Julien Destrée ISC Paris MBA Spécialisé e-Business Année universitaire 2012-2013
Les stratégies numériques des musées
Sous la direction de Raphaël Dornier Soutenance en 2013
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Remerciements Nous tenons à remercier M. Raphaël Dornier pour ses conseils et son accompagnement tout au long de la réalisation de ce travail. Nous remercions également M. Sébastien Magro, chargé de projets nouveaux médias au musée du Quai Branly, M. Denis Butaye, directeur du musée Français de la Carte à Jouer, M. Omer Pesquer, consultant numérique pour les institutions culturelles et Mme Claire Séguret, responsable communication et mécénat au musée de Cluny, pour le temps qu'ils nous ont accordé et leurs réponses à nos questions.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Sommaire Synthèse ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ............................................. ....................... 4 Introduction ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ...................................... ................ 7 Chapitre 1 - Le numérique numéri que au musée : révolution ou adaptation ? ..................................... ..................................... 9 1.1 Les visiteurs et le musée ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ .................................. ............ 9 1.1.1 Pratiques et profils des visiteurs français de musées musées ............................................................ ..................................................................9 ......9 1.1.2 Le visiteur, Internet et le musée ..................................................................... ...............................................................................................11 ..........................11
1.2 - Une multiplicité multi plicité d'outils........................................... d'outils................................................................. ............................................ ................................ .......... 14 1.2.1 - Le site sit e internet : clé de voûte du dispositif numérique ..........................................................15 ..........................................................15 1.2.2 - Une présence limitée sur les réseaux sociaux ........................................................................16 ........................................................................16 1.2.3 - Les outils de médiation ................................................................................ ..........................................................................................................18 ..........................18
1.3 - L'intégration du numérique dans une réflexion globale ................................................ ................................................ 24 1.3.1 - L'apanage L'apanage des grands ? ..........................................................................................................24 1.3.2 - Construire une stratégie stratégie numérique... ......................................................... ...................................................................................26 ..........................26 1.3.3 - Quelques cas de stratégies numériques ...................................................................... ..................................................................................32 ............32
Chapitre 2 - Méthodologie .................................... .......................................................... ............................................ ........................................... ..................... 34 2.1 Choix de l'échantillon .............................................................. ..................................................................................... ........................................ ................. 34 2.2 Les questionnaires ........................... .................................................. ............................................. ............................................ .................................... .............. 35 Chapitre 3 - Résultats ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ........................................... ..................... 36 3.1 Le musée du Quai Branly Branl y : le numérique, complément à la visite .................................. .................................. 36 3.2 Le musée de Cluny : "Ambitieux et raisonnable" ........................................... ............................................................ ................. 37 3.3 Le musée Français de la Carte à Jouer : un faible investissement numérique ................. 39 3.4 Omer Pesquer : l'avis d'un consultant .................................................. ......................................................................... ............................ ..... 41 Chapitre 4 - Regard critique ............................................... ..................................................................... ............................................ ............................ ...... 42 4.1 Le musée du Quai Branly Branl y : une stratégie straté gie numérique en construction ............................. ............................. 42 4.2 Le musée de Cluny : une stratégie pragmatique pra gmatique ....................... ............................................. ....................................... ................. 43 4.3 Le musée Français de la Carte à J ouer : une prise de conscience nécessaire nécess aire .................. 44 4.4 Omer Pesquer : un point de vue extérieur ............................................ ................................................................... ............................ ..... 46 Chapitre 5 - Recommandations .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ............................ ...... 47 Chapitre 6 - Conclusion ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................. ....................................... ................. 49 Chapitre 7 - Bibliographie ................................ ...................................................... ............................................ ............................................. ......................... .. 52 Annexes ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ........................................... ..................... 55 Annexe 1 : Profil des visiteurs en fonction de leurs pratiques d'internet .............................................56 Annexe 2 : "Une lettre ouverte aux Directeurs de Musée qui n'investissent pas dans les réseaux sociaux"......................................................................... sociaux"............................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................57 .57 Annexe 3 : Top 10 des musées français les plus populaires sur les réseaux sociaux ..........................58
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Synthèse Les nouvelles technologies ont investi le quotidien de l'humanité depuis les dernières années : réseaux sociaux, outils mobiles... Le monde n'a jamais été autant connecté au cours de son histoire. L'individu a recours aux nouvelles technologies pour de nombreuses utilisations incluant ses sorties et activités culturelles. Les musées, gardiens et vecteurs de transmission du patrimoine de l'humanité n'ont certes pas attendu pour intégrer le numérique dans leur scénographie ou leur politique de communication. Cependant, avec l'évolution des pratiques, des comportements des publics et l'arrivée de nouveaux outils, ils sont directement confrontés à une phase de transition dans leur activité. Smartphones, tablettes, réseaux sociaux, réalité augmentée..., représentent un ensemble de moyens qui peuvent et doivent être utilisés pour répondre aux nouveaux besoins et nouvelles pratiques de leurs visiteurs. Avec des moyens humains et financiers conséquents, les musées de grande taille ou d’envergure internationale ont déjà commencé à se construire une véritable image de marque en utilisant l'ensemble de ces outils. Mais l'offre muséale nationale ne peut se résumer à ces importantes structures, dont la majorité se trouve dans l'agglomération parisienne. De nombreux musées situés en province doivent eux aussi aborder cette transition numérique, pour mieux correspondre aux attentes et nouvelles pratiques prati ques des visiteurs. Ils sont cependant cep endant confrontés à des réticences qui ne sont pas toutes liées à un manque de ressources. La méconnaissance des modes d'utilisation de ces nouvelles technologies et de leur utilité freine grandement leur assimilation par les équipes et les responsables des institutions culturelles, alors que la société a déjà profondément assimilé l'utilisation des N.T.I.C. (Nouvelles Technologies de l'Information et la Communication). Le visiteur a évolué, passant progressivement de " simple "visiteur-consommateur" passif ", ", à celui de ""public" ""public" acteur de sa propre expérience" expérience "1. Les musées ne peuvent donc plus ignorer l'utilisation des nouvelles technologies qui sont devenues inhérentes à la nature même de leurs visiteurs. Les musées se doivent d'innover en utilisant le numérique pour apporter à leur public de quoi préparer leur visite (informations pratiques, billetterie...), du contenu en lien
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
