LEVEL OF INVOLVEMENT IN SMOKING, DRINKING AND DRUGS ABUSE AMONG FOURTH YEAR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN PUERTO PRINCESA CITY
ROLANDO B. BELARMIN0, JR.
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY, WESTERN PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY-PUERTO PRINCESA CAMPUS, PUERTO PRINCESA CITY, PALAWAN IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF ARTS IN SOCIOLOGY
2 APRIL 2010 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
This paper examines the smoking; drinking and drugs abuse among fourth year high high school school studen students. ts. Early Early experim experiment entati ation on with with this this substa substance ncess are known known to be associated with both immediate and lasting problems, including abuse and dependence, which can result in profound, long-term health and social consequences (Gruber, et al, 2000). The health risks of the use especially the abuse of all three substances particularly smoking and drinking affect all age groups. Drug use is socially unacceptable at any age while smoking and drinking are socially unacceptable for minors. These behaviors have legal risks as well. Drinking and smoking are illegal for minors. Although smoking, drinking and drugs abuse usually result in adverse health conseque consequence nces, s, there there are some some percei perceived ved benefi benefits ts or advanta advantages ges of these these behavio behaviors rs particularly from the point of view of the adolescents and youths. Adolescents may view smoking and drinking as privileges of adults and may want to engage in them to feel grown up and to present themselves as adults to others. Adolescents and youths may smoke and drink to keep the company of their friends who are already engaging in these behaviors, especially if sharing of drinks and cigarettes are common and considered “cool” in group activities. It is known that peer pre press ssur uree may may occu occurr in the the form form of encou encoura ragem gemen ent, t, dare dares, s, or actu actual al offe offers rs of the the substances. substances. Indirect Indirect influence influence may also occur when young people associated associated with peers who smoke and drink and thus providing role models, establishing substance use as
3 normative, and creating the perception that using these substances will increase social acceptance or get them a feeling of “belonging” to sought-after group. Drinking and smoking may be viewed as proving p roving pleasure as well. Many adolescents and youths are likely to adopt behaviors that are very common among adults sometime during their transition to full adulthood, even when they are aware aware of the undesi undesirab rable le health health conseque consequence ncess of these these behavio behaviors. rs. For exampl example, e, the primary socialization theory contends that individual learn social norm and behaviors from primary sources which include the family. There are evidences that a young person who’s parent smoke is likely to smoke (Conrad, (Conrad, et al, 2002). Some of the reasons given are: the availability of cigarettes at home, parents being model of smoking and drinking behavior behavior and consequently consequently parents parents lack the credibilit credibility y as advocates for non-smoking non-smoking or non-drinking. Smoking and drinking is very common in the Philippines especially among adult males. Therefore, in the process of transition most male adolescents are likely to begin smoking and drinking. It is likely that the smoking and drinking is closely related to some markers of transition to adulthood such as reaching socially and legally recognized age of adulthood, completion of education, leaving parental home, and beginning of full-time employment. Once controlled for these transition indicators, other individual and family characteristics may have small effects. Smoking among adult women is much less. Drug use is even less common for both genders. Individual and family characteristics are likely to have large effects on the process of these relative rare behaviors (Lermet, 2002).
4
Conceptual Framework of the Study
The The conc concept eptua uall fram framewo ework rk show showss inde indepen pende dent nt varia variabl bles es,, incl includi uding ng soci socioodemographic characteristics such as age, gender and religion. On the other hands intervening variables which include offenses committed. The dependent variables are the students’ level of involvement in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse throughout the Puerto Princesa City as describe according to the level of involvement as follows: always involved, sometimes involved, often involved, rarely involved and never involved. It would like to find out significant relationship between the socio-demographic profile and students’ level of involvement in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse.
