Law of Evidence Notes LLB

Law of Evidence - Study Notes

CON5EN5S #. IN5/OD
/ELEVANC> AND ADMISSI;ILI5> ADMISSI;ILI 5> OF FAC5S

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ADMISSIONS AND CONFESSIONS

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D>IN4 DECLA/A5ION

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WI5NESSES

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;ht Sin(h  ;h(ith**************1% ;h!l Nth  E60e!******************?% ;hub!nl Shu  E60e!************#?2 ;ish8nth Ps-  D8' ;f= Kish!e  L'hn 5i8i********%1G C./.Meht  Stte !f Mhsht*****************************?1 Mhsht*****************************?1 Chn-6thi Chn-6thi  FBhetti FBhetti ;ln #+% Chh(nll Meit  Hibhi Chilu'ui Ven'tes8lu Ven'tes8lu  Chilu'ui Ven'tn Ven'tn7n**********************#+% 7n**********************#+% O.Veese'n  Stte !f 5.N.*#?1 Ofl(-u  Stte*!f Mhsht  #?+ E60e!  ;l6u'n-******************:+ E60e!  J(i*************************:: E60e!  Mlln(!8-****************:2 E60e!  V Vish607 ish607n**************1+ n**************1+ F(nu ;hi  Stte !f Oiss******#+, F'hu--in  Stte !f M.P.************" Fn=i ;hic=i  M!hn Sin(h Dhn Sin(h*************************************#?1 4n(bi  Chbbubi*****************%1 4!in- Nin  Stte !f /=sthn*********************************," Hbib
S!ciet7  Stte***********************##, In e& N. /6tn6******************?% /6tn6******************?% Is Ah6-  Stte******************#"# J!7=it Ds  Stte !f Ass6********##1 K. /6chn- /e--7  Public K' Sin(h  Stte !f M.P.***********," Klu MiB  E60e!*******************", K6l  Stte !f Pun=b***************," Knnn Sin(h  Stte !f 5.N.******#?# Keh Sin(h  Delhi A-6n.***********?2 A-6n.***********?2 Kesh!6 Kesh!6  Stte************************:+ Khushl /!  Stte !f ;!6b7 ,? Kus  Stte !f Oiss*****************,: L'h6l  Hi-e***************G***********% Lllubhi  Stte !f 4u=t***********,2 4u=t***********,2 L6n Ni'  Stte !f Oiss*******2 M.C. Ve(hese  5.J. P!nnn******#": M.M. Chettl  C!!6s867*******1# C!!6s867*******1# M.P. Su( Mills M ills  Stte !f <.P. <.P. ##: M(= Pt!-i Pt!-i  /.K. ;il***********?1 Mhbi Ps-  Suin-e Ku?? Mtu  Stte !f <.P.******************": Mcu'e  4!---*************, Mecntile ;n' !f In-i Lt-.  Centl ;n' !f In-i Lt-.*********##? MiB A'b  E60e!*****************?, M!h-. In7tullh  Stte !f Mhsht******************************:

Muh66- Shif  ;n-e Ali *#+1 Munic. C!0n. Delhi  J(n Nth Ash!' Ku6******************************? Mui Li  Stte !f M.P.********+&" Muthus867  Stte-****************2# Nin-s  P066l*****************%: P066l*****************%: Nishi Knt Jh  Stte !f ;ih :+ Oientl Fie  4en. Ins. C!.  ;!n-ili************************************#+, OB  Stte !f ;ih********************," P'l N7n S86i  E60e!************************************:+ Pl' N7n S86i  E60e! *********************************,+ Plin-e Ku  Stte !f Pun=b :+ Pn-u Kh-i  Stte !f Oiss* :# IPn-un( Ji=i A0te  /6c Hn-************************************#+2 Pic'-  Ses*************************##" 0l7e Li  Stte !f /=sthn 2# Pbhu  Stte !f
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Stte !f Mhsht  C.K. Jin *#"? Stte !f Mhsht  M-. >'ub *#+ Stte !f Pun=b  Su'h-e Sin(h C!Hhi...............

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IN5/OD
Substntie n- P!ce-ul l8s L8s 67 be -ii-e- int! substntie n- 0!ce-ul l8s. 5he l8s b7 8hich i(hts& -uties n- libilities e -efine- e clle- substntie l8s e.(. I.P.C. 8hich -efines seel !ffences n- ls! l7s -!8n the 0unish6ent f! such !ffences). 5he l8s 8hich 0escibe the 6!-e b7 8hich the 00licti!n !f the substntie l8 is e(ulte- e clle0!ce-ul l8s e.(. C. C.P.C. 5he 0!ce-ul l8s cn be futhe -ii-eint! t8! 0ts 9 fistl7& thee e ules -elin( 8ith i!us 0!ce-ues

t! be f!ll!8e- in  c!ut !f l8. Sec!n-l7& thee e ules -elin( 8ith the 6!-e !f the 0!!f !f the eistence ! !the8ise !f i(hts& -uties n- libilities e.(. Ei-ence Act. 5he !b=ect !f ee7 =u-icil inesti(ti!n is enf!ce6ent !f s!6e i(ht ! lib libil ilit it7 7 8hic 8hich h in inib ibl7 l7 -e0e -e0enn-s s u0!n u0!n cet ceti in n fct fcts. s. L8 L8 !f eiei-en ence ce is  s7st s7ste6 e6 !f ule ules s f! f! s sce cet ti inin nin( ( the the c! c!nt nt! !e et teeRuesti Ruesti!ns !ns !f fcts fcts in =u-ici =u-icil l inRuii inRuiies. es. 5he 5he subst substnti ntie e l8 6e 6eel el7 7 -efi -efine nes s 8ht 8ht fct fcts s (! t! c! c!ns nsti titu tute te  i(h i(htt ! lib libil ilit it7 7. 5he 5he l8 l8 !f ei-ence inRuie int! these fcts it is  0!ce-ul l8 8hich 0!i-es& inte li& h!8  fct is i s t! be 0!e-. 5he l8 !f ei-ence bes the s6e elti!n t!  =u-icil inesti(ti!n s l!(icl t! the es!nin(. H!8ee& thee e li6itti!ns !n the fee 0!cess !f es!nin( in the f!6 !f cetin ules ! 0inci0les. 5he l8 !f ei-ence is .s7ste6 !f ules 8hich  c!ut hs t! f!ll!8. 5he l8 !f ei-ence is bsicll7 0!ce-ul n- -!es n!t ffect substntie i(ht !f 0ties. H!8ee& it hs hee n- thee !et!nes !f substntie l8. F! e60le& the l8 !f est!00el cn -efet  6ns i(ht. It shuts his 6!uth. It 8!ul- n!t 0e6it 0e6it hi6 t! s0e' s0e' !f

his i(hts.

/!le !f l8 !f ei-ence in Ciil$Ci6inl 0!cee-in(s 5he ules !f l8 !f ei-ence f! ciil n- ci6inl cses e& in (enel& the s6e e.(. the 6eth!- !f 0!in( tht  0ticul 0es!n is -e- in es0 es0ec ectt !f cii ciill c cse se 0e 0es! s!n n ee eecuti cutin( n( the the 8ill 8ill -ie-ie- ! n!t n!t !n  0ticul -te) ! ci6inl cse  0es!n ch(e- 8ith 6u-e). ;ut& thee e cetin secti!ns !f Ei-ence Act 8hich 00l7 !nl7 t! the ciil cses e.(. Ss.##: *##, -elin( 8ith est!00el) n- s!6e !nl7 t! the ci6inl cses e.(. Ss. "1*?+ -elin( 8ith c!nfessi!ns).

" LAW OF EVIDENCE 5he 6eth!- !f 0!in( i.e. bu-en !f 0!!f is !n the 0!secuti!n $ 0lintiff) is s6e in b!th& but thee is  6'e- -iffeence s t! the effect !f ei-ence ! 8ei(ht !f ei-ence) in ciil n- ci6inl cses. 5hee e 6'e- iti!ns in stn--s !f 0!!f in ciil n- ci6inl cses -iscusse- lte). L8 !f Ei-ence in In-i 5he 8!- ei-ence is -eie- f!6 the Ltin 8!- ei-ent ! ei-ee& 8hich 8hich 6ens 6ens t! sh!8 sh!8 clel clel7 7& t! -isc! -isc!e e clel clel7 7& t! scet scetin in&& t! 0! 0!e e. 5he 5he !b=e !b=ect ct !f ule ules s !f eiei-en ence ce is t! hel0 hel0 the the c! c!u uts ts t! sce s cet ti in n the the tut tuth& h& t! 0e 0een entt 0!t 0!t ct ctee- inRu inRui iie ies& s& nn- t! !i !ic!nfusi!n in the 6in-s !f =u-(es& 8hich 67 esult f!6 the -6issi!n !f ei-ence in ecess. 5hus& the In-in Ei-ence Act& #," 8s 0sse8ith 8ith the 6 6in in !b=ect !b=ect !f 0ee 0eenti ntin( n( in-isci0 in-isci0lin line e in the -6iss -6issi!n i!n !f ei-ence b7 enctin(  c!ect n- unif!6 ule !f 0ctice. 5hee e thee 6in 0inci0les 8hich un-elie the l8 !f ei-ence 9*i) Ei-en Ei-ence ce 6ust 6ust be c!nf c!nfine ine- t! the the 6t 6tte tes s in issu issue. e. ii) ii)

Hes Hes7 7

ei-ence 6ust n!t be -6itte-. iii)

5he best ei-ence 6ust be (ien in ll cses.

5he In-in Ei-ence Act& #," is 6inl7 bse- !n the En(lish l8 !f ei-ence. 5he Act is n!t ehustie& i.e. it -!es n!t 0u0!t t! c!ntin ll the ules !f ei-ence. F! the inte0etti!n !f the secti!ns !f the Act& the c!uts cn l!!' t! the elent En(lish c!66!n l8. H!8ee& the the c! c!u uts ts c cnn nn!t !t i6 i60! 0!t t n7 n7 0in 0inci ci0l 0le e !f En(l En(lis ish h l8 l8 8hic 8hich h is inc!nsistent 8ith 8ht is li- -!8n b7 the Act. 5he In-in Ei-ence Act is -ii-e- int! thee 6in 0ts TSche6e !f the Act) 9

i)

/ele /elen nc7 c7 !f Fc Fcts ts  8ht 8ht fcts fcts 67 67 nn- 67 67 n!t be be 0!e 0!e-) -)

*Sees. 2*::. ii)

G

M!-e M!-e !f P!!f P!!f h!8 h!8 e e the the ele elen ntt fcts fcts t! be 0! 0!e-& e-& etc.) etc.)

*Sees. :2*##,. iii)

P!-ucti!n nn- Effect !f Ei-ence  b7 8h!6 n- in 8ht 6nne

6ust the ei-ence be 0!-uce-) * Sees. ##*#2,. 5he 0!isi!ns !f the In-in Ei-ence Act e inten-e- t! se0te the (in f!6 the chff& n- secue f! the c!nsi-eti!n !f the c!ut the best ei-ence. Citicis6 !f l8 !f ei-ence A cucil Ruesti!n is 9 D!es this elb!tel7 f6e- c!-e !f l8 !f ei-ence (ie n7 ssistnce t! the =u-(e& 8hethe n- h!8 f he !u(htN5/OD
t+

beli belie ee e 8ht 8ht the the 8itn 8itnes ess s s s7 7 U 5he 5he ns8 ns8e e is  =u-( =u-(e e c cnn nn!t !t

bs!lutel7 el7 !n the ules !f ei-ence. N! ule !f ei-ence cn (ui-e the =u-(e !n the fun-6entl Ruesti!n !f 8hethe ei-ence s t!  elent fct sh!ulbe beliee- ! n!t nf beliee- 8ht infeence t! be -8n f!6 it s t! the 6in fct. A(in& the ules !f ei-ence e n!t ules !f l!(ic * the7 th!8 n! li(ht t ll !n  futhe Ruesti!n !f eRul i60!tnce t! the !ne fist stte-. /ules /ules !f ei-ence e tificil. tificil. 5he best (ui-e !f =u-(e !n  Ruesti!n Ruesti!n =S his !8n c!66!n sense n- e0eience !f hu6n nt<e* A 0es!n i(n!nt !f th!se ules 67 (ie  6uch bette ns8e thQn  =u-(e. O8in( t! the -ifficult7 n- bstuseness !f the -!ctines 0!0!un-e-& the c!uts e less e(e t! entetin n- the l87es e -iffi-ent t! u(e u(e&& the the Rues Ruesti ti!n !ns s !f l8 l8 !f eiei-en ence ce 8hic 8hich h eRu eRui ies es cl!s cl!se e nnciticl stu-7 !f the 0!isi!ns !f Ei-ence Act.

It is su((estetht the ules !f ei-ence sh!ul- n!t b+ 0e-ntic n! sh!ul- -isceti!n be t!! 8i-e. A00licti!n !f the In-in Ei-ence Act& #," 5he 5he Ac Actt 00li 00lies es t! ll ll =u-i =u-ici cil l 0!c 0!cee ee-i -in( n(s s in ! bef! bef!e e n7 n7 c! c!un un&& inclu-in( c!uts*6til ece0t un-e the A67 Act& Nl Disci0line Act n- Ai F!ce Act)& but n!t t! ffi-its 0esente- t! n7 cut ! !ffice& !ffice& n! t! 0!cee-in(s 0 !cee-in(s bef!e n7 bitt! Sec. #). 5he l8 !f ei-ence is the le f!i 8hich (!ens the c!uts 8hethe  8itness is c!60etent ! n!t 8hethe  cetin ei-ence 0!es  fct ! n!t tht is t! be -ete6ine- b7 the l8 !f the c!unt7 8hee the Ruesti!n ises& 8hee the e6e-7 is s!u(ht t! be enf!ce- n- 8hee the c!ut sits t! enf!ce it. 5hus& l8 !f ei-ence is the l8 !f the f!u6 ! c!ut) ! the le f!i. F! the 0u0!ses !f the Ei-ence Act& n inRui7 is =u-icil if it is un-e n !bli(ti!n t! t'e ei-ence f!6 b!th si-es& t! hQ b!th si-es nthen t! f!6ulte  =u-(6ent b7 the use !f -isceti!n. Such n inRui7 is -iffeent f!6  fct*fin-in( inRui7 in 8hich !nl7 -isc!ee- fcts he t! be ec!-e- n- thee is t! be n! use !f -isceti!n& i.e.& t -6inisttie inRui7. 5he Act -!es n!t 00l7 t! ffi-its becuse the -e0!nents sseti!n !f fcts !n the bsis !f his 0es!nl 'n!8le-(e -!es n!t c!nstitute ei-ence. Futhe& bitt!s he t! f!ll!8 the 0inci0les !f ntul =ustice but the7 e n!t b!un- b7 the l8 !f ei-ence Munic. P!0n. Delhi  J(n Nth Ash!' Ku6 M/ #%, SC "?#2). Still futhe& the EiEi-en ence ce Ac Actt hs hs n! 00l 00lic ict ti! i!n n t! enRu enRui iie ies s c! c!nn-uc ucte te- b7 the the tib tibun unl ls& s& een een th!u th!u(h (h the7 the7 6 67 7 be =u-i =u-ici ci l in ch ch cte cte such such tibunls f!ll!8s ules !f ntul =ustice.# =ustice.# LAW OF EVIDENCE IMPO/5AN5 DEFINI5IONS

Ei-ence# Sec.?) Ei-ence 6ens n- inclu-es * #)

ll stte6en stte6ents ts 8hich the c!ut 0e6its 0e6its ! eRuies eRuies t! be 6-e

bef!e it b7 8itnesses& in elti!n t! 6ttes !f fct un-e inRui7 !l ei-ence). ") ")

ll ll -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nts s 0!0!-uc ucee- f! f! the the

ins0 ins0ec ecti ti!n !n !f the the c! c!u utt

-!cu6ent7 ei-ence) 5his is n!t  el -efiniti!n !f the te6 ei-ence& but is the  stte6ent !f 8ht the te6 ei-ence inclu-es. 5he 8!- ei-ence i60lies the stte !f bein( ei-ent i.e. 0lin& 00ent ! n!t!i!us but it is 00lie- t! tht 8hich ten-s t! en-e ei-ence ! (enete 0!!f !f  fct. 5he te6 ei-ence 6ens n7thin( b7 8hich the lle(e6tte ! fct is eithe estblishe- ! -is0!e-. An7thin( tht 6'es the thin( in Ruesti!n ei-ent t! the c!ut is ei-ence. F! e60le& 8hee the Ruesti!n is 8hethe n e0l!si!n t!!' 0lce bef!e  fie !ccue-. 5he n!ise !f the e0l!si!n n- its flsh e ei-ence !f it. Pes!ns 8h! s8 the flsh ! he- the n!ise cn (ie ei-ence !f the fct !f the e0l!si!n. If the h00enin( !f  fct is ec!-e- !n n7thin( 0t f!6 hu6n 6e6!7& tht ec!- is ls! n ei-ence !f the h00enin(. 5he -efiniti!n s (ien hee inclu-es !nl7 t8! 'in-s !f ei-ence& i.e.& stte6ents !f 8itnesses n- -!cu6ents. ;ut this -!es n!t 6en tht thee cnn!t be n7 !the 'in- !f ei-ence. F! e60le& 8hen the =u-(e ins0ects the scene !f !ccuence n- -8s  cht !f it& tht is ls! n ei-ence th!u(h it is neithe n !l stte6ent !f  8itness n!  -!cu6ent 0!-uce- b7 the 0ties. ;ut in  87 it is  -!cu6ent. 5he c!nfessi!n !f n ccuse- 0es!n is n!t ei-ence in the !-in7 sense !f the te6& s -efine- in this secti!n s n!t t'en !n !th nn!t n!t sub= sub=ec ectt t! c!s c!ss* s*e e6 6in int ti! i!n) n) th!u th!u(h (h it hs hs t! be (ien (ien -ue -ue

c!nsi-eti!n in -eci-in( the cse. Si6ill7& the c!nfessi!n !f  c!* ccuse- hs t! be e(-e- s 6!untin( t! ei-ence in  (ene87 (ene87& bec becuse

8htee

ci cicu6 cu6st stnce nces

is

8hich hich

c!nsi-e i-ee-

b7

e c! c!ns nsii-e -ee-

the

c!ut

b7 the c! c!u utt

is

ei-ence ce s

8ell

s

0!bbilities -! 6!unt t! ei-ence in tht (eneic sense Hichn Ku6i  Stte !f ;ih& AI/ #%21 SC ##1). Si6il Si6ill7 l7&& stte6 stte6ent ents s !f 0tie 0ties s 8hen 8hen e6 e6ine ine- !the8 !the8ise ise thn thn s 8itn 8itnes esse ses& s& 6 6te tei il l !b=e !b=ect cts s !the !the thn thn -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nts& s& etc. etc. e e n!t n!t ei-ence cc!-in( t! the -efiniti!n (ien in Sec. ?& but these e 6ttes 8hich the c!ut 67 le(iti6tel7 c!nsi-e. 5he -efiniti!n (ien in Sec. Sec. ? is& is& h!8e h!8ee e& eh ehus usti tie e in the the =ens =ense e tht tht ee ee7 7 'in'in- !f ei-ence cn ulti6tel7 be e-uce- eithe t! the cte(!7 !f !l ! -!cu6ent7 ei-ence. #. Wite  sh!t n!te !n Definiti!n !f Ei-ence. XL.C. #*%1$%:Yf IN5/OD
Diect Diect ei-en ei-ence ce * It is the the testi6 testi6!n7 !n7 !f the the 8itnesses 8itnesses s t! the

0inci0l fct t! be 0!e-& e.(. the ei-ence !f  0es!n 8h! s7s tht he s8 the c!66issi!n !f the ct 8hich c!nstitutes the lle(e- ci6e. It ls! inclu-es the 0!-ucti!n !f n !i(inl -!cu6ent.

It 6ens n7 fct 8hich 8ith!ut the inteenti!n !f n7 !the fct 0!es the eistence !f  fct in issue. 5he fct !f  6i(e& f! e60le& bet8een cetin 0es!ns 67 be 0!e- b7 0!-ucin( the 8e-8e--in( in( 0h!t 0h!t!( !( 0h 0hs. s. Die Diect ct ei-e ei-enc nce e is (ene (ene ll7 ll7 !f  su0e su0ei i! ! c!(enc7 its (etest -nt(e is tht thee is !nl7 !ne s!uce !f e!& n6el7& fllibilit7 !f testi6!n7. ")

Cicu6stntil ei-enceQ*  It is the testi6!n7 !f  8itness t!

!the elent fcts f!6 8hich the fct in issue 67 be infee-. In cses bse- !n cicu6stntil ei-ence& such ei-ence sh!ulbe s! st!n( s t! 0!int un6ist'bl7 t! the (uilt !f the ccuse-. In Stte !f <./ <. /  /i /inn-  P' P's sh h Mitt Mittl l Al/ Al/ #%%" #%%" SC "+1: "+1:)) the the c! c!u utt lili-!8n 9 i)

5he cicu6 cicu6stnc stnces es f!6 f!6 8hich 8hich the the c!nclusi! c!nclusi!n n is -8 -8n n sh!ulsh!ulbe

full7 estblishe-. ii)

5he cicu6stnces sh!ulbe c!nclusie in ntue.

iii) All the fcts s! estblishe- sh!ulbe c!nsistent !nl7 8ith the h70!thesis !f (uilt n- inc!nsistent 8ith inn!cence !f the ccuse-. i) i) 5he 5he cic cicu6 u6st stn nce ces s sh!u sh!ull-&& t!  6! 6! ll cet ceti int nt7 7& ecl ecluu-e e the the 0!ssibilit7 !f (uilt !f n7 0es!n !the thn the ccuse-. 5hus& thee 6ust be  chin !f ei-ence s! c!60lete s n!t t! lee n7 es!nble (!un- f!  c!nclusi!n c!nsistent 8ith the inn!cence !f the ccuse- n- it 6ust be such s t! sh!8 tht& 8ithin ll hu6n 0!bbilit7& the ct 6ust he been -!ne b7 the ccuse- Hnu6nt 4!in- N(un-'  Stte !f M.P. AI/ #%:" SC .?1?). S!6eti6es the fcts h00en su--enl7 n- -! n!t lee behin- 6uch -iect ei-ence. In such cses the 6in eent 8ill he t! be ZG■ ". Wite  sh!t n!te !n Cicu6stntil ei-ence. XLC.I*%2[LAW OF EVIDENCE

2 inst instuctecte- bef! bef!e

the c! c!u utt

8it 8ith

the the

hel0 hel0 !f

the the

su su!u !unn-in in( (

Qcu Qcu6 6st stnces nces such such s the the cuse use ! the effec ffects ts !f the the eent ent.. Cicu Cicu6s 6st tnc nces es s! s!6e 6eti ti6e 6es s s0e' s0e' s f!c f!cef eful ull7 l7 s -!es -!es the the -ie -iect ct ei-ence. F! e60le& thee is  Ruite little ill(e t!uche- b7  !8hich en-s thee. Occsi!nll7  -ie 8h! bel!n(s t! the ill(e c!6es thee 8ith his l!7 f! ni(ht ests. 5he ni(ht !n 8hich the tuc' c6e&  6n !f the ill(e 8s f!un- l7in( -e- b7 the !-*si-e. 5he 0!siti!n !f his b!-7 n- the ntue !f in=uies lee !n -!ubt tht he 8s -((e- b7  ehicle f!  little -istnce n- then !ne 8heel n !e hi6. 5hee 8s n! -ust st!6& in ! 6ist t! !bstuct isibilit7. F!6 these cicu6st cicu6stnces nces cetin fcts 67 es!nbl es!nbl7 7 be infeeinfeen- 6n7 !thes cn be sfel7 0esu6e- s  6tte !f 0!bbilit7. 5he fcts tell the st!7 be7!n-  sh-!8 !f -!ubt tht it is the 8!' !f the ill(e l!7 n- tht it 6ust he been ne(li(entl7 hn-leWhee the cicu6stntil ei-ence !nl7 sh!8e- tht the ccuse- n-ecese- 8ee seen t!(ethe the 0ei!us ni(ht& it 8s hel- t! be n!t sufficient Pe6 5h'u  Stte !f Pun=b AI/ #%? SC 112). 5he Kel Hi(h C!ut hs ecentl7 !bsee- tht& in  6u-e cse& =ust becuse becuse the -!ct! -!ct! c!n-uctin( c!n-uctin( the ut!0s7 is n!t in  0!siti!n t! (ie  -efinite !0ini!n e(-in( the cuse !f -eth& the c!ut -!es n!t bec!6e hel0less. It cn still c!nict the ccuse- !n the bsis !f !the cicu6stntil ei-ence Stte  Mni& #%%" C LJ #2"). In L6n Ni' Ni'  Stt Stte e !f Ois Oiss s AI/ AI/ #%%: #%%: SC #?, #?,)& )& the the c! c!n nic icti ti!n !n nnsentence !f -eth sustine- !n the bsis !f cicu6stntil ei-ence sh!8in( n unb!'en n- c!60lete chin !f eents le-in( t! the 0e nn- 6u6u-e e !f  se seen 7e 7e*! *!ll- -u( -u(ht hte e !f the the b!t b!the he !f the the ccuse-.

/el ei-ence * It efes t! n7 6tte 8hich the c!ut 0eceies

itself e.(. tht  6n stn-in( bef!e  =u-(e hs (!t  sc !n his fce& !b=ects li'e 6u-e 8e0!n& bl!!-*stinecl!thes& 0h!t!(0hs& etc. 1)

Hes7 Hes7 ei-ence ei-ence *It is ls! clleclle- -eiti -eitie e ! sec!n-*hn sec!n-*hn-

ei-ence. It is the testi6!n7 !f  8itness s t! stte6ents 6-e !ut !f c!ut 8hich e !ffee- s ei-ence !f thei !8n tuth. 5hus& As ei-en ei-ence ce tht tht A hehe- tht tht  6u-e 6u-e h- t'en t'en 0lce 0lce is he hes7 s7 ei-ence. :)

Pi67 ei-ence * It 6ens the best ! !i(inl ei-ence.

2)

Sec!n-7 ei-ence * It is n in-iect ei-ence.

,)

Ol ei-ence.

)

D!cu6ent7 ei-ence.

6[ IIN5/OD
C!nc C!nclu lusi sie e eiei-en ence ce * Whe Whee e the the c!n c!nne nect cti! i!n n bet8 bet8ee een n the the

0inci0l n- ei-enti7 fct is  necess7 c!nclusi!n. Fct Sec.?) Fct Fct 6ens n- inclu-es * #)

n7thin(& stte !f thin(s& ! elti!n !f thin(s& c0ble !f bein(

0eceie- b7 senses& ") ")

n7 n7 6e 6ent ntl l c! c!nn-it iti! i!n n !f !f 8hic 8hich h n7 n7 0es 0es!n !n is c! c!ns nsci ci!u !us. s. 

Illustti!ns )

5ht thee e cetin cetin thin(s n(e n(e- in  cetin cetin !-e !-e in 

cetin 0lce& is  fct.

b)

5ht  6n he- ! s8 s!6ethin(& is  fct.

c)

5ht  6n si- cetin 8!-s& is  fct.

-)

5ht  6n h!l-s  cetin !0ini!n& hs  cetin intenti!n& cts

in (!!- fith& ! fu-ulentl7& ! uses  0ticul 8!- in  0ticul sens sense& e& ! is ! 8s 8s t  s0ecif s0ecifie ie- ti6e ti6e c! c!ns nsci! ci!us us !f  0t 0ticu icul l sensti!n& is  fct. e)

5ht  6n hs  cetin e0utti!n& is  fct.

L8 hs n!t 6eel7 t! -el 8ith thin(s 0h7sicll7 but ls! 8ith thin(s f 8hich e s! hi--en s t! be be7!n- 0h7sicl !bseti!n& such s&  I stte ! c!n-iti!n !f  0es!ns 6in-. 5hus& intenti!n& fu-& (!!fith& ne(li(ence& etc. e fcts. It hs been si- tht  stte !f 6ns 6inis i s 6uch  fct s the stte !f his -i(esti!n. 5he stte !f 0es!ns helth is  fct. 5he 0s7ch!l!(icl fcts cn !nl7 be 0!e- b7 cicu6stntil i ei-ence. 5he fct s!u(ht s!u(ht t! be 0!e- Tfctu6 0!bn-u6) 0!bn-u6) is clleclle- 0inci0l 0inci0l ffcts& the fcts 8hich le- t! estblish it e clle- ei-enti7 fcts Tfctu6 0!bns). Pcts in Issue? Sec.?) Fcts in issue 6ens n- inclu-es * #) n7 ct f!6 8hich eithe b7 itself ! in c!nnecti!n 8ith !the fcts& the eistence& n!n*eistence& ntue ! etent !f n7 i(ht& libilit7 ! -isbilit7& ssete- ! -eniein n7 suit ! 0!cee-in(& 0 !cee-in(& necessil7 f!ll!8s& ") n7 fct ssete- ! -eniein ns8e t! n issue !f fct ec!-e-  ui-e.the Ciil P!ce-ue C!-e. Fct Fcts s 8hich 8hich e e in -is0 -is0ut ute e e e fct fcts s in issu issue. e. Ei-e Ei-enc nce e bec! bec!6e 6es s nece necess ss7 7 !nl7 !nl7 in efe efee enc nce e t! fct fcts s 8hic 8hich h e e in c! c!nt nt! !e es s7 7 ! -is0ute een the 0ties. Futhe& the fct sh!ulbe such tht the

Ruesti!n !f libilit7 sh!ul- -e0en- u0!n it. 5he f!ll!8in( illustti!n 6'e cle the J!int 9* ?. Wite  sh!t n!te !n Fcts In issue. XLC.I*%1$%:

LC.II*%1$%:[!

LAW OF EVIDENCE A is ccuse- !f the 6u-e !f ;. At his til the f!ll!8in( fcts 67 be in issue * tht A cuse- ;s -eth tht A inten-e- t! cuse ;s -eth tht A h- eceie- (e n- su--en 0!!cti!n f!6 ; tht A t the ti6e !f -!in(*tht ct 8hich cuse- ;s -eth& 8s& b7 es!n !f uns!un-ness !f 6in- inc0ble i nc0ble !f 'n!8in( its ntue. 5hus 5hus&& ee ee7 7 fct fct 8hic 8hich h  0li 0lint ntif ifff 6ust 6ust 0! 0!e e in !-e !-e t! (et (et n -=u-icti!n in his f!u& ! 8hich  -efen-nt 67 0!e t! -efet the suit& bec!6es  fct in issue. Fcts in issue 8ill -e0en- u0!n the 0!is 0!isi!n i!ns s !f the subst substnti ntie e l8 00lic 00licbl ble e t! the !ffenc !ffence. e. If& If& f! e e60le 0le& the the cti! cti!n n is f! f! the t!t t!t !f ne(l ne(li( i(en ence ce&& such such !f the the in(e-ients in(e-ients !f libilit7 libilit7 f! ne(li(ence 8hfch e in -is0ute -is0ute shll be the fcts in issue. If the 0lintiff lle(es tht the -efen-nt 8s un-e -ut7 !f ce t!8-s hi6 n- the -efen-nt -enies the fct& this fct 8ill be  fct in issue bet8een the 0ties. 5hus& fcts in issue -e0en- u0!n the in(e-ients !f the !ffence n- the stte !f the 0ties 0le-in(s. A fct in issue is clle- the 0inci0l fct ! fctu6 0!bn-u6. In ci6inl 6ttes& the lle(ti!ns in the ch(e*sheet c!nstitute the fcts in issue. In ciil 6ttes& the 0!cess !f scetinin( fcts in issue is 'n!8n s f6in( issues. Whtee be the fcts in issue& thee eistence hs t! be 0!e0 !e- t! the sti s tisf sfc cti ti!n !n !f the the c! c!u utt bef! bef!e e the the c! c!u utt c cn n be c cll llee- u0!n u0!n t! 0!n!unce  =u-(e6ent !n the bsis !f th!se fcts. /elent fcts 1 Sec.?)

One fct is si- t! be elen elentt t! n!the n!the 8hen the !ne is c!nnectec!nnecte8ith the !the in n7 !f the 87s efee- t! in the 0!isi!ns !f this Act eltin( t! the elenc7 !f fcts& iB. i) i)

fct fcts s l!(ic l!(icl ll7 l7 c!nn c!nnec ecte te- 8ith 8ith fcts fcts in issu issue e Ss. Ss. :*#2) :*#2)&& ii) ii)

-6issi!ns -6issi!ns n- c!nfessi!ns c!nfessi!ns Ss. #,*?#)& #,*?#)& iii) 8itnesses 8itnesses Ss. Ss. ?"*?? ?"*??)& )& i) i) Ss. ?1*?,)& )

stte6en stte6ents ts b7 n!n*

stte6ent stte6ents s un-e un-e s0ecil s0ecil cicu6 cicu6stnc stnces es

=u-(e6ent in !the cses Ss. 1+*11)& i)

!f thi- 0es!ns Ss. 1:*:#)&

!0ini!ns



ii) ei-ence s t! chcte Ss. :"*::). It is t! be n!tetht the secti!n -!es n!t -efine the te6 elent. /the& it si60l7 in-ictes 8hen !ne fct bec!6es elent t! n!the. N!6ll7& fcts elent t! n issue e th!se fcts 8hich e necess7 f! 0!!f ! -is0!!f !f  fct fct in issue. issue. 5hus& 5hus& ele elent nt fcts fcts ! ei-en ei-enti ti7 7 fcts) fcts) ! fctu fctu6 6 0!b 0!bn ns s e e th!s th!se e 8hic 8hich h e e c c0 0bl ble e !f ff! ff!-in in( (  es es!n !nb ble le 0esu60ti!n s t! eithe the fcts in issue ! the 0inci0l IN5/OD
ISS

 but e f!un-ti!ns !f infeences e(-in( the6. F! F! e60l e60le& e& 8hen 8hen A is ccuseccuse- !f the 6u-e 6u-e !f ;& the



fcts e * A h-  6!tie 6!tie n- !00!tunit !00!tunit7 7 t! 'ill ;& he h

QQ Q

0e0ti!ns b7 bu7in(  'nife& etc.& ! fte the 6u-e he W+G : unnin( 8ith bl!!-*stine- 'nife in hn-. /ele /elenc7 nc7 i60lies elti!nsh elti!nshi0 i0 n- such elti!nshi0 elti!nshi0 8ith the G] Q issue issue s c! c!n nin ince ces s ! hs hs  tenten-en enc7 c7 t! c! c!n nin ince ce the the =u-( =u-(e e

S 6stn

t

eistence ! !the8ise !f the fcts in issue. 5he 8!- elent 6eQ n7 t8! fcts t! 8hich it is 00lie- e s! elte- t! ech !tn Q Q cc!-in( t! the c!66!n c!use !f eents !ne t'en b7 its+ c!nnecti!n 8ith !the fcts 0!es ! en-es 0!bble the

e s

!

 GUence =s

n!n* n!n*e eist isten ence ce !f the the !the !the. It 6 67 7 be n!te n!tetht tht cic cicu6 u6st stn nti til l eicl

&hu6n ei-ence tht eltes t! fcts& !the thn th!se in issue& 8hich

b7 QQ Q e0eience& he been f!un- t! be s! ss!cite- 8ith the fct in is the ltte ltte 6 67 7 be es!n es!nbl bl7 7 infe infeee- theef theef!6 !6.. D!c D!cu6e u6ent nt: Sec.?) 5he te6 -!cu6enf -!cu6enf 6ens 6ens n7 6tte 6tte e0essee0esse- ! -escib -escib

Q

n7 substnce b7 6ens !f lettes& fi(ues ! 6's& !f b7 6!e tnQ! tXie

!f th!s th!se e 6e 6en ns& s& inte intenn-ee- t! be useuse-&& ! 8hic 8hich h 6 67 7 be useuse-&&

0u0!se !f ec!-in( tht 6tte. 6tte. Illustti!ns * i) A 8itin(& ii) 8!-s 0inte-& lith!(0he- ! 0h!t!+D e

Q iii)  60 ! 0ln& i) n insci0ti!n !n  6etl 0lte ! st!ne& #

i  cictue * e ll -!cu6ents. 5his -efiniti!n !f the 8!- -!cu6ent is si6il t! the !ne in the In-in In-in Penl Penl C!-e. C!-e. Ste0he Ste0hen n -efine -efines s  -!cu6 -!cu6ent ent# s n n7 su* su* Q hin( n7 6ttes e0esse- ! -escibe- u0!n it b7 6's

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bein( e-. 5hus& lettes i60inte- !n tees s ei-ence tht fG been 0sse- b7 the F!est /n(e e -!cu6ents. In /.  D D7e 7e&& the the te6 te6 -!c -!cu6 u6en entt# 8s 8s -efine -efine- s n7 n7 0intin( 0intin( c0 c 0ble ble !f bein bein( ( 6 6-e -e ei-e ei-enc nce& e& n! 6 6tt tte e ^n 8ht 6 67 be inscibe-. 5hus& the 8!!-en sc!es !n 8hich b'es ! in-icte b7 n!tc n!tche hes s the the nu6b nu6be e !f l! l!es es !f be be- ! Ru Ruts ts !f 6i 6il' l' t! thei thei cust cust!6 !6e es s e e ls! ls! -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nts s * s 6uch 6uch

s

6!e

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c!60uteise-

6eth!-s !f 'ee0in( cc!unts. P!e- Sec.?) See un-e the uesti!ns secti!n. IMPO/5 IMPO/5AN5 AN5 5OPICS$ 5OPICS$ILL
* E0l E0li in n the the te6 te6 D!c D!cu6 u6en ent t..

Dis0!e-& n- N!t 0!e-

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) ) E0l E0li in n the the te6 te6s s P! P!e e-#&

#+

LAW OF

EVIDENCE A fct is si- t! be 0!e- 8hen& fte c!nsi-ein( the 6ttes bef!e it& the c!ut eithe beliees it t! eist& ! c!nsi-es its eistence s! 0!bble tht  0u-ent 6n !u(ht& un-e the cicu6stnces !f the 0ticul cse& t! ct u0!n the su00!siti!n tht it -!es eists. A fct is si- t! be -is0!e- 8hen& fte c!nsi-ein( the 6ttes bef!e it& the c!ut eithe beliee- tht it -!es n!t eist& ! c!nsi-es its n!n*eistence s! 0!bble tht  0u-ent 6n !u(ht& un-e the cicu6stnces !f the 0ticul cse& t! ct u0!n the su00!siti!n tht it -!es n!t eist. A fct fct is s sii- t! be n!t n!t 0! 0!ee- 8hen 8hen it is neit neithe he 0! 0!ee- n! n! -is0!e-. 5hese 0!isi!ns !f the Act -el 8ith the -e(ee ! stn-- !f 0!!f. 5hese e the !nl7 0!isi!ns tht -el 8ith the 6tte. It 67 be n!tetht the 8!- 6ttes n- n!t the te6 ei-ence) is use- in the -efiniti!n !f the te6 0!e- n- -is0!e-. F! instnce&  fct 67 be !ll7 -6itte- in C!ut such n -6issi!n 8!ul- n!t c!6e 8ithin the -efiniti!n !f te6 ei-ence& 7et it is  6tte 8hich the c!ut& bef!e 8h!6 the -6issi!n 8s 6-e& 8!ul- he t! t'e int! c!nsi-eti!n& in !-e t! -ete6ine 8hethe the 0ticul fct 8s 0!e- ! n!t 0!e-. It is becuse !f the use !f this 8i-e te6 tht  c!ut cn ttch -ue 8ei(ht t! the -e6en!u !f  8itness& i.e.& the 6tte in 8hich he (ies ei-ence in the c!ut. In Stte !f Mhsht  M-. >'ut AI/ #%+ SC ####)& it 8s 0!inte- tht the 8!8!- 0! 0!e e- - -!es -!es n!t n!t - -8 n7 n7 -ist -istin inct cti! i!n n bet8 bet8ee een n -ie -iect ct ! cicu6stntil ei-ence.

Wht n- h!8 6uch 0!!f is necess7 t! c!nince the =u-(e !f the eis eisttence ence !f  fct fct in issu issue eU 5he 5he ns8e s8e -e0e -e0enn-s s u0!n 0!n 6n7 cicu6stnces s -iffeent stn--s !f 0!!f e -e6n-e- in ciil n- ci6inl cses. In ciil cses&  6tte is t'en t! be 0!e- 8hen the blnce !f 0!bbilit7 su((ests it& but in ci6inl cses the c!ut eRuies  0!!f be7!n- es!nble -!ubt. P!! P!!ff -!es -!es n!t n!t 6e 6en n 0!! 0!!ff !f i(i i(i- 6 6th the6 e6t tic icl l -e6! -e6!ns nst tt ti! i!n n bs bs!l !lut ute e cet ceti int nt7 7 ! c ccu cu c7 c7 !f stt stte6 e6en ents ts)& )& bec becus use e tht tht is i60!ssible it 6ust 6en such ei-ence such -e(ee !f 0!bbilit7) s 8!ul 8!ulin-u in-uce ce  es es!n !nb ble le 6 6n n t! c! c!6e 6e t! the the c! c!nc nclu lusi si!n !n.. Sus0ici!n cShn!t t'e the 0lce !f 0!!f& n! 6!l belief !f the =u-(e in the (uilt !f the ccuse-. 5he se !f sus0ici!n hs n! sh!e n- the c!ut tht e6b's u0!n it is 8ith!ut u--e n- c!60ss. In ;bu-  Stte !f /=sthn AI/ #%%" SC "+%#)& it 8s hel- the ccuse- n!t t! be c!nicte- !f theft 8hee thee 8s n!thin( t! sh!8 his 0esence in the h!use f!6 8hee the ticles C!nt-....) b) Wite Wite  sh!t sh!t n!te n!te !n StnStn--$De $De(e (ee e !f 0!!f 0!!f in es0ec es0ectt !f ciil$ci6inl

0!cee-in(s.

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su00!se- t! he been st!len f!6 e6!e-& the !nl7 ei-ence bein( ec!e7 !ne n- hlf 6!nths t lte f!6 the 0es!n t! 8h!6 &&lhe ticles 8ee lle(e-l7 s!l-& c!nicti!n n!t t! be bse- u0!n sus0ici!n. b) b)

Stn Stn- --$D $De( e(e ee e !f 0! 0!!f !f in in es0e es0ect ct !f !f cii ciill nn- ci6 ci66 6ll

0!cee-in(s 5he Ei-ence Act 6'es n! -istincti!n bet8een the -e(ee !f 0!!f ! 0!bb 0!bbili ilit7 t7 eRuisi eRuisite te f! ci6in ci6inl l s -istin -istin(ui (uishe she- f!6 f!6 ciil ciil cses. cses. H!8e H!8ee e&& s e6 e6'e 'e- b7 ;est ;est in his b!!' b!!' !n Ei-en Ei-ence& ce& 5hee 5hee is

6'e- -iffeence s t! the effect& i.e. 0!btie f!ce !f ei-ence& in ciil n- ci6inl 0!cee-in(s. In ciil cses& 6ee 0e0!n-ence !f 0!bb 0!bbili ilit7 t7 is suffic sufficien ient t 8hee 8hees& s& in ci6in ci6inl l cses& cses& issues issues 6ust 6ust be 0!e- be7!n- n7 es!nble -!ubt. 5he ule is bse- u0!n the 6i6 !f En(lish l8 li- -!8n b7 H!l!7- J. tht It is bette tht ten (uilt7 6en sh!ul- esc0e& the thn !ne inn!cent sh!uls h!ul- suffe. In cii ciill c cse ses& s& the the ule ule !f ei-e ei-enc nce e 6 67 7 be el ele e- b7 c! c!ns nsen entt !f 0ties ! b7 c!uts !-e e.(. 0!!f !f ffi-it. It is n!t s! in ci6inl cses. With e(- t! 0!!f in ci6inl cses& the f!ll!8in( (enel ules he t! be !bsee- 9 i) i) 5he 5he ccu ccusese- is l8 l87s 0e 0esu6 su6e- t! be inn! inn!ce cent nt unti untill the 0!secuti!n 0!es hi6 t! be (uilt7. While in ciil cses& ll tht is necess7 necess7 t! insist u0!n is tht the 0!!f --uce--uce- in su00!t su00!t !f  fct is such tht sh!ul- 6'e  0u-ent 6n t! ct u0!n the su00!siti!n tht it eists. ii) 5he ei-ence 6ust be such s t! eclu-e ee7 es!nble -!ubt !f the (uilt !f the ccuse-. iii) In cse !f n7 es!nble -!ubt s t! the (uilt !f the ccuse-& the benefit !f -!ubt sh!ul- l87s be (ien t! the ccuse-. i)

5hee 6ust l87s be cle cle 0!!f !f c!0us -elicti& i.e.& i.e.& the

fct !f c!66is c!66issi!n si!n !f !f the ci6e& ci6e& )

5he h70!t h70!thesis hesis !f -elinRu -elinRuenc7 enc7

sh!ulbe c!nsistent 8ith ll the fcts 0!e-. As e(-s the stn-- !f 0!!f in ciil n- ci6inl cses& Dennin( J. !bsee- in ;te  ;.& It is tue tht b7 !u l8& thee is  hi(he stn stn- -- !f 0!! 0!!ff in ci6 ci6in inl l c cse ses s thn thn in cii ciill c cse ses s but but this this is sub=ect t! the Rulificti!n tht thee is n! bs!lute stn-- in eithe cse. In ci6inl cses& the ch(e 6ust be 0!e- be7!n- es!nble -!ubt& but thee 67 be -e(ees !f 0!!f 8ithin tht stn--. S!

ls!& in ciil cses& thee 67 be -e(ees !f 0!bbilit7. 5he (enel ule ules s

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LAW OF EVIDENCE 5!0fc*, D!cu6ent Acc! Ac c!-in in( ( t! Sec. Sec. ?& -!c -!cu6 u6en ent t 6e 6en ns s n7 n7 6 6tt tte e e0 e0es esse se- ! -escibe- u0!n n7 substnce b7 6ens !f lettes& fi(ues ! 6's& ! b7 6!e thn !ne !f th!se 6ens& inten-e- t! be use-& ! 8hich 67 be use-& f! the 0u0!se 0 u0!se !f ec!-in( tht 6tte. 6tte. Illustti!ns * A 8itin( 8!-s 0inte-& lith!(0he- ! 0h!t!(0he-  60$0ln n insci0ti!n !n  6etl 0lte ! st!ne n-&  cictue * e ll -!cu6ents. S0e'i S0e'in( n( (ene (enell ll7 7& it 6e 6ens ns n7th n7thin( in( ! 6 6tte tte 8hich 8hich c!nt c!ntins ins  0e6nent ec!- !f  elent fct !  fct in issue. 5hus&  00e !n 8hich  c!ntct is 8itten is  -!cu6ent& s! is  8ll ! chttel ! st!ne !n 8hich s!6ethin( is inscibe-. It hs been si- tht the 8!-!cu6entG s use- in the l8 !f ei-ence sh!ul- n!t be c!nstueestictiel7. Et76!l!(icll7 the 8!- 6ens s!6ethin( 8hich sh!8s ! teches n- is ei-entil ! inf!6tie !f its chcte. Of c!use& 6uch -e0en-s u0!n the c!ntet in 8hich the 8!- -!cu6ent# is use-. 5hus& in the cse in Ruesti!n& i)& ii)& iii) n- i) e -!cu6ents. ,. Whethe Whethe the f!ll!8 f!ll!8in( in( cn be ch chcte cteise ise- s -!cu6 -!cu6ent ents s 9*i) 9*i) Witin(s !n the 8lls !f /e- F!t. ii) 5he 8!-s !8ne- b7 L.C.*I 8itten !n the fns hn(in( in the clss!!6 !f  sch!!l. ii) Insci0ti!ns !n the bic's e6be--e- in the 8lls n- 0lsteef!6

!utsi-e&

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TL.Ci*%1$%2)/ELEVANC> AND ADMISSI;ILI5> OF FAC5S

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=$7 8ht fct 67 ei-ence be (ien Sec.:) Ei-ence 67 be (ien !f the eistence ! n!n*eistence !f ee7 fct in issue n- !f elent fcts& n- !f n! !thes. Acc!Acc!-in( in( t! Si J6es J6es Ste0he Ste0hens& ns& the ei-en ei-ence ce --uce --uce- sh!ulsh!ulbe li' li'e e -ie -iect ctee- nn- c! c!nf nfin inee- t! the the 6 6tt tte es s 8hic 8hich h e e in -is0 -is0ut ute. e. An7thi An7thin( n( n!t -iect -iectl7 l7 c!nnec c!nnectete- is iele iele nt. nt. 5hus& 5hus& ei-e ei-ence nce !f ll c!ll c! llt te el l fct fcts& s& 8hic 8hich h e e inc inc0 0bl ble e !f ff! ff!-in in( ( n7 n7 es es!n !nb ble le 0esu60ti!n s t! the 0inci0l 6ttes in -is0ute& e eclu-e- t! se 0ublic ti6e. L!(icl n- le(l elenc7 In !-e t! 0!e the eistence eistence ! n!n*eistence n!n*eistence !f the fcts fcts in issue& issue& cet ceti in n !the !the fct fcts s 6 67 7 be (ie (ien n in eiei-en ence ce&& c cll llee- ele ele nt nt ! ei-enti7 fcts See Ch0te #). Such fcts 67 he such  -iect ! in-iect c!nnecti!n 8ith the fct in issue& tht the7 en-e the ltte 0!bble ! i60!bble. A fct is si- t! be l!(icll7 elent t! n!the 8hen it bes such  csul elti!n 8ith the !the s t! en-e 0!bble the eistence ! n!n*eistence !f the ltte. All fcts 8hich e l!(icll7 elent e n!t le(ll7 elent. One fct is si- t! be le(ll7 elent t! n!the !nl7 8hen the !ne is c!nnecte- 8ith the !the in n7 !f the 87s efeet! in Ss Ss.2 .2*: *:: : !f the the Ac Act. t. Wht Whte ee e is le( le(ll ll7 7 ele ele nt nt is l!(i l!(ic cll7 ll7 ele ele nt nt.. H!8e H!8ee e& !nl7 !nl7 le( le(ll7 ll7 ele ele nt nt fct fcts s e e c! c!ns nsii-e eee- s elent fcts. A c!nfessi!n 6-e t!  0!lice !ffice 67 00e t! be l!(icll7 elent& but it is n!t le(ll7 elent& f! Sec.": -ecles tht it cnn!t be use- s ei-ence (inst the 0es!n 6'in( it. /elenc7 /elenc7 n- -6issibilit7# 5he 5he te6 te6s s el ele en nc7 c7 nn- -6 -6is issi sibi bilit lit7 7 e e n!t n!t c! c!*e *et ten ensi sie e ! intec intech hn(e n(ebl ble e te6s. te6s. All -6issi -6issible ble ei-en ei-ence ce is ele elent nt&& but ll

elent ei-ence is n!t -6issible. All fcts 8hich e ll!8e- b7 the 0!isi!ns !f the Ei-ence Act t! be 0!e- e elent but& h!8ee ele ele nt nt  fct fct 6 67 7 be& be& unle unless ss it is ll! ll!8e 8e- t! be 0! 0!ee- b7 the the 0!isi!ns !f the Act& it is n!t -6issible. /elenc7 is the (enus !f 8hich -6issibilit7 is  s0ecies. Ve7 !ften& 0ublic c!nsi-eti!n !f finess n- the 0cticl necessit7 f! echin( s0ee-7 -ecisi!ns necessil7 cuse the e=ecti!n !f 6uch !f #. Distin(uish bet8een elenc7 n- -6issibilit7. XLC. XLC.I* I*%2 %2

L.C. L.C.n* n*%` %`#1 #1

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LAW OF EVIDENCE the the

ele ele nt nt ei-e ei-enc nce. e. 5hus 5hus&&

0i 0iile ile(e (e-

c!66 c! 66un unic ict ti! i!ns ns -ui -uin( n(

6i(e 8ith  le(l -ise !fficil c!66unicti!ns) e 0!tectef!6 the -iscl!sue. 5h!u 5h!u(h (h 8hee hee the the ele ele nc7 nc7 !f  fct fct is est stblis blishe he-& -& the hee is 0esu60ti!n !f its -6issibilit7 n- it is f! the !the si-e t! sh!8 tht the fct is n!t -6issible. It 67 be n!tetht if -6issibilit7 is c!nsi-ee- s7n!n76!us 8ith the eceibilit7 in ei-ence& then ee7 -6i -6iss ssib ible le fct fct is n!t n!t nece necess ss il il7 7 ele ele nt nt.. 5hus 5hus&& the the 0e 0ei! i!us us stte6ents t! c!nt-ict  8itness n- the fcts t! i60ech the ce-it !f  8itness& e eceible in ei-ence but the7 e n!t elent. 5he c!ut is t! -eci-e the Ruesti!n !f -6issibilit7 !f n ei-ence Sec. #?2) #?2).. A-6i A-6issi ssibi bilit lit7 7 is  Rul Rulit it7 7 stn stn-i -in( n( bet8 bet8ee een n ele ele nc nc7 7 ! ! 0!btie lue) !n the !ne hn- n- 0!!f ! 8ei(ht !f ei-ence) !n the !the hn-. A fct 67 be elent but the 0!!f !f it 67 be such s is n!t ll!8e- in the cse !f the hes7 ule e.(. stte6ents 6-e !ut !f the c!ut 8itness ssets n- the ccuse- si- s! ns!). 5hus& !l stte6ents 8hich e hes7 67 be elent& but e n!t -6issible.

Ei-ence !btine- b7 un-esible 6eth!-s * 8hethe -6issible 5he elent ei-ence e6ins elent& een if it 8s !btine- b7 i60!0e ! unl8ful 6ens. 5he test t! be 00lie- in c!nsi-ein( 8hethe ei-ence is -6issible is 8hethe it is elent t! the 6tte in issue. If it is& it is -6issible n- the c!ut is n!t c!ncene- 8ith h!8 it 8s !btine-. 5he H!use !f L!-s 8!ul- sncti!n the eclusi!n !f such such ei-e i-ence nce !nl7 nl7 8he 8hee e the ccuse cuse- hh- bee been lu lue- int! int! inci6intin( hi6self b7 -ece0ti!n fte the c!66issi!n !f n !ffence X/.  Sn( #%,%) " All E/ #"""Y. 5he Su0e6e C!ut n!te- the !nl7 ece0ti!n t! this ule& 8hich is tht tht 8hee 8hee fte fte the lle( lle(ee- !ffenc !ffence& e& i6 i60! 0!0e 0e 6eth!6eth!-s s he he been been use- t! !btin ei-ence f! it n- the =u-(e is !f the ie8 tht the 0e=u-icil X effect !f such ei-ence 8!ulbe !ut !f 0!0!ti!n t! its eiei-en enci ci 7 7 lu lue& e& the the =u-( =u-(e e 6 67 7 ecl ecluu-e e it Pus Push0 h0-e eii  Ml. Ml. W-h8n AlfJ& #%, SC #,1). 5he i60ct !n the finess !f the 0!cee-in(s is the cucil -ete6inin( fct!. In /.  Chist!u #%%") 1 All E/ ::%& the 0!lice !0ete- f! b!ut ? 6!nths b7 estblishin(  sh!0 !f =e8elles n- 0uttin( u0 the sh-7 i6(e !f bein( inteeste- in bu7in( st!len 0!0et7. 5he !b=ect 8s t! ec!e st!len (!!-s n- t! !btin ei-ence (inst th!se in!lein theft n- hn-lin(. All the tnscti!ns in the sh!0 8ee fil6e- nc!nesti!ns ec!-e-. 5he ei-ence s! c!llecte- 8s -6itte- t the til. 5he c!ut es!ne-& the tic' 8s n!t 00lie- t! the 00ellnts ccuse- 0es!ns) 9 the7 !luntil7 00lie- the6seles t! the tic'. It is n!t ee7 tic' 0!-ucin( ei-ence (inst n ccuse- 8hich esults in

unfiness ss./E ./ELEVANC>

AND

ADMISSI;ILI5>

OF

#: /elenc7 /elenc7 !f fcts f!6in( 0t !f s6e tnscti!n Sec.2)

FAC5S

Fcts 8hich& th!u(h n!t in issue& e s! c!nnecte- 8ith  fct in issue& s t! f!6 0t !f the s6e tnscti!n& e elent& 8hethe the7 !ccue- t the s6e ti6e n- 0lce ! t -iffeent ti6es n0lces. 5he 0inci0le !f the secti!n is tht 8henee  tnscti!n such s  c!ntct !  ci6e& is  fct in issue& then ei-ence cn be (ien !f ee7 fct 8hich f!6s 0t !f the s6e tnscti!n. 5nscti!n 5nscti!n efes t!  seies !f cts s! c!nnecte- t!(ethe s e c0ble !f bein( clleb7  sin(le n6e e.(.  c!ntct&  ci6e& etc. /!u(hl7  tnscti!n 67 be -escibe-escibe- s n7 0h7sicl 0h7sicl ct& ! seies !f c!nnectec!nnecte- 0h7sicl 0h7sicl cts& t!(ethe 8ith the 8!-s cc!60n7in( cc!60n7in( such ct ! cts. A tnscti!n 67 c!nsist !f  sin(le inci-ent stetchin( !e  fe8 6inutes& ! it 67 be s0e- !e  iet7 !f fcts& !ccu07in(  6uch l!n(e ti6e& n- !ccuin( !n -iffeent !ccsi!ns ! t -iffeent 0lces. Whee the tnscti!n c!nsists !f -iffeent cts& in !-e tht the chin !f such such c cts ts 6 67 7 c! c!ns nsti titu tute te the the s s6e 6e tn tns sct cti! i!n& n& the7 the7 6ust 6ust be c!nnecte- t!(ethe b7 0!i6it7 !f ti6e& 0!i6it7 ! unit7 !f 0lce& c!ntinuit7 !f cti!n& ! c!66unit7 !f 0u0!se ! -esi(n. A tnscti!n cn be tul7 un-est!!- !nl7 8hen ll its inte(l 0ts e 'n!8n nn!t in is!lti!n f!6 ech !the. Illustti!ns t! Sec.2 )

A is ccuseccuse- !f !f ;s 6u-e b7 betin( hi6. Whtee Whtee 8s 8s si- !

-!ne b7 A ! ; ! b7 the b7*stn-es t the betin( ! s! sh!tl7 bef!e ! fte it s t! f!6 0t !f the tnscti!n& is  elent fct." b)

A iis s  ccuseccuse- !f 8(in( 8(in( 8 8 (inst (inst the 4!en6 4!en6ent ent !f In-i b7

t'in( 0t in n 6e- insuecti!n in 8hich 0!0et7 is -est!7e-& t!!0s e ttc'e- n- (!ls e b!'en !0en. 5he !ccuence !f these fcts is elent& s f!6in( 0t !f the (enel tnscti!n& th!u(h A 67 n!t he been 0esent t ll !f the6.

c)

A sues sues ; f! f!  llibe ibell c!nt c!nti ine ne- in  llet ette te f!6 f!6in in( ( 0t 0t !f 

c!es0!n-ence. Lettes bet8een the 0ties eltin( t! the sub=ect !ut !f 8hich the libel !se& n- f!6in( 0t !f the c!es0!n-ence in 8hich it is c!ntine-& e elent fcts& th!u(h the7 -! n!t c!ntin the libel itself."b -)

5he Ruesti Ruesti!n !n is& 8hethe 8hethe cet cetin in (!!-s (!!-s !-ee !-ee- f!6 f!6 ; 8ee 8ee

-elie -elieee- t! A. 5he (!!-s (!!-s 8ee 8ee -elie -elieee- t! see seel l inte6 inte6e-i e-it te e 0es!ns successiel7. Ech Ech -elie7 is  elent fct. ". A Ruesti!n bse- !n the s6e fcts. " b. A Ruesti!n bse- !n the s6e fcts. XL.C.I*%1#

XL.C.I.*%S[#2

LAW OF EVIDENCE /es (este? Fct Fcts s f!6 f!6in in( ( 0t 0t !f  tn tns sct cti! i!n n e e -esc -esci ibe be- b7 En(l En(lish ish nnA6eicn 8ites s bein( 0t !f es (este& i.e.& thin(s -!ne in the c!u c! use se !f  tn tns sct cti! i!n. n. 5he 5he illu illust st ti ti!n !ns s ) ) t! -) -) b! b!e& e& e e ll ll instnces !f es (este. 5he te6 es (este is eRuilent t! the fcts 6enti!ne- in Sec.2. H!8ee& it is ls! use- in the f!ll!8in( senses * s eRuilent t! fct in issue& s eRuilent t! -etils !f fcts in issue& n- fct in issue nsu!un-in( cicu6stnces. 57l! -efines this e0essi!n s inclu-in( ee7thin( tht 67 be fil7 c!nsi-ee- s n inci-ent !f the eent un-e c!nsi-eti!n. 5hus& es (este e th!se cicu6stnces 8hich e e the the inst instin inct cti ie e nn- un-e un-esi sie e- inci inci-e -ent nts s !f  0t 0tic icul ul  c ct. t. Cicu6stntil fcts e -6itte- s f!6in( 0t !f es (este& i.e.& s bein( 0t !f the !i(inl 0!!f !f 8ht hs t'en 0lce. Stte6 Stte6ent ents s 6 67 7 ls! ls! c cc!6 c!60n 0n7 7 0h7sic 0h7sicll h00en h00enin( in(s. s. An in=ue in=ue0es!n& f! e60le& is ntull7 b!un- t! c7. If the tnscti!n e.(. n cci-ent& h00ene- in  0ublic 0lce&  nu6be !f b7*st[i-es 8ill

6'e 6utul c!nesti!n b!ut the inci-ent. 5he Ruesti!n is t! 8ht etent such stte6ents cn be e(-e- s 0ts !f the tnscti!n. S!6e i60!tnt (ui-elines in this e(- e 9* 9* i) i)

S0!n S0!nttne! ne!us us n- si6 si6ult ultne ne!u !us s

utt utte ence nce

is

 0 0t

!f the the

tnscti!n& e.(. 8ht  0es!n sttes -uin( n !ccuence in es0ect !f the !ccuence itself. ii) Stte6ent 6ust be c!nte60!ne!us 8ith the fct& i.e.& stte6ent 6-e eithe -uin( ! i66e-itel7 bef!e ! fte its !ccuence& n- !f such  ntue tht the eent s0e' f! the6seles n- n!t 8ht the 0e!0le s7 8hen tl'in( b!ut the eent). 5he 8!-s 6ust be t lest -e ecenti. iii) If the stte6ent is 6-e fte the ct is !e n- its 6'e hs h- the ti6e f! eflecti!n n- -elibeti!n fbicti!n) n-$! it is  6ee nti!n !f 0st eents& then it is n!t elent. i)

5he stte6 stte6ent ent 6ust 6ust be  stte6e stte6ent nt !f fct fct nn- n!t n !0ini!n !0ini!n..

