LBS Data Entry and Office Automation Notes

LBS Data Entry and Office Automation (DEOA)

DEOA

Computer  A computer is an electronic machine that takes input from the user, processes the given input and generates generates output in the form of useful informati information. on. A computer  computer  accepts accepts input in different different forms such as data, programs programs and user reply. reply. Data refer  tothe raw details that need to be processed to generate some useful information. Programs refer to the set of instructions that can be executed by the computer in sequential or non-sequential manner. manner. User reply is the the input provided by the user in response to a question aked by the computer. computer. The main task of a computer system is to process the given input of of any type in an efficient efficient manner. manner. Therefore, computer is also known by various other names such as data processing unit, data processor and data precessign system.

Characteristics of Computer  1. Speed: Speed: Comput Computer er is a very fast device. device. Toda Today's y's medium medium sized comput computer er can  perform millions of instrction per second, i.e. about 3 to 4 million simple arithmetic operations per per second. The unit of speed are micro seconds (10-6) or  nano seconds (10-9) or even pico seconds (10-12). 2. Accur ccurac acy: y: The The accu accura racy cy of a com compute puterr is very very high high and and each each & ever every y calculations are performed with the the same accuracy. accuracy. Errors can occur, but these are mainly due to human rather than technological weaknesses. 3. Dili Dilige genc nce: e: Comp Comput uter erss can can work work for for hours hours cont contin inuo uous usly ly with withou outt any any error error,, monotony, monotony, tiredness and lack of concentration. Computers are more effective effective in doing routine type of jobs with great accuracy. accuracy. 4. Versatal ersatality ity:: Comput Computers ers can be used used to carry out differen differentt types of tasks tasks like  preparing examination results, electricity bills, drafting letters, drawing  pictures, playing games, hearing music and briefly a computer is capable of   performing any task. 5. Power of remembering remembering:: A computer computer can store any amount amount of information information to its secondary storage and these stored information can be recalled as and when required. Even after several years, the information information recalled will will be as accurate as when it was stored. 6. No IQ: IQ: Computers Computers have no no intellig intelligence ence of of its own. It has to be instructed instructed what to do and in what sequence. The intelligence Quotient (IQ) (IQ) is zero till today. today. 7. No Feelings: Feelings: Comput Computers ers have no feelings feelings because because they they are machines machines and and hence computers computers cannot make make judgement judgement on their their own. No computer computer possess the the equivalent of a human heart and soul.  NIJEESH RAJ – 9447925968 9447925968

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Central Processing Unit (CPU): Computers are organized as a collection of several units and components, which are inter connected together and are working together with the same objective. Hence it is reffered to as a system. The main units of a computer system are the CUP, CUP, memory memory and input/output input/output devices. devices. Organizat Organization ion of these units can be illustrated illustrated in the following block diagram.

The input unit accepts data and instructions from outside for processing and then transformed transformed into machine machine readable readable form. This instructio instructions ns are then supplied to the central processing unit (CPU), which will be kept in the internal memory of CPU for execution. execution. When the execution execution and processing processing starts starts as directed directed by the control unit unit (CU), (CU), each each inst instruc ructi tion on will will be fetc fetche hed d from from memo memory ry and and exec execut uted ed.. All All arithmetic and logical operations will be performed by the ALU, which is an integral  part of the CPU. The intermediate and final result of processing will be kept in the internal internal memory unit, unit, it is being transfered transfered to the output unit. unit. The output will will then give give out out the the resul results ts of proc proces essi sing ng to the the outsi outside de.. All All acti activi viti ties es and and proc process essin ing g operations operations will be internally internally controlled controlled and guided by CU, which is another another integral integral  part of the CPU. Inputing, storing, processing and outputing all are controlled by this control unit.

CPU: The CPU is a Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit chip (VLSI Chip) which is called as “micro processor”. It is considered to be the the brain of the computer computer system, which does all processing activities inside the system.  NIJEESH RAJ – 9447925968 9447925968

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Input Devices Input devices are devices that that feeds data into a computer. computer. For a computer there are different types of input devices.

Keyboard: Keyboard is an input device that consists of typewriter-like keys to enter data or programs into a computer. computer.

Mouse: Mouse is a device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a display screen. A mouse is a small object that can roll along along a hard flat surface. The device is having the shape of mouse so it is called by that name. When the mouse is moved, the the pointer on the display display screen moves moves in the same direction. direction. Mouse also also contains buttons which can be clicked.

Scanners: Scanner is an input device that can be read text or illustrations printed on paper  and translate the information into a form that the computer can use. A scanner works by digitizing an image that is dividing the image into a grid of   boxes and representing each box with either a zero or one. The resultant matrix of   bits called a bitmap, can then then be stored in a file. Optical scanners do not distinguish text from illustrations and they represent all images as bitmaps. So the text that has been scanned cannot be directly edited. The denser the bitmap, bitmap, the higher the resolution. resolution. Typically ypically scanners support resolutions from 72 to 600 dots per inch (dpi).