INDEPENDENT
INTERVENING
VARIABLES
VARIABLES
Socio-demographic profile of respondents: • • •
DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Student’s level of involvement in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse
Age Gender Religion
Offenses committed
5 Figure1. The Research paradigm of the study Statement of the Problem
The general aim of this study is to analyze the smoking; drinking and drugs abuse among fourth year high school students in selected barangay in Puerto Princesa City. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following question: 1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the respondents in terms of: a. age; b. gender; c. religion? 2. What are the offenses committed by the respondents? 3. What is the students level of involvement in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse throughout the selected three barangays in Puerto Princesa City? 4. Is their any significant relationship between the socio-demographic profile and the students level of involvement in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse throughout the selected barangays in Puerto Princesa City?
Hypothesis of the Study
There is no significant relationship between the socio-demographic profile and students’ level of involvement in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse.
6
Significance of the Study
The study provides the first close look at these risk-taking behaviors among fourth year high school students in barangay San Miguel, San Jose and Sicsican, Puerto Princesa city. Hence the prevalence of smoking, drinking and drugs abuse among youths are quite high. The The stud study y woul would d like like to esta establ blis ish h the the fact fact that that thes thesee beha behavi vior orss are are high highly ly interlinked: person who engage in one type of risk-taking behavior are likely to engage in the other type of such behavior. The results from this study would like to show design interventions and policies that are responsive to the youth related problems especially the higher risk for problem behaviors behaviors among fourth fourth year high school students students in selected selected three barangays barangays of Puerto Puerto Princes City. The findings from this study further underscore the need for more resources, especially for the government agency facing higher risk. The study will serves as documentation on various youth behaviors from the survey to provide information about subgroup differences on a wide range of problems and to identify whether a certain subgroup is more vulnerable to a specific risk.
7
Scope and Limitation of the Study a. Problem
The study aims to analyze the Smoking, Drinking and Drugs Abuse among fourth year high school students in selected barangay namely: barangay San Miguel, San Jose and Sicsican in Puerto Princesa City. b. Locale of the Study
The study was conducted in three selected barangays namely Bgy. San Miguel, San Jose, Sicsican which has public high schools in Puerto Princesa in which the subject are the fourth year high school students. c. Time Frame
The study was conducted for three days only from February 26 to 28. One day was given in each of three different schools. Study covered only for the year 201 0.
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9 Fig.2 Map of Puerto Princesa City showing the study area Operational Definition of Terms
For the purpose and to facilitate the understanding of this study, the terms are defined operationally. Age- This term refers to the length of time a person has lived Civil Status- This term refers to the legal status of a person classified into single,
married and single parent. Drinking- This term refers to the act of respondents of engaging themselves into
liquor, alcoholic drink and beverages. Drugs Drugs abuseabuse- This This term term refe refers rs to the the act of taki taking ng a psyc psycho hoact activ ivee drug drug or
performance enhancing drug for non-therapeutic n on-therapeutic or non-medical effect. Demographic Characteristics- These terms refer to the demographic profile of
the the resp respond onden ents ts in this this stud study y it incl includ udes es age, age, gend gender er and and reli religi gion on that that prov provid ides es information about the students. Level of Involvement- This term refers to the occurrence of being engaged into
smoking, drinking and drugs abuse as described as always involved, very often involved, often involved, sometimes involved and rarely involved. Smoking- This term refers to the practice where a substance, most commonly
tobacco, is burned and the smoke tasted or inhaled. Considered as one of the most common forms of recreational drug use. Tobacco smoking is today by far the most popular form of smoking.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the review related literature and studies, theoretical framework and conceptual framework. Related Literature and Studies Parents’ attitudes on drinking and smoking