5he f!ll!8in( illustti!ns$cses& 8ill hel0 cle the 0!int 9* i) A& 8hile unnin( in steet& c7in( tht ; hs stbbe- hi6& is  elent fct. Si6ill7& the stte6ent !f  0e- 8!6n c7in( f! hel0& is  elent fct. ii) Stte6 Stte6ent ents s 6 6-e -e -uin( -uin( the inest inesti( i(ti! ti!ns ns !f  ci6e ci6e e n!t elent fcts. iii) A& 8hen eche- the 6u-e s0!t& he- 0e!0le 0esent thee s s7in( tht s!6e!ne 6u-ee- s!6e!ne. It 8s n!t stte?. Wite  sh!t n!te !n /es (este. XC.L.C*%#$%? L.CM*%1[/ELEVANC> AND ADMISSI;ILI5> OF FAC5S #, tht the 0es!ns 8h! 6-e b!e stte6ents 8ee 0esent t the ti6e !f 6u-e. It is n!t  elent fct.

i) In A(ssiB  L!n-!n 5687s C!. #,") "# W/ #%%& thee 8s  t6 c!llisi!n n- n cti!n 8s b!u(ht (inst the t687 C!. in es0ect !f in=u7 t!  0ssen(e. 0ssen(e. A e6' b7 n!the 0ssen(e t! the effect tht the -ie !u(ht t! be e0!te- n- the c!n-uct!s e0l7& He hs le-7 been e0!te- f! he hs been !ff the line : ! 2 ti6es t!*-7 8ee e=ecte-& the tnscti!n bein( !e& n- s the e6's efee- n!t t! the es& but t! the 0st cts !f the -ie. -ie. ) In n!the cse& A 8s tie- f! the 6u-e !f ; b7 sh!!tin( hi6 8ith  (un. 5he fcts tht the 0es!n& 8h! 8s t tht ti6e in the s6e !!6 8ith ;& s8  6n 8ith  (un in his hn- 0ss b7  8in-!8 !f tht !!6 n- theeu0!n ecli6e- 5hee is the butche A 8s 'n!8n b7 tht n6e) 8ee hel- t! be b e elent.? i) Whee sh!tl7 fte  6u-e& the 0es!n sus0ecte- !f it e0line87 the bsence !f the -ecese- b7 s7in( tht he h- left the ill(e& the c!ut hel- the stte6ent t! be  0t !f the tnscti!n n- thus elent X;snti  Stte !f H.P. #%,) ? SCC "",Y. ii) A 6n 8s 0!secute- f! the 6u-e !f his 8ife. His -efence 8s tht the sh!t 8ent !ff cci-entl7. 5hee 8s ei-ence t! the effect tht the -ecese- tele0h!ne- t! s7 9 4et 6e the 0!lice 0lese. ;ef!e the !0et! c!ul- c!nnect the 0!lice& the clle& clle& 8h! s0!'e in -istess& (e he --ess n- the cll su--enl7 en-e-. 5heefte the 0!lice c6e t! the h!use n- f!un- the b!-7 !f  -e- 8!6n. He cll nthe the 8!8!-s s she she s0!' s0!'e e 8ee 8ee helhel- t! be ele ele nt nt s  0t 0t !f the the tns tnscti cti!n !n 8hich 8hich b!u(h b!u(htt b!ut b!ut he -eth -eth1 X/t X/tte ten n  5he 5he uee ueen n #%,#) ? WL/ %?+Y. Citicis6 !f es (este -!ctine 5he -!ctine !f es (este is 00licble t! hes7 ei-ence ls!& 8hich is n!t c!nsi-ee-  (!!- 0iece !f ei-ence. In /.  F!ste #?1) 2 C  C& the 8itness h- seen !nl7  s0ee-in( ehicle& but n!t the

cci-ent. 5he in=ue- 0es!n e0line- hi6 the ntue !f the cci-ent. He 8s ll!8e- t! (ie ei-ence !f 8ht the -ecese- si-& lth!u(h it 8s ?.

A

Ruesti!n

bse-

!n

the

s6e

fcts.

XC.LC.*%"[ 1. In  til f! -!87 6u-e !f ; the fct tht !n the lle(e- 6u-e ni(ht the 0!lice h- eceie-  -istess tele0h!nic cll f!6 ; in 8hich bef!e bu0t -isc!nnecti!n she c!ul- !nl7 s7 9 Plese hel0 6e& I fe

i66e-ite

h6

t!

67self.

Is

the

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XC.L4*%:Y# LAW OF EVIDENCE !nl7  -eie- 'n!8le-(e& it bein(  0t !f es (este 1?. Si6ill7& c!llt c!llte el l fcts fcts e e es inte inte li!s li!s cte cte i.e. i.e. tns tnscti cti!ns !ns bet8ee bet8een n !thes& f! e60le& stte6ents 6-e behin- the ccuse-s bc' nt! be use- s ei-ence (inst hi6)& n- inclu-e- in es (este. As  6tte !f fct the f6!us En(lish =u-(e M. Justice ;lc'st!ne is sit! he t!l- n -!cte stu((lin( t! int!-uce n ielent fct s elent ei-ence& t! t7 t! bin( it un-e es (este& becuse the 0hse cn t'e in n7thin( if the =u-(e is s! incline-. Acc!-in( t! P!fess! St!ne& n! ei-entil 0!ble6 is s! sh!u-e- in -!ubt n- c!nfusi!n. 5he ule is n!t !nl7 useless but ls! h6ful. It is useless becuse ee7 0t !f it is c!ee- b7 s!6e !the ule& f! e60le& -eclti!ns s t! the stte ! 6in- ! helth. It is h6ful becuse it cuse- c!nfusi!n b!ut the li6itti!ns !f !the ules. 5he 0ecise li6its !f es (este e n!t the6seles n!t es7 t! -efine. Fcts -iffe s! (etl7 tht n! fie- 0inci0le cn be li- -!8n s t! the 6ttes tht 8ill f!6 0ts !f  tnscti!n. ;ecuse !f its c!nfusin( ntue& the 0hse es (este hs n!t been inclu-e- in In-in Ei-ence Act. An- it ■ is left t! the =u-(es t! fin- the necess7 c!nnecti!n n-

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@ Fcts 8hich e the !ccsi!n cuse ! effect !f fcts in issue Sec.,) Acc!-in( t! Sec.,& the f!ll!8in( fcts e elent * i)

fcts fcts 8hich 8hich e the !ccsi !ccsi!n !n & cus cuse e ! effe effect ct i66e i66e-i -ite te ! !

!the8ise) !f fcts in issue ! elent fcts& ii) ii)

fct fcts s 8hich 8hich c!ns c!nsti titu tute te the the stte stte !f thi thin( n(s s un-e un-e 8hi 8hich ch the7 the7

h00ene-& ! iii) iii)

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fcts fcts 8hic 8hich h ff! ff!-e-e- n n !00! !00!tun tunit7 it7 f! thei thei !ccu !ccuen ence ce !

tnscti!n. Illustti!ns ) [ 5he Ruesti!n is 8hethe A !bbe- ; * 5he fcts tht& sh!tl7 s h!tl7&& bef!e the !bbe7& ; 8ent t!  fi 8ith 6!ne7 in his 0!ssessi!n&&ntht tht he sh!8 sh!8ee- it& it& ! 6e 6ent nti! i!ne ne- the the fct fct tht tht he hh- it t! thi thi0es!ns& e elent. b)

5he Ruesti!n Ruesti!n is 8hethe 8hethe A 6u-ee6u-ee- ; * M's M's !n !n the (!un-& (!un-&

0!-uce- b7  stu((le t ! ne the 0lce 8hee the 6u-e 8s c!66itte-& e elent fcts. c)

5he Ruesti!n Ruesti!n is 8hethe 8hethe A 0!is!ne0!is!ne- ; * 5he 5he stte stte !f !f ;s ;s helt helth h

bef!e the s760t!6s scibe- t! 0!is!n n- hbits !f ; 'n!8n t! A& 8hich& 8hich& ff!ff!-ee- n !00!t !00!tuni unit7 t7 f! the -6ini -6inist stt ti!n i!n !f 0!is!n 0!is!n e elent fcts. Occsi!n * Ei-ence cn l87s be (ien !f the set !f cicu6stnces 8hich c!nstitute- the !ccsi!n f! the h00enin( !f the 0inci0l fct * 1. A Ruesti!n bse- !n the s6e fcts. XC.LC.*%"[/ELEVANC> #%

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See illustti!n ). 5he fct tht the -ecese- (il 8s l!ne in he c!tt(e t the ti6e !f 6u-e is elent s it c!nstitute- the !ccsi!n f! the 6u-e. Cuse * Cuse !ften e0lins 8h7  0ticul ct 8s -!ne. It hel0s the c!ut t! c!nnect  0es!n 8ith the ct. 5he ct in Ruesti!n 6ust he been -!ne b7 the 0es!n 8h! h- the cuse f! it e.(. the fct tht ccuse- 8s in l!e 8ith -ecese-s 8ife. 5he 8!- cuse is b!-e thn the 8!- 6!tie. Whee& f! e60le& s!!n fte n ele electi! cti!n n

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s!6eb!-7s -efet t it is the cuse !f the 6u-e n- be7!n- tht cuse thee 67 be n! 6!tie in it. Effects * Ee7 ct lees behin- cetin effects 8hich n!t !nl7 ec!the h00enin( !f the ct& but ls! th!8 li(ht u0!n the ntue !f the ct. One !f the i60!tnt fcts 8hich c!nnects  0es!n 8ith the ct in Ruesti!n is the f!!t0ints !n the scene !f the ci6e n- the fin(e i60essi!ns: Xsee Xsee illu illust stti! ti!n n b)Y b)Y.. Si6i Si6il ll l7 7& 8he 8hee e  0es 0es!n !n is 0!is!ne- the s760t!6s 0!-uce- b7 the 0!is!n e elent& bein( the effects !f the fcts in issue. P!ssessi!n !f st!len ticles b7  0es 0es!n !n&& i6 i66e 6e-i -it tel el7 7 fte fte thef theft& t& is ls! ls! n effe effect ct..
ccuse ccuse- his !00!t !00!tuni unit7 t7.. Illust Illust ti! ti!n n c) ls! ls! (ies (ies n inst instnce nce !f !00!tunit7. Stte !f thin(s * 5he fct 8hich c!nstitute the stte !f thin(s un-e 8hich ! in the bc'(!un- !f 8hich the 0inci0l fcts h00ene- e elent e.(. the stte !f elti!ns bet8een the 0ties& the stte !f the helth !f the -ecese- n- his hbits. F! e60le& 8hee the ccuse- 8s 0!secute- f! sh!!tin( -!8n his 8ife n- he t!!' the -efence !f cci-ent& the fct tht the ccuse- 8s unh007 8ith his 8ife n- 8s c7in( n ffi 8ith n!the 8!6n 8s hel- t! be elent s it c!nstitute- the stte !f thin(s in 8hich the 0inci0l fct& n6el7& n6el7& the sh!!tin( -!8n& h00ene-. Mee -nt(e n!t en!u(h * 5he 6ee fct& h!8ee& !f  0t7 bein( s! situ situ tetht ht n - -nt(e t(e 8!ul!ul- ccu ccue e t! hi6 hi6 f! f!6 the the c!66issi!n !f  ci6e& 6!unts t! n!thin( ! net t! n!thin(& s  0!!f !f his hin( c!66itte- it. :. 5he 5he Rues Ruesti ti!n !n is 8het 8hethe he A c cus usee- the the -et -eth h !f ; b7 sh sh nnne(li(e ne(li(ent nt -iin -iin(. (. Wheth Whethe e t7e t7e*6 *6's 's 0!-uce 0!-uce- !n the s0!ts s0!ts e e elent

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LAW OF EVIDENCE M!tie 0e0ti!n n- 0ei!us ! subseRuent c!n-uct Sec.) Acc!-in( t! Sec.& n7 fct is elent 8hich sh!8s ! c!nstitutes  6!tie ! 0e0ti!n f! n7 fct in issue ! elent fct. Futhe& Futhe& the c!n-uct 0ei!us ! subseRuent) !f  0t7 ! his (ent ! n ccuseis ele ele nt nt 8hic 8hich h infl influe uenc nces es ! is influ influen ence ce- b7  fct fct in issu issue e ! elent fct. Illustti!ns )

A is tie- f! the the 6u-e 6u-e !f !f ; * 5he 5he fcts tht A 6u-ee6u-ee- C& tht tht

; 'ne8 tht A h- 6u-ee- C& n- tht ; h- tie- t! et!t 6!ne7

f!6 f!6 A b7 the theten tenin( in( t! 6 6'e 'e his 'n!8le 'n!8le-(e -(e 0ublic 0ublic&& e e ele elent nt M!tie). b)

A sues ; u0!n u0!n  b!nb!n- f! the 076ent 076ent !f 6!ne7 6!ne7.. ; -enies -enies the

6'in( !f the b!n-. 5he fct tht& t the ti6e 8he_n the b!n- 8s lle(e- t! be 6-e& ; eRuie- 6!ne7 f!  0ticul 0u0!se& is elent M!tie). c)



A is is tietie- f! the 6u-e 6u-e !f ; b7 0!is!n * 5he 5he fct tht& tht& bef!e bef!e

the the -e -eth !f ;& A 0!c 0!cu ue e- 0!is 0!is!n !n si6i si6il l t! th tht 8hich hich 8s -6inistee- t! ;& is elent2 Pe0ti!n). Pe0ti!n). -)

5he Ruesti!n is 8hethe  cetin -!cu6ent is the 8ill !f A *5he *5he

fcts& tht& n!t l!n( bef!e the -te !f the lle(e- 8ill& A 6-e inRui7 int! 6ttes t! 8hich the 0!isi!ns !f the lle(e- 8ill elte& tht he c!nsulte- 'ils in efeence t! 6'in( the 8ill& n- tht he cuse-fts !f !the 8ills t! be 0e0e- !f 8hich he -i- n!t 00!e& e elent Pe0ti!n). e)

A is ccuse- !f  ci6e * 5he 5he fcts tht& eithe bef!e& ! t the

ti6e !f& ! fte the lle(e- ci6e& A 0!i-e- ei-ence 8hich 8!ulten- t! (ie t! the fcts !f the cse n 00ence f!uble t! hi6self& ! tht he -est!7e- ! c!ncele- ei-ence& ! 0eente- the 0esence ! 0!cue- the bsence !f 8itness ! sub!ne- 0es!ns t! (ie flse ei-ence es0ectin( it& e elent C!n-uct). h) 5he Ruesti!n is 8hethe A c!66itte-  ci6e * 5he fct tht A bsc!n-e- fte eceiin(  lette 8nin( hi6 tht inRui7 8s bein( 6-e 6-e f! the ci6in ci6inl& l& nn- the c!ntents c!ntents !f the lette lette e e ele elen ntt C!n-uct). i) A is ccuse- !f  ci6e * 5he fcts tht& fte the c!66issi!n !f the lle lle(e (e- ci6 ci6e& e& he bsc! bsc!nn-ee- ! 8s 8s in 0!ss 0!sses essi si!n !n !f 0!0 0!0e et7 t7 ! 0!cee-s !f 0!0et7 cRuie- b7 the ci6e& ! tte60te- t! c!ncel

thin thin(s (s 8hic 8hich h 8ee 8ee ! 6i 6i(ht (ht he he been been useuse- in c! c!66 66it itti tin( n( it& it& e e elent C!n-uct). 2. A Ruesti!n bse- .!n the s6e fcts. XC.LC.*%"$%1[/ELEVANC> AND ADMISSI;ILI5> OF FAC5S tie "# M!tie is 6!in( 0!8e 8hich i60els !ne t! -! n ct. It is the in-uce6ent f! -!in( the ct. Ei-ence !f 6!tie is l87s elent& f! 6en -! n!t ct 8h!ll7 8ith!ut 6!tie. 5he ei-ence !f 6!tie ssu s su6e 6es s Qs0e Qs0eci cil l i6 i60! 0!t tn nce ce 8hen 8hen the the 8h!l 8h!le e c cse se is built built u0!n u0!n cicu6stntil ei-ence 5see6 Ku6  Delhi A-6n. AI/ #%%1 SC "::). 5hus& !n the 6u-e !f n !l- 8i-!8 0!ssesse- !f 8elth& the fct tht the ccuse- 8s t! inheit he f!tunes !n he -eth 8s helt! be elent s it sh!8e- tht the ccuse- h-  6!tie t! -is0!se he !f. Whee cetin ln-s 8ee inheite- b7 the -ecese- l!n( 8ith his b!the but the ccuse- (!t the6 tnsfee- int! thei n6es nci6inl n- eenue cses 8ee 0en-in( bet8een the6 t the ti6e 8hen the -ecese- 8s 'ille-& it 8s heltht these fcts c!nstitute sufficient ei-ence !f 6!tie A8-hesh  Stte !f
ct !f 0e0ti!n. F! the s6e es!n& it is elent t! sh!8 tht the ccuse- hie-  e!le  fe8 -7s bef!e the 6u-e. 5he c!n-uct !f  6n is 0ticull7 i60!tnt t! the l8 !f ei-ence& f! his (uilt ! the stte !f 6in- is !ften eflecte- b7 his c!n-uct. 4uilt7 6in- be(ets (uilt7 c!n-uct.
bsc!n-in(

!&

silence.""

LAW OF EVIDENCE JB0lnti!ns t! Sec. /elenc7 /elenc7 !f stte6ents) Wht is elent un-e Sec. is the c!n-uct !f the 0ties n- n!t thei stte6ents. While the l8 is (ene!us in efeence t! c!n-uct& it is stict in efeence t! stte6ents. 5he es!n is tht it is t!! es7 t! 6'e flse stte6ents but it is n!t s! es7 t! 0ut u0 flse c!n-uct. E0lnti!ns t! Sec. ec!(nise t8! ece0ti!ns 8hen stte6ents 67 be -6itte-. E0lnti!n # It 0!i-es tht 6ee stte6ents -! n!t c!nstitute c!n-uct unless the7 cc!60n7 n- e0lin cts !the thn stte6ents. Illustti!ns

=) =) nn- ') ') ee-s s 9 5he 5he Rues Ruesti ti!n !n is& is& 8het 8hethe he A 8s 8s i ish shee- ! ! !bbe-). !bbe-). 5he fcts fcts tht& tht& sh!tl7 sh!tl7 fte the lle(e- 0e ! !bbe7)& !bbe7)& A 6-e  c!60lint eltin( t! the !ffence& the cicu6stnces un-e 8hich& n- the te6s in 8hich& the c!60lint8s 6-e& e elent. 5he fct tht A si- tht she h- been ishe- ! !bbe-) 8ith!ut 6'in( n7 c!60lint& is n!t elent s c!nc'=ctQun-e this secti!n& th!u(h it 67 be elent s  -7in( -eclti!n un-e Sec.?" #)& ! s c!!b!tie ei-ence un-e Sec. #:,. 5hus& the ct !f n in=ue- 0es!n in 6'in(  c!60lint b!ut the !ffence -!ne t! hi6 is  c!n-uct n- the 8!-s in 8hich the c!60lint is 6-e is  stte6ent cc!60n7in( tht c!n-uct n-& theef!e& b!th b!th e e ele ele nt nt un-e un-e e0l e0ln nt ti! i!n n #. If 8ith 8ith!u !utt 6 6'i 'in( n( n7 n7 c!60lint& the ((iee- 0t7 !nl7 stte- the fcts& tht 8ill n!t be ele ele nt nt&& f! f! be be stt stte6 e6en ents ts e e n!t n!t ele ele nt nt un-e un-e Sec. Sec.. . 5he 5he c!60lint sh!ul- he been 6-e s!!n fte the inci-ent. Wht is the -istincti!n bet8een  stte6ent n-  c!60lintU If  fct is st sttete- in ns8 ns8e t!  Rues Ruesti ti! !n& 8ill ill it 6!unt unt t! 6'in( 'in(  c!60 c! 60l lin intU tU 5he 5he test test f! f! it is 8het 8hethe he  stt stte6 e6en entt 8s 6 6-e -e in es0!nse t!  Ruesti!n s'e- ! it 8!ul- he been 6-e een if  Ruesti!n 8s n!t s'e-& the ltte bein(  c!60lint. If the Ruesti!n 6eel7 ntici0tes  stte6ent 8hich the c!60linnt 8s b!ut t! 6'e& it is n!t en-ee- in-6issible b7 the fct tht the Ruesti!ne h00ens t! s0e' fist e.(. 8ht is the 6tte& 8h7 e 7!u c7in(). 5he essentil -iffeence bet8een  stte6ent n-  c!60lint is tht the ltte is 6-e 8ith  ie8 t! e-ess ! 0unish6ent n- 6ust be 6-e 6 -e t! s! s!6e 6e !ne !ne in uth uth! !it it7 7 the the 0!li 0!lice ce&& 0e 0ent nt ! s! s!6e 6e !the !the 0es 0es!n !n t! 8h!6 8h!6 the the c! c!60 60l lin inn ntt 8s 8s =ust =ustl7 l7 enti entitl tlee- t! l!!' l!!' f! f! ssistnce n- 0!tecti!n),. E0lnti!n "

It 0! 0!ii-es es tht tht 8hen 8hen the the c! c!nn-uc uctt !f n7 n7 0es 0es!n !n is ele ele nt nt&& n7 n7 stte6ent 6-e t! hi6 ! in his 0esence n- hein(& 8hich ffects such c!n-uct& is ls! elent. ,. 5hee 8s n tte60te- 0e n- in-ecent ssult u0!n  6isent. Ve7 Ve7 sh!tl7 fte the c!66issi!n !f the ct& the 6i- sent 6-e  c!60lint !f it t! he 6istess tellin( the !ffen-es n6e. Is the

6i-

sents

c!60lint

elentU

.

XC.LC.*%"[ XN!te 9 It is elent /.  Lill76n #%2) " .;.#2,)Y .;.#2,)Y

/ELEVANC>

AND

ADMISSI;ILI5>

OF

FAC5S

"? Such stte6ents e -6itte- becuse 8ith!ut thei hel0 the c!n-uct n7 be unintelli(ible. 5hus& if  6n ccuse- !f  ci6e is silent ! flies& ! (uilt7 !f  flse ! esie es0!nse& his c!n-uct is c!u0le8ith 8ith the stte6 stte6ent ent&& in the ntue ntue !f n -6iss -6issi!n i!n&& n- theef! theef!e& e& ei-ence (inst hi6self. Illustti!n f) 9 5he Ruesti!n is& 8hethe A !bbe- ;. 5he fcts tht& fte ; 8s !bbe- C si- in As 0esence * 5he 0!lice e c!6in( t! l!!' f! the 6n 8h! !bbe- ;& n- tht i66e-itel7 fte8-s A n 87& e elent.  Illustti!n () 9 5he Ruesti!n is& 8hethe A !8es ; /s. #+&+++. 5he fcts tht A s'e- C t! len- hi6 6!ne7& n- D si- t! C in As 0esence n- hein( * I -ise 7!u n!t t! tust A& f! he !8es ; /s. #+&+ #+&+++ ++& & nn- tht tht A 8ent 8ent 87 87 8ith 8ith!u !utt 6 6'i 'in( n( n7 n7 ns8 ns8e e&& e e elent fcts. ueen*E60ess  Ab-ullh #:) , All ?: F.;.) * 5he ccuse- 8s 0!s 0!sec ecut utee- f! f! the the 6u6u-e e !f  7!un 7!un( ( (il (il&&  0!s 0!sti titu tute te.. She She 8s 8s ttc'e- 8hile slee0 in he h!6e. It 8s le-7 6!nin( n- thee

8s sufficient li(ht t! enble he t! i-entif7 he ssilnt& 8h! cut he th!t 8ith  B!. She 8s t'en t!  0!lice stti!n n- thence t!  h!s0itl 8hee tte60ts 8ee 6-e t! 'n!8 f!6 he the n6e !f the ccu c cuse se-. -. ;ut ;ut she she 8s 8s unb unble le t! s0e s0e'& '& he he th! th!t t bein bein( ( cut. cut. She She ns8ee- b7 si(ns !f he hn-. When the n6e Ab-ullh ccuse-) 8s 6enti!ne- she 6-e n ffi6tie si(n. She -ie- !n the thi-7. A efeence 8s 6-e t! the Full ;ench !e the Ruesti!n 8hethe the si(ns !f the hn- she 6-e in es0!nse t! the Ruesti!ns 0ut t! he 8ee elent elent un-e Sec. s the c!n-uct c!n-uct !f n in=ue- 0es!n. 0es!n. 5he 6=!it7 heltht Sec. 8s n!t 00licble& s t! ttct Sec. the c!n-uct 6ust be influence- -iectl7 b7 the fcts in issue$elent fcts n- n!t b7 the inte0!s inte0!siti iti!n !n !f 8!-s 8!-s s0!'e s0!'en n b7 thi- 0es!n 0es!ns. s. 5he si(n si(ns s !f the the hnhn- 8ee 8ee n!t n!t infl influe uenc ncee- b7 the the fct fcts& s& but but b7 the the Ruesti!ns s'e-. ;ut f! the Ruesti!ns& thee 8s n!thin( in the6 t! c!nnect n7b!-7 8ith the in=u7. Left t! the6seles th!se si(ns 8!ulin-icte n!thin(. 5he ei-ence 8s& h!8ee& h!8ee& elent un-e Sec.?" s  -7in( -eclti!n. Mh6!!- J.& -i- n!t (ee n- e(-e- the c!n-uct t! be elent un-e Sec.. E0lnti!n # !f Sec. 0!ints t!  cse in 8hich  0es!n 8h!se c!n-uct is in -is0ute 6ies u0 t!(ethe cti!ns n- stte6ents n- in such  cse th!se cti!ns n- stte6ents 67 be 0!e- s  8h!le. In illustti!n f) t! Sec.& lth!u(h As c!n-uct is un-!ubte-l7 inf influ luen ence ce- - b7 the the fct fct in issu issue& e& it is !nl7 !nl7 infl influe uenc ncee- th! th!u( u(h h the the inteenti!n !f thi- 0es!n& C. 5he 8!- c!n-uct -!es n!t 6en !nl7 such c!n-uct s is -iectl7 n- i66e-itel7 influence- b7  fct in issue ! elent fct. In the 0esent cse& the -ecese- 8!ul- n!t he cte- s she -i- if it . A Ruesti!n bse- !n the s6e fcts.

XLC.I*%1I"1 LAW OF EVIDENC0 h- n!t been f! the cti!n !f th!se 8h! Ruesti!ne- he. 5hee is n! -iffeence in 0inci0le bet8een the ct !f A in unnin( 87 8hen t!ltht 0!lice 8ee c!6in(& n- the ct !f -ecese- in 6!in( he hnin ns8e t! the Ruesti!ns. ;!th e the cses !f c!n-uct 8ithin the 6enin( !f Sec.. Fcts necess7 t! e0lin ! int!-uce elent fcts Sec.%)

H

Sec.% -ecles the f!ll!8in( 'in-s !f fcts t! be elent * i)

fcts necess7 t! e0lin ! int!-uce  fct in issue ! elent elent

fct& ii)

fcts 8hich su00!t su00!t ! ebut ebut n n infeence infeence su((est su((estee- b7  fct in in

issue ! elent fct& iii)

fcts 8hich 8hich estblish the the i-entit7 i-entit7 !f n7thin( n7thin( ! 0es!n& 0es!n&

i)

fcts 8hich fi ti6e ! 0lce t 8hich n7 fct fct in issue ! elent elent

fct h00ene-& n) )

fct fcts s 8hich 8hich sh!8 sh!8 the the el elt ti! i!n n !f 0 0ti ties es.. Int Int!!-uc uct! t!7 7 ! !

e0lnt!7 fcts Ei-ence is l87s ll!8e- !f fcts 8hich e necess7 t! int!-uce the 6in fct ! s!6e elent fct. F! e60le& 8hee the Ruesti!n is 8hethe  (ien -!cu6ent is  8ill 6-e b7  cetin 0es!n& ei-ence 67 be (ien !f the stte !f his 0!0et7 n- !f f6il7 t the -te -te !f the the lle lle(e (e- 8ill 8ill s it 6 67 7 be nece necess ss7 7 t! int int!!-uc uce e the the cicu6stnces in 8hich the 8ill bec6e necess7 XIllustti!n )Y. Si6ill7& in  suit f! libel& ei-ence cn be (ien !f the stte !f 0t 0tie ies s el elti ti!n !ns s t the the ti6e ti6e !f the the lle lle(e (e- libe libell s this this 6 67 7 be necess7 t! int!-uce the cicu6stnces tht le- t! the libel. If the7 h- n7 -is0ute& tht t!! 67 be cite- th!u(h n!t the -etils !f it XIllustti!n f)Y.

Ei-ence !f e0lnt!7 fcts is ll!8e- f! the s6e es!n. Whee& f! e60le&  0es!n is tie- f! le-in( cetin 0e!0le t!  i!t b7 6chin( t the he- !f the6. 5he cies !f the 6!b 67 be (ien in eiei-en ence ce

bein bein( (

e0l 0ln nt! t!7 7

!f

the

ntu ntue

!f

the the

t tns sct cti! i!n n

XIllustti!n +#* A& ccuse- !f theft& is seen t! (ie the st!len 0!0et7 t! ;& 8h0 is seen t! (ie it t! As 8ife. ; s7s& s he -elies it * A s7s 7!u e t! hi-e this. ;s stte6ent is elent s e0lnt!7 !f  fct 8hich is 0t !f the tnscti!n Xlllustti!ne)Y. Xlllustti!ne)Y. A sues ; f! in-ucin( C t! be'  c!ntct !f seice 6-e b7 hi6 8ith A. C& !n lein( As seice s7s t! A&* 5n lein( 7!u becuse ; hs 6-e 6e  bette !ffe. 5his stte6ent is  elent fct s e0l e0ln nt t! !7 7 !f Cs Cs c! c!nn-uc uct& t& 8hic 8hich h is ele ele nt nt s  fct fct in issu issue e XIllustti!n -)Y. Si6ill7&  stte6ent 6-e b7  0tne !n lein( his fi6 is elent bein( e0lnt!7 !f his c!n-uct in lein( the fi6. /ELEVANC>

AND

ADMISSI;ILI5>

OF

FAC5S

": Fcts 8hich su00!t ! ebut infeences Ei-ence cn be (ien !f fcts 8hich su00!t ! ebut n infeence su((este- b7  fct in issue ! elent fct. F! e60le&  0es!n is ccu c cuse se- !f  ci6 ci6e e. 5he fct fct !f his bsc! bsc!n n-in -in( s! s!!n !n fte fte the the c!66issi!n !f the ci6e is  c!n-uct& 8hich is elent becuse it su((ests the infeence tht he is (uilt7. An7 fct 8hich eithe su00!ts this infeence ! ebuts ! c!nt-icts it 8ill ls! bec!6e elent. F! e6 e60le 0le&& if fte fte bsc bsc!n !n-i -in( n(&& he 8s 8s e est stee- in  il il8 87 7 ti tin n tellin( 8ith!ut tic'et ! in shbb7 -ess& this 8ill be elent s fct su00!tin( the infeence !f & his (uilt. It 8ill be eRull7 elent f!

hi6 t! sh!8 tht he left h!6e . becuse he h- u(ent n- su--en busine business ss t! ttentten- the the -etil -etils s !f such such busine business ss e e n!t ele elen nt) t) XIllustti!n c)Y. Whee it 8s lle(e- tht @ 6u-ee- >& fte  l!n( chse& the fct tht @ h- un-e(!ne  het su(e7 !0eti!n n- 8s Ruite 8e' bef!e lle(e- 6u-e is  fct 8hich ebut the infeence !f @s (uilt. Whee the ccuse- 8s ll the ti6e 8ith the c!60linnt till the FI/ 8s l!-(e-& theefte he felt tht he 8s hi6self bein( sus0ecte-. He then 'e0t !ut !f the 87 n- e-e- est. It 8s& heltht the ei-ence !f his c!n-uct 0ei!us t! FI/ 8s elent t! c!nt-ict the infeence su((este- b7 the subseRuent e-in(. Een n inn!cent 6n 67 feel 0nic'7 n- t7 t! e-e est 8hen 8!n(l7 sus0ecte- !f  (e ci6e TMtu  Stte !f <.P.). I-entit7 !f  0es!n$thin( Whee the c!ut hs t! 'n!8 the i-entit7 !f n7 thin( ! n7 0es!n& n7 n7

fct fct

8hic 8hich h

est estbl blis ishe hes s

such such

i-en i-enti tit7 t7

is

ele ele nt. nt.

Pes Pes!n !nl l

chcteistics such s (e& hei(ht& c!60lei!n& !ice& hn-8itin(& 6nne 6nne&& -ess& -ess& -istin -istincti ctie e 6 6's 's&& bl!!bl!!- (!u0& (!u0& !ccu0 !ccu0ti! ti!n& n& f6il7 f6il7 elti!nshi0& e-ucti!n& tel& tel& eli(i!n& 'n!8le-(e !f 0ticul 0e!0le& 0lces ! fct n- !the -etils !f 0es!nl hist!7 e elent fcts. Vi!u i!us s

6eth 6e th!!-s s

li'e li'e

fin( fin(e e$$

thu6 thu6b* b*i6 i60 0es essi si!n !ns& s&

f!!t f!!t*6 *6 's 's&&

c!60is!n !f 8itin(& i-entificti!n 0-e b7 0!lice e use- in this e(-. 5i6e ! 0lce !f h00enin( Wht Whte ee e fct fct 8ill 8ill hel0 hel0 the the c! c!u utt t! fi fi the the ti6e ti6e ! 0lc 0lce e !f the the h00enin( !f the elent fct cn be -6itte- in ei-ence. 5he e0!t !f n e0et is elent t! fi the ti6e !f 6u-e n- the 6's !f stu(( stu((le le !n*the !n*the (!un(!un- e e ele elen ntt t! fi the 0lce 0lce !f the ci6e. ci6e. Su00!se  0es!n 8s 6u-ee- in  tin& the -e- b!-7 8s seen t

the K6l stti!n. 5he tic'et f!un- in his 0!ssessi!n 8s f!6 Delhi t! Lu-hin it 0!es tht the 6u-e 8s c!66itte- bet8een Delhi nKnl. . In his til f! 6u-e !f ; b7 stbbin( fte  l!n( chse& A --u --uce ce- eiei-en ence ce tht tht  8ee' 8ee' bef! bef!e e the the lle lle(e (e- 6u6u-e e A hhun-e(!ne

het

su(e7.

Is

the

fct

elent

U

XC.L.C.*%?[": LAW OF EVIDENCE /elti!n !f 0ties

.

■

A l(e nu6be !f cses !8e thei !i(in t! the 0e*eistin( elti!ns !f the 0ties& such s& f! e60le& th!se !f un-ue influence n- !f libel. /elence /elence !f C!ns0ic7 ei-ence Sec.#+) See un-e the uesti!ns Secti!n. When fcts n!t !the8ise elent bec!6e elent Sec.##) Acc!-in( t! Sec.##& fcts n!t !the8ise elent e elent *i)

if

the7 e inc!nsistent 8ith n7 fct in issue ! elent fct& ii) if b7 the6seles ! in c!nnecti!n 8ith !thes fcts the7 6-e the eistence ! n!n*eistence !f n7 fct in issue ! elent fct hi(hl7 0!bble ! i60!bble. Illustti!ns ) 9 5he Ruesti!n is& 8hethe A c!66itte-  ci6e t Clcutt !n  cetin -7. 5he fct tht& !n tht -7& A 8s t Lh!e is elent. 5he fct tht& ne the ti6e 8hen the ci6e 8s c!66itte-& A 8s t  -istnce f!6 the 0lce 8hee it 8s c!66itte-& 8hich 8!ul- en-e it hi(hl7 i60!bble& th!u(h n!t i60!ssible& tht he c!66itte- it& is elent. b) 5he Ruesti!n is& 8hethe A c!66itte-  ci6e.

5he cicu6stnces e such tht the ci6e 6ust he been c!66itteeithe b7 A& ;& C ! D. Ee7 fct 8hich sh!8s tht the ci6e c!ulhe been c!66itte- b7 n! !ne else n- tht it 8s n!t c!66itte- b7 eithe ;& C ! D is elent. Inc!nsistent fcts Ei-ence cn be (ien !f fcts 8hich he n! !the c!nnecti!n 8ith the 6in fcts !f  cse ece0t this tht the7 e inc!nsistent 8ith  fct in issue !  elent fct. 5hei inc!nsistenc7 8ith the 6in fcts !f the cse is sufficient t! 8nt thei elenc7. elenc7. 5his secti!n enbles  0es!n ch(e- 8ith  ci6e t! tlte the 0le !f libi 8hich 6ens his 0etence else8hee t the ti6e !f the ci6e. His 0esence is inc!nsistent 8ith the fct tht he sh!ulbe 0esent t the 0lce 0lce !f the ci6e ci6e XSee XSee Illust Illustt ti!n i!n )Y. )Y. An!th An!the e instn instnce ce is n!n* n!n* cce c cess ss !f the the husb husbn n- t! 0! 0!e e ille ille(i (iti ti6 6c7 c7 !f  chilchil-.. Si6i Si6il ll l7 7& 8hethe A c!66itte-  0e the fct tht his (enitl !(ns 8ee such s t! en-e the intec!use i60!ssible. Fcts sh!8in( 0!bbilities In 6n7 cses& 0ticull7 in efeence t! s!6e !f the fcts 8hich e n!t -iectl7 0!ble& the c!ut hs t! (! b7 the 0!bbilities !f the situti!n XSee illustti!n b)Y.
!f

!ne

si6u si6ult ltn ne! e!usn usnes ess s

tnscti!n !f

is

6-e

n!t n!the he/ /EL ELEV EVAN ANC> C>

f!6 AND AND

the

si6il

!

ADMI AD MISS SSI; I;I< I<5> 5>

OF

FAC5S ", Fcts Fcts 8hich 8hich 6 6'e 'e thin(s thin(s hi(hl7 hi(hl7 i60!b i60!bbl ble e e e ls! ls! ele elen nt. t. F! F! e60le& in Snt Sin(h  Stte !f Pun=b AI/ #%:2 SC :":)& the 8itn 8itnes esse ses s test testif ifie ie- tht tht the7 the7 s s8 8 the the -ece -eces see- bein bein( ( sh!t sh!t f!6 f!6  -istnce !f ": feet. 5he 6e-icl e0!t sh!8e- tht the ntue !f 8!un- 8s such tht it c!ul- he been cuse- !nl7 f!6  -istnce

less thn  7-. 5hus& the e0et !0ini!n en-ee- the stte6ent !f the 8itnesses hi(hl7 i60!bble. In Klu MiB  E60e!& #%+% ?, Cl. %#& 8hee the Ruesti!n 8s 8hethe  0es!n 8s  hbitul chet& the fct tht he bel!n(e- t! n !(nisti!n 8hich 8s f!6e- f! the 0u0!se !f hbitull7 chetin( 0e!0le 8s hel- t! be elent& .n- it 8s !0en t! the 0!secuti!n t! 0!e (inst ech 0es!n tht the 6e6bes !f the (n( -i- chet 0e!0le. Sec. ## is e7 8i-e in its i60!t. At fist si(ht it 8!ul- 00e tht this secti!n 8!ul- 6'e ee7 fct elent becuse !f its 8!-in(. ;ut ce 6ust be t'en n!t t! (ie this secti!n n i60!0el7 8i-e sc!0e sc!0e b7  libe libell inte0 inte0et etti ti!n !n !f the 0hs 0hse e hi(hl hi(hl7 7 0!bb 0!bble le ! i60!bble. 5hese 8!-s in-icte tht the c!nnecti!n bet8een the fcts in issue n- the c!lltel fcts s!u(ht t! be 0!e- 6ust be i66e-ite s! s t! en-e the c!*eistence !f the t8! hi(hl7 0!bble. 5he elent fcts un-e Sec. ## eithe eclu-e ! i60l7& 6!e ! less -istinctl7&

the

eistence

!f

the

fct

s!u(ht

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be

0!e-.

5he 5heef ef! !e$ e$st stt te6 e6en ents ts s t! fct fcts s 6 6-e -e b7 0es 0es!n !ns s n!t n!t c cll llee- s 8itnes 8itnesses ses&& tns tnscti cti!ns !ns si6il si6il t! but unc!nn unc!nnect ectee- 8ith 8ith the fct fct in issue& n-& !0ini!ns f!6e- b7 0es!ns s t! fct in issue ! elent fct& e n!t elent un-e Sec.##. 5hus& Sec. ## 6'es -6issible !nl7 th!se fcts 8hich e !f (et 8ei(ht 8ei(ht -e(e -e(ee e !f 0!bb 0!bbili ilit7 t7 i66 i66e-i e-ite te nn- hi(h) hi(h) in bin(i bin(in( n( the c!ut t!  c!nclusi!n e(-in( the eistence !f fct in Ruesti!n. Such c!lltel fcts e hi(hl7 luble t! the ccuse- in su00!t !f his -efence& n- t! e0!se the infi6it7 !f the 0!secuti!n cse. H!8ee& n!t 6uch use hs been 6-e !f this secti!n. IMPO/ IMPO/5 5AN5 AN5

5OPIC 5OPICS$I S$ILL LL
Secs.S*%&##)%

5!0ie*% 0ie*%

/ele /elen nc7 c7

!f

Fcts Fcts

In !-e t! 0!e the eistence eistence ! n!n*eistence n!n*eistence !f the fcts fcts in issue& issue& cetin !the fcts 67 be (ien in ei-ence& clle- elent fcts. Such % Discuss the elenc7 !f the f!ll!8in( un-e the In-in Ei-ence Act& #," 9* ) 5he Ruesti!n is 8hethe A s!l- 0ue (hee t! ; fct In issue). A 8nts t! !ffe in ei-ence the fct tht he s!l- 0ue (hee t! C&D& E n- s!6e !the cust!6es !n the s6e -7. -7. TC!nt-....)" LAW OF EVIDENCE fcts 67 he such  -iect ! in-iect c!nnecti!n 8ith the fct in issue& tht the7 en-e the ltte 0!bble ! i60!bble. Acc!-in( t! Sec.:& ei-ence 67 be (ien !f the eistence ! n!n*eistence !f ee7 fct in issue n- !f elent fcts& n- !f n! !thes. 5he 0!isi!ns eltin( t! Secs.2*% c!ulbe su66ise- s f!ll!8s 9* #) Sec. 2 /elenc7 !f fcts f!6in( 0t !f the s6e tnscti!n) 5he 0inci0le !f this secti!n is tht 8henee  tnscti!n such s  c!ntct !  ci6e& is  fct in issue& then ei-ence cn be (ien !f ee7 fct 8hich f!6s 0t !f the s6e tnscti!n. 5nscti!n 5nscti!n efes t!  seies !f cts s! c!nnecte- t!(ethe s e c0ble !f bein( clleb7  sin( sin(le le n6 n6e e.(. .(.  c! c!nt ntct& ct&  ci6 ci6e e& etc. etc. 5he cts cts in  tnscti!n nee- n!t !ccu t the s6e ti6e n- 0lce. Illustti!n ) t! Sec.2 * A is ccuse- !f ;s 6u-e b7 betin( hi6. Whtee 8s si- ! -!ne b7 A ! ; ! b7 the b7*stn-es t the betin( ! sh!tl7 bef!e ! fte it s t! f!6 0t !f the tnscti!n& is  elent fct. Stte6ents !ften cc!60n7 0h7sicl h00enin(s. 5he Ruesti!n is t! 8ht 8ht ete etent nt such such stt stte6 e6en ents ts c cn n be e( e(-ee- s 0t 0ts s !f the the t tnsc nscti ti!n !n.. F!  stt stte6 e6en entt t! be  ele ele nt nt fct fct&& it 6ust 6ust be

c!nt c! nte e60! 60!ne!u ne!us s

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i66e-itel7 bef!e ! fte its !ccuence. If the stte6ent is 6-e fte the ct is !e n- its 6'e h- the ti6e f! eflecti!n n-elibeti!n !  nti!n !f 0st eents)& then it is n!t elent. 5hus& A& 8hile unnin( in steet& c7in( tht ; hs stbbe- hi6& is  elent fct. ;ut& stte6ents 6-e -uin( the C!nt-....) b)

A 8s ch(e ch(e- f! the 6u-e 6u-e !f his 8ife 8ife 8h! 8s 8s 6issin( 6issin( f!

s!6e ti6e fct in issue). Lte !n&  -e- b!-7 8s ec!ee- b7 the 0!lice n- the 0h!t!(0h 8s 0ublishe- in the ne8s00e. Afte seein( the 0h!t!(0h& A si- t! his c!lle(ue& Pe!0le e s7in( tht the 0h!t!(0h is !f 67 8ife. Plese (! n- see. 5hen A left the !ffice fte t'in( lee. c) 5he fct testifie testifie- t! b7 D tht s!!n bef!e bef!e the lle(elle(e- 6u-e 6u-e b7 A&C h- 0ee0e- th!u(h the 8in-!8 n- ecli6e- L!!' A is i6in( his (un t!8-s ;. -) 5he fct tht tht ; 8s 8s seen c!6in( c!6in( !ut !f the h!use !f A -istessen- s!bbin( s!!n fte he lle(e- 0e b7 A. e) e)

In As As ti till un-e un-e Sec. Sec.1 1"+& IPC IPC f! f! che chetin( tin( b7 f flsel lsel7 7

e0 e0es esen enti tin( n( t! ; tht tht he 8s 8s the the 6 6n n(e (e !f  ; ;n' n' nn- 8!ul 8!ule60l e6 0l!7 !7 hi6 hi6 s  c csh shie ie if he -e0! -e0!si site te- 8ith 8ith hi6 hi6 /s. /s. #+&+ #+&+++ ++$*& $*& ei-ence is s!u(ht t! be (ien tht A h- 6-e si6il e0esentti!ns t!

C

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"% inesti(ti!ns !f  ci6e e n!t elent fcts. Whee sh!tl7 fte the 6u-e& the 0es!n sus0ecte- !f it e0line- 87 the bsence !f the -ecese- b7 s7in( tht he h- left the ill(e& heltht stte6ent is  elent fct& bein( 0t !f the tnscti!n.

")

Sec. Sec. , F Fcts 8hich 8hich e the !ccsi! !ccsi!n& n& cuse cuse ! effect effect !f fct in

issue) Occsi!n 9 5he fct tht the -ecese- (il 8s l!ne in he h!use t the ti6e !f 6u-e is elent s it c!nstitute- the !ccsi!n f! the 6u-e. Cuse 9 5he fct tht the ccuse- 8s in l!e 8ith the -ecese-s 8ife is elent s it c!nstitute- the cuse c use f! the 6u-e. 6u-e. Effect 9 F!!t0ints n- fin(e i60essi!ns !n the scene !f the ci6e 8he 8hee e  0es 0es!n !n is 0!is 0!is!n !nee- the the s760 s760t! t!6s 6s 0!0!-uce uce- b7 0!is! 0!is!n n 0!ssessi!n !f st!len ticles b7  0es!n i66e-itel7 fte theft. O00!tunit7 9 5he fct tht ccuse- left l eft his fell!8 8!'es t b!ut the ti6e !f the 6u-e un-e the 0etence !f (!in( t!  S6iths sh!0 8s elent s this (e the ccuse- his !00!tunit7. ?)

Sec. M!tie& 0e0ti!n n- c!n-uct)

M!tie 9 5he Ruesti!n is 8hethe A 6u-ee- ;. 5he fcts tht A 6u-ee- C& tht ; 'ne8 tht A h- 6u-ee- C& n- tht ; h- tiet! et!t 6!ne7 f!6 A b7 thetenin( t! 6'e his 'n!8le-(e 0ublic& e elent. Pe0ti!n 9 It is elent t! sh!8 tht the ccuse- hie-  e!le  fe8 -7s bef!e the 6u-e. C!n-uct 9 5he c!n-uct !f in=ue- ! ccuse- 0es!n ! the 0ties t!  suit is elent. 5he c!n-uct 0ei!us ! subseRuent) 6ust be such s influences ! is influence- b7 the fcts in issue ! elent fcts e.(. the -efen-nt tune- 0le& 8hen este- bibin( c!ncelin( !nes i-entit7 bsc!n-in(& etc. E0l E0ln nt ti! i!n n # t! Sec. Sec.** It 0! 0!ii-es es tht tht 6e 6ee e stt stte6 e6en ents ts -! n!t n!t c!nsti c!nstitut tute e c!n-u c!n-uct ct unless unless the7 the7 cc!6 cc!60n 0n7 7 nn- e0li e0lin n cts cts !the !the thn thn stt stte6 e6en ents ts.. F! F! e6 e60le 0le&& c! c!60 60l lint ints s 6 6-e -e t!  0es 0es!n !n in uth!it7& sh!tl7 fte the c!66issi!n !f the ci6e e elent fcts.

If 8ith!ut 6'in( n7 c!60lint& the ((iee- 0t7 !nl7 stte- the fcts& tht 8ill n!t be b e elent. E0lnti!n " t! Sec. * It 0!i-es tht 8hen the c!n-uct !f n7 0es!n is elent& n7 stte6ent 6-e t! hi6 in his 0esence nhein(& 8hich ffects such c!n-uct& is ls! elent. 5hus& the fct tht ccuse- n 87 i66e-itel7 fte hein( tht the 0!lice is l!!'in( f! the cul0it. 1)

Sec.%

Fcts Fcts necess7 t! e0lin$int!-uce elent fcts)

Int!-uct!7 9 In  suit f! libel& the stte !f 0ties elti!ns t the ti6e !f the lle(e- libel. LAW OF EVIDENCE A sues ; f! in-ucin( C t! be'  c!ntct !f seice 6-e b7 hi6 8ith A. C& !n lein( As seice s7s t! A& I 6 lein( 7!u becuse ; hs 6-e 6e  bette !ffe. 5his stte6ent is  elent fct s e0lnt!7 !f Cs c!n-uct. Su00 Su00! !t$ t$e ebu butt infe infee ence nce 9 If fte fte bsc bsc!n !n-i -in( n(&& the the c ccu cuse se- 8s 8s este- in  tin tellin( 8ith!ut tic'et ! in shbb7 -ess& this 8ill be elent s fct su00!tin( the infeence !f his (uilt. H!8ee& if he sh!8s tht he left su--enl7 becuse !f  u(ent business 8!'& it 8ill ebut the infeence !f his (uilt. I-entit7 !f  0es!n$thin( 9 A(e& hei(ht& !ice& hn-*8itin(& bl!!(!u0& 0es!nl hist!7& etc. e elent fcts. 5i6e$Plce !f h00enin(9 Fcts tht hel0 t! fi the ti6e ! 0lce !f the h00enin(& e elent fcts. /elti!n !f 0ties 9 5he fct !f un-ue influence is elent. Sec.## When ielent fcts bec!6e elent) i) Inc!nsistent Inc!nsistent fcts * 5he fcts 8hich e inc!nsistent inc!nsistent 8ith the 6in 6in fcts& bec!6e elent e.(. the 6u-e !ccue- in Delhi& the ccuse-

!n tht tht -7 -7 8s 8s in Clc Clcut utt t n!n* n!n*c cce cess ss !f the the husb husbnn- t! 0! 0!e e ille(iti6c7 !f  chil-. Fcts sh!8in( 0!bbilities * Fcts 8hich 6'e the eistence ! n!n* eist eisten ence ce !f n7 n7 fct fct in issu issue e ! ele ele nt nt fct fct hi(h hi(hl7 l7 0!b 0!bb ble le ! i60!bble i.e. the c!nnecti!n bet8een such fcts n- the fct in issue$elent fct is i66e-ite). 5hus& in  cse !f flse 0!secuti!n& the the fct fct tht tht the the c ccu cuse se- hh- 0e 0ei! i!us usl7 l7 inst instit itut utee- n unf! unf!un un-e -e0!secuti!n (inst the s6e 0es!n is elent. Whee the 8itness testifie- tht he s8 the -ecese- bein( sh!t f!6 ":*feet -istnce& but the 6e-icl e0et !0ine- tht -istnce cnn!t be 6!e thn  7- c!nsi-ein( the ntue !f !un-& hee e0et !0ini!n en-ee- the stte6ent !f 8itness hi(hl7 i60!bble. Decisi!n !f the cses) in Ruesti!n ) 5he fct is n!t elent un-e Sec.2 ei-ence !f 0ue (hee bein( s!l- t! !the cust!6es is n!t 0t !f the s6e tnscti!n) ! Sec. ## ") thee is n! i66e-ite ! necess7 c!nnecti!n 8ith the fct in issue& becuse  0es!n cn he b- intenti!ns t!8-s !ne 0es!n l!ne). 5he fcts e elent un-e Sec.& s As c!n-uct is influence- b7 fct in issue ! elent fct. Inste- !f (!in( t! the 0!lice stti!n hi6self& he s'e-  fien- t! -! it 8hile he hi6self 0!cee-e- t! (! !n lee. As his stte6ent is in  87 e0lnt!7 !f his c!n-uct& it is elent un-e E0lnti!n # / Sec.. b)

/ELEVANC> ?#

AND

ADMISSI;ILI5>

OF

FAC5S

c)

5he stte6ent is elent un-e Sec.2& s it is c!nte60!ne!us c!nte60!ne!us

8ith the fct in issue 6-e i66e-itel7 bef!e its !ccuence) nthus f!6 0t !f the tnscti!n See illustti!n ) t! Sec.2). -)

It is  elent fct un-e Sec.& s ;s c!n-uct is influence- b7

fct in issue i.e9 0e). e)

5he ei-ence ei-ence !f si6il si6il but unc!nnecte unc!nnecte- fcts fcts is n! elent elent

ei-ence& eithe un-e Sec.2 n!t 0t !f the s6e tnscti!n) ! Sec. ##"). lllustti!n*#+ 9#+ )

It is  elent elent ei-ence un-e Sec.& Sec.& s A hh-  6!tie t! 'ill /. /.

b)

It is  ele ele nt nt fct fct un-e un-e Sec. Sec.  c!n-u c!n-uct ct subseR subseRuen uentt t! t!  nn-

ffecte- b7 fct in issue) n- Sec.% fcts su00!tin( the infeence !f As (uilt). c)

It is  elent fct un-e Sec. ## fcts inc!nsistent 8ith fct in

issue& bec!6e elent). -)

It is  (enel ule !f ei-ence tht ll such ei-ence is -6itte-

8hich hel0s the c!ut in iin(& t the tuth. 50e ec!-s& i-e!* fil6s& 0!l7(f tests& DNA fin(e 0intin(& etc. e t!!ls !f 6!-en techn!l!(7 8hich 6'e the 0!bbilit7 !f tuth hi(hl7 cetin. A DNA e0!t estblishin( the 0tenit7 !f the chil- is  elent ei-ence un-e Sec.% i-entit7 !f  0es!n). e)

It is  elent fct un-e Sec.2 Xillustti!n )Y.

#+. Discuss the elenc7 !f the f!ll!8in( un-e the In-in Ei-ence Act * ) A is ccuse- !f c!66ittin( c!66ittin( 6u-e !f /. Ei-ence is s!u(ht t! be (i (ien !f the fct fct tht ht / hh- 6u-e u-ee e- As b! b!the the n- A hhthetene- tht he 8!ul- t'e een(e.

b) On the bsis !f the F. F.I./. A is sus0ecte- !f hin( hin( c!66itte- the ci6e. 5he fct tht A 8s bsc!n-in( fte the inci-ent n- tht he 8s l!cte- ei(ht -7s fte in  -el0i-te- el0i-te- c!n-iti!n. c) 5he Ruesti!n is 8hethe 8hethe 0e 8s 8s c!66itte- b7 A. 5he fct tht A 8s -6itte- t!  h!s0itl 8ith 6ulti0le fctues -uin( the 0ei!- !f lle(e- 0e. -) A DNA e0!t tht clel7 estblishes estblishes tht the 'ille- chil- 8s 8s the s!n !f n in-ustilist& 8h! is -isinteeste- in !8nin( the 0tenit7 !f the chil-. e) e)

5he 5he 8itn 8itnes esse ses s -e0! -e0!se se tht tht fte fte he hein in( ( the the fis fistt sh!t sh!t the7 the7

cli6be- the b!un-7 8ll n- s8 the ccuse- chsin( the icti6 bef!e the finl sh!!t*!ut. I) Afte the lle(e- 0e the icti6 nte- the 8h!le inci-ent t! the 0!lice

!e

.

0h!ne.

XC.L.C*%1$%:$%2Y?" LAW OF EVIDENCE f) It is  elent ei-ence un-e e0lnti!n # t! Sec.& becuse it 6!unts t!  c!60lint. 5he nti!n !f inci-ent t! the 0!lice is 6-e 8ith  ie8 t! e-ess ! 0unish6ent& thus it is n!t  be stte6ent s! s t! be eclu-e- un-e Sec.. lllustt'n*## 9## )

It is  elent fct un-e Sec. Xillustti!n )Y M!tie).

b)

It is  elent fct un-e Sec.2 n- Sec. subseRuent c!n-uct).

c)

M's M's !n !n the the (!un(!un- is is  elen elentt fct fct un-e Sec., effect effect !f 

fct in issue). A t0e*ec!-e- stte6ent is  elent fct un-e Sees. 2&,&&%&#+ ! ##. -)

It is  ele elen ntt fct fct un-e un-e Sec.& Sec.& e0ln e0lnti ti!n !n #. If 8ith!u 8ith!utt

6'in( n7 c!60lint& the ((iee- 0t7 !nl7 stte- the fcts& tht 8ill n!t be elent& f! be stte6ents e n!t elent un-e Sec..

5!0ic*#" /elenc7 n- -6issibilit7 !f t0e*ec!-e- stte6ent#" 5he t!!ls !f 6!-en techn!l!(7 li'e t0e ec!-s& i-e! fil6s& DNA tests& etc. 6'e the 0!bbilit7 !f tuth hi(hl7 cetin. It is  (enel ule !f ei-ence tht ll such ei-ence is -6itte- 8hich hel0s the c!ut in iin( t the tuth. ##. Discuss the elenc7 !f the f!ll!8in( * ) A is ccuse- !f 6u-e 6u-e !f his 8ife. 5he ei-ence (ien tht he 8s 8s in l!e 8ith n!the 8!6n n- 8nte- t! 67 he. 5he 8ife hc!6e t! 'n!8 !f it n- h- thetene- t! e0!t the 6tte t! 0!lice. b)

AccuseAccuse- 8s seen seen c!6in( !ut !ut !f  !!6& !!6& f!6 8hee 8hee the -e-e-

b!-7 !f his 8ife 8s ec!ee-. 5he ccuse- n 87 fte hein( tht the 0!lice is c!6in( t! est the 6u-ee. 6u-ee. c)

5he Ruest Ruesti!n i!n is 8hethe 8hethe A 6u-e 6u-eee- ; -uin( -uin( the c!use c!use !f 

stu((le. M's !n the (!un- 0!-uce- b7 the stu((le t the 0lce !f !ccuence n-  t0e*ec!-e- stte6ent !f A n- ; ec!-esi6ultne!usl7

e

ten-ee-

in

ei-ence.

G -) In  til !f A f! 0in( 0in( ;& the 0!secuti 0!secuti!n !n 8nts 8nts t! el7 u0!n  c!60lint 6-e b7 ; eltin( t! the ci6e& the cicu6stnces un-e 8hich n- the te6 in 8hich the c!60lint 8s 6-e. If inste- !f  c!60lint& the 0!secuti!n elies !n  nti!n !f eent b7 ; t!  fien- tellin( hi6 s t! h!8 A h- 0ef!6e- the ct& 8ill it be

elent

fctU

XLC.I*%:2Y #". #".

