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UNIVERSIDADE UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARÁ INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS DA ARTE - ICA PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO LATU SENSU ESPECIALIZAÇÃO ESPECIALIZAÇÃO EM SEMIÓTICA E CULTURA VISUAL
FERNANDA DE OLIVEIRA MARTINS
LETRAS QUE FLUTUAM O abridor de letra e a tipografia vitoriana
Belém 2008
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2
FERNANDA DE OLIVEIRA MARTINS
LETRAS QUE FLUTUAM O abridor de letra e a tipografia vitoriana
Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso apresentado ao curso de Especialização em Semiótica e Cultura Visual do Instituto de Ciências da Arte (ICA) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Especialista. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Valzeli Sampaio
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FERNANDA DE OLIVEIRA MARTINS
LETRAS QUE FLUTUAM O abridor de letra e a tipografia vitoriana
Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso apresentado ao curso de Especialização em Semiótica e Cultura Visual do Instituto de Ciências da Arte (ICA) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Especialista. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Valzeli Figueira Sampaio Belém, 15 de dezembro de 2008 Conceito Final __________________________ Final __________________________ Banca Examinadora: _____________________________ _____________________________________________ _______________________ _______ Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Valzeli Figueira Sampaio Universidade Federal do Pará _____________________________ _____________________________________________ _______________________ _______ Prof. Dr. Orlando Franco Maneschy Universidade Federal do Pará _____________________________ _____________________________________________ _______________________ _______ Profa. Dra. Lívia Lopes Barbosa Universidade Federal do Pará
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4
De repente os olhos são palavras. Pablo Neruda
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5
DEDICATÓRIA Ao caboclo da Amazônia, ribeirinho, e, em especial, aos Abridores de letras que me permitiram navegar em seu universo.
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6
AGRADECIMENTOS Ao João Meirelles, sempre companheiro. À Harumi e Yuri, que me tornaram uma pessoa melhor. À todos os que, direta ou indiretamente, acompanharam-me nesta aventura. Em especial à Edna e à Lívia, que muito me apoiaram, seja com seu carinho ou leitura atenta. À minha orientadora, Profª. Valzeli Sampaio.
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7
SUMÁRIO LISTA DE FIGURAS RESUMO ABSTRACT INTRODUÇÃO ...................................... ................ ............................................. ............................................... ..................................... .............
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1 DE VOLTA AO COMEÇO 1.1 Nota histórica sobre tipografia ......................................... .................... ........................................... ............................ ...... 18 1.2 O desenvolvimento das letras romanas ............................................ ................... ................................... .......... 23 1.3 O desenvolvimento do livro .......................................... .................... ............................................... ............................... ...... 27 1.4 A tradição humanista ! evolução da estrutura das letras romanas ............. 28 1.5 Sobre nomenclatura ! as partes da letra ............................................. ....................... ............................. ....... 33 1.6 A tipografia vitoriana ! a vontade de falar mais alto .................................... ................... ................. 36 1.7 Análise formal do tipo decorativo vitoriano ........................................ ................. ................................. .......... 42 2 A LETRA DECORATIVA AMAZÔNICA - DE ONDE VEIO? 2.1 Exemplos similares em outros países ............................................ ................... ...................................... ............. 45 2.2 Panorama do século XIX na Amazônia ............................................. ...................... ................................. .......... 48 2.3 Leitura e visualidade .................................................................................... 57 2.4 A fonte digital ........................................ ................. ............................................. ............................................. ................................. .......... 61 2.5 Procedimentos para a criação de uma fonte digital .................................... 64 3 LETRAS QUE FLUTUAM 3.1 Os barcos, as letras e os abridores de letras – análise formal..................... formal.................... . 3.2 Análise do material coletado
67 70
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8
LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 - Exemplo de punção que gera o molde tipográfico.................................... tipográfico................................................. .............19 19 Figura 2 - Modelo da prensa de Gutenberg............................ Gutenberg................................................... .............................................. ...........................20 20 Figura 4 - Desenvolvimento Desenvolvimen to das minúsculas - as minúsculas carolingeas...................... carolingeas ............................ ......24 24 Figure 5 - Estilos caligráficos da Idade média.........................................................................26 Figura 6 - Detalhe da evolução formal das letras....................................................................29 Figura 7 - Garamond, 1530 (baseada em Janson) ............................................ .................................................................30 .....................30 Figura 8 - A fonte Caslon, 1722 172 2 ........................................... .................................................................. .............................................. ............................. ......31 31 Figura 9 - Fournier.................................. Fo urnier......................................................... .............................................. .............................................. .................................... .............32 32 Figura 10 - A fonte Baskerville.................................................................................................32 Figura 11 - A fonte Bodoni ............................................ ................................................................... .............................................. .................................... .............33 33 Figura 12 - As partes das letras.................... letras ........................................... .............................................. .............................................. ............................. ......34 34 Figura 13 - Evolução das serifas. ............................................ ................................................................... .............................................. ...........................35 35 Figura 14 - Bodoni, fat face e face e Egípcia, de cima para baixo. ............................................. ................................................... ......36 36 Figura 15 - As formas evoluem a partir da Bodoni para Fat face ...........................................37 face ...........................................37 Figura 16 - De Fat face surgem face surgem as serifa quadradas exageradas..........................................38 Figura 17 - e na seqüência... começam as sombras ............................................. ..............................................................38 .................38 Figura 18 - Exemplos de tipos decorativos vitorianos.............................................................40 Figura 19 - Cartaz de teatro, 1915. .............................................. ..................................................................... ............................................41 .....................41 Figura 20 - Evolução Evolução das serifas, serifas, das serifas egípicias egípicias para as serifas toscanas toscanas .......... ............... ....... 43 Figura 21 - Bodega em Vila dos Palmares, Pará, 2007..........................................................45 Figura 22 - Estância em Outeiro, Belém, Pará........................................................................46 Figura 23 - Fileteado Filetea do argentino ............................................ ................................................................... .............................................. ............................. ......46 46
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9
Figura 34 - Belém 2005, foto Fernanda Martins......................................................................57 Figura 35 - Legibilidade: letra amarela sobre branco..............................................................61 Figure 36 – exemplos do caracteres da fonte digital...................... digital ............................................. ........................................64 .................64 Figura 37 - mapa das localidades pesquisadas ............................................. .................................................................... ...........................67 67 Figura 38 - nomenclatura das partes das letras, utilizada pelo abridor de letra.....................69 Figura 39 - Sem serifa s erifa.................... ........................................... .............................................. .............................................. ............................................71 .....................71 Figura 40 - serifa quadrada superior e inferior ........................................... .................................................................. ............................. ......71 71 Figura 41 - Serifa quadrada superior e toscana inferior..........................................................71 Figura 42 - Serifas toscanas ............................................ ................................................................... ............................................... ................................. .........72 72 Figura 43 - Sombra inferior à direita ............................................ ................................................................... ............................................72 .....................72 Figura 44 - Sombra inferior à esquerda...................................................................................72 Figura 45 - Sombra superior à direita .............................................. ..................................................................... ........................................73 .................73 Figura 46- Sombra superior à esquerda..................................................................................73 Figura 47 - Exemplo de letra cursiva ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................73 .....................73 Figura 48 - Cores .............................................. ..................................................................... .............................................. .............................................. ...........................74 74 Figura 49 - Exemplos de enfeites ............................................ ................................................................... .............................................. ...........................75 75 Figura 50 - Exemplos considerados os mais relevantes.........................................................76 Figura 51 - Direção das sombras..................................... sombras............................................................ ............................................... ................................. .........77 77 Figure 52 - Exemplos de cores c ores ............................................ ................................................................... .............................................. ............................. ......78 78 Figura 53 - Caracteres apresentam apresentam a mesma extensão comparado ao modelo .......... ............... .........79 ....79 Figura 54 - Letra U invertida ............................................ ................................................................... ............................................... ................................. .........80 80 Figura 55 - M não chega a linha de base ............................................ ................................................................... .................................... .............80 80 Figura 56 - Exemplos de vista de ambos os lados das embarcações....................................82 Figura 57 - Exemplo encontrado no Igarapé das mulheres - Macapá....................................84
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10
RESUMO Considerando que, dentre as diversas manifestações da cultura amazônica, está a tradição popular de pintar os nomes nos barcos de uma maneira particular, o presente trabalho se propõe realizar um primeiro registro da tipografia desses barcos, com o objetivo de conhecer a sua origem, a sua área de abrangência e os métodos empregados pelas pessoas que se dedicam a esta atividade profissionalmente. Busca confirmar a existência de semelhanças entre a tipografia clássica e a tipografia decorativa dos barcos amazônicos e compreender a influência da primeira sobre a última, através de análise formal desta manifestação popular sob a ótica da tipografia clássica. Visa, ainda, identificar e analisar a influência do computador nesta atividade. Para alcançar tais objetivos, este estudo faz análise comparativa entre o material obtido através de pesquisas de campo e registros fotográficos e os estilos levantados da tipografia clássica. Detecta paralelos entre ambos, identificando tipografismos , conceito de Manuel Sesma que trata da plasticidade da letra. Esta análise conclui pelo entendimento de que há relação formal entre as letras decorativas vitorianas do século XIX e o estilo encontrado nas embarcações ribeirinhas da Amazônia. Conclui ainda que, a partir de apropriação deste estilo, se desenvolveu um estilo próprio regional que é parte do fazer tradicional amazônico.
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11
ABSTRACT Among Amazon cultural manifestations is the popular tradition to paint boat names. Names are painted in boats in a very particular way. The present study aims at producing a first account on boat typography. The intention is to learn from where this letter style originates, its geographic area, who are professionally dedicated to the activity among other issues. This work also formally analyzes this popular manifestation through the eyes of classical typography. The intention is to find out the similarities between classical lettering and the Amazon boats decorative typography. !
