+ =ue !e )areciera8 La =uier+ Kdi>+ C2aaK8 La deci(ión 2a04a (id+ /+ada )+r (u )r+)ia 5+!un/ad# C2aa 2a04a e!e.id+ !a uer/e en 5e de !a 5ida8 < Si 0ien M+1ó!+ e=ui)ara !a 2ec2icer4a c+n !a uer/e 6 !a c+ndena# !+( i(i+ner+( c+n(iderar+n e(/a n+5e!a c++ una reca4da en e! )a.ani(+ 6 .uarda$
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