Parents’ attitudes are likely to represent prevailing social norms. The views of adolescents and youths of their parents’ attitude, then, can be interpreted as their views of the social norm. In addition, parents who are demanding and responsive to their children are likely likely to serve serve as protec protectiv tivee factor factorss agains againstt initia initiati tion on of smokin smoking g and drinki drinking. ng. Parental involvement and monitoring of their children can have the same protective effect (Cohen et al. 2004). It could also be partly reflecting the condition where some of these respondents did not have father or an adult male who raised them present in their households. Percep Perceptio tion n among among adoles adolescen cents ts and young young women women that that their their parent parentss disapp disapprov rovee of drinking and smoking is nearly universal. In contrast, perception of parental disapproval of drinking and smoking among men is much weaker. Disapproval rate among parents of 20–24 year old men is only at moderate level, ranging from 47% to 66%. The disapproval rate is higher for younger respondents than older respondents, for smoking than for drinking, and among mothers than among fathers. Parents’ attitudes reflect social norms. Not surprisingly, Domingo and Marquez (1999) found that parents’ attitudes affect the behavior of adolescents and youths on drinking and smoking behavior. Thus, drinking, which which was thought thought that that parent parentss disappr disapprove ove at lower lower rates, rates, is more more preval prevalent ent than than
11 smoking, which, on the other hand, parents disapprove at higher rates. Men are less likely than women to have parents who disapprove, and are much more likely to take these risktaking behaviors than women. Prevalence increases with age, consistent with the pattern of decreasing parental disapproval rate with age.
Regulations and their enforcement
The Philippines has no national law regulating smoking and sale of tobacco products. There is no minimum age requirement for the purchase of cigarettes and no law regulating the advertising and promotion of cigarettes. There is no law that requires the pri print ntin ing g of warn warnin ing g labe labels ls on ciga cigare rett ttee packa package ges. s. Inst Instea ead, d, the the Nati Nation onal al Toba Tobacco cco Administra Administration tion (NTA) is supposed to protect protect and promote the “balanced and integrated integrated growth” of the tobacco industry. These, despite the results of a survey which says that 72 per cent of the polled adult populations were supportive of having a legislation banning smoking smoking advertisem advertisements ents (Arroyo 2004).There are more restrictions restrictions on drinking drinking than smoking especially of the minors. Those who are less than 18 years old are prohibited from from purc purcha hasi sing ng or drin drinki king ng alcoh alcohol olic ic drin drinks ks.. Howe However ver,, the the enfo enforc rcem emen entt of this this regulation is weak. National and local legislations are more developed and restrictive visa-vis drugs. The Dangerous Drugs Act or Republic Act 9165 together with subsequent presidential decrees and national programs against drug abuse defined the prohibited and regula regulated ted drugs drugs as well well as the punishab punishable le acts acts in relati relation on to these these drugs drugs and other substances and the penalties thereof. For implementation purposes o f the national law, the Dangerous Drugs Board was created. Recently, the Narcotics Group of the Philippine National Police has assumed a significant role in the national program.
12
Economic aspects of drinking, smoking, and drug-use
In the previo previous us years, years, costs costs of cigare cigarette ttess and alcohol alcohol drinks drinks have increa increased sed tremendously. A stick of local cigarettes which cost P1 three years ago, now costs P1.50 or a 50 per cent increase in prices. At this price, high school and college students can afford to squeeze in a stick or so in their daily allowances. Beer and other alcoholic drinks as well as drugs are more prohibitive to the young people. Recently however, with the increase in the supply of illegal drugs particularly shabu (poor man’s cocaine), a larger proportion of the population can afford the drug. Thus, all these substances are easily available to the young people but may not be affordable to a significant number among them. At the macro-level, it has been estimated that smoking alone drains 20 per cent of the household income of smokers’ families. Drugs continue to be the bigger economic and social menace to the families of drug dependents and their communities.