For that, we made field research expeditions and photographic studies followed by comparative analysis. This paper also study and analyze the influence of the computer age in the boat typography. There is strong evidence that there is a parallelism between classic typography styles and the Amazon boat typography. Amazon boat typography can be interpreted as typographism, a concept created by Manuel Sesma that considers letter s plasticity. The conclusion is that there is a !
formal correlation between XIX Century Victorian Decorative Letters and the style observed in the Amazon traditional boat lettering. By appropriating Victorian Age style, the Amazon River boat letter painters developed their own unique style. This style now can be considered as part of the Amazon local tradition.
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12
INTRODUÇÃO Uma semana depois de chegar a Belém, pela primeira vez, do incerto trapiche do Porto da Palha, atravessei o rio Guamá, acompanhando um grupo em demanda à comunidade de Boa Vista do Acará. Viagem curta. Corriqueira, para quem não é um viajante. Enfadonha, para quem vem buscar seu pão-de-cada-dia na Belém metrópole. Surpreendente, para uma forasteira, para quem urubus, marés, paneiros de açaí, uxi, caranguejos, montanhas de matapis e fardos de patchuli apresentam novas palavras, frases construídas de maneira diversa, onde o tu , corretamente empregado, impõe-se na nova geografia. Belém, o único lugar do Planeta onde o roxo é vida – lá fora é companhia segura da morte – onde o roxo freqüenta as todas refeições ao lado do amarelo da farinha e do branco da tapioca. Ao mesmo tempo, Belém explode nas cores, no excesso de luz e de umidade, no excesso de novas palavras, a Belém de todas as letras é estranha, suja, cheira, provoca, incomoda, instiga.
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13
São terras conquistadas. São repaisagens repaginadas, onde as cartas náuticas são histórias em quadrinhos, que precisam ser reescritas e revistas a cada novo ciclo. Nesta viagem pelo primeiro grande rio, o Guamá, que pequeno é diante de um Xingu ou um Madeira ou um Negro, a primeira emoção ao ver o primeiro pó-pó-pó, ostentando uma letra nova, um chamado novo, um novo código que eu não sabia existir. Deste momento em diante, de maneira sistemática, a viajante que fui, ou que sou, pois viajar é estado de espírito e não estado de lugar ou de tempo, percebi que o olhar estrangeiro permite vislumbram novas letras, novos códigos, e persegui, no cais do Ver-o-Peso, no Igarapé das Mulheres, na escadinha, no trapiche de Icoaraci, no Flutuante de Manaus e em tantas outros encontros de águas e terras, um novo alfabeto amazônico, tão genuíno e endêmico como suas espécies vegetais e animais. Este novo alfabeto, fruto de embates culturais que me fez decidir pela viagem para procurar seus significados, origens e sabedorias.
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14
Este estudo pretende registrar e documentar a tipografia das embarcações ribeirinhas da Amazônia. Compreenda-se tipografia como o conjunto de sinais alfabéticos. Claramente, por por seu caráter caráter manual, manuscrito, não escolar, deveria deveria ser alcunhado tecnicamente de caligrafia ou de lettering . Nos limites deste estudo deve ser compreendido como o resultado da poética das letras, do emprego do alfabeto, enquanto código para comunicar, o que outros denominam de tipografia vernacular. Paulo Vaz, prefaciando prefaciando o livro Tipografia Popular (MARTINS, Popular (MARTINS, 2007, pg. X), sugere um termo para esta arte popular, tipografia poética. A bibliografia da área, bastante restrita e recente, ainda não logrou definir terminologia adequada para descrever esta realidade e, aqui, esta não é a preocupação. Talvez seja este um caminho possível de estudo teórico, e que deverá receber maior atenção futuramente. No nosso caso, optamos por empregar o conceito mais amplo, qual seja, o de tipografia. Definiremos [...] tipografia como um conjunto de práticas subjacentes à criação e utilização de símbolos visíveis relacionados aos caracteres ortográficos (letras) e para-ortográficos (tais como números e sinais de pontuação) para fins de reprodução, independentemente do modo como
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15
XIX e o letreiro dos barcos. Neste caso, a proposta é realizar a análise formal das letras encontradas frente à tradição tipográfica. De igual maneira, busca documentar fotograficamente esta manifestação tradicional, bem como, compreender como se dá o fazer dos profissionais envolvidos na tipografia dos barcos, os Abridores de letras, homens, todos homens. O estudo se propõe a realizar o levantamento de alguns dos centros urbanos servidos por via fluvial do vale do Amazonas, onde ainda se manifesta esta tradição. Mais especificamente, trabalharemos em algumas das cidades ribeirinhas da calha do Rio Amazonas. Primeiramente, nas três capitais do eixo central do rio Amazonas, Belém, no Estado do Pará; e Macapá, no Estado no Amapá, nas extremidades de seu estuário; e Manaus, no Estado do Amazonas, na barra do rio Negro e o Solimões, onde o rio Amazonas recebe seu nome definitivo. Posteriormente, trataremos de núcleos urbanos urbanos de menor porte, como os três centros no entorno de Belém, a saber, Curuçá e Marudá Marudá (município de Marapanim), no Nordeste Paraense e Abaetetuba, no no baixo Tocantins e rio Pará.