Disc Discus uss s

the the

ele ele nc nc7 7

stte6ent. XC.LC*%?$%1 L.C.I*%:Y

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-6i -6iss ssib ibil ilit it7 7

!f t0e t0e* *ec ec! !-e -e-

Discuss the fcts n- 0!ints !f l8 s enuncite- in the cse !f /.M. Ml'ni



Stte

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Mhsht

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SC

#:,).

XL.C.I*%1Y C!nt-....)/ELEVANC> AND ADMISSI;ILI5> OF FAC5S ?? 5hus 5hus&& t0e t0e* *ec ec! !-i -in( n(s s c cn n be usese- s ei-e i-enc nce e in  c! c!u utt t! c!!b c!!b! !t te e the stte6en stte6ents ts !f  0es!n 0es!n 8h! -e0!ses -e0!ses tht tht he hc c ie ie- !n  c! c!n ne es sti ti!n !n 8ith 8ith  0t 0tic icul ul  0es 0es!n !n.. A 0e 0ei! i!us us stte6ent !f  0es!n 8hich hs been t0e*ec!-e- cn ls! be uset! test the ecit7 !f  8itness n- t! I60ech his i60tilit7. i60tilit7. In >usuf suflii lii  Stt Stte e !f Mh Mh sh sht t  #%2 #%2,) ,) ;! ;!6 6 L/ ,2 SC) SC)&& the the Su0e6e C!ut !bsee- 9 If  stte6ent is elent& n ccute t0e*ec!- !f the stte6ent is ls! elent n- -6issible. 5he ti6e nn- 0lc 0lce e nn- c ccu cu c7 c7 !f the the ec! ec!-in in( ( 6ust 6ust be 0! 0!e e- b7  c!60etent 8itness n- the !ice 6ust be 0!0el7 i-entifie-. One !f the fetues !f the 6(netic t0e*ec!-in( is the bilit7 t! ese ne*use the ec!-in( 6e-iu6. ;ecuse !f this fcilit7 !f esue ne*use& the ei-ence 6ust be eceie- 8ith cuti!n. 5he c!ut 6ust be sti s tisf sfie ie- be7! be7!nn- es es!n !nb ble le -!ub -!ubtt tht tht the the ec! ec!- hs hs n!t n!t been been t60ee- 8ith In Mhbi Ps-  Suin-e Ku AI/ #%" SC #+1?)& the c!ut helth tht

t0e* 0e*e ec! c!-ee-

c!n c! ne es stti!n i!n

cn c n

!nl7 !nl7

be

eli elie e-

u0!n 0!n

s

c!!b!tie ei-ence !f c!nesti!n -e0!se- b7 n7 !f the 0ties t! the c!nesti!n. In the bsence !f n7 such ei-ence& the t0e cnn!t be use- s n ei-ence in itself. /.M. Ml'ni  Stte !f Mhsht AI/ #%,? SC #:,) In this this c cse se&& the the 0!s 0!sec ecut uti! i!n n c cse se 8s 8s bse bse- s! s!le lel7 l7 !n the the t0e t0e** ec!-e- c!nesti!n& 8hich clel7 0!e- the 00ellnts intenti!n

t!

!bt btin



bib bibe. e.

5he

00e 00ell llnts nts

c!nte !ntent nti! i!n n

8s

th tht

such such

c!n c! ne es sti ti!n !n c cnn nn!t !t be -6i -6itt ttee-.u .unn-e e the the 0! 0!isi isi!n !ns s !f In-i In-in n Ei-ence Act& 6!e!e s it 8s unl8ful. 5he Su0e6e C!ut helsuch c!nesti!n t! be elent. 5he 5he Su0 Su0e6 e6e e C!u C!utt lili- -!8n -!8n the the l8 l8 el elti tin( n( t! t0e t0e* *ec ec! !-e -ec!nesti!n s 9* #)

50e*ec!-e- c!nesti!n is -6issible in ei-ence 0!i-e-

the c!nesti!n is elent t! the 6tte in issue& the !ice cn be 0!0el7 i-entifie-& n- the 0!ssibilit7 !f esin( 0ts !f the t0e is eli6inte-. ")

When the t0e*ec! t0e*ec!-in( -in( is  c!nte60! c!nte60!ne! ne!us us ec!ec!- !f such

c!n c! ne es sti ti!n !n i.e i.e.. 6 6-e -e si6u si6ult ltn ne! e!us usl7 l7 8ith 8ith the the fct fcts s in issu issue e ! elent fcts)& it is  elent fct un-e Sec.2. It is es * (este. Since it is li'e  0h!t!(0h !f  elent inci-ent& it is C!nt-....) A&  7!un( (il& eceies !bscene clls !n the tele0h!ne. She ec!-s the 0h!ne cll !n  t0e*ec!-e in 8hich the clle i-entifies hi6self t! be @. @ Is bein( tie- f! 6'in( !bscene clls t! A. In the til the 0!secuti!n 0!secuti!n 8nts t! le- In ei-ence the ec!-e- cll. Cn it be le- in ei-enceU Wht is the test f! -6issibilit7 !f t0e*ec!-ec!nesti!nU

Deci-e

8ith

efeence

t!

-eci-e-

cses.

[LC.II*%S[?1 LAW OF EVIDENCE ls! -6issible un-e Sec.,. Such ec!-in( is ls!  -!cu6ent un-e Sec.?. 5he ec!-in( is ls! -6issible un-e Sees. &%&#+ ! ##. ?)

As t! ei-enci ei-enci7 7 lue& lue& the c!ut hs si- tht such ei-ence ei-ence

6ust be eceie- 8ith cuti!n. 5hus& t0e*ec!-in( 6ust be (enuine n- fee f!6 t60ein( ! 6utilti!n the c!ut sh!ulbe !the8ise stisfie- !f its ccuc7.

1)

Een Een if the t0e* t0e*ec! ec!-i -in( n( is !btin !btinee- unl8 unl8ful full7 l7&& it 8ill 8ill be

-6issible in ei-ence& s -etecti!n b7 -ece0ti!n is  f!6 !f 0!lice 0!ce-ue. In M(= Pt!-i  /.K. ;iii #%,+) " SCC %& it 8s heltht een if  -!cu6ent is 0!cue- b7 i60!0e ! ille(l 6ens& the thee e is n! b b t! its its -6i -6iss ssib ibil ilit it7 7 0! 0!ii-ee- its its ele ele nc nce e nn(enuineness e 0!e-. 5he M-s Hi(h C!ut hs& in /.Ven'tesn  Stte #%+ C LJ1#)& c!nsi-ee- the ei-enti7 lue !f  t0e*ec!-e- c!nesti!n. In tht tht cse& cse& the c!ne c!nes sti! ti!n n 8s 8s n!t u-ible u-ible th!u( th!u(h!u h!ut& t& n- 8s 8s b!'en t  e7 cucil 0lce. 5he ccuse- lle(e- tht the s6e hs n!t n!t been been t60 t60e eee- 8ith 8ith.. 5he 5he c ccu cu c7 c7 !f the the ec! ec!-in in( ( 8s 8s n!t n!t 0! 0!ee-&& nn- the the !ic !ices es 8ee 8ee ls! ls! n!t n!t 0!0 0!0e el7 l7 i-en i-enti tifi fiee-.. In the the cicu6stnces& the c!ut c!nclu-e- tht it 8!ul- n!t be sfe t! el7 !n the t0e*ec!-e- c!nesti!n s c!!b!tin( the ei-ence !f the 0!secuti!n 8itness. As e(-s -6issibilit7 !f t0e*ec!-in(s& the ;!6b7 Hi(h C!ut C./.Meht  Stte !f Mhsht& #%%? C LJ "2?) hs. !bsee-  5he 5he l8 l8 is Ruit Ruite e cle cle tht tht t0e t0e* *ec ec! !-e -e- ei-e ei-enc nce e if it is t! be cce c ce0t 0tb ble le&& 6ust 6ust be sel selee- t the the el elie iest st 0!in 0!intt !f ti6e ti6e&& nn- n!t n!t !0ene- ece0t un-e !-es !f the c!ut. In /6 Sin(h  C!l. /6 Sin(h #%:) Su00. SCC 2##& the Su0e6e C!ut hs ti(htene- the ule s t! elenc7 !f t0e t! this etent tht it 6ust be sh!8n tht fte the ec!-in( the t0e 8s 'e0t in 0!0e cust!-7. In tht cse the De0ut7 C!66issi!ne h- left the t0e 8ith the the sten sten!( !( 0h 0he e.. 5ht 5ht 8s 8s helhel- t! be suff suffici icien entt t! -est -est! !7 7 the the uthenticit7 !f the t0e. 5he Su0e6e C!ut hs futhe su((estetht

h!8

the

css sse ette

c6e

int!

eistence

is

n

i60!tnt

c!nsi-eti!n. 5he c!ut e=ecte- t0e ec!-e- ei-ence !f n electi!n s0eech becuse becuse the t0e 8s 0e0e0e0e- b7  0!lice !ffice !ffice n- he 8s

n!t ble t! e0iin 8h7 he h- -!ne s!. s !. 5he cn-i-te h- -enie- tht the t0e 8s in his !ice u66l Isl6  S.K. Knt AI/ #%%1 SC #,??). Decisi!n !f the cse in Ruesti!n 5he 5he t0e t0e* *ec ec! !-e -e- c cll ll c cn n be lele- int! int! eiei-en ence ce&& 0! 0!ii-ee- the the c!n-iti!ns li- -!8n in /.M. Ml'ni cse e stisfie-. II/ELEVANC>

AND

ADMISSI;I<5>

OF

FAC5S

?: 5!0ic*#? Ei-ence t! 0!e C!ns0ic7 Sec.#+)#? Whee thee is es!nble (!un- t! beliee b eliee tht t8! ! 6!e 0es!ns he c!ns0ie- t!(ethe t! c!66it n !ffence ! n cti!nble 8!n(& n7thin( si-& -!ne ! 8itten b7 n7 !ne !f such 0es!ns in efeence t! thei c!66!n intenti!n& fte the ti6e 8hen such intenti!n 8s fist entetine- b7 n7 !ne !f the6& is  elent fct s (inst ech !f the 0es!ns beliee- t! be s! c!ns0iin(& s 8ell s f! the 0u0!se !f 0!in( the eistence !f c!ns0ic7 s f! the 0u0!se !f sh!8in( tht n7 such 0es!n 8s  0t7 t! it. Illustti!n */es!nble */es!nble (!un- eists f! beliein( tht A hs =!ine- in  c!ns0ic7 t! 8(e 8 (inst the 4!en6ent !f In-i. 5he 5he fct fcts s tht tht ; 0! 0!cue cue- 6s 6s in Eu Eu!0e !0e f! f! the 0u0 0u0! !se !f c!ns c! ns0i 0ic7& c7& C c! c!ll llec ecte te- 6! 6!ne ne7 7 in Clc Clcut utt t f! f!  li'e li'e !b=e !b=ect ct&& D 0esu 0esu-e-e- 0es!n 0es!ns s t! =!in =!in the c!ns0i c!ns0ic7 c7 in ;! ;!6b 6b7 7& E 0ublish 0ublishee8itin(s -!ctin( the !b=ect in ie8 t A(& n- the c!ntents !f lette 8itten b7 H (iin( n cc!unt !f c!ns0ic7& e ech elent& b!th t! 0!e the eistence !f c!ns0ic7& n- t! 0!e As c!60licit7 in it& lth!u(h he 67 he been i(n!nt !f ll !f the6& n- lth!u(h the 0es!ns b7 8h!6 the7 8ee -!ne 8ee stn(es t! hi6& nlth!u(h the7 67 he t'en 0lce bef!e he =!ine- the c!ns0ic7 ! fte he left it.

C!ns0ic7 6ens  c!6binti!n ! (ee6ent bet8een t8! ! 6!e 0es!ns t! -! n unl8ful ct ! t! -!  l8ful ct b7 unl8ful 6ens. 5he un-el7in( 0inci0le !n 8hich Sec.#+ is bse- is the 0inci0le !f (enc7 8hich 6ens& if t8! ! 6!e 0es!ns c!ns0ie t!(ethe t! c!66it n !ffence& ech is e(-e- s bein( the (ent !f the !the n- ech c!ns0it! is lible f! 8ht is -!ne b7 his fell!8 c!ns0it!. c!ns0it!. 5he c!n-iti!ns !f elenc7 un-e Sec.#+ e * #) 5hee shll be 0i6 fcie ei-ence ff!-in(  es!nble (!unt! beliee tht t8! ! 6!e 0es!ns he entee- int!  c!ns0ic7. #?. A c!ns0ic7 is htche- in secec7 n- eecutein -'ness. Ntull7& theef!e& it is n!t 0!ssible f! the 0!secuti!n t! c!nnect ech ech is!l is!lt tee- c ctt !f stt stte6 e6en entt !f !ne !ne c ccu cuse se- 8ith 8ith the the c cts ts nnstte6ents !f !thes& unless thee is  c!66!n b!n- lin'in( ll !f the6 t!(ethe. E0lin 8ith the hel0 !f elent sttut!7 0!isi!ns n- cse l8.

XC.L.C. *%1Y

Secti!n #+ !f the In-in Ei-ence Act is n eil 0!isi!n but 0eh0s it is  necess7 eil. D! 7!u (ee 8ith this !bseti!nU Discuss citicll7

8ith

efeence

t!

the

le-in(

cses.

IC.LC.*%?Y A& ; n- C c!ns0ie t! bl!8  il*bi-(e. 5! chiee thei !b=ect& the7 6'e  0ln t! 0lce  ti6e b!6b bel!8 the il87*bi-(e. 5he ti6e b!6b is 0lce-& but it -!es n!t e0l!-e. 5he7 etun bc' n- 8ite  lett lette e t! the the su00 su00li lie e !f the the ti6e ti6e b!6b b!6b e0l e0li ini nin( n( hi6 hi6 the the n!n* n!n* e0l!si!n !f the -eice n- eRuestin( f! n!the ti6e b!6b. 5he lett lette e is inte intec ce0 e0te te- nn- the the 0!s 0!sec ecut uti! i!n n 8nt 8nts s t! use use this this lett lette e (i (ins nstt ll ll c ccu cuse se- 0es 0es!n !ns s inclu inclu-in -in( ( the the su00 su00li lie e un-e un-e Sec.# Sec.#+. +. Deci-e. LAW OF EVIDENCE

XC.LC.*%# XC.LC.*%# L.C.I*%2Y?2

")

If the si- c!n-iti!n is fulfille-& n7thin( si-& -!ne ! 8itten& b7

n7 n7!ne !ne !f the6 the6 in efe efee enc nce e t! thei thei c! c!66 66!n !n inte intent nti! i!n n 8ill 8ill be ei-ence (inst the !the. ?)

An7thin( An7thin( si-& -!ne ! 8itten 8itten b7 hi6 sh!ulsh!ul- he he been si-&

-!ne ! 8itten b7 hi6 fte the ti6e 8hen the intenti!n t! c!ns0ie 8s fist entetine- b7 n7 !f the6. 5he cts$stte6ents !f  c!ns0it! cn !nl7 be use- f! the 0u0!se !f 0!in( the eistence !f c!ns0ic7 ! tht  0ticul 0es!n 8s  0t7 t! it. It cnn!t be use- in f!u !f the !the 0t7 ! f! the 0u0 0u0!s !se e !f sh!8 sh!8in in( ( tht tht such such  0es 0es!n !n 8s 8s n!t n!t  0t 0t7 7 t! the the c!ns0ic7. An7thin( si-& -!ne ! 8itten 67 be 0!e- (inst  c!ns0it! 8h! =!ine- fte ! left bef!e such thin( 8s si-& -!ne ! 8itten S- S-ul Sin(h 7 Stte !f Mhsht AI/ #%2: SC 2"). 1) :) 5hus& the s0ecil fetue !f the ule is tht n7thin( si-& 8itten ! -!ne b7 n7 6e6be !f the c!ns0ic7 is n ei-ence (inst the !the 6e6bes een if the7 e -!ne in thei bsence n- 8ith!ut thei 'n!8le-(e*& the !nl7 c!n-iti!n bein( tht the ct 6ust he efeence t! thei c!66!n intenti!n. 5est !f 0i6 0i6  fci fcie e c! c!ns ns0i 0i c7 c7#?G * Onl7  0i6 fcie cse !f c!ns0ic7 hs t! be 6-e !ut t! bin( Sec. #+ int! !0eti!n. 5he fct tht the t8! ccuse-& !ne !f 8h!6 ctull7 cuse- -eth& 8ee seen t!(ethe bef!e the eent is!ltin( the6seles !n  !!f t!0 n6'in( ee7 0!ssible eff!t t! c!ncel thei c!nesti!n f!6 the f6i f6il7 l7 6e6bes bes&& 8s helhel- t! be en!u n!u(h 0i6 0i6  fci fcie e 0!! 0!!ff !f c!ns0ic7 s! s t! 0unish !ne f! the cti!n !f the !the Keh Sin(h  Delhi A-6n. AI/ #%+ SC #?).

Sec.#+ *  necess7 eil Sec. #+ hs  0!tentil 0!tentil t! !0e in the inn!cent inn!cent 8ith the (uilt7& (uilt7& n- t! !0e !0e in 0e!0 0e!0le le 8h! 8h! he he (enu (enuin inel el7 7 bn bn-! -!ne ne-

nn- e( e(et ette te-. -.

Illustti!n t! Sec. #+ hs been -escibe- t! be unntul. 5he 5he c cse se !f Keh Keh Sin( Sin(h h  Stt Stte e Del Delhi hi A-6n A-6n.) .)&& Qh!8 Qh!8s s tht tht the the Su0 Su0e6 e6e e C!u C!utt c! c!ns nsii-e eee-  6e 6ee e c ctt !f t8! t8! 0e!0 0e!0le le is!l is!lt tin in( ( the6se the6sele les s t the h!use h!use t!0 n- subseR subseRuen uentl7 tl7 !i!i-in( in( Ruesti Ruesti!ns !ns b!ut the c!ntent !f thei c!nesti!n s en!u(h es!n t! beliee tht the7 8ee c!ns0iin( b!ut s!6e thin(. H!8ee& it 6ust be 'e0t in 6in- tht Sec.#+ !nl7 6'es s!6e fcts elent& 00eciti!n !f ei-ence n- (iin( -ue 8ei(ht t! it is the functi!n !f the c!ut. Whee cetin ei-ence hs been -6itte- un-e es!nble belief !f the eistence !f  c!ns0ic7& but subseRuentl7 it 00es tht the belief 8s unf!un-e-& the ei-ence cn be stuc' !ut. #?. Wht is the test !f 0i6 fcie c!ns0ic7 in Sec.#+U XC.LC.*%2[/ELEVANC> 

AND

ADMISS#;ILI5>

OF

FAC5S

?,

Sec. #+ is neetheless c!nsi-ee-  necess7 eil. E0linin( the es!ns 8hich necessite- the elti!n !f the !-in7 ules in cses !f c!ns0i c!ns0i c7 c7&& ;.P ;.P. Sinh& Sinh& J. sisi- 9 Sec.# Sec.#+ + hs hs been been -elibe -elibe tel tel7 7 encte- in !-e t! 6'e such cts$stte6ents !f  c!*c!ns0it! -6iss -6issibl ible e (ins (instt the 8h!le 8h!le b!-7 b!-7 !f c!ns0i c!ns0it t!s !s&& becus becuse e !f the ntue !f the ci6e. A c!ns0ic7 is htche- in secec7& n- eecutein -'ness. Ntull7& theef!e& it is n!t fesible f! the 0!secuti!n t! c! c!nn nnec ectt ech ech is!l is!lt tee- c ct$ t$st stt te6 e6en entt !f !ne !ne c ccus cusee- 8ith 8ith the the cts$stte cts$stte6ent 6ents s !f the !thes& !thes& unless thee is  c!66 c!66!n !n b!n- lin'in( lin'in( ll !f the6 t!(ethe ;-i /i  Stte !f ;ih AI/ #%: SC %:?). Cse*L8 MiB A'b  E60e! #?b

AI/ #%1+ PC #,2) In this cse& the lle(ti!n !f the P!secuti!n 8s tht W& the 8ife !f M.@& n- he 06!u ;& c!ns0ie- t! 6u-e @. It is futhe lle(etht W n- ; hie- C f! c!66ittin( the 6u-e !f @. C 8s cu(ht e-*hn-e- in 6u-ein( @. ;& 8h! eche- the s0!t 0le-e- tht C is inn!cent bsence !f 6!tie). W&; n- C 8ee 0!secute- f! 6u-e n- c!ns0ic7 t! 6u-e. 5he 0inci0l ei-ence !f the c!ns0ic7 bet8een W n- he l!e ;& c!nsiste- !f cetin lettes& in 8hich the7 e0esse- -ee0 l!e t!8-s ech !the n- efee- t! 6!ne7 n- 6ens 6!st 0!bbl7 in  c!nnec c!nnecti! ti!n n 8ith 8ith @s 6u-e 6u-e). ). W ls! ls! 6 6-e -e stte6 stte6ent ents s bef!e bef!e the 6(istte = fte she h- been este- !n the ch(e !f c!ns0ic7. He lettes n- = he stte6ents 8ee -6itte- in ei-ence (inst ; s bein( the thin(s =si- n- 8itten b7  c!ns0it! in efeence t! thei c!66!n intenti!n. ; 0efee- n 00el t! the Pi7 C!uncil (inst the elenc7 !f this I ei-ence. It 8s heltht the lettes 8ee elent un-e Sec.#+ s thei = te6s 8ee !nl7 c!nsistent 8ith  c!ns0ic7 bet8een W n- ; t! 0!cue the -eth !f @& n- the7 8ee 8itten t  ti6e 8hen the c!ns0ic7 8s (!in( !n n- f! the 0u0!se !f ttinin( thei !b=ect. ;ut the stte6ent t! the 6(istte 8s hel- t! be n!t elent un-e Sec.#+ s it 8s = 6-e fte the !b=ect !f the c!ns0ic7 h- le-7 been ttine- n- h- c!6e t! n en-. 5he c!ut !bsee- 9 5he 8!-s c!66!n intenti!n si(nif7  c!66!n intenti!n eistin( t the ti6e 8hen the thin( 8s si-& -!ne ! 8itten b7 !ne !f the6. 5hin(s si-& -!ne ! 8itten 8hile the c!ns0ic7 8s !n f!!t e elent s ei-ence !f the c!66!n intenti!n. ;ut it 8!ulbe

e7

-iffeent

6tte

t!

h!l-

n nt ti ie$ e$st stt te6 e6en ent$ t$c! c!nf nfes essi! si!n n 6 6-e -e t!  thi thi-

tht

n7

0t 0t7 7 fte fte

the the

c!66!n intenti!n ! c!ns0ic7 8s n! l!n(e T !0etin( n- hcese- t! eist& is -6issible (inst the !the 0t7. 5hee is then n! c!66!n intenti!n !f the c!ns0it!s t! 8hich the #?b. A Ruesti!n bse- !n the s6e fcts. Xt.C.

#*%1$%:Y?

LAW OF EVIDENCE stt stte6 e6en entt c cn n he he efe efee enc nce. e. In E60e E60e! !  4ne 4nesh sh /(h /(hun unt th h #% #%##)

?

Ct

#2%&

the

-istincti!n

8s

i(htl7

-8n

f!6

c!66unicti!ns bet8een c!ns0it!s 8hile the c!ns0ic7 8s (!in( !n n- the stte6ent 6-e fte est ! fte the c!ns0ic7 hen-e-& b7 87 !f -esci0ti!ns !f eents then 0st. ;-i /i  Stte !f ;ih AI/ #%: SC %:?) * In this cse& /6=i n;-i 8ee 0!secute- f! c!ns0ic7 f! bibin(  0!lice !ffice. An ins0ect! !f 0!lice 8s !n his 87 t! the 0!lice stti!n. ;!th /6=i n;-i  00!che- hi6 n- eRueste- tht the7 8!ul- -ul7 e8hi6 if he c!ul- hush u0 the cse eltin( t! st!len !n6ents& etc. ec!ee- f!6 /6=is h!use n- 8hich 8s un-e inesti(ti!n. 5he ins0e ins0ect ct! ! t!lt!l- the6 the6 t! c! c!6e 6e t! the the 0!li 0!lice ce stt stti! i!n. n. 5he 5he ins0e ins0ect ct! ! e0!te- the 6tte t! his seni! !ffice. ;-i ls! c6e t! the 0!lice stt stti! i!n n nn- !ffe !ffee e- hi6 hi6  0c' 0c'et et !f cu cuen enc7 c7 n!te n!tesQ sQ He t!lt!l- the the ins0e ins0ect ct! ! tht tht /6= /6=ii hh- sent sent the the 6! 6!ne ne7 7 s  c! c!ns nsii-e et ti! i!n n f! f! hushin( u0 the cse (inst hi6. 5he ins0ect! seiBe- the 6!ne7 n-e8 u0 the F.I./. 5he !nl7 Ruesti!n bef!e the Su0e6e C!ut 8s 8hethe the !ffe !f 6!ne7 n- the cc!60n7in( stte6ent 6-e b7 ;-i 8ee elent (inst /6=i. 5he c!ut si- tht 8hen b!th the ccuse- 00!chethe ins0ect! n- eRueste- hi6 t! hush u0 the cse& tht clel7 sh!8e- tht the7 h- c!ns0ie- t! bibe  0!lice !ffice. !ffice. 5ht bein( s!& n7thin( n7thin( si- ! -!ne b7 n7 !f the6 in efeence efeence t! thei c!ns0ic7 c!ns0ic7

t! bibe 8s elent (inst the !the ls!. 5he stte6ent n- the !ffe !f bibe h- cle efeence t! thei c!66!n intenti!n n- 8ee& theef!e& elent (inst b!th. 5hus&  stte6ent 6-e l!n( 8ith the !ffence is 0t !f the s6e[ tnscti!n n- is hence -6issible. /.  ;l'e  57e #11) 2   ; #"2 * In this cse #?+& S 8s n !ffice& e60l!7e- in the Cust!6s H!use& n- /& n (ent f! the i60!tes t the s6e 0lce. ;!th !f the6 8ee ch(ech(e- 8ith c!ns0ic7 c!ns0ic7 t! -!-(e the cust!6 -e0t6ent& b7 0ssin( (!!-s 8ith!ut 07in( full -ut7. / 6-e enties in t8! b!!'s. One !f the b!!'s 8s use- f! c7in( !ut the fu- n- enties 8ee necess7 f! tht 0u0!se. ;ut the !the 8s f! his 0ite ec!-& ! c!nenience& such s& the c!untef!il !f his cheR cheRue ue b!!' b!!'.. 5he 5he Rues Ruesti ti!n !n 8s 8s -6i -6iss ssibi ibili lit7 t7 !f thes these e b!!' b!!'s s sGei-ence !f c!ns0ic7& c!ns0ic7& n- (inst the !the 0es!n S). It 8s 8s helhel- tht tht the the b!!' b!!' useuse- f! f! c c 7i 7in( n( !ut !ut fu fu- is cet ceti inl nl7 7 elent& but the sec!n- b!!' is n!t. As the ltte is  6ee stte6ent !f 8ht 8ht this this 0t 0t7 7 8s 8s -!in -!in(. (. A 6e 6ee e stt stte6 e6en entt 6 6-e -e b7 !ne !ne c!ns c! ns0i 0it! t!&& ! n ct tht tht he 6 67 7 ch!! ch!!se ses s t! -!& -!& 8hic 8hich h is n!t n!t necess7 t! c7 the c!ns0ic7 t! its en-& is n!t ei-ence t! effect n!the. Acts n- -eclti!ns e n!t eceible unless the7 ten- t! the the - -nc nce6 e6en entt !f the the c! c!66 66!n !n !b=e !b=ect ct.. If the the !b=e !b=ect ct hs hs been been cc!60lishe-& the ct ! stte6ent is n!t eceible. 5his 8s  6ee stte6ent s t! the she !f the 0lun-e. 0lun-e. #?^. A Ruesti!n bse- !n the s6e fcts. XC.$..C*S"J /ELEVANC>

AND

ADMISSI;ILI5>

OF

FAC5S

?% 5he essence !f the -ecisi!n see6s t! be tht ei-ence !f n ct !f  c!ns0it! is elent (inst !the !nl7 if the ct 8s -!ne t! c7 !ut the c!ns0ic7. 5he ct sh!ul- elte t! the futhence !f the

c!66!n !b=ect. An- it sh!ul- n!t 6eel7  ntie ! -esci0ti!n ! c!nfessi!n. Diffeence bet8een En(lish n- In-in l8s As e0li e0linene- b!e b!e&& un-e un-e En(lis En(lish h l8& l8&  6ee 6ee stte6 stte6ent ent b!ut b!ut  c!ns0ic7 8!ul- n!t be elent. While un-e In-in l8& it is en!u(h if the ct ! stte6ent hs efeence t! the c!66!n intenti!n. ;ut this -iffeence !f 8!-s -!es n!t see6 t! 6'e  -iffeence !f substnce ls!. In inte0etin( the 8!-s !f Sec.#+& the c!ut in MiB A'b  E60e!& S-ul Sin(h  Stte n- ;-i /i  Stte efeet! . ft  ;l'e n- !bsee- tht Sec. #+ is !n the s6e lines. Sec. #+ is bse- !n the the!7 !f (enc7. An- the the!7 8!ulbe c!60letel7 'n! 'n!c'e c'e-

!ut !ut

if Sec. Sec. #+

8ee ee

inte inte0 0e ete te-

t!

inc inclu-e lu-e n ntie ie

stte6ents 8hich he n!thin( t! -! 8ith the c7in( !ut !f the c!66 c! 66!n !n inte intent nti! i!n. n. 5hus 5hus&& n c cc! c!un untt !f  c! c!ns ns0i 0i c7 c7 (ie (ien n b7  c!ns0it! in  lette t! his fien- is n!t elent (inst the !thes s it is neithe in the eecuti!n n! in su00!t !f the c!66!n 0u0!se#?-. X/.  H-7 #%,1) "1 HS 5 1:#Y. ;ut in ;h!l Nth  E60e! AI/ #%?% All :2,)& such lette 8s hel- t! be elent. 5he sec!n- su((este- -iffeence is bse- !n the illustti!n 00en-et! Sec. #+& cc!-in( t! 8hich n7thin( si-& -!ne ! 8itten 67 be 0!e- (inst  c!ns0it! 8h! =!ine- fte ! left bef!e such thin( 8s si-& -!ne ! 8itten.
c!ns0it!s h- been cie- !ut& i.e. fte the tte60t ci6e). As thee 8s n! c!ns0ic7 t! eecute& the lette 8ill he efeence t! 0st cts& 8hich is in-6issible MiB A'b  E60e!). H!8ee& this 8ill be s!& if the su00lie h- (ee- t! su00l7 !ne ti6e*b!6b !nl7. If the su00lie hs n!t esticte- hi6self t! the li6it !f !ne b!6b& then it sh!ulbe si- tht the c!ns0ic7 8s still (!in( !n& n- then the lette 8ill be -6issible n- c!ulbe use- (inst the su00lie& un-e Sec. #+. #?-. Afte the 6u-e& A 8ites  lette t! his fien- -escibin( the 0ln n- its eecuti!n. 5he lette is intece0te- b7 the 0!lice. Is the lette elent un-e Sec. #+ U XC.L.C.

*%2[1+

LAW OF EVIDENCE lllusttl!n*#1 9#1 )

An7thin( si-& -!ne -!ne ! 8itten 8hen the c!ns0ic7 c!ns0ic7 8s (!in( !n

is elent& but n!t 8hen the c!ns0ic7 hs en-e- MiB A'b  E60e!). 58! t0e cssettes e elent becuse the7 e ei-ence !f  ti6e 8hile the c!ns0ic7 8s !n f!!t& i.e.& in eistence. As t! the 0es!nl -i7& if it 8s 8itten fte the c!ns0ic7 h- been cie!ut& then it cnn!t be ten-ee- in ei-ence. b)

5hese enties cnn!t be -6issible in ei-ence un-e Sec. #+& s

the7 8ee 6-e b7  c!ns0it! fte the c!66!n intenti!n !f the c!ns0it!s hs been chiee-& iB. the chetin( !f C. 5he 8!-s in efeence t! thei c!66!n intenti!n& un-e Sec.#+& 6ens in efeence t! 8ht t the ti6e !f the stte6ent 8s inten-ein the futue. 5hus& nties c!6in( f!6 the c!ns0it!s s t! thei 0st 0st c cts ts c cnn nn!t !t be s sii- t! h he  efe efee enc nce e t! thei thei c! c!66 66!n !n intent intenti!n i!n.. In E60e E60e! !  V Vish ish6 607 07n n L6 L6in( in(t!n t!n /!/!- sh!!ti sh!!tin( n(

c!ns0ic7 cse) AI/ #%?" ;!6 :2)&  0!lice !ffice n- his 8ife 8ee 8!un-e- b7 e!le sh!ts& fie- b7 s!6e 0es!ns. Afte seel 0es 0es!n !ns s 8ee ee e este ste-& ei-e i-ence nce 8s s! s!u( u(ht ht t! be (ie ien !f  stt stte6 e6en entt !f n bsc bsc!n !n-i -in( n( ccus ccusee- t! the the 00 00! !e e&& tht tht the the c!ns0it!s h- sh!t  0!lice !ffice& n- tht  060hlet sh!ulbe 0inte- n- -istibute- t! stt  0!0(n- in futhence !f the !b=ects !f c!ns0ic7. Hel- tht the stte6ent e(-in( sh!tG is  nti!n !f 0st eent n- thus in-6issible& but b ut tht b!ut 060hlet 8!ulbe elent becuse it futhes the !b=ect !f c!ns0ic7. c!ns0ic7. #1)A&;&C n- D f!6e-  eli(i!us (!u0. A& the le-e& 8!te  lette t! ;&C n- D 00ecitin( thei es!le t! lunch  c!66!n stu((le (inst in=ustice n- ill*tet6ent t! thei 'u6. 5he c!66!n 0ln in!le- s!6e te!ist ctiities. Afte !ne such ctiit7  b!6b blst)& the 0!lice este- 6n7 sus0ects& inclu-in( A&;&C n- +. 5he 0!secuti!n 8nts t! --uce the f!ll!8in( t8! fcts un-e Sec.#+ * I) 58! t0e cssettes in 8hich the s0ecific !les ssi(ne- t! ech 6e6be !f the c!66!n stu((le is elb!te-. if) A 0es!nl -i7 !f A in 8hich the st!7 !f (!u0 8'enin( is ec!-e-

8ith



ie8

t!

be

0ublishe-

s



n!el.

Deci-e.

XC.L.C.*%:Y b) A n- ; e bein( tie- f! c!ns0iin( t! chet C in the su6 !f /s."1&+++. Afte the tnscti!n& ; 6-e cetin enties in  -i7& sh!8in( tht ech !f the6 h- 0!fite- t! the etent !f /s. #"&+++ in the si- tnscti!n. 5hese enties in the -i7 !f ; e s!u(ht t! be use- s ei-ence (inst A. Cn the7 be -6issibleU

ADMISSIONS AND CONFESSIONS ADMISSIONS ADMISSIONS Secs.#,*"?) A-6issi!n -efine-# Sec.#,)

An -6issi!n is  stte6ent& !l ! -!cu6ent7& 8hich su((ests ln7 infeence s t! n7 fct in issue ! elent fct& n- 8hich is 6-e b7 n7 !f the 0es!ns& n- un-e the cicu6stnces heeinfte 6enti!ne-. Acc!-in( t! Sec.#,& n -6issi!n is  stte6ent 8hich su((ests 6e infeence s t! the eistence !f  fct in issue !  elent fct& n -6iss -6issi!n i!n is  c!nfes c!nfessi! si!n n ! !lun !lunt t7 7 c'n!8 c'n!8lele-(6e (6ent nt b!ut b!ut the eistence !f cetin fcts. An -6issi!n is  stte6ent !f fct 8hich 8ies ! -is0enses 8ith the 0!-ucti!n !f ei-ence b7 c!nce-in( tht the fct ssete- b7 the !00!nent is tue. If& f! e60le&  0es!n is sue- f! the ec!e7 !f  l!n n- thee s n ent7 in his cc!unt b!!' ec!-in( the fct !f the l!n& tht is n b-6issi!n !n his 0t !f his libilit7 ! if he 6'es n7 stte6ent t! the the ■effe effect ct tht tht he he -!es -!es !8es !8es the the 6! 6!ne ne7 7 tht tht 8ill 8ill ls! ls! be n -6i -6iss ssi! i!n n bein bein( (  -ie -iect ct c c'n 'n!8 !8le le-( -(6e 6ent nt !f li libili bilit7 t7.. It 8ill 8ill be sufficient if the stte6ent -6its  fct 8hich su((ests n infeence s t! his libilit7. If& f! e60le&  0es!n is ch(e- 8ith cusin( -eth b7 0!is!nin( n- he -6its t! he 0uchse- 0!is!n. 5his stte6ent su((ests the infeence tht he is (uilt7 !f 6u-e unless he cn 0!e tht he nee-e- the 0!is!n f! s!6e inn!cent 0u0!se. 5he 6ee -6issi!n b7  0es!n tht he 0ut his thu6b i60essi!n$ si(n si(nt tu ue e u0!n u0!n  0iec 0iece e !f 00e 00e 8ith 8ith!u !utt 'n!8 'n!8in in( ( its its ntu ntue e nnc!ntents is n!t -6issi!n b7 hi6 tht he eecute- the -!cu6ents. 5he -6issi!ns t best !nl7 su((est infeences. 5he c!ut 6ust e6ine the stte6ent insi-e !ut n- bef!e h!l-in(  0t7 t! his stte6ents 6ust see tht the stte6ent is cle& uneRui!cl n- c!60ehensie. 5hee 5hee sh!ulsh!ul- n!t be n7 n7 -!ubt -!ubt ! 6 6bi( bi(uit uit7 7. Futhe Futhe& it 8!ul8!ulbe necess7 t! e- 8h!le !f the stte6ent.

If  0t 0t7 7s s -6i -6iss ssi! i!n n fll flls s sh! sh!tt !f the the t!t t!tli lit7 t7 !f the the eRu eRuis isit ite e ei-ence nee-e- f! le(l 0!!f !f  fct in issue& such n -6issi!n 8!ulbe !nl7  tuncte- -6issi!n M.M. Chetti  C!!6s867 AI/ #%+ M-

#. Define-6issi!n. XLC.I*%:$%2#1" LAW OF EVIDENCE "#"). "#"). When When  0es!n 0es!n 00lie 00lies s f! ee6 ee60ti 0ti!n !n un-e un-e n <bn <bn LnLnCeilin( Act& it -!es n!t 6!unt t! n -6issi!n !n his 0t tht the ln- in Ruesti!n is c!6in( 8ithin the 6enin( !f Act& becuse the c!ut 67 h!l- tht the Act 8s n!t 00licble t! the ln- in Ruesti!n. /es!ns f! -6issibilit7 !f -6issi!ns An -6issi!n is  elent ei-ence. A-6issi!ns e -6itte- becuse the c!n-uct !f  0t7 t!  0!cee-in(& in es0ect !f the 6tte in -is0 -is0ut ute& e& 8he 8hethe the b7 cts& cts& s0ee s0eech ch ! 8it 8itin in(& (& 8hic 8hich h

is cle clel7

inc!nsistent 8ith the tuth !f his c!ntenti!n& is  fct elent t! the issue. Seel es!ns he been su((este- f! eceiin( -6issi!ns in ei-ence 9* i) A-6issi!ns  8ie !f 0!!f * If  0t7 hs -6itte-  fct& it -is0e -is0ens nses es 8ith 8ith the the nece necessi ssit7 t7 !f 0! 0!in in( ( tht tht fct fct (i (ins nstt hi6 hi6#. It !0etes s  8ie !f 0!!f. H!8ee& -6issi!ns c!nstitute  e7 8e' 'in- !f ei-ence& n- the c!ut 67 e=ect n -6issi!n 8h!ll7 ! in 0t ! 67 eRuie futhe 0!!f. Wie !f 0!!f& thus& cnn!t be n eclusie es!n f! the elenc7 !f n -6issi!n. ii) iii) A-6iss A-6issi!n i!ns s s stte6 stte6ent ent (ins (instt intee inteest st * An -6issi -6issi!n& !n& bein( bein(  stte6ent (inst the inteest !f the 6'e& sh!ulbe s(00!se- t! be

tue& f! it is hi(hl7 i60!bble tht  0es!n 8ill !luntil7 6'e  flse stte6ent (inst his !8n inteest. H!8ee& Sec. #, -!es n!t eRui eRuie e tht tht  stte6 stte6ent ent sh!ulsh!ulbe  self*h self*h6 6in( in( stte6 stte6ent ent&& the -efiniti!n*ls! inclu-es self*sein( stte6ents. A-6issi!ns s ei-ence !f c!nt-ict!7 stte6ents * An!the es!n tht 0tl7 cc!unts f! the elenc7 !f n -6issi!n is tht thee is  c!nt-icti!n bet8een the 0t7s stte6ent n- his cse. 5his 'in- !f c!nt-icti!n -isce-its his cse. H!8ee&  0t7 cn 0!e ll his !00! !00!ne nent nts s stt stte6 e6en ents ts b!u b!utt the the fct fcts s !f the the c cse se nn- it is n!t n!t necess7

tht

the7

sh!ul-

be

inc!nsistent

8ith

his

cse.

G i) A-6issi!ns s ei-ence !f tuth * 5he 6!st 8i-el7 cce0te- es!n tht cc!unts f! elenc7 !f -6issi!n is tht 8htee stte6ents  0t7 6'es b!ut the fct !f cse& 8hethe the7 be f! ! (inst his inteest& sh!ulbe elent s e0esentti!n ! eflectin( the tuth (inst hi6. Whtee  0t7 s7s in ei-ence (inst hi6self......8ht hi6self......8ht  0t7 hi6self -6its t! be tue 67 be 0esu6e0 esu6e- t! be s!. F!6s !f -6issi!ns A-6issi!ns e b!-l7 clssifie- int! t8! cte(!ies 9 ) =u-icil ! f!6l -6issi!ns& n- b) et*=u-icil ! inf!6l -6issi!ns. It isADMISSIONS

AND

CONFESSIONS

1? (enell7 i66teil t! 8h!6 n -6issi!n is 6-e. An -6issi!n 6-e t!  stn(e is elent. Ju-icil -6issi!ns e 6-e b7  0t7 t! the 0!cee-in( !f the cse 0i! t! the til. Such -6issi!ns& bein( 6-e in the cse& e full7 bin-in( !n the 0t7 8h! 6'es the6. 5he7 c!nstitute  8ie !f

0!!f. 5he7 cn be 6-e the f!un-ti!n !f the i(hts !f the 0ties. In c!60is!n c!60is!n&& the ei-enti ei-enti7 7 -6issi!ns -6issi!ns 8hich e eceible eceible t the til s ei-ence& cn be sh!8n t! be 8!n(. Inf!6l ! csul& i.e.& et*=u-icil -6issi!ns e th!se 8hich -! n!t 00e !n the ec!- !f the cse& n- 67 !ccu in the !-in7 c!use !f life& ! in the c!use !f business& ! in csul c!nesti!n. 5he -6issi!n 67 be in 8itin( lettes& cc!unt b!!'s& etc.) ! !l. 5husQ ee7 8itten ! !l stte6ent b7  0t7 b!ut the fcts !f the cse is n -6issi!n. H!8ee& unli'e =u-icil -6issi!ns& the7 e bin-in( !n the 0t7 !nl7 0till7 n- n!t full7& ece0t in cses 8hee the7 !0ete s ! he the effect !f est!00el. A-6issi!ns * n ece0ti!n t! hes7 ule A-6iss A-6issi!n i!ns s c!nsti c!nstitut tute e n ece0 ece0ti! ti!n n t! the hes hes7 7 ule. ule. 5his 5his is s! becus becuse e n -6iss -6issi!n i!n&& th!u(h th!u(h  hes hes7 7& is nee neethe theles less s the best best eiei-en ence ce.. Wht Wht is s sii- b7  0t 0t7 7 t! the the suit suit is n!t n!t !0en !0en t! the the !b=ecti!n tht  0t7 is (!in( t! !ffe 8!se ei-ence thn the ntue !f the cse -6its the su00!siti!n !n 8hich ule !f best ei-ence is f!un-e-). 5hus& if A sues ; !n  l!n& 8hich ; -enies n- ; 6'es  stte6ent t! C&  thi- 0es!n& tht he h- t'en the l!n& ;s stte6ent is n -6issi!n n- C 67 (ie ei-ence !f it lth!u(h C 8s n!t 0esent t the ti6e !f the l!n n- hQe'!nl7 he- ; -6it the fct !f the l!n. A-6issi!ns b7 c!n-uct Actie ! 0ssie c!n-uct 67 in cicu6stnces bec!6e ei-ence !f n -6issi!n. In n Austlin cse&  8!6n e(istee- the bith !f the chil- but -i- n!t ente the n6e !f fthe& his n' ! 0!fessi!n. 5he c!ut si- 9 5ht 6ust 6en eithe tht she -i- n!t 'n!8 8h! the fthe 8s n- theef!e 8s unble t! (ie th!se 0ticuls& ! else tht she 8s -6ittin( tht the chil- 8s ille(iti6te. Whichee ie8

is t'en& thee is n -6issi!n !f -ulte7 n- n -6issible ei-ence !f -ulte7 XM7!  M7! #%1%) P. #,"Y. Silence 67 6!unt t! -6issi!n in cetin situti!ns See illustti!n () t! Sec.). When  stte6ent is 6-e t!  0es!n in his 0esence n- hein( ffectin( his 0!siti!n sei!usl7 n- he -!es n!t -en7 it& he theeb7 -6its the tuth !f the stte6ent. ;ut silence 8ill 6!unt t! -6issi!n !nl7 if it is ntul t! e0ect  -enil ! e0l7. Just s  -eni -enil l is n!t n!t l8 l87s 7s  ne( ne(ti ti!n !n !f lib libil ilit it7 7& fil filu ue e t! -en7 -en7 is n!t n!t necessil7 n -6issi!n !f libilit7. libilit7. l
 0t7 0t7 t! the suit ! 0!cee-in( 0!cee-in(&& ii)

n (ent (ent uth!iseuth!ise- b7

such 0t7& iii) iii)  0t 0t7 7 suin suin( ( ! suesue- in  e0 e0es esen ent tti tie e ch chc cte te 6 6'i 'in( n( -6iss -6issi!n i!ns s 8hile 8hile h!l-in h!l-in( ( such such ch chcte cte e.(. e.(. tuste tustees& es& eecu eecut! t!s& s& etc.)& i)  0es!n 8h! hs  0!0iet7$0ecuni7 inteest in the sub=ect* 6tte !f suit -uin( the c!ntinunce !f such inteest& )  0es!n f!6 8h!6 the 0ties t! suit he -eie- thei inteest in the sub=ect*6tte !f suit -uin( the c!ntinunce !f such inteest 0e-ecess!s*in*title) XSec. #Y i)  0es!n 8h!se 0!siti!n it is necess7 t! 0!e in  suit& if such stte6ent 8!ulbe elent in  suit b!u(ht b7 ! (inst hi6self Sec&#%) ii ii))  0es 0es!n !n t! 8h!6 8h!6  0t 0t7 7 t! suit suit hs hs e0 e0es essl sl7 7 efe efe ee- f! f! inf!6ti!n in efeence1!  6tte in -is0ute Sec."+).

It is i60!tnt t! n!te tht un-e Sec.#& n -6issi!n b7 !ne !f seel -efen-nts in  suit is n! ei-ence (inst n!the -efen-nt& f! !the8ise the 0lintiff cn -efet the cse !f the !the -efen-nts th!u(h the 6!uth !f !ne !f the6. S!  -efen-nt is b!un- b7his stte6ents !nl7 t! the etent !f his !8n inteest. S! is tue !f the stte6ent !f  c!*0lintiff. ;ut since ee7 0lintiff hs  0ecuni7 inteest in the sub=ect*6tte !f suit& his stte6ent cn fll in tht cte(!7. 5he -6issi!n !f n (ent e -6issible& becuse the 0inci0l is b!un- b7 the cts !f his (ent -!ne in the c!use !f his business n8ithin the sc!0e !f his uth!it7. 5hus& the c'n!8le-(6ent !f  -ebt b7  0tne is n -6issi!n (inst the fi6. Li'e8ise& -6issi!ns !f fcts 6-e b7  0le-e in c!ut& !n behlf !f his client& e bin-in( !n the client. ;ut& n -6issi!n b7  0le-e !n  0!int !f l8 8ill n!t bin- the client. Sec. #% -els 8ith stte6ents !f 0es!ns 8h!se 0!siti!n is in issue& th!u(h the7 e n!t 0ties t! the cse. 5he secti!n is bse- !n the 0inci0le tht 8hee the i(ht ! libilit7 !f  0t7 t!  suit -e0en-s u0!n the libilit7 !f  thi- 0es!n& n7 stte6ent b7 tht thi- 0es!n b!ut his libilit7 is n -6issi!n (inst the 0ties. Illustti!n t! Sec. #% * A un-et'es t! c!llect ents f! ;. ; sues A f! n!t c!llectin( ent -ue f!6 C i! ;. A -enies tht ent 8s -ue f!6 C t! ;. A stte6ent b7 C tht he !8e- ; ent is n -6issi!n& n- is elent fct (inst A& if A -enies tht C -i- !8e ent t! ;.ADMISSIONS AND CONFESSIONS 1: Sec."+ f!6s n ece0ti!n t! the ule tht -6issi!ns b7 stn(es t!  suit e n!t elent. 5hus& the -6issi!ns !f  thi- 0es!n e ls! eceible in ei-ence (inst the 0t7 8h! hs e0essl7 efee-

n!the t! hi6 f! inf!6ti!n in e(- t! n uncetin ! -is0ute6tte. 5! ttct the !0eti!n !f Sec."+& thee 6ust be n e0ess efeence f! inf!6ti!n in !-e t! 6'e the stte6ent !f the 0es!n efee- t! -6issible. Illustti!n t! this secti!n e-s 9 5he Ruesti!n is& 8hethe  h!se s!l- b7 A t! ; is s!un- A s7s t! ; * 4! n- s' C& C 'n!8s ll b!ut it. Cs stte6ent is n -6issi!n. A(inst 8h!6 -6issi!n 67 be 0!e-" Sec."#) Fist 0t !f Sec."# * A-6issi!ns e elent n- 67 be 0!e- s (i (ins nstt the the 0es 0es!n !n 8h! 6 6'e 'es s the6 the6&& !

his his e0 e0es esen ent tti tie es s 5n

inteest. Sec."# l7s -!8n the 0inci0le s t! 0!!f !f -6issi!ns. 5he secti!n is bse- u0!n the 0inci0le tht n -6issi!n is n ei-ence (inst the 0t7 8h! .h- 6-e the -6issi!n n-& theef!e& it cn be 0!e(inst hi6. He hi6self cnn!t 0!e his !8n stte6ents& !the8ise ee7 6n& if he 8ee in  -ifficult7& 6i(ht 6'e -eclti!ns t! suit his !8n cse& n- then l!-(e the6 in 0!!f !f his cse. In /.  Petc Petche hei ini ni #: #::) :) , C!. C!. C.C. C.C.,+ ,+&&  0ie 0iest st&& fci fcin( n( the the ch ch(e (e !f bls0he67& 8s n!t 0e6itte- t! 0!e his elie stte6ent t! the effe effect ct tht tht !nl7 !nl7 i6 i66! 6!l b!!' b!!'s s sh!u sh!ull- be -est -est! !7e 7e-. -. 5he 5he c! c!u utt es!ne- 9 If  6n 6'es  -eclti!n cc!60n7in( n ct it is ei-ence but -eclti!ns 6-e " ! ? -7s& !  8ee'& 0ei!us t! the tnscti!n tnscti!n in Ruesti!n Ruesti!n cnn!t be ei-ence& ei-ence& !the8ise !the8ise it 8!ulbe es7 f!  6n t! l7 (!un-s f! esc0in( the c!nseRuences !f his 8!n(ful cts b7 6'in( such -eclti!ns. 5hus& the (enel ule is tht the stte6ents !f  liin( 0es!n cnn!t be eceie- unless the7 e (inst his inteests. N! 6n sh!ulbe t libet7 libet7 t! 6 6'e 'e ei-e ei-ence nce f! hi6sel hi6selff th!u( th!u(h h his !8n stte6 stte6ent ents. s. 4nte- this fcilit7& ee7 liti(nt 8!ul- c!nstuct  f!uble cse b7 his his !8n !8n stt stte6 e6en ent. t. 5hus 5hus&& sel self* f*f f! !u uin in( (# -6i -6iss ssi! i!ns ns e e n!t n!t

0e6issible. In !the 8!-s& -6issi!ns cnn!t be 0!e- b7& ! !n behlf !f& the 0es!n 8h! 6'es the6& becuse  0es!n 8ill l87s ntull7 6'e stte6ents tht e f!uble f!uble t! hi6.? Illustti!n ) t! Sec."# e0lins the 6in 0inci0le 9 5he Ruesti!n bet8een A n- ; is&& 8hethe cetin -ee- is ! is n!t f!(e-. A ffi6s tht it is (enuine& ; tht it is f!(e-. A 67 0!e  stte6ent b7 ; tht the -ee- is (enuine& n- ; 67 0!e  stte6ent b7 A tht the -ee- is f!(e- but A cnn!t 0!e  ".

efeence

t!

0!isi!ns

un-e

the

Ei-ence

Act.

XLC.II*%?[ XN!te 9 Als! see Sees. ""*"?Y. ?. Wht is 6ent 6ent b7 self*f!uin( self*f!uin( -6issi!ns nn- 8h7 e the7 n!t -6issibleU XLC.II*%1Y12 LAW OF EVIDENCE stte6ent b7 hi6self tht the -ee- is (enuine& n! cn ; 0!e  stte6ent b7 hi6self tht the -ee- is f!(e-. . It 67 be n!te- hee tht Ei-ence Act -!es n!t see6 t! eRuie tht n -6issi!n sh!ulbe  self*h6in( stte6ent the -efiniti!n Sec. #,) ls! inclu-es self*sein( stte6ents& th!u(h& !f c!use&  0t7 cn 0!e 0!e  self* self*se sein in( ( stte6 stte6ent ent !nl7 !nl7 un-e un-e the ece0 ece0ti! ti!ns ns lili-!8n in Sec."#. Whee& h!8ee&  0es!ns self*sein( stte6ent subse subseRu Ruen entl tl7 7 bec! bec!6e 6es s -e -es se e t! his his inte intee est st&& it 6 67 7 be 0! 0!ee(inst hi6 s n -6issi!n. Sec!n- 0t !f Sec."# Ece0ti!ns t! Sec."#) A-6iss A-6issi!n i!ns s cnn!t cnn!t be 0!e 0!e- b7& b7& ! !n behlf behlf !f& !f& the 0es!n 0es!n 8h! 6'es the6& ece0t in the f!ll!8in( thee cses1 9*

Ece0ti!n # * When it is !f such  ntue tht& if the 0es!n 6'in( it 8ee 8ee -e-e-&& it 8!ul 8!ulbe ele ele nt nt s bet8 bet8ee een n thi thi- 0es 0es!n !ns s un-e un-e Sec.?". 5hus& the stte6ent sh!ul- he been elent s -7in( -eclti!n ! s tht !f  -ecese- 0es!n 0 es!n un-e Sec.?". Illustti!n b) t! Sec."# is !n the 0!int. 5he c0tin !f  shi0 is sueb7 the shi0!8ne f! cstin( 87 the shi0 b7 his ne(li(ence. 5he shi0!8ne (e ei-ence !f the fct tht the shi0 8s t'en !ut !f he c!use. 5he c0tin 8s 6intinin(  -i7 in the !-in7 c!use !f his -ut7 in 8hich he ec!-e- the c!use tht the shi0 f!ll!8e- n8hich sh!8e- tht the shi0 8s n!t t'en !ut !f he -ue c!use. N!8& if the liti(ti!n 8s bet8een the shi0!8ne n- the insunce c!60n7 n- the Ruesti!n 8s 8hethe the shi0 8s l!st -ue t! ne(li(ence ! !the8ise n- the c0tin 8s -e-& the c!ntents !f his b!!' 8!ulhe been elent th!u(h the7 !0ete in his f!u. illu illust st ti ti!n !n c) c) is ls! ls! !n the the s s6e 6e 0!in 0!int. t. A is c ccu cuse se- !f ci6 ci6e e c!66itte- b7a hi6 t Clcutt. He 0!-uces  lette l ette 8itten b7 hi6self n- -te- t Lh!e !n tht -7 n- bein( the Lh!e 0!st6' !f tht -7. 5he stte6ent in the -te - te !f the lette is -6issible& becuse if A 8ee -e-& it 8!ulbe -6issible un-e Sec.?"").

*

Ece0ti!n " * When the -6issi!n c!nsists !f  stte6ent !f the eistence !f n7 stte !f 6in- ! b!-7 elent ! In issue) 6-e t ! b!ut the ti6e 8hen such  stte !f 6in- ! b!-7 eiste-& n- is cc!60nie- b7 c!n-uct en-ein( its flseh!!- i60!bble. 5he ece0ti!n enbles  0es!n t! 0!e his stte6ents s t! his stte !f b!-7 b!-7 ! !f 6i 6inn-.. If& If& f! f! e6 e60l 0le& e&  0es 0es!n !n is in=u in=ue e- nn- the the Ruest Ruesti! i!n n is 8het 8hethe he the the in=u in=u7 7 8s 8s inte intent nti! i!n nll ! c cci ci-e -ent ntl l&& his stte6ent

1. Wht e the ece0ti!ns t! the n!n*0e6issibilit7 !f self*f!uin( -6issi!nsU XL.C.II*%1[
5his ece0ti!n is inten-e- t! 00l7 t! cses in 8hich the stte6ent is s!u(ht t! be use- in ei-ence !the8ise thn s n -6issi!n& f! instnce& s 0t !f the es (este& ! s  stte6ent cc!60n7in( cc!60n7in( ! e0linin( 0ticul c!n-uct. Whee& Whee& f! e60l e60le& e& i66 i66e-i e-it tel7 el7 fte fte  !!- cci-e cci-ent& nt&  0es!n 0es!n 0ulle- u0 t! the in=ue- 8h! then 6-e  stte6ent s t! the cuse !f the the in=u in=u7 7.. 5his 5his stt stte6 e6en entt 6 67 7 be 0! 0!ee- b7 ! !n beh behlf lf !f the the in=ue- 0es!n& it bein(  0t !f the tnscti!n 8hich in=ue- hi6 Sec.2). Whee A s7s t! ;& >!u he n!t 0i- bc' 67 6!ne7& n- ; 8l' 8l's s 87 87 in silen silence ce&& A 6 67 7 0! 0!e e his his !8n !8n stt stte6 e6en entt s it hs hs influence- the c!n-uct !f  0es!n 8h!se c!n-uct is elent Sec.). Si6ill7& 8hee  0es!n is seen unnin( -!8n  steet in n in=uec!n-iti!n n- c7in( !ut the n6e !f his ssilnt& he 67 0!e his !8n stte6ent s it cc!60nies s!6e c!n-uct n- e0lins the fct !f in=u7. Li'e8ise& Li'e8ise&  stte6ent 67 be 0!e- !n behlf !f the 0es!n 6'in( it if it is elent un-e Sec.?". A-6issi!ns h!8 f elent Sees. ""*"?) When When !l !l -6i -6iss ssi! i!ns ns s t! c! c!nt nten ents ts !f -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nts s e e ele ele nt nt Sec."") * Ol -6issi!ns s t! the c!ntents !f  -!cu6ent e n!t elent& unless n- until the 0t7 0!0!sin( t! 0!e the6 sh!8s tht he is entitle- t! (ie sec!n-7 ei-ence !f the c!ntents !f such -!cu6ent un-e Sec.2:& ! unless the (enuineness !f the -!cu6ent 0!-uce-

is

in

Ruesti!n.1

LAW OF EVIDENCE When the Ruesti!n is 8hethe  -!cu6ent is (enuine ! f!(e-& !l -6issi!ns b!ut this fct e elent. A -!cu6ent cn be 0!e- b7 the the 0i6 0i6 7 7 eiei-en ence ce !i !i(i (in nll -!cu6 -!cu6en ent) t) ! sec! sec!nn- 7 7 eiei-en ence ce tteste- c!0ies ! !l cc!unt). C!66unicti!n 8ith!ut 0e=u-ice: Sec."?)

