Mahmmoud Mahdi
Understanding TCP/IP Addressing The Domain Name System (DNS) The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) The Routing & Remote Access (RRAS) service The Network Access Protection (NAP) service
Provide the logical "language" for communication Two computers must be configured with the same network protocols in order to communicate and transfer information.
The most common networking protocol Consists of a suite of different protocols that work in concert to allow computers to communicate on a TCP/IP network. By subdividing TCP/IP networks into smaller groupings called subnets.
In order for any computer or host, a computer, printer, or other device configured with a network interface, to communicate on a TCP/IP network, it must be configured with a valid IP address. IP address: Is a software address, not a hardware address Used for finding hosts on a local network. Allow hosts on one network to communicate with a
host on a different network.
192.168.2.1
192.168.2.3
192.168.2.4 192.168.2.2 192.168.2.5
Each IP address consists of two components: Network Address: ▪ This portion of the IP address is shared by all TCP/IP hosts on a particular network or subnet.
Host Address: ▪ This comprises the portion of me IP address that is unique to a particular computer or host.
IP address = the network address + the host address must be unique across an entire TCP/IP network.
In addition to the IP address, each TCP/IP host must be configured with the following: Subnet Mask ▪ Used to identify which network the TCP/IP host resides on by defining where the network address stops and the host address begins. Default Gateway ▪ Allows a host to communicate with devices that reside on a remote network or location.
The first implementation of the Internet Protocol (IP) It uses 32 bits (4 bytes, or octets) for addressing. providing a limit of 232 possible addresses
Represented using dotted-decimal notation the decimal value of each byte is shown using
periods to separate the bytes
for example:
192.1.120.84 or 192.5.18.102
192.168.2.1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
128
64
16 32
8
4
2
1
128+64=192
Network address: Uniquely identifies each network. Every host on the same network share that
network address as a part of its IP address Used in routing to send packets to a remote network ▪ Ex: 10.0.0.0, 172.16.0.0, 192.168.10.0
Host address: Uniquely identifies each host on a network
Broadcast address: Used by application and hosts to send
information to all nodes on a network. Ex: 255.255.255.255 ▪ all networks, all hosts
Ex: 172.16.255.255 ▪ all subnets and hosts on a network 172.16.0.0
Classful Addressing The field for the network number was a
different length for different classes of network, and the remaining bits were used for the host number.
8 bits
8 bits
8 bits
8 bits
Class A:
Network
Host
Host
Host
Class B:
Network
Network
Host
Host
Class C:
Network
Network
Network
Host
Class D:
Multicast
Class E:
Research
Network Class
Leading Bits for Bits Network Number
Number Bits for of Host Networks Number
Maximum Hosts
Class A
0
7
126
24
16,777,214
Class B
10
14
16,384
16
65,534
Class C
110
21
2,097,152 8
Class D 1110 (multicast) Class E (reserved)
1111
254
Class A
Class D
00000000 = 0
11100000 = 224
01111111 = 127
11101111 = 239
Class B
Class E
10000000 = 128
11110000 = 240
10111111 = 191
11111111 = 255
Class C 11000000 = 192 11011111 = 223
Network Class
Starting Address
Ending Address
Bitmask
Class A
0.0.0.0
127.255.255.255
255.0.0.0
Class B
128.0.0.0
191.255.255.255
255.255.0.0
Class C
192.0.0.0
223.255.255.255
255.255.255.0
Class D (multicast) 224.0.0.0
239.255.255.251
Class E (reserved)
255.255.255.255
240.0.0.0
Address
Function
Network address of all 0’s
Mean this network
Network address of all 1’s
Mean all networks
Network 127.0.0.1
Reserved for loopback tests
Host address of all 0’s
Mean network address
Host address of all 1’s
Mean all hosts
Entire IP address set to all 0’s
The default route, Any network
Entire IP address set to all 1’s
Broadcast to all hosts on the current network
Two Types of IP Addresses Public ▪ Obtained from ISP ▪ One for every computer directly connected to the Internet ▪ Block – A group of IP addresses sharing a single network ID The addresses included within the address block
Private ▪ Freely assigned in private network
Can be used on private network Not routable through the internet Creating a measure of well-needed security Saves valuable IP address space Network Address Translation (NAT) Takes a private IP address and convert it for use
on the internet.
Address Class Class A Class B Class C
Address Range 10.0.0.0
-
10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0
-
172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 -
192.168.255.255
Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) 169.254.0.0 -
169.254.255.255
Self-assigned private IP address
Allows computers to communicate without
requiring DHCP or manual IP configuration.
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