avec le musée et ses collections, un accompagnement pendant les trois temps de la visite (avant, pendant et après) et une communication interactive entre le musée et ses visiteurs. Ce travail s'efforce de présenter ces outils numériques, qu'il s'agisse de sites internet, de réseaux sociaux, d’outils mobiles ou de la réalité augmentée et leur utilisation dans un contexte muséal. Le site internet, à l’origine simple vitrine vitrine numérique des institutions, devient interactif, proposant aux internautes, outre les habituelles informations pratiques, des éléments écrits, visuels ou sonores pour préparer ou compléter leur visite. Ce site est en règle générale une porte d'entrée vers les réseaux sociaux investis par le musée, instaurant un véritable dialogue entre deux parties (l'institution et son public) qui n'avaient pas, jusqu'à maintenant, la possibilité de réellement échanger. L'outil mobile prenant de plus en plus d'importance dans la société, il n'est plus rare de voir le musée investir ce nouveau canal pour proposer de nouveaux moyens de découverte ou redécouverte de la culture par le biais d'applications, de QR codes ou en optimisant son site internet pour ces outils. Grâce à la réalité augmentée ou la reconstitution 3D, l'expérience de la visite telle que le visiteur la connaissait se modifie. Des exemples concrets seront abordés qui illustrent les possibilités offertes aux musées par de tels outils tout en en soulignant les enjeux. En complément de cette présentation, il sera proposé d'étudier la nécessaire dimension stratégique qui entoure l’emploi des nouvelles technologies. Quelques exemples tirés de l'actualité de ces dernières années concernant des structures muséales plus ou moins importantes tendent à démontrer que ces pratiques numériques ne peuvent se mettre en place sans cohérence entre elles et avec la stratégie globale du musée. Le numérique ne doit servir à terme qu'à compléter la mission de conservation et de transmission du savoir et du patrimoine de l'humanité au plus grand nombre. En parallèle a été mise en place une étude basée sur des entretiens qualitatifs avec des professionnels du secteur. Sébastien Magro, chargé de projet nouveaux médias au Quai Branly, Claire Séguret, responsable communication et mécénat au musée de Cluny, Denis Butaye, directeur du musée Français de la Carte à Jouer et Omer Pesquer, consultant numérique pour les institutions culturelles ont accepté de prendre le temps de répondre à des questionnaires portant sur la dimension stratégique de l'intégration de dispositifs numériques
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Il ressort essentiellement de cette analyse un besoin pédagogique en interne par rapport à l'emploi du numérique et son utilité pour mettre en valeur les missions du musée. La méconnaissance de ces outils engendre en effet des idées fausses et préconçues. Les musées ont peur de voir leur public déserter l'espace physique si les collections sont numérisées Ce travail s'efforcera d'analyser la dimension stratégique du numérique dans le contexte muséal et s'efforçant de déterminer dans quelle mesure il serait possible de l'intégrer dans des musées de taille et aux moyens plus modeste. Les enjeux des nouvelles technologies sont pour les musées l'occasion de renouveler leur image auprès d'un public en attente d'innovation dans le secteur culturel. Dans ce contexte, les musées de taille modeste ont, comme leurs homologues de grande envergure, une opportunité à ne pas rater. Nécessairement plus limité dans leurs moyens, il est important pour eux de recontextualiser leur offre et de définir clairement leurs objectifs dans l’emploi du numérique, tant celui-ci s'est ancré profondément dans la vie de chacun. Les possibilités offertes sont tellement vastes que les structures devront faire des choix à la hauteur de leurs moyens. Un travail en amont est donc à la fois nécessaire et primordial pour établir une ligne stratégique quant à l'emploi des nouvelles technologies pour mener à bien la mission muséale et faire changer les rapports visiteurs-musées.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Introduction Depuis le 11 avril 2012, les visiteurs du musée du Louvre ont accès à un nouvel outil des plus originaux pour découvrir les collections : une console de jeu Nintendo 3DS. Une initiative audacieuse pour le musée le plus visité de France, avec 10 millions de visiteur pour l'année 2012 ! Il ne s'agit pas ici de jouer, mais de remplacer le système d'audio-guide par un autre outil permettant, outre d'accéder aux commentaires, de présenter des œuvres en 3D, de se repérer dans le musée grâce à la technologie GPS, ou encore d'afficher l'itinéraire afin d'accéder à une œuvre en particulier. Cet exemple montre à quel point le numérique dans les musées peut prendre des aspects très variés. Or, si le musée du Louvre prend de l'avance sur ses concurrents en remplaçant l'audioguide classique par une console de jeu portable, force est de constater que les musées n'ont pas attendu 2013 pour s'ouvrir au numérique. Omer Pesquer, consultant numérique freelance, propose sur son site un historique sur la place du numérique dans les musées de France2. Depuis 1986, les musées proposent au public des bornes interactives, CD-Rom, sites internet, jeux-vidéos de découverte, DVD... Les exemples sont nombreux mais ces premières actions étaient-elles intégrées dans une réflexion à long terme ou s'agissait-il seulement d'initiatives isolées ? Le numérique assiste depuis peu à une révolution numérique, celle des réseaux sociaux et des smartphones. Facebook, leader des réseaux sociaux ouvert au public en 2006, comptabilise un milliard d'utilisateurs à travers le monde en 2012 (chiffres Médiamétrie). Cette même année, on dénombre en France 26 millions d'utilisateurs, dont 63% se connectent chaque jour. De plus, selon les chiffres Médiamétrie de 2013, la France compte 41.2 millions d'internautes, 26.6 millions de mobinautes, 3 millions d'utilisateurs de tablettes, soit une hausse en 1 an de