In ciil cses& n! -6issi!n& is elent& if it is 6-e eithe u0!n n e0 e0es ess s c! c!nn-it iti! i!n n tht tht eiei-en ence ce !f it is n!t n!t t! be (ien (ien&& ! un-e un-e cicu6stnces f!6 8hich the c!ut cn infe tht the 0ties (eet!(ethe tht ei-ence !f it sh!uls h!ul- n!t be (ien. E0lnti!n * N!thin( in this secti!n shll be t'en t! ee60t n7 biste& 0le-e ! tt!ne7 f!6 (iin( in ei-ence !f n7 6tte !f 8hich he 67 be c!60elle- t! (ie (i e ei-ence un-e Sec. #"2. Sec."? (ies effect t! the 6i6 inteest ei 0ublice ut finis litiu6 it is in the inteest !f the Stte tht thee sh!ulbe n en- !f liti(ti!n. Sec."? 00lies !nl7 t! ciil cses. When  0es!n 6'es n -6issi!n 8ith!ut 0e=u-ice& i.e.& u0!n the c!n-iti!n tht the ei-ence !f it shll n!t be (ien& it cnn!t be 0!e- (inst hi6. 5his 0!tecti!n ! 0iile(e (inst -iscl!sue is inten-e- t! enc!u(e 0ties t! settle thei -iffeences 6icbl7 n- t! !i- liti(ti!n if 0!ssible. As  6 6tt tte e !f 0!li 0!lic7 c7 the the l8 l8 hs hs l!n( l!n( ecl ecluu-ee- f!6 f!6 eiei-en ence ce -6iss -6issi!n i!ns s b7 8!-s 8!-s ! c!n-uct c!n-uct 6 6-e -e b7 0ti 0ties es in the c!use c!use !f ne(!titi!ns t! settle liti(ti!n. 5he 0u0!se is t! enble 0ties in n tte60t t! c!60!6ise liti(ti!n t! c!66unicte 8ith !ne n!the fee feel7 l7 nn- 8ith 8ith!u !utt the the e6 e6b b s ss6 s6en entt 8hic 8hich h the the lib libil ilit it7 7 !f thei thei c!66un c!6 6unic icti! ti!ns ns t! be 0ut in ei-en ei-ence ce subseR subseRuen uentl7 tl7 6i(ht 6i(ht i60!se i60!se u0!n the6. 5he 0t7 0!0!sin( c!60!6ise 67 e0essl7 6'e his ne(!titi!n ! lette lette t! be 8ith 8ith!ut !ut 0e=u0e=u-ice ice. . 5he 8!-s 8!-s 8ith! 8ith!ut ut 0e=u0e=u-ice ice si60l7 6en this 9 I 6'e 7!u n !ffe n- if 7!u -! n!t cce0t it& this lette is n!t t! be use- (inst 6e. In !the 8!-s& 8ht the e0essi!n c!nn!tes is this 9 I 6 6'in( 7!u n !ffe& 8hich 7!u 67 ! 67 n!t cce0t& but& if 7!u -! n!t cce0t it& 67 hin( 6-e it is t! he n! effect t ll.

5he ule un-e Sec."? Sec."? 00lies !nl7 if thee is  -is0ute ! ne(!titi! ne(!titi!n n 8ith n!the& ! if the7 e 8itten b!n fi-e. A stte6ent 8hich is n!t elte- t! the 0u0!se !f ne(!titi!ns is n!t 0!tecte- een if the ne(!titi!ns e 8ith!ut 0e=u-ice. Sec."? -!es n!t 0!tect ll lettes 6eel7 becuse the7 e he-e- 8ith the 8!-s 8ith!ut 0e=u-ice. At best& it !nl7 sh!8s the -esie !n the 0t !f !ne 0t7 t! he the 0iile(e& but the !the 0t7 6ust ls! es0ect such 0iile(e. It is n!t& h!8ee& necess7 f! this 0iile(e t! ise tht the 8!-s 8ith!ut 0e=u-ice sh!ulbe e0essl7 insete-& ! tht it sh!ulbe n e0ess c!n-iti!n tht -6issi!ns shll n!t be use- in ei-ence. An i60lie:. Wite  sh!t n!te !n A-6issi!n 8ith!ut 0e=u-ice. XLC.II*%1$%:#ADMISSIONS AND CONFESSIONS 1% (ee6ent t! tht effect cn ls! be infee- f!6 the cicu6stnces !f the ne(!titi!ns. Ol stte6ents 6-e in c!nnecti!n 8ith 8itten c!es0!n-ence 8!ul- ls! be 0!tecte-. It is t! be n!tetht n -6issi!n 6-e t!  stn(e& un-e 8htee te6s s t! secec7& is n!t 0!tecte- b7 l8 f!6 -iscl!sue. When lettes 6'e- 8ith!ut 0e=u-ice e ten-ee- in ei-ence& nthe the !the !the 0t 0t7 7 -6i -6its ts the6 the6 ins inste te- !f !b=e !b=ect ctin in( ( t! the6 the6)& )& the the -6issi!n i60lie- tht the !the 0t7 hs 8ie- his 0iile(e& nsuch lettes cn then be use- in  =u-icil 0!cee-in(. 5he e0lnti!n 00en-e- t! Sec."? 0!i-es tht n -6issi!n 6-e t!  l87e 8hich he cn be c!60elle- t! -iscl!se un-e Sec. #"2 is n!t 0!tecte- een if it is 6-e u0!n the c!n-iti!n tht it shll n!t be use use-.

tht ht

sect secti! i!n& n&

c!6 c! 66uni unic ctti!n i!n

6-e

t!

futhence !f  ci6e e n!t 0!tecte- f!6 -iscl!sue. Ei-enti7 lue !f -6issi!ns2

l8 l87e

in

An -6i -6iss ssi! i!n n -!es -!es n!t n!t c! c!ns nsti titu tute te  c! c!nc nclu lusi sie e 0!! 0!!ff !f the the fct fcts s -6itte- Sec.?#). It is !nl7  0i6 fcie 0!!f. 5hus& ei-ence cn be (ien t! -is0!e it. 5he -6issi!ns thus c!nstitute  8e' 'in- !f eiei-en ence ce.. 5he 5he 0es 0es!n !n (i (ins nstt 8h!6 8h!6 n -6i -6iss ssi! i!n n is 0! 0!ee- is t libet7 t! sh!8 tht it 8s 6ist'en ! untue. ;ut until ei-ence t! the c!nt7 is (ien n -6issi!n cn sfel7 be 0esu6e- t! be tue. 5he 8ei(ht 8ei(ht t! be ttc ttchehe- t! it 6ust 6ust -e0en-e0en- u0!n cicu6 cicu6st stnce nces s un-e 8hich it is 6-e. An -6issi -6issi!n !n is subst substnti ntie e ei-en ei-ence ce !f the fct fct -6itt -6ittee- nn- the -6i -6issi ssi!n !ns s -ul7 -ul7 0! 0!ee- e e -6i -6iss ssib ible le eiei-en ence ce ie ies0 s0ec ecti tie e !f 8hethe the 0t7 6'in( the6 00es in the 8itness*b! ! n!t n8hethe tht 0t7 8hen 00ein( s  8itness 8s c!nf!nte- 8ith th!s th!se e stt stte6 e6en ents ts in c cse se he 6 6-e -e  stt stte6 e6en entt c! c!nt nt 7 7 t! his his -6issi!ns T;ht Sin(h  ;h(ith& AI/ #%22 SC 1+:). Acc!-in(l7& Acc!-in(l7& 8hee  0es!n 8s c!nten-in( tht he 8s n!t the el !8ne !f  cetin 0!0et7 but he h- 6-e stte6ents bef!e the I.5. Office tht he 8s the !8nb !f the 0!0et7& it 8s hel- his -6issi!n 8s  -iec -iectt ei-e ei-enc nce e !f the the fct fct !f !8ne !8nes shi hi0 0 X
t! (! (inst the fcts -6itte-. An est!00el 8ill ise un-e Sec.##: 8hen 2. Discuss the ei-enti7 lue !f -6issi!ns. XLC.$*%:Y:+ LAW OF EVIDENCE the -6issi!n 6!unts t!  e0esentti!n tht the fct stte- is tue n- the !the 0t7 hs cte- n- ltee- his 0!siti!n !n the bsis !f tht e0esentti!n. CONFESSIONS Secs."1*?+) Definiti!n, 5he te6 te6 c!nfe c!nfessi! ssi!n n is n!8he n!8hee e -efine -efine- in the Ei-ence Ei-ence Act. Act. 5he -efiniti!n !f -6issi!n s (ien in Sec. #, bec!6es 00licble t! c!nfessi!n ls!. 5hus&  c!nfessi!n is  stte6ent 6-e b7  0es!n ch(e- 8ith  ci6e su((estin( n infeence s t! n7 fcts in issue ! s t! ele ele nt nt fct fcts. s. 5he 5he infe infee enc nce e tht tht the the stt stte6 e6en entt sh!u sh!ullsu((est sh!ulbe tht he is (uilt7 !f the ci6e. H!8ee& in P'l N7n S86i  E60e! AI/ #%?% PC 1,)& the c!u c! utt !bse !bse e e- tht tht it is i6 i60 0!0 !0e e t! c! c!ns nst tue ue c! c!nf nfes essi si!n !n s  stte6ent stte6ent b7 n ccuseccuse- su((estin( su((estin( the infeence infeence tht he c!66 c!66itteittethe ci6e. A c!nfessi!n 6ust eithe -6it in te6s the !ffence& ! t n7 te substntill7 ll the fcts 8hich c!nstitute- the !ffence. An -6i -6iss ssi! i!n n

!f  ( (el7 el7 inc inci6 i6in int tin in( (

fct fct&&

een een 

c!nc c! nclu lusi sie el7 l7

inci inci6i 6in nti tin( n( fct fct&& is n!t n!t in itse itself lf  c! c!nf nfes essi si!n !n&& f! f! e6 e60l 0le& e& n -6 -6issi! ssi!n n th tht the the ccu ccusese- is the the !8ne 8ne !f n- 8s in ece ecent nt 0!ss 0!sses essi si!n !n

!f

the

'nife nife$ $e e!le le

8hi 8hich

cus c use e-

-e -eth

8ith ith

n!

e0lnti!n !f n7 !the 6ns 0!ssessi!n. A c!nfessi!n is  stte6ent 6-e b7 the ccuse- -6ittin( his (uilt. 5hus& if the 6'e -!es n!t inci6inte hi6self& the stte6ent 8ill n!t be  c!nfessi!n. Futhe&  6ie- u0 stte6ent 8hich& een th!u(h

c!ntins s!6e c!nfessi!nl stte6ent& 8ill still le- t! cRuittl& is n! c!nfessi!n. c!nfessi!n. 5hus&  stte6ent stte6ent tht c!ntins c!ntins self*e self*ecul0 cul0t!7 t!7 6tte 6tte e.(. 'illin( -!ne in 0ite -efence) 8hich if tue 8!ul- ne(tie the !ffe !ffenc nce e& c cnn nn! !t 6!unt !unt t!  c! c!nf nfe essi ssi!n. !n. 5hi 5his is s! bec becus use e  c!nfessi!n 6ust eithe be cce0te- s  8h!le ! e=ecte- s  8h!le& n- the c!ut is n!t c!60etent t! cce0t !nl7 incul0t!7 0t self* inci6inti inci6intin() n() n- e=ect e=ect ecul0t ecul0t!7 !7 0t self*-efe self*-efence) nce) PlinPlin-e e Ku  Stte !f Pun=b AI/ #%:" SC ?:1). In E60e!  ;l6u'n- XIL/ #%?+) :" All #+##Y& theGc!nfessi!n c!60ise- !f t8! ele6ents * n cc!unt !f h!8 the ccuse- 'ille- the 8!6 8!6n n nn- n cc!u cc!unt nt !f his his es es!n !ns s f! f! -!in -!in( ( s! s!.. 5he 5he f!6 f!6e e ele6ents bein( incul0t!7 n- the ltte ecul0t!7& heltht the c!nfessi!n cnn!t be s0lit u0 n- 0t !f it use- (inst the ccuse-. H!8ee& in J[lishi Knt Jh  Stte !f ;ih #%:%) SC/ #+??& the Su0e6e C!ut 0!inte- !ut tht thee 8s n!thin( 8!n( in el7in( !n  0t& !f the c!nfessi!n stte6ent n- e=ectin( the est& n- f! this 0u0!se& the c!ut -e su00!t f!6 En(lish uth!ities. When the thee e is en!u en!u(h (h eiei-en ence ce t! e=e e=ec c the the ecu ecul0 l0t t! !7 7 0t 0t !f the the 00e 00ell lln nt ts s

stt stte6 e6en ent& t&

the the

c!u c! utt

67 6 7

el7 el7

! the the incu incul0 l0t t! !7 7

0t[Kesh!6  Stte AI/ #%, SC #+%2). ,. Define c!nfessi!n. %:$%2

L.CM*%1[

XLC. #* JEMISSIONS

AND

CONFESSIONS

Si In Vee Vee  Ib Ibhi hi6 6  Stt Stte e !f Mh Mh sht sht  AI/ AI/ #%,2 #%,2 SC ##2, ##2,)& )&  bes bes!n !n bein bein( ( 0!s 0!sec ecut utee- un-e un-e the the Cust Cust!6 !6s s Ac Actt t!lt!l- the the cust cust!6 !6 !ffices ht he -i- n!t 'n!8 tht the (!!-s l!-e- in his tuc' 8ee c!ntbn-& = the7 8ee l!-e- 8ith his instucti!ns. 5he c!ut heltht the stte6ent s n!t  c!nfessi!n& but it -i- 6!unt t! n

-6issi!n !f n inci6int!7 ct n6el7& l!- !f c!ntbn- (!!-s) n- 8s& theef!e& elent =n-e Sec.#, e- 8ith Sec."#. F!6 !f C!nfessi!n A c!nfessi!n 67 !ccu in n7 f!6. It 67 be 6-e t! the c!ut self Ju-icil c!nfessi!n) ! t! n7b!-7 !utsi-e the c!ut et*=u-icil c!nfessi!n). While& =u-icil c!nfessi!n is  (!!- 0iece !f ei-ence& the et*=u-icil c!nfessi!n is  8e' 'in- !f ei-ence n- hs t! be useith (et cuti!n. A c! c!nf nfes essi! si!n n 6 67 7 be 8it 8itte ten n ! !l !l.. It is n!t n!t nece necess ss7 7 f! f! the the elenc7 !f  c!nfessi!n tht it sh!ulbe c!66unicte- t! s!6e !the ■0es!n. 0es!n. It 67 67 een een c!nsist c!nsist !f c!n c!nes esti!n ti!n t! !neself& !neself& 8hich 67 be ■0!-uce0!-uce- in ei-en ei-ence ce if !e !ehehe- b7 b7 n!the n!the.. 5he Oiss Oiss Hi(h C!ut hs Tecentl7 heltht  c!nfessi!n 6ust be --esse- t! s!6e 0es!n. S!& # if the ccuse- (!es !un- the ill(e sh!utin( tht he h- 'ille- his 8ife& Ithis 8!ul- n!t 6!unt t!  c!nfessi!n Pn-u Kh-i  Stte !f Oiss& ##%%" C LJ ,2"). It is sub6itte- tht the -ecisi!n see6s t! be 8!n(& f!& f!& lit is 8ell 'n!8n& tht  c!nfessi!n 67 t'e 0lce een 8hen !ne is tl'in( t! !neself. An inteestin( Ruesti!n ises s t! 8hethe inci6intin( stte6ents  6-e b7  0es!n 8hile tl'in( in slee0 e t! be -6itte-. As  (enel ule& such stte6ents e n!t t! be t'en s ei-ence (inst the 0es!n& 6inl7 becuse the fcult7 !f =u-(e6ent !f  0es!n is l6!st c!60letel7  sus0en-e- -uin( slee0. C!nfessi!ns 8hen ielent Ss. "1*"2) In!lunt7 c!nfessi!ns)2 Secti!ns "1 t! "2 in-icte the cicu6stnces in 8hich  c!nfessi!n is n!t !lunt7 n-& theef!e& n!t elent. In!lunt7 c!nfessi!ns e nee eceie- in ei-ence. Sec."1 c!nfessi!n cuse- b7 in-uce6ent thet ! 0!6ise)

5! tt ttc ctt the the 0! 0!is isi! i!ns ns !f Sec. Sec."1 "1&& the the f!ll f!ll!8 !8in in( ( fct fcts s 6ust 6ust be estblishe- 9 )

5he c!nfessi!n c!nfessi!n 6ust 6ust he he been been 6-e b7 n ccuse- 0es!n 0es!n t! 

0es!n in uth!it7. .

Wite



sh!t

n!te

!n

In!lunt7

c!nfessi!ns.

XC.LC.*%:Y Wht e the li6itti!ns t! the -6issibilit7 !f  c!nfessi!n s  0iece !f

ei-ence.*un-e

the

Ei-ence

Act

U

Discuss.

XL.C.II*%1[ 9:" LAW OF EVIDENCE b)

It 6ust 00e t! the c!ut tht the c!nfessi!n hs been cuse-

! !bt !btin ine e-

b7 es s!n !n !f n7

in-uc n-uce e6ent& nt&

the the t

! 0!6 0!6is ise e

0!cee-in( f!6  0es!n in uth!it7. c)

5he in-uce6ent in-uce6ent&& the thett ! ! 0!6ise 0!6ise 6ust he he efeence efeence t! the

ch(e (inst the ccuse- 0es!n. -)

5he in-uce6ent in-uce6ent&& etc. etc. 6ust be such tht it 8!ul- 00e 00e t! t! the the

c!ut tht the ccuse-& in 6'in( the c!nfessi!n& beliee- ! su00!setht he 8!ul-& b7 6'in( it& (in n7 -nt(e ! !i- n7 eil !f  te60!l ntue in efeence t! the 0!cee-in(s (inst hi6. When these c!n-iti!ns e 0esent& the c!nfessi!n is si- t! be n!t fee fee&& i.e. i.e.&& !lu !lunt nt 7 7 nn- 8ill 8ill n!t n!t be ece ecei ib ble le in ei-e ei-enc nce. e. It is necess7 tht the b!e c!n-iti!ns 6ust cu6ultiel7 eist. A 0!sitie 0!!f !f the fct tht thee 8s n7 in-uce6ent& thet ! 0!6ise is n!t necess7. On the ei-ence n- the cicu6stnces in  0ticul cse& it sh!ul- 00e t! the c!ut tht thee 8s  thet& in-uce6ent ! 0!6ise& th!u(h this fct 67 n!t be stictl7 0!eP7e Li  Stte !f /=sthn AI/ #%2? SC #+%1). An7thin( f!6  best sus0ici!n t! 0!sitie ei-ence 8!ulbe en!u(h t! -isc-  c!nfessi!n. Futhe& in -eci-in( 8hethe  0ticul c!nfessi!n ttcts

the f!8n !f Sec."1& the Ruesti!n hs t! be c!nsi-ee- f!6 the 0!int !f ie8 !f the c!nfessin( ccuse- s t! h!8 the in-uce6ent& etc. 0!cee-in( f!6  0es!n in uth!it7 8!ul- !0ete !n his 6in-. 5he citei!n is the es!nble belief !f the ccuse- tht& b7 c!nfessin(& he 8!ul- (et n -nt(e ! !i- n7 eil !f  te60!l ntue in efeence t! the 0!cee-in(s (inst hi6. Whee the 0is!ne is !nl7 t!l- t! tell the tuth 8ith!ut ecitin( n7 h!0e ! fe in hi6& his stte6ent cnn!t be e(-e- s bein( 6-e in es0!nse t! n7 thet ! 0!6ise. Si6ill7& 8hee  0is!ne 8s t!l- b7  c!nstble tht he nee- n!t s7 n7thin( t! ci6inte hi6self& but 8ht he -i- s7 8!ulbe use- in ei-ence (inst hi6. H!8ee& 8hee the -6issi!n t! s0e' the tuth hs been c!u0le- 8ith R7 e0essi!n i60!tin( tht it 8!ulbe bette f! hi6 t! -! s!& it hs been been helhel- tht& tht& the c!nfes c!nfessi! si!n n 8s 8s in-6i in-6issi ssible ble&& the !b=ect !b=ecti!n i!nbl ble e 8!-s bein( tht it 8!ulbe bette t! s0e' the tuth& becuse the7 i60!t tht it 8!ulbe bette f! hi6 t! s7 s!6ethin( 8hich 6-e the c!nfessi!n in!lunt7. 5he 8!-s 7!u h- bette c7  hi--en thet ! in-uce6ent X/.  Jis J is #2,) L/ # CC/ %2Y. In Stbi Sin(h  Stte !f Pun=b #%,,) " SCC "2?&  seni! 0!lice !ffice& fte hin( file- t! (et n7 c!nfessi!nl stte6ent f!6 the ccuse ccuse- th!u( th!u(h h !the !the s!uce s!uces& s& t!!' t!!' u0!n u0!n hi6sel hi6selff t! Ruesti Ruesti!n !n the ccuse- n- he succee-e- in secuin( c!nfessi!n. 5he Ruesti!n 8s 8hethe theADMISSIONS AND CONFESSIONS :? c!nfes c!nfessi!n si!n 8s 8s !lun !lunt t7 7. HelHel- tht tht it 8s 8s n!t. n!t. 5he !ffice !ffice hin hin( ( stte- t! the ccuse- tht n!8 tht the cse hs been e(istee- he sh!ul- stte the tuth& the stte6ent 8!ul- (enete in the ccuse-s 6in- s!6e h!0e ! ssunce tht if he t!l- the tuth he 8!ul- eceie his su00!t.

Whee the ccuse- 8s t!l- b7 the 6(istte& 5ell 6e 8hee the thin(s e n- I 8ill be f!uble t! 7!u& ! If 7!u -! n!t tell the tuth 7!u 67 (et 7!uself int! t!uble n- it 8ill be 8!se f! 7!u& etc.& the stte6ents 8ee hel- t! be ielent. H!8ee& 6ee 6!l ! s0iitul in-uce6ents ! eh!tti!ns 8ill n!t itite  c!nfessi!n. F! e60le& 8hee the ccuseis t!l-& ;e s&ue t! tell the tuth& ! >!u he c!66itte- !ne sin& -! n!t c!66it n!the n- tell the tuth&  c!nfessi!n 6-e in es0!nse t! this is li- X/.  Slee6n #:?) 2 C! CC "1:Y. 5he s6e is tue 8hee the ccuseis t'en t!  te60le ! chuch n- is t!l- t! tell the tuth in the 0esence !f the Al6i(ht7. In ;h(btichn  E60e! #%??) 2+ Cl ,#%& the ccuse-&  0!st* !ffice cle'& un-e sus0ici!n& fell t his -e0t6entl ins0ect!s feet be((in be((in( ( t! be sese- if he -iscl! -iscl!sese- ee ee7th 7thin( in(&& n- the ins0ec ins0ect! t! e0lie- tht he 8!ul- t7 his ut6!st t! se hi6 if he t!l- the tuth. 5he 5he c! c!nf nfe essi! ssi!n n 8s helhel- t! be in in-6i 6iss ssib ible le&& s the hee 8s n in-uce6ent b7 the ins0ect!. In-uce6ent& etc. sh!ul- b In efeence t! ch(e * 5he in-uce6ent thet ! 0!6ise sh!ulbe in efeence t! the ch(e in Ruesti!n. 5hus& 8hee  0es!n ch(e- 8ith 6u-e& 8s 6-e t! c!nfess t!  Pnch7t 8hich thetene- his e6!l f!6 the cste f! life& the c!nfessi!n 8s hel- t! be elent) f! the thet h- n!thin( t! -! 8ith the ch(e. Pes Pes!n !n in uth uth! !it it7 7 * 5he 5he in-u in-uce ce6e 6ent nt&& the thet t ! 0!6 0!6ise ise sh!u sh!ull0!cee- f!6  0es!n in uth!it7& i.e.& !ne 8h! is en((e- in the 00ehensi!n& -etenti!n ! 0!secuti!n !f the ccuse- ! !ne 8h! is e60!8ee- t! e6ine hi6. thus& (!en6ent !fficils& 6(isttes& thei thei cle cle's 's&& 0!li 0!lice ce c! c!ns nst tbl bles es&& 88-en ens s nn- !the !thes s in cust cust!!-7 7 !f 0is!nes& 0!secut!s& tt!ne7s& etc. A 0uel7 0ite 0es!n cnn!t

be e(-e- s  0es!n in uth!it7& een if he is ble t! eet s!6e influence u0!n the ccuse-. 5he Pnch7t !ffices cn be si- t! be 0es!ns 8ithin the 6enin( !f Sec."1. Sec.": C!nfessi!n t! P!lice)
6-e 6 -e

-ui -uin( n( ine inest sti( i(t ti! i!n n

! bef! bef!e e ine inest sti( i(t ti! i!n n

is

ielent.

:1 LAW OF EVIDENCE 5he es!n f! this ule is stte- in ueen E60ess  ;bu Li #1) IL/ 2 All :+%& 8heein it hs been si- tht the !b=ect !f the ule is t! 0eent the et!ti!n !f c!nfessi!ns b7 0!lice !ffices 8h! in !-e t! (in ce-it b7 secuin( c!nicti!ns (! t! the len(th !f 0!sitie t!tue. If c!nfessi!ns t! 0!lice 8ee ll!8e- t! be 0!e- in ei-ence& the 0!lice 8!ul- t!tue the ccuse- n- thus f!ce hi6 t! c!nfess t!  ci6e 8hich he 6i(ht n!t he c!66itte-. A c!nfessi!n s! !btine8!ul8!ul- ntu ntu ll7 ll7 be une uneli lib ble le.. It 8!ul 8!ul- n!t n!t be !lu !lunt nt 7 7. Such Such  c!nfessi!n 8ill be ielent 8htee 67 be its f!6& -iect& e0ess& i60lie- ! infee- f!6 c!n-uct. A seies !f c!nflictin( su((esti!ns s t! the ti!nl un-el7in( this infleible sttut!7 b e6e(es f!6 the -eci-e- cses 9

#)

An !b=ectie !b=ectie n- -is0ssi!n -is0ssi!nte te ttitu-e ttitu-e cnn!t cnn!t c!nfi-entl c!nfi-entl7 7 be

e0ecte- f!6 0!lice !ffices. ")

5he 0iile(e (inst self*inci6inti!n hs been th!u(ht t! lie t

the !!t !f the 0inci0le. ?)

I60!tnce hs been ttche- t! the -isc!u(e6ent !f buse

!f uth!it7 b7 the 0!lice tht c!ul- e!-e the fun-6entl i(hts !f the citiBen. 5he is' is (et tht the 0!lice 8ill cc!60lish behin- thei cl!se- -!!s 0ecisel7 8ht the -e6n-s - e6n-s !f !u le(l !-e f!bi-.% Effect !f 0!lice 0esence * Whee the c!nfessi!n is bein( (ien t! s!6e s! 6e!n !ne e else else nn- the the 0!li 0!lice ce6 6n n is !nl7 !nl7 c csu sul ll7 l7 0es 0esen entt nn!e !ehe he s s it tht tht 8ill 8ill n!t n!t -est -est! !7 7 the the !lu !lunt nt 7 7 ntu ntue e !f the the c!nf c! nfes essi! si!n. n. ;ut ;ut 8he 8hee e tht tht 0es 0es!n !n is  sec secet et (en (entt !f the the 0!li 0!lice ce -e0ute- f! the e7 0u0!se !f eceiin(  c!nfessi!n& it 8ill suffe f!6 the ble6ish !f bein(  c!nfessi!n t! 0!lice. In Sit /6  Stte #+ AI/ #%22 SC #%+2)& the ccuse- left  lette ec!-in( his c!nfessi!n ne the -e- b!-7 !f the icti6 8ith the !8e- !b=ect tht it sh!ulbe -isc!ee- b7 the 0!lice. 5he Su0e6e C!ut heltht the c!nfessi!n is elent& s it is n!t  c!nfessi!n 6-e t!  0!lice !ffice un-e Sec.":. 5he lette 8s --esse- t! the 0!lice 0!lice !ffice !ffice& but the !ffice !ffice 8s 8s n!t neb7 neb7 8hen the lette lette 8s 8s 8itten&

!

'ne8

tht

it

8s

bein(

8itten.

a& C!nfessi!nl FI/ * Onl7 tht 0t !f  c!nfessi!nl Fist Inf!6ti!n /e0!t is -6issible 8hich -!es n!t 6!unt t!  c!nfessi!n ! 8hich c!6es un-e the sc!0e !f Sec.",. 5he n!n*c!nfessi!nl 0t !f the FI/ %. Wht is the ti!nle !f in-6isslbilit7 !f c!nfessi!n t!  0!lice !ffice U XC.LC.*%:$%2X

#+. W!ul- the b un-e Sec.": 00l7 een in  cse in 8hich the c!nfessi!n

t!



0!lice

!ffice

is

sent

th!u(h

0!stU

XC.LC.*%:[ Is the f!ll!8in(  elent c!nfessi!n9 M7 -e D!(=i& t!-7 I he c!66itte- the 6u-e !f 67 8ife S!nu. She 8s hin( illicit elti!ns 8ith 67 fien- @& 8h! hs un 87. I 8ill tce !ut @ n- bin( hi6 bef! bef!e e 7!u. !u. 5he 5he lett lette e Is f!un f!un- b7 the the si-e si-e !f the the -e-e- b!-7 b!-7.. XLC.I*%2X.

■.■■

ADMISSIONS AND CONFESSIONS :: cn be use- s ei-ence (inst tie inf!6nt ccuse- s sh!8in( his c!n-uct .

un-e

Sec..

&.c

■ I+)! $s 0!$$ce !ffice * A 0!lice !ffice n!t !nl7 inclu-es  6e6be

!f the the e(u e(ul l 0!li 0!lice ce f!c f!ce& e& but but 8!ul 8!ul- incl incluu-e e n7 n7 0es 0es!n !n 8h! 8h! is cl!the- 8ith the 0!8es !f  0!lice !ffice. 5hus& ecise ins0ect!s e hel- t! be 0!lice !ffices& but n!t the cust!6 !ffices !  6e6be !f the /il87 P!tecti!n F!ce. It hs been heltht 6ee 0!8e !f est& sech n- inesti(ti!n e n!t en!u(h n- the 0!lice !ffices sh!ul- ls! be e60!8ee- t! file  ch(e sheet ! l!-(e  e0!t bef!e  M(istte. 5hus&  sub* ins0ect! is  0!lice !ffice. En(lish l8 * In En(ln-&  c!nfessi!n 6-e t!  0!lice !ffice 8!ulbe elent ei-ence. If the Ju-(e feels c!nfi-ent tht thee 8s n! !00essi!n n- the stte6ent 8s fee& fi n- !lunt7& he 67 -6it it. Sec."2 C!nfessi!n in 0!lice cust!-7)
!f  M(istte& shll be 0!e- s (inst such 0es!n. 5he secti!n 8ill c!6e int! 0l7 8hen the 0es! s!n n in 0!lice cust! st!-7 is in c!nesti!n 8ith n7 0es!n !the thn  0!lice !ffice n- c!nfesses t! his (uilt. 5he secti!n is bse- !n the s6e fe& n6el7& tht the 0!lice 8!ul- t!tue the ccuse- n- f!ce hi6 t! c!nfess& if n!t t! the 0!lice !ffice hi6self& t lest t! s!6e !ne else. 5hus the c!nfessi!n is li'el7 t! suffe f!6 the ble6ish !f n!t bein( fee n- !lunt7. !lunt7.## 5he 8!- cust!-7 -!es n!t 6en f!6l cust!-7& but inclu-es such stte !f ffis in 8hich the ccuse- cn be si- t! he c!6e int! the hn-s !f  0!lice*!ffice ! cn be si- t! he been un-e s!6e s!t !f sueillnce ! esticti!n. P!lice cust!-7 6ens 0!lice c!nt!l een if be eecise- in  h!6e& in n !0en 0lce ! in the c!use !f  =!une7 n- n!t necessil7 in the 8lls !f  0is!n ctul est). 5he i66e-ite i66e-ite 0esence 0esence !f 0!lice !ffices !ffices is n!t necess7 necess7& s! l!n( s the ccuse- 0es!ns e 8e tht the 0lce 8hee the7 e -etine- is ell7 ccessible t! the 0!lice. A te60!7 bsence !f the 0!lice6n 6'es n! -iffeence. 5he f!ll!8in( c!nfessi!ns e& thus& hel- t! be ielent 9* #)

A 8!6n este- f! the 6u-e !f  7!un( b!7 8s left in the

cust!-7 !f ill(es 8hile the ch!8'i- 8tch6n) 8h! este- he left f! the 0!lice*stti!n n- she c!nfesse- in his bsence E60e!  J(i AI/ #%? Pt ?+). ")

While the ccuse- bein( cie- !n  t!n( 8s left l!ne b7 the

0!lice6n in the cust!-7 !f the t!n(*-ie n- he t!l- !f ##. Wht is the ti!nle !f in-6issibilit7 !f c!nfessi!ns in  0!lice cust!-7 U XC.LC.*%2I

:2 LAW OF EVIDENCE his ci6inlit7 t! the t!n( -ie X/.  Leste& IL/ #%:) "+ ;!6 #2:Y. ?)

Whee Whee the ccuse ccuse- 8s 8s t'e t'en n t!  -!ct -!ct! ! f! tet6 tet6ent ent&& the the

0!lice6n stn-in( !utsi-e t the -!!& the ccuse- c!nfesse- t! the -!ct!#" XE60e!  Mlln(!8- #%#,) #% ;!6. L/ 2?Y. 1)

A c!nfessi!n t! fell!8*0is!nes& 8hile in =il.

I66e I66e-i -it te e 0es 0esen ence ce !f  M(i M(ist st te te * Sec. Sec. "2 ec! ec!(n (nis ises es !ne !ne ece0ti!n. If the ccuse- c!nfesses 8hile in 0!lice cust!-7 but in the i66e-ite 0esence !f  M(istte& the c!nfessi!n 8ill be li-. 5he 0esence !f  M(istte ules !ut the 0!ssibilit7 !f t!tue theeb7 6'in( 6'in( the c!nfes c!nfessi! si!n n fee& fee& !lun !lunt t7 7 n- elib elible. le. 5he M(ist M(ist te te 6ust 6ust be 0es 0esen entt in the the s s6e 6e !!6 !!6 8he 8hee e the the c! c!nf nfes essi! si!n n is bein bein( ( ec!-e-. A c!nfessi!n 6-e 8hile the ccuseis in =u-icil cust!-7 ! l!c' l!c'u0 u0 8ill 8ill be ele ele nt nt&& een een if the the c ccu cuse se- is bein bein( ( (u (u-e -e- b7 0!lice6en. 5he 6ee fct tht the ccuse-& fte hin( 6-e  c!nfessi!n bef!e  0!lice !ffice& subseRuentl7 s7s bef!e  M(istte tht I t!l- the 0c*lf 0c*lfce ce !ffice !ffice tht tht I 6u-e 6u-eee- ; -!es -!es n!t en-e en-e the stte6e stte6ent nt -6issible. .C!nfessi!n 8hen elent Ss. ",*"%) 5he f!ll!8in( thee t70es !f c!nfessi!ns e elent n- -6issible9* . Sec." Sec.", , H!8 H!8 6uch 6uch !f inf! inf!6 6ti ti!n !n ece ecei iee- f!6 f!6 c ccu cuse se- 6 67 7 be 0!e-)#? Whe When n n7 n7 fct fct is -e0! -e0!se se- t! s -isc -isc! !e eee- in c! c!ns nseR eRue uenc nce e !f inf!6 inf!6ti! ti!n n ecei eceiee- f!6 f!6  0es!n 0es!n c ccus cusee- !f n7 !ffence& !ffence& in the cust!-7 !f  0!lice !ffice& s! 6uch !f such inf!6ti!n 8hethe it

6!unts t!  c!nfessi!n ! n!t) s eltes -istinctl7 t! the fct theeb7 -isc!ee-& 67 be 0!e-.
A

Ruesti!n

bse-

!n

the

s6e

fcts.

XC.LC.*%"[ #?. Secti!n ", !f the Ei-ence Act is in the ntue !f n n ece0ti!n t! Sees."1 t! "2 in s 6uch s 8hen n7 fct is -e0!se- t! s -isc!eein c!nseRuence c!nseRuence !f inf!6ti inf!6ti!n !n eceie eceie- f!6  0es!n 0es!n ccuseccuse- !f n7 !ffe !ffenc nce e& in the the cust cust!!-7 7 !f the 0!li 0!lice ce !ffic ffice e& s! 6uch uch !f such such inf!6 inf!6ti! ti!n& n& 8hethe 8hethe it 6 6!un !unts ts t!  c!nfes c!nfessi! si!n n ! n!t& n!t& s elte eltes s -istinctl7 t! the fct theeb7 -isc!ee- 67 be 0!e-. Elb!te 8ith efeence efeence t! cse l8. l8. XLC.II*%?[ADMISSIONS

* AND

CONFESSIONS

:, n!t t! he been etcte-. 5he tuth !f the c!nfessi!n is (unteeb7 the -isc! -isc!e e7 7 !f fcts fcts in c!nseR c!nseRuen uence ce !f the inf!6 inf!6ti ti!n !n (ien (ien.. Sec.", is  0!is! ! ece0ti!n t! Secs.": n- "2 !f the Act. 5he stte6ents -6issible un-e Sec.", e n!t -6issible (inst 0es!ns !the thn the 6'e!f the stte6ent Suen-e Ps-  Stte !f ;ih& #%%" C LJ "#%+). 5he -isc!e7 6ust be 6-e b7 the 0!lice s  esult !f inf!6ti!n (ien b7 the ccuse- n- n!t b7 n7 !the s!uce. 5he sc!0e !f Sec.", is e0line- b7 the Pi7 C!uncil in Puiu'ui K!tt7  E60e!.

Puiu'ui K!tt7  E60e! AI/ #%1, PC 2,) In this cse& the 00ellnts (uilt7 !f 6u-e 6-e s!6e c!nfessi!ns in the 0!lice cust!-7. In the 00el& the7 c!nten-e- tht thei stte6ents 8ee -6itte- in i!lti!n !f Secs."2 n- ",. 5he stte6ent !f !ne !f the6 the6 8s 8s 9 I& K!tt K!tt7 7&& nn- !thes !thes bet bet Si7 Si77 7 n- Subb7 Subb7 t! -eth. I hi- the s0e n- 67 stic' in the ic' !f 67 ill(e. I 8ill sh!8 if 7!u c!6e. We -i- ll this t the instnce !f P. K!tt7. An!the ccuse- si- 9 I stbbe- Si77 8ith  s0e. I hi- the s0e in  7- in 67 ill(e. I 8ill sh!8 7!u the 0lce. 5he elent ticles 8ee 0!-uce- f!6 thei es0ectie 0lces !f hi-in(. hi -in(. E0l E0li ini nin( n( the the sc!0 sc!0e e !f Sec. Sec.", ", In (ene (ene ll te6 te6s& s& thei thei L! L!-sh shi0 i0s s !bsee- 9 Sec.", 0!i-es n ece0ti!n t! the 0!hibiti!n i60!se- b7 Sec."2 n- enbles cetin stte6ents 6-e b7  0es!n in 0!lice cust!-7 t! be 0!e-. 5he c!n-iti!n necess7 t! bin( Sec.", int! !0eti!n is tht -isc!e7 !f  fct in c!nseRuence !f inf!6ti!n eceie- f!6 ccuse- in 0!lice cust!-7) 6ust be -e0!se- t!& ntheeu0!n s! 6uch !f the inf!6ti!n s elte- -istinctl7 t! the fct theeb7 -isc!ee- 67 be 0!e-. 5he secti!n see6s t! be bse- !n the the ie8 ie8 tht tht if  fct fct is c ctu tul ll7 l7 -isc -isc! !e eee- in c! c!ns nseR eRue uenc nce e !f inf! inf!6 6ti ti!n !n (ien (ien&& s! s!6e 6e (u (un nte tee e is ff! ff!-ee- the theeb eb7 7 tht tht the the inf!6ti!n 8s tue n- cc!-in(l7 cn be sfel7 ll!8e- t! be (ien (i en in ei-ence. N!6ll7& the secti!n is b!u(ht int! !0eti!n 8hen  0es!n in 0!lice cust!-7 0!-uces f!6 s!6e 0lce !f c!ncel6ent s!6e !b=ect e.(.  -e- b!-7&  8e0!n ! !n6ents& si- t! be c!nnecte- 8ith the ci6e !f 8hich the inf!6nt is ccuse-. E0linin( the elti!nshi0 bet8een Secs."2 n- ",& thei L!-shi0s si- 9 5he 0!is! t! Sec."2 --e- b7 Sec.", sh!ul- n!t be hel- t! nullif7 the substnce !f the secti!n. It is fllci!us t! tet the fct

-isc!ee- s eRuilent t! the !b=ect 0!-uce- the fct -isc!eels! e6bces the 0lce f!6 8hich the !b=ect is 0!-uce- n- the 'n!8le-(e !f ccuse- s t! this& n- the inf!6ti!n (ien 6ust elte -istinctl7 t! this fct. Inf!6ti!n s t! the 0st use !f the !b=ect 0!-uce- is n!t elte- t! its -isc!e7. -isc!e7. Inf!6ti!n su00lie- b7  0es!n in cust!-7 tht I 8ill 0!-uce  'nife c!ncele- in the !!f !f 67 h!use -!es n!t le- t! the -isc!e7

: LAW OF EVIDENCE !f  'nife. It le-s t! the -isc!e7 !f  fct tht  'nife is c!ncele- in the h!use !f the inf!6nt t! his 'n!8le-(e& n- if the 'nife is 0!et! he been use- in the c!66issi!n !f !ffence& the fct -isc!ee- is e7 elent. ;ut if t! the stte6ent the 8!-s 8ith 8hich I stbbeA e --e-& these 8!-s e in-6issible becuse the7 -! n!t elte t! the -isc!e7 !f 'nife in the h!use !f the inf!6nt. 5he 0t 8hfch eltes s t! 8ht he -i- t! the !b=ect n- n!t 8ht he -i- 8ith the !b=ect& is elent un-e Sec.",& becuse the ltte entils  e6!te c!nn c! nnec ecti ti!n !n 8ith 8ith the the fct fct.. Fut Futhe he& if the thee e is n! !the !the eiei-en ence ce c!nn c! nnec ecti tin( n( the the 'nif 'nife e 8ith 8ith the the ci6 ci6e e nn- the the !nl7 !nl7 eiei-en ence ce is  stte6ent c!6in( un-e Sec.",& then the ccuse- 6ust be cRuitte-. /efein( t! the fcts !f the cse& thei L!-shi0s heltht the 8h!le !f the stte6ent ece0t the 0ss(e I hi- it s0e) n- 67 stic' in the ic' in the ill(e. I 8ill sh!8 if 7!u c!6e& is in-6issible. 5he b! b!e e 0ss 0ss( (e e is -6i -6iss ssib ible le s it se seee- t! c! c!nn nnec ectt the the !b=e !b=ect ct -isc -isc! !e eee- 8ith 8ith the the !ffe !ffenc nce e ch ch(e (e-. -. 5he 5he !the !the 0!t 0!ti! i!ns ns !f the the stte6ent eltes t! the 0st hist!7 !f the !b=ect 0!-uce-& thus n!t -6issible.

X5he X5he Su0e6 Su0e6e e C!ut C!ut in Pbh Pbhu u Stte Stte !f <.P <.P..& AI/ #%2? #%2? SC ###? ###?&& 00 00! !ee- the the test tests s lili- -!8n -!8n in the the b!e b!e c cse se.. In this this c cse se&&  stte6ent le-in( t! -isc!e7 !f f!l!!-*stine- e& cl!thes& etc. 8s helhel- -6i -6iss ssibl ible& e& but but  stt stte6 e6en entt t! the the 0!li 0!lice ce tht tht such such cl!t cl!the hes s bel!n(e- t! hi6 ccuse-) n- the e 8s use- in the 6u-e 8s hel- in-6issible un-e Sec.",Y. S!6e

e60les

= An ccuse- stte- t! the 0!lice 9 5he th!t 8s cut 8ith  'nife nthe 'nife 8s !n  0ni !f the 6!i in the 'itchen. 5he fist 0t& 8hic 8hich h 8s 8s the the inc inci6 i6in int tin in( ( 0t 0t !f stt stte6 e6en entt nn- 8hic 8hich h -i-i- n!t n!t -iectl7 le- t! the -isc!e7 !f 'nife sh!ulbe eclu-e-& but n!t the sec!n- 0t !f the stte6ent. An ccuse- stte- t! the 0!lice 9 I he buie- the 0!0et7 st!len b7 6e in the fiel-. I 8ill sh!8 it. 5he -6issible 0t is I he buiethe 0!0et7 in 67 fiel-. I 8ill sh!8 it. 5he in-6issible 0t is st!len b7 6e

si6il ill7

the

stte6ent

8ith

8hich

I

stbbe bbe-

A

is

in-6issible). 5he un-el7in( un-el7in( 0inci0le is tht n7 self*inc self*inci6in i6int!7 t!7 stte6ent stte6ent ! 8htee else si- b7 the ccuse- t the ti6e !f (iin( the inf!6ti!n b7 87 87 !f (iin( (iin( int!int!-uct ucti!n i!n ! n nti tie e ! e0ln e0lnti ti!n !n 6ust 6ust be i(!!usl7 eclu-e-& s it le-s t! n! -isc!e7 !f fcts. M!h-. In7tullh  Stte !f Mhsht AI/ #%,2 SC 1?) In this cse& the ccuse-& ch(e- 8ith theft& stte- 9 I 8ill tell the 0lce !f -e0!sit !f the thee che6icl -u6s 8hich I t!!' !ut f!6 the /=i ;un-e !n fist Au(ust. 5he fcts -isc!ee- 8ee * che6icl -u6s& the 0lce !f -e0!sit !f -u6s& n- the ccuse-s 'n!8le-(e !f

such

-e0!sit.ADMISSIONS

AND

CONFESSIONS

:% 5he Su0e6e C!ut in this cse& li- -!8n s!6e 0!0!siti!ns 9* #)

Fist c!n-iti!n c!n-iti!n necess7 necess7 f! bin(in( bin(in( this secti!n secti!n Sec.",) Sec.",) int!

!0e !0e ti! ti!n is the the -isc! isc! e7 !f  fct fct&& lbe lbeit  ele elent fct fct&& in c!nseRuence !f the inf!6ti!n eceie- f!6  0es!n ccuse- !f n !ffence. ")

5he sec!nsec!n- is is tht tht the -isc!e7 -isc!e7 !f such fct 6ust be -e0!se-e0!se-

t!. 5he -isc!e7 !f fct inclu-es the !b=ect f!un-& the 0lce f!6 8hic 8hich h it is 0!0!-uc ucee- nn- the the 'n!8 'n!8le le-(e -(e !f the the c ccu cuse se- s t! its its eistence. ?)

5he thi- is tht tht t the ti6e !f the ecei0t !f the inf!6ti!n the

ccuse- 6ust be in 0!lice cust!-7. 1)

5he lst but the 6!st i60!tnt c!n-iti!n is tht !nl7 s! 6uch

!f the inf!6ti!n s eltes -istinctl7 t! the fct theeb7 -isc!eeis -6issible -6issible.. 5he 8!- -istinctl7 -istinctl7 6ens 6ens -iectl7 -iectl7&& in-ubitbl in-ubitbl7& 7& stictl7& un6ist'bl7. un6ist'bl7. It 8s heltht !nl7 the fist 0t !f stte6ent& n6el7& I 8ill tell the 0lce !f -e0!sit !f thee che6icl -u6s 8s elent becuse !nl7 this 0t 8s the i66e-ite n- -iect cuse !f the ct -isc!ee-. 5he est !f the stte6ent 8s  0ue n- si60le c!nfessi!n 0st hist!7) 8hich le- t! n! -isc!e7. H!8ee& the elent 0!ti!n 8s n!t& b7 itself& sufficient t! 0esu6e tht the ccuse- 8s  thief. He hi6self -e0!site- -u6s& ! he !nl7 'ne8 tht the -u6s 8ee l7in( theeU Since it 8s  0ublic 0lce il87 0ltf!6) n- n!t  0lce !f hi-in(& n7!ne c!ul- he 0ut the6 thee n- the ccuse- 6i(ht he !nl7 'n!8le-(e !f tht fct. 5hus& he 8s (ien benefit !f the -!ubt if the 8h!le !f his stte6ent h- been -6itte- he 8!ul- un-!ubte-l7 he been hel- (uilt7).

Sec.". C!nfessi!n 6-e fte e6!l !f thet in-uce6ent& etc.) If such  c!nfessi!n s is efee- t! in Sec."1 is 6-e fte the i60essi!n cuse- b7 n7 such in-uce6ent& thet ! 0!6ise hs& in the !0ini!n !f the c!ut& been full7 e6!e- it is elent. elent. Sec." -els 8ith the li-it7 !f c!nfessi!n 8hich is 6-e fte the9 effect !f in-uce6ent is le-7 !e. Once the 6in- is set fee f!6 the fe cete- b7 thets !f eil ! f!6 the h!0es !f -nt(e f!6 c!nfessin( e.(. b7 l0se !f ti6e)& n7 c!nfessi!n 6-e is li'el7 t! be fee n- !lunt7 n- thee cn h-l7 be n7 !b=ecti!n s t! its li-it7. 5hus&  c!nfessi!n 8hich is en-ee- ielent un-e Sec.", 67 bec!6e elent un-e Sec.". Sec."% Sec."%.. C!nfe C!nfessi ssi!n !n !the8 !the8ise ise ele elen ntt n!t t! bec!6e bec!6e iele iele nt nt becuse !f 0!6ise !f secec7& etc.) If  c!nfessi!n is !the8ise elent& it -!es n!t bec!6e ielent& 6eel7 becuse it 8s 6-e * 

2+ LAW OF EVIDENCE )

un-e  0!6ise !f secec7& !

b)

in c!nseRuences !f  -ece0ti!n 0ctise- !n the ccuse- 0es!n

f! the 0u0!se !f !btinin( it& ! c)

8hen the ccuse- 8s -un'& !

-)

in ns8e t! Ruesti!ns he nee- n!t he ns8ee-& !

e)

8hen 8hen the the c ccus cusee- 8s 8s n!t n!t 8ne 8ne- tht tht he 8s 8s n!t n!t b!un b!un- t! t!

6'e such c!nfessi!n n- tht ei-ence !f it 6i(ht be (ien & (inst hi6 ece0t in =u-icil c!nfessi!ns& un-e Sec. #21& C.P.C.) In ci6inl cses& the 0ublic inteest lies in 0!secutin( ci6inls nn!t c!60!6isin( 8ith the6. 5heef!e& 8hee n ccuse- 0es!n is

0esu-e- t! c!nfess b7 ssuin( hi6 !f the secec7 !f his stte6ents ! tht ei-ence !f it shll n!t be (ien (inst hi6& the c!nfessi!n is neetheless elent. Whee the c!nfessi!n is the !utc!6e !f  fu- bein( 0l7e- 8ith the ccuse ccuse-& -& it is neet neethel heless ess ele elen nt. t. 5hus& 5hus& 8hee 8hee the t8! t8! ccuse ccuse0es!ns 8ee left in  !!6 8hee the7 th!u(ht the7 8ee ll l!ne& but sec secet et t0e t0e ec! ec!-e es s 8ee 8ee ec! ec!-in in( ( thei thei c! c!n ne es sti ti!n !n&& the the c!nfes c!nfessi!n si!ns s thus thus ec!ec!-ee- 8ee 8ee helhel- t! be ele elen nt. t. A c!nfes c!nfessi! si!n n secuesecue- b7 intece0tin( intece0tin( n- !0enin(  lette lette hs ls! been hel- t! be elent. A c!nfessi!n !btine- b7 int!ictin( the ccuseis eRull7 elent. 5he l8 is c!ncene- t! see tht the c!nfessi!n is fee n!lu !lunt nt 7 7 nn- if this this is s! it -!es -!es n!t n!t 6 6tt tte e tht tht the the c ccu cuse sec!nfesse- un-e the influence !f -in'. C!nfessi!n !f c!*ccuse- Sec.?+) See un-e the Ch0te %. Ei-enti7 lue !f c!nfessi!n A c!nfessi!n is c!nsi-ee- the best n- 6!st c!nclusie ei-ence& s n! 0es!n 8ill 6'e n untue stte6ent (inst his !8n inteest. It is 8ell settle- tht  c!nfessi!n& if !luntil7 n- tuthfull7 n-e& is n efficci!us 0!!f !f (uilt. H!8ee& it 6ust be n!tetht the ei-entil lue !f  c!nfessi!n is n!t e7 (et. As !bsee- b7 ;est&  c!nfessi!n 67 be flse -ue t! 6entl bbeti!n& 6ist'e !f l8& t! esc0e 0h7sicl ! 6!l t!tue& t! esc0e i(n!6it7 !f  stiflin( enRui7& -ue t! nit7& t! en-n(e !the !thes s b7 n6i n6in( n( the6 the6 s c! c!*! *!ff ffen en-e -es s&& nn- s! !n. !n. 5he 5heef ef! !e& e& c!nfessi!ns 67 n!t l87s be tue. 5heef!e& the c!nfessi!ns 6ust be chec'e- in the li(ht !f the 8h!le !f the ei-ence !n the ec!- in !-e t! see if the7 c7 c!nicti!n. It

&■ 8!ul8!ulbe e e7 7 -n(e -n(e!us !us t! t! ct !n !n  c!nfess c!nfessi!n i!n 0ut 0ut int! int! the 6!ut 6!uth h !f

theADMISSIONS

AND

CONFESSIONS

2# Muthus867  Stte AI/ #%:1 SC 1,)& the c!ut !bsee- tht  c!nfessi!n sh!ul- n!t be cce0te- 6eel7 becuse it c!ntins  8elth !f -etils.
IMPO/5AN5 5OPICS$ILL
A-6issi!n 6-e in n elie suit

An -6issi!n -6issi!n is  stte6ent stte6ent 8hich su((ests s!6e infeence infeence s t! the eistence !f  fct in issue !  elent fct Sec.#,). Iths been heltht Sec.#, 6'es n! -istincti!n bet8een n -6issi!n 6-e b7  0t7 in his 0le-in( n- !the -6issi!ns. 5heef!e& n -6issi!n 6-e b7  0es!n in 0lint si(ne- n- eifie- b7 hi6 67 be use- s ei-ence #1)A -6its in s!6e elie 0!cee-in(s in  c!ut tht the sh!0 @ bel!n(s t! his b!the ;. In  suit bet8een A n- ; b!ut the sh!0& ; 0!-uces  cetifie- c!07 !f the stte6ent !f A in the elie suit. 5he c!ut -eci-es the suit in ;s f!u el7in( !n the -6issi!n !f A in the elie suit. A files n 00el n- 0le-s tht the c!ut ee- in el7in( u0!n the -6issi!n s ; h- n!t c!nf!nte- hi6 8ith his -6issi!n 8hen he 00ee-

s



8itness.

Deci-e.

XL.C.I*%:$%2Y b) H!8 e -6issi!ns -iffeent f!6 c!nfessi!ns. [email protected].*%"$%1 L.C.I*%:$%2 L.C.II*%?Y

=MQ62" LAW OF EVIDENCE  ■(i (inst nst hi6 in !the !the suit suits. s. Of c! c!u use se&& the the -6i -6iss ssi! i!n n c cnn nn!t !t be

e(-e- s c!nclusie& n- it is !0en t! the 0t7 c!ncene- t! sh!8 tht the stte6ent is n!t tue ;snt Sin(h  Jn'i Sin(h AI/ #%,2 SC ?1#). 5he 0esent 0!ble6 is bse- !n the f!ll!8in( cse 9

;ish8nth Ps-  D8' Ps#%,1) # SCC , In this cse& the Ruesti!n Ruesti!n 8s 8hethe 8hethe cetin 0!0eties 0!0eties bel!n(e- t! the -efen-nt n- cetin !thes 8ee lible t! 0titi!n. 5he !00!site 0t7 0t7 h- 6-e stte6ents stte6ents in -is0!siti!ns -is0!siti!ns in n elie suit tht the7 bel!n(e- t! the -efen-nt. Si6il -6issi!ns !ccue- in the 8itten stt stte6 e6en entt file file- b7 the the 0li 0lint ntif ifff nn- his his fth fthe e in tht tht suit suit.. It 8s 8s c!nten-e- !n behlf !f the 0lintiff& el7in( !n Sec. #1: !f Ei-ence Act& Ac t& th tht if  8itne itness ss is t! be c!nt !nt -ict -ictee- b7 his his !8n e elie lie stte6ent& the stte6ent 6ust be 0ut t! hi6 s! tht he 67 he n !00!tunit7 t! e0lin it n- this 8s n!t -!ne in the 0esent cse. 5hus& the -6issi!n 6-e in n elie suit cnn!t be use- (inst the 0lintiff. 5he c!ut !bsee- 9 5hee is  c-inl -istincti!n bet8een  0t7 8h! is the uth! !f  0i! stte6ent n-  8itness 8h! is e6inen- is s!u(ht t! be -isce-ite- b7 the use !f his 0i! stte6ent. In the f!6e cse& -6issi!n b7  0t7 is  substntie ei-ence if it fulfils the eRuie6ents !f Sec."#& in the ltte cse  0i! stte6ent is use- t! -isce-it the ce-ibilit7 !f 8itness n- -!es n!t bec!6e substntie ei-ence. In the f!6e thee is n! necess7 eRuie6ent !f the stte6ent c!ntinin( the -6issi!n hin( t! be 0ut t! the 0t7 becuse it is ei-ence 0!0i! i(!e !f its !8n f!ce). In the ltte cse the c!ut cnn!t be inite- t! -isbeliee  8itness !n the sten(th !f the 0i! c!nt-ict!7 stte6ent unless it hs been 0ut t! hi6& s eRuie- b7 Sec. #1:. A-6issi!ns e substntie ei-ence b7 the6seles& th!u(h the7 e n!t c!nclusie 0!!f !f the 6ttes -6itte-. A-6issi!ns -ul7 0!ee -6issible ei-ence ies0ectie !f 8hethe the 0t7 6'in( the6 00ee- in the 8itness*b! ! n!t n- 8hethe he 8s c!nf!nte-

8ith these stte6ents in cse he 6-e  stte6ent c!nt7 t! these -6issi!ns i-e ;ht Sin(hs cse AI/ #%22 SC 1+:). 5he c!ut futhe si- tht -6issi!ns e usull7 tellin( (inst the 6'e 6'e unless unless es!n es!nbl bl7 7.e0l e0line ine-& -& n- n! cce0t cce0tbl ble e (!un(!un- t! eticte the 00ellnts f!6 the effect !f thei !8n elie stte6ents hs been 6-e !ut. 5he c!ut& thus& heltht n -6issi!n in n elie suit is  elent ei-ence (inst the 0lintiff. Decisi!n !f the cse in Ruesti!n As -6issi!n in n elie suit 8ill be  elent ei-ence (inst hi6. 5hus& A 8ill n!t succee-.ADMISSIONS AND CONFESSIONS 2? b)

Distincti!n bet8een A-6issi!n n- C!nfessi!n

5he 5hee e e e 6 6n7 n7 c! c!66 66!n !n fet fetu ues es bet8 bet8ee een n n -6i -6iss ssi! i!n n nn-  c!nfessi!n. In b!th thee is the c'n!8le-(6ent !f the eistence !f  fct in issue in the cse& 8hich 67 in cicu6stnces be cce0te- b7 the c!uts s  0!!f !f the tuth n- cc!-in(l7 cte- u0!n. ;ut thee e !bi!us 0!ints !f -istincti!n t!!. 5he Act l7s -!8n -iffeent ules s t! thei elenc7. elenc7. #)

C!nfessi!ns fin- 0lce in ci6inl 0!cee-in(s !nl7. !nl7. A-6issi!ns

e (enell7 use- in ciil 0!cee-in(s& 7et the7 67 ls! be use- in ci6inl 0!cee-in(s. ")

Ee7 c!nfessi!n is n -6issi!n& but ee7 -6issi!n is n!t 

c!nfes c!nfessi!n si!n.. 5he

8!8!-

-6i -6issi ssi!n !n

is

6!e 6! e c!6 c!60e 0ehen hensi sie e n-

inclu-es  c!nfessi!n ls!. A c!nfessi!n is !nl7  s0ecies !f -6issi!n. A c!nfessi!n 6ust eithe -6it in te6s the !ffence& ! t n7 te& substntill7 ll the fcts 8hich c!nstitute the !ffence. While in n -6issi!n& thee is  6ee c'n!8le-(6ent !f  fct su((estin( n infeence s t!  fct in issue !  elent fct. An -6issi!n !f  (!ssl7 inci6intin( fct& een  c!nclusiel7 inci6intin( fct& is n!t

b7 itself  c!nfessi!n e.(. n -6issi!n tht the ccuseis the !8ne !f& n- 8s in ecent 0!ssessi!n !f& the 'nife$e!le 8hich cuse-  -eth& 8ith n! e0lnti!n !f n7 !the 6ns 0!ssessi!n. ?)