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16
tipografia ornamental e Lawson e Tracy, no que diz respeito à tipografia, sobretudo a do período vitoriano. Este estudo contou, ainda, com o concurso de Sesma sobre o Tipografismo e de João Meirelles Filho sobre o universo amazônico . Acreditamos, assim, que será possível, contribuir para a valorização e o resgate de uma tradição popular ribeirinha em desaparecimento. O modo de vida dos ribeirinhos, habitantes do vale do Amazonas é determinado pelo ritmo das águas, seja das estações de cheia e seca, respectivamente inverno e verão, seja as marés cotidianas e as correntes fluviais. O rio é sua estrada, sua rua, como propunha Leandro Tocantins, seu canal de comunicação, sua ligação com o mundo, e o barco, é o meio que propicia a comunicação. comunicação. O ribeirinho vive em relação constante com a natureza, aprendeu a sobreviver em meio hostil. Desta relação com as águas e as matas desenvolve uma cultura única, plena de significados, herdeira das matrizes atemporais, mito-poéticas e ágrafas das culturas da floresta tropical. Deste caldeirão de línguas, que deixa Babel sem fala, onde ainda resistem representantes de 400 Nações de falares e saberes distintos, carregando os 100 séculos de ocupação humana no vale amazônico, é que amolda
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17
Amazonas e dos grandes rios o igarapé é sinal de porto seguro, de águas calmas, de dormitório para barcos que enfrentam o rio-mar. Segundo João Meirelles Filho, em seu Livro de Ouro da Amazônia , Ediouro, 2007, 5a Edição, navegam na Amazônia cerca de cem mil barcos, em sua maioria embarcações acanhadas, de pequeno porte, construídos artesanalmente para o uso familiar, do perto. Dentre estes encontram-se desde barcos de madeira, confeccionados por estaleiros familiares e de modestas dimensões, tradição de pai pra filho, tal qual o de abridores de letras, até embarcações mais modernas, construídas em metal, em estaleiros industriais. Os barcos populares de madeira constituem-se, provavelmente, em mais de dois terços da frota amazônica. São estes os que mais se utilizam desta tradição tipográfica. São embarcações a motor,
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18
De volta ao começo 1.1 Nota histórica sobre tipografia Neste capítulo apresentamos breve histórico sobre a evolução da tipografia, desde sua invenção no Renascimento, até o século XIX. Neste período, a tipografia possibilitou a difusão do conhecimento ao permitir a impressão de maior quantidade de livros em menor tempo tempo do que os escribas do Século Século XV poderiam poderiam lograr. Para compreender a manifestação encontrada nos barcos da Amazônia e sua relação com a Tipografia Vitoriana há que se entender não somente a importância da Tipografia enquanto técnica de impressão mas também a Tipografia entendida como
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19
introduziu a impressão em unidades móveis, realizando incisões em blocos de argila úmida e depois cozidos. O princípio logo foi aprimorado ao se utilizarem blocos de madeira. Posteriormente empregou-se o bronze, que depois de esculpidos, eram entintados e pressionados pressionados em papel macio. (MAN, 2004, p. 114 - 115) A noção de que imagens avulsas, sinais e letras podiam ser impressos em papel com um carimbo parece ter ocorrido no primeiro ano do século V. No século VIII, China, Japão e Coréia estavam todos imprimindo livros feitos de tacos de madeiras ou pedra entalhados, que através dos séculos levou à assombrosa aventura da impressão. (MAN, 2004, p. 114 - 115)
O mérito de Gutenberg estaria em unir diversas técnicas de seu tempo em um único sistema de produção. Ele se apropriou de técnicas da ourivesaria para esculpir punções de metal. Estas punções seriam utilizadas na cunhagem de matrizes de
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20
Outro aspecto de seu sistema de impressão foi o desenvolvimento de uma tinta com as qualidades físico-químicas adequadas para entintar os conjuntos de tipos móveis e, transferir a imagem destes para uma página de papel. Para que isto ocorresse, de uma forma mais prática e rápida, Gutenberg usou uma prensa de vinhos adaptada para esta função, também adaptada por ele. Este sistema foi elaborado durante o período de 10 anos, entre tentativas e erros.