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Selon le Conseil International des Musées (ICOM), un musée est "une "une institution permanente sans but lucratif au service de la société et de son développement, ouverte au public, qui acquiert, conserve, étudie, expose et transmet le patrimoine matériel et immatériel de l'humanité et de son environnement à des fins d'études, d'éducation et de délectation délectation"" 3 . Le musée est donc, en règle générale, une entité statique qui se devait jusqu'à maintenant de capter les visiteurs au travers de sa renommée (surtout pour les grands musées tels que le Louvre, le Centre Pompidou, le Musée d'Orsay...) et des campagnes de communication utilisant les canaux "traditionnels" (affichage, spots TV, radio, presse...). L'ouverture au numérique, débutée il y a une quinzaine d'années, permet à ces musées de communiquer sur de nouveaux canaux (réseaux sociaux) et de s'adresser en direct aux visiteurs et potentiels visiteurs. D'autres initiatives numériques, comme celle du Louvre, ont pour objet de modifier le rapport entre le visiteur et l'œuvre. Le numérique offre de très nombreuses possibilités aux musées. Mais, avant de les intégrer, ceux-ci doivent mettre en place une réflexion globale sur la cohérente de ces outils et actions dans le cadre de la stratégie globale du musée. C'est pour cette raison qu'il sera ici question de déterminer les grandes typologies de stratégies numériques existantes. L'offre muséale est inégalement répartie sur le territoire français. Selon l'étude de fréquentation des Musées de France 4 la France compte 1213 musées portant l'appellation "Musée de France". Avec 137 musées, soit 11% de l'offre globale, l'Ile-de-France se place en tête, suivie de la région PACA et la région Rhône-Alpes, avec respectivement 118 et 106 musées. En 2009, la fréquentation globale de l'offre muséale nationale est de 56 197 040 visiteurs alors que celle des musées d'Ile-de-France est de 33 061 582 visiteurs. En d'autres termes, 11% de l'offre muséale nationale capte près de 60% de la fréquentation totale. De plus, les trois plus importants musées d'Ile-de-France, le Louvre, le Centre Pompidou et le
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Il est donc légitime de se demander dans quelle mesure les stratégies numériques, le plus souvent mise en place dans les grosses structures muséales, peuvent être transposées dans des musées moins importants de par leur taille et leur nombre de visiteurs. Afin de répondre à cette question, il sera fait dans un premier temps un état des lieux de la place du numérique ainsi que ses différents aspects dans l'offre muséale. Dans un second temps, suite à une enquête qualitative auprès de professionnels du secteur, il sera présenté puis analysé les résultats obtenus pour enfin terminer sur des recommandations.
Chapitre 1 - Le numérique au musée : révolution ou adaptation ? Les musées détiennent un rôle primordial comme gardiens et vecteurs de transmission de l'histoire et de la culture d'un pays, d'une région, d'une ville... Ces structures se doivent de s'adapter aux changements radicaux de nos sociétés. En effet, l'humanité est actuellement hyper-connectée dans le temps et l'espace. Après Internet, l'arrivée d'appareil mobiles tels que les smartphones et les tablettes ont permis d'être connecté en permanence, aussi bien dans le cadre de la vie privée que professionnelle. Les réseaux sociaux quant à eux donnent à leurs utilisateurs la possibilité d'échanger avec le plus grand nombre et ce à l'échelle mondiale. Facebook concentre ainsi 1.15 milliards d'utilisateurs mensuels actifs dont 819 millions sur mobile (Chiffres 2013). Le numérique prenant une part de plus en plus importante dans la vie des individus, de nouveaux comportements émergent. L'individu se renseigne au préalable sur ses sorties, partage ses idées avec ses proches... L'e-réputation devient alors un enjeu des plus importants pour les musées : il est nécessaire pour ces derniers de savoir qui parle d'eux, en quels termes et bien évidement de pouvoir contrôler ou de répondre à ces interventions. Mais ne parler que des réseaux sociaux est réducteur, le numérique au musée peut prendre des formes variées (site internet, inter net, réalité augmentée, 3D...) qui répondent à différents objectifs.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Il est à noter pour commencer qu'une majorité (61%) de l'échantillon représentatif de la population adulte française sélectionné5 a visité un musée, une exposition ou un monument au cours des douze derniers mois. Si 57% de l'échantillon ont visité un monument ou un site patrimonial (monument religieux, château, site industriel, site mémoriel....), seulement 35% ont effectué une visite d'un musée ou d'une exposition.