A c!nfessi!n is the -6issi!n !f (uilt in efeence t!  ci6e n-&

the theef ef! !e& e& in ini ib bl7 l7 uns uns (i (ins nstt the the infe infee est st !f the the c ccu cuse se-. -. A c!nfes c!nfessi!n si!n sh!ulsh!ul- necess necess il7 il7& & be !f incul0 incul0t! t!7 7 ntue ntue.. 5he te6 te6 -6issi!n inclu-es ee7 stte6ent 8hethe it uns in f!u !f ! (inst the 0t7 6'in( it& n- tht is 8h7 Sec."# 0e6its  0es!n& in cetin ece0ti!nl cses& t! 0!e his !8n stte6ents. It 67 be n!tetht thee is n!thin( in Ei-ence Act 8hich 0eclu-es n ccuse0es!n f!6 el7in( u0!n his !8n c!nfessi!nl stte6ents f! his !8n 0u0!ses. 1) 1)

An -6i -6iss ssi! i!n n 6 6-e -e t! n7 n7 0es 0es!n !n 8ht 8hts! s!e ee e is ele ele nt nt

8hethe he be  0!lice6n !  0es!n in uth!it7 ! 8hethe it 8s the esult !f n in-uce6ent !  0!6ise. On the !the hn-& the c!nfessi!n t!  0!lice6n ! in 0!lice cust!-7 is ielent. 5hus& the c!nfessi!n 6ust be fee n- !lunt7. Futhe&  stte6ent 67 be ielent s  c!nfessi!n but it 67 be elent s n -6issi!n. A stte6ent n!t -6issible s  c!nfessi!n 67 7et& f! !the 0u0!ses be -6issible s n -6issi!n (inst the 0es!n 8h! 6-e it.

HP#

21

■

LAW OF EVIDENCE :)

A c!nfes c!nfessi! si!n n l87 l87s s 0!cee 0!cee-s -s f!6 f!6 the ccuse ccuse- ! sus0ec sus0ectt

0es!n 0es!n&& but in efee efeence nce t! -6iss -6issi!n i!ns& s& the stte6 stte6ent ents s !f ceti cetin n

0es!ns& 8h! e n!t 0ties t! the cse& s -6issi!ns (inst the 0ties. 2)

5he c!nfessi!n c!nfessi!n !f n ccuseccuse- 0es!n 0es!n is is ele elent nt (inst (inst ll his

c!* c! *cc ccus usee- 8h! 8h! e e bein bein( ( tie tie- 8ith 8ith hi6 hi6 f! f! the the s s6e 6e !ffe !ffenc nce e Sec.?+). In the cse !f -6issi!ns& stte6ents !f  c!*0lintiff ! th!se !f  c!*-efen-nt e n! ei-ence (inst the !thes. ,) ,)

5he 5he eff effec ectt !f !f n n -6 -6is issi si!n !n is tht tht it -!es -!es n!t n!t c!n c!nst stit itut ute e 

c!nclusie 0!!f !f the fct -6itte-& th!u(h it 67 !0ete s n est!00 est!00el el (ins (instt the 0t7 0t7 6 6'in 'in( ( the -6iss -6issi!n i!n.. A c!nfes c!nfessi! si!n n is c!nsi-ee-  stisfct!7 0!!f !f the (uilt !f the ccuse-& th!u(h s  ule !f 0u-ence& the c!uts 67 eRuie c!!b!tie ei-ence. ei-ence. lllustti!n*#: 9#S .A(hn!! N(esi  Stte !f ;ih AI/ #%22 SC ##%) 5he 5he fct fcts s !f the the c cse se e e s s6e 6e s (i (ien in the the c cse se in Rues Ruesti ti!n !n b!e). 5he 0inci0l ei-ence 8s the c!nfessi!nl F.I./. c!ntinin( # 0ts n- thee 8s n! e7e 8itness t! the 6u-es. ;ut the 6e-icl e0!t c!nfi6e- tht the 8!un-s !n the -e- b!-ies 8ee cuse- b7  sh0 8e0!n. 5he Ruesti!n f! -ecisi!n 8s 8hethe the stte6ent FI/) ! n7 0!ti!n !f it 8s -6issible in ei-ence. 5he 00ellnts c!ntenti!n 8s tht the entie stte6ent is  c!nfessi!n 6-e t!  0!lice !ffice n- is n!t 0!ble un-e Sec.": (inst the 00ellnts. 5he 5he es0! es0!nn-en entt Stt Stte e c! c!nt nten en-e -e- tht tht Sec." Sec.": : 0!t 0!tec ects ts !nl7 !nl7 th!s th!se e 0!ti!ns !f the stte6ent 8hich -iscl!ses the 'illin( b7 the 00ellnt nn- est est !f the the stt stte6 e6en entt is n!t n!t 0!t 0!tec ecte te- un-e un-e Sec. Sec.": ":&& nn- is elent un-e Sec.",. #:. Discuss the fcts n- l8 s li- -!8n in A(hn!! N(esi  Stte !f ;ih AI/ #%22 SC ##%). 

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@ (!es t! the 0!lice stti!n n- ntes the fcts n- cicu6stnces in 8hich he 'ille- his (il fien- n- he b!the. b!the. 5he 0!lice e(istee-  cse un-e Sec.?+"& IPC (inst @ n- este- hi6. 5he FI/ hs f!u -istinct 0ts 9 ) Pticuls eltin( t! his i-entit7& --ess& etc. b) Pticuls eltin( t! 6!tie n- 0e0ti!ns c) Pticuls eltin( t! the ctul 'illin( -) Pticuls eltin( t! fte 'illin( c!n-uct such s hi-in( the -e- b!-ies& c!ncelin( the 'nife n- his bl!!-*stinecl!thes. On the bsis !f this inf!6ti!n& the 0!lice ec!ee- the -e- b!-ies& 'nife n- cl!thes. @ is !n til n- the FI/ is the !nl7 ei-ence (inst hi6.

Deci-e

in

the

li(ht

!f

elent

cse

l8.

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ADMISSIONS AND CONFESSIONS 2: 5he c!ut !bsee- 9 A c!nfessi!n ! -6issi!n is ei-ence (inst the 6'e !f it unless its -6issibilit7 is eclu-e- b7 s!6e 0!isi!ns !f l8. l8. Sec."1 Sec."1 eclu eclu-es -es c!nfes c!nfessi! si!ns ns cusecuse- b7 ceti cetin n in-uce in-uce6e 6ents nts&& thets n- 0!6ises. Sec.": 0!i-es tht n! c!nfessi!n 6-e t!  0!li 0!lice ce !ffi !ffice ce shl shlll be 0! 0!ee- s (i (ins nstt  0es 0es!n !n c ccu cuse se- !f n7 n7 !ffenc !ffence e  c!nfes c!nfessi! si!nl nl FI/& FI/& thus& thus& hit b7 Sec.": Sec.":). ). Sec." Sec."2 2 0!hib 0!hibits its 0!!f (inst n7 0es!n !f  c!nfessi!n 6-e b7 hi6 in the cust!-7 !f  0!lice !ffice unless it is 6-e in the i66e-ite 0esence !f  6(i 6 (ist st te te.. Sec. Sec.", ", is in the the f!6 f!6 !f  0! 0!is is! ! ! ece ece0t 0ti! i!n n nn0till7 lifts the bn i60!se- b7 Secs."1*"2. 5hese 0!isi!ns he been 6-e !n (!un-s !f 0ublic 0!lic7 n- fullest effect sh!ulbe (ien t! the6. 5he c!ut futhe !bsee- 9 A c!nfessi!n 67 c!nsist !f seel 0ts& n- 67 eel n!t !nl7 the ctul c!66issi!n !f the ci6e but ls!

the 6! 6!ti tie& e& 0e0 0e0t ti!n i!n&& !00!t !00!tuni unit7 t7&& 0!! 0!!ct cti!n i!n&& 8e0! 8e0!ns ns use-& use-& intenti!n& c!ncel6ent !f the 8e0!n& n- the subseRuent c!n-uct !f the ccuse-. If the c!nfessi!n is tinte-& the tint ttches t! ech 0t !f it. It is n!t 0e6issible in l8 t! se0te !ne 0t n- t! -6it it in ei-ence s  n!n*c!nfessi!nl stte6ent. Ech 0t -iscl!ses s!6e inci6intin( fct& i.e. s!6e fct 8hich b7 itself ! l!n( 8ith !the !the -6i -6itt ttee- ! 0! 0!ee- fct fcts& s& su(( su((es ests ts the the infe infee enc nce e tht tht the the ccuse- c!66itte- the ci6e& n- th!u(h ech 0t t'en sin(l7 67 n!t 6!unt t!  c!nfess ssii!n& ech !f the6 bei bein( 0 0t !f the c!nfessi!nl stte6ent 0t'es !f the chcte !f the c!nfessi!n. If 0!!f !f the c!nfessi!n is eclu-e- b7 n7 0!isi!n !f l8& the entie c!nfessi!nl stte6ent& in ll its 0ts& inclu-in( the I -6issi!ns !f 6in! inci6intin( fcts& 6ust ls! be eclu-e-& unless 0!!f !f it is 0e6itte- b7 s!6e !the secti!n. If n -6issi!n !f n ccuseis t! be use- (inst hi6& the 8h!le !f it sh!u sh!ull- be tenten-e eeein eiei-en ence ce&& nn- if 0t 0t !f the the eiei-en ence ce is ecul0t!7 n- 0t incul0t!7& the 0!secuti!n is n!t t libet7 t! use in ei-ence the incul0t!7 0t !nl7. 5he ccuseis entitle- t! insist tht the entie -6issi!n& inclu-in( the ecul0t!7 0t& 6ust be ten-ee- in ei-ence. 5he c!ut heltht in the 0esent cse& n! 0t !f the stte6ent cn be se0te- n- the entie c!nfessi!nl stte6ent is hit b7 Sec.":& ece0t the f!6l 0t i-entif7in( the ccuse- s 6'e !f the e0!t n- the 0!ti!ns 8ithin the 0uie8 !f Sec.",. 5hus& the inf!6ti!n le-in( t! the -isc!e7 !f -e- b!-ies& 'nife n- cl!thes is -6issible in ei-ence& bein( the -isc!e7 !f fcts un-e Sec.",. 5his ei-ence is insufficient t! c!nict the 00ellnt !f the !ffence un-e Sec.?+"& I PC. 5he c!!b!ti!n b7 6e-icl e0!t 8ill n!t be sufficient. Decisi!n !f the cse in Ruesti!n

5he c!nfessi!n 6-e b7 @ is hit b7 Sec.":& n- !nl7 0t -) !f it n-isc!e7 !f fcts f!6 it 6'e it -6issible un-e Sec.", See22 LAW OF EVIDENCE K!t77  E60e!& M-. In7tull  Stte& in the tet). 5he ccuse-& @& cnn!t be c!nicte- !n the bsis !f this ei-ence l!ne& s the !nl7 thin( 0!e- is tht ccuse- 'ne8 8hee the -e- b!-ies& 8e0!ns& etc. 8ee. 5hus& he 67 be inn!cent ! (uilt7. When t8! ie8s !f the ei-ence e 0!ssible& the ie8 tht f!us the ccuse- sh!ulbe t'en t'en.. M!e! M!e!e e& un-e un-e ci6in ci6inl l l8& l8& t! estbl estblish ish the (uilt (uilt !f the ccuse-& the 0!secuti!n hs t! 0!e be7!n- n7 es!nble -!ubt. 5hus& @ is lible t! be cRuitte-. lllustti!n*#2 9#2 F! the l8 eltin( eltin( t! Sec.",& Sec.",& see the tet. Onl7 such inf!6ti!n inf!6ti!n s lele-s s t! -isc -isc! !e e7 7 !f fct fcts s is 0e6 0e6is issib sible le n7 n7 self self*i *inc nci i6i 6in nt! t!7 7 stte6ent ! 8htee else si- b7 the ccuse- t the ti6e !f (iin( the the inf! inf!6 6t ti! i!n n b7 87 !f (ii (iin( n( int int!!-uc ucti ti!n !n&& ! n nt ti ie e ! e0lnti!n 6ust be i(!!usl7 eclu-e- s it le-s t! n! -isc!e7 !f fcts. )

5he stte6ent is ielent& s n! 0t !f it le-s le-s t! t! -isc!e7 !f

fcts un-e Sec.",. b) b)

Onl7 Onl7 stt stte6 e6en entt th thtt is ele ele nt nt un-e un-e Sec." Sec.", , is tht tht the the

!n6ents e 8ith @ n- tht the ccuse- 'ne8 b!7t the6. c)

Onl7 stte6ent stte6ent tht is elent elent un-e Sec.", Sec.", is tht /s9"J&+++ /s9"J&+++

8ee f!un- in the bn' cc!unt !f the ccuse-. #2. Cn n7 0t ! 0ts !f the f!ll!8in( stte6ents 6-e b7 the ccu c cuse se- 0es 0es!n !n be -6i -6issi ssibl ble e in eiei-en ence ce s c! c!nf nfes essi! si!n& n& un-e un-e Sec.", 9 )

A stte6 stte6ent ent 6-e 6-e t! the 0!lice 0!lice !ffice !ffice * I 8s -un'& -un'& I 8s 8s

-iin( the c t  s0ee- !f + 6iles 0e h!u. I c!ul- see @ !n the

!- t  -istnce !f + 7-s. I -i- n!t bl!8 the h!n& I 6-e n! tte60t t! st!0 the c. 5he c 'n!c'e- -!8n @. b) d 8s tietie- f! the 6u-e 6u-e !f > 8h!se -e- b!-7 b!-7 8s ec!e ec!eeef!6  8ell. > 8s 8ein( cetin !n6ents& but the7 8ee n!t f!un!n his b!-7. d 6-e  stte6ent t! the 0!lice * I h- e6!e- the !n6ents& h- 0ushe- the b!-7 int! the 8ell n- h- 0le-(e- the6 8ith @. Jthe !n6ents 8ee ec!ee- f!6 @. c) A 0es!n in 0!lice 0!lice cust!-7 cust!-7 (ies (ies inf!6ti! inf!6ti!n n in these te6s te6s  I 8s in nee- !f 6!ne7. I t!!' !ut "+&+++ u0ees f!6 the csh*b!. I -e0!site- the 6!ne7 in 67 ;n' Acc!unt the s6e -7. 5he 0!lice is le- t! the ;n' Acc!unt !f the ccuse- !n the bsis !f inf!6ti!n nc!nfi6s tht "+&+++ u0ees 8ee ctull7 -e0!site- b7 the ccuse!n the c!ncenec !ncene- -7. -) In 0!lice cust!-7& cust!-7& ; 6'es 6'es the f!ll!8in( stte6ent9 stte6ent9 I 8s =el!us =el!us !f As success in business. I set fie t! his sh!0 n- the8 the 0et!l cn n- the li(hte in the bush. On the bsis !f the inf!6ti!n the cn n- li(hte 8ee ec!ee-.

XC.LC*

%#$%"$%:$%2 L.C.I*%2& L.C. ##*%:YADMISSIONS AND CONFESSIONS 2, -) Onl7 stte6ent tht is elent un-e Sec.", is tht 0et!l cn nli(hte 8ee f!un- in bush& n- the ccuse-s 'n!8le-(e b!ut the6. lllustti!n*#, 9#, A c!nfessi!nl stte6ent 6-e t!  0!lice !ffice is in-6issible un-e Sec.":. H!8ee& b7 itue !f Sec.",& tht 0t ! 0ts !f stte6ent cn be eceie- in ei-ence 8hich le-s t! -isc!e7 !f fcts. In the 0esent cse& the 0lce f!6 8hee the -e- b!-7 8s ec!ee- nthe the c ccu cuse se- -s s 'n!8 'n!8le le-(e -(e b!u b!utt it e e thus thus ele ele nt nt 0t 0ts s !f the the stte6ent.

5he stte6ent is ls! elent un-e !the 0!isi!ns !f the Ei-ence Act& iB. un-e Sec., cuse !f the h00enin( !f fct in issue) nun-e Sec. c!n-uct& 0ei!us ! subseRuent& !f the ccuse-). #,. Is the f!ll!8in( stte6ent 6-e t!  0!lice !ffice  c!nfessi!nU Discuss its elenc7 ls! in  til !f 6u-e * M7 husbn- 8s suffei suffein( n( f!6 f!6 b!nch b!nchiti itis. s. He h-  see seee e ttc' ttc' !f b!nch b!nchiti itis. s. In c!nfus c!nfusi!n i!n I -6ini -6iniste steee- hi6 P! P!t tssiu ssiu6 6 C7ni C7ni-e -e t'in( t'in( it t! be  c!u(h 6itue. M7 husbn- nee c!u(he- (in. I e6!e- the -eb!-7 n- the8 it int!  0!n-. I cn 0!int !ut the 0lce 8hee the -e- b!-7 8s th!8n.

XL.C.#*

%:$?2Y I D>IN4 DECLA/A5ION Sec.?" #) When the stte6ent is 6-e b7  0es!n 0 es!n s t! the cuse !f his -eth& ! s t! n7 !f the cicu6stnces !f the tnscti!n 8hich esulte- in -eth& in cses in 8hich the cuse !f tht 0es!ns -eth c!6es int! Ruesti!n. Such stte6ents e elent 8hethe the 0es!n 8h! 6-e the6 8s ! 8s n!t& t the ti6e 8hen the7 8ee 6-e& un-e e0ectti!n !f -eth& n- 8htee 67 be the ntue !f the 0!cee-in( in 8hich the cuse !f his -eth c!6es int! Ruesti!n. Illustti!n ) 9 5he Ruesti!n is& 8hethe A 8s 6u-ee- b7 ; ! A -ies !f in=uies eceie- in  tnscti!n in the c!use !f 8hich she 8s ishe-. 5he Ruesti!n is& 8hethe she 8s ishe- b7 ; ! 5he Ruesti!n is& 8hethe A 8s 'ille- b7 ; un-e such cicu6stnces tht  suit 8!ul- lie (inst ; b7 As 8i-!8.

Stte6ents 6-e b7 A s t! the cuse !f his ! he -eth efein( es0ectiel7 t! the 6u-e& the 0e n- the cti!nble 8!n( un-e c!nsi-eti!n e elent fcts. Pinci0le Sec.?" #) inc!0!tes the 0inci0le !f En(lish l8 eltin( t! 8ht e 0!0ull7 'n!8n s -7in( -eclti!ns. - eclti!ns. A -7in( -eclti!n 6ens the the stt stte6 e6en entt !f  0es 0es!n !n 8h! 8h! hs hs -ie-ie- e0l e0li ini nin( n( the the c cuse use ! cicu6stnces !f his -eth#. As the 0es!n is -e-& this stte6ent bef!e bef!e the c!ut 8!ulbe hes7 hes7 8hich is eclu-e- f! the es!ns es!ns tht tht 0t 0t7 7 (i (ins nstt 8h!6 8h!6 it is useuse- hs hs n! !00! !00!t tun unit it7 7 !f c!s c!ss* s* e6inin( the !i(inl s!uce& n- it is n!t -eliee- un-e n !th. Sec.?" is n ece0ti!n t! the hes7 ule. 5he thee 6in (!un-s !n 8hich -7in( -eclti!ns e -6itte- e" 9 i) ii)

Deth !f the -eclnt& Necessit7 !nl7 ei-ence ilble ilble un-e un-e the the cicu6stnces) 9 the the

icti6 bein( (enell7 the !nl7 e7e*8itness t! the ci6e&. #. Wht is 6ent b7-7in( -eclti!n.

XLC.I*%2

L.C.II*%1[ ". Wht is the ti! ti!nle nle !f elen elenc7 c7 !f -7in( -ecl -eclti!n ti!n un-e un-e !u l8U XC.LC.*%W1$%2[D>IN4

DECLA/A5ION

4% the eclusi!n !f his stte6ent 8!ulten- t! -efet the en-s !f =ustice& niii) 5he sense !f i60en-in( -eth& 8hich cetes  sncti!n eRul t! the !bli(ti!n !f n !th. Ne6! 6!ituus 0esu6untu 6enti n! !ne 8hen b!ut t! -ie is 0esu6e- t! lie). 5uth 5uth sits u0!n the li0s !f -7in( 6en.

5he (enel (enel 0inci0le 0inci0le !n 8hich this s0ecies !f ei-ence is -6itte-6itte- is& tht the7 e -eclti!ns 6-e in ete6it7& 8hen the 0t7 is t the 0!int !f -eth& n- 8hen ee7 h!0e !f this 8!l- is (!ne 8hen ee7 6!tie t! flseh!!- is silence-& n- the 6in- is in-uce- b7 the 6!st 0!8eful c!nsi-eti!ns t! s0e' the tuth. 5he 5he es es!n !n f! f! -6i -6itt ttin in( ( -7in -7in( ( -ecl -ecl  ti!n ti!n is 8ell 8ell* *ef efle lect ctee- b7 Sh'es0ee in /ich- II& 8hee he si- *Whee 8!-s e scce& the7 e sel-!6 s0ent in in 5he7 bethe the tuth tht bethe thei 8!-s in 0in. Sec.?"#) is  slut7 0!isi!n !f l8 n- hs hel0 hel0ee- in secu secui in( n( c! c!n nic icti ti!n !ns s in -!8 -!87 7 -et -eth h c cse ses s nn- henc hence e c!ntibute- t! c!nt!llin( this (e ( e s!cil eil. Distincti!n bet8een the En(lish n- In-in l8? 5hee e t8! itl 0!ints !f -istincti!n bet8een the En(lish n- the In-in l8 !n the 0!int !f -6issibilit7 !f -7in( -eclti!n 9 #)

Fistl7& in En(ln-&  -7in( -eclti!n is elent elent !nl7 in ci6inl

cse c ses s 8hee hee the the c cu use !f -e -eth is in Rues Ruesti ti!n !n.. In In-i In-i & such uch stte6ents e -6issible b!th in ciil n- ci6inl 0!cee-in(s. ")

Sec!n-l7& Sec!n-l7& un-e En(lish l8& t! be elent&  -7in( -eclti!n

6ust he been 6-e in e0ectti!n !f -eth. 5he -eclti!n 6ust be 6-e t  ti6e 8hen the 6'e is un-e settle- n- h!0eless e0ect e0ectt ti!n i!n !f -eth. -eth. A -ecl -eclt ti!n i!n 6 6-e -e 8ith!u 8ith!utt 00ec 00ecit iti!n i!n !f i66e-ite ! i60en-in( -eth 8!ul- n!t be -6itte-& h!8ee it is n!t necess7 tht it sh!ul- c!6e c !6e i66e-itel7 fte the stte6ent. 5hee is n! such eRuie6ent un-e the In-in l8. If the -eclnt hs hs in fct fct -ie-ie- nn- the the stt stte6 e6en entt e0l e0li ins ns the the cic cicu6 u6st stn nce ces s su!un-in( his -eth& the stte6ent 8ill be elent een if n! cuse !f -eth h- isen t the ti6e !f the 6'in( !f the stte6ent. C!nC!n-it iti! i!ns ns -eclti!n)1

!f

-6 -6issi issibi bili lit7 t7

Ess Essen enti til l

eRu eRui ie6 e6en ents ts

!f



-7in -7in( (

#) 5! 8h!6 the stte6ent is t! be 6-e n- its f!6 * A stte6ent !f -7in( -eclti!n c!ulbe 6-e t! n7 0es!n *  -!ct!&

?. Is thee thee n7 n7 -iffeen -iffeence ce bet8een bet8een En(lish En(lish n- In-in In-in l8 !n -7in( -7in( -eclti!nU

XC.L.C.*

%"$%?[ 1.

Wht e the the esse ssenti ntill

eRui Ruie6 e6e ents nts !f  ele elent -7in -7in( (

-eclti!nU XC.L.C.*%#$%1[ ,+ LAW OF EVIDENCE  6(ist 6(istte& te&  fienfien- ! ne eltie& eltie&  0!lice !ffice. !ffice. H!8ee H!8ee&  stte6 stte6ent ent ec!ec!-ee- b7  6 6(is (ist tte te ! -!ct! -!ct! is c!nsi-e c!nsi-eee- 6! 6!e e elible& n- tht ec!-e- b7  0!lice !ffice ! cl!se eltie n!t eRuie 6!e scutin7). N! 0t 0tic icul ul  f!6 f!6 !f ec! ec!-in in( (  stt stte6 e6en entt is 0es 0esc cib ibee-.. 5he 5he stte6ent c!ulbe 8itten& !l ! een ebl e.(. (estues). In ueen E60ess  Ab-ullh #:) IL/ , All ?:& 8hee the th!t !f the -ecese- (il 8s cut n- she bein( unble t!. s0e' in-icte- the n6e !f the ccuse- b7 the si(ns !f he hn-& this 8s hel- t! be elent s -7in( -eclti!n. ")

5he 0es!n 0es!n 6'in 6'in( ( the the stte6ent stte6ent 6ust he he -ie-ie- * 5he 5he -eth -eth

nee- n!t !ccu i66e-itel7 fte the 6'in( !f the stte6ent s -iscu -iscusse sse- b! b!e) e).. H!8e H!8ee e& the the -et -eth h 6ust 6ust !c !ccu cu. If the the 0es 0es!n !n 6'in( the -eclti!n chnces t! lie& his stte6ent is in-6issible s  -7in( -eclti!n& but it 6i(ht be elie- !n un-e Sec. #:, t! c!!b!te his testi6!n7 8hen e6ine-. Such  stte6ent cn ls! be use- t! c!nt-ict hi6 un-e Sec. #1:. Futhe& it cn be use- t! c!!b!te the ei-ence in c!ut un-e Sees. 2 n- .

5he 5he fct fct tht tht the the 0es 0es!n !n is -e-e- 6ust ust be 0! 0!ee- b7 the the 0es 0es!n !n 0!0!sin( t! (ie ei-ence !f his stte6ent. ?) ?)

Stt Stte6 e6en entt 6us 6ustt el elt te e t! t! the the c cus use e !f !f his his -et -eth h ! ! the the

cicu6stnces !f the tnscti!n 8hich esulte- in his -eth *If the stte6ent 6-e b7 the -ecese- -!es n!t elte t! his -eth& but t! the -eth !f n!the 0es!n& it is n!t elent /tn 4!n-  Stte !f ;ih ;ih AI/ #%:% SC #). F! e60le 60le&& 8hee hee the the 8ife 8ife 6-e  stte6ent tht he husbn- is 'ille- b7 d n- then she c!66itte- the suici-e. 5he 5he ci cicu6s cu6st tnc nces es !f t tnsc nscti ti!n !n esu esult ltin in( ( in -et -eth h 6ust ust be be 0!i6te elti!n t! the cuse !f -eth ! ctul !ccuence. 5he (enel e0essi!ns in-ictin( fe ! sus0ici!n 8hethe !f  0ticul in-ii-ul ! !the8ise n- n!t -iectl7 elte- t! the !ccsi!n !f -eth 8ill n!t be -6issible. ;ut& stte6ents 6-e b7 the -ecesetht he 8s 0!cee-in( t! the s0!t 8hee he 8s in fct 'ille-& ! s t! his es!ns f! s! 0!cee-in(& ! tht he 8s (!in( t! 6eet  0ticul 0es!n& 8!ul- ech t! the6 be b e cicu6stnces !f the tnscti!n. In Pl' N7n S86i  E60e! AI/ #%?% PC 1,)& the -ecese6-e  stte6ent t! his 8ife tht he 8s (!in( t! the ccuse- t! c!llect 6!ne7 f!6 hi6 the ccuse- bein( in-ebte- t! the -ecese-). He ctch  tin f! ;eh60u& 8hee the ccuse- lie-. A c!u0le !f -7s lte& lte& his b!-7 8s f!un- in  tun' 8hich h- been 0uchse- !n behlf !f the ccuse-. It 8s heltht the stte6ent 6-e b7 the -ecese- t! his 8ife 8s -6issible in ei-ence un-e Sec.?"#) s  cicu6 cicu6st stnce nce !f the tns tnsct cti!n i!n 8hich 8hich esult esultee- in his -eth. -eth.D> D>IN4 IN4 DECLA/A5ION

.

,# 5he

Su0e6e

C!ut

in

Sh- ;ii-ichn-

Sh-



Stte

!f

Mhsht : AI/ #%1 SC #2"")& heltht 0!i6it7 -e0en-s u0!n

fcts n- cicu6stnces !f ech cse. In this cse&  6ie- 8!6n h- been 8itin( t! he 0ents n- !the elties b!ut he citicl c!nc! n-it iti! i!n n t the the hnhn-s s !f he he in*l in*l8 8s. s. She She l!st l!st he he life life s! s!6e 6e f!u f!u 6!nt 6! nths hs lte lte.. He He ■lett lette es s 8ee 8ee helhel- t! be -6i -6iss ssib ible le s -7in -7in( ( -eclti!n. 5he c!ut ls! 0!inte- !ut tht Sec.?" #) is 00licble t! cses !f suici-e ls!. 5hus& the stte6ents 6-e bef!e  0es!n hs eceie- n7 in=u7 ! bef!e the cuse !f -eth hs isen ! bef!e the -ecese- hs n7 es!n t! ntici0te !f bein( 'ille- e elent s -7in( -eclti!ns& but such stte6ents sh!ul- he  -iect elti!n t! the cuse ! !ccsi!n !f -eth. 5hus& 8hee A c!66itte- suici-e s  esult !f the ill*tet6ent b7 the ccuse-& tht tet6ent 8s the cuse& th!u(h n!t the -iect -iect cuse cuse&& ■ !f the -eth. -eth. 5he 5he 8h!le ffi ffi&& ill*tet6 ill*tet6ent ent nsubse subseRu Ruen entt suic suicii-e& e& bein bein( ( ll ll !ne !ne tn tns sct cti! i!n& n& c! c!ns nseR eRue uent ntl7 l7 the the stte6ent !f the -ecese- 8s -6issible un-e Sec.?"#). 5he -ecese- 6ust be 0!e- t! he -ie- s  esult !f in=uies eceie- in the inci-ent. 5hus& 8hee A 6-e  stte6ent sh!tl7 fte n in=u7& n- he 8s -6itte- in h!s0itl n- theefte -isch(e-& but fte =

: -7s he -ie- !f hi(h fee& fee& the stte6ent 6-e b7 hi6 is n!t

-6issible un-e Sec.?"#). 1)

5he cuse !f -eth 6ust be in Ruesti!n * 5he -eclti!n

un-e Sec.?"#) 6ust elte t! the -eth !f the -eclnt. In _

/e Dnnu Sin(h  E60e! ": C LJ :,1)& A n- fie

!the 

-c!it7 in 

0es!ns 0es!ns 8ee ch(ech(e- 8ith hin( hin( c!66 c!66itteitte- 

ill(e. A& 8h! 8s sei!usl7 8!un-e- 8hile bein( este-& I

6-e bef!e his -eth  -7in( -eclti!n s t! h!8

the -c!it7 f.

8s c!66itte- n- 8h! h- t'en 0t in it. Hel-

tht 9

-eclti!n is n!t -6issible in ei-ence (inst the

!the I

0es!ns& 0es!ns& s it -!es n!t elte elte t! his -eth& -eth& but it

eltes t! 0tici0ti!n !f his ss!cites in the -c!it7. -c!it7. :)

5he stte6ent 6ust be c!60lete n- c!nsistent * If the

i

-ecese- fils t! c!60lete the 6in sentence s f!

instnce& the (enesis ! 6!tie f! the ci6e)&  -7in( -eclti!n 8!ulbe unelible. H!8ee& H!8ee& if the -ecese- hs nte- the full I

st!7& st!7& but fils t! ns8e the lst f!6l Ruesti!n s t!

8ht 6!e he 8nte- t! s7& the -eclti!n cn be elie- u0!n I

XKus  Stte !f Oiss #%+) " SCC "+,Y.

A -7in( -eclti!n !u(ht n!t t! be e=ecte- becuse it -!es n!t  c!ntin -etils ! suffes f!6 6in! inc!nsistencies. Meel7 becuse it is I

:. 5he (ils lst lette lette t! he fthe fthe 8s 8itten 8itten  fe8 h!us

bef!e he -eth b7 

bunin( bunin( in 8hich she h- -escibe-escibe- in elb! elb!te te -etils -etils the

seies !f inci-ents 

c!nce c!ncenin nin( ( -!87 -!87 -e6n-e6n-s. s. She hh- ls! ls! e0es e0essese-

00ehensi!ns b!ut he

I.

 8ell*be 8ell*bein( in(.. Is such such  lette lette -6iss -6issibl ible e ei-en ei-ence ce un-e un-e

Sec.?"#) U XC.LC.*%SY

I;P*," LAW OF EVIDENCE  bie bieff stt stte6 e6en ent& t&** it is n!t n!t t! be -isch -isch (e (e-. -. Sh! Sh!tn tnes ess& s& in fct fct&& (untees tuth OB  Stte !f ;ih M/ #%,% SC #:+:). Whee the bi-e ec!-e- t8! -eclti!ns& !ne t!  0!lice !ffice n- !the t!  6(istte& the7 bein( si6il in 6teil fct!s& ei-ence cce0teth!u(h 6in! -isce0ncies 8ee thee X/!=i  Stte !f Mhsht #%%1) C LJ #: SC)Y. In K6l  Stte !f Pun=b AI/  AI/ #%%? SC ?,1)& f!u -7in( - 7in( -eclti!ns 8ee 6-e b7 the -ecese-. One !f the6 in-icte- the inci-ent s n cci-e cci-ent. nt. 5he ccuse ccuse- 6!the 6!the*i *in*l n*l8 8 !f the -ece -ecesese-)) h- been been c!nicte- !n the bsis !f n!the -eclti!n i60lictin( he. he. 5he c!ut ls! f!un- (lin( inc!nsistencies s f s n6in( the cul0it 8s c!nc c! nce ene ne-. -. HelHel- tht tht the the c! c!n nict icti! i!n n c cnn nn!t !t be bse bse- u0!n u0!n such such -eclti!ns. 2)

Decln Declntt 6 6ust ust be c!60etent c!60etent s  8itnes 8itness s * It is necess7 necess7 f!

the elenc7 !f  -7in( -eclti!n tht the -eclnt& if he h- lie!n& 8!ul- he been  c!60etent 8itness. 5hus& in  0!secuti!n f! the the 6u-e u-e !f  chil chil-& -& (e(e- 1 7es es&& it 8s 8s 0!0 0!0!s !see- t! 0ut 0ut in ei-ence& s  -7in( -eclti!n& 8ht the chil- si- sh!tl7 bef!e he -eth. 5he -eclti!n 8s hel- t! be in-6issible X/.  Pi'e #"%) ? C  P :%Y. ,)

Othe 0!ints * Whee the in=ue- 0es!n 8s unc!nsci!us& -7in(

-eclti!n sh!ulbe e=ecte- K' Sin(h  Stte !f M.P. AI/ #%" SC #+"#). Whee f! s!6e une0line- es!ns the 0es!n 8h! n!te-!8n scibe) the& stte6ent 8s n!t

N

J 0!-uce-&

the -eclti!n 8s

n!t cce0te- s n ei-ence 4!in- Nin  Stte !f /=sthn AI/ #%%? SC "1:,). Whee thee e 6!e thn !ne -eclti!ns& the !ne fist in 0!int &# !f ti6e sh!ulbe 0efee- M!hn Li  Stte !f Mhsht AI/ #%" #%" ■ SC ?%). ?%). Whee Whee n in=ue in=ue- 0es!n l!-(el!-(e- the F. F.I./. nn- then -ie-& it 8s hel- t! be elent s  -7in( -eclti!n K. /6chn/e--7  Public P!secut! #%,2) ? SCC #+1). Ei-enti7 lue !f -7in( -eclti!n2

■

5hee is n! ule !f l8tht  -7in( -eclti!n sh!ul- n!t be cteu0!n unless c!!b!te-. ;ut& !-inil7& it is n!t c!nsi-ee- sfe t! c!nict n ccuse- 0es!n !nl7 !n the bsis !f  -7in( -eclti!n becuse !f its inheent 8e'nesses -iscusse- bel!8) 9 #)

It is  hes hes7 7 eiei-enc ence& e& n!t 6 6-e -e !n !th !th nn- its e ecit cit7 7

cnn!t be teste- b7 c!ss*e6inti!n in the c!ut. ")

5he 6'e !f such  stte6ent 6i(ht be 6entll7 n- 0h7sicll7

in  stte !f c!nfusi!n n- 6i(ht 8ell be -8in( u0!n his i6(inti!n 8hen he 8s 6'in( the -eclti!n. 2. Wht is the ei-enti7 lue !f  -7in( -eclti!nU Cn it be elieu0!n 8ith!ut c!!b!ti!nU LC.I*%1$%2

L.C.II*%1[D>IN4

XC.L.C*%"& DECLA/A5ION

,? ?) ?)

Ve7 !fte !ften& n& the the -7i -7in( n( 6 6n n t'e t'es s th thtt lst lst !00! !00!t tun unit it7 7 t!

i60licte ll his ene6ies. 1)

In 8ei(hin( the ei-ence !f -7in( -eclti!n& i!us fct!s !

cicu6stnces sh!ulbe t'en int! c!nsi-eti!n29* ) )

Ntu Ntue e !f its its c! c!nt nten ent& t& c! c!ns nsis iste tenc nc7 7 !f stt stte6 e6en ents ts 6 6-e -e t

-iffeent ti6es

b)

C0c C0cit7 it7 t! e6e6b e6e6be e fcts fcts 0!0! 0!0!tun tunit7 it7 !f -7in( -7in( 6 6n n f!

!bseti!n iB. ilbilit7 !f li(ht if ci6e -!ne t ni(ht& t! i-entif7 ssilnt. c)

P! P!i6i i6it7 t7 !f ti6e ti6e bet8ee bet8een n it n- the cci-e cci-ent nt 8hethe 8hethe the the

stte6ent 6-e t the eliest !00!tunit7 n- 8s n!t the esult !f n7 tut!in( ! 0!60tin( b7 inteeste- 0ties elties). 5hus& the !00!tunit7 t! c!nsult !the 0es!ns is n i60!tnt fct! fct!.. In  8ife bunin( cse& the 8ife e6ine- lie f! b!ut  -7s fte eceiin( bu6 in=uies& but -i- n!t tell t! n7 b!-7 isitin( he in the h!s0itl s t! h!8 she c6e t! eceie the buns. When he uncle isi isite te- he he she she stt sttee- tht tht he he husb husbnn- hh- set set he he !n fie fie.. 5he 5he Su0e6e C!ut heltht stte6ent see6e- t! he been tut!e- b7 the uncle Stte !f Ass6  M. Ah6e- AI/ #%? SC ",1). H!8ee& the 6ee 0esence !f elties is n!t in itself sufficient t! sh!8 tht the -eclnt 8s tut!e- Hbib
the the

-ece -ece sese-

6-e f!u f!u se0 se0te

n- i-e i-entic ntic l

-ecl -eclt ti!n i!ns s bef!e bef!e the -!ct! -!ct!&& 0!lice 0!lice ins0ec ins0ect! t!&& 6 6(is (ist tte te n- t!

!the 0es!ns& sttin( tht he hs been ssulte- b7 Khushl n- !ne !the 2. Wht 0ecuti!ns e eRuie- bef!e c!nictin( n ccuse- s!lel7 !n

the

bsis

!f



-7in(

-eclti!n

U

XC.LC.*%: L.C.I*%1I  ,. 5hee is n! bs!lute ule !f l8 tht -7in( -eclti!n cn n!t f!6 the s!le bsis !f c!nicti!n& unless it is c!!b!te-. C!66ent nelb elb! !t te e 8ht 8ht e e the the test tests s lili- -!8n -!8n b7 the the Su0 Su0e6 e6e e C!u C!utt in Khush Khushll /! /!  Stte Stte !f ;!6 ;!6b b7 7 f! =u-(in =u-(in( ( the ecit ecit7 7 !f D7in( D7in( Declti!n.

XL.II*%? ,1

LAW OF EVIDENCE 0es!n. 5he Ruesti!n 8s 8hethe the ccuse- c!ulbe c!nicte- !nl7 !n

the

bsis sis

!f

this

-ecl clti!n&

!

the

-ecl clti!n

nee-e-

c!!b!ti!n. 5hee e -ie(ent ie8s !f -iffeent Hi(h C!uts in this e(-. Acc!-in( t! ;!6b7 Hi(h C!ut& -7in( -eclti!n is  8e' 8e'e e t70e t70e !f ei-e ei-enc nce e nn- eRu eRui ie e c! c! !b !b! !t ti! i!n. n. Ac Acc! c!-in in( ( t! Clcutt Hi(h C!ut& it is n!t 0e6issible t! cce0t  -eclti!n in !ne 0t n- e=ect the !the 0t. Acc!-in( t! M-s Hi(h C!ut&  -ecl -ecl  ti!n ti!n c cn n be eli eliee- 8ith 8ith!u !utt c! c! !b !b! !t ti! i!n& n& if the the c! c!u utt is c!nince- !f its tuth& i.e.& i. e.& thee thee is n! sus0ici!n !f its ce-ibilit7. ce-ibilit7. 5he Su0e6e C!ut& (eein( 8ith M-s Hi(h C!ut& li- -!8n the f!ll!8in( 0inci0les 9 #)

5hee is n! bs!lute ule !f l8 tht  -7in( -eclti!n cnn!t

be the s!le bsis !f c!nicti!n unless c!!b!te-. ")

Ech cse 6ust be -ete6ine- !n its !8n fcts 'ee0in( in ie8

the cicu6stnce in 8hich the -7in( -eclti!n 8s 6-e. ?)

A -7in( -eclt -eclti!n i!n is n!t  8e' 8e'e e 'in- !f ei-ence ei-ence thn n7

!the 0iece !f ei-ence. It stn-s !n the s6e f!!tin( s n7 !the 0iece !f ei-ence.

1)

A -7in( -7in( -ecl -eclt ti!n i!n cnn!t cnn!t be eRute eRute- 8ith 8ith  c!nfes c!nfessi! si!n n !

ei-ence !f 00!e& 00!e& s it 67 n!t c!6e f!6  tinte- s!uce. If it is 6-e b7  0es!n 8h!se ntece-ents e s -!ubtful s in the !the cses& tht 67 be  (!un- f! l!!'in( u0!n it 8ith sus0ici!n. :) :)

Nece Necess ssit it7 7 f! f! c! c! !b !b! !t ti! i!n n ise ises s n!t n!t f!6 f!6 n7 n7 inhe inhee ent nt

8e'ness !f  -7in( -eclti!n s  0iece !f ei-ence& but f!6 the fct tht the c!ut in  0ticul cse c!6e t! the c!nclusi!n tht  0ticul -eclti!n is n!t fee f!6 infi6ities. 2)

5! test the elibilit7 elibilit7 !f  -7in( -eclti!n& -eclti!n& the c!ut c!ut hs hs t! 'ee0

in ie8 the cicu6stnces li'e the !00!tunit7 !f the -7in( 6n !f !bseti!n& e.(. 8hethe thee 8s sufficient li(ht if the ci6e 8s c!66itte- t ni(ht 8hethe the c0cit7 !f the -eclnt 8s n!t i60ie- t the ti6e !f the stte6ent tht the stte6ent hs been c!nsis c!nsisten tentt th!u( th!u(h!u h!utt if he h- see seel l !00!t !00!tuni unitie ties s f! 6 6'in 'in( (  -7in( -eclti!n n- tht the stte6ent 8s 6-e t the eliest !00!tunit7 n- 8s n!t the esult !f tut!in( b7 inteeste- 0ties. ,)

A -7in( -eclt -eclti!n i!n ec!-eec!-e- b7  c!60etent c!60etent M(ist M(istte te in 

0!0e 6nne in the f!6 !f Ruesti!ns n- ns8es& n- in the 8!-s !f the 6'e s f s 0cticble stn-s !n  6uch hi(he f!!tin( thn  -7in( -eclti!n 8hich -e0en-s u0!n !l testi6!n7 8hich 67 suffe f!6 H the infi6ities !f hu6n 6e6!7 n- chcte. )

If the c!ut& c!ut& fte fte t'in( t'in( ee ee7th 7thin( in( int! int! c!nsi-e c!nsi-e ti! ti!n& n& is

c!nince- tht the stte6ent is tue& it is its -ut7 t! c!nict&D>IN4 DECLA/A5ION ,: n!t8ithstn-in( tht thee is n! c!!b!ti!n in the tue sense. 5he c!ut 6ust& !f c!use& be full7 c!nince- !f the tuth !f the stte6ent& n- ntull7& it c!ul- n!t be full7 c!nince- if thee 8ee n7thin( in

the su!un-in( cicu6stnces t! ise sus0ici!n s t! its ce-ibilit7. 5hus&  tue n- !lunt7 -eclti!n nee-s n! c!!b!ti!n. * 5he 5he stt stte6 e6en entt !f the the -ece -eces seein this this c cse se s sti tisf sfie ie- ll ll thes these e c!n-iti!ns the -eclti!n 8s tue in ll es0ects e.(. c!nsistent in s! f s n6in( !f the t8! ccuse-) n- theef!e the 00ellnts sh!ulbe c!nicte-.% Kus  Stte !f Olss AI/ #%+ SC ::%) In this cse& the -ecese- 6-e  -7in( -eclti!n bef!e  -!ct!. -!ct!. It 8s cle in ll es0ects. H!8ee& the 00ellnts chllen(e- it !n the f!ll!8in( (!un-s 9 #) It -i- n!t c!ntin ll th!se n6es 8hich 8ee inclu-e- in F.I./. ") 5he cc!unt !f e7e*8itnesses is ls! -iffeent ?) 5he -ecese- 8s in  stte !f sh!c'& thus his stte6ent c!ul- n!t be elie- 1) 5he -eclti!n 8s inc!60lete s the -ecese- -i- n!t ns8ee- the lst Ruesti!n 0ut t! hi6 5! 8in- u0 the stte6ent the -!ct! s'e- the in=ue- if he h- n7thin( else t! s7& he l0se- int! unc!nsci!uness 8ith!ut ns8ein( this Ruesti!n). 5he c!ut !bsee- tht !nl7 becuse cetin n6es 8ee inclu-e- in F.I./. but 8ee n!t 6enti!ne- in -7in( -eclti!n -!es n!t -etct f!6 the lue !f -7in( -eclti!n n- 8!ul- n!t b7 itself 0!e the flsit7 !f the -eclti!n. In Sut Sin(hs cse& the fist -eclti!n -in!t 6enti!ne- the n6e !f e7e*8itnesses& but the sec!n- -eclti!n 8hich 8s 6!e -etile-) c!ntine- it. 5he c!ut !bsee- tht fist -eclti!n 8s  sh!t esi!n !f the entie inci-ent n- c!ntinetue fcts 8hen the -ecese- ecese- 8s un-e (et 0in. 5he 5he c! c!u utt fut futhe he !bse !bse e e- 9 5he 5he stt stte6 e6en entt !f -!ct -!ct! ! 8s tht tht -ecese- bec6e se6i*c!nsci!us 8hen lst Ruesti!n 8s 0ut t! hi6. L!(icll7 it 6ens tht 0i! t! tht he 8s full7 c!nsci!us. 5he lst

Ruesti!n 8s in the ntue !f  6ee f!6lit7 Wht 6!e 7!u 8nt t! . 5he c!ut 6ust 6ust be full7 stisfie- tht the -7in( -eclti!n -eclti!n hs the i60ess !f tuth !n it& fte e6inin( ll the cicu6stnces in 8hich the the -7in -7in( ( 0es 0es!n !n 6 6-e -e his his stt stte6 e6en entt e 0t 0te e nn- 8ith 8ith!u !utt the the ccuse- hin( the !00!tunit7 !f c!ss*e6inin( hi6. If !n such n e6inti!n the c!ut 8s stisfie- tht the -eclti!n 8s the tue es esi! i!n n !f !c !ccu cu en ence ce&& c! c!n nic icti ti!n !n c! c!ul ulbe bse bse- s! s!le lel7 l7 u0!n u0!n it. it. Elb!te it 8ith the hel0 !f elent cse l8.

XC.LC.*%?Y

%. In  -!87 -eth cse the !nl7 ei-ence !n ec!- e thee thee -7in( -ecl -eclt ti!n i!ns s !f the icti6 icti6&& (ien (ien t! n i6 i66e6e-it ite e nei(hb! nei(hb!u u&& the tten-in( -!ct! n- the M(istte. In ll the thee -eclti!ns thee is 6enti!n !f the t8! ccuse-. Cn these -7in( -eclti!ns be the s!le bsis !f c!nicti!n in the cse U XC.LC.*%2[

,2 LAW OF EVIDENCE s7& n- ll the necess7 Ruesti!ns 8ee s'e- bef!e tht f!6l Ruesti!n. 5he stte6ent 8s thus n!t inc!60lete#+. 5he 5he c! c!u utt thus thus helhel- tht tht !nce !nce the the -ecl -ecl ti ti!n !n is belie beliee e- tu tue& e& c!nsistent& c!heent)& it cn be elie- u0!n f! c!nicti!n& c !nicti!n& een if thee is n! c!!b!ti!n Khusl /! 7 Stte !f ;!6b7& AI/ #%: SC "" /6 /6 Nth Nth M-h M-h! ! Ps Ps-  Stt Stte e !fM. !fM.P P.& AI/ AI/ #%:? #%:? SC 1"+) 1"+).. In Lllubhi  Stte !f 4u=t AI/ #%," SC #,,2)&  6ie- 8!6n 8s bunt t! -eth b7 he in*l8s& he -7in( -eclti!n 8s cce0ten- c!nicti!n 8s bse- s!lel7 !n the bsis !f the -eclti!n. It 8s heltht if the tuthfulness !f  -7in( -eclti!n is cce0te-& it cn l87s f!6 the bsis !f c!nicti!n !f the ccuse-. 5he c!ut& in the

0esent cse& thus c!nicte- the 00ellnts !n the bsis !f the -7in( -eclti!n. IMPO/5AN5 5OPICS$ILL
5he stte6ent 8s 6-e t the eliest*!00!tunit7 eliest*!00!tunit7.. Abh 6-e

the stte6ent s!!n fte the !ccuence. ii) #+.

5he 0es!n 6'in( the stte6ent stte6ent i.e. Abh) Abh) he he -ie-. A

Ruesti!n

bse-

!n

the

s6e

fcts.

XC.L.C*%1Y ## ) On the -7 !f !ccuence& the 8itness @ he- the cies !f Abh n- !n ushin( !ut& s8 he l7in( en(ulfe- in fl6es in he h!use. @ l!n(8ith Abhs husbn- Sn=7 0ut !ut the fl6es. She 8s t'en t!  neb7 h!s0itl t %.#: P.M. n- the 0!lice 8s inf!6e- b!ut the cci-ent. At ##.?: P.M. the -ut7 -!ct! cetifie- tht Abh 8s fit en!u(h t! 6'e  stte6ent. lnVie stte6ent ec!-e- b7 the -ut7 -!ct!& Abh si- tht Sn=7 0!ue- 'e!sene !il !n he n- set fie t! he. At ".1+ P.M. she (in t!l- he fthe n- b!the tht Sn=7 h- set fie t! he. She -ie- t  A.M. the s6e -7. Cn Sn=7 be c!nicte- f! the 6u-e !f Abh s!lel7 !n the bsis !f the XC.L.C.*%#Y

b!e

-eclti!nsU

Deci-e.

b) Ms. @ is b!u(ht t! the h!s0itl 8ith :+` bun in=uies b7 he husbn- n- in*l8s. She 6'es  stte6ent t! the -!ct!& sttin( tht he 6!the*in*l8 h- 0!ue- 'e!sene !il !n he& he fthe*in* l8 hs 0ushe- he in the 'itchen n- he husbn- h- set fie b7  6tch stic'. Afte ? h!us& Ms. @ is -ecle- -e-. He husbn- nin*l8s e 0ut !n  til f! @ 6u-e. 5he 0!secuti!n elies !n the !nl7

stte6ent

!f

Ms.

@.

Cn

the7

be

c!nict icte-U

Deci-e i-e.

XLC.$*%?YD>IN4 DECLA/A5ION *

*. ,,

■

iii) 5he stte6ent 6-e b7 he elte t! the cuse !f he -eth ! the cicu6stnces !f the tnscti!n 8hich esulte- in he -eth. i) 5he stte6ent 6-e b7 he 8s c!60lete n- c!nsistent. She 6-e  c!nsistent stte6ent t8ice bef!e she -ie- s t! the fct !f Sn=7 0!uin( 'e!sene !e he. ) b) b)

All in(e-ients !f Sec.?"#) e stisfie-. 5he 5he ccus ccusee- cn cn be be c!n c!nic icte te- s!lel s!lel7 7 !n the the bs bsis is !f !f -7in -7in( (

-ecl -eclt ti!n i!n !f Ms. Ms. @. See See 0t 0t)) b!e b!e.E@ .E@PE/ PE/5 5 EVIDEN EVIDENCE CE AND /ELEVANC> OF CHA/AC5E/ O0ini!n !f thi- 0es!ns 8hen elent# Sees. 1:*:#) 5he 5he !0in !0ini! i!ns ns ! beli belief efs s !f thi thi- 0es 0es!n !ns s e& e& s  (ene (ene ll ule ule&& ielent& n- theef!e& in-6issible. Witnesses e t! stte the fcts !nl7& i.e. 8ht the7 the6seles s8 ! he-& etc. It is the functi!n !f the =u-(e ! =u7 t! f!6 thei !8n c!nclusi!n ! !0ini!n !n the fcts stt sttee-.. 5hus 5hus&& the the !0in !0ini! i!n n ! the the i6 i60 0es essi si!n !n !f  8itn 8itnes ess s tht tht it 00ee- t! hi6 f!6 the c!n-uct !f  6!b tht the7 h- c!llecte- f! n unl unl8f 8ful ul 0u0 0u0!s !se e is inin-6i 6iss ssib ible le t! 0! 0!e e the the !b=e !b=ect ct !f the the sse6bl7.

5hee e& h!8ee& cses in 8hich the c!ut is n!t in  0!siti!n t! f!6  c!ect !0ini!n& 8ith!ut the hel0 !f 0es!ns 8h! he cRuies0ecil s'ill ! e0eience in  0ticul sub=ect. In these cses& the ule is ele-& n- e0et ei-ence is -6itte- t! enble the c!ut t! c!6e t!  0!0e -ecisi!n. 5he ule -6ittin( e0et ei-ence is& thus& f!un-e- !n necessit7. Sec. 1: O0ini!n !f e0ets) When the c!ut hs t! f!6 n !0ini!n u0!n  0!int !f f!ei(n l8 ! !f science ! t& ! s t! i-entit7 !f hn-8itin( ! fin(e i60essi!ns& the !0ini!ns u0!n tht 0!int !f 0es!ns s0ecill7 s'ille- in such f!ei(n l8& science ! t ! in Ruesti!ns s t! i-entit7 !f hn-8itin( ! fin( fin(e e i6 i60 0es essi si!n !ns& s& e e ele ele nt nt fct fcts. s. Such Such 0es 0es!n !ns s e e c cll lleee0ets. Illustti!ns ) 9 5he Ruesti!n is& 8hethe the -eth !f A 8s cuseb7 0!is!n. 5he !0ini!n !f e0ets s t! the s760t!6s 0!-uce- b7 the 0!is!n b7 8hich A is su00!se- t! he -ie-& e elent.

G

c) 5he 5he Rues Ruesti ti!n !n is 8het 8hethe he cet ceti in n -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nt 8s 8s 8it 8itte ten n b7 A. An!the -!cu6ent is 0!-uce- 8hich is 0!e- ! -6itte- t! he been 8itten b7 A. 5he !0ini!ns !f e0ets !n the Ruesti!n 8hethe the t8! -!cu6ents 8ee 8itten b7 the s6e 0es!n ! b7 -iffeent 0es!ns& e elent.. Sec. 1: 0e6its !nl7 the !0ini!ns !f n e0et t! be cite- in ei-ence. 5he te6 !0ini!n 6ens s!6ethin( 6!e thn 6ee eltin( !f (!ssi0 ! !f he hes s7 7 it 6e 6en ns s =u-( =u-(e6 e6en entt ! beli belief ef&& tht tht is  beli belief ef ! c!nicti!n #. Wht e the cicu6stnces in 8hich !0ini!ns !f thi- 0es!ns e elentU Discuss 8ith efeence t! the 0!isi!ns !f the Ei-ence Act nXLC. ##*%?$%:#

-eci-e-

cses.

Wite



sh!t

n!te

!n

O0ini!n

Ei-ence.

XC.L.C.*%:[E@PE/5 EVIDENCE  /ELEVANC> OF CHA/AC5E/ ,% esultin( f!6 8ht !ne thin's !n  0ticul Ruesti!n. An e0et 8itness is !ne 8h! hs -e!te- ti6e n- stu-7 t!  s0ecil bnch !f lenin(& n- thus is s0ecill7 s'ille- !n th!se 0!ints !n 8hich he is s'e- t! stte his !0ini!n. His ei-ence !n such 0!ints is -6issible t! enble the c!ut t! c!6e t!  stisfct!7 c!nclusi!n. An e0et c!ulbe Rul Rulif ifie ie- b7 s'il s'illl nn- e0e e0ei ien ence ce s 8ell 8ell s b7 0!f 0!fes essi si!n !nl l Rulificti!ns. 5hus& n e0eience- 0!lice !ffice 67 be 0e6itte- t! (ie e0et ei-ence s t! h!8 n cci-ent 67 he !ccue-. Diffeence bet8een e0ets testi6!n7 n- tht !f !-in7 8itness #)

An e0ets ei-ence is n!t c!nfine- t! 8ht ctull7 t!!' 0lce&

but c!es his !0ini!ns !n fcts. ")

An e0et cn efe t! n- el7 u0!n e0ei6ents c!n-ucte- b7

hi6 in the bsence !f the !the 0t7. 5hus& !n  ch(e !f s!n& ei-ence !f n e0ei6ent c!n-ucte- b7 n e0et subseRuent t! the fie is -6issible t! sh!8 h!8 the fie 67 he !i(inte-. ?)

An e0et e0et 67 Ru!te 0ss(es 0ss(es f!6 8ell*'n!8n 8ell*'n!8n tet b!!'s b!!'s !n !n

the sub=ect n- 67 efe t! the6 t! efesh his 6e6!7. 1)

An e0et 67 stte fcts eltin( t! !the cses in 0i 6tei

si6il t! the cse un-e inesti(ti!n. On 8ht 6ttes e0et !0ini!n cn be (ien 5he sub=ects !n 8hich n e0et is c!60etent t! testif7 e 9 f!ei(n l8& 6ttes !f science& Ruesti!ns !f t& i-entit7 !f hn-8itin(& ! !f fin(e i60essi!ns. 5he 8!-s science ! t inclu-e ll sub=ects !n 8hich the c!use !f s0ecil stu-7 ! e0eience is necess7 t! the f!6 f!6ti! ti!n n !f !0ini! !0ini!n. n. 5he 6tte 6tte in Ruesti Ruesti!n !n 6ust 6ust be !f techni technicl cl

ntue& f! n! e0et cn be 0e6itte- t! s0e' !n  6tte 8ith 8hich the =u-(e 67 be su00!se- t! be eRull7 8ell cRuinte-. 5he Su0e6e C!ut hs heltht the !0ini!n !f  0es!n tht  0ticul lette 8s t70e- !n  0ticul t70e8ite is n!t -6issible s it -!es n!t fll 8ithin Sec. 1: Hnu6nt  Stte !f <./ AI/ #%:" SC ?1?). 5he -ecisi!n hs been citicise- n- it hs been su((estetht tht the the cli cli6 6 !f e0e e0et ts s tht tht the the i-en i-enti tit7 t7 !f 6 6ch chin ine e 6 67 7 be estblishe- b7 0!in( the i-entit7 !f -efects ! 0eculiities 8hich it i60esses !n 00e sh!ul- he been c!nsi-ee-. Vlue !f e0et !0ini!n" 5he Ei-ence Act !nl7 0!i-es b!ut the elenc7 !f e0et !0ini!n but (ies n! (ui-nce s t! its lue. It is !ften si- tht thee cnn!t be n7 6!e unstisfct!7 ei-ence thn tht !f n e0et. 5he lue !f e0et !0ini!n suffes f!6 i!us -8bc's -8bc's 9 ". A&  hn-8itin( e0et (ies !0ini!n b!ut  0ticul lette s bein( tht !f the ccuse-. Cn the =u-(e -is(ee 8ith his fin-in(U Wht Wht 0ec 0ecu uti ti!n !ns s e e eRu eRui iee- bef! bef!e e 0! 0!in in( ( the the hnhn-8 8it itin in(U (U XC.L.C.*%2X

+ LAW OF EVIDENCE i) i) 5he 5hee e is .the .the -n( -n(e e !f e! e! ! -eli -elibe be te te fls flseh eh!! !!-. -. 5he 5hese se 0iile(e- 0es!ns 6i(ht be hlf blin-& inc!60etent ! een c!u0t.  ii) His ei-ence is fte ll !0ini!n n- hu6n =u-(e6ent is fllible. Hu6n 'n!8le-(e is li6ite- n- i60efect. iii) An e0et 8itness& h!8s!ee i60til he 67 be& is li'el7 t! be unc!nsci!usl7 0e=u-ice- in f!u !f the si-e 8hich clls hi6. 5hus& e0et 8itnesses e clle- 8itnesses etine- n- 0i- t! su00!t b7 thei ei-ence  cetin ie8 !n  scientific ! technicl Ruesti!n.