Optical Mark Reader (OMR): OMR is a type of reader which can sense the presence or absence of a mark, for exampl examplee a pencil mark. mark. Here Here the princip principle le of reflect reflection ion of light light is used. used. The amount of light that is reflected will be different in different different shades. For example an oval which has been shaded will reflect the light differently from an oval which has not been shaded. shaded. Thus by monitoring monitoring the amount of light light that is reflected reflected the mark  can be sensed OMR is widely used in objective type test.

Barcode Reader: Barc Barcod odee reade readers rs are are phot photoe oele lect ctri ricc scan scanne ners rs that that read read the the barco barcode dess that that is

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vertic vertical al zebro striped striped marks printed printed on product product contain containers ers.. Super Super markets markets use a  barcode system called Universal Product Code (UPC). The barcode identifies the  product to the super market's computer which has a description and the latest price of  the product. The computer automatically tells tells the POS (Point of Sales) terminal terminal what the price is.

Web cameras: A web cam is a camera that is connected to the world wide web or internet one of the most common types of web cam are digital cameras that are connected to a computer. computer. With With the help of software the images are caputred and can be transmitted transmitted through through the internet internet.. The cameras cameras are connect connected ed through through a USB port. port. A software software connects connects to the camera and grabs a frame from the camera periodically periodically,, for example example the software software might capture capture a still image from the the camera once every 30 seconds. seconds. It then turns that image into a normal JPEG image file, which can be viewed anywhere. Web cameras are commonly used for video conferencing, traffic surveillance, bank  security etc.

Output Devices Outp Output ut devi devices ces are used used for for outp output utin ing g the the resu result ltss that that are obtai obtaine ned d after  after   processing by the CPU. The task of the output device is to display the results. Outp Output ut devi device cess show show the the proc process essed ed info inform rmat atio ion n by conv conver erti ting ng the the comp comput uter  er  generated data into human readable forms, such as graphs, alpha numeric text, audio response etc.

Soft copy and hard copy: Monitors Monitors are the visual display display unit. Monitors Monitors are available available in various sizes. sizes. Common Common sizes are 14, 15, 17, 19 and 21 inches. Notebook Notebook screen sizes sizes are usually smalle smallerr, typicall typically y ranging ranging from from 12 to 15 inches. inches. This This is the size of the viewabl viewablee screen measured across the diagonal. The visual display unit consist of a video card or adaptor and a compatible visual display.

CRT (Cathod Ray Tubes): Many Many moni monito tors rs are are CRT CRT moni monito tors rs,, thes thesee moni monito tors rs oper operat atee much much like like a television set. A beam of electrons (cathod rays) emitted by electron gun passess through the focussing focussing and deflecting deflecting systems that direct the beam towards specific possitions possitions on

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the phosphorous cotted screen. Focus will glow when they are struck struck by the electron  beam. When the elecron beam stricks the phosphorous it continues to glow briefly. briefly. So for the image to be stable the phosphorous must be re activated by repeated scans of the electron beam before the glows fades away. away.

LCD Monitors (Liquid Cristal Display): LCD Monitors are monitors that uses liquid cristal in display. display. They are thinner, lighter lighter,, and draw much less power than CRT CRTs. Liquid cristals cristals are neither solid, solid, nor  liquid. A liquid cristal display is a thin flat display device made up of a number of  colour or mon chrome pixels arranged infront of a light source or reflector. reflector. In colour  LCDs each individual pixel is divided into three cells or sub pixels which are coloured Red, Green, Blue. Each sub pixel can be controlled independently to yield thousands or millions of possible colors for each pixel.

Printers: A printer is a hard copy device. It is used to print information on a paper. The quality quality of a printer is determined determined by the clarity of print print it produces. produces. A printer printer can  print upto 300 dpi (dot per inch). There are several types of pritners.

Impact printer and Non-impact printer: Impact Printer: This printers print by physically striking a head or needle against an ink ribbon to place a mark on the paper. paper. Multiple Multiple carbon carbon copies can be produced using using impact  printers. Impact printers also much more noise than non impact impact printers. Eg: Dot Matrix Printer 

Non-impact printer: A non-impact printer, there is no physical striking of print head on the ink  ribbon. They are quiet printers when compared to impact impact printers. printers. It is is not possible to produce carbon copies with non impact printers. Eg: Laser, Inkjet

Dot Matrix Printer: Thes Thesee prin printe ters rs prin printt each each chara charact cters ers as a patt patter ern n of dots dots..  NIJEESH RAJ – 9447925968 9447925968

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comprises a matrix of tiny needles, typically with seven rows with nine needles in each each (9x7 matrix). matrix). The shape shape of charac character ter that is a dot patter pattern n is obtain obtained ed from information information held electronic electronically ally in the printers. printers. A dot matrix matrix printer is capable of   printing both texture as well as pictorial data, such as graph, chart. It can also print text in fonts of different different types types and size. The printing printing speed of a typical dot matrix matrix  printer ranges from 30 to 600 characters per second (cps).

Inkjet Printer: They are non-impact printers they print characters by spraying small drops of  ink on to paper when electric charge is applied to piezo actuator it changes shape resulting injuction of ink drops by a pressure wave created by the machanical motion. This is the droplets of ink as sprayed in to the printer. The advanta advantages ges of inkjet printe printerr are they they are very very quiet in operation operation.. The quality quality of the print out is also good. The printer printer quality is 300 dots per inch – 1200 dots dots per inch. inch. The printin printing g speed speed ranges ranges from from one paper/ paper/min minute ute to 20 pages pages per  minute.