Information on harmfulness of drinking, smoking and drug-use
In general, the harmfulness of drug-use is well known. In fact, national and local information drives are conducted in the country as part of formal programs on anti-drug abuse. Two national agencies are primarily mandated to lead efforts on drug abuse: the Dangerous Drugs Board and the Narcotics Commission of the Philippine National Police. The elemen elementar tary y and high high school school curric curricula ula have have integr integrate ated d anti-d anti-drug rug messag messages. es. As mentioned in an earlier section, there are no national agencies nor consolidated public programs against smoking and drinking. In spite of this, a recent survey of the Social
13 Weather Station revealed that 94 per cent of the adult population knew that smoking is hazardous hazardous to health health and 92 per cent acknowledged acknowledged that tobacco smoke also damages the health of the non-smokers.
Gender Difference
Domingo and Marquez (1999) found large gender differences in the risk-taking behavi behaviors ors among among Filip Filipino ino adoles adolescent centss and youths youths.. Men are much much more more likely likely than than women to drink, smoke, and use drugs. The large gender difference in risk-taking behavior among adolescents and youths is rather common in Asian countries (Han et al. 2000; Osaki and Minowa 1996; Zhu et al. 1996) but not in the U.S. (Kann et al. 2000). The large gender difference in risk-taking behavior is likely the result of social norms on gender behavior in these societies. In general, the Filipino society accord more liberties and allow a wider range of social activities to men than women. In fact, we have seen that parents tend to approve their sons sons’’ drin drinki king ng and smok smokin ing g more more than than thei theirr daug daught hter ers, s, indi indica cati ting ng that that it is more more acceptable for men than for women to take some risks that are common and provide certain pleasures. Differ Different ent risk-t risk-taki aking ng behavio behaviors rs share share common common set of charact characteri eristi stics cs and cooccurrences of a number of risk-taking behaviors are common (Blum and Rinehart 2000; Jessor, Donovan, and Costa 2000; Jessor and Jessor 2000; Resnick et al. 2000). 200 0). Findings from the study by Domingo and Marquez (1999) indicate that the current risk-taking behavior among Filipino adolescents and youths are largely consistent with the problem behavior theory.
14 According to Gruber, Di Clemente, Anderson and Lodico (2006) four sets of covariates will be examined. The first set consists of family background variables. Place of birth is used as an indicator of type of community the respondent spent most of the time in childhood. Children Children born in urban areas are more likely likely to engage in risk-taking risk-taking behavior at early ages than children born in rural areas. Urban communities are likely to be more tolerant of adolescent behaviors beh aviors that do not follow norms. Adolescents and youth are likely to find time and place with little adult supervision, and access to cigarettes, alcoholic drink, and drugs more easily in urban areas than in rural areas. Children who are not raised by two parents or whose parents do not have stable marital relationship are less likely to have strong attachment to family and more likely to engage in risk-taking behavior than others. According to Han, Sunghyu, M.K. Choe, M. Lee, and S. Lee (2000) risk taking behavior among high school, the information on marital stability refers to the condition at the time of survey, unstable marriages are likely to have some signs for a while and could likely have some effects on the children c hildren in the family.
Global and Youth Culture
As societies become more complex, family and religion are no longer the primary socialization agents for young people. Schools and teachers and mass media also share the role. One of the first first TV stations stations to be targeted specifically specifically at youth is MTV, Music Television, which started in the United States in the early 1980s and has now expanded to evry evry contin continent ent except except Antarc Antarctic tica. a. The Intern Internet et also also reaches reaches and links links young young people people
15 around the world. Marketing and mass consumption are seen as important elements of the global youth culture (Cohen et. al, 2004) Historically and currently, youth are caught between tradition and progress. There is much concern and speculation about Western values, consumerism and secular role models being imposed on the world’s youth. In general, studies of youth in developing countries countries report that young people place more emphasis emphasis on family and tradition tradition than on personal achievement. Many young people manage to keep one foot on their country’s past and culture while the other foot is headed in new directions, according to the Braungart study. For example, a study Filipino youth caught in the throes of a modernizing society and abrupt political changes found that family solidarity was the most prominent value among youth, followed by respect for tradition ( Lermet, 2002). In a recent exhibit at the United Nation featuring that artwork of young people from Kenya, one drawing by a teenager girl portrayed a young woman running and screaming to avoid female genital mutilation. The caption read, “Stop harmful traditional practices”.