5hese fct!s sei!usl7 e-uce the 0!btie lue !f e0et ei-ence. 5he elibilit7 !f such ei-ence hs& theef!e& t! be teste- the s6e 87 in 8hich n7 !the 0iece !f ei-ence is teste-. 5he Su0e6e C!ut hs li- -!8n f!ll!8in( 0inci0les in this e(- Mui Li  Stte !f M.P. AI/ #%+ SC :?#) 9 i) i) 5he 5hee e is n! ule ule !f l8 l8& n! n! n7 n7 ule ule !f 0u0u-en ence ce 8hic 8hich h hs hs c7stllise- int!  ule !f l8& tht the !0ini!n ei-ence !f n e0et 6ust nee be cte- u0!n& unless substntill7 c!!b!te-. c!!b!te-. ii) ;ut& hin( -ue e(- t! the i!us -ese fct!s !0etin( in cse c se !f e0e e0et t !0in !0ini! i!n& n& the the 00 00! !ch ch sh!u sh!ull- be !ne !ne !f c cut uti! i!n. n. /es!ns f! the !0ini!n 6ust be cefull7 0!be- n- e6ine-. All !the elent ei-ence 6ust be c!nsi-ee-. iii) iii) In 00!0 00!0i ite te cses& cses& c!!b c!!b! !ti! ti!n n 6ust 6ust be s!u(ht s!u(ht.. In c cses ses 8he 8hee e the the es es!n !ns s f! f! the the !0ini !0ini!n !n e e c! c!n ninc incin in( ( nn- the thee e is n! elible ei-ence th!8in(  -!ubt& the unc!!b!teunc!!b!te- testi6!n7 !f n e0et 67 be cce0te-. i) i) 5he 5he hB hB- in c cce ce0t 0tin( in( the the e0e e0et t !0in !0ini! i!n& n& is n!t n!t bec becus use e e0ets& in (enel& e unelible 8itnesses * the eRulit7 !f ce-ibilit7 ! inc incee-ib ibil ilit it7 7 bein bein( ( !ne !ne 8hic 8hich h n e0e e0et t sh shes es 8ith 8ith ll ll !the !the 8itnesses * but becuse ll hu6n =u-(e6ent is fllible n- n e0et 67 6 7 (! 8!n 8!n( ( bec becus use e !f s! s!6e 6e -efe -efect ct !f !bse !bse t ti! i!n& n& ! h!ne h!nest st 6ist 6i st' 'e e !f c!ncl c!nclus usi! i!n. n. 5he 5he 6! 6!e e -ee -eel! l!0e 0e- nn- 6! 6!e e 0ef 0efec ectt  science science&& less less is the chnce chnce !f n inc! inc!ect ect !0ini!n. !0ini!n. 5he scienc science e !f i-entificti!n !f fin(e 0ints hs ttinene 0efecti!n n- the is' !f inc!ect !0ini!n is 0cticll7 n!n*eistent. On the !the hn-& the science !f& i-entificti!n !f hn-8itin( is n!t s! 0efect n- the is' is& theef theef!e !e&& hi(he hi(he.. ;ut tht tht is f f!6 -!ubti -!ubtin( n( the !0ini! !0ini!n n !f hn-8itin( e0et s n inible ule n- insistin( u0!n substntil c!!b!ti!n in ee7 cse& h!8ee the !0ini!n 67 be bc'e- b7

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CHA/AC5E/ # ) 5he !0ini! !0ini!n n !f e0et e0et is n!t -ecisie -ecisie !f the 6tte 6tte.. 5he c!ut c!ut sh!ul sh!ul- n!t n!t sue suenn-e e its its !0in !0ini! i!n n t! tht tht !f the the e0e e0et t.. An e0e e0et t -e0!ses n- n!t -eci-es. His -ut7 is t! funish the =u-(e 8ith the necess7 scientific citei f! testin( the ccuc7 !f his c!nclusi!n& s! s t! enble the =u-(e t! f!6 his !8n in-e0en-ent =u-(e6ent b7 the 00licti!n !f th!se citei t! the fcts 0!e- in ei-ence. In Wil7t Khn  Stte AI/ #%2" SC #"")& it 8s heltht e0et !0ini!n is n!t t! be beliee- u0!n 8hen it is in c!nflict 8ith -iect ei-ence. It hs been heltht 6e-icl ei-ence cnn!t be -ecisie !f the 6 6tte tte. In cse cse !f n7 n7 c!nfli c!nflict ct bet8e bet8een en e7e*e e7e*eii-enc ence e nn- the 6e-icl ei-ence the c!ut 8ill he t! (! b7 the ei-ence 8hich ins0ies 6!e c!nfi-ence. 5hus& 8hee the e7e*8itnesses testifie- t! !ne lthi bl!8 u0!n the he- !f -ecese-& but the 6e-icl ei-ence ec! ec!-ee- f!u f!u ete eten nl l in=u in=ui ies es&& the the c! c!u utt helhel- tht tht the the 6e 6e-ic -icl l ei-ence 8s 6!e tust8!th7 n- it sh!8e- tht the s!*clle- e7e* 8itnesses h- n!t seen the inci-ent. /6 Nin  Stte !f <.P. AI/ #%,? SC ""++) In this cse&  chil- 8s 'i-n00e-. 5he 0ent !f the chil- eceie-  hn-8 hn-8itt itten en 0!st* 0!st*c c- f!ll!8 f!ll!8ee- b7 n inlninln- lette lette -e6n-e6n-in( in( /s. #&+++ n- /s. :&+++& es0ectiel7 s ns!6 f! the chil-. 5he uth! !f the lettes 8s tce- n-  hn-8itin( e0et testifie- the lettes t! be in the hn-8itin( !f the ccuse-. S!lel7 !n the bsis !f this ei-ence the ccuse- 8s c!nicte- b7 the l!8e c!uts. 5he Su0e6e C!ut u0hel- the c!nicti!n.

5he C!ut si- 9 ;!th un-e Sec. 1: n- Sec& 1, the ei-ence is n !0ini!n& in the f!6e b7  scientific c!60is!n n- in the ltte !n the bsis !f f6iliit7 esultin( f!6 feRuent !bseti!n. In eithe cse& the c!ut 6ust stisf7 itself b7 such 6ens s e !0en tht the !0ini!n 67 be cte- u0!n. One such 6ens is t! 00l7 its !8n !bse !bse  ti!n ti!n t! the the -6i -6itt ttee- ! 0! 0!ee- 8it 8itin in(s (s&& n!t n!t bec! bec!6e 6e  hn-8itin( e0et but t! eif7 the !0ini!n !f the 8itness. 5his is n!t t! s7 tht the c!ut 67 0l7 the !le !f n e0et& but t! s7 tht the c!ut 67 cce0t the fct !nl7 8hen it hs stisfie- itself !n its !8n !bseti!n tht it is sfe t! cce0t the !0ini!n !f the e0et ! the !the 8itness. In this cse& Du J. hi6self c!60e- the hn-8itin( in Ruesti!n 8ith  0!en hn-8itin( !f the ccuse- n- stisfie- hi6self n- heltht n! futhe c!!b!ti!n 8s necess7. 5he 5he c! c!u utt helhel- tht tht if fte fte c! c!60 60 is is!n !n !f -is0 -is0ut utee- nn- -6i -6itt ttee8itin(s b7 c!ut itself& it is c!nsi-ee- sfe t! cce0t the !0ini!n !f e0et& then the c!nclusi!n s! ie- t cnn!t be ttc'e- !n s0ecil le lee 6e 6ee el7 l7 !n the the (!u (!unn- tht tht c! c!60 60 is is!n !n !f hnhn-8 8it itin in( ( is (enell7. c!nsi-ee- hB-!us n- inc!nclusie. It sh!ulbe n!tetht the ei-ence> " LAW OF EVIDENCE !f e0ets is n!t finl ! c!nclusie. 5he c!ut 67 stisf7 itself bef!e el7in el7in( ( !n the e0e e0ett !0ini! !0ini!n. n. 5hus 5hus in 6 6n7 n7 cses& cses& thei thei L!-sh L!-shi0s i0s he c!6e t! the c!nt7 !0ini!n n- e=ecte- the e0et !0ini!n& it is 6!e s! in cse !f hn-8itin(. In Stte !f 4u=t  V.C. Ptni AI/ #%2, SC ,,)& it 8s 0!inte- !ut tht e0et !0ini!n is elent but is n!t c!nclusie.

N!te 9 In Mui Li  Stte !f M.P. AI/ #%+ SC :?#)& the Su0e6e C!ut h- li- -!8n s!6e i60!tnt 0inci0les in elti!n t! the lue !f the !0ini!n !f  hn-8itin( e0et -iscusse- elie). In this cse& the the c! c!u utt u0he u0hell- the the c! c!n nic icti ti!n !n !n the the ei-e ei-enc nce e tht tht the the 0iec 0iece e !f 8itin( left behin- b7 the 6u-ee in the !!6 !f the -ecese- 8s test testifi ifiee- b7  hnhn-8 8it itin in( ( e0e e0et t t! be in the the hnhn-8 8it itin in( ( !f the the ccuse-. 5he c!ut ls! !bsee- tht een if n! hn-8itin( e0et is 0!-uce- bef!e the c!ut& the c!ut hs the 0!8e t! c!60e the hn-8itin( itself n- -eci-e the 6tte. Sec. 12 Fcts bein( u0!n !0ini!n !f e0ets) F Fcts& n!t !the8 !the8ise ise ele elen nt& t& e e ele elen ntt if the7 the7 su00! su00!tt ! e e inc!ns inc!nsist istent ent 8ith 8ith the !0ini! !0ini!ns ns !f e0et e0ets& s& 8hen 8hen such such !0ini! !0ini!ns ns e elent. 5he effect !f the 0!isi!n is tht 8hen the !0ini!n !f n e0et is elent n- hs been cite-& n7 fct 8hich 8ill eithe su00!t his !0ini!n ! c!nt-ict it 8ill ls! bec!6e elent. 5hus& 8hee the Ruesti!n is& 8hethe A 8s 0!is!ne- b7  cetin 0!is!n the fct tht !the 0es!ns& 8h! 8ee 0!is!ne- b7 tht 0!is!n& ehibite- cetin s760t!6s 8hich e0ets ffi6 ! -en7 t! be the s760t!6s !f tht 0!is!n& is elent. Sec. 1, O0ini!n s t! hn-8itin( 8hen elent) Acc!-in( t! Sec. 1,& 8hen the c!ut h- t! -ete6ine the Ruesti!n 8hethe  -!cu6ent is 8itten ! si(ne- b7  cetin 0es!n& the c!ut cn -6it the !0ini!n !f  0es!n 8h! is cRuinte- 8ith tht 0es!ns hn-8itin(. 5he e0lnti!n ttche- t! the secti!n (ies (ui-nce s t! 8h! is c!nsi-ee- t! be cRuinte- 8ith n!thes hn-8itin(. It inclu-es  0es!n * i)

8h! hs seen tht 0es!n 8ite& !



ii) 8h! hs eceie- -!cu6ents 8itten b7 tht 0es!n in ns8e t! -!cu6ents 8itten b7 hi6self ! un-e his uth!it7 n- --esse- t! tht 0es!n& ! iii) 8h! hs in the !-in7 c!use !f business& eceie- -!cu6ents 8itten b7 tht 0es!n ! such -!cu6ents e hbitull7 sub6itte- t! hi6. In F'hu--in  Stte !f M.P. AI/ #%2, SC #?"2)& it 8s heltht hnhn-8 8it itin in( ( 6 67 7 be 0! 0!ee- b7 eiei-en ence ce !f  8itn 8itnes ess s in 8h!s 8h!se e 0esence the 8itin( 8s -!ne n- this 8!ulbe -iect ei-ence n- if it is ilble the ei-ence !f n7 !the 'inis en-ee- unnecess7. E@PE/5

EVIDENCE



/ELEVANC>

OF

CHA/AC5E/

?  M!-es !f 0!in( 0 !in( hn-8itin( Sees. 1: n- 1, ec!(nise the f!ll!8in( 6!-es !f 0!in( hn-8itin(9 i)

;7 the ei-ence ei-ence !f the .8ite .8ite hi6self& hi6self& ii)

;7 the !0ini!n !0ini!n !f n

e0et. iii iii))

;7 the the ei ei-e -enc nce e !f  0es! 0es!n n 8h! is is cRu cRui int ntee- 8it 8ith h the the

hn-8itin( !f the 0es!n in Ruesti!n. i)
elti!nshi0 !f !ne 0es!n t! n!the. n!the. 5he Ruesti!n is& 8hethe A n- ; 8ee 6ie-. 5he fct tht the7 8ee usull7 eceie- n- tete- b7 thei fien-s s husbn- n- 8ife& is elent. Sec.: Sec.:# # 0! 0!ii-es es tht tht 8hen 8hene ee e the the !0in !0ini! i!n n !f  liin liin( ( 0es 0es!n !n is ele ele nt nt&& the the (!u (!unn-s s !n 8hic 8hich h his his !0ini !0ini!n !n is bse bse- shl shlll ls! ls! be elent. CHA/AC5E/ WHEN /ELEVAN5 ? Sees. :"*::) 5! 8ht etent is the chcte& (enel e0utti!n !f  0es!n elent in ciil ! ci6inl 0!cee-in(s hs been 6-e cle b7 Sees. :"*::. Chcte is  c!6binti!n !f 0eculi Rulities i60esse- b7 ntue ! b7 the hbit !f the 0es!n& 8hich -istin(uish hi6 f!6 !thes& In es0ect !f the chcte !f  0t7& t8! -istincti!ns 6ust be -8n& n6el7 bet8een the cses 8hen the chcte is in issue n- is n!t in issue n- 8hen the cuse is ciil ! ci6inl. In Ciil cses Sec.:" l7s -!8n the b!- (enel 0inci0le tht the ei-ence !f  0t7s chcte cnn!t be (ien f! the 0u0!se !f sh!8in( tht it en-es the c!n-uct i60ute- t! hi6 s 0!bble ! i60!bble. 5hus&  0t7 cnn!t (ie ei-ence !f his (!!- chcte f! the 0u0!se !f sh!8in( tht it is i60!bble tht he sh!ulbe (uilt7 !f the c!n-uct ?.

Wite



sh!t

n!te

!n

*

Chcte

8hen

elent.

XLC.II*%?X1 LAW OF EVIDENCE i60ute- t! hi6. F! e60le& if  0es!n is ch(e- 8ith ne(li(ent -iin( he cnn!t (ie ei-ence !f the fct tht his chcte nc!nc! n-uc uctt hs been been such such th tht he c! c!ul ul- n!t n!t h he bee been (uil (uiltt7 !f ne(li(ence. Si6ill7& his !00!site 0t7 cnn!t (ie ei-ence !f the fct tht his chcte n- c!n-uct h- been s! b- tht he 6ust he

been ne(li(ent. 5he es!n is tht the c!ut hs t! t7 the cse !n the bsis !f its fcts f! the 0u0!se !f -ete6inin( 8hethe the -efen-nt sh!ulbe lible ! n!t. 5he c!ut hs n!t t! t7 the chcte !f the 0t 0tie ies s nn- the the eiei-en ence ce !f ch ch cte cte 8ill 8ill n!t n!t !nl7 !nl7 0!l 0!l!n !n( ( the the 0!cee-in(s but 8ill ls! unnecessil7 0e=u-ice the 6in- !f the =u-(e !ne 87 ! !the. Futhe& in ciil cses& the 0ei!us c!nicti!ns !f the -efen-nt e ielent. 5hee e s!6e ece0ti!ns t! the (enel 0inci0le li- in Sec.:" 9 #)

Sec.:: Sec.:: s7s in ciil cses cses the fct tht the chcte chcte !f n7

0es!n is such s t! ffect the 6!unt !f -6(es 8hich he !u(ht t! eceie& is elent. 5he ei-ence !f (!!- ! b- chcte !f the -efen-nt is ielent t! -6(es. ;ut the chcte !f the 0lintiff is elent. In n cti!n f! -6(es& f! se-ucti!n ! 0e& ei-ence !f b- chcte !f the 0lintiff is ll!8e- s it is li'el7 t! ffect the -6(es tht the 0lintiff !u(ht t! eceie. ")

Ei-ence cn be (ien !f  0t7s chcte 8hen his chcte

is itself  fct in issue. Whee& f! e60le& n cti!n is b!u(ht f!V -i!ce !n the (!un- !f cuelt7& the cuel chcte !f -efen-nt& bein(  fct in issue& the 0lintiff cn le- ei-ence !f it. ?)

A fct fct 8hich 8hich is !the8 !the8ise ise ele elent nt c cnn! nn!tt be eclu eclu-e-e- f!6 f!6

ei-ence !nl7 becuse it inci-entll7 e0!ses ! th!8s li(ht u0!n  0t7s chcte Sec.:"). In Ci6inl cses Sec.:? s7s tht in ci6inl cses& the fct tht the 0s!n ccuseis !f  (!!- chcte is elent. N!6ll7& 8e 0esu6e tht  0es!n !f (!!(!!- ch chc cte te nn- e0u e0ut tti ti!n !n 8ill 8ill n!t n!t (ene (ene ll7 ll7 es! es!t t t! n7 n7 ci6inl ct. 5hus& (!!-ness if 0!e-& le-s t! 0esu60ti!n (inst the c!66issi!n !f  ci6e.

Acc!Acc!-in( in( t! Sec.:1 Sec.:1&& ei-en ei-ence ce 6 67 7 n!t be ecei eceiee- e(e(-in( in( the b-ness !f 0t7s chcte in ci6inl 0!cee-in(s& unless ei-ence hs been (ien tht he hs  (!!- chcte& in 8hich cse it bec!6es elent. In !the 8!-s& the 0!secuti!n cnn!t le- ei-ence !f the b- chcte !f ccuse- s 0t !f its !i(inl cse. 5he7 cn 0!-uce ei-ence !f b- chcte !nl7 in e0l7 t! the ccuse- sh!8in( his (!!(!!- ch chc cte te._PE/ _PE/5 5 EVID EVIDEN ENCE CE 

/ELE /ELEVA VANC NC> >

OF CHA/ CHA/AC AC5E 5E/ /

: Ci6inl cses ls! -6it !f cetin ece0ti!ns. 5hee e cetin ses in 8hich ei-ence !f  0is!nes b- chcte cn be (ien 9 #) ")

5! ebut 0i! ei-ence !f (!!- chcte Sec.:1). 5he chcte chcte is itself  fct fct in issue issue e0lnt e0lnti!n i!n # t! t! Sec.:1 Sec.:1). ).

F! e60le& 0le& in  0! 0!secu secuti ti!n !n f! f! 0e& 0e& the bb- ch chcte cte !f 0!secuti!n 0e- 8!6n) 67 be  fct in issue f! it 67 ff!-  -efence t! the ccuse-. ?)

A 0ei!us c!nicti!n is elent s ei-ence !f b- chcte in

ci6inl cses e0lnti!n " t! Sec.:1).2 FAC5S /E EVIDENCE Fcts 8hich nee- n!t be 0!e-# Sees. :2*:) 5he (enel ule is tht ll fcts in issue n- elent fcts 6ust be 0!e- b7 ei-ence& eithe !l ! -!cu6ent7. 5! this ule& thee e t8! ece0ti!ns 9 ) fcts =u-icill7 n!ticeble Sees. :2*:,)& b) fcts -6itte- Sec. :). Sec.:2 e-s 9 N! fct !f 8hich the c!ut 8ill t'e =u-icil n!tice neebe 0!e-. Sec.:, enu6etes thiteen fcts !f 8hich the c!ut is b!un- t! t'e the =u-icil n!tice 9 #)

All l8s in f!ce in the teit!7 !f In-i.

")

All Acts !f the ;itish Pli6ent. Pli6ent.

?)

Aticles Aticl es !f W f! the In-in A67& A67& N7 ! Ai F!ce.

1)

5he c!use c!use !f 0!cee 0!cee-in -in(s (s !f fie fie ;itis ;itish h P Pli li6e 6ent& nt& !f the

C!nstituent Asse6bl7 !f In-i& n- !f Pli6ent Pli6ent nn- Le(isltues. :)

5he ccessi!n n- the si(n 6nul !f the s!eei(n !f <.K. n-

Ieln-. 2)

All sels !f 8hich En(lish c!uts t'e =u-icil n!tice the sels !f

ll ll the the c! c!u uts ts in In-i In-i& & etc. etc. nn- ll ll the the sel sels s 8hic 8hich h  0es 0es!n !n is uth!ise- t! use b7 the C!nstituti!n ! n Act. ,)

5he ccessi!n t! !ffice& n6es& titles& functi!ns& =i- si(ntues

!f 4Bette- !ffices. )

5he nti!nl fl( !f ee7 c!unt7 ec!(nise- b7 the 4!en6ent 4!en6ent

!f In-i. %)

5he -iisi!n !f ti6e& the (e!(0hicl -iisi!ns !f the 8!l- n-

0ublic festils& fcts n- h!li-7s n!tifie- in the !fficil (Bette. #+) ##) ##)

5he teit!ies un-e the -!6ini!n !f the 4!en6ent 4!en6ent !f In-i. 5he c!6 c!66e 6ence nce6e 6ent& nt& c!ntin c!ntinun unce ce ! te6in te6inti ti!n !n !f 8 8

bet8een the 4!en6ent !f In-i n- n7 !the c!unt7. #. Wite  sh!t n!te !n Fcts 8hich nee- n!t be 0!e-. XC.LC*%1#O/AL$DOC

EVIDENCE

, #") #")

5he 5he n6 n6es es !f c! c!u utt !ff !ffic ici ils ls nn- !f !f ll ll -! -!c cte tes& s& etc. etc.

uth!ise- b7 l8 t! 00e ! ct bef!e the c!ut. #?)

5he ule !f the !-& !n ln- ! t se.

5he 0!isi!n is su00le6ente- b7 t8! -eclti!ns t the en- !f the sect secti! i!n. n. One One !f the6 the6 s s7s 7s tht tht in ll ll thes these e 6 6tt tte es& s& nn- ls! ls! !n 6tte 6ttes s !f 0ublic 0ublic hist! hist!7 7& lite litet tue ue&& scienc science e ! t& t& the c!ut c!ut 6 67 7 c!nsult the 00!0ite b!!'s ! -!cu6ents !f efeence. 5he sec!n-eclti!n is tht if  0t7 clls u0!n the c!ut t! t'e the =u-icil n!tice !f n7 fct& it 67 efuse t! -! s! unless n- until such 0es!n

0!0!-uc uces es n7 n7 such such b!!' b!!' ! -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nt s the the c! c!u utt 6 67 7 c! c!ns nsii-e e necess7 t! enble it t! t'e =u-icil n!tice. Ju-icil fcts * 5he e0essi!n t'e =u-icil n!tice 6ens ec!(niti!n 8ith!ut 0!!f !f s!6ethin( s eistin( ! s bein( tue. Ju-icil n!tice is bse- u0!n e7 !bi!us es!ns !f c!nenience n- e0e-ienc7 n- the 8is-!6 !f -is0ensin( 8ith 0!!f !f 6ttes 8ithin the c!66!n 'n!8le-(e !f ee7 !ne. Ju-icil n!tice is the c!(niBnce t'en b7 the c!u c! utt itse itself lf !f cet ceti in n 6 6tt tte es s 8hic 8hich h fe fe s! n!t! n!t!i i!u !us s ! cle clel l7 7 est estbl blis ishe he-& -&

th tht

the the

eiei-en ence ce

!f

thei hei

eist iste ence nce

is

-ee -ee6e-

unnecess7. Ju-icil n!tice t'es the 0lce !f 0!!f& n- is !f eRul f!ce. f!ce. As  6e 6ens ns !f estbl estblish ishin( in( fcts& fcts& it is theef theef!e !e su0ei! su0ei! t! ei-ence. 5he[ 6ttes enu6ete- in Sec.:2 -! n!t f!6 n ehustie list. 5he c!ut fc!ul- t'e =u-icil n!tice !f !the fcts& n!t t! be f!un- in the the list list.. 5he 5he c! c!u utt c cnn nn!t !t t'e t'e =u-i =u-ici cil l n!ti n!tice ce !f fct fcts s stt sttee- in  ne8s00e& s  stte6ent !f fcts in it is 6eel7  hes7 n-& theef theef!e !e&& in-6 in-6issi issible ble in ei-en ei-ence ce unless unless 0!e 0!e- !the8 !the8ise ise.. 5he Su0e6e C!ut in Shshi N7 
A-6itte- fcts * An!the set !f fcts 8hich nee- n!t be 0!e- e fcts fcts 8hich 8hich he he been been -6it -6ittete-.. Sec.: Sec.: l7s l7s -!8n -!8n this this 0inci 0inci0l 0l.. Ae6ents Ae6ents 6-e in  0etiti!n 8hich he n!t been c!nt!e c !nt!etete- b7 the es0!n-ent c7 the effect !f  fct -6itte-. Fcts 8hich he been -6itte- !n b!th si-es e n!t in issue n-& theef!e& n! 0!!f neebe !ffee- !f the6. H!8ee& Sec.: ls! 0!i-es tht the c!ut 67 in its -isceti!n eRuie s!6e !the 0!!f !f n -6itte- fct. LAW OF EVIDENCE MODES OF P/OOF A fct fct 6 67 7 be 0! 0!ee- eith eithe e b7 !l !l eiei-en ence ce !f the the fct fct ! b7 -!cu6ent7 ei-ence& if n7. 5hus& thee e t8! 6eth!-s !f 0!in(  fct& !ne is b7 0!-ucin( 8itnesses !f fct !l ei-ence)& n- the !the& b7 0!-ucin(  -!cu6ent 8hich ec!-s the fct in Ruesti!n -!cu6ent7 ei-ence). XAY Ol Ei-ence Ss. :%*2+) All stte6ents 8hich the c!ut 0e6its ! eRuies t! be 6-e bef!e it b7 8itnesses in elti!n t! the 6ttes !f fct un-e inRui7 e clle!l ei-ence. In (enel& the ei-ence !f 8itnesses is (ien !ll7& nn- this this 6e 6en ns s !l !l eiei-en ence ce.. A 8itn 8itnes ess s 8h! 8h! c cnn nn!t !t s0e s0e' ' 6 67 7 c!66unicte his 'n!8le-(e !f the fcts b7 si(ns ! b7 8itin( n- in eithe cse it 8ill be e(-e- s !l ei-ence. Sec.:%. P!!f !f fcts b7 !l ei-ence * All fcts ece0t the c!ntents !f -!cu6ents& 67 be 0!e- b7 !l ei-ence. Sec.2+ Sec.2+.. Ol Ol ei-en ei-ence ce 6ust 6ust be -iect -iect * Ol Ol ei-en ei-ence ce 6ust& 6ust& in ll cses& 8htee& be -iect& i.e.& * If it efes t!  fct 8hich c!ulbe seen ! he- ! 0eceie- b7 n7 !the senses)& it 6ust be the ei-ence !f  8itness 8h! s7s he s8 ! he- ! 0eceie- it b7 tht sense) it

If it efes t! n !0ini!n ! t! the (!un-s !n 8hich tht !0ini!n is hel-& it 6ust be the ei-ence !f the 0es!n 8h! h!l-s tht !0ini!n !n th!se (!un-s.

*

5hus& !l ei-ence 6ust be -iect. 5his 6ens tht  8itness cn tell the c!ut !f !nl7  fct !f 8hich he hs the fist hn- 'n!8le-(e e7e* 8itness) in the sense tht he 0eceie- the fct b7 n7 !f the fie senses. If& !n the !the hn-& the stte6ent 8s n!t 6-e in his 0esence ! hein( n- he subseRuentl7 c6e t! 'n!8 !f it th!u(h s!6e !the s!uce& he cnn!t cnn!t 00e s  8itness& f! his 'n!8le-(e 'n!8le-(e is  -eie- 'n!8le-(e n- is n!thin( but  hes7 n- it is  6i6

!f

l8

tht

hes7

ei-ence

is

n!t

elent.

G Hes7 ei-ence" 5he 8!- hes7 6en 8htee  0es!n is he- t! s7 u6!u ! (!ssi0 (!ssi0)) ! 8hte 8htee e  0es!n 0es!n -ecl -ecles es !n inf!6 inf!6ti ti!n !n (ien (ien b7 s!6e!ne else& ! it 67 be s7n!n76!us 8ith ielent. A stte6ent& !l ! 8itten& b7  0es!n n!t clle- s  8itness ! stte6ents 6-e !ut !f c!ut) c!6es un-e the (enel ule !f hes7. Sec.2+ !f EiEi-en ence ce Ac Actt is -ie -iect ctee- (i (ins nstt !i-i !i-in( n( ! ecl ecluu-in in( ( he hes s7 7 ei-ence. 5he test t! -istin(uish bet8een -iect ei-ence n- hes7 ei-ence is 9 It is -iect ei-ence if the c!ut& t! ct u0!n it& hs t! el7 !nl7 u0!n ". Wite  sh!t n!te !n Hes7 ei-ence. XLC.

##*%1$%:YO/AL$DOC

EVIDENCE

% the 8itness& 8hees it is hes7 if it hs t! el7 n!t !nl7 u0!n the 8itness& but s!6e !the 0es!n ls!. 5hus& if @ is ch(e- 8ith >s 6u-e& 6u-e& n- if d& in his ei-ence& sttes tht I s8 @ stbbin( > 8ith 

'nife& it 8!ul-  -iect ei-ence. Instnces !f hes7 ei-ence 8!ulbe the Ei-ence !f A tht d t!l- 6e tht he h- seen @ stbbin( > ! tht d 8!te  lette t! 6e sttin( tht he h- seen @ stbbin( > ! tht I e- in the ne8s00e tht @ h- 6u-ee- >. It 67 be n!tetht hes7 ei-ence is n!t -6issible een if n!t !b=ecte- t! & ! een if c!nsente- t!. 5he c!ut hs n! -isceti!n in this 6tte& ece0t in cetin ece0ti!nl cses. 5he ule (inst the -6i -6issi ssi!n !n !f he hes s7 7 ei-e ei-enc nce e is funfun-6 6en ent tl. l. It is n!t n!t the the best best ei-ence n- it is n!t -eliee- !n !th. 5he tuthfulness n- ccuc7 !f the 0es!n 8h!se 8!-s e s0!'en t! b7 n!the 8itness cnn!t be testeteste- b7 c!ss*e6in c!ss*e6inti!n. ti!n. It is l87s l87s -esible& -esible& in the inteest !f =ustice& t! (et the 0es!ns 8h!se stte6ents e elie- u0!n& int! c!ut f! e6inti!n in the e(ul 87& in !-e tht 6n7 0!ssible s!uces !f inccuc7 n- untust8!thiness cn be best b!u(ht t! li(ht n- e0!se-. 5hus& its -6issi!n ten-s t! !0en the -!! f! fu- 8hich 6i(ht be 0cti 0ctisese- 8ith 8ith i60uni i60unit7 t7.. It is  sec!nsec!n-*h *hnn- ei-en ei-ence ce the 0es!n 0es!n (iin( such ei-ence -!es n!t he n7 sense !f es0!nsibilit7. 5hee is  tenten-en enc7 c7 tht tht tut tuth h 8ill 8ill be -ilu -ilute te- nn- -i6i -i6ini nish shee- 8ith 8ith ech ech e0eti e0etiti! ti!n. n. Futhe Futhe& its -6iss -6issi!n i!n ten-s ten-s t! 0!l!n 0!l!n( ( tils tils un-ul7 un-ul7 b7 lettin( in stte6ent& the 0!btie lue !f 8hich is e7 sli(ht. Ece0ti!ns t! the hes7 ule Pe!0 Pe!0le leS S6 6e6 e6! !ie ies s

e e

f( f(il ile e

nn-

sh! sh!t. t.

Subs SubseR eRue uent nt

0ubl 0ublic icit it7 7&

-iscussi!ns n- su((estie Ruesti!nin( ll eet thei influence. 5his 67 le- t! eclusi!n !f ei-ence 8hich is su0ei! in tust8!thiness t! ei-ence 8hich is feel7 -6itte- i.e. -iect ei-ence). In Sh- ;i;i-ic ich hnn- S S-   Stt Stte e AI/ AI/ #%1 #%1 SC #2"" #2"")& )& the the test testi6 i6!n !n7 7 !f 0es!ns 8h! h- seen the 0itible c!n-iti!n !f  7!un( 8!6n in he* l8s h!6e 8hee she l!st he life 8s& thus& hel- t! be elent

5he c!uts he 6!-ifie- the i(i- ule s t! -iect ei-ence b7  nu6be !f ece0ti!ns 9 i) /es (este Sec.2) * A stte6ent 6-e b7  0es!n 8h! is n!t  8itness bec!6es elent n- -6issible if the stte6ent is 0t !f the tnscti!n in Ruesti!n. ii) A-6issi!ns n- c!nfessi!ns * An -6issi!n !f libilit7 ! c!nfessi!n !f (uilt 8hich t'es 0lce !utsi-e the c!ut th!u(h the testi6!n7 !f  8itness t! 8h!6 the -6issi!n ! the c!nfessi!n 8s 6-e. Such  8itness is n!t  8itness !f fct. iii iii)) Stt Stte6 e6en ents ts ele ele nt nt un-e un-e Sec. Sec.?" ?" * 5hes 5hese e e e 6! 6!st stl7 l7 the the stte6ents !f -ecese- 0es!n ! 0es!ns 8h! e n!t ilble%+ LAW OF EVIDENCE s 8itnesses. Such stte6ents inclu-e -7in( -eclti!ns& -eclti!n s t! 0ublic i(hts& etc. i) Stte6ents !f e0ets in tetises * Acc!-in( t! Sec.2+& 0!is!& the !0ini!n !f n e0et cn be cite- in his bsence if it hs been e0esse- in  b!!' f!6 n- the e0et hi6self is eithe -e- ! is !the8ise unilble s  8itness. ) S!6eti6es&  sln-e!us stte6ent 6-e b7  thi- 0es!n nhe- b7 the 8itness 8ill be elent& n!t e(-in( the tuth !f the c!ntents !f the stte6ents& but e(-in( the fct !f the stte6ent bein( 6-e. X;Y D!cu6ent7 Ei-ence D!cu D! cu6e 6ent nt 7 7

eiei-en ence ce

6en 6e ns s

ll

-!cu -!cu6e 6ent nts s

0!0!-uc ucee- f! f!

the the

ins0ecti!n !f the c!ut. D!cu6ents e -en!6inte- s -e- 0!!f& s -ist -istin in(u (uis ishe he- f!6 f!6 8itn 8itnes esse ses s 8h! 8h! e e s sii- t! be lii liin( n( 0!! 0!!fs fs.. D!cu6ent D!cu6ent7 7 ei-ence ei-ence is su0ei! su0ei! t! !l !l ei-ence ei-ence in 0e6nenc 0e6nence& e& n-*in 6n7 es0ects& in tust8!thiness.

Sec.2#. P!!f !f c!ntents !f -!cu6ents * 5he c!ntents !f -!cu6ents 67 be 0!e- eithe b7 0i67 n- sec!n-7 ei-ence. 5hee is n! thi- 6eth!- !f 0!in( the c!ntents !f  -!cu6ent. 5he c!ntents nee- n!t be 0!e- b7 the uth! !f -!cu6ent& n- cn be 0!e- b7 n7 !the ei-ence. Pi67 ei-ence Sec.2") 5he e0essi!n 0i67 ei-ence inclu-es 9* i)

5he !i(inl !i(inl -!cu6ent -!cu6ent itself 0!-uce0!-uce- f! the ins0ecti!n ins0ecti!n !f the the

c!ut. ii) ii) Whe Whee e  -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nt is eec eecut utee- in see see ll 0t 0ts& s& ech ech 0t 0t is 0i67 ei-ence !f the -!cu6ent. Hi) Whee  -!cu6ent is eecutein c!unte0ts& ech c!unte0t is 0i67 ei-ence (inst the 0t7 si(nin( it. F! e60le& in the cse !f  cheRue& the 6in cheRue is si(ne- b7 the the -8 -8e e s! tht tht it is  0i6 0i6 7 7 ei-e ei-enc nce e (i (ins nstt hi6& hi6& nn- the the c!untef!il 67 be si(ne- b7 the 07ee !f the cheRue s! tht it 8ill be  0i67 ei-ence (inst the 07ee. .



i) i) Whe Whee e  nu6b nu6be e !f -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nts s e e ll ll 6 6-e -e b7 !ne !ne unif unif! !6 6 0!cess& s f! e60le& b7 0intin(& lith!(0h7 ! 0h!t!(0h7& ech is 0i67 ei-ence !f the c!ntents !f -!cu6ent. Pi67 ei-ence is the best ! hi(hest ei-ence& ! in !the 8!-s& it is the 'in- !f 0!!f 8hich& in the e7es !f the l8& ff!-s the (etest cetint7 !f the fct in Ruesti!n. Pi67 ei-ence !f  tnscti!n& ei-en ei-encece- b7 8itin 8itin(& (& is the !i(in !i(inl l -!cu6e -!cu6ent nt itself itself&& 8hich 8hich sh!ulsh!ulbeO/AL$DOC EVIDENCE %# 0!-uce- in !i(inl t! 0!e the te6s !f the c!ntct& if it eists nis !btinble. Sec!n-7 ei-ence Sec.2?)

5he e0essi!n sec!n-7 ei-ence inclu-es 9*i)

Cetifie- c!0ies !f

the !i(inl -!cu6ent. ii) C!0ies 8hich e 6-e f!6 the !i(inl b7 6echnicl 0!cesses 8hic 8hich h in the6 the6se sel les es s ssu sue e the the c ccu cu c7 c7 !f the the c! c!07 07 nn- c! c!0i 0ies es c!60e- 8ith such c!0ies e.(.  0h!t!(0h !f n !i(inl). iii)

C!0ies 6-e f!6 ! c!60e- 8ith the !i(inl.

i) C!unte0t !f  -!cu6ent is  sec!n-7 ei-ence (inst the 0t7 8h! -i- n!t si(n it. ) Ol cc!unt !f the c!ntents !f  -!cu6ent (ien b7  0es!n 8h! hs hi6self seen the -!cu6ent. P!!f b7 0i67 ei-ence Sec.21)  Sec.21) Acc! Ac c!-in in( ( t! Sec.2 Sec.21& 1&  -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nt 6ust 6ust be 0! 0!ee- b7 its its 0i6 0i6 7 7 ei-ence ece0t in the cses heeinfte 6enti!ne-. When sec!n-7 ei-ence cn be (ien? Sec.2:) 5he cicu6stnces in 8hich sec!n-7 ei-ence cn be (ien e listein Sec.2:. In the f!ll!8in( cses& the sec!n-7 ei-ence cn be (ien 9* #)

When the !i(inl is sh!8n ! 00es t! be in the the 0!ssessi!n O

0!8e !f  0es!n (inst 8h!6 the -!cu6ent is s!u(ht t! be 0!e-& ! !f n7 0es!n !ut !f ech !f ! n!t sub=ect t! the 0!cess !f c!ut& ! n7 0es!n le(ll7 b!un- t! 0!-uce- it& n- lth!u(h -ue n!tice hs been (ien t! hi6 in cc!-nce 8ith the te6s !f Sec.22& he -!es n!t 0!-uce it. ")

When the eistence& c!n-iti!n ! c!ntents he been 0!e- t!

be -6itte- in 8itin( b7 the 0t7 (inst 8h!6 the -!cu6ent is t! be 0!e-. ?)

When the !i(inl hs been -est!7e- ! l!st& ! 8hen the 0t7

!ffei !ffein( n( ei-en ei-ence ce !f its c!nten c!ntents& ts& cnn!t cnn!t f! n7 n7 !the !the es!n es!n n!t isin( f!6 his !8n -efult ! ne(lect& 0!-uce it in es!nble ti6e.

1)

When the !i(inl is !f such  ntue s n!t t! be esil7 6!ble 6!ble

e.(. bul'7 -!cu6ents). :)

When the !i(inl !i(inl is  0ublic -!cu6ent -!cu6ent 8ithin 8ithin the 6enin( 6enin( !f

aaaaaaaSec.,1.aaaaa aaaaaaaSec.,1.aaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaa aaa ?.
Discuss.

XL.C.II*%1[

l%" LAW OF EVIDENCE 2)

When the !i(inl !i(inl is  -!cu6ent -!cu6ent !f 8hich the Ei-ence Ei-ence Act !

n7 !the l8 !f the c!unt7 0e6its cetifie- c!0ies t! be (ien in ei-ence. ,)

When When the !i(in !i(inl l c!nsist c!nsists s !f nu6e! nu6e!us us cc!un cc!unts ts ! !the !the

-!cu6ents 8hich cnn!t be c!nenientl7 e6ine- in the c!ut nthe fct t! be 0!i-e- is the (enel esult# !f the 8h!le c!llecti!n. It 67 be n!tetht sec!n-7 ei-ence !f the c!ntents !f  8itten instu6ent cn n!t be (ien& unless thee is s!6e le(l ecuse f! n!n*0!-ucti!n !f the !i(inl 0i67 ei-ence). Futhe& sec!n-7 eiei-en ence ce c cn n !nl7 !nl7 be (i (ien 8hen 8hen the the 0i6 0i6 7 7 eiei-en ence ce ! the the -!cu6ent itself is -6issible. Sec!n-7 ei-ence cnn!t be (ien !f  -!cu6ent 8hen the !i(inl is f!un- t! be in-6issible. If  -ee- !f (ift is in-6issible in ei-ence f! 8nt !f e(istti!n& n! sec!n-7 ei-ence !f the -ee- cn be (ien in  suit t! ec!e the (ifte0!0et7. Whee the -!cu6ent is in the 0!ssessi!n !f  0t7 8h! -!es n!t een fte n!tice) 0!-uce it& ! 8hen the !i(inl hs been l!st ! -est!7e- ! 8hen it is bul'7& n7 'in- !f sec!n-7 ei-ence !f the

c!ntents cn be (ien. When the c!ntents !f -!cu6ent he been -6itte- b7 the 0t7 (inst 8h!6 it hs t! be 0!e-& his 8itten -6issi!n cn be (ien s  sec!n-7 ei-ence !f -!cu6ent. In cse !f 0ublic -!cu6ents& !nl7 cetifie- c!0ies cn be (ien. IMPO/ IMPO/5 5AN5 AN5 5OPIC 5OPICS$I S$ILL LL
!f

Ei-ence

Act

n-

-eci-e-

cses.

XLC. ##*%1$%:Y Wite  sh!t n!te !n E=f_Qu2i!n]2f !l b7 -!cu6ent7 ei-ence. XC.L.C*%#$%"YO/AL$DOC EVIDENCE %?

be e-uce- t!  -!cu6ent& n! ei-ence shll be (ien f! the 0!!f !f it ece0t the 0i67 ! sec!n-7 ei-ence !f the 8itin( itself. 5he secti! secti!n n eteneten-s s t! b!th b!th t70es t70es !f tns tnscti cti!ns !ns&& n6el7 n6el7&& 8hich 8hich he he !luntil7 been 6-e b7 8itin( n- f! 8hich 8itin( is c!60uls!7. 5hus& 8itin( bec!6es its !8n ei-ence n- eclu-es ll !the 'in-s !f ei-ence. ei-ence. 5he 8itin( eclu-es eclu-es !l !l ei-ence ei-ence lt!(ethe lt!(ethe.. It 67 be n!tetht n !l cc!unt !f the c!ntents !f -!cu6ent is n!t n !l ei-ence. 5he 5he 0! 0!is isi! i!n n in Sec. Sec.%# %# is fut futhe he su00 su00le le6e 6ent ntee- b7 Sec. Sec.%" %" b7 0!i-in( tht !nce n7 such c!ntct& (nt ! -is0!siti!n hs been 0! 0!ee- b7 the the 8it 8itin in(& (& then then n! ei-e ei-enc nce e c cn n be (ie (ien n !f n7 n7 !l !l (ee6ent t! c!nt-ict ! chn(e the te6s !f the c!ntct. In !the 8!8!-s& s& n! !l !l eiei-en ence ce c cn n be (ie (ien n t! Rul Rulif if7 7 the the te6 te6s s !f the the -!cu6e -!cu6ent. nt. Sec.% Sec.%" " 0eclu 0eclu-es -es !nl7 !nl7 the 0tie 0ties s t! the -!cu6 -!cu6ent ent nthei e0esentties*in*inteest f!6 (iin( !l ei-ence c!ncenin( the c!ntents !f -!cu6ent. Othe 0ties ! stn(es) e left fee t! (ie (ie such such eiei-en ence ce.. Fut Futhe he& ei-e ei-enc nce e c cn n be (ie (ien n !f n7 n7 ! !l (ee6ent 8hich -!es n!t c!nt-ict& 7& -- ! substct f!6 the te6s !f the -!cu6ent. 5he 5he ti ti!n !nl le e behi behinn- Sec. Sec.%" %" is tht tht the the 0t 0tie ies s hi hin( n( 6 6-e -e  c!60lete 6e6!il !f thei (ee6ent& it 6ust be 0esu6e- tht the7 he 0ut int! 8itin( ll tht the7 c!nsi-ee- necess7 t! (ie full e0essi!n t! thei 6enin( n- intenti!n futhe& the ece0ti!n !f !l testi6!n7 8!ul- cete 6ischief n- !0en the -!! t! fu-. If& f! e60le&  0!lic7 !f insunce 00lies t! shi0s lein( Clcutt. One !f the shi0s is l!st. It is s!u(ht t! be 0!e- tht b7 n !l (ee6 (ee6ent ent the 0tic 0ticul ul shi0 shi0 8s 8s ece0 ece0tete- f!6 f!6 the 0!lic7 0!lic7.. Such Such ei-ence is in-6issible illustti!n ) t! Sec.%"). Si6ill7& Si6ill7&  8itten (e (ee6 e6en entt t! 07 07  su6 su6 !f 6! 6!ne ne7 7 !n  cet ceti in n -7 -7 c cnn nn!t !t be

c!nt-icte- b7 0!in( tht the -7 in Ruesti!n 8s chn(e- b7 n !l (ee6ent. A (ees bs!lutel7 in 8itin( t! 07 ; /s.#+++ !n #st Mch #,?. 5he fct tht& t the s6e ti6e& n !l (ee6ent 8s 6-e tht the 6!ne7 sh!ul- n!t be 0i- till the ?#st Mch cnn!t be 0!e- illustti!n b) t! Sec.%"). Ece0ti!ns * 8hen !l ei-ence cn be (ien e(-in(  -!cu6ent. 5he 5hee e e e i! i!us us ece ece0t 0ti! i!ns ns t! the the (ene (ene ll ule ule !f ecl eclus usi! i!n n !f ei-ence !f !l (ee6ent 9* #) Vli-it7 !f -!cu6ent 0!is! #& Sec.%") *5he ei-ence cn be (ien !f n7 fct 8hich 8!ulinli-te the -!cu6ent in Ruesti!n ! 8hich 8!ul- entitle  0t7 t! n7 -ecee ! !-e eltin( t! the -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nt.. 5he 5he li li-i -it7 t7 !f  -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nt 6 67 7 be Rues Ruesti ti!n !nee- !n the the (!un(!un-s s !f fu-& fu-& inti6i inti6i-t -ti!n i!ns& s& ille( ille(lit lit7 7& filu filue e !f c!nsi-e c!nsi-e ti! ti!n& n& 6ist'e in fct ! l8. F! e60le& A entes int!  8itten c!ntct 8ith ; t! 8!' cetin 6ines !f ;& u0!n cetin te6s. A 8s in-ucet! -! s! b7  6ise0esentti!n !f ;s s t! thei lue. 5his fct 67 be 0!e- illustti!n t! Sec.%").

%1



♦



LAW OF EVIDENCE 5he !8ne !f  h!use b!!8e-  su6 !f 6!ne7 n- eecute-  n!6inl sle*-ee- n- ent n!te. She 8s ll!8e- fte8-s t! 0!e tht the -!cu6ents 8ee n!t inten-e- t! be cte- u0!n n- tht the ent ent 0i0i- t!7 t!7 he he e0 e0es esen ente te- inte intee est st !n the the l!n l!n 4n 4n( (b bii  Chbbubi AI/ #%" SC "+). ") ")

Mtt Mtte es s !n 8hic 8hich h -!cu6 -!cu6en entt is sile silent nt 0! 0!i is! s! "& Sec. Sec.%" %"))

*Ei-ence cn be (ien !f n !l (ee6ent !n  6tte !n 8hich the -!cu6ent is silent. ;ut the !l (ee6ent sh!ul- n!t be inc!nsistent 8ith the te6s stte- in the -!cu6ent. 5he se0te !l (ee6ent

sh!ulbe !n  -istinct c!lltel 6tte& 6tte& lth!u(h it 67 f!6  0t !f the the t tnsc nscti ti!n !n.. In c! c!ns nsii-e ein in( ( 8het 8hethe he  c cse se fll flls s un-e un-e this this ece0ti!n&

the

f!6lit7

!f

the

-!cu6ent

is

n

i60!tnt

c!nsi-et c!nsi-eti!n. i!n. 5he 6!e f!6l f!6l the -!cu6ent& -!cu6ent& the (ete 8ill be the c!uts eluctnce t! -6it !l ei-ence. 5he illustti!ns t! Sec.%" 6'e cle the 0!int. A 8itten (ee6ent& f! e60le& is silent s t! the ti6e !f 076ent !f the 0ice. If thee is n7 !l (ee6ent e(-in( this& it 67 be 0!e-. Whee  !!6 is hie- in  l!-(in( !n  fie- ent 0e 6!nth b7  8itten (ee6ent& but but the the (e (ee6 e6en entt -!es -!es n!t n!t 6 6'e 'e it cle cle 8het 8hethe he the the 6 6!u !unt nt esee- 8s f! l!-(in( !nl7 ! inclu-e- b!-in( ls!. If thee 8s n7 !l (ee6ent !n the 0!int the s6e 67 be 0!e-. In ;i= Kish!e  L'hn 5i8i AI/ #%, All ?,1)& the -!cu6ent in Ruesti!n 8s !ne b7 8hich the eistence !f  -ee- 8s c'n!8le-(en- it 8s 8s !n  st60 st60 00e 00e.. 5he -!cu6e -!cu6ent nt 8s 8s silent silent b!ut the inteest 07ble n-& theef!e& !l ei-ence 8s !ffee- !n the 0!int. 5he Ruesti!n 8s 8hethe the -!cu6ent 8s s! f!6l s t! shut !ut !l ei-ence. 5he c!ut ll!8e- the ei-ence. 5he 5he c! c!u utt !bse !bse ee- 9 When When the the -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nt is such such tht tht !ne !ne 6 67 7 es!nbl7 beliee tht the entie te6s n- c!n-iti!ns (ee- 8ee s!u(ht t! be 0ut int! the -!cu6ent& then !l ei-ence sh!ul- n!t be ll!8e ll!8e-. -. 4ene 4enell ll7 7 s0e' s0e'in( in(&& 6e 6ee e c'n!8 c'n!8lele-(6e (6ent nt !f -ebt& -ebt& een een th!u(h st60e-& cnn!t be -ee6e- t! be such  f!6l -!cu6ent s t! inc!0 inc!0! !t te e ll ll the te6s te6s nn- c!n-it c!n-iti!n i!ns s !f the b!!8in b!!8in(. (. It is bsicll7 n c'n!8le-(6ent !f libilit7 n!t 6enti!nin( the te6s nc!n-iti!ns !n 8hich the b!!8in( 8s c!ntcte-. In tht sense& it -iffe -iffes s f!6 f!6  f!6 f!6l l 0!n 0!n!t !te e 8hic 8hich h inc! inc!0 0! !t tes es the the te6 te6s s nnc!n-iti!ns !f l!n.

?)

C!n-iti!n C!n-iti!n 0ece-ent 0ece-ent 0!is! 0!is! ?& Sec.%") Sec.%") * 5he 5he eistence eistence !f n7

se0 se0 te te !l !l (e (ee6 e6en entt c! c!ns nsti titu tuti tin( n( c! c!n-i n-iti ti!n !n 0ec 0ecee-en entt t! the the ttchin( !f n7 !bli(ti!n un-e the -!cu6ent 67 be 0!e-. 5his ece0ti!n 6ens tht 8hee thee is  se0te !l (ee6ent tht the te6s !f  8itten c!ntct e n!t t! t'e effect until  c!n-iti!n 0ec 0ecee-en entt

hs hs

been been

fulf fulfil ille le-

!



cet ceti inO nO/A /AL$ L$D DOC

EVIDENCE %: eent hs h00ene-& !l ei-ence is -6issible t! sh!8 tht s the eent -i- n!t t'e 0lce& thee is n! 8itten (ee6ent t ll. 5hus& if  ecei0t f! 076ent hs been sent !n n !l un-estn-in( tht the ecei0t 8s t! 00l7 !nl7 8hen 076ent 8s 6-e& this fct 67 be 0!e- illustti!n t! Sec.%"). Si6ill7& 8hee the 0ties t!  0!6iss!7 n!te 07ble !n -e6n-& !ll7 (ee- tht 076ent 8!ul8!ul- n!t be -e6n-e6n-ee- f! fie 7es 7es&& the c!ut ll!8ell!8e- the !l (ee6ent t! be 0!e- Nin-s  P066l AI/ #%2, SC ???). 1)

/ecis /ecissi!n si!n ! 6!-ifi 6!-ifict cti!n i!n 0!i 0!is! s! 1& Sec.% Sec.%") ") * Whee Whee fte fte

eecutin(  -!cu6ent& the 0ties !ll7 (ee t! tet ii s cncelle! t! 6!-if7 s!6e !f its te6s& such !l (ee6ent 67 be 0!e-. H!8ee& 8hee the c!ntct is !ne 8hich is eRuie- b7 l8 t! be in 8itin(& ! 8hee it hs been e(istee- l8full7& then 0!!f cnn!t be (ien !f n7 !l (ee6ent b7 8hich it 8s (ee- eithe t! escinthe c!ntct ! t! 6!-if7 its te6s. :)

!l ei-ence is -6issible t! e0lin ! su00l7 te6s in c!66ecil tnscti!ns !n the 0esu60ti!n tht the 0ties -i- n!t inten- t! 0ut int! int! 8it 8itin( in( the the 8h!l 8h!le e !f thei thei (e (ee6 e6en ent& t& but but tci tcitl tl7 7 i60 i60lie lie-l7 -l7)) (e (eee- tht tht thei thei c! c!nt nt ct ct 8s 8s t! be inte inte0 0e ete te- ! e(u e(ul lte te- b7 estblishe- us(es n- cust!6s& 0!i-e- the7 e n!t inc!nsistent

8ith the te6s !f such c!ntct. 5hus& !l ei-ence 67 be !ffeetht b7 the cust!6 !f the t-e the selle h- t! n(e f! 8(!ns ;e=!7 Kishn  N.;. Su( Mills C!. AI/ #%1% Cl 1%+). 2)

/elti!n !f ln(u(e t! fcts 0!is! 2& Sec.%") * An7 fct 67

be 0!e- 8hich sh!8s in 8ht 6nne the ln(u(e !f  -!cu6ent is elte- t! eistin( fcts. 5his ece0ti!n c!6es int! 0l7 8hen thee is ltent 6bi(uit7 in  -!cu6ent i.e. &9 & 8hen thee is  c!nflict bet8een the 0lin 6enin( !f the ln(u(e use- n- the eistin( fcts. In such cses& ei-ence !f the su!un-in( s u!un-in( cicu6stnces 67 be -6itte- t! scetin the el intenti!n !f the 0ties. 5hus& the c!n-uct !f the 0ties cn ls! be t'en int! cc!unt s! s t! fin- !ut 8ht the7 6i(ht 6ent b7 thei 8!-s. Whee& f! e60le&  0es!n tnsfes the 8h!le !f his 0!0et7& but -!es n!t -escibe ! stte 8ht his 0!0et7 is. In such cses the 0!0 0!0e et7 t7 t! 8hic 8hich h the the -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nt el elte tes s c cn n be 0! 0!ee- b7 ! !l ei-en ei-ence. ce. Ol Ol ei-en ei-ence ce is ls! ls! ecei eceibl ble e t! th!8 th!8 li(ht li(ht u0!n u0!n the ntue !f  -!cu6ent. ,)

A00!int6e A00!int6ent nt !f  0ublic 0ublic !ffice !ffice ece0ti!n ece0ti!n #& Sec.%#) Sec.%#) * Whee Whee

the 00!int6ent !f  0ublic !ffice is eRuie- b7 l8 t! be

%2 LAW OF EVIDENCE 6-e b7 8itin( n- the Ruesti!n is 8hethe n 00!int6ent 8s 6-e& if it is sh!8n tht  0ticul 0es!n hs cte- s such !ffice& tht tht 8ill 8ill be suffi sufficie cient nt 0!! 0!!ff nn- the the 8it 8itin in( ( neenee- n!t n!t be 0! 0!ee-..  )

& Wills ece0ti! ece0ti!n n "& "& Sec.% Sec.%#) #) * Wills -6itte-6itte- t! 0!bte 0!bte in In-i

67 be 0!e- b7 the 0!bte. 5he -!cu6ent c!ntinin( the 8ill neen!t be 0!-uce-.

%)

Etne!us fcts e0lnti!n ?& Sec.%#) * Whee in --iti!n t!

the te6s !f the c!ntct& etc.  -!cu6ent efes t! n7 !the fct ls!& s t! tht fct !l ei-ence is l87s ll!8e-. A c!ntct f! sle !f (!!-s 6enti!n tht (!!-s su00lie- !n elie !ccsi!ns he been 0i- f!. Since this is n!t  te6 !f the c!ntct& it is n etne!us fct n-& theef!e& !l ei-ence cn be !ffee- t! sh!8 tht n! such 076ent 8s ee 6-e illustti!n t! Sec.%#) 5!0ic*: ;est Ei-ence ule 5he 6in !b=ect !f the l8 !f ei-ence is t! estict the inesti(ti!n 6-e b7 c!uts 8ithin the b!un-s 0escibe- b7 (enel c!nenience. 5hus& the ei-ence 6ust be c!nfine- t! the 6tte in issue& hes7 ei-ence 6ust n!t be -6itte-& n-& the best ei-ence 6ust be (ien in ll cses. 5he best ei-ence ule 6ens tht the best ei-ence !f 8hich the cse in its ntue is susce0tible 6ust l87s be 0!-uce-. 5he ule -!es n!t eRuie the 0!-ucti!n !f the (etest 0!ssible Runtit7 !f ei-ence& but it is f6e- t! 0eent the int!-ucti!n !f n7 ei-ence 8hich ises the su00!siti!n tht thee is bette ei-ence behin- it& in 0!ssessi!n 0!ssessi!n ! un-e c!nt!l c!nt!l !f the 0t7 b7 8hich he 6i(ht 0!e the s6e fct& n- 8hich is 8ithhel- b7 the 0t7. It is !ne !f the c-inl ules !f the l8 !f ei-ence tht the best ei-ence in 0!ssessi!n !f the 0t7 6ust l87s be (ien& i.e.& if  fct is t! be 0!e- b7 !l ei-ence& the ei-ence 6ust be tht !f  0es 0es!n !n 8h! 8h! hh- -ie -iect ctl7 l7 0ec 0ecei eie e- the the fct fct t! 8hic 8hich h he test testif ifie ies. s. Othe8ise& it 8!ulbe i60!ssible t! test& b7 c!ss*e6inti!n& the tuth !f the testi6!n7 n- the l8 e=ects the ei-ence 8hich cnn!t -eRutel7 be teste-. 5hus& hes7 ei-ence is n!t ei-ence it is !nl7 in ece0ti!nl cses tht such ei-ence is -6issible.

Si6il Si6ill7 l7&& 8hee 8hee the tns tnscti cti!n !n s!u(ht s!u(ht t! be 0!e 0!e- is 0i6 0i6il7 il7 eiei-en ence ce- b7  8it 8itin in(& (& the the 8it 8itin in( ( itse itself lf 6ust 6ust be 0!0!-uc ucee- ! cc!unte- f!. It is !nl7 in the bsence !f best ! 0i67 ei-ence !i( !i(in inl l -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nt)) tht tht the the c! c!u utt 8ill 8ill c cce ce0t 0t 8ht 8ht is 'n!8 'n!8n n s sec!n-7 ei-ence c!07 !f :. One !f the 6in 0u0!ses !f the Ei-ence Act is tht ;est Ei-ence 6ust

c!6e

bef!e

XLC.II*%? XLC.II*%?YO/A YO/AL$DO L$DOC />

the

c!ut.

EVIDENCE EVIDENCE

C!66ent. ■

%, the !i(in !i(inl l -!cu6e -!cu6ent) nt).. Sec!n Sec!n- -7 7 ei-e ei-ence nce 8ill 8ill nee nee be ecei eceieeuntil the 0t7 ten-ein( it 0!es tht it is !ut !f his 0!8e t! !btin the best ei-ence. Futhe Futhe& it is  8ell*e 8ell*est stbli blishe she- ule ule !f l8 l8 tht tht 8hene 8henee e 8itte 8itten n instu6ents e in!le-& n7 !the ei-ence e.(. !l) is eclu-ef!6 f!6 bein bein( ( useuse-&& eith eithe e s  subst substit itut ute e f! f! such such inst instu u6e 6ent nt ! t! c!nt c!nt-ic -ictt such such instu6 instu6ent ent /ule /ule !f eclu eclusi! si!n n !f !l !l ei-e ei-ence nce b7 -!cu6ent7 ei-ence). 5he 8itten instu6ents e entitle- t! 6!e ce-it thn 0!le ! !l) ei-ence. H!8ee& in cetin ece0ti!nl cses& n !l ei-ence cn be (ien e(-in( the -!cu6ents See A.1).