Laser Printer: In Laser Laser printe printerr laser laser beams beams are used. used. They They are non-i non-impa mpact ct printe printers. rs. The  printing speed is also high.

Primary Memory: Primar Primary y memory memory is basicall basically y classif classified ied into into two. two. That That is ROM and RAM. RAM. ROM is a Read Only Memory Memory and RAM is a Random Access Access Memory Memory. ROM is a non-volatile memory and RAM is a volatile memory. memory.

Read Only Memory (ROM): ROM is a non-vo non-volat latile ile memory memory.. ROM contai contain n a program program called called BIOS or  firmware. All instructions permanantly wired wired in ROM chip at the time time of fabrication of the computer. computer. BIOS contain instructions for self checking and booting the system. There There are differen differentt variet varieties ies of ROM. They They are mask ROM, ROM, PROM, PROM, EPROM, EPROM, EEPROM.

Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM is a volati volatile le memory memory.. When When the power power is turned turned off all instruc instructio tions ns erased from RAM. This property is called called volatile. volatile. RAM hold all all instructions, instructions, data and inform informati ation on tempora temporaril rily y. It is the main main memory memory of a comput computer er system. system. The  NIJEESH RAJ – 9447925968 9447925968

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different types of RAM are SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, RD RAM etc.

Secondary Memory: Computer's main memory (RAM) (RAM) is a volatile volatile memory. memory. So permanent storage medium medium is required to store data data and information information for future use. These permanent permanent storage medium are often called as secondary storage.

Magnetic Tapes: Magnet Magnetic ic tapes are sequenti sequential al storage storage devices. devices. It is a plastic plastic ribbon ribbon have have a width of half inch and cotted with with iron oxide. Magnetic principles is used for storing data. data. It is suitab suitable le for massiv massivee data storag storagee and it is also also cheep. cheep. Tape densit density y is expressed expressed in bytes per inch (BPI). Typical ypical tape density are 556 BPI, 800 BPI, 1600 BPI, 6200 BPI etc. Magnetic tapes are commonly used as backup devices. It is also used for transporting large amount of data.

Hard Disks: A hard hard disk consist consistss of a stack of disks disks on a common common spindle. spindle. Each Each disk  surface is cotted with magnetic material. Both the surface are used to record the data exce except pt the top and bott bottom om discs. discs. For For each each of the the reco recordi rding ng surfac surfacee there there is a read/write read/write head. A set set of read/write read/write head joint to a common arm is called called a head actuator. The The head head actu actuat ator or push pushes es the the read read/w /wri rite terr head head across across the the surfa surface ce of the the spinning disks. The disk pack rotates at the high speed varying from 3600 rpm to 7200 rpm (Rotation (Rotation per minute). minute). The speed of the rotation causes causes the read/write read/write head to float above the surface. surface. As a hard disk stores data on a microscopic microscopic scale, the read/writ read/writee head must be extreamily close to the surface.

Floppy Disks: Floppy disk is the most common storage medium used on computers for online secondary secondary storage as well as for data entry. entry. Floppy disk disk is made of magnetic magnetic oxide cotted plastic material. This material is cut into circular pieces of standard size (5 1/4 inch, 3 1/2 inch). 3 1/2 inch disk can store upto 1.44 MB.

Optical Storage: It is a process of storing data on a optically readable medium. medium. Disks are made of plastic or metal with with highly reflective reflective coatting coatting usually aluminium aluminium.. Laser beams  NIJEESH RAJ – 9447925968 9447925968

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are used for a precisely focussing optical storage devices are free from external magnetic storage interference. Types: CD ROM (Compact Disc Read Only Memory) CD R (Compact Disc Recorder) DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) DVD RW (Digital Versatile Disc Read/Write)

Blu-ray Disc: Blu-ray Disc is an optical disc storage medium designed to supersede the DVD format. The standard physical medium is a 12 cm plastic optical disc, the same size as DVDs and CDs. Blu-ray Discs contain 25 GB per layer, with dual layer discs (50 GB) the norm for feature-length video discs and additional layers possible in the future. The name Blu-ray Disc refers to the blue laser used to read the disc, which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the longerwavelength red laser used for DVDs. During the high definition optical disc format war, Blu-ray Disc competed with the HD DVD format. Toshiba, the main company that supported HD DVD, conceded in February 2008,[4] releasing their own Blu-ray Disc player in late 2009. While a DVD uses a 650-nanometer red laser, Blu-ray Disc uses a 405 nm "blue" laser. This shorter wavelength allows for over five times more data storage per  layer than allowed by a DVD. Note that even though the laser is called "blue", its color is actually in the violet range. The diodes are GaN (gallium nitride) lasers that produce 405 nm light directly, that that is, is, with withou outt freq freque uenc ncy y doub doubli ling ng or othe otherr nonl nonlin inea earr opti optica call mech mechan anis isms ms.. Conventional DVDs and CDs use red and near-infrared lasers, at 650 nm and 780 nm, respectively. The minimum "spot size" on which a laser can be focused is limited by diffraction, and depends on the wavelength of the light and the numerical aperture of  the lens used to focus it. By decreasing the wavelength, increasing the numerical aperture from 0.60 to 0.85, and making the cover layer thinner to avoid unwanted optical effects, the laser beam can be focused to a smaller spot, which effectively allows more information to be stored in the same area.