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21
Curioso lembrar que, à parte da evolução técnica da mecânica da impressão, poucas modificações ocorreram nos últimos quinhentos anos, na base do sistema tipográfico. Apesar da introdução das máquinas rotativas, dos computadores e do CTP (Computer–to-plate (Computer–to-plate , tecnologias que permitem que o arquivo finalizado do designer seja enviado digitalmente e impressione a chapa de impressão), ainda tratamos a profissão com a mesma nomenclatura de Gutenberg – são os corpos, as entreletras, as entrelinhas. Da mesma maneira, os programas digitais utilizam a mesma nomenclatura e princípios de 1450: o tamanho do corpo de um caractere ainda inclui, além da linha de base, altura de x, ascendente e descendente, o espaço real (físico) da entrelinha, detalhe este desnecessário no mundo virtual. É conhecida a história de como Gutenberg se endividou e praticamente foi à falência
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Os livros impressos por Gutenberg apenas pareciam com os livros manuscritos e não teriam o mesmo valor daqueles; a vantagem residia na tiragem. Gutenberg era capaz de produzir uma grande quantidade de exemplares para época, cerca de 200, e em menor espaço de tempo, o que compensaria o menor valor. Segundo Frutiger (2002 p.16), quando, em 1440, Johannes Gutenberg criou seus
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1.2 O desenvolvimento das letras romanas A letra romana, usada no mundo ocidental, tem sua forma e estrutura baseada nas letras monumentais romanas, inscritas nos monumentos de mármore e chamadas Capitalis Monumentalis . Usadas somente em maiúsculas, sua forma desenvolveu-se em razão das ferramentas utilizadas para gravá-las. Primeiro se desenhavam as
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estilos de letras. A rústica, escrita mais fluída, mais rápida e mais adaptada aos instrumentos usados nestas superfícies – pincel e pena – era empregada nos murais e documentos.
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Textura, que é uma gótica de fôrma, se convertesse na grafia tradicional dos livros religiosos e litúrgicos, a Bastarda a do comércio e a Cursiva, a das atas notariais e administrativas, ainda que não exclusivamente”. (FRUTIGER, 2002, p.16)
A estrutura e a forma das letras let ras de um alfabeto, entendido aqui como sistema gráfico de representação, independentemente da cultura a que pertence, maiúsculas ou minúsculas, romanas ou arábicas, sempre esteve ligada a instrumentos utilizados na
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62
produza algum efeito invocador, sentimental, emocional, alegórico ou de qualquer outro tipo possível. Existem tipos que simbolizam filosofias e ideologias, outros representam instituições, nações e cultos, e muitas possuem significado próprio. É precisamente o preceito em que se baseia o Tipografismo (SESMA, 2004, p.23)
Estilos de letras são reflexos de sua época, refletem seu momento histórico, assim foi com Gutenberg, com Garamond, com Bodoni, com os artistas anônimos do estilo Vitoriano. Gutenberg ao elaborar o sistema sistema de impressão com com tipos móveis criou o livro impresso à semelhança dos livros manuscritos de sua época. Da mesma forma Bodoni valeu-se da tecnologia disponível para criar tipos com serifas muito finas e eixo racionalista (contraste extremo entre os traços verticais e horizontais). Segundo Bringhurst (2005, p.146) o contraste dramático é essencial para boa parte da música e pintura românicas e também e também para o desenho de tipos românticos como Bodoni. As escolhas tipográficas, por si só, refletem uma tomada de posição, tornando aquele que escolhe narrador narrador de seu tempo. Segundo Gray, Gray, (1976, p.1) os tipos ornamentais do século XIX e a impressão comercial são uma das artes populares da primitiva sociedade industrial e refletem aspectos de sua cultura de uma maneira historicamente elucidativa.
2.4 A fonte digital
A partir da pesquisa, tentamos identificar algumas características comuns a todos os exemplos encontrados encontrados para criar uma uma fonte digital. Uma fonte digital é um software que contém as informações necessárias para que o computador renderize (isto é, transforme informação digital em imagem na tela) os caracteres na tela da forma como aparecerão impressos no texto. Para gerar uma fonte digital é necessário desenhar os caracteres da fonte, um a um. Depois de desenhados os caracteres são inseridos em um programa específico,
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E no caso da fonte do abridor de letra desenhamos todas as letras acompanhando o estilo que verificamos ser predominante, com serifas quadradas, para serem a base de transformação de cada variação. Depois para cada estilo que se criar, será necessário criar 3 ou 4 fontes, dependendo dependendo do resultado desejado. Isto ocorre por que cada fonte aparece a uma cor, a fonte do Abridor tem 3 ou 4 cores e para que seja possível usa-la colorida, à maneira como aparece nos barcos seria necessário criar fontes combinadas.