;
5he bu-en !f 0!!f 6ens the !bli(ti!n t! 0!e  fct. Ee7 0t7 hs t! estblish fcts 8hich (! in his f!u ! (inst his !00!nent. An- this is the bu-en !f 0!!f. 5he 0hse bu-en !f 0!!f hs t8! -istinct 6enin(s 9 #)

;u-en ;u-en !f 0!!f 0!!f s  6tt 6tte e !f l8 n- 0le-i 0le-in( n( * i.e. i.e.&& the

bu-en !f 0!in( ll the fcts ! estblishin( !nes cse. 5his bu-en ests u0!n the 0t7& 8hethe 0lintiff ! -efen-nt& 8h! substntill7 ssets the ffi6tie !f the issue. It is fie-& t the be(innin( !f the til& b7 the stte6ents !f 0le-in(s& n- it is settle- s  Ruesti!n !f l8 l8&

e6 e6in inin in( (

unch unchn n(e (e-

un-e un-e

n7 n7

cic cicu6 u6st stn nce ces s

8ht 8hte ee e

Sec.#+#). ")

;u-en !f 0!!f s  6tte !f --ucin( ei-ence * eithe t the

be(innin( be(innin( ! t n7 0ticul 0ticul st(e !f the cse. cse. It is l87s l87s unstble n- 67 shift c!nstntl7 th!u(h!ut the til Sees. #+"*#+?). It lies t fist !n the 0t7 8h! 8!ulbe unsuccessful if n! ei-ence t ll 8s 8s (ie (ien n !n eith eithe e si-e si-e.. 5he 5he bubu-en en 6ust 6ust shif shiftt s s! s!!n !n s he 0!-uces ei-ence 8hich 0i6 fcie (ies ise t!  0esu60ti!n in his f! f!u u.. It 6 67 7 (i (in n shif shiftt bc' bc' !n hi6& hi6& if the the ebu ebutt ttin in( ( ei-e ei-enc nce e 0!-uce- b7 his !00!nent 0e0!n-etes. 5his bein( the 0!siti!n& the Ruesti!n s t! the !nus !f 0!!f is !nl7  ule f! -eci-in( !n 8h!6 the !bli(ti!n ests !f (!in( futhe if he 8ishes t! 8in. Sec.#+#. ;u-en !f 0!!f Wh!ee -esies n7 c!ut t! (ie =u-(e6ent s t! n7 le(l i(ht ! libilit7 -e0en-ent !n the eistence !f fcts 8hich he ssets& 6ust 0!e tht th!se fcts eist. When  0es!n is b!un- t! 0!e the eistence !f n7 fct& it is si- tht the bu-en !f 0!!f lies !n tht 0es!n. #. Wite  sh!t n!te !n ;u-en !f P!!f. XC.LC*%# LC.$$*%:Y;
%% Illus Illust tt ti! i!n n * A -esi -esie es s  c! c!u utt t! (ie (ie =u-( =u-(e6 e6en entt tht tht ; shl shlll be 0unishe- f!  ci6e 8hich A s7s ; hs c!66itte-. A 6ust 0!e tht ; hs c!66itte- the ci6e. Sec. #+". On 8h!6 bu-en !f 0!!f 0 !!f lies 5he bu-en !f 0!!f in  suit ! 0!cee-in( lies !n tht 0es!n 8h! 8!ul- fil if n! ei-ence t ll 8ee (ien !n eithe si-e. Illustti!n * A sues ; f! ln- !f 8hich ; is in 0!ssessi!n& n- 8hich& s A ssets& 8s left t! A b7 the 8ill !f C& ;s fthe. If n! ei-ence 8ee (ien !n eithe si-e& ; 8!ulbe entitle- t! etin his 0!ssessi!n. Si6ill7& in cses !f insnit7& bu-en !f 0!in( tht fct lies !n the 0es!n 8h! 8nts t! el7 !n it. i t. Sec. #+?. ;u-en !f 0!!f s t! 0ticul fct 5he bu-en !f 0!!f s t! n7 0ticul fct lies !n tht 0es!n 8h! 8ishes the c!ut t! beliee in its i ts eistence& unless it is 0!i-e0 !i-e- b7 n7 l8 tht the 0!!f !f tht fct shll lie !n n7 0ticul 0es!n. Illustti!n * A 0!secutes ; f! theft& n- 8ishes the c!ut t! beliee tht ; -6itte- the theft t! C. A 6ust 0!e the -6issi!n. ; 8ishes the c!ut t! beliee tht& t the ti6e in Ruesti!n& he 8s else8hee. He 6ust 0!e it. ;u-en n- !nus !f 0!!f 5hee is n essentil -istincti!n bet8een bu-en !f 0!!f n- !nus !f 0!!f. ;u-en !f 0!!f lies !n the 0es!n 8h! hs t! 0!e  fct n- it nee shifts& but the !nus !f 0!!f shifts. Such  shiftin( !f !nus is  c! c!nt ntinu inu!u !us s 0!c 0!ces ess s in the the el elu uti ti!n !n !f eiei-en ence ce.. 5hus 5hus&& in  ci6inl cse& !nce the 0!secuti!n hs stisfie- the c!ut !f the fct tht the ccuse- c!66itte- the ci6e !f 8hich he is ch(e-& the !nus is shifte- t! the ccuse- t! sh!8 s t! 8h7 he sh!ul- n!t be 0unishef! it -iscusse- b!e).

Onus 0!bn-i * 5he te6 6eel7 6ens tht if  fct hs t! be 0!e-& the 0es!n in 8h!se inteest it is t! 0!e it& sh!ul- --uce s!6e ei-ence& h!8ee sli(ht& u0!n 8hich  c!ut c!ul- fin- the fcts 8hich he -esies the c!ut t! fin-. 5he Ruesti!n !f !nus 0!bn-i is cetinl7 i60!tnt in the el7 st(e !f his cse. When the entie ei-ence 8hich is 0!ssible !n  sub=ect hs le-7 c!6e bef!e the c!ut& f!6 8htee s!uce it 67 be& it is 8ell settle- tht the Ruesti!n !f bu-en !f 0!!f bec!6es i66teil. A 0es!n cnn!t be eliee- !f his bu-en !f 0!in(  fct een if the fct is such tht it is e7 -ifficult ! the i60!ssible t! 0!e. Whee  8ife 8ife in  -i -i!ce !ce 0eti 0etiti ti!n !n lle( lle(ee- -ul -ulte te7 7 !n the the 0t 0t !f he he husbn-& it 8s heltht bu-en 8s u0!n he t! 0!e tht fct nit 8s n! ecuse t! s7 tht it 8s itull7 i60!ssible t! 0!cue ei-ence !f tht fct TPush0 Dtt Mish  Achn Mish AI/ #%%" M.P. "2+).#++ LAW OF EVIDENCE Sec. Sec. #+1. #+1. ;u;u-en en !f 0! 0!in in( ( fct fct t! be 0! 0!ee- t! 6 6'e 'e eiei-en ence ce -6issible 5he bu-en !f 0!in( n7 fct in !-e t! enble n7 0es!n t! (ie ei-ence !f n7 !the fct is !n the 0es!n 8h! 8ishe- t! (ie such ei-ence. F! e60le& A 8ishe- t! 0!e  -7in( -eclti!n b7 ;. A 6ust 0!e ;s -eth. Sec. Sec. #+:. #+:. ;u;u-en en !f 0! 0!in in( ( tht tht c cse se !f c ccu cuse se- c! c!6e 6es s 8ith 8ithin in ece0ti!ns When  0es!n is ccuse- !f n !ffence& the bu-en !f 0!in( tht his cse flls 8ithin n7 ece0ti!n in the I.P.C. ! n7 !the l8& lies !n hi6. F! e60le& A& ccuse- !f 6u-e& lle(es tht& b7 es!n !f uns!un-ness !f 6in-& he -i- n!t 'n!8 the ntue !f the ct. 5he bu-en !f 0!!f is !n A.

Sec. #+2. ;u-en !f 0!in( fct es0ecill7 8ithin 'n!8le-(e When When  fct fct is s0eci s0ecil ll7 l7 8ith 8ithin in the the 'n!8 'n!8le le-( -(e e !f n7 n7 0es 0es!n !n&& the the bu-en !f 0!in( tht fct is u0!n hi6. F! e60le& A is ch(e8ith tellin( !n  il87 8ith!ut  tic'et. 5he bu-en !f 0!in( tht he h-  tic'et is !n hi6. Sec. #+,. ;u-en !f 0!in( -eth Discusse- lte. Sec. #+. ;u-en !f 0!in( tht 0es!n is lie 8h! hs n!t been he- !f f! , 7es Discusse- lte. Sec. #+%. ;u-en !f 0!!f s t! elti!nshi0 in the cses !f 0tnes& ln-l!- n- tennt& 0inci0l n- (ent When 0es!ns he cte- s 0tnes& ! s ln-l!- n- tennt& ! s 0inci0l n- (ent& the bu-en !f 0!in( such elti!nshi0 lies !n the 0es!n 8h! ffi6s it. Sec. ##+. ;u-en !f 0!!f s t! !8neshi0 When  0es!n is in 0!ssessi!n !f n7 thin( s !8ne& the bu-en !f 0!in( tht he is n!t !8ne is !n the 0es!n 8h! ffi6s tht he is n!t the !8ne. Sec. ###. P!!f !f (!!- fith

G

When When  0es 0es!n !n stn stn-s -s t!8 t!8-s -s n!t n!the he in  0!si 0!siti ti!n !n !f cti ctie e c!nfi-ence& the bu-en !f 0!in( the (!!- fith !f n7 tnscti!n bet8een the6 lies !n the 0es!n in ctie c!nfi-ence. P/ES
XLC.I*%:I;
OF

P/OOF

AND

P/ES
#+# -8  0ticul infeence f!6  0ticul fcf.! f!6  0ticul ei-ence& unless n- until the tuth !f such infeence is -is0!e-. 5he effe effect ct !f  0es 0esu6 u60t 0ti! i!n n is tht tht  0t 0t7 7 in 8h!s 8h!se e f! f!u u  fct fct is 0esu6e- is eliee- !f the initil i nitil bu-en !f 0!!f. Pes Pesu6 u60t 0ti! i!ns ns e e the the esu esult lt !f hu6 hu6n n e0e e0ei ien ence ce nn- es es!n !n s 00lie- t! the c!use !f ntue n- the !-in7 fl!8 !f life. If  6n nn- 8!6 8!6n n e e f!un f!un- l!n l!ne e in sus0i sus0ici! ci!us us cicu cicu6s 6st tnc nces es the the l8 l8 0es 0esu6 u6es es*t *th htt the7 the7 8ee 8ee n!t n!t the thee e t! s s7 7 thei thei 0 07es 7es nn- the the -i!ce l8s 8!ul- t'e this s ei-ence !f -ulte7. Pesu60ti!ns e i-s t! the es!nin( n- (u6entti!n& 8hich ssu6e the tuth !f cetin 6ttes f! the 0u0!se !f s!6e (ien inRui7. 5he7 67 be (!un-e- !n (enel e0eience& ! 6eel7 !n 0!lic7 n- c!nenience. F! e60le& the 0esu60ti!n in Sec.##" !f the le(iti6c7 !f  chilb!n t! 6ie- 0ents is  6tte !f 0!lic7 n- e0e-ienc7 n- ls! !f c!nenience. On 8htee bsis the7 est& the7 !0ete in -nce !f (u6ent !f ei-ence. Kin-s !f Pesu60ti!ns? ) Pesu60ti!n !f fct? M7 Pesu6e) Whenee it is 0!i-e- b7 this Act tht the c!ut 67 0esu6e  fct& it 6 67 7 eith eithe e e( e(- such such fct fct s 0! 0!ee-&& unle unless ss nn- unti untill it is -is0!e-& ! 67 cll f! 0!!f !f it Sec.1). Pesu60ti!ns !f fct& ! ntul 0esu60ti!ns& e infeences 8hich the 6in- ntull7 n- l!(icll7 -8s f!6 (ien fcts& ies0ectie !f thei le(l effect. 5he s!uces bein( the c!66!n c!use !f ntul eents& the c!66!n c!use !f hu6n c!n-uct n- the c!66!n c!use !f 0ublic n- 0ite business. F! e60le& 8hee  -!ct! (e n in=ecti!n f! -ete6inti!n !f 0e(nnc7 8hich esulte- in 6isci(e

nn- -et -eth h !f the the 8!6 8!6n& n& it 8s 8s helhel- tht tht the the -!ct -!ct! ! c! c!ul ulbe 0esu6 0esu6ee- t! 'n!8 'n!8 the si-e*effe si-e*effects cts !f the 6e-icine 6e-icine s -!ct! -!ct!s s e e (enell7 inf!6e- !f such effects b7 the 6nufctues !f 6e-icines XA'hil Ku6 D.)  Stte& #%%" C LJ "+"% M.P.Y. A 0esu60ti!n !f this 'inis 8h!ll7 in the -isceti!n !f the c!ut. 5he c!ut 67 ! 67 n!t 0esu6e the eistence !f the fct in Ruesti!n. F! e60le& 8hee  0es!n is sh!8n t! be in 0!ssessi!n !f st!len (!!-s s!!n fte the theft& the c!ut 67 0esu6e tht he 8s the thief hi6self ! h- 'n!8le-(e !f the fct tht the 0!0et7 in Ruesti!n 8s st!len. All the 0esu60ti!ns stte- in Sec.##1 e !f this 'in-. Pesu60ti!ns !f fct e ls! ebuttble& s thei ei-enti7 effect cn be ne(tie- b7  c!nt7 0!!f. 5he c!ut 67 een eRuie futhe 0!!f !f the fct 0esu6e-. ?. Discuss the i!us 'in-s !f 0esu60ti!ns un-e In-in l8. XC.L.C.*%: LC.I*%1 L.C.il*%?# ?. Wht Wht is the the ele ele nce nce !f 0es 0esu6 u60t 0ti! i!ns ns in  0!! 0!!ff !f  fct fctU U XL.C.I*%1[#+" LAW OF EVIDENCE b) Pesu60ti!n !f l8 Shll Pesu6e) Wheee it is li- -!8n tht the c!ut shll 0esu6e  fct& it 6ens tht the c!ut 6ust e(- such fct s 0!e-& unless n- until it is -is0!e- Sec.1). Pesu60ti!ns !f l8 e bit7 infeences 8hich the l8 e0essl7 -iect the =u-(e t! -8 f!6 the 0ticul fcts. 5hese 0esu60ti!ns e e n!th n!thin in( ( but but -e-u -e-uct cti! i!ns ns - -8n f!6 f!6 hu6 hu6n n e0e e0ei ien ence ce nn!bseti!n& n- e0esse- in the f!6 !f tificil ules. 5hese 0esu60ti!ns e l87s l87s !bli(t!7& i.e.& i.e.& the c!ut hs n! !0ti!n in the 6tte& n- is b!un- t! t'e the fct s 0!e-& unless the 0t7 inte intees este te- in -is0 -is0! !i in( n( it 0!0!-uc uces es suff suffic icie ient nt eiei-en ence ce f! f! tht tht

0u0!se. 5hus& the c!ut shll 0esu6e the ccuc7 !f 60s$0lns 6-e b7  4!en6ent uth!it7. 5he 5hee e e e t8! t8! 'in'in-s s !f 0es 0esu6 u60t 0ti! i!ns ns !f l8 l8 9 ebu ebutt ttb ble le sh shl lll 0esu6e) n- iebuttble c!nclusie 0!!f).?b /ebuttble Pesu60ti!n Iebuttble Pesu60ti!n C!nclusie 0!!f) i) It 6ens  0esu60ti!n 8hich cn be !eth!8n b7  c!nt7 ei-ence. ii)

5he c!ut e(- such fct s

0!e- unless n- until it is .

-is0!e-. 5he

c!ut&

hee&

-is0enses 8ith the necessit7 !f f!6l 0!!f Sec. 1). iii) E60les * A 0es!n n!t he- !f f! , 7es is -e-& ! tht  bill !f echn(e hs been (ien f! lue. Sec. Sec. #+: #+: bu bu-e -en n !f 0! 0!in( in( tht tht c cse se !f c ccu cuse se- c! c!6e 6es s 8ith 8ithin in ece0ti!ns) n- Sec.##1*A 0esu60ti!n s t! bsence !f c!nsent in cetin 0!secuti!ns f! 0e). i) It is -8n -8n s! c!nclusie c!nclusiel7 l7 tht n! c!nt7 c!nt7 ei-ence ei-ence is ll!8e-. ll!8e-. It is Juis et -e =ue& i.e.& inc0ble !f ebuttl. ii) 5he c!ut shll !n 0!!f !f !ne fct e(- the !the s 0!e8hen !ne fct is -ecle- t! be c!nclusie 0!!f !f n!the) n- shll n!t ll!8 ei-ence t! -is0!e it. Sec.1). iii) E60les * A chil- un-e  cetin (e is inc0ble !f c!66ittin( n7 ci6e Sec."& IPC). Sec. Sec.1# 1# fin finl l =u-( =u-(e6 e6en entt

in

0!b 0!bt te& e&

6t 6 ti6 i6!n !ni il& l&

-6i -6i lt lt7 7

!

ins!lenc7 =uis-icti!ns e c!nclusie in cetin es0ects)& Sec. ##" c!n c!ncl clus usi ie e 0!! 0!!ff teit!7).

!f le(i le(iti ti6 6c7 c7))

nn-

Sec. Sec.## ##? ?

l lii- cess cessi! i!n n

!f

?b. Wht is c!nclusie 0esu60ti!n !f l8 n- h!8 its ei-enti7 lue lue &

is

-iff -iffe eent ent

f!6 f!6

tht ht

!f

!the the

'in-s in-s

!f

0e 0esu6 su60ti! 0ti!n ns.

XC.L XC.LC. C.**%1[; %1[;
#+? Pesu60ti!n n- P!!f ?c .  P!!f is tht 8hich le-s t! the c!nclusi!n s t! the tuth ! flsit7 !f lle(e- fcts 8hich e the sub=ect !f inRui7. P!!f 67 be effecte- b7 ei-ence& -6issi!ns ! =u-icil n!tice. 5hus& 0esu60ti!ns e the 6ens n- 0!!f is the en- !f =u-icil inRui7. Pesu60ti!n is 6eel7 n infeence. A 0esu60ti!n is n!t in itself ei-ence but !nl7 6'es  0i6 fcie cse f! 0t7 in 8h!se f!u it eists. It in-ictes the 0es!n !n 8h!6 the bu-en !f 0!!f lies. When 0esu60ti!n is c!nclusie& it !bites the 0!-ucti!n !f n7 !the ei-ence. A 0t7 in 8h!se f!u  fct is 0esu6e- is eliee- !f the initil bu-en !f 0!!f. 5he c!ut 0esu6es the eistence !f the fct in his f!u n- 67 ct !n it unless the c!nt7 is sh!8n. Pes Pesu6 u60t 0ti! i!n n nn- !nus !nus !f 0!! 0!!ff e e t8! t8! si-e si-es s !f the the s s6e 6e c! c!in in.. ;ecuse the bu-en !f -is0!in(  fct lies !n the !ne 0t7& 0t7& the c!ut 6ust 0esu6e the fct in f!u !f the !the. A ule !f bu-en !f 0!!f is n!thin( but  ule !f 0esu60ti!n. Pesu60ti!ns eltin( t! -!cu6ents Ss.,%*%+) 5hese 5hese secti! secti!ns ns e f!un-e f!un-e- !n the 6 6i6 i6 !6ni! 0!su6 0!su6unt untu u ite ite esse ct 8hich 6ens ll cts e 0esu6e- t! be i(htl7 -!ne. ;ut  these 0esu60ti!ns e !nl7 0i6 fcie 0esu60ti!ns n- if the -!cu6ents e inc!ect& ei-ence cn be le- t! -is0!e the6. Acc!-in( t! Sec.,%& the c!ut shll 0esu6e t! be (enuine ee7 -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nt 0u0 0u0! !ti tin( n( t! be  cet cetif ific ict te& e& cet cetif ifie ie- c! c!07 07 ! !the !the -!cu6ent& 8hich is b7 the l8 -ecle- t! be -6issible s ei-ence

!f n7 0ticul fct n- 8hich 0u0!ts t! be -ul7 cetifie- b7 n7 !ffice !f the centl c entl ! stte (!en6ent. (!en6ent. Sec.+ inclu-es -!cu6ents 0!-uce- bef!e the c!ut& 0u0!tin( t! be  ec! ec!- ! 6e6! !n-u6 n-u6 !f ei-e i-enc nce e. Sec. Sec. # incl inclu u-es -es ll (!e (!en6e n6ent nt 0ublic 0ublicti! ti!ns ns 0ubli 0ublic c -!cu6 -!cu6ent ents) s) e.(. e.(. cuen cuenc7 c7 n!tes& n!tes& =u-icil 00es& 0!stl st60s& etc. Sec.? inclu-es 60s n- 0lns 6-e b7 the uth!it7 !f (!en6ent. Sec.1 inclu-es ll 0ublicti!ns !f =u-icil ec!-s ! -ecisi!ns. Sec.%+ l7s -!8n tht 8hee  -!cu6ent is 0u0!te- ! 0!e- t! be ?+*7 ?+*7e e !l!l- nn- is 0!0!-uc ucee- f!6 f!6 n7 n7 cust cust!!-7 7 8hich 8hich the the c! c!u utt in 0ticul cse c!nsi-es 0!0e& 0!0e& the c!ut 67 0esu6e tht si(ntue n- ee7 0t7 !f -!cu6ent is in tht 0es!ns hn-8itin(& n- in cse !f -!cu6ent tteste- ! eecute- tht it 8s -ul7 tteste- ! eec eecut utee- b7 the the 0es 0es!n !n b7 8h!6 8h!6 it 0u0 0u0! !ts ts t! be tte ttest stee- ! eec eecut utee-.. 5he 5he bsi bsis s !f the the sect secti! i!n n is tht tht s ti6e ti6e 0ss 0sses es&& the the eecutnts& en-!s& 8itnesses 67 n!t be ilble ilble t! 0!e title& etc. 5hus& if  0es!n hs been h!l-in(  0!0et7 f! !e ?+ 7es un-e  sle*-ee-& the c!ut 67 0esu6e

?^. Pesu60ti!ns n- !nus !f 0!!f e t8! si-es !f the s6e c!in. Elb!te. XL.C.II*%?[#+1 LAW OF EVIDENCE in tht 0es!ns f!u. It 67 be n!tetht thee is n! 0esu60ti!n tht the eecutnt h- the uth!it7 t! -! ! n!t 8ht the -!cu6ent 0u0!ts t! -!& n- 8hethe the c!ntents !f -!cu6ent e tue ! n!t. Pesu60ti!n !f inn!cence n- Sec. #+: 5h!u(h the ccuseis 0esu6e- t! be inn!cent& but Sec. #+: ises  0esu60ti!n (inst the ccuse- n- ls! th!8s  bu-en !n hi6 t!

ebut the si- 0esu60ti!n. Acc!-in( t! Sec. #+:& 8hen  0es!n is ccu c cuse se- !f n7 n7 !ffe !ffenc nce& e& the the bubu-en en !f 0! 0!in in( ( the the eis eiste tenc nce e !f cicu6stnces bin(in( the cse 8ithin n7 !f the 4enel Ece0ti!ns in the I.P.C.& is u0!n hi6 n- the c!ut shll 0esu6e the bsence !f such cicu6stnces. Pesu60ti!n !f sui!shi0 ! bu-en !f 0!in( -eth Ss. #+,*#+) #+,*#+) 5he 5hee e is  (ene (ene ll 0es 0esu6 u60t 0ti! i!n n !f c! c!nt ntin inui uit7 t7 !f thin thin(s (s.. Sec. Sec. #+, #+, 0!i-es tht 8hen  0es!n is sh!8n t! he eiste- 8ithin the lst ?+ 7es& the 0esu60ti!n is tht he is still lie n- if n7b!-7 lle(es tht he is -e-& he 6ust 0!e tht fct. 5his 0esu60ti!n is& h!8ee& h!8ee& n!t  e7 st!n( !ne. Acc!-in( t! Sec. #+& if  0es!n is n!t he- !f f! , 7es& the 0esu60ti!n is tht he hs -ie-& n-& if n7 b!-7 lle(es tht he is still lie& he 6ust 0!e tht fct. 5hus& seen 7es bsence cetes ebuttble 0esu60ti!n !f -eth. 5hee is  si60le 0esu60ti!n !f -eth n- n!t !f the ti6e !f -eth& f! 8hich n in-e0en-ent ei-ence is nee-e-. In Muh66- Shif  ;n-e Ali IL/ #%##) ?1 All ?2)& !ne M 6!t((e- cetin 0!0et7 t! the -efen-nt in #%+. 5heefte he -is00ee- n- n!thin( 8s he he- !f hi6 hi6 (i (in. n. His His hei heis s file file-  suit suit f! f! the the e-e e-e60 60ti ti!n !n !f 6!t 6! t( ((e (e # 7e 7es s fte fte Ms Ms bse bsence nce.. 5he7 5he7 c! c!nt nten en-e -e- tht tht s M -is00ee- s!6e # 7es (!& he 6ust be* 0esu6e- t! he been -e- f! the lst ## 7es. It 8s heltht 0esu60ti!n in Sec. #+ -!es -!es n!t n!t (! fut futhe he th thn the the 6ee fct fct !f -e -eth. th. 5he hee is n! 0esu60ti!n tht he -ie- in the fist , 7es ! in the lst , 7es. If  0es!n is n!t he- !f& f! 6!e thn , 7es& thee is n! 0esu60ti!n tht such 0es!n -ie- -uin( fist 0ei!- !f , 7es n- n!t t n7 subseRuent 0ei!-. Pesu60ti!n !f le(iti6c7 Sec. ##")

See un-e the uesti!ns Secti!n. Pesu60ti!n s t! bet6ent !f suici-e b7  6ie- 8!6n Sec. ##? A) Sec. ##?*A -els 8ith the Ruesti!n !f bet6ent !f 8!6ns suici-e b7 he husbn- ! n7 !f his elties. In such cses&  0esu60ti!n ises tht such  suici-e hs been bette- b7 the husbn- ! his elties& if the f!ll!8in( t8! c!n-iti!ns e stisfie- 9*;
hss6ent in c!nnecti!n 8ith n7 -e6n- f! -!87& the c!ut shll 0esu6e tht such  0es!n h- cuse- the -!87 -eth. Pesu60ti!n !f eistence !f cetin fcts Sec. ##1) 5he c!ut 67 0esu6e the eistence !f n7 fct 8hich it thin's li'el7 t! he h00ene-& e(- bein( h- t! the c!66!n c!use !f ) ntu ntu ll een eents ts&& b) b) hu6 hu6n n c! c!nn-uc uct& t& nn- c) c) 0ubl 0ublic ic nn- 0i 0i te business& in thei elti!n t! the fcts !f the 0ticul cse. Sec. ##1 is bse- !n the 6i6 tht ll e 0esu6e- t! he been -!ne c!ectl7 n- e(ull7. Sec. ##1 uth!ises the c!ut t! 6'e cetin 0esu60ti!ns !f fcts& 8ith!ut the hel0 !f n7 tificil ules !f l8. Such 0esu60ti!ns !f fcts e l87s ebuttble i.e. cn be -is0!e- b7  c!nt7 fct). L!!'in( t s! 6n7 fct!s if the c!ut thin's tht  0ticul fct sh!ul- eist& it 0esu6es the eistence !f the fct. If& f! e60le&  0es!n efuses t! ns8e  Ruesti!n the c!u c! utt 6 67 7 0es 0esu6 u6e e tht tht the the ns8 ns8e e&& if (ien (ien&& 8!ul 8!ul- he he been been unf!uble t! the 0es!n c!ncene-. 5hee is the 0esu60ti!n tht ee7 0es!n is 0esu6e- t! inten- the ntul c!nseRuences !f his ct& tht ee7 0es!n ch(e- 8ith  ci6e is inn!cent& etc. Illustti!ns * 5he c!ut 67 0esu6e  ) 5ht  6n in 0!ssessi!n !f st!len (!!-s fte the theft is eithe the thief ! hs eceie- the (!!-s 'n!8in( the6 t! be st!len& unless he

cn

cc!unt

f!

his

0!ssessi!n.#+2

LAW OF EVIDENCE b) b)

5ht 5ht n c cc! c!60 60li lice ce is un8 un8!th !th7 7 !f !f ce ce-i -it& t& unle unless ss he is

c!!b!te- in 6teil 0ticuls. c)

5ht  bill !f echn(e echn(e&&  cce0t cce0tee- ! en-!se-& en-!se-& 8s cce0tecce0te- !

en-!se- f! (!!- c!nsi-eti!n.

-)

5ht  thin( ! stte !f thin(s thin(s 8hich 8hich hs been sh!8n sh!8n t! t! be in

eistence eistence 8ithin  0ei!0ei!- sh!te thn tht 8ithin 8hich such thin( ! stte !f thin(s usull7 cese t! eist& is still in eistence. e)

5ht =u-icil =u-icil n- !fficil !fficil cts he he been e(ull7 e(ull7 0ef!6e0ef!6e- if

the =u-icil ct 8s 0ef!6e- un-e ece0ti!nl cicu6stnces& the c!ut shll he e(- t! such fct). f)

5ht 5ht the the c! c!66 66!n !n c! c!u use se !f busin busines ess s hs hs been been f!ll f!ll!8 !8ee- in

0ticul cse if the usul c!use 8s inteu00te- b7 -istubnces& the c!ut shll he e(- t! such fct). ()

5ht 5ht ei-e ei-ence nce 8hich 8hich c!ulc!ulbe n- is n!t 0!-uc 0!-ucee- 8!ul-& 8!ul-& if

0!0!-uc ucee-&& be unf unf! !u ub ble le t! the the 0es 0es!n !n 8ith 8ithh! h!ll-in in( ( it if  6 6n n efuses t! 0!-uce  -!cu6ent 8hich 8!ulbe !n  c!ntct !f s6ll i60!tnce !n 8hich he is sue-& but 8hich 6i(ht ls! in=ue the feelin(s n- e0utti!ns !f his f6il7& the c!ut shll he e(- t! such fct). h) h) 5ht 5ht&& if  6 6n n efu efuse ses s t! ns8 ns8e e  Rues Ruesti ti!n !n 8hic 8hich h he is n!t n!t c!6 c! 60ell 0elle e-

t! ns8e s8e

b7 l8 l8& the ns8 ns8e& if (ie ien& 8!ul!ulbe

unf!uble t! hi6 if the ns8e 6i(ht cuse l!ss t! hi6 in 6ttes unc!nnecte- 8ith the 6tte in elti!n t! 8hich it is s'e-& the c!ut shll he e(- t! such fct). i) 5ht& 8hen  -!cu6ent cetin( n !bli(ti!n is in the hn-s !f the !bli(! the !bli(ti!n hs been -isch(e- if it 00es tht !bli(! 67 he st!len it& the c!ut shll he e(- t! such fct). In efeence t! illustti!n e)& the Su0e6e C!ut hs !bsee- 9 A 0esu60ti!n hs t! be -8n un-e Sec. ##1e) tht the c!60etent uth!it7 6ust he bef!e it the necess7 6teils 8hich 0i6 fcie estblish the c!66issi!n !f the !ffence ch(e- n- tht the uth!it7 h- 00lie- its 6in- bef!e ten-ein( the c!nsent Stte !f ;ih  P.P. Sh6 AI/ #%%# SC #"2+). In ShhnB  D. Vi=7 AI/

#%%: ;!6 ?+)& fte  =u-icil -i!ce& the 8ife 8s n!t 0e6itte- t! s7 tht he si(ntue !n the -i!ce -i !ce 0etiti!n 8s t'en b7 f!ce. 5he Su0e6e C!ut hs !bsee-& c!66entin( !n illustti!n ()& tht n -ese infeence (inst  0t7 f! his filue t! 00e in c!ut cn be -8n !nl7 in bsence !f n7 ei-ence !n ec!-. Whee the -6issi!n !f the 0ties n- !the 6teils !n ec!- 60l7 0!e the 0!int in issue& n! 0esu60ti!n cn be ise- (inst the 0es!n 8h! 8h! hs hs fil filee- t! 00e 00e in the the c! c!u utt XP XPn-u n-u n( Ji Ji=i =i A0te A0te  /6chn-& #%#);
5his 0esu60ti!n 8!ul- 00l7 n!t !nl7 t! 0e cses& but ls! t! cses !f tte60te- 0e& s f! instnce& 8hen the icti6 8s -is!be- ntte60ts 8ee 6-e t! 0e he& 8hich h!8ee c!ul- n!t 6teilise becuse !f inteenin( cicu6stnces F(nu ;hi  Stte !f Oiss&& #%%" C LJ #+). In  ecent cse !f lle(e- (n( 0e !f  (il b!e #2& the F.I./. 8s l!-(e- , -7s fte the !ccuence. 5he (il -6itte- tht she s he 8s -esi!us !f 67in( !ne !f the ccuse-& n- the che6icl e6ines e0!t n c!unte t! n7 seul intec!use& in the cicu6stnces& it 8s heltht the 0esu60ti!n un-e Sec. ##1*A c!ul- n!t be in!'eShl(hn  Stte !f M.P.& #%%? C. LJ #"+). Pesu60ti!n !f 6i(e A st!n( 0esu60ti!n ises in f!u !f 8e-l!c' 8hee the 0tnes  6n n- 8!6n) he lie- t!(ethe f!  l!n( s0ell s husbnn- 8ife& n- tete- s such b7 the elties n- fien-s. Alth!u(h the 0esu60ti!n is ebuttble&  he7 bu-en lies !n hi6 8h! see's t! -e0 -e0i ie e the the el elti ti!n !nsh shi0 i0 !f le( le(ll !i( !i(in in l8 l8 len lens s in f! f!u u !f le(iti6c7 n- f!8ns u0!n bst-7. bst-7. IMPO/5AN5 5OPICS$ILL
;ith

-uin(

6i(e

c!nclusie

0!!f

!f

le(iti6c7

aaaaaaaaSec. aaaaaaaaSec. ##")aaaaaaaaaa ##")aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa&ftU aaaa&ftU 1) A Hin-u 8!6n& 8s 6ie- t! S in Oct!be #%2. S -ie- in June #%%+. She then 6ie- n!the 6n K in Jul7 #%%+ n- (e bith t!  s!n in Se0te6be #%%+. Cn It be l8full7 cli6e- tht thu MM i 

#+ OF EVIDENCE

LAW

Acc!-in( t! Sec. ##"& the fct tht n7 0es!n 8s b!n * #)

-uin( the c!ntinunce !f  li- 6i(e bet8een his 6!the

n- n7 6n& ! ")

8ithin t8! hun-ehun-e- n- ei(ht7 ei(ht7 -7s fte fte its -iss!luti!n -iss!luti!n the

6!th 6! the e e6 e6in inin in( ( un6 un6 ie ie-) -)&& is c! c!nc nclu lusi sie e 0!! 0!!ff tht tht he is the the le(iti6te s!n !f tht 6n& unless it cn be sh!8n tht the 0ties t! the 6i(e h- n! ccess t! ech !the t n7 ti6e 8hen he c!ulhe been be(!tten. Se60e 0esu6ite 0! le(iti6ti!ne 0ue!u6 it is l87s t! be 0esu6e- tht chil-en e le(iti6te * le(l 6i6). Sec. ##" is n instn instnce ce !f l8 futhe futhein in( ( s!cil s!cil !b=ect !b=ectie ies s b7 lenin lenin( ( (ins (instt the ten-enc7 t! bste-ise the chil-. It -!es s! b7 6'in(  c!nclusie 0esu60ti!n in f!u !f the le(iti6c7 !f the chil- 5he bsis !f the ule c!ntine- in Sec. ##" see6s t! be  n!tice tht it is un-esible t! enRuie int! the 0tenit7 !f  chil- 8h!se 0etns he ccess t! ech !the. 5he f!ll!8in( i60!tnt 0!ints& e(-in( Sec. ##"& 67 be n!te-9* i)

5his secti! secti!n n efes efes t! the the 0!int 0!int !f ti6e ti6e !f the bith bith !f the the chilchil- s

the -eci-in( fct! n- n!t t! the ti6e !f c!nce0ti! !f tht chil- the ltt ltte e 0!in 0!intt !f ti6e ti6e hs hs t! be c! c!ns nsii-e eec ec !nl7 !nl7 t! see see 8het 8hethe he the the husbn- h- n! ccess t! the 6!the. 6!the. ii) As le(iti6c7 in!les seul intec!use bet8een husbn- n8ife& thee is theef!e&  0esu60ti!n 8hen  chil- is c!nceie- nb!n -uin( 6i(e tht such intec!use t!!' 0lce t  ti6e 8hen cc!-in( t! the l8s !f ntue& the husbn- c!ulbe the fthe !f chil-. iii) 5he 0esu60ti!n 00lies 8ith eRul f!ce een 8hee the chil- is b!n 8ithin  fe8 -7s ! een h!us fte the 6i(e. Futhe& it is

i66teil tht the 6!the 8s 6ie- ! n!t t the ti6e !f the c!nce0ti!n.



Sethu  Plni XIL/ #%":) 1% M- :"?Y * A Hin-u 8!6n 8s 6iet! S in Oct. #%+?. She 8s -i!ce- b7 hi6 in June #%+1. She 6ieC!nt-....) b) S!!n fte 6i(e the husbn- n- 8ife 8ee estn(e-. 5he7 c!ntinue t! lie in the s6e h!use& but h- se0te be-*!!6s n'itchen& etc. Just !e #+ 6!nths fte 6i(e&  -u(hte 8s b!n t! the the c! c!u u0le 0le. Sus0e s0ectin ctin( ( the the fi-e fi-eli litt7 !f his his 8ife 8ife the husb husb n-iscli -iscli6e 6e- the -u(hte -u(hte i(ht f!6 the ti6e !f he bith. bith. Cn Cn the husbn- --uce ei-ence !f 9 #) ") ")

;l!!- test t! -is0ute the 0tenit7 !f the s!n. A-ul A-ulte te! !us us elti elti!n !nsh shi0 i0 !f his his 8ife 8ife&& in !-e !-e t! -is0 -is0ut ute e the the

0esu60ti!n !f le(iti6c7 !f the s!n U

XC.LC.*

%#$%1$%:$%2& LC.I*%1$%:t2Y;
his chil- unless the 6n 0!es tht he h- n! ccess t! the 8!6n 8hen he c!ul- he been be(!tten. i) Sec.##" 00es t! 0!i-e  si60le 0esu60ti!n !f le(iti6c7 8hich 00lies t! chil-en b!n -uin(  6i(e 8hethe c!nceiebef!e bef!e ! fte fte the 6 6i i(e (e t!!' t!!' 0lce& 0lce& n- t! chil- chil-en en c!ncei c!nceie e-uin( the 6i(e& 8hethe b!n bef!e the 6i(e is -iss!le- b7 the husbn-s -eth ! !the8ise. ) 5he 0hse n!n*ccess i60lies n!n*eistence !f !00!tunit7 f! 0h7s 0h7sic icl l inte intec c!u !us se. e. As the the 0es 0esu6 u60t 0ti! i!n n !f le(i le(iti ti6 6c7 c7 is hi(h hi(hl7 l7 f!ue- b7 l8 it is necess7 tht 0!!f !f n!n*ccess 6ust be cle n- stisfct!7. In Chilu'ui Ven'tes8lu  Chilu'ui Ven'tn7n AI/ #%:1 SC #,2) #,2)&& the the husb husbn n- tie tie- t! sh!8 sh!8 tht tht he hh- 0! 0!i-e i-e- se0 se0 te te esi-ence t! h=s sec!n- 8ife n- theefte nee isite- he. 5he 8ife lle(e- isits b7the husbn- n- the husbn- bein( n!t ble t! 0!e his lle(ti!n&  chil- b!n b7 the sec!n- 8ife 8s 0esu6e- t! be  le(iti6te chil-. Een the illness !f the husbn- 67 n!t be sufficient t! -is0lce the 0esu60ti!n !f ccess& unless the illness is t!tll7 -isblin(. 5he 8!ccess 6ens effectie ccess s is sh!8n b7 the use !f the 8!-s 8he 8hen n he c! c!ul ul- he he been been be(! be(!tt tten en nn- 0h7 0h7sic sicll inc inc0 0ci citt7 t! 0!cete 6!unts t! n!n*ccess 8ithin the 6enin( !f this secti!n. In Chn Chn- -6 6t thi hi  FBh FBhet etti ti ; ;l ln n AI/ AI/ #%" #%" Ke Ke 2)& 2)&  6 6 ie ie8!6 8!6n n bec bec6e 6e 0e( 0e(n nnt nt een een fte fte he he husb husbn n- hh- un-e un-e( (!n !ne e sect!67 !0eti!n.5he c!ut heltht sect!67 8s n!t sufficient b7 itself t! !e th!8 the 0esu60ti!n !f le(iti6c7. N! 0!!f 8s !ffee- t! sh!8 8hethe the !0eti!n 8s successful. N! thee 8s n7 ei-ence ei-ence e(-in( e(-in( the fct tht 0ties h- n! ccess bef!e the c!nce0ti!n.

i) ;i!6e-icl tests * In s!6e ecent cses it hs been heltht !nl7 87 t! ebut 0esu60ti!n un-e Sec.##" is b7 0!in( LAW OF EVIDENCE n!n*ccess& n- bi!6e-icl ei-ences li'e bl!!- test& DNA test& etc. cnn!t be ll!8e- X4ut6 Kun-u  Stte !f W.;. AI/ #%%? SC ""%: 5ush /!7  Su'l /!7& #%%? C LJ #2:% Cl)Y. Whee& h!8ee& such ei-ences e ilble& it cn be use- s  cicu6stntil ei-ence. ii) It 67 be n!tetht n -6issi!n b7 the 8ife tht the chil- is ille(iti6te is -6issible in ei-ence. Decisi!n !f the cse in Ruesti!n In the 0esent cse& the s!n hs been b!n -uin( c!ntinunce !f li6i(e bet8een his 6!the n- n!the 6n& K.
n!tificti!n in the !fficil (Bette. 5he 0etiti!nes c!nten-e- tht the si- cti!n i!lte thei fun-6entl i(hts un-e Aticle #% t! 0!ssess sis i- lnln- nn- c c 7 7 !n thei thei t t-e& -e& etc. etc. An-& An-& the the (! (!en6 en6en ent tll -eclti!n is c!nclusie ei-ence !nl7 !f  nee- n- n!thin( 6!e& n- is n!t  c!nclusie 0!!f. 5he c!ntenti!n !f the Stte (!en6ent 8s tht its !0ini!n b!ut 0ublic 0u0!ses 8s  c!nclusie 0!!f nc!ut cnn!t (! behin- the Ruesti!n. 5he Ruesti!n is& 8hen  fct is !nl7 !nl7 c!n c!ncl clus usi ie e ei-e ei-enc nce e s t! eis eiste tence nce !f n!t n!the he fct fct&& !the !the ei-ence s t! the eistence !f !the fct is shut !ut ! n!t. 5he Su0e6e C!ut !bsee- 9 5he !b=ect !f --ucin( ei-en!G is t! 0!e  fct. Since n ei-ence 6ens n- inclu-es ll stte6ents :. Cn  0t7 successfull7 (ue tht cetin fct ec!(nise- b7 the sttut sttute e s c!nclu c!nclusi sie e ei-e ei-ence nce e -iffe -iffeent ent f!6 f!6 c!nclus c!nclusie ie 0!!fU 0!!fU 4ie es!ns. XC.L.C*%2Y;
OF

P/OOF

AND

P/ES
l<

8hich the c!ut 0e6its& 8hen the l8 s7s tht  0ticul 'in- ^ ei-ence 8!ulbe c!nclusie s t! eistence !f  0ticul fct& it es i60les tht fct cn be 0!e- eithe b7 tht ! s!6e !the ei-ence

8hich the c!ut 0e6its. Whee such !the ei-ence is --uce-& the c!ut c!u  c!nsi-e 8hethe u0!n tht ei-ence& the fct eists ! n!t. On the the !the !the hnhn-&& 8hen 8hen eiei-en ence ce 8hic 8hich h is 6 6-e -e c! c!nc nclu lusi si e is --u --uce ce-& -& the the c! c!u utt hs hs n! !0ti !0ti!n !n but but t! h!lh!l- tht tht fct fct eis eists ts.. Othe8ise& it 8!ulbe 6enin(less t! cll  0ticul ei-ence s c!nclusie c!nclusie ei-ence shuts !ut n7 !the ei-ence 8hich 8!ul- -etc f!6 the c!nclusieness !f tht ei-ence. 5he c!nce0t !f c!nclusie 0!!f is -efine- un-e Sec.1 9 When !ne fct is -ecle- b7 this Act t! be c!nclusie 0!!f !f n!the& the c!u

shll& !n 0!!f !f the !ne fct& e(- the !the s 0!e-& n- shll n! ll!8 ei-ence t! be (ien f! the 0u0!se !f -is0!in( it. In subs subst tnc nce& e& the theef ef! !e& e& the thee e is n! -iff -iffe een ence ce bet8 bet8ee een n c!n c!ncl cluSe eiei-en ence ce nn- c!n c!ncl clus usi ie e 0!! 0!!ff. In ech& ech& the the effe effect ct is s s6e 6e&& i.e. i.e.&& 6'in(  fct n!n*=usticible iebuttble). 5he i6 !f b!th bein( t! (ie finlit7 t! the estblish6ent !f eistence !f  fct f!6 the 0!!f !f n!the* In the 0esent cse& thus& the !0ini!n ! -eclti!n !f (!en6ent is c!nclusie 0!!f ! c!nclusie ei-ence& n- n7 G ut e =u-icil 0!be is be-. 5he 0etiti!nes cnn!t le- ei-ence t! -is0!e the iebuttble 0esu60ti!n. XN!te 9
e

sttute s c!nclusie ei-ence e -iffeent f!6 c!nclusie 0!!f* ES5OPPEL Acc!-in( t! the -!ctine !f est!00el thee e cetin fcts 8hich the 0ties e 0!hibite- f!6 0!in(. Est!00el is  0inci0le !f l8 b7 8hich  0es!n is hel- b!un- b7 the e0esentti!n 6-e b7 hi6 ! isin( !ut !f his c!n-uct. Est!00el is -elt 8ith in Secs.##: t! ##, !f the Ei-e Ei-ence nce Act. Act. While While Sec.## Sec.##: : c!nti c!ntins ns the (ene (enel l 0inci 0inci0le 0le !f est!00el b7 c!n-uct& Sees. ##2 n- ##, e instnces !f est!00el b7 c!ntct. H!8ee& thee e !the ec!(nise- instnces !f est!00el& iB.& 5he In-in C!ntct Act Sec."?1)& 5he S0ecific /elief Act Sec. #)& 5he 5nsfe !f P!0et7 Act Secs.1# n- 1?). Est!00els 8hich e e n!t n!t 0! 0!e e- b7 the the EiEi-en ence ce Ac Actt 6 67 7 be te6 te6ee- eRu eRuit itb ble le est!00els. Sec.##:. Est!00el#

When !ne 0es!n hs& b7 his -eclti!n& ct ! !6issi!n& intenti!nll7 cuse- ! 0e6itte- n!the. 0es!n t! beliee  thin( t! be tue nt! c ctt u0!n u0!n such such belie belieff neit neithe he he n! n! his his e0 e0es esen ent tti tie e shl shlll be ll!8e-& in n7 suit ! 0!cee-in( bet8een hi6self n- such 0es!n ! his e0esenttie& t! -en7 the tuth !f tht thin(. Illustti!n * A& intenti!nll7 n- flsel7 le-s ; t! beliee tht cetin ln- bel!n(s t! A& n- theeb7 in-uces ; t! bu7 n- 07 f! it. 5he ln- fte8-s bec!6es the 0!0et7 !f A& n- A see's t! set si-e the sle !n the (!untht& t the ti6e !f the sle& he h- n! title. He 6ust n!t be ll!8e- t! 0!e his 8nt !f title. Est!00el is n!t  ule !f eRuit7 ! l8& but  ule !f ei-ence 8hich is bsebse- !n the 6 6i6 i6 Alle( Alle(ns ns c!nt c!nt i i n!n est u-inu-in-us us 0es! 0es!n n lle lle(in (in( ( c! c!nt nt 7 7 fct fcts s 8ill 8ill n!t n!t be he he-) -).. D! D!ct cti ine ne !f est! est!00 00el el is f!un-e- !n the f6!us En(lish cse Pic'-  Ses #?,) 2 A  E 1,:& sttin( the 0inci0le tht it is ineRuitble n- un=ust t! ll!8  0es!n t! -en7 the tuth !f  stte6ent 8hich he hs 6-e t! n!the n- the !the 0es!n hs cte- !n it beliein( it t! be tue. 5he !b=ect is t! 0eent fu- n- secue =ustice bet8een 0ties b7 0!6!ti!n !f h!ne h!nest st7 7 nn- (!!(!!- fit fith. h. 5he 5he 0in 0inci ci0l 0le e s s7s 7s tht tht  6 6n n c cnn nn!t !t 00!bte n- e0!bte ! tht  6n cnn!t bl!8 h!t n- c!l- t the s6e ti6e ! tht  6n shll n!t be ll!8e- t! s7 !ne thin( t  ti6e n- -iffeent thin( t !the ti6e. It 6ust be n!tetht est!00el is !nl7 !nl7  ule ule !f cii ciill c cti ti!n !n nn- hs hs n! 00l 00lic ict ti! i!n n in ci6 ci6in inl l 0!cee-in(s.

N

#. E0lin the -!ctine !f est!00el s enuncite- in Sec.##: !f the Ei-ence Act. XLCI ##? Essentil in(e-ients !f Sec.##:#

#*%?$%1$%:YES5OPPEL

5hee essentil essentil in(e-ients in(e-ients !f Sec.## Sec.##: : e e 9 i)

 e0ese e0esentt ntti!n i!n is

6-e b7  0es!n t! n!the& ii)

!the 0es!n beliees beliees it n- cts cts u0!n such belief belief theeb7 theeb7 ltein( ltein(

his 0!siti!n& iii)

then in in  suit bet8e bet8een en the 0ties& 0ties& the the 0es!n 0es!n 8h! e0es e0esenteente-

shll n!t be ll!8e- t! -en7 the tuth !f his e0esentti!n. /e0esentti!n /e0esentti!n !f the eistence !f  fct 67 ise in n7 87 *  -eclti!n& ct ! !6issi!n. An7thin( -!ne 8hich hs the effect !f cetin( in the 6in- !f the !the  belief s t! the eistence !f the fct e0esente- 8ill -!. 5he f!cus !f l8 !f est!00el is the 0!siti!n in l8 !f 0t7 8h! is in-uce- t! ct. 5hus  0es!n 8h! is est!00e- i.e. 0es!n 6'in( the e0esentti!n) 67 n!t he intenti!n t! -eceie n- 67 hi6self be ctin( un-e 6ist'e ! 00ehensi!n. 5he est!00el 8ill n!netheless !0ete in such cses ls! XSut Chun-e De7  4!0l Chn-e Lh #%") #% IA "+?Y. A e0esentti!n 67 ls! ise f!6 n !6issi!n t! -! n ct 8hich !nes -ut7 eRuies !ne t! -!. An est!00el 8ill ise 8hen the filue t! 0ef!6 !nes -ut7 hs 6isle- n!the n- ls! the -ut7 sh!ulbe  'in- !f le(l !bli(ti!n. In Mecntile ;n' !f In-i Lt-.  Centl ;n' !f In-i Lt-. #%?) AC ",& n !6issi!n t! st60 the ecei0ts 8s hel- sufficient t! cete n est!00el. Est!00el b7 ne(li(ence is bse- !n the eistence !f  -ut7 8hich the 0es!n est!00e- is !8in( t! the 0es!n le- int! the 8!n( belief ! t! the (enel 0ublic !f 8h!6 the 0es!n is !ne. Est!00el b7 c!n-uct 67 be ctie ! 0ssie. Est!00el b7 silence ! cRuiescence ises !nl7 8hen thee is  -ut7 t! s0e' ! -iscl!se.

Illusttie cses * In Sec7& !f Stte  5t7 H!l'& the (!en6ent cRuie- ln- !f the es0!n-ent n- 0i- c!60ensti!n thee!f. Lte !n& (!en6ent -isc!ee- tht the ln- ctull7 bel!n(e- t! it. 5he (!e (!en n6e 6ent nt s! s!u( u(ht ht t! ec! ec!e e the the 6 6!u !unt nt 0i0i-.. It 8s 8s helhel- tht tht (!en6ent is est!00e- b7 its c!n-uct. In  cse&  =u-(e& 8h! h- sh!8e- hi(h (e in his cetifictes i(ht f!6 the be(innin( !f his cee& s!u(ht t! -en7 it b7 sh!8in( ctul 6unici0l bith*ec!-s& s! s t! etie t  lte (e. Hel- tht the =u-(e is est!00e-. In n!the cse& the 8ife 8s !f ;u--hist fith n- the husbn-  Musli6. She s!u(ht  -i!ce un-e ;u--hist l8. Hel- tht she 8s est!00e- f!6 -en7in( he elie c!66ittl t! Isl6ic l8. #. Wht e the essentil c!n-iti!ns f! the 00licti!n !f the ule !f est!00el U XC.L.C.*%:I*t G ##1 LAW OF EVIDENCE /elince n- -eti6ent a 5he 5he sec! sec!nn- c! c!nn-it iti! i!n n nece necess ss 7 7 t! ce cete te n est! est!00 00el el is tht tht the the 0lintiff ltee- his 0!siti!n !n the bsis !f the e0esentti!n n- he 8!ul- suffe  l!ss if the e0esente is ll!8e- t! esile f!6 his stt stte6 e6en ent. t. De Det ti6 i6en entt is  0e 0eeR eRui uisit site e !f c cti ti!n !nb ble le 0!6 0!6is iss! s!7 7 est!00el. 5hus&  6ee stte6ent !f  0es!n tht he 8!ul- n!t sset his i(hts -!es n!t cete n est!00el unless it is inten-e- t! be cteu0!n n- is in fct cte- u0!n Si- Nitin'u6  4u=t
licence licences& s& the 4!e 4!en6e n6ent nt 8s 8s helhel- b!unb!un- t! (nt (nt tht tht 0ti 0ticul cul  licence& th!u(h the 0!lic7 67 be eise- f! the futue J!7=lt Ds  Stte !f Ass6 AI/ #%%+ 4u. "1). Ceti Cetin n cn-icn-i-te tes s 8ee 8ee -6itt -6ittee- t! ec!(n ec!(nise ise- c!use c!use in Ph7si Ph7sicl cl E-uc E-uct ti! i!n n f! f! the the 0u0 0u0!s !se e !f 00!i 00!int nt6e 6ent nt s 0h7s 0h7sic icl l t tinin inin( ( instuct!s in 4!en6ent sch!!ls. 5he 4!en6ent 4!en6ent 8s n!t 0e6ittet! -ec!(nise the c!use in efeence t! such cn-i-tes but h-  i(ht t! -! f! the futue TSuesh Pl  Stte !f H7n AI/ #%, SC "+",). P!6iss!7 est!00el D!ctine !f est!00el hs (ine-  ne8 -i6ensi!n in ecent 7es 8ith the ec!(niti!n !f n eRuitble -!ctine !f 0!6iss!7 est!00el b!th b7 En(lish n- In-in c!uts. Acc!-in( t! it& if  0!6ise is 6-e in the e0ectti!n tht it sh!ulbe cte- u0!n in the futue& n- it 8s in fct cte- u0!n& the 0t7 6'in( the 0!6ise 8ill n!t be ll!8e- t! bc' !ut !f it. 5he -eel!06ent !f such  0inci0le 8s es7 in ;itin n-
G



5h!u(h such 0!6ise futue) is n!t su00!te- in 0!int !f l8 b7 n7 c!nsi-eti!n the bsis !f  c!ntct)& but !nl7 b7 0t7s c!n-uct h!8ee& h!8ee& if 0!6ise is 6-e in cicu6stnces in!lin( le(l i(hts n!bli(ti!ns& !bli(ti!ns& it is !nl7 0!0e tht the 0ties 0ties sh!ulsh!ulbe enf!ce- t! -!

8ht the7 0!6ise-. In cses& 8hee (!en6ent (!en6ent is !ne !f the 0ties& the the c! c!u utt 8ill 8ill bl blnc nce e the the h6 h6 t! 0ubli 0ublic c inte intee est st b7 c! c!60 60el elli lin( n( (!en6ent t! its 0!6ise n- h6 t! citiBen t! ll!8 (!en6ent t! bc' !ut !f it.... t! see tht the (!en6ent -!es n!t ct bitil7. 5he -!cti -!ctine ne hs hs been been i! i!usl usl7 7 -esci -escibebe- s eRuit eRuitbl ble e est!00 est!00el el&& Rusi est!00el n- ne8 est!00el. 5he -!ctine is n!t ell7 bseu0!nES5OPPEL ##: the 0inci0le !f est!00el& but it is  -!ctine e!le- b7 eRuit7 in !-e t! 0eent in=ustice 8hee  0!6ise 6-e b7  0es!n 'n!8in( tht it 8!ulbe cte- !n.... it is ineRuitble t! ll!8 the 0t7 6'in( the 0!6ise t! (! bc' u0!n it. 5he -!ctine !f 0!6iss!7 est!00el neen!t& theef!e& be c!nfine- t! the li6itti!ns !f est!00el in the stict sense !f the 8!- XM.P. Su( Mills  Stte !f
e6' tht it -i- n!t c!nstitute  c!66it6ent !n the 0t !f the instituti!n. Hel- tht thee 8s n! 0!6ise t! f!un- the -!ctine !f 0!6iss!7 est!00el /bisn'  Oiss Stte Fin. C!0n. AI/ #%%" Oi. %?). 5he 0!6ise !f Stte 4!en6ent t! bs!b its ill(e !ffices 8h!se 0!sts h- been b!lishe- int! !the seices !n cetin bsis& 8s n!t fte8-s 0e6itte- t! be 6en-e- b7 insetin( the eRuie6ent !f (e 8hich 8s n!t thee in the !i(inl c!66it6ent /.K. /6 /!  Stte !f A.P. AI/ #%, SC #12,). Ece0ti!ns t! the -!ctine !f est!00el 5hee e i!us ece0ti!ns t! the -!ctine !f est!00el 9* #) #)

N! est! est!00 00el el (i (ins nstt  6i 6in! n! * Whe Whee e  6i 6in! n! e0 e0es esen ents ts

fu-ulentl7 ! !the8ise tht he is !f (e n- theeb7 in-uces n!the t! ente ente int! int!  c! c!nt nt ct ct 8ith 8ith hi6& hi6& then then in n c cti ti!n !n f!un f!un-e -e- !n c!ntct& the infnt is n!t est!00e- f!6 settin( u0 infnc7 s  0le. H!8ee& eRuit7 -e6n-s tht he sh!ul- n!t etin  benefit 8hich he h- !btine- b7 his fu-ulent c!n-uct. ")

When tue fcts e 'n!8n 'n!8n t! t! b!th the 0ties 0ties * Sec.##: Sec.##: -!es

n!t 00l7 t!  cse 8hee the stte6ent elie- u0!n is 6-e t!  0es!n 8h! 'n!8s the el fcts n- is n!t 6isle- b7 the untue stt stte6 e6en entt

TM TM-n -n0 00 0

 Chn Chn- -6 66 6 AI/ AI/

#%2: #%2: SC# SC##" #"). ). ##2

LAW OF EVIDENCE ?)

FuFu- ! ! ne(l ne(li(e i(ence nce !t the 0t 0t !f !f !the !the 0t7 0t7 * If the !the !the

0t7 -!es n!t beliee the e0esentti!n but cts in-e0en-entl7 !f such belief& ! in

cses 8hee the 0es!n t! 8h!6 e0esentti!n is

6-e [ un-e  -ut7 t! 6'e  futhe inRui7& the est!00el 8ill n!t !0ete. Li'e8ise& if thee is  fu- !n the 0t !f the !the 0t7& 8hic 8hich h c! c!ul ul- n!t n!t be -ete -etect ctee- b7 0!6 0!6is is! ! 8ith 8ith !-i !-in n7 7 c ce e&& the the est!00el 8ill n!t !0ete.