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HD DVD: HD DVD (short for High-Definition/Density DVD) is a discontinued highdensity optical disc format for storing data and high-definition video.[1] Supported  principally by Toshiba, HD DVD was envisioned to be the successor suc cessor to the standard DVD format. However, in February 2008, after a protracted high definition optical disc format war with rival Blu-ray, Toshiba abandoned the format, announcing it would no longer develop or manufacture HD DVD players or drives. However, the HD DVD physical disk specifications (but not the codecs) are still in use as the basis for the CBHD (China Blue High-Definition Disc) formerly called CH-DVD. The HD DVD Promotion Group was dissolved on March 28, 2008. Because all variants except 3× DVD and HD REC employed a blue laser with a shorte shorterr wavelen wavelength gth,, HD DVD DVD could could store store about about 3⅕ times times as much much data data per layer layer as its predecessor (maximum capacity: 15 GB per layer instead of 4.7 GB per layer).

Flash memory: Flash memory is a non-volatile computer storage chip that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. It is primarily used in memory cards, USB flash drives, MP3 players and solid-state drives for general storage and transfer of data between computers and other digital products. It is a specific type of EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) that is erased and programmed in large  blocks; in early flash the entire chip had to be erased at once. Flash memory costs far  less less than than byte-p byte-progr rogramm ammabl ablee EEPROM EEPROM and theref therefore ore has become become the domina dominant nt techno technolog logy y whereve whereverr a signif significa icant nt amount amount of non-vol non-volati atile, le, solid solid state state storage storage is needed needed.. Exampl Examplee applic applicati ations ons includ includee PDAs PDAs (person (personal al digita digitall assist assistant ants), s), laptop laptop computers, digital audio players, digital cameras and mobile phones. It has also gained popularity in console video game hardware, where it is often used instead of  EEPR EEPROM OMss or batt batter ery-p y-pow owere ered d stat static ic RAM RAM (SRA (SRAM) M) for for game game save save data data.. Flas Flash h memory is non-volatile, meaning no power is needed to maintain the information stored in the chip. In addition, flash memory offers fast read access times (although not as fast as volatile DRAM memory used for main memory in PCs) and better  kinetic shock resistance than hard disks. These characteristics explain the popularity of flash memory in portable devices. Another feature of flash memory is that when  packaged in a "memory card," it is extremely durable, being able to withstand intense  pressure, extremes of temperature, and even immersion in water. water. Although technically a type of EEPROM, the term "EEPROM" is generally used to refer specifically to non-flash EEPROM which is erasable in small blocks, typically bytes. Because erase cycles are slow, the large block sizes used in flash memory erasing give it a significant speed advantage over old-style EEPROM when writing large amounts of data.  NIJEESH RAJ – 9447925968 9447925968

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USB flash drive: A USB flash drive consists of a flash memory data storage device integrated with with a USB USB (Uni (Unive vers rsal al Seri Serial al Bus) Bus) inte interf rfac ace. e. USB USB flas flash h driv drives es are are typi typica call lly y removable and rewritable, and physically much smaller than a floppy disk. Most weigh weigh less than than 30 g. Storage Storage capaci capacitie tiess in 2010 2010 can be as large large as 256 GB with steady improvements in size and price per capacity expected. Some allow 1 million write write or erase erase cycles cycles[ci [citat tation ion needed needed]] and offer offer a 10-year 10-year[ci [citat tation ion needed] needed]she shelf  lf  storage time. USB flash drives are often used for the same purposes for which floppy disks or CD-ROMs were used. They are smaller, faster, have thousands of times more capacity, and are more durable and reliable because of their lack of moving parts. Until approximately 2005, most desktop and laptop computers were supplied with floppy disk drives, but floppy disk drives has been abandoned in favor of USB ports. USB Flash drives use the USB mass storage standard, supported natively by modern operating systems such as Linux, Mac OS X, Windows, and other Unix-like systems. USB drives with USB 2.0 support can store more data and transfer faster  than a much larger optical disc drives like CD-RW or DVD-RW drives and can be read by many other systems such as the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, DVD players and in some upcoming mobile smartphones.

Memory card: A memory card or flash card is an electronic flash memory data storage device used for storing digital information. They are commonly used in many electronic devices, including digital cameras, mobile phones, laptop computers, MP3 players, and video game consoles. They are small, re-recordable, and they can retain data without power.

Software classification: Soft Softwa ware re can can be broa broadl dly y class classif ifie ied d into into two two grou groups ps,, syst system em soft softwa ware re and application software.

System Software: System software is a special set of program controlled operation and activities of hardware. hardware. It makes computer computer easier to use, simplifi simplifies es communicatio communication n between machine and the user. user. It also manages the entire resources of a computer system. It includes operating system, debuggers, loaders, assemblers, compilers and so on.

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 Application Software: Application software is another set of program designed and written to solve specific specific user program. program. For example, example, company company pay roll, statisti statistical cal analysis, analysis, stock  control system etc. Application can only be required an executed with the help of system software and have both system software and application software are necessary before any useful work can be obtained from a computer system.