16 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter deals with the methodology used by the researcher in this study which includes the locale of the study, research design, population of the study, sampling procedure, instrumentation and data collection. Research Design
The descriptive design, specially the survey method was used in this study. This study focused on analyzing the smoking; drinking and drugs abuse among fourth year high school students of the three selected barangays in Puerto Princesa City. Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were the fourth year high school students of barangay San Miguel, San Jose and Sicsican in Puerto Princesa City. Sampling Procedure
Stra Strati tifi fied ed rand random om samp sampli ling ng was was empl employ oyed ed in sele select ctin ing g the the resp respon onden dents ts.. To determine the sample size of the population, a framework of Slovin is given as follows: N n=----------1+ Ne²
Where: n= a sample size N= population size e= desired margin of error (0.05)
17 Instrumentation
A survey questionnaire was used in data gathering. It includes the questionnaire perta pertaini ining ng to demogr demograph aphic ic profil profilee of the respond respondent ents, s, offens offenses es commi committe tted d and the student’s level of involvement in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse.
Data Collection Procedures
A survey survey questi questionn onnair airee was used used in data data gather gathering ing.. The resear researche cherr person personall ally y admini administe stered red the survey survey questi questionna onnair iree to the identi identifie fied d fourt fourth h year year studen students ts in three three selected barangays in Puerto Princesa City. Letters of request was sent to the School heads of each school to ask permission for the conduct of the study. Prior on that pre-testing of questionnaire was conducted. Treatment of Data
The data data gather gathered ed was tabula tabulated ted and analyze analyzed d using using the freque frequency ncy counts, counts, percentages and means. The level of involvement into smoking, drinking and drugs abuse was analyzed interpreted using the 5-point rating scale and equivalent. Adjectival Rating
Range of Values
5- Always involved
4.01 - 5.0
4- Often involved
3.01 - 4.0
3- Sometimes involved
2.01 - 3.0
18 2- Rarely involved
1.01 - 2.0
1- Never involved
1.0
Nominal data such as Gender and Religion are coded as follow: Gender
Religion Co d e
Co d e
Male
0
Roman Catholic
3
Female
1
Christian
2
Islam
1
To determine the significant relationship between the demographic profile of the respondents and the student’s level of involvement in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse the Pearson Product – Moment Correlation Coefficient was used with the SPSS Program on the computer.
19 CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the results, interpretation and discussion of the study with regards to fourth year high school students’ profile, offenses committed and level of involvement in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse. It also discusses the relationship between the students’ demographic profile and the level of their involvement in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse. Demographic Profile of the Students
The demographic profile of the student-respondents contained their age, gender and religion. Age
Figur Figuree 3 pres presen ents ts the the age age dist distri ribu buti tion on,, resu result ltss reve reveal aled ed that that the the young younges estt respondents were 15 years old and the oldest were 19 years old. 152 (53%) of the respondents belonged to the age of 16. This was followed by 73 (26%)\ with the age of 17. On the other hand, 35 (12%) of them belonged to the age of 15, 16 (6%) of them belonged to the age of 18, and only 8 (3%) were within the age of 19. Result shows that majority of the respondents were 16 years old. The mean age is 16.33. 15
Age 19
3%
12%
17
Figure 3. Graph showing the age of respondents
26% 16
Gender
53%
18 6%
20 Figure 4 presents the gender distribution of the respondents, 147 or 52 % of the respondents were females while 137 or 48% were males. Result shows that most of the respondents were females.