Fizemos um levantamento de todos os caracteres encontrados e suas manifestações. Não encontramos “W” nem “X”, estes foram criados a partir das formas de letras similares. Percebemos que a estrutura tradicional dos caracteres, apesar de referencial, não restringe a criação dos abridores, isto é partem de modelos formais ligados à tipografia porém não se prendem à eles, adaptam o desenho às suas necessidades. Alguns detalhes foram marcantes, para cada caractere foi feita uma escolha, sempre baseada nos detalhes das amostras. Uma vez que a extensão/condensação das letras não é fixa e sim determinada pelo tipo do barco e número de caracteres, optou-se por criar uma fonte baseada na média dos exemplos estudados, regular em extensão e bold . Futuramente poderá ser
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64
uma vez fizemos uma opção e desenvolvemos apenas uma variação, ainda que poderão ser adicionadas várias alternativas baseadas nos modelos encontrados conforme citado. O M curto foi mantido e a proporção média também.
Figure 36 – exemplos do caracteres da fonte digital
A transformação do estilo dos abridores em fonte digital implica uma tradução da manifestação cultural e sua adaptação ao novo meio. Não há como manter a autenticidade do traço do autor nem a espontaneidade do momento da criação/execução. É um novo processo de apropriação, em ciclo permanente de mutação, agora em novos novos suportes, possibilitando novas relações simbólicas. simbólicas. E não há como determinar a autoria deste produto pois esta se dilui no processo. Por esta razão, o produto deste trabalho, agora digital, será disponibilizado aos interessados, dentro do espírito colaborativo das novas mídias. A transformação do produto da cultura popular em produto digital permite que o mesmo seja distribuído e possibilita que se torne uma ferramenta de divulgação deste aspecto de uma cultura em desaparecimento. Por outro lado, a fonte digital é aberta: permite que cada usuário, por sua vez, seja novamente autor, que a modifique, abrindo assim novas possibilidades criativas. A fonte digital é um software , um programa, um conjunto de informações que são informadas ao computador e desenhadas na tela do usuário. O sistema digital permite que este, manipule as formas, seja em programas de texto seja em programas de desenho,
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65
alteram a relação altura/largura e mesmo que transformam letras regulares em bolds ou itálicas. Por outro lado, a digitalização -a transformação de informações, seja em dados, seja em forma sonora ou visual, em bits que são codificados e decodificados em qualquer qualquer tempo e lugar- permite, também, a maior difusão do produto cultural. A mesma forma pode ser reproduzida sempre, tornando-se a digitalização o “esperanto das máquinas”, segundo Santaella. (2003, p.84)
2.5 Procedimentos para a criação da fonte digital Para se criar um fonte digital são necessárias várias etapas. Algumas delas podem ser executadas diferentemente dependendo do autor. A finalização deve ser executada em um programa específico para geração de fontes. Primeiramente é preciso escolher o modelo, conceituar o que se deseja produzir, há fontes que se utilizam de modelos reais, pré-existentes e outras que surgem inteiramente do projeto e conceito. Em nosso caso, partimos da pesquisa realizada em cidades ribeirinhas da Amazônia. O desenho das letras deve ser digitalizado, isto é deve ser transformado em dados digitais no computador. Pode-se usar um scanner caso o modelo seja físico ou desenhado a mão, pode-se desenhar diretamente em programas vetoriais, como Coreldraw ou Illustrator e há que desenhe diretamente nos programas que geram fontes. Uma fonte, um set tipográfico, é um conjunto de letras que apesar de serem unidades em si e portanto diferentes umas das outras, devem possuir características comuns para que funcionem como conjunto. Ao desenhar é preciso manter estas diferenças e semelhanças sob controle, quer dizer que se a fonte é bold, negrita, todos os caracteres que a compõe devem apresentar esta qualidade. Um set de fonte deve possuir as 26 letras maiúscula, 26 minúsculas, os numerais,
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66
Desenhados e importados todos os elementos eles devem ser espacejados, por exemplo ao ler estas linhas, percebe-se grupos de letras que estão próximas uma das outras e são compostas por espaços visualmente semelhantes. Visualmente porque o espacejamento espacejamento busca resultado visual visual e não o resultado geométrico. geométrico. Sem espacejamento a leitura fica prejudicada pois não é possível diferenciar as palavras umas das outras. Depois do espacejamento entre letras e palavras é preciso, ainda, resolver o problemas de encontros de letras específicas, por exemplo A e V ou T (maiúsculo) com as minúsculas: Ta, Te, Ti, etc. No caso do T, poe exemplo, sem o kerning o distanciamento resultante entre as duas letras implicaria em brancos no T exto pois apesar do ambiente digital, o espaço de cada caractere se encerra em um retângulo. É preciso criar um espaço negativo para que as mesma se aproximem. É um trabalho lento e requer muita concentração, alguns designers dizem que 500 pares são o ideal, há fontes com 3000 pares. A fonte deve ser testada em diversos programas de diferentes sistemas operacionais antes de ser distribuída.