Operating System: Operating Operating System, System, which is a part of system software. software. It is a special class of  intergrated master controlling programmer, that supervisor manager and controlles the entire resources and activities of a computer system. Eg: Unix, Linux, FreeBSD, MacOS X, Solaris, MS DOS and Windows You may think of operating system as a police man who direct the trafic in a  busy intersection. In the same way OS helps you to have a control over your  computer computer.. It acts as a communicat communication ion channel between between the user and the computer  computer  system.

Disc Operating System (DOS): The operating system is the first program that must be loaded into the memory of your PC before you can use it for any application application (platform). (platform). You can start your  computer with DOS or other OS such as Linux. To open a DOS prompt, click  Start > Run Then type “command” and press Return. Or click, Start > Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt Computer displays a prompt as shown below. C:\>=

File: A file is a collection of related information stored in a storage device such as hard disc, floppy disc, CD etc.

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Name the file: Every file file is given a name by which we can access access them later later.. A file file name consists of two parts. 1. File name (Maximum 8 letters) 2. Extension (Maximum 3 letters) Eg: aadhya.xcf 

Directories: Usually the storage capacities of a disc are quiet large and a single disc can hold thousands thousands of files in it. To organise organise these files, a disc is usually divided divided into various segments and each segment is given a name, it is called directory.

DOS commands: Commad is an instruction in a computer acceptable language that user types on a DOS prompt. It will execute and do the appropriate action.

Internal Commads: The internal commands are those commads which are automatically added in the computer memory when DOS is loaded. These commads can be used without the need of any DOS file. file. These commads commads are used for common common tasks such such as copying, erasi erasing ng and and nami naming ng file filess (crea (creati ting ng file files) s),, disp displa layi ying ng file filess in a disc disc,, crea creati ting ng or  changing directory. directory. 1. RD Command: To Remove a directory. Syntax: RD direcoty_name Eg: RD LBS 2. Copy Commad: Transfer files from one location to another. Syntax: COPY 3. REN Command: This command is used to change the name of an existing file. Syntax: REN 4. DEL Command:  NIJEESH RAJ – 9447925968 9447925968

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This command is used to delete a file. Syntax: DEL External Commands: Are not the permanent part of the memory. memory. To execute these commands certain special special external DOS files files are required. required. External External commands commands are used for relatively relatively complex jobs such as copying an entire disc, comparing or joining files, sorting text, formating a disc etc. Eg: tree, sort, find, attrib, disc copy, chkdsk, label, comp, disccomp, edit. Edit Command: The DOS starts full screen editor. editor. The editor can be used to create and edit text files. Tree Command: Graphically displays the path of each directory and sub directory on which specified part. Find Command: Can be used to search for a text in a text file. Sort Command: Sorting text in a text file. Disccomp Command: To compare two discs. Eg: disccomp A: C: Comp Command: To compare two files. Eg: comp test1 test2 Chkdsk Command: This command command is used used to check the disc disc surface surface for errors. If DOS find any any error, it gives a status report. Label Command: When you change a volume label for a disc, use the label command.

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Vol Command: Command : This command is used to display volume label. Attrib Command: It is used to change the attributes (such as read only, hidden). attrib +h file_name (To (To hide a file) attrib -h file_name (To de hide a hidden file) DIR/P

- Page wise

DIR/W

- Wide

DIR/?

- Lists

DIR/A

- Di Displays files wi with sp specified at attributes

DIR/AD

- Di Displays di directories

DIR/AR

- Displays read-on -only files

DIR/AH

- Di Displays hi hidden fi files

DIR/ IR/AA

- Dis Displ play ayss fil files es read ready y for for archi rchivi ving ng

DIR/AS

- Displays system files

DIR/A-

- Prefix meaning not

DIR/B IR/B

- Use Usess ba bare form format at (no (no hea headi ding ng infor nform mati ation or sum summa mary ry))

DIR/L

- Uses lowercase

DIR/O

- List by files in sorted order 

DIR/ON

- By name (alphabetic)

DIR/OE

- By Extension (al (alphabetic)

DIR/OG

- Grou roup direc rectories first rst

DIR/OS

- By si size (smallest first)

DIR/OD

- By By da date/time (o (oldest est fi first rst)

DIR/O-

- Prefix to reverse order 

DIR/P

- Pause after each screenfull

DIR/W

- Uses wide list format

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Find Command: Syntax: C:\>find “string” file_name Eg: C:\>find “RAJ” test.txt Sort Command: Syntax: C:\>sort sort sort/+colum_number sort/+10 sort/r sort/r sort/r /+column_number sort/r /+10 sort destination_file Eg: C:\>sortnew.txt >new.txt C:\>sort/r /+10 new.txt >new.txt