Figure 1 : Proportion de personnes ayant visité au cours des douze derniers mois un musée ou une exposition en fonction du la typologie (Source : BIGOT R., DAUDEY E., HOIBIAN S., MULLER J., La visite des musées, des expositions et des monuments, Etude pour la Direction Générale des Patrimoines, Département de la politique des publics, CREDOC, juin 2012, p.12)
Le CREDOC catégorise les musées en sept grandes thématiques qui attirent chacun des profils biens spécifiques de visiteurs. C'est une information primordiale pour assurer une communication ciblée permettant la conquête de nouveaux visiteurs mais également la
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
La tranche d'âge des 60-69 ans est la plus représentée, 46% d'entre eux ayant effectué une visite en 2011.
Comme souligné en introduction, les Franciliens sont plus souvent amenés à fréquenter les musées (45% sont des habitants de l'agglomération parisienne) étant donné l'importance de l'offre culturelle locale.
Les étudiants fréquentent beaucoup de musées et d'expositions de beaux-arts (31%) et d'art moderne (25%)
Ces profils donnent aux musées des axes de communication pour leur clientèle cible, mais ne doivent toutefois pas leur faire oublier que la mission d'un musée est de toucher le plus grand nombre de personnes possible, y compris ceux qui n'ont pas l'habitude de fréquenter de musées. Pourquoi 88% des personnes n'ayant aucun diplôme n'ont-elles pas visité une exposition ou un musée en 2011 ? En dehors de la dimension économique (l'accès à la culture ayant un coût) il peut tout à fait s'agir de l'image peu attractive du musée, de sa collection, des moyens mis en œuvre pour communiquer avec le visiteur, ou l'absence de ces mêmes moyens. Or, le numérique est l'une des solutions pour changer cette donne. Ainsi dans l'émission "La politique c'est net : les musées à l'heure du numérique" publiée le 27 mars 2013, Noémie Breen, chef d'unité conception multimédia au Louvre, insiste sur ce point : "l'entrée " l'entrée du numérique au musée c'est essayer d'amener de nouveaux visiteurs à venir au musée" musée " 7. Que ce soit lors de la visite avec des outils de médiation, ou dans les phases pré et post visite, le numérique peut revêtir de nombreux aspects pour entrer en contact avec un public habitué ou à conquérir. 1.1.2 Le visiteur, Internet et le musée
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Avoir une vitrine numérique, c'est-à-dire un site internet, est devenu indispensable de nos jours, chacun effectuant de nombreuses recherches sur le web. Le secteur des institutions culturelles n'échappe pas à cette règle. Ainsi dès 2007, lors de la conférence internationale "Communicating the Museum" "250 chargés de communication venant du monde Museum " à Madrid "250 entier ont reconnu l'impossibilité d'ignorer Internet " 8 . En 2012 le message a clairement été compris. Dans une étude menée par Sébastien d'Anjou, responsable de la promotion et des ventes pour l'établissement public du parc et de la grande halle de la Villette, et Millie Servant, alors chargée de la présence numérique de l'établissement, sur les réseaux sociaux en milieu culturel, il apparaît que près de 81% des lieux culturels disposent actuellement d'un site internet, soit le double par rapport à 2010 9 Internet est utilisé massivement et en particulier pour les sorties culturelles. Selon l'étude du CREDOC, 35% de l'échantillon interrogé utilise internet pour préparer une visite d'un musée, d'une exposition ou d'un monument.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
La raison la plus importante concerne la recherche d'informations pratiques telles que les horaires, les tarifs, le plan d'accès... Ce comportement utilisateur est assez logique puisque les premiers sites internet avaient initialement une vocation purement informative pour aider le visiteur à préparer sa visite. D'autres fonctionnalités ont par la suite été intégrées à ces interfaces grâce à une amélioration technologique. Il est ainsi possible d'effectuer une visite virtuelle du musée ou d'une partie des collections, de réserver ou d'acheter sa place en ligne, de télécharger un audio-guide et d'échanger sur les réseaux sociaux ou des blogs avec d'autres utilisateurs. L'étude menée par le CREDOC démontre l'importance de la visite on-line qui précède majoritairement une visite physique : "88% "88% des personnes ayant visité virtuellement des sites patrimoniaux l'ont en effet fait pour préparer ou compléter leur déplacement dans ces lieux" lieux"10. Le site internet est donc primordial dans le parcours client d'un visiteur, son absence pouvant déboucher sur s ur l'abandon du processus de recherche et donc la perte de fréquentation pour le musée. Le CREDOC présente dans son étude les différentes pratiques sur internet dans le cadre des sorties culturelles11. Deux comportements intéressants émergent de cette analyse :