Figure. 4. Graph showing the gender of the respondents
Religion
Figur Figuree 5 illu illust stra rate tess the the grap graph h dist distri ribut butio ion n of reli religi giou ouss affi affili liat atio ion n of the the respondents. Results revealed that 184 (65%) belongs to Roman Catholic, 41 (14%) were Adventist and 23 (8%) belongs to Iglesia Ni Cristo. On the other hand, 13 (5%) of them belongs to Islam and Born again while 5 (2) of them belongs to Baptist and Jehova’s Witnes Witness. s. It reveal revealed ed that that the religi religion on of the respond respondent entss was dominated dominated by Roman Roman Catholic.
Figure 5. Graph showing the religion of the respondents.
Offenses Committed by the Students
21
Figure 6 shows the various offenses committed by the respondents inside the institution. The results revealed that the number one offense committed by the students was cutting of classes with 48 or 17% students who committed. It was followed by 10 or 4% who argued with their teacher, 9 or 3% who fight fight with their classmates and 3 or 1% has smoked inside the campus. On the other hand 214 or 75% of the students responded as no offense committed. Result revealed that most of the respondents hav e no offense committed.
OfffensesCommitted Of
Cutting of Classes 17%
Arguing with the teacher 4% Fight with classmate 3%
Smoking in the camp 1%
No offenses 75%
Figure 6. Graph showing the offenses committed by the students
Level of Involvement in Smoking, Drinking and Drugs Abuse
22 Table 1 shows the level of involvement of the fourth year high school students from three selected schools in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse. The result resultss reveal revealed ed that that the students students were rarely rarely involved involved in terms terms of the following following statement: statement: drinking drinking containing containing alcohol with a mean rating of 1.91, smoking smoking cigarettes with a mean rating of 1.66, inhaling inhaling solvent solvent with 1.04 mean rating, smoking 1.07 and inhali inhaling ng gasoline 1.13 mean mean rating rating, mari mariju juana ana with with a mean mean rati rating ng of 1.07 gasoline with 1.13
respectively. On the other hand, the students were never involved with regards of trying or tasting shabu (poor (poor man’s cocaine) and smoking cocaine. All items indicated or the smoking drinking and drugs abuse were rarely involved by the fourth year high school students with a weighted mean of 1.26. Table 3.Students level of involvement in Smoking, Drinking and Drugs abuse
Adjectival Rating 5- Always involved
Items
Range of Values 4.01 - 5.0
AI
OI
SI
RI
Drinking containing alcohol
14
26
34
Smoking cigarettes
6
12
33 2 5
Inhaling solvent
1
Smoking marijuana
Shabu (poor man’s cocaine) Smoking cocaine Inhaling gasoline
1
All items 4- Often involved 3- Sometimes involved 2- Rarely involved 1- Never involved
9
56 62 3 9
16
NI
Mean
154
1.91
Description Rarely involved
171 278 270 284
1.66
Rarely involved
1.04
Rarely involved
1.07
Rarely involved
1.00
Never involved
284 258
1.00 1.13
Never involved Rarely involved
1.26
Rarely Involved
3.01 - 4.0 2.01 - 3.0 1.01 - 2.0 1.0
Relationship between the Demographic Profile and the Level of involvement in Smoking, Drinking and Drugs Abuse.