To view the directory tree of the folder RAJ C:\>TREE /F RAJ

More: To display more contents C:\>DIR|MORE C:\>TYPE file_name|MORE

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Eg: C:\>TYPE test.txt|MORE C:\>DIR/AD|MORE C:\>DIR/OD|MORE 1. C:\>MD COURCES C:\>CD COURCES C:\COURCES>MD PGDCA C:\COURCES>MD DCA C:\COURCES>MD DTP C:\COURCES>MD DEOA C:\COURCES>MD Tally C:\COURCES>CD PGDCA C:\COURCES\PGDCA>MD C:\COURCES\PGDCA >MD BatchA C:\COURCES\PGDCA>MD C:\COURCES\PGDCA >MD BatchB C:\COURCES\PGDCA>CD C:\COURCES\PGDCA >CD BatchA C:\COURCES\PGDCA\BatchA>COPY C:\COURCES\PGDCA \BatchA>COPY CON 1.TXT FILE 1 ^Z C:\COURCES\PGDCA\BatchA>COPY C:\COURCES\PGDCA \BatchA>COPY CON 2.TXT FILE 2 ^Z C:\COURCES\PGDCA\BatchA>COPY C:\COURCES\PGDCA \BatchA>COPY CON 3.TXT FILE 3 ^Z C:\COURCES\PGDCA\BatchA>CD C:\COURCES\PGDCA \BatchA>CD .. C:\COURCES\PGDCA>CD C:\COURCES\PGDCA >CD BatchB C:\COURCES\PGDCA\BatchB>COPY C:\COURCES\PGDCA \BatchB>COPY CON 4.TXT FILE 4 ^Z C:\COURCES\PGDCA\BatchB>COPY C:\COURCES\PGDCA \BatchB>COPY CON 5.TXT FILE 5 ^Z  NIJEESH RAJ – 9447925968 9447925968

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C:\COURCES\PGDCA\BatchB>COPY C:\COURCES\PGDCA \BatchB>COPY CON 6.TXT FILE 6 ^Z C:\COURCES\PGDCA\BatchB>CD C:\COURCES\PGDCA \BatchB>CD .. C:\COURCES\PGDCA>CD C:\COURCES\PGDCA >CD .. C:\COURCES>CD DCA C:\COURCES\DCA>MD C:\COURCES\DCA>MD BatchC C:\COURCES\PGDCA>MD C:\COURCES\PGDCA >MD BatchD C:\COURCES\PGDCA>CD C:\COURCES\PGDCA >CD BatchC C:\COURCES\DCA\BatchC>COPY C:\COURCES\DCA\BatchC>COPY CON 7.TXT FILE 7 ^Z C:\COURCES\DCA\BatchC>COPY C:\COURCES\DCA\BatchC>COPY CON 8.TXT FILE 8 ^Z C:\COURCES\DCA\BatchC>COPY C:\COURCES\DCA\BatchC>COPY CON 9.TXT FILE 9 ^Z C:\COURCES\DCA\BatchC>CD C:\COURCES\DCA\BatchC>CD .. C:\COURCES\DCA>CD C:\COURCES\DCA>CD BatchD C:\COURCES\DCA\BatchD>COPY C:\COURCES\DCA\BatchD>COPY CON 10.TXT FILE 10 ^Z C:\COURCES\DCA\BatchD>COPY CON 11.TXT FILE 11 ^Z C:\COURCES\DCA\BatchD>COPY C:\COURCES\DCA\BatchD>COPY CON 12.TXT FILE 12 ^Z C:\COURCES\DCA\BatchD>CD C:\COURCES\DCA\BatchD>CD .. C:\COURCES\DCA>CD C:\COURCES\DCA>CD .. C:\COURCES>CD DTP C:\COURCES\DTP>MD C:\COURCES\DTP>M D BatchE C:\COURCES\DTP>MD C:\COURCES\DTP>M D BatchF

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C:\COURCES\DTP>CD C:\COURCES\DTP>C D BatchE C:\COURCES\DTP\BatchE>COPY C:\COURCES\DTP\BatchE>COPY CON 13.TXT FILE 13 ^Z C:\COURCES\DTP\BatchE>COPY C:\COURCES\DTP\BatchE>COPY CON 14.TXT FILE 14 ^Z C:\COURCES\DTP\BatchE>COPY C:\COURCES\DTP\BatchE>COPY CON 15.TXT FILE 15 ^Z C:\COURCES\DTP\BatchE>CD C:\COURCES\DTP\BatchE>CD .. C:\COURCES\DTP>CD C:\COURCES\DTP>C D BatchF C:\COURCES\DTP\BatchF>COPY C:\COURCES\DTP\BatchF>COPY CON 16.TXT FILE 16 ^Z C:\COURCES\DTP\BatchF>COPY C:\COURCES\DTP\BatchF>COPY CON 17.TXT FILE 17 ^Z C:\COURCES\DTP\BatchF>COPY C:\COURCES\DTP\BatchF>COPY CON 18.TXT FILE 18 ^Z C:\COURCES\DTP\BatchF>CD C:\COURCES\DTP\BatchF>CD .. C:\COURCES\DTP>CD C:\COURCES\DTP>C D .. C:\COURCES>CD DEOA C:\COURCES\DEOA>MD C:\COURCES\DEOA>MD BatchG C:\COURCES\DEOA>MD C:\COURCES\DEOA>MD BatchH C:\COURCES\DEOA>CD C:\COURCES\DEOA>CD BatchG C:\COURCES\DEOA\BatchG>COPY C:\COURCES\DEOA\BatchG>COPY CON 19.TXT FILE 19 ^Z C:\COURCES\DEOA\BatchG>COPY C:\COURCES\DEOA\BatchG>COPY CON 20.TXT FILE 20 ^Z C:\COURCES\DEOA\BatchG>COPY C:\COURCES\DEOA\BatchG>COPY CON 21.TXT FILE 21 ^Z