Les moins de 25 ans concentrent le plus grand nombre d'usages "pratiques" avant une
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Figure 3 : Types d'utilisation d'Internet en rapport avec les lieux culturels et la proportion d'individus qui se disent attirés par les produits comportant une innovation technologique (en %) (Source : BIGOT R., DAUDEY E., HOIBIAN S., MULLER J., La J., La visite des musées, des expositions et des monuments, Etude pour la Direction Générale des Patrimoines, Patrimoines , Département de la politique des publics, CREDOC, juin 2012 , 2012 , p.33) p.33)
Avec 1315 musées recensés en France 12 le secteur muséal propose une offre vaste et variée. La demande culturelle des Français est aussi importante puisque selon l'étude menée par le
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Facebook (2006), des outils mobiles tels que le smartphone (iPhone, 2007), ou la tablette popularisée avec l'iPad (2010). Ces trois seuls éléments ont radicalement changé les comportements et les pratiques de leurs utilisateurs. Les musées ont su tirer profit de ces innovations en les intégrant dans leur activité. Ils peuvent ainsi s'appuyer sur plusieurs outils. 1.2.1 - Le site internet : clé de voûte du dispositif numérique Première porte d'entrée virtuelle du musée, le site internet est devenu primordial dans l'activité muséale. Les acteurs du secteur ont dans l'ensemble bien compris les enjeux du web sur leur activité. Jean-François Notebaert note ainsi que "la " la grande majorité des structures, en particulier celles d'envergure internationale travaillent activement à l'actualisation voire la refonte de leur site déjà existant " 14 . Si les grosses structures forment comme on peut l'imaginer le fer de lance de ces innovations d'autres exemples plus modestes confirment ce fait. Le chantier de refonte du site internet du musée de Cluny est en cours, celui du site du musée du Quai Branly est prévu pour l'année prochaine. Le musée Bonnard, situé dans la région Provence Alpes Côte-d'Azur, a quant à lui été nominé dans la catégorie " Best " Best of the Web" Web" lors de l'édition 2012 du salon annuel Museums and the Web 15. pour la nouvelle version de son site (réalisé en interne grâce à l'outil CMS Joomla).
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Dans cette optique d'enrichissement de contenus il est indispensable de parler de la présence des musées sur les réseaux sociaux. 1.2.2 - Une présence limitée sur les réseaux sociaux Les réseaux sociaux sont aujourd'hui très présents dans nos sociétés. Les référents sont sans conteste Facebook, avec près de 693 millions d'utilisateurs actifs à travers le monde, Google+ avec 343 millions et Twitter avec 288 millions 17. Il existe toutefois une multitude d'autres réseaux sociaux à qui correspondent des usages et pratiques variés : You Tube et Dailymotion pour la diffusion et le partage de vidéos, les blogs, blogs , Tumblr, Flickr, Pinterst Pinters t pour le partage de photos... La liste est longue ! Face à cette multiplicité d'outils, les musées peuvent se s e poser la question de l'utilité d'une présence sur ces réseaux et des plateformes à investir. Chaque réseau social dispose de ses spécificités. C'est pourquoi il n'est pas rare de voir certains musées se positionner sur plusieurs réseaux en développant une communication cohérente entre chaque plateforme. Comme le souligne Aude Mathey, fondatrice du blog Culture et Communication, "sur "s ur Twitter c'est plus du partage d'infos, beaucoup de veille [...], des échanges assez courts. Sur Facebook on essaye de construire un environnement qui est plus accessible aussi à sa communauté avec des contenus, des images, etc... etc ... Et puis après il y a tous les environnements différents à côté [...]" côté [...]"18.