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67
3. Letras que flutuam 3.1 Os barcos, as letras e os abridores de letras - Análise formal do material pesquisado Foram feitos levantamentos fotográficos das pinturas dos barcos em diversas viagens pelos Estados do Pará, Pará, Amazonas e Amapá. No Pará pesquisou-se pesquisou-se nas cidades de Belém, Curuçá e Abaetetuba, Cotijuba e Mosqueiro, Santarém e Monte Alegre. Em Belém fomos ao Ver o Peso, ao Porto do Sal e ao Porto da Palha. No Estado do Amazonas, registramos vários barcos em Manaus no porto flutuante em frente ao Mercado Municipal. No Amapá pesquisamos nas cidades de Macapá e Santana. Estivemos por duas vezes no Igarapé das mulheres e duas vezes no Igarapé Fortaleza, que fica na divisa entre Santana e Macapá.
Para verificar a extensão desta prática estivemos em Fortaleza, no Ceará e em São Luís, no Maranhão, onde não encontramos nada semelhante nos barcos destas regiões.
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68
Vitoriano, tanto pelo uso da letra de serifa quadrada, grossa, como também pelo uso de sombras e decorações no miolo da letra, apesar de simplificadas e adaptadas ao meio em que são usadas e a forma com que são executadas. O profissional que pinta as letras dos barcos é chamado “Abridor de letra”. Entrevistamos dois deles, o Zé Gato do Porto de Santana, Amapá em janeiro 2007 e Manoel Correia Pantoja, o Soquete, em junho de 2007, em Abaetetuba, Pará. Foram tiradas 270 fotos, e analisados 130 barcos. Ambos artistas relataram não tem uma formação específica, aprenderam com outros profissionais, mais experientes, apenas olhando. O valor pago pelos clientes é influênciado pela quantidade de letras pintadas, por quantidade de cores e pela dificuldade do desenho solicitado. O valor do serviço depende da complexidade também. Segundo os mesmos, a letra pode ser simples ou letra letra com caqueado caqueado (enfeite), segundo o Zé Gato, de Santana em Macapá. O nome do barco é fornecido pelo cliente que, na maioria dos casos, deixa a critério do pintor o estilo a ser usado. Assistimos o Zé Gato trabalhando. O pintor inicia seu trabalho medindo e preparando a área a ser pintada. Ele calcula a proporção das letras em função no número de letras e da extensão e largura do espaço disponível no barco a ser pintado. Ele risca a altura das letras à lápis, traz um esboço feito anteriormente de casa que é repassado e riscado no barco.(observação: este esboço é essencialmente o cálculo da proporção da letra, em função do espaço e do número
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69
sempre maiúsculas. Segundo ele as cores que usa são vermelho, amarelo, azul e preto. (obs. não considerou o branco que cria o “matizado” uma cor). (fig 38)
Figura 38 - nomenclatura das partes das letras, utilizada pelo abridor de letra
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70
que as duas letras, B/M, L/M, que aparecem antes do nome do barco se referem a esta classificação. Em 8 de junho junho de 2007 em Abaetetuba, Pará, entrevistamos o Sr. Sr. Manoel Correia Pantoja, o Soquete. Ele tem 40 anos e nasceu em Igarapé-Miri. Aprendeu a pintar com seu cunhado, o Sr. Florisvaldo. que por sua vez, aprendeu com seu pai. Soquete nos conta que abre muitas letras, ainda hoje. Ao ser perguntado como o cliente contatava o serviço relata que as escolhas acabem sendo determinadas pelo valor, quanto mais desenhada a letra, mais caro o serviço. Assim como o Zé Gato, Soquete mede a área disponível no barco, faz um estudo no papel e leva para pintar. Soquete usa as mesmas terminologias que o pintor do Amapá, não levantamos diferenças. Não foi possível acompanhar Soquete trabalhando pois naquele momento não havia nenhuma encomenda. Perguntamos sobre as proporções das letras, soquete nos explicou que o I é menor e o M é a maior letra. Em nenhum dos dois pintores foi notada a influência direta das novas tecnologias, como letras criadas por computador. Ambos vivem em lugares muito simples, à beira do rio, têm televisão e rádio mas não acessam computadores.
3. 2 Análise do material coletado Serifas Catalogamos e analisamos os estilos de letras encontrados nos nomes dos barcos segundo os seguintes critérios: estilo, existência de serifas, existência de sombras,
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71
Figura 39 - Sem serifa
Figura 40 - serifa quadrada superior e inferior
Percebemos que existem letras somente com serifas quadradas (egípcias) e outras somente com serifas toscanas. Encontramos também, dentre as serifadas, as que usam metade da letra com serifa quadrada e a outra metade com serifas toscanas.
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72
Figura 42 - Serifas toscanas
Sombras Em relação à sombra apenas 12 são letras sem sombra e 119 com sombra. Com relação ao sentido da sombra, dentre as amostras de letras com sombra, 90 usaram a sombra projetada de baixo para cima dentre estes a maioria projeta para a direita, 88 e apenas 2 para esquerda. esquerda. Entre os que projetam projetam a sombra de cima cima para baixo, totalizando 29, 9 são para a esquerda e 20 20 para a direita.