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C:\COURCES\DEOA\BatchG>CD C:\COURCES\DEOA\BatchG>CD .. C:\COURCES\DEOA>CD C:\COURCES\DEOA>CD BatchH C:\COURCES\DEOA\BatchH>COPY C:\COURCES\DEOA\BatchH>COPY CON 22.TXT FILE 22 ^Z C:\COURCES\DEOA\BatchH>COPY C:\COURCES\DEOA\BatchH>COPY CON 23.TXT FILE 23 ^Z C:\COURCES\DEOA\BatchH>COPY C:\COURCES\DEOA\BatchH>COPY CON 24.TXT FILE 24 ^Z C:\COURCES\DEOA\BatchH>CD C:\COURCES\DEOA\BatchH>CD .. C:\COURCES\DEOA>CD C:\COURCES\DEOA>CD .. C:\COURCES>CD Tally C:\COURCES\Tally>MD BatchI C:\COURCES\Tally>MD BatchJ C:\COURCES\Tally>CD BatchI C:\COURCES\Tally\BatchI>COPY CON 25.TXT FILE 25 ^Z C:\COURCES\Tally\BatchI>COPY CON 26.TXT FILE 26 ^Z C:\COURCES\Tally\BatchI>COPY CON 27.TXT FILE 27 ^Z C:\COURCES\Tally\BatchI>CD .. C:\COURCES\Tally>CD BatchJ C:\COURCES\Tally\BatchJ>COPY CON 28.TXT FILE 28 ^Z C:\COURCES\Tally\BatchJ>COPY CON 29.TXT FILE 29 ^Z C:\COURCES\Tally\BatchJ>COPY CON 30.TXT

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FILE 30 ^Z C:\COURCES\Tally\BatchJ>CD .. C:\COURCES\Tally>CD .. C:\COURCES>CD .. C:\>

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Windows XP Windows is a GUI (Graphical (Graphical User User Interface) Interface) operating operating system. GUI OS is a dialog based and event oriented operating system.

Working in Windows XP:-  After you switch on to the computer and load XP into the RAM it first contacts the hard drive and then loads a software to allow communication between itself and its hardware. Windows XP tests tests all the hardware components and loads graphic files, font font file files, s, etc. etc. whic which h are are need needed ed for for disp displa layi ying ng the the deskt desktop op.. Fina Finall lly y after after the the checking, Windows XP displays its desktop.

Desktop:-  When you start Window Windowss XP a graphical graphical screen containing containing icons and pictures pictures gets displayed. This screen is is called the desktop. The pictures and icons are actually shortcuts to programs. By double clicking the mouse on these pictures and icons you can gain access to their respective programs.

Icons:-  These are small small picture button button present present on the desktop. desktop. The icons represent represent  programs, folders etc.

Task bar:The bar is presen presentt at the bottom bottom of the Windo Windows ws XP desktop desktop.. Apart Apart from disp displa lays ys the the butt button onss of the the curr curren entl tly y open open prog program ram the the task task bar bar also also disp displa lays ys information such as time etc. on the right hand side.

Start button:-  The start button present on the left hand side of the task bar helps to start  programs in Windows Windows XP. XP.

Components of a window:-  The top most portion of any window in Windows XP is called the title bar. This bar displays displays the name of the window window on the left hand side. side. On the right hand hand side the title bar displays three buttons namely the minimize, maximize and close  buttons. Every window window displays displays the menu bar just below the title title bar. bar. The menu bar   NIJEESH RAJ – 9447925968 9447925968

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contain certain options such as file, edit, view and help. The status bar of any window in Windows XP displays information such as the total number of items present inside the window, the total memory space occupied by the item, and the name of the window. window.

Quiting Windows XP:-  Clicking on the Start button of the taskbar then click Turn Off Computer  option.

Icons on the desktop:-  My Computer: The My Computer icon lets you view the files, folders, drives and other tools in your system.

Recycle Bin: This icon lets you store deleted files and recover them later if required.

Windows Accessories:-  Accessories programs consist of some very handy tools such as wordpad, notepad, paint brush, and calculator. All the Windows indows accesso accessorie riess can be accesse accessed d from from the accesso accessories ries menu. Click the start button point to programs and then point to accessories.

Wordpad: Wordpad is a simple word processor program used to create documents such as letters letters and memmoes. memmoes. To open Wordpad Wordpad,, select Start > Program Program > Accessories Accessories > Wordpad.

Notepad:  Notepad is a text editor program which is used for writing short letters, memoes memoes and create create text files. files. Howeve Howeverr, while while working working in notepa notepad d formati formating ng is difficult, as it is a simple program for entering text.

Calculator: Calc Calcul ulat ator or prog program ram of Windo indows ws perf perform orm the the vari variou ouss math mathem emat atic ical al and  NIJEESH RAJ – 9447925968 9447925968

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scient scientifi ificc calcul calculati ations ons easily easily. There There are two types types of calcul calculato ators rs built built into this this  program, a standard calculator and a scientific calculator calculator..