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Les réseaux sociaux sont devenus pour les musées un moyen privilégié d'entrer en contact avec le visiteur pendant les trois phases de la visite (avant, pendant et après), de le faire activement participer en lui proposant des quizz, des jeux, de lui présenter un contenu inédit et de créer une communauté fidèle qui suivra l'actualité du musée. Mais les réseaux sociaux ne parviennent pas pour le moment à réellement convaincre les musées de leur utilité. Jim Richardson, directeur de l'agence anglaise Sumo qui travaille en collaboration avec les musées pour développer leur présence sur les réseaux sociaux, a ainsi publié en octobre 2011 une "Lettre ouverte aux directeurs de musée qui n'investissent pas dans les médias sociaux". Il présente dix points mettant en avant les avantages des réseaux sociaux pour les musées22 : de nombreux visiteurs ou visiteurs potentiels utilisent en effet ces médias, ceux-ci sont déjà susceptibles de parler du musée il convient donc de contrôler ces dires, il souligne également la possibilité pour le musée de former un réseau professionnel
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
voit. Les musées font désormais la même chose. Il faut que le musée arrête d'être une cathédrale et soit le plus humain possible" possible "24. 1.2.3 - Les outils de médiation Le numérique ne concerne pas uniquement le web et les réseaux sociaux. Les musées pratiquent depuis longtemps des expérimentations numériques afin d'apporter du contenu, des informations supplémentaires (Films, CD-Rom...) à leurs visiteurs tout en modifiant leur expérience de visite (bornes interactives,...). Quatre éléments ressortent particulièrement. Il s'agit de l'audioguide et de ses évolutions, des outils mobiles qui permettent l'émergence de nouvelles pratiques et les dispositifs phares du moment que sont la réalité augmentée et les chantiers de numérisation des collections. Vers un audioguide personnalisé
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Le terminal mobile : l'avenir de la médiation culturelle ? Avec la mise sur le marché de l'iPhone, Apple a radicalement modifié le marché du téléphone mobile, en faisant du terminal bien plus qu'un outil de communication. L'Apple Store, lancé en 2008, permet aux usagers de la marque de télécharger via cette plateforme de petits logiciels (applications) aux usages très variés. Le Club Innovation et Culture (CLIC), créé en octobre 2008, avec la vocation de rassembler les acteurs du secteur culturel en France a établi qu'au 30 mai 2013 la France concentre 191 applications mobiles muséales et culturelles26, nombre plus important qu'aux Etats-Unis et en Angleterre. Selon les mots de Pierre-Yves Lochon, créateur et coordinateur du CLIC, interviewé sur France Culture le l e 23 novembre 2012 : "la " la moitié vient de musées ou de lieux de province, la moitié de musées ou de lieux de Paris et d'Il e-de-France" e-de-France"27. Ces applications sont de natures variées, le CLIC les classe en différentes catégories :
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
quelques œuvres. Mais l'accès à un contenu plus élaboré est payant (les audioguides par exemples). Il en va de même pour la majorité des applications d'expositions. Si beaucoup d'applications muséales sont pensées et conçues comme des "audioguides améliorés", améliorés", d'autres permettent de créer un nouveau rapport entre le visiteur et l'œuvre. L'application "The Warhol: D.I.Y. POP" sortie en juin 2012 permettait de comprendre à travers des photos et vidéos les méthodes utilisées par l'artiste pour créer ses tableaux, puis à partir d'une de ses propres photos, de concevoir concevoir sa propre œuvre "à la Warhol". Si comme le souligne Christine Vaufrey "certaines " certaines [applications] ressemblent [applications] ressemblent encore un peu trop à des audioguides améliorés, d'autres réservent de belles surprises et peuvent être utilisées indépendamment de la visite physique physique""29. Le mobile permet alors d'accompagner le visiteur tout au long du processus de la visite :
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
réel " 30 . Les possibilités sont très nombreuses et prennent des formes variées, l'auteure présente ainsi différents grands types d'utilisation de la réalité augmentée. En premier lieu elle est utilisée comme l'équivalent d'un guide d'exploration touristique couplé avec les technologies de géolocalisation. Le visiteur suit un parcours ou se rend à un point précis et à la possibilité, grâce à un outil mobile, de découvrir un lieu lie u ou un objet dans son cadre originel. Citons par exemple le projet "Musée Urbain MTL" du musée McCord à Montréal :" La superposition d'une image historique à un point de vue actuel de la vie urbaine offre deux visions du lieu, celle d'hier et celle d'aujourd'hui" d'aujourd'hui"31. Ensuite l'on retrouve ce que l'auteure appelle l'"interpretive l'"interpretive mediation" mediation" qui fonctionne à l'aide de la reconnaissance visuelle. En 2005, l'artiste Hugo Barroso a présenté une exposition au National Centre for the Arts à Arts à Mexico. Les enfants pouvaient, à cette occasion, en se mettant face à un miroir numérique, se voir revêtus de différents costumes se superposant aux