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73
Figura 45 - Sombra superior à direita
Figura 46- Sombra superior à esquerda
Estilos Enquanto estilo das letras, com poucas exceções, são romanas, verticais, com um peso que varia entre Bold e semi-bold, Apenas 2 exemplos registrados usavam
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74
Cores Em relação às cores, cores, a maioria usa 3 ou 4 cores sempre primárias – amarelo azul, vermelho– e o verde, sem incluir o fio, geralmente preto. Dentre as que usavam mais que 3 cores, foram encontradas 92 embarcações, apenas 24 usaram 2 cores. O corpo da letra em geral é dividido em duas partes e apenas 26 apresentaram miolo sem divisão e com 1 cor apenas.
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76
Quadro analítico - Tipos Tipos de Serifas
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77
Sombras
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78
Tipos de Cores
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79
Entre os exemplos coletados, nota-se que os artistas inseridos no cotidiano da cultura de massas, através das medias impressas, outdoors e televisão os modelos acabam por serem influenciados, porém, uma observação atenta de nossa parte levantou a apropriação destes modelos se dá de maneira relativa percebidas através de alguns detalhes interessantes: - a proporção tradicional “clássica” (entendida pelas proporções de construção tradicional da estrutura das letras) nem sempre é mantida – considerando que há um padrão formal nas proporções de cada caractere, baseado nas proporções “ideais” cujo exemplo mais famoso é a Coluna de Trajano, estas proporções nem sempre são respeitadas, sendo mais importante para o Abridor o espaço disponível no barco.
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80
aproximadamente 13º da pena (algo como o que representamos aqui com esta barra inclinada / ) apresenta apresenta hastes diagonais diagonais diferentes. Por exemplo, no caractere “A” a haste da esquerda é traçada do topo ao pé da letra e para trás o que resulta em um traço mais fino que o da direita, que é traçado do topo ao pé mas no sentido da direita, para frente, resultando mais grosso. Podemos comparar com os caracteres “A” da figura 53 para verificar que o mesmo foi pintado invertido. invertido. O mesmo acontece acontece com a letra “U” da figura 54.
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81
Verificamos também o posicionamento das sombras em relação ao lado do barco. Há um sentido, que é influênciado pelo movimento do barco? Qual a intenção no uso da sombra? Foi possível verificar que todos os barcos pesquisados possuem o mesmo desenho nos dois lados. Desta forma se a impressão é que a sombra segue o movimento, no outro lafo do barco ela estaria contra o movimento. O pintor cria um modelo para ser aplicado na embarcação e o mesmo é aplicado dos dois lados. Por outro lado lado a relação entre o tamanho da palavra e o espaço permitido pela lateral do barco exerce significativa influência sobre o resultado formal. Como Como a área é pequena as letras são condensadas, isto é, em sua relação altura versus largura versus largura são mais altas que largas.
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83
Este fato reforça ainda mais a idéia da importância da visualidade da palavra. Em uma região onde encontramos alto índices da analfabetismo o significado do texto é menos importante que o resultado gráfico, a expressividade da imagem é mais importante que o conteúdo do texto ou seja, que o significado dos símbolos alfabéticos usados. É a materialidade da figura formada pelas letras, o conjunto visual que importa.
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84
É a partir da enormidade, do entrincado, do multivariado, do dinamismo cíclico que se deverá focalizar a feira do Ver-O-Peso como uma expressão da cultura indígena cujo interesse extrapola o espaço limitado da feira. Como exposição que remete a um saber primordial, como exposição daquilo que se gera nas entranha da maior floresta do mundo, o Ver-O-Peso excede o seu reduto de movimentação. É um espaço por onde ressoam ainda tantos gestos índios. Por mais que tenham sido muitos os cuidados dos portugueses na fixação de um padrão seu na língua, na arquitetura, na culinária paraense, caldeavam-se sempre os elementos postos em conjunção. De um modo geral o Pará é muito lusitano, muito europeu, mormente na arquitetura dos primeiros séculos, Mas o Pará é muito,
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IV CONCLUSÃO Este trabalho realizou o que parece ser um primeiro registro da tipografia dos barcos com o objetivo de conhecer a sua origem, a sua área geográfica, buscando compreender, igualmente, metodologia utilizada pelas pessoas que abraçam esta atividade Para isso, registrou e documentou as pinturas dos nomes dos barcos
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como do contexto histórico. Uma vez detectadas semelhanças entre a tipografia vitoriana e a tipografia dos barcos, foram traçados paralelos entre ambos. Após a confirmação de que existe uma relação entre a Tipografia Vitoriana do século XIX e o letreiro dos barcos e a análise formal das letras encontradas frente a esta tradição tipográfica, buscaram-se hipóteses sobre como esta influência poderia ter
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