Paint brush: Paint brush may be used to draw pictures on your computer. computer. You can draw and modify the pictures using the various tools provided in paint brush.

Windows Explorer: Explorer is a program which enable you to access the various files, folders and disk dirves. The explorer window is divided into two portions, the left hand side portion displays the folders and the right hand side portion displays the content of a particular  folder folder which which have been selected. selected. Explor Explorer er also allows allows you to perform perform variou variouss operations on files such as cutting, copying, pasting etc.

Files and Folders on Windows: A file is similar to a sheet of paper containing some written information, in computer terminology, terminology, a paper sheet is called a file, a book is called folder. folder. Just as a  book contains pages, a computer folder consists of files. Folders are containors, that may have many files or sub folders under them. Folders can never be copied or moved into a file.

Creating a new sub folder through explorer: For example, let us create a new sub folder inside the local disk (C:), to do so under take the following steps. 1. Make Make sure the explorer explorer window window on the computer computer displa displays ys the content content of local disc (C:). (C:). Move the mouse mouse pointer pointer to an empty area inside inside the content content box of  the explorer window. 2. Clic Click k the right right mous mousee button button.. screen.

Imme Immedi diat atel ely y a poppop-up up menu menu appear appear on the

3. In the the pop-up pop-up menu menu,, move move the mouse mouse point pointer er over over the New opti option on.. displays a sub menu beside the New option.

This This

4. In this sub menu menu move the mouse mouse pointer pointer over the folder folder option option and click click the left mouse mouse button. button. Instantly Instantly a new folder folder gets displayed displayed in the content content box. Some highlighted text and ask you to type a name for the new sub folder. folder. Type a name.  NIJEESH RAJ – 9447925968 9447925968

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Copying a file: For example make a duplicate duplicate copy of the students file present under the local disk (C:) and store it inside a sub folder folder temp. You may perform the following step. 1. Move the the mouse pointe pointerr over the local local disk disk in the folder folder box box and click click the left left mouse button. 2. Move Move the mouse pointer pointer over over the file file student student in the content content box and click click the left mouse button. 3. Move the the mouse pointe pointerr over the edit edit option option on the menu menu bar and click click the the left mouse button. 4. Move Move the mouse mouse pointer pointer over the copy option option inside inside the pull-dow pull-down n menu and click the left mouse button. 5. Locate Locate the temp temp sub sub folder folder in the the content content box. box. Move the the mouse mouse pointer pointer over over it and double click the left mouse button. Immediately the content of the temp sub folder get displayed inside the content box. 6. Click Click the left left mouse mouse button button on the edit edit menu menu bar. bar. Then click click the the paste option option.. Instantly the file student get copied inside the temp sub folder.

Renaming a file:-  For example example rename the file student student present under under the local disc to book. To do so perform the following steps: 1. Move the the mouse pointer pointer over over the file file student student and click click the right right mouse mouse button button  just once. Immediately a pop-up menu appear. appear. 2. In the pop-up pop-up menu move move the mouse mouse pointer pointer over over the rename rename option and and click  click  the left mouse button. 3. The file file name “student” “student” get highli highlighted, ghted, now now type the the new name “book”. “book”.

Deleting a file:-  For For exam exampl plee dele delete te the the file file stud studen entt insi inside de the the temp temp sub sub fold folder er,, use use the the following step: 1. Locate Locate the temp sub folder folder and and double double click click it. 2. Immediatel Immediately y the content content of of the temp temp sub folder folder gets displa displayed. yed. 3. Move Move the mouse pointer pointer over over the file file student student and click the left mouse mouse button button  just once to highlight it. it.  NIJEESH RAJ – 9447925968 9447925968

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4. Right click click the the mouse button, button, instant instantly ly a pull-down pull-down menu appear appear.. 5. Inside Inside the pull-down pull-down menu menu move the mouse mouse pointer pointer over over the delete delete option option and click click the left mouse button. button. Immedi Immediate ately ly a confir confirm m file file delete delete dialog dialog box appear on the screen. 6. Finally Finally click click on the yes button button in in the confirm confirm delete delete box. The The file student student now disappear from the content box which means it has been successfully removed to the recycle bin.

Emptying the recycle bin:-  If you remove a deleted file from the recycle bin it will be permenantly removed removed from you computer computer. Let us now remove the file file student from the the recycle  bin. 1. Move mouse mouse pointer pointer over over the recycle recycle bin icon icon in the the desktop. desktop. 2. Click Click the right mouse mouse button button on it, immedi immediately ately a pop-up pop-up menu get get displayed. displayed. 3. Inside Inside the pop-up pop-up menu menu move the mouse mouse pointer pointer over the empty empty recycle recycle bin option option and click the left mouse mouse button. button. Immediatel Immediately y the confirm file file delete dialog box appear on the screen asking you to confirm whether the particular  file file has to be eras erased ed.. Insi Inside de the confi confirm rm file delet deletee box box move move the mouse mouse  pointer over the yes button and click the left mouse button. Instantly the file student is removed from the recycle bin, which became empty. empty.

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