23 Table 2 shows the correlation between the students’ demographic profile and their level of involvement in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse. Result Resultss reveal revealed ed that that the correl correlati ation on between between age of the studen students ts and items items number 1,3 and 9 were significant at o.5 level since p-value of .012, .021, and .026 are lesser than o.5. Likewise, age correlated to item number 2 is also significant at .01 level since the p- value 0f 0.007 is less than .01. This implies that older students were likely to more involved in testing or trying to smoke, drinking liquor, inhale solvent and gasoline than younger students. Items 5 to 8 failed its analysis in the computer since all the students gave constant responses of one (1). Table 4. Correlation between the demographic profile of the students and their level of involvement in smoking drinking, and drugs abuse. Item Age Gender No. Coefficient P value Coefficient P value 1 .244* .012 .009 .928 2 .259** .007 .089 .366 3 .244* .021 -.067 .498 4 .132 .178 -.110 .264 5 6 7 8 9 .216* .026 .118 .228 * Correlation is significant at the .05 level (2-tailed) **Correlation is significant at the .01 level
Religion Coefficient P value .078 .424 .034 .731 -.164 .093 .067 .497 .073 .455
CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
24
Summary
This paper examined the smoking; drinking and drugs abuse among fourth year high school students in Puerto Princesa City. The study study was conducted conducted to analyz analyzee the smoking, smoking, drinki drinking ng and drugs drugs abuse abuse among fourth year high school students in three selected barangays namely Bgy. San Miguel, San Jose, Sicsican which has public high schools in Puerto Princesa. A total of 284 students were randomly selected as the respondents of the study using the framework of Slovin. One hundred sixteen (116) students from San Miguel National High School, ninety two (92) students from San Jose National High School and seventy (76) students from Sicsican National High School as identified in the study. The descriptive descriptive survey research research design was used in this study. study. Data were gathered gathered using using survey survey questi questionna onnaire ire,, which which were were admini administe stered red to the respon respondent dents. s. Frequen Frequency cy counts, percentage, means and Pearson-R Product Moment Correlation Coefficient were used to analyze the data. Results revealed that most of the respondents were females. Majority of them aged 16 years old and their religion is dominated by Roman Catholic. With With rega regard rdss to offe offens nses es comm commit itte ted d 214 of them them resp respon onde ded d as no offe offens nsee committed but 48 or 17% of them have committed cutting of classes. On the other hand, all items indicated in the level of smoking, drinking and drugs abuse were rarely involved by the respondents-fourth year high school students from
25 barangay San Miguel, San Jose and Sicsican National high school with an overall mean of 1.26. Resu Result ltss reve reveal aled ed that that the the corr correl elat atio ion n betw betwee een n age age of the the stud student entss and and the the involvement in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse implies that older students were likely to more more involv involved ed in testin testing g or tryin trying g to smoke, smoke, drinki drinking ng liquor liquor,, inhale inhale solvent solvent and gasoline than younger students.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of this study, the following conclusions were drawn. 1. The The olde olderr the the stud studen ents ts the more likel likely y to involv involved ed in test testin ing g or tryin trying g to smoke, drink liquor, inhale solvent and gasoline than younger students. 2. Students Students from from three School, School, San San Miguel, Miguel, San Jose Jose and Sicsican Sicsican Nationa Nationall High School have low involvement in Smoking Drinking and Drugs abuse. 3. The students students that have have low involve involvement ment in smoking, smoking, drinking drinking and and drugs abuse have also low offenses committed.
Recommendation
The The rese resear arche cherr reco recomm mmend endss the the foll followi owing ng to less lessen en more more and and preve prevent nt the the involvement of the students in smoking drinking and drugs abuse: A. For Barangay 1. Curfew hour for minors especially to the students must be done. B. For Par Paren ents ts 1. Guidance, supervision to their children to enable prevents trying