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
militaire du XII ème siècle" siècle"33 a prouvé sa capacité à plaire aux plus jeunes. Un père de famille dira " Mes enfants ont apprécié, les deux qui ont 6 et 8 ans se sont bien amusés et le troisième qui a 12 ans, s'est amusé aussi, mais en plus, il a appris des choses "34. La réalité augmentée sur appareil mobile serait l'une des technologies vouée à prendre de plus en plus d'importance au sein des musées. Dans son article, Francine Clément souligne le fait qu'en 2012 un rapport d'expert, selon l'édition Musées du rapport de recherche Horizon
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
temps c'est un coût très important pour les musées. A terme il serait évidemment souhaitable que tous puissent le faire mais il faudra des investissements importants d'autant plus que l'initiative du Centre Pompidou est intéressante puisqu'elle lui permet de maîtriser véritablement la numérisation de son contenu" contenu "37. Une visite virtuelle ne remplacera jamais une visite physique dans un musée. Ce n'est d'ailleurs pas le but. Numériser les œuvres d'un musée ne cannibalisera pas la fréquentation
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
possibilité aux musées désireux d'être partenaires de choisir les œuvres qui seront numérisées numérisées et mis en ligne sur le portail du projet. Or selon les statistiques, un internaute passe en moyenne 1 minute à regarder une peinture en ligne contre 20 secondes dans un musée. La preuve qu'un tel dispositif apporte un complément d'informations au visiteur puisqu'il a la possibilité de passer du temps à admirer les détails des œuvres qu'il désire voir en particulier. Sans négliger la question du public lointain qui pour ne peut se rendre physiquement dans le musée. La question n'est donc pas de savoir si numériser ses collections cannibalisera
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Certains musées ont déjà lancé des innovations numériques au sein de leur structure. Le musée Bonnard est un petit musée qui s'est fait remarquer lors de l'édition 2012 du " Best of the Web". Web". Nominé dans la catégorie "innovative/experimental et petit musée", le musée Bonnard a développé en interne une stratégie numérique innovante 42. Le site Internet a été développé avec l'outil CMS Joomla, qui permet à l'ensemble de l'équipe de mettre du contenu en ligne. Les coûts de création et de développement sont donc faibles. Le musée a également utilisé les réseaux sociaux pour tisser des liens avec les visiteurs, au travers d'une page
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
euros 44 . De plus, il souligne que l'avantage des réseaux sociaux par rapport aux canaux traditionnels de communication est justement le prix : " il est aujourd'hui moins onéreux d'être présent sur les réseaux sociaux et d'animer les réseaux sociaux et de toucher une communauté très importante que d'utiliser des moyens traditionnels de communication "45 . Afin de minimiser ces frais, des projets communs ont vu le jour ou sont prévus. Le projet Musambule rassemble, dans une application gratuite, des informations pratiques et des contenus sur 166 musées des régions Provence Alpes Côte-d'Azur et Languedoc Roussillon.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Sébastien Magro constate ainsi que "trop "trop souvent encore, le site internet, les réseaux sociaux,
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Les stratégies web ou "e-stratégies"
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Le site internet devient ainsi le portail de référence du musée puisqu'il permet à l'internaute-
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
diffuser... Un avantage certain pour les musées donc. Mais si les coûts sont plus faibles que
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
différentes plateformes sont accessibles depuis le site de l'institution. La page Facebook
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.