26 different vices such as smoking, drinking and drugs abuse. 2. The parents should monitor their children especially in school. 3. The parents should nourish their children and always have family affairs to enable children forgotten different things that can harm to them. C. For School School heads heads and and teach teachers ers a. The School School heads heads and and teachers teachers should should monito monitorr the students students and and teach well values. b. Seminars D. For the Respondents 1. Lessening and preventing different vices such as smoking, drinking and drugs abuse is much better. 2. Focus more on studies and family to enable forgot and not involve
in such vices. 3. Give more importance to those things that can’t take you to harm. E. For the future Researchers 1. Similar studies be conducted with more emphasis an d evaluation of students involvement in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse. 2. Widen more the content of the study specially the questionnaire to be able to know the real status and involvement of the students in terms of smoking, drinking and drugs abuse.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
27 Books
Arroyo, Dennis. 2004. The Cigarette Habit: Consensus on the Ill Effects and Approval on Advertising Ban. Social Weather Station Bulletin. Berg, Irwin A. and Bass, Bernard M. (2001). Conformity and Deviation. New York: Harper and Brothers Cohen, D. A., J. Richardson, and L. LaBree. 2004. Parenting Behaviors and the Onset of Smoking and Alcohol Use: A Longitudinal Study. Domingo, Lita J. and Maria Paz N. Marquez. 1999. Smoking, Drinking, and Drug Use. Erdwin H. Jr. (2000). The Deviance Process. New York D. Van Nostrand Company. Gruber, E., R. J. Di Clemente, M. M. Anderson, and M. Lodico. 2006. Early Drinking Onset and its Association with Alcohol Use and Problem Behavior in Late Adolescence. Preventive Medicine. Han, Sunghyun, M. K. Choe, M. Lee, and S. Lee. 2001. Risk-taking Behavior among High School Students in South Korea. Journal of Adolescence, forthcoming. Jessor, R., J. E. Donovan, and F. M. Costa. 2001. Beyond Adolescence. Problem Behavior and Young Adult Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jessor, R. and S. L. Jessor. 2007. Problem Behavior and Psychological Development. New York: Academic Press. Lermert, Edwin M. (2002). Human Deviance, Social Problems, and Social Control. New Jresey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Unpublished Thesis
Philippines Republic Act 6425. 9165. Dangerous Drugs Act. Pfuhl, Erdwin H. Jr. (2002). Human Deviance, Social Problems, and Social Control. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc. Websites
http://www.eastwestcenter.org.
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A LETTER OF REQUEST TO THE RESPONDENTS
29 Republic of the Philippines WESTERN PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY College of Arts Sciences and Technology Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City
January, 2010
Dear Respondents: Good Day! The undersigned, is a graduating student of the Western Philippines UniversityPuerto Princesa Campus taking up Bachelor of Arts in Sociology, is now currently SMOKING, G, DRINKI DRINKING NG AND DRUGS DRUGS ABUSE ABUSE work workin ing g on his his thes thesis is entit entitle led d “SMOKIN AMONG FOURTH YEAR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN PUERTO PRINCESA CITY”. In view thereof, the undersigned hereby request you to accomplish the attached survey questionnaire as accurately and frankly as possible. Your answer will be used for research purposes and will be treated strictest confidentiality. Your kind cooperation will always be gratefully acknowledged.
Very truly yours, (SGD.) ROLANDO B. BELARMINOJR. Researcher Noted By: (SGD) JULIET V. VERGARA Adviser
APPENDIX B Survey Questionnaire (Students)
30
Part I-
Demographic Profile
A. Please answer the following question by writing your answer in the space provided;
Name: ______________________ Age: ____Gender:______ Religion______________
What offense/ offenses you have committed? _______________________________________________________________________
Part –II Level of Involvement in Smoking, Drinking and Drugs Abuse
Involvement scale:
12345-
Neve Neverr invo involv lved ed Rare Rarely ly invo involv lved ed Somet Sometim imes es invo involv lved ed Ofte Often n invo involv lved ed Alwa Always ys invo involv lved ed
Direction: Please encircle the corresponding number if how often you were indulge in the activity.
A. Smoking, drinking and drugs use
1. Drinking containing alcohol 1
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2. Smoking cigarettes 1
3. Inhaling solvent 1
4. Smoking marijuana
31 1
2
3
4
5
3
4
5
3
4
5
3
4
5
5. Smoking Shabu (poor man’s cocaine) 1
2
6. Smoking cocaine 1
2
7. Inhaling gasoline 1
2
End Thank you for answering honestly!
32
DOCUMENTATION
33 Maam Norma Solita the Principal of San Miguel National High School and the researcher
The students-respondents and the researcher
The fourth year adviser of Sicsican National High School
34
The Sicsican National High School
35