1) 1)

When When b!th b!th the the 0 0ti ties es 0le0le- est! est!00 00el el *If *If b!t b!th h the the 0t 0tie ies s

estblish  cse f! 00licti!n !f est!00el& then it is s if the t8! est!00els cncel !ut n- the c!ut 8ill he t! 0!cee- s if thee is n! 0le !f est!00el !n eithe si-e. Futhe& if b!th si-es h- lb!ueun-e  6ist'e h!8ee b!n fi-e ! (enuine& the 0le !f est!00el 67 n!t be ilble. :)

N! est!00el !n  0!int !f l8 l8 * Est!00el Est!00el efes !nl7 t!  belief in

 fct. If  0es!n (ies his !0ini!n tht l8 is such n- such nn!the cts u0!n such belief& then thee cn be n! est!00el (inst the f!6e subseRuentl7 ssetin( tht l8 is -iffeent. One cnn!t be est! est!00 00ee- f!6 f!6 chl chlle len( n(in in( ( the the effe effect cti ien enes ess s !f s! s!6e 6eth thin in( ( e.( e.(.. 0tit 0titi!n i!n -ee-) -ee-) f! 8nt 8nt !f l8 l8 e.(. e.(. e(ist e(ist ti! ti!n). n). /e0e /e0esen sentt tti!n i!ns s un-e Sec.##: sh!ulbe !f fcts& n!t !f l8 ! !0ini!n 
N! est!00el (inst sttus$s!eei(n sttus$s!eei(n cts * A ule !f l8 cnn!t

be nullif nullifieie- b7 es!t es!tin( in( t! the -!cti -!ctine ne !f est!00 est!00el. el. F! F! e60 e60le& le& 8hee  6in! hs c!ntcte- b7 6ise0esentin( his (e& he still cn fte8-s -iscl!se his el (e. It is  ule !f l8 !f c!ntct tht  6in! is n!t c!60etent t! c!ntct n- tht ule 8!ulbe -efete- if  6in! n!t 0e6itte- t! -iscl!se his el (e. Hence thee cn be n! est!00el (inst the 0!isi!ns !f  sttute. 5hus& if  0es!n is (ien i(hts un-e  sttute& n- he (ies the6 u0 t !ne st(e !luntil7 n- lte !n ties t! enf!ce th!se i(hts& n! est!00el cn be in!'e- (inst hi6. F! e60le& un-e the /ent C!nt C!nt!l Act& ct& the the lnln-l! l!- c cn n -e6 -e6n- f!6 f!6 his his ten ennt !nl7 nl7  fi$stn-- ent If  tennt (ee- t! 07  hi(h ent n- theefte files  0etiti!n f! fiin( the fi ent& he 8!nt be est!00e-. In ;l Kishn  /e8
fct fcts s iB iB.& .&  n!n* n!n*( (-u ute te 00e 00e in in( ( t l8 l8 e6 e6in int ti! i!n) n)&& the the uniesit7 8ill n!t be est!00e- f!6 cncellin( the e6inti!n if his cn-i-tue is (inst  ule !f l8. 5he Su0e6e C!ut hs li- -!8n tht it is 8ell settle- tht thee cnn!t cnn!t be n7 n7 est!00 est!00el el (ins (instt the 4!e 4!en6 n6ent ent in the eec eecise ise !f itsIES5OPPEL ##, s! s!e eei( ei(n& n&

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-eel!06e -eel!06ent nt uth!it uth!it7 7 nn!uncenn!unce-  h!usin( h!usin( sche6e sche6e n- cce0tecce0te00licti!ns un-e lit& subseRuentl7 fin-in( tht the sche6e 8s in i!lti!n !f the Mste  Pln cncelle- it. It 8s heltht t! be fee t! -! s! 8ith!ut n7 shc'les !f 0!6iss!7 est!00el H!usin( ;!- C!!0etie S!ciet7  Stte AI/ #%, M.P. #%?). /.S. M-n00  Chn-66 Chn-66 AI/ #%2: SC ##") In this cse& in  suit f! 0!ssessi!n !f 0lintiffs hlf she !f cetin 0!0e 0!0etie ties& s&  -ecee -ecee 8s 0sse0sse- in f!u f!u !f the -efen-n -efen-ntt N!. N!. # b!the !f 0lintiff) 8ith es0ect t! the !the hlf she. In 00el b7 the the !the !the -efe -efenn-n nts ts&& it 8s 8s c! c!nt nten en-e -e- tht tht -efe -efenn-n ntt N!.# N!.# 8s 8s est!00e- f!6 cli6in( hlf she -ecee-)& becuse * i) he -i- n!t e0l7 t!  n!tice b7 the 0lintiff s'in( hi6 t! =!in he in filin( the suit& ii) he 8!te  lette t! his ste0 6!the -iscli6in( inteest in suit 0!0et7& n-& iii iii)) he tte ttest stee-  8ill 8ill ee eecute cute- b7 his his fth fthe e -is0 -is0!s !sin in( ( !f suit suit 0!0eties. 5he Su0e6e C!ut heltht *

i) the c!n-uct in n!t e0l7in( t! n!tice -!es n!t 6en thee 8s i60l i6 0lie ie- -6i -6iss ssi! i!n n ! ! cRui cRuies esce cenc nce) e) tht tht he hh- n! inte intee est st in 0!0eties& =ustif7in( n infeence !f est!00el& ii) 8hen the fthe -efen-nt N!.") 'ne8 b!ut tue le(l 0!siti!n tht he 8s n!t the !8ne !f 0!0eties n- his 0!ssessi!n 8s !n behlf !f 0lintiff n- -efen-nt N!.#& the -efen-nt N!.is lette t! ste06!the c!ul- n!t he cete- n e!ne!us ! 6ist'en belief in fthes 6in- b!ut his title t! the suit 0!0eties& iii) si6ill7& the es!n !f c!n-uct !f -efen-nt N!.# in ttestin( his fthes 8ill c!ul- n!t =ustif7 n infeence !f est!00el. 5hus& in this cse& s the fcts e 'n!8n t! b!th the 0ties& the -!ctine !f est!00el cnn!t be in!'e-. Sec.##: -!es n!t 00l7 t!  cse 8hee the stte6ent elie- u0!n is 6-e t!  0es!n 8h! 'n!8s the el fcts n- is n!t 6isle- b7 the untue stte6ent. Als!& in the 0esent cse& thee is n! -eti6ent t! the !the 0t7 b7 the cti!ns !f -efen-nt N!.#.Y Secti!ns ##2*##, Secti!ns ##2 n- ##, e illusttie !f the 0inci0le !f est!00el li-!8n in Sec.##:. 5hese t8! secti!ns -el 8ith est!00els in s0ecific cses. 5ennt$licencee * Sec.##2 0!i-es tht  0es!n 8h! c!6es int! n i66!ble 0!0et7 t'in( 0!ssessi!n f!6  0es!n 8h! he cce0ts sLAW OF EVIDENCE ## ln-l!-& is n!t 0e6itte- t! s7 s (inst his ln-l!- tht he hn!2titl title e t! the the 0!0 0!0e et7 t7 t the the c! c!66 66en ence ce6e 6ent nt !f the the ten tennc nc7 7. Si6ill7&  0es!n 8h! c!6es u0!n n7 i66!ble 0!0et7 8ith the licence !f the 0es!n in 0!ssessi!n& is n!t 0e6itte- t! s7 fte8-s tht his licens! h- n! i(ht t! the 0!ssessi!n !f the 0!0et7. In

sh!t sh!t&&  ten tennt nt$li $lice cenc ncee ee is n!t n!t 0e6 0e6it itte te- t! -en7 -en7 the the titl title e !f his his ln-l!-$licens!. 5he est!00el is c!nfine- t! the stte !f thin(s t the c!66ence6ent !f tennc7$licence. 5he tennt$licencee is l87s fee t! tl' !f the subseRuent -eel!06ents i.e. the ln-l!-$licens! hs l!st his title. Acce0t! !f bill !f echn(e& bilee$licencee * Sec.##, 0!i-es tht n! cce0t! !f  bill !f echn(e cn -en7 tht the -8e h- uth!it7 t! -8 such bill ! t! en-!se it but he 67 -en7 tht the bill 8s ell7 -8n b7 the 0es!n b7 8h!6 it 0u0!ts t! he been -8n it cn l87s be sh!8n tht the -8es si(ntue 8s f!(e-). Li'e8ise& n! bilee$licencee cn -en7 tht his bil!$licens! h-& t the ti6e 8hen the bil6ent$licence c!66ence-& uth!it7 t! 6'e such bil6ent ! (nt such licence. ;ut& if  bilee !f the (!!-s bilet!  0es!n 0 es!n !the thn the bil!& bil!& he 67 0!e tht such 0es!n hs  i(ht t! the6 s (inst the bil!. bil!. XN!te 9 Est!00el b7 ttestti!n * An ttest! !-inil7 'n!8s n!thin( !f the c!ntents !f -!cu6ent& n- s! he is n!t est!00e- f!6 -en7in( the tuth in -!cu6ent. ;ut& if he 'n!8s b!ut c!ntents& then est!00el !0etes.Y C!60is!n !f est!00el 8ith !the c!nce0ts Est!00el n- Pesu60ti!n * An est!00el is  0es!nl -isRulificti!n li- u0!n  0es!n 0eculil7 cicu6stnce- f!6 0!in( 0ticul fcts& 8hees  0esu60ti!n is  ule tht  0ticul infeence is t! be -8n f!6 0ticul fcts& 8h!ee 0!es the6. In 0esu60ti!n& eiei-en ence ce t! ebu ebutt it c cn n be (ien (ien&& 8hil 8hile e in est! est!00e 00el& l& the the 0t 0t7 7 is est!00e- f!6 -en7in( the tuth. Est!00el Est!00el n- C!nclusie C!nclusie P!!f P!!f * When  fct is c!nclusie c!nclusiel7 l7 0!e-& 0!e-& it is s! (i (ins nstt ll ll the the 8!l 8!l-. -. Est! Est!00 00el el !0e !0et tes es !nl7 !nl7 s  0es 0es!n !nl l

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cicu6stnces einf!ce the6& 8hile in est!00el it cnn!t be s!. In 8ie 8ie& thee thee is full full 'n!8l 'n!8le-( e-(e e !f fcts& fcts& 8hile 8hile in est!00 est!00el& el& een een  6ist'e ! !6issi!n hs n! effect. Est!00el n- /es Ju-ict * /es =u-ict 0eclu-es  6n ein( the s6e thin( t8ice !e in successie liti(ti!n& 8hile est!00el 0eents hi6 s7in( !ne thin( t !ne ti6e n- the !00!site t n!the. 5hus& es =u-ic =u-ict t 0!hibi 0!hibits ts  c!ut c!ut f!6 f!6 inRui inRuiin( in( int! int!  6 6tte tte lele-7 7 -=u-icte-& 8hile est!00el 0!hibits  0t7. Futhe& es =u-ict is n!t  ule !f ei-ence& but  ule !f 0!ce-ue. Est!00el n- Fu- * An cti!n cnn!t be f!un-e- !n est!00el& 8hile  fu- (ies ise t!  cuse !f cti!n. Si6il is the cse !f est!00el nbech !f c!ntct. IMPO/5AN5 5OPICS$ILL
Est!00el is  0inci0le !f l8 b7 8hich  0es!n is hel- b!un- b7 the e0 e0es esen ent tti ti!n !n 6 6-e -e b7 hi6 hi6 ! is isin in( ( !ut !ut !f his his c! c!n-u n-uct ct.. If& If& f! f! e6 e60le 0le&&  0es 0es!n !n 6 6-e -e  stt stte6 e6en entt inte intenn-in in( ( tht tht s! s!6e 6e !the !the 0es!n sh!ul- ct u0!n it& he 8ill be est!00e-& i.e.& 8ill be 0eente-& f!6 -en7in( the tuth !f his stte6ent !nce the !the 0es!n hs ltee- his 0!siti!n !n the bsis !f the stte6ent. 5he f!ll!8in( ei(ht c!n-iti!ns 6ust be stisfie- t! bin(  cse 8ithin the sc!0e !f est!00el s -efine- in Sec. ##: XChh(nll Meht  Hibhi Pte$#%") Pte$#%") # SCC ""?Y 9* ") A intenti!nll7 n- flsel7 le-s ; t! beliee tht  0ticul 0l!t !f ln- bel!n(s t! A n- ; un-e  b!n- fi-e belief bu7s it f! fie lc u0ees. u0ees. A& fte8 fte8-s -s bec!6es the !8ne !8ne !f the si- 0l!t !f ln- nsee's t! set si-e the sle !n the (!untht t the ti6e !f the sle& he

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XC.LC.*%#$%?Y b) A tustee& lle(in( lle(in( tht the tust 0!0et7& 0!0et7& c!nsistin( !f ln- 8s 8s his !8n 0!0e 0!0et7 t7&& 6!t( 6!t((e(e- it. 5he 6!t( 6!t((ee (ee t!!' t!!' 0!sses 0!ssessi! si!n n in (!!- fith& f! luble c!nsi-eti!n& n- 8ith!ut n!tice !f tust. 5he 6!t((ee !btine-  -ecee (inst the tustee f! the sle !f lnn- the ln- 8s s!l- in eecuti!n !f tht -ecee. 5he tustee& lte& b!u(ht  suit t! ec!e the ln- f!6 the 0uchse !n the (!untht it 8s tust 0!0et7 n- tht he h- n! 0!8e t! tnsfe it. Deci-e. c)

XC.LC*%"Y

A& 8h! 8s -ecl -ecle e- 0ss 0ss in ;.A. ;.A.&& !n the the bsi bsis s !f.t !f.the he esult esult

00ee- in Ciil Seices E6s. H!8ee& bef!e the Ciil Seices esults c6e !ut the
XC.L.C.*%:$%2Y#"+ LAW OF EVIDENCE i) 5hee 6ust he been  e0esentti!n b7  0es!n t! n!the& 0es!n& 8hich 67 be in n7 f!6 *  -eclti!n ! n ct ! n !6issi!n. ii) Such e0esentti!n 6ust he been !f the eistence !f  fct& nn!t !f futue 0!6ises ! intenti!n. iii) 5he e0esentti!n 6ust he been 6ent t! he been elieu0!n. i) 5hee 6ust he been belief !n the 0t !f the !the 0t7 in its tuth. ) 5hee 6ust he been s!6e cti!n !n the fith !f tht -eclti!n& ct ! !6issi!n. In !the 8!-s& such -eclti!n& etc.& 6ust he ctull7 cuse- the !the 0es!n t! ct !n the fith !f it n- t! lte his 0!siti!n t! his 0e=u-ice ! -eti6ent. i) 5he 6ise0esentti!n ! c!n-uct ! !6issi!n 6ust he been the 0!i6te cuse !f le-in( the !the 0t7 t! ct t! his 0e=u-ice. ii) 5he 0es!n cli6in( the benefit !f n est!00el 6ust sh!8 tht he 8s n!t 8e !f the tue stte !f thin(s. 5hee cn be n! est!00el if such  0es!n 8s 8e !f the tue stte !f ffis ! if he h- 6ens !f such 'n!8le-(e. iii) Onl7 the 0es!n t! 8h!6 the e0esentti!n 8s 6-e ! f! 8h!6 it 8s -esi(ne-& cn il !f the -!ctine. 5he bu-en !f 0!in( est!00el lies !n such 0es!n. Decisi!n !f the cse in Ruesti!n A 6'es  flse e0esentti!n t! ; 8h! beliees it in (!!- fith ncts u0!n it. ;7 ctin( s!& ; hs ltee- his 0!siti!n t! his -eti6ent. 5hus& ; cn cli6 the benefit !f n est!00el& s ll the c!n-iti!ns !f Sec. ##: e stisfie-. ; cn etin 0!ssessi!n !f the ln- s its l8ful

!8ne& !8ne& n- A 8ill be est!00e- f!6 0!in( his 8nt !f title t the ti6e !f

!i(inl

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5he tustee hs 6-e  flse e0esentti!n& n- the 6!t((ee

hs cte- u0!n his e0esentti! e0esentti!n n in (!!- fith. fith. 5hus& 5hus& the -!ctine !f est!00el 00lies. 5he tustee cnn!t be n!8 ll!8e- t! -en7 the tuth !f his elie stte6ent. c)

Est!00el (inst
5he -!ctine !f est!00el hs been ll!8e- t! be in!'e- (inst 
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#"# list !f SSLC h!l-es. 5hus& his n6e 8s e6!e- f!6 thec!lle(e !ll !lls. s. HelHel- tht tht it 8s 8s  c cse se !f le( le(ll ! eRui eRuit tbl ble e est! est!00e 00ell 8hic 8hich h stisfies 0cticll7 ll the c!n-iti!ns in Sec. ##:. 5he uniesit7 c!uln!t -en7 hi6 his i(ht& 6!e!e 6!e!e thee 8s n! 6l fi-e !n the 0t !f the es0!n-ent. 5he fct !f  6isclculti!n !f 6's 8s 8ithin the s0ecil 'n!8le-(e !f the uniesit7 n- 8s n!t 'n!8n t! n7 !the 0es!n. 5he Su0e6e C!ut hs hel- in Si Kishn  Kuushet
5he 5he /= /=st sth hn n Hi(h Hi(h C!u C!utt c cte te- u0!n u0!n this this 0in 0inci ci0l 0le e in efu efusi sin( n( 0e6issi!n t!  OF WI5NESSES#? Sec.##. Wh! 67 testif7##? All 0es!ns e c!60etent t! testif7& unless the c!ut c!nsi-es tht& b7 es!n !f ten-e (e& ete6e !l- (e& -isese& ! infi6it7& the7 e inc0bl inc0ble e !f un-es un-estn tn-in -in( ( the Ruesti Ruesti!ns !ns 0ut t! the6& the6& n- !f (iin (iin( ( ti ti!n !nl l ns8 ns8e es. s. Een Een  lun lunti tic c is c! c!60 60et eten entt t! test testif if7 7&

0!i-e- he is n!t 0eente- b7 his lunc7 f!6 un-estn-in( the Ruesti!ns 0ut t! hi6 n- (iin( ti!nl ns8es t! the6. 5hus& n! 0es!n is 0ticull7 -ecle- t! be inc!60etent. It is 8h!ll7 left left t! the the -isc -iscet eti! i!n n !f the the c! c!u utt t! see see 8het 8hethe he the the 0es 0es!n !n 8h! 8h! 00es s  8itness is c0ble !f un-estn-in( the Ruesti!ns 0ut t! hi6 n- !f (iin( ti!nl ns8es. Husbn- n- 8ies e& in ll ciil n- ci6inl cses& c!60etent 8itnesses (inst ech !the& !the& sub=ect t! the Rulif Rulific icti! ti!n n tht tht c!6 c!66u 6unic nicti! ti!ns ns bet8ee bet8een n the s0!use s0!uses s 6 6-e -e -uin( 6i(e e 0!tecte- f!6 -iscl!sue Sec. #"+). In ll ciil 0!c 0!cee ee-i -in( n(s& s&

the the

0t 0tie ies s

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8itn 8itnes esse ses s

Se!.#"+). 5heef!e&  0t7 t!  suit cn cll s his 8itness n7 !f the the -efe -efenn-n nts ts t! the the suit suit.. AnAn- lth lth!u !u(h (h n ccus ccusee- 0es 0es!n !n is inc!60etent t! testif7 in 0!cee-in(s in 8hich he is n ccuse-& n cc! c c!60 60li lice ce is  c! c!60 60et eten entt 8itn 8itnes ess s (in (inst st n. n. c ccu cuse se- 0es 0es!n !n XSec.#??). Chil- 8itness * A chil- is  c!60etent 8itness& unless he is unble t! un-estn- the Ruesti!ns ! is unble t! (ie ti!nl ns8es. 5hee is n! 0!isi!n in In-i b7 8hich c!!b!ti!n t! the ei-ence !f  chil- Is eRuie-. It is  s!un- ule in 0ctice n!t t! ct !n the unc!!b!te- ei-ence !f  chil-& but this is  ule !f 0u-ence& nn!t !f l8. Du6b 8itness Sec. ##%) * A 0es!n 8h! b7 es!ns !f -u6bness ! !the8ise is unble t! s0e'& 67 (ie ei-ence b7 n7 6ens b7 8hich he cn 6'e hi6self intelli(ible& such s& b7 8itin( ! b7 si(ns. Ei-ence s! ec!-e- shll be e(-e- s !l ei-ence. Victi6 !f 0e * 5he Su0e6e C!ut hs 0escibe-  ne8 00!ch t! the testi6!n7 !f the icti6 !f  se !ffence. She is  c!60etent 8itness un-e Sec.## n- he ei-ence 6ust eceie the s6e 8ei(ht s is

#. E0lin the te6 C!60etence !f  8itness. #b. Wite  sh!t n!te !n Wh! 67 testif7. XLC.II*%?[ XLC.II*%1[WI5NESSES XLC.II*%1[WI5NESSES #"? ttche- t! n in=ue- in cses !f i!lence. 5he Ei-ence Act n!8hee s7s tht he ei-ence cnn!t be cce0te- unless it is c!!b!te- in 6teil 0ticuls TStte !f Mhsht  C.K. Jin AI/ #%%+ SC 2:). Inte Intee est stee- 0es 0es!n !ns s s 8itn 8itnes esse ses s * If  8itn 8itnes ess s is  el elti tie e !f the the 0es!n 8h! 0!-uces hi6& his stte6ent cnn!t be -isc-e- !nl7 f! tht es!n& unless it is sh!8n tht the stte6ent is  tinte- !ne n8s (ien !nl7 t! benefit the 0es!n 0!-ucin( hi6 T
5hee e cetin 6ttes 8hich  8itness cnn!t eithe be c!60ellet! -iscl!se ! een if the 8itness is 8illin( t! -iscl!se& he 8ill n!t be 0e 0e6itte-

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0i 0iile(e(e-

c!66unicti!ns. 5he 0!-uc 0!-ucti! ti!n n !f ceti cetin n c!6 c!66un 6unic icti! ti!ns ns nn- -!cu6e -!cu6ents nts is eithe eithe 0iil 0iile(e e(e- f!6 f!6 -iscl! -iscl!su sue e ! 0!hibi 0!hibitete- f!6 f!6 bein( bein( -iscl!s -iscl!se-& e-& s  6tte !f 0ublic 0!lic7 ! !n the (!untht the inteest !f Stte is su0e6e n- !ei-es tht !f n in-ii-ul. Sec.#"". C!66unicti!ns -uin( 6i(e" A 0es!n cnn!t be c!60elle- t! -iscl!se n7 c!66unicti!n 6-e t! hi6 ! he -uin( 6i(e b7 n7 0es!n t! 8h!6 he ! she is ! hs been been 6 6 ie ie- - n! n! 8ill 8ill such such c! c!66 66un unic ict ti! i!n n be 0e6 0e6it itte te- t! be -iscl!se- ece0t in the f!ll!8in( thee cses& iB.& i)

if the 0es!n 8h! 8h! 6-e 6-e it& ! his ! he he e0esenttie*in*inteest& e0esenttie*in*inteest&

c!nsents& ! ii)

in suits bet8een 6ie- 0es!ns& !

". Wite  sh!t n!te !n Piile(e- c!66unicti!n bet8een s0!uses. XC.L.C*%:

L.C.II*%1I#"1

LAW OF EVIDENCE iii)

in 0!cee-in(s 0!cee-in(s in 8hich !ne !ne 6ie6ie- 0es!n 0es!n is 0!secute- f! n7 n7

ci6e c!66itte- (inst the !the. 5hus& Sec. #"" 0eents c!66unicti!ns bet8een  6n n- his 8ife f!6 bein( -iscl!se-. 5his secti!n ests !n the !bi!us (!untht the -6i -6issi ssi!n !n !f such such test testi6 i6!n !n7 7 8!ul 8!ul- he he  0!8e 0!8ef ful ul tenten-en enc7 c7 t! -ist -istu ub b the the 0ec 0ece e !f f6i f6ili lies es&& t! 0!6 0!6!t !te e -!6e -!6est stic ic b!i b!ils ls&& nn- t! 8e'en& if n!t t! -est!7& tht feelin( !f 6utul c!nfi-ence 8hich is the 6!s 6!stt en-e en-ein( in( s!lce s!lce !f 6 6i iee- life. life. 5hus& 5hus& the 0!hib 0!hibiti iti!n !n is f!un-e- !n  0inci0le !f hi(h i60!t 8hich n! c!ut cn el.

5he 0!tec 0!tecti! ti!n n is n!t c!nfin c!nfinee- t! cses cses 8hee 8hee the c!6 c!66un 6unic icti! ti!n n s!u(ht t! be (ien in the ei-ence is !f  stictl7 c!nfi-entil chcte& chcte& but the sel !f l8 is 0lce- u0!n ll c!66unicti!ns !f 8htee ntue 8hich 0ss bet8een husbn- n- 8ife. It eten-s ls! t! cses in 8hich the inteests !f stn(es e s!lel7 in!le-& s 8ell s t! th!se in 8hich the husbn- ! 8ife is  0t7 !n the ec!-. It is i60!tnt t! n!te tht the 0!tecti!n is li6ite- t! such 6ttes s he been c!66unicte- -uin( the 6i(e. Such c!66unicti!n -uin -uin( ( subsis subsisten tence ce !f 6 6i i(e (e)) e6in e6in 0!tec 0!tectete- een een fte fte the -iss!luti!n !f 6i(e ! 8hen !ne s0!use -ies. ;ut th!se 6-e eithe bef!e 6i(e ! fte its -iss!luti!n e n!t 0!tecte-. P!tecti!n 8hen n!t ilble Ece0ti!ns) 5he 5he 0i 0iil ile( e(e e -6it -6its s !f cet cet in ece0t ce0ti! i!ns ns ls! ls!. It is n!t n!t ee c!66unicti!n 8hich is ee60t f!6 -iscl!sue. 5he ece0ti!ns e s f!ll!8s 9 #) #)

Acts Ac ts 0 0tt f! f!6 6 c! c!66 66un unic ict ti! i!ns ns * 5he 5he c cts ts ! c! c!nn-uc uctt !f !f

s0!uses 0t f!6 c!66unicti!ns e n!t 0!tecte- un-ei= Sec. #"". A 8ife cn testif7 s t! 8ht he husbn- -i- !n cetin !ccsi!n& th!u(h n!t s t! 8ht he si- t! he. In /6 ;h!se  Stte !f
")

Wie Wie !f 0iile(e * Ei-ence !f  0iile(e- c!66unicti!n cn

be (ien b7  s0!use 8ith the c!nsent !f the 0t7 8h! 6-e the c!66unicti!n. 5his is 'n!8n s 8ie !f the 0iile(e. e 7WWI5NESSES .

#":

. ?) Suit ! ci6inl& 0!cee-in( bet8een the t8! s0!uses * As the bsis !f Sec. #"" is t! 0esee 6utul c!nfi-ence& it is !bi!us tht the secti!n -!es n!t 00l7 8hen the s0!uses e n(e- !n !00!site si-e. 1) :)

C!66unicti!n 6-e bef!e 6i(e ! fte its -iss!luti!n. P!!f P!!f !f c!66 c!66unic unicti!n ti!n b7 thi- 0es!n 0es!n * C!66unic C!66unicti!ns ti!ns !

c!nesti!ns bet8een husbn- n- 8ife t'in( 0lce in the 0esence !f  thi- 0es!n& ! 8hen !ehe- b7  thi- 0es!n& cn be testifiet! b7 the thi- 0es!n 8ith!ut 0uttin( n7 !f the s0!uses in the 8itness*b!). 5his is s! becuse 0iile(e un-e Sec. #"" is tht !f the 0ties t! 6i(e& n- n!t !f !thes. 5hus& if. c!es0!n-ence e.(. lette) c!ntinin( c!66unicti!n f!6  husbn- t! 8ife ! ice es) flls int! the hn-s !f  thi- 0es!n& it is -6issible in ei-ence& becuse this secti!n 0!tects the in-ii-ul n- n!t c!6 c!66un 6unic icti! ti!n. n. Wht Wht is bebe- is the 0es!n 0es!n hi6sel hi6selff i.e.& i.e.& s0!u s0!use ses s c cn ntt be c! c!60 60el elle le- t! 00e 00e  s 8itn 8itnes ess s nn- -isc -iscl! l!se se c!66unicti!n the c!66unicti!n is n!t be- * it is the lette tht -iscl -iscl!s !ses es nn- n!t n!t  s0!u s0!use se.. In uee ueen n E60 E60es ess s  D Dn! n!(h (hue ue&& IL/ IL/ #%%) "" M-.#&  lette c!ntinin(  c!66unicti!n b7 the ccuset! his 8ife 8s seiBe- -uin( sech !f h!use in the 0esence !f 8ife. 5he lette 8s hel- -6issible f! she h- n!t 0ut lette int! the hn-s !f uth!ities.

In A00u  Stte AI/ #%,# M-.#%1)&  c!nfessi!n 8s 6-e b7  6n t! his 8ife in the 0esence !f !the 0es!ns. 5he c!ut ll!8e- the c!nfessi!n t! be 0!e- th!u(h th!se !the 0es!ns. While  thi- 0es!n !ehein(  c!nfi-entil c!66unicti!n 67 test testif7 if7 t! it& it& 7et& 7et& s t! -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nts& s& lett lette es& s& etc. etc.&& c! c!6i 6in( n( int! int! the the 0!ssessi!n !f  thi- 0es!n&  -istincti!n sh!ul- !btin. 5hus& if the7 8ee !btine- f!6 the --essee s0!use b7 !lunt7 -elie7& the7 sh!ul- still be 0iile(e- f! !the8ise the 0iile(e c!ul- b7 c!llusi!n be 0cticll7 nullifie- f! 8itten c!66unicti!ns) but if the7 8ee !btine- sue0titi!usl7 secetl7) ! !the8ise 8ith!ut the --essees c!nsent& the 0iile(e sh!ul- cese. M.C. Ve(hese  5.J. P!nnn? AI/ #%,+ SC #,2) In this this c cse se&& the the husb husbn n- 8!t 8!te e cet ceti in n lett lette es s t! his his 8ife 8ife 8hic 8hich h c!ntine- -ef6t!7 i60utti!n b!ut his 8ifes fthe. His fthe*in* l8 b!u(ht  suit !n the ei-ence !f these lettes. 5he lettes 8ee 0sse?. Ms -u(hte / 8s 6ie- t! P. Duin( Au(ust #%%?& 8hen / 8s esi-in( 8ith he 0ents t ;!6b7& P 8!te t8! lettes t! / f!6 Clcutt 8hich c!ntine-$ -ef6t!7 i60utti!ns b!ut M. M file-  c!60lint ch(in( P 8ith the !ffence !f -ef6ti!n. P ise- the 0le tht the lettes 8ee in-6issible in ei-ence s the7 8ee e0essl7 0!hibite- b7 l8 f!6 -iscl!sue. Deci-e. XC.L XC.LC. C.**%"$% %"$%?$ ?$%1 %1I# I#"2 "2

■



LAW OF EVIDENCE !n b7 the the 8ife 8ife t! he he fth fthe e.. 5he 5he Kel el  Hi(h Hi(h C!u C!utt e=e e=ecte cte- the the ei-ence un-e Sec. #"". 5he Su0e6e C!ut& h!8ee& !eule- the -ecisi!n.

5he Su0e6e C!ut li- -!8n the f!ll!8in( 0!0!siti!ns 8ith e(- t! Sec. #"" 9 i) P!tecti!n c!nfee- b7 Sec. #"" is li6ite- t! such 6ttes s he been c!66unicte- -uin( 6i(e c!66unicti!n bef!e 6i(e 8!ul- n!t be 0!tecte-. ;ut 0iile(e c!ntinues een fte 6i(e hs been -iss!le- b7 -eth ! -i!ce. In the 0esent cse&  -ecee f! nullit7 !f 6i(e h- been 0sse(inst the husbn- !n the (!un- !f i60!tenc7& since the 6tte eche- the c!ut). ii) 5he b eltes t! the sttus !n -te 8hen c!66unicti!n 8s 6-e n- n!t !n the -te 8hen ei-ence is s!u(ht t! be (ien. In In the 0e 0esent sent c cse se&& 6i i(e 8s sub subsist sistin in( ( t the ti6 ti6e !f c!66unicti!n !f lettes n- n!t !n the -te 8hen ei-ence (ien in the c!ut). iii) 5he 8!- c!66unicti c!66unicti!n !n -!es n!t eteneten- t! c!es0!n-e c!es0!n-ence. nce. 5hus& een th!u(h  s0!use is -ebe- f!6 -e0!sin( t! the c!ntents !f such c!es0!n-ence& the s6e cn be 0!e- b7  thi- 0es!n 8ifes fthe& in the 0esent cse). i) Ece0t 8hee the s0!use t! 8h!6 c!66unicti!n is 6-e is  8itn 8itnes ess s nn- cli cli6 6 0i 0iil ile( e(e e unun-e e Sec. Sec. #"") #"")&& the the eiei-en ence ce s t! c!66unicti!n bet8een husbn- n- 8ife is -6issible& un-e n7 !the 0!isi!ns !f the Act ! !n the (!un-s !f 0ublic 0!lic7. In /u60in(  Di. !f Public P!secuti!ns #2") ? All E/ ":2& the lette b7 the 00ellnt t! his 8ife c!ntinin(  c!nfessi!n b!ut the 6u-e c!66 c! 66it itte te- b7 hi6) hi6) 8s 8s (ien (ien b7 the the 00e 00ell lln ntt t!  c! c!ii iie e(u (ue e f! f! 0!stin( it. Afte his est& the c!lle(ue hn-e- !e the lette t! c0tin !f the shi0& 8h! (e it t! the 0!lice. 5he lette 8s hel-6issible in ei-ence the ce8 6e6bes n- c0tin (e ei-ence& but the 8ife 8s n!t clle- s 8itness.

In the 0esent cse& the c!ut thus heltht the lettes e -6issible = in ei-ence. 5he lettes c!ul- n!t cli6 the benefit !f Sec. #"".Y #"".Y Sec.#"?. Ei-ence s t! ffis !f Stte 1 N! N! !ne !ne shl shlll be 0e6 0e6it itte te- t! (ie (ie n7 n7 eiei-en ence ce -ei -eie e- f!6 f!6 I un0ublishe- !fficil ec!-s eltin( t! n7 ffis !f Stte& ece0t 8ith the the 0e6 0e6is issi si!n !n !f the the !ffi !ffice ce t t the he he- !f the the -e0 -e0t t6 6ent c!ncene-)& c!ncene-)& 8h! = shll (ie ! 8ithh!l- such 0e6issi!n 0e6issi!n s he thin's fit. 1. In cet ceti in n c cse ses s the the Stt Stte e hs hs been been (ie (ien& n& the the 0i 0iile ile(e (e n!t n!t t! 0!-uce cetin -!cu6ents 8hich elte t! the ffis !f the Stte. Discu iscuss ss the the l8 l8 el elti tin( n( t! it. it.

_

XC.LC.*%#YWI5NESSES #", Sec.#"? 0!tects un0ublishe- Stte ec!-s f!6 bein( -iscl!se-. 5his secti!n is bse- !n the 6i6 Slus 0!0uli est su0e6e $e& i.e.& e(- f! 0ublic 8elfe is the hi(hest l8. 5he (enel ule is tht the 8itness is b!un- t! tell the 8h!le tuth n- t! 0!-uce n7 -!cu6ent in his 0!ssessi!n ! 0!8e& elent t! the 6tte in issue. H!8ee& in cetin cses& the 0!-ucti!n !f !fficil -!cu6ent 67 be in=ui!us t! l(e 0ublic inteest& s f! instnce it 67 h6 Sttes secuit7& (!!- -i0l!6tic elti!ns& etc. In such cses the Stte hs been (ien the 0iile(e n!t t! 0!-uce cetin -!cu6ents 8hich elte t! ffis !f the Stte. Sec.#"? 6ust be e- in c!n=u(ti!n 8ith Sec.#2". Sec.#2" 0!i-es tht 8hen  0es!n hs been su66!ne- t! 0!-uce  -!cu6ent he sh!ul- 0!-uce& it een if he hs n7 !b=ecti!n t! its 0!-ucti!n nthe the c! c!u utt shll shll -eci -eci-e -e the the 6 6tt tte e !f his his !b=e !b=ect cti! i!n n the the c! c!u utt 6 67 7 ins0ect the -!cu6ent& unless it efes t! 6ttes !f Stte.

5he 0iile(e un-e Sec. #"? sh!ulbe cli6e- eithe b7 the Ministe& ! his Secet7& ! b7 He- !f the De0t6ent. 5he usul 6eth!- !f cli6in( the 0iile(e is b7 filin( n ffi-it. 5he ffi-it hs t! stte tht the -!cu6ent in Ruesti!n hs been cefull7 e- n- e6inen- the De0t6ent is stisfie- tht the -iscl!sue 8!ul- n!t be in 0ubli 0ublic c inte intee est st.. Afte Afte l!!' l!!'in in( ( t the the ntu ntue e !f the the -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nt&& the the (!u (!unn-s s f! f! the the cl cli6 !f the 0i 0iil ile e(e& (e& n- the t!t t!tli litt7 !f the cic cicu6 u6st stn nce ces& s& the the c! c!u utt

-eci -eci-e -es s

the the

Rues Ruesti ti!n !n !f !-e !-ei in( n( the the

0!-ucti!n ! n!t. In Stte !f Pun=b  Su'h-e Sin(h S!-hi AI/ #%2# SC 1%?)& the Su0 Su0e6 e6e e C!u C!utt hs hs lili- -!8n -!8n the the f!ll f!ll!8 !8in in( ( 0!0 0!0!s !sit iti! i!ns ns in this this e(- 9 i) It is  6tte f! the uth!it7 t! -eci-e 8hethe -iscl!sue 8!ulcuse in=u7 t! the 0ublic inteest. H!8ee& the c!ut 8!ul- enRuie int! the Ruesti!n 8hethe the ei-ence s!u(ht t! be eclu-e- f!6 0!-ucti!n eltes t! Stte ffis. ii) 5he C!ut is b!un- t! h!l-  0eli6in7 enRui7 int! the chcte !f the -!cu6ent. F! this 0u0!se it 67 cll f!th c!lltel ei-ence. In n! cse& cn c n the c!ut ins0ect the -!cu6ent itself. iii) iii) 5hus& 5hus& the c!ut cnn!t cnn!t enRui enRuie e int! int! the 0!ssible 0!ssible in=u7 in=u7 t! the 0ublic inteest& but the c!ut c!ul- h!l-  0eli6in7 enRui7 n-ete6ine the li-it7 !f !b=ecti!n. 5he 5he b b 0!0 0!0!u !unn-ee- b7 Su'h Su'h-e -e  Sin( Sin(h hs s c cse se&& t! ie8 ie8in in( ( the the -!cu6ent b7 the c!ut& 8s !eule- b7 the Su0e6e C!ut in its lte -ecisi!ns 9 A6 Chn- ;utli  Stte AI/ #%21 SC #2:)& Stte !f <.P.  /= Nin AI/ #%,: SC 2:)& S.P. 4u0t 
Stte !f <.P.  /= Nin AI/ #%,: SC 2:) In this cse& the -efen-nt Ru!te- cetin 0ts !f the ;lue ;!!' * n !ffici !fficill -!cu6 -!cu6ent ent elt eltin( in( t! secui secuit7 t7 n( n(e6 e6ent ents s !f the Pi6e Pi6e Mini Minist ste e)& )& nn- its its 0!0!-uc ucti ti!n !n s n eiei-en ence ce&& s it 8s n!t n!t n un0ublishe- -!cu6ent. 5he c!ut heltht the -iscl!sue !f cetin 0!ti!ns -!es n!t en-e it 0ublishe-& f! such 0!ti!ns 67 he n! c!ncen 8ith ffis !f Stte. 5he 5he Su0 Su0e6 e6e e C!u C!ut& t& in this this c cse se&& lili- -!8n -!8n s! s!6e 6e uth uth! !it itt ti ie e 0!0!siti!ns 9 i) F!un-ti!n !f l8 behin- Sec. #"? n- Sec. #2" is in=u7 t! 0ublic inteest. ii) Public inteest 8hich -e6n-s ei-ence t! be 8ithhel- 6ust be 8ei(he- (inst 0ublic inteest in the -6inistti!n !f =ustice tht the c!uts sh!ul- he the fullest 0!ssible ccess t! ll elent 6teils. When When 0ubl 0ublic ic inte intee est st !ut8 !ut8ei ei(h (hs s the the ltt ltte e&& eiei-en ence ce c cnn nn!t !t be -6itte-. iii) 5he c!nfi-entilit7 !f the 6tte hs t! be -eci-e- b7 the He- !f the De De0 0t6e t6ent. nt. H!8e H!8ee e&& the c!ut c!ut cn su66! su66!n n n7 -!cu6e -!cu6ent nt n!t8ithstn-in( n7 !b=ecti!n un-e Sec. #2" n- cn -iscuss the -6issibilit7 s n ei-ence)& n- cn (et the hel0 !f tnslt!s t! -eci-e 8hethe the -!cu6ent eltes t! the ffis !f Stte. i) If the c!ut is stisfie- 8ith the es!ns cite- in ffi-it& 6tte en-s thee. ) If n!t& the c!ut 67 ins0ect the -!cu6ent n- if it fin-s tht n7 0t !f the -!cu6ent is inn!cu!us n!t elte- t! ffis !f Stte) it c!ul- !-e -iscl!sue !f such 0t. While !-ein( !f the -iscl!sue !f inn!cu!us 0t& the c!ut 6ust sel the !the 0ts 8h!se -iscl!sue is un-esible.

In /.K. /.K. Jin Jin 
e6ine the -!cu6ents). In this cse& the 00!int6ent ■ _nce 8ith the the 6en 6en-e -e- /ule /ules. s. 5he 5he 6e 6eit its s !f the the 00 00!i !int ntee ee ■ behi behinn- the the 6en-6ent 8ee n!t 0e6itte- t! be e6ine- Ut liti(ti!n. C!66unicti!ns 7

 shll be c!60elle- t! -iscl!se c!66unicti!ns&

sh 

c!nfi-ence& 8hen he c!nsi-es tht the 0ublic

e -iscl!sue -iscl!sue..

*WI5NES *WI5NESSES SES

#"% 5he 5he c! c!u utt c cn n c! c!60 60el el the the -isc -iscl! l!su sue e !f -!cu -!cu6e 6ent nt&& if the the c! c!u utt -is(ees 8ith the !ffice. Sec.#":. Inf!6ti!n s t! c!66issi!n !f !ffences N! M(istte ! Public Office shll be c!60elle- t! s7 8hence*he (!t (!t n7 n7 inf! inf!6 6t ti! i!n n s t! the the c! c!66 66is issi si!n !n !f n7 n7 !ffe !ffenc nce& e& nn- n! /ee /eenu nue e Offi Office ce sh shll be c! c!60 60el elle le- t! s s7 7 8hen 8hence ce he (!t (!t n7 n7 inf!6ti!n s t! the c!66issi!n !f n7 !ffence (inst the 0ublic eenue. 5he secti!n is inten-e- t! enc!u(e 0e!0le t! (ie inf!6ti!n b!ut !ffences b7 0!tectin( the s!uce !f inf!6ti!n& f! !the8ise& n! !ne 8!ul- li'e t! (ie such inf!6ti!n. It is 8ell estblishe- tht the 0!lice 67 su00ess the i-entit7 !f the inf!6nts in the inteest !f c!6btin( ci6e. Sec.#"2. P!fessi!nl C!66unicti!ns See un-e the uesti!ns secti!n. ACCOMPLICE EVIDENCE: XSs. #??& ##1 b)Y

An cc!60lice is  0es!n 8h! hs t'en 0t in the c!66issi!n !f  ci6e. When n !ffence is c!66itte- b7 6!e thn !ne 0es!n in c!ncet& ee7 !ne 0tici0tin( in its c!66issi!n is n cc!60lice. He is clle- n 00!e if he is (nte- 0-!n un-e Sec.?+2 !f the C!-e !f Ci6inl P!ce-ue& #%,?. When he 00es s  8itness f! the the 0!s 0!sec ecut uti! i!n n (i (inst nst the the c ccu cuse se- 0es 0es!n !n 8ith 8ith 8h!6 8h!6 he c cte tet!(ethe in the c!66issi!n !f the ci6e& the Ruesti!n ises s t! 8ht is the lue !f the ei-ence !f  f!6e ci6inl tune- 8itness. 58! 0!isi!ns in the Act t!uch this 0!ble6. Sec.#??. Acc!60lice An c cc! c!60 60li lice ce shl shlll be  c! c!60 60et eten entt 8itn 8itnes ess s (i (ins nstt n c ccu cuse se0es!n n-  c!nicti!n is n!t ille(l 6eel7 becuse it 0!cee-s u0!n the unc!!b!te- testi6!n7 !f n cc!60lice. Sec.##1. Illustti!n b) 5he c!ut c!ut 6 67 7 0esu6 0esu6e e tht tht n cc!6 cc!60li 0lice ce is un8!t un8!th7 h7 !f ce-it ce-it&& unless he is c!!b!te- in 6teil 0ticuls. H!8ee& Sec.##1 ls! (ies t8! instnces 8hen this -!es n!t 00l7 * A 0es!n !f the hi(hest chcte& chcte& is tie- f! cusin(  6ns -eth b7 n ct !f ne(li(ence in n(in( cetin 6chine7. ;&  0es!n !f eRu eRull ll7 7 (!!(!!- ch chc cte te& 8h! 8h! ls! ls! t!!' t!!' 0t 0t in the the  n( n(e6 e6en ent& t& -esc -escib ibes es 0ec 0ecise isel7 l7 8ht 8ht 8s 8s -!ne -!ne&& nn- -6i -6its ts nn- e0l e0li ins ns the the c!66!n celessness !f A n- hi6self. 5he !the instnce is * A ci6e is c!66itte- b7 seel 0es!ns. A& ;& n- C& thee !f the ci6inls& e c0tue- !n the s0!t n- 'e0t 0t :. Wite  sh!t n!te !n Acc!60lice ei-ence. XC.LC*%"Y#?+ LAW OF EVIDENCE

f!6 ech !the. Ech (ies n cc!unt !f the ci6e i60lictin( D& nthe cc!unts c!!b!te ech !the in such  6nne s t! en-e 0ei!us c!ncet hi(hl7 i60!bble. N! ntithesis bet8een Sec.#?? n- Sec.##12 5hee is n! ntithesis bet8een Sec.#?? n- Sec.##1& illustti!n b)& becus becuse e the illust illust ti! ti!n n !nl7 !nl7 s7s s7s tht tht the c!ut c!ut 67 67 0esu6 0esu6e e  cet ceti in n stt stte e !f ff ffi is. s. It -!es -!es n!t n!t see' see' t! is ise e  c! c!nc nclu lusi si e 0esu60ti!n. Sec.#?? is  cle uth!isti!n t! the c!uts t! c!nict !n the c!! c!!b! b!t tee- testi6 testi6!n7 !n7 !f n cc!60 cc!60lice lice&& but since since such such  8itness& bein( ci6inl hi6self& 67 n!t l87s be tust8!th7& the c!uts e (ui-e- b7 the illustti!n 00en-e- t! Sec.##1 tht& if it is necess7 the c!ut sh!ul- 0esu6e tht he is unelible unless his stte6ents e su00!te- ! eifie- b7 s!6e in-e0en-ent ei-ence D(-u  Stte !f Mhsht #%,,) ? SCC "2. Sec.#?? l7s -!8n  ule !f l8. ;ut Sec.##1& illustti!n b) l7s -!8n  ule !f 0u-ence. 5his ule !f 0u-ence hs n!8 c!6e t! be cce0te- s  ule !f l8 b7 =u-icil le(islti!n b!th in In-in nEn(lish l8. 5he ei-ence !f n cc!60lice sh!ul- stn- the test !f eificti!n t lest in 6in 0!ints. 5his is 'n!8n s c!!b!ti!n. 5hee 5hee e the f!ll!8 f!ll!8in( in( -n(e -n(es s in cce0t cce0tin( in( the unc! unc!!b !b! !tetetesti6!n7 !f n cc!60lice 9* #)

He is 0tic 0tici0e i0es s c ci6 i6ini inis s   0tic 0tici0 i0nt nt in the c!6 c!66i 6issi! ssi!n n !f !f

ctu c tul l ci6 ci6e) e)&& henc hence e ei-e ei-enc nce e c! c!6e 6es s f!6 f!6  tin tinte te- s! s!u uce ce.. His His testi6!n7 sh!ul- n!t c7 the s6e es0ect s tht !f  l8*bi-in( citiBen. ")

He hs been fithless t! his c!60ni!ns n- 67 be fithless t!

the c!ut becuse he hs 6!tie t! shift the (uilt f!6 hi6self t! his f!6e c!60ni!ns. 5he 06!unt -n(e is tht he 67 8ee  st!7 8hich 67 i60licte een the inn!cent 8ith the (uilt7.

?)

If he is n 00!e i.e. (nte- 0-!n)& he hs been f!ue-

b7 the Stte n- is theef!e li'el7 t! f!u the Stte. 5hese es!ns -ictte the necessit7 f! c!!b!ti!n. 5he ntue n- etent !f c!!b!ti!n !f cc!60lice ei-ence 6ust necessil7 7 8ith the cicu6stnces !f ech cse& n- it is n!t 0!ssible t! enuncite n7 h- n- fst ule. ;ut the (ui-in( ules li-!8 -!8n in /.  ;s'e s'eille #%#2 " K; 2:) e cle le be7!nc!nt!es7. 5he7 e 9*

2. An cc!60lice is un8!th7 !f ce-it unless c!!b!te- in 6teil 0ticul 0ticuls. s. Discuss Discuss 8ith efeence efeence t! elen elentt sttut!7 sttut!7 0!isi!ns 0!isi!ns n- cse l8. XC.L.C*%?$%1 XC.L.C*%?$%1 L.C.II*%?$%:[ H!8 he the c!uts ec!ncile- the c!nflict bet8een Sec.#?? n- Sec. ##1

b)

in

GG_Us

!f

00!e

XC.L.C.*%:$%2YWI5NESSES

ei-enceU 

#?# #) #)

It is

n!t n!t nece necess ss 7 7 tht tht the thee e sh!u sh!ull-

be

in-e in-e0e 0enn-en entt

c!nfi6ti!n& in ee7 -etil& !f the ci6e elte- b7 the cc!60lice. It is sufficient if thee is  c!nfi6ti!n s t!  6teil cicu6stnce !f the cse. ")

5he c!nfi c!nfi6 6ti! ti!n n b7 in-e0e in-e0en-e n-ent nt ei-e ei-ence nce 6ust 6ust be !f the

i-entit7 !f the ccuse- in elti!n t! the ci6e. 5hus& thee 6ust be c!nfi6ti!n tht n!t !nl7 hs the ci6e been c!66itte- but tht the ccuse- c!66itte- it. ?)

5he c!!b! c!!b!ti!n ti!n 6ust be b7 in-e0en-ent in-e0en-ent testi6!n7 testi6!n7&& i.e.& i.e.& b7

s!6e ei-ence !the thn tht !f the cc!60lice& n- theef!e& !ne cc!60lice cnn!t c!!b!te the !the.

1)

5he c!!b c!!b! !t ti!n i!n neenee- n!t be b7 -iect -iect ei-e ei-ence nce tht tht the

ccuse- c!66itte- the ci6e it 67 een be cicu6stntil. In /6esh8  Stte !f /=sthn #%:") SC/ ?,+& the Su0e6e C!u C!utt hs hs c! c!nf nfi i6e 6e- the the s sii- ule ules. s. In H! H!!n !n H=i H=i  Stt Stte e !f Mhsht AI/ #%2 SC ?")& /in-e Sin(h  Stte !f H7n AI/ #%,: SC :2)& n-& Knnn Sin(h  Stte !f 5.N. AI/ #%% SC ?%2)& the Su0e6e C!ut hs effi6e- the -ecisi!n !f /6esh8  Stte. In /in-e Sin(h  Stte !f H7n AI/ #%,: SC :2)& the ccuse8s ch(e- 8ith 6u-e !f his 8ife. His fien- tune- 00!e& 8h! -iscl!s -iscl!see- the c ccuse cuse-s -s inti6 inti6c7 c7 8ith 8ith !the !the (il. (il. 5he ccuse ccuse- hhtche-  c!ns0ic7 8ith the hel0 !f 00!e. It 8s heltht the 00 00! !e e 8s 8s

eli elib ble le nn-

his his

stt stte6 e6en entt

8s c! c! !b !b! !t tee- b7

in-e0 in-e0en en-e -ent nt 8itn 8itnes esse ses s tht tht the the c ccu cuse se- 8s 8s c cc! c!60 60n n7i 7in( n( the the -ece -eces seein the the ti tin). n). M! M!e e! !e e&& the the subs subseR eRue uent nt c! c!nn-uct uct !f the the ccuse- 8s  tue*tell*tle !f his (uilt7 6in- the el 6!tie f! the ci6e bein( ille(iti6te inti6c7 8ith  (il. 5he c!ut heltht the 00!es test is fulfille- if the st!7 he eltes in!les hi6& n- the st!7 00es t! be ntul n- 0!bble ctl!(ue !f eents& n- the st!7 6ust i60licte the ccuse- in such  6nne s! s t! (ie ise t! c!nclusi!n !f (uilt7 be7!n- es!nble -!ubt. In Suesh Chn- ;hi  Stte !f ;ih AI/ #%%1 SC "1"+)& the Su0e6e C!ut e*e60hsise- the nee- f! isin( the 0esu60ti!n tht the 00!e ei-ence is untust8!th7 unless c!!b!te-. Wh! is n!t n cc!60lice 5he f!ll!8in( clsses !f 0es!ns e n!t cc!60lices 9* i) When  0es!n& un-e thet !f -eth ! !the f!6 !f 0essue 8hich he is unble t! esist& c!66its  ci6e l!n( 8ith !thes& he is n!t  8illin( 0tici0nt in it& but icti6 !f such cicu6stnces.

ii) ii) A 0es 0es!n !n 8h! 8h! 6e 6ee el7 l7 8itn 8itnes esse ses s  ci6 ci6e& e& nn- -!es -!es n!t n!t (ie (ie inf!6ti!n !f it t! n7 !ne else !ut !f te!& is n!t n cc!60lice.#?" LAW OF EVIDENCE iii) iii)

Detec De tecti ties& es& 0i0i- inf! inf!6e 6es s nn- t t0 0 8itness 8itnesses es t! t! t0 t0 the the

ccuse-) e n!t cc!60lices. C!nfessi!n !f c!*ccuse- Vs Acc!60lice ei-ence, Sec.?+. C!nfessi!n !f c!*ccuse- * When 6!e 0es!ns thn !ne e bein( tie- =!intl7 f! the s6e !ffence& n-  c!nfessi!n 6-e b7 !ne !f such 0es!ns ffectin( hi6self n- s!6e !the !f such 0es!ns is 0!e 0!e-& -& the c!ut c!ut 6 67 7 t'e t'e int! int! c!nsi-e c!nsi-e ti! ti!n n such such c!nfes c!nfessi! si!n n s (inst such !the 0es!n s 8ell s (inst the 0es!n 8h! 6'es such c!nfessi!n. Illustti!ns )

A nn- ; e =!intl7 tietie- f! Cs 6u-e 6u-e.. It is 0!e- tht A si- 9

; nn- I 6u6u-e eee- C. C. 5he 5he c! c!u utt 6 67 7 c! c!ns nsi-e i-e the the effe effect ct !f the the c!nfessi!n (inst ;. b)

A is is !n til f! f! Cs 6u-e. 6u-e. 5hee is ei-ence ei-ence t! t! sh!8 tht C 8s 8s

6u-ee- b7 A n- ;& n- tht ; si- 9 A n- I 6u-ee- C. 5his stte6ent 67 n!t be t'en int! c!nsi-eti!n b7 the c!ut (inst A s ; is n!t bein( =!intl7 tie-. It 6 67 7 be n!ten!tetht tht the c!nfessi! c!nfessi!n n !f c!*c c!*ccus cusee- 6ust 6ust i60lic i60licte te hi6self s 8ell s s!6e !the ccuse-. Futhe& Futhe& the c!nfessi!n 6-e t  0ei!us til 8ill n!t be elent. When the7 e =!intl7 tie- but f! -iffeent !ffences e.(. b-ucti!n n- 0e)& then ls! the c!nfessi!n 8ill 8ill be iele iele nt. nt. Still Still futhe futhe& the c!nfes c!nfessi! si!n n 6ust 6ust n!t he he been been 6-e un-e f!ce ! fu-. 5he c!nfessi!n !f  c!*ccuseis n!t tete-& in the s6e 87 s the testi6!n7 !f n cc!60lice 9

#)

5he c!nfes c!nfessi! si!n n !f c!*c c!*ccuse cuse- is n!t ei-e ei-ence nce& & s it is n!t

ec!-e- !n !th& n! it is (ien in the 0esence !f the ccuse- nn! its tuth cn c n be teste- b7 c!ss*e6inti!n. 5he 5he c cc! c!60 60li lice ce eiei-en ence ce is t' t'en !n ! !th th nn- test testee- b7 c!s c!ss* s* e6inti!n  hi(he 0!btie lue is thus (ien t! it. ") ")

5he 5he c! c!nf nfes essi si!n !n !f c! c!* *cc ccus usee- 6ust 6ust !nl7 !nl7 be t' t'en int! int!

c!nsi-eti!n l!n( 8ith !the ei-ence in tHS cse& n- it cnn!t l!ne f!6 the bsis !f  c!nicti!n. A c! c!n nict icti! i!n n is n!t n!t ille ille( (ll 6e 6ee el7 l7 bec becus use e it 0!c 0!cee ee-s -s u0!n u0!n the the  c!!b!te- testi6!n7 !f n cc!60lice. ?)

5he 0hil!s!0h7 !f Sec.?+ is tht c!nfessi!n !f c!*ccuse- ff!-s

s!6e s!t !f sncti!n in su00!t !f the tuth !f his c!nfessi!n (inst !thes n- hi6self. An cc!60lice ei-ence is ls! n!t fee f!6 citicis6. An 00!e is  6!st un8!th7 fien-& if t ll& n- he& hin( b(ine- f! his ] Wht is the the -iffeence bet8een bet8een the c!nfessi!n !f  c!*ccusec!*ccuse- nthe

testi6!n7

G

cc!60lice

U

XLC.II*%?[ WI5NESSES #?? i66unit7& 6ust 0!e his 8!thiness f! ce-ibilit7 in c!ut. H!8ee& the Su0e6e C!ut hs t'en ce !f it b7 insistin( !n c!!b!ti!n. In 6 6n7 n7 cses cses !f 0!sec 0!secuti uti!n !n !f 6e 6e6be 6bes s !f !(ni !(nisese- ci6e ci6e&& n 00 00! !e e nn- fe8 fe8 c! c!* *cc ccuse use- 6 67 7 be the the !nl7 !nl7 ei-e ei-enc nce e nn- it is !bi!us tht such 0es!ns 8!ul- nee be c!nicte- if Sec. #?? 8s n!t thee in the sttute b!!'. IMPO IMPO/ /5AN5

5OPICS PICS$I $ILL LL
C!66unicti!ns Sec.#"2)

5!0ic* 0ic* ) )

P!f P!fes essi si!n !nl l

A 0!fessi!n 0!fessi!nll c!66 c!66unict unicti!n i!n 6ens 6ens  c!nfi-enti c!nfi-entill c!66 c!66unic unicti!n ti!n bet8een  0!fessi!nl e.(. l87e) n- his client 6-e t! the f!6e in the c!use& n- f! the 0u0!se& !f his e60l!76ent s such -ise. 5he 5he 0i 0iil ile( e(e e tt ttch chin in( ( t! c! c!nf nfii-en enti til l 0!f 0!fes essi si!n !nl l -isc -iscl! l!su sue es s is c!nfine- t! the cse !f le(l -ises& n- -!es n!t 0!tect th!se 6-e t! cle(76en& -!ct!s& etc. 5he 6in in(e-ients !f Sec.#"2 e 9* N! biste& tt!ne7& 0le-e ! 'il shll t n7 ti6e be 0e6itte-& unless 8ith his clients e0ess c!nsent& t! * i) -iscl!se n7 c!66unicti!n 6-e t! hi6 b7 ! !n behlf !f his client& ! n7 -ise (ien b7 hi6 t! his client in the c!use n- f! the 0u0!se !f his e60l!76ent e60l!76ent ii) stte the c!ntents ! c!n-iti!ns !f n7 -!cu6ent 8ith 8hich he hs bec! bec!6 6e cRu cRuin inte te- in the c! c!u use se n- f! f! the the 0u 0u0!se 0!se !f his e60l!76ent. P!i-e- tht n!thin( in this secti!n shll n! 0!tect f!6 -iscl!sue * #)

n7 n7 such such c!6 c!66un 6unic icti! ti!n n 6 6-e -e in futhe futhe nce nce !f n7 ille( ille(ll

0u0!se& ")

n7 fct !bsee- b7 biste& biste& etc. in the c!use !f e60l!76ent

sh!8 sh!8in in( ( tht tht n7 n7 ci6 ci6e e ! fu fu- hs hs been been c! c!66 66it itte te- sinc since e the the c!66ence6ent !f his e60l!76ent. e60l!76ent. ) A&  client& s7s t! ;& n tt!ne7 * I 8ish t! !btin 0!ssessi!n !f 0!0et7 b7 use !f f!(e- -ee- !n 8hich I eRuest 7!u t! sue. Is the c!66unicti!n 6-e b7 A be- b7 l8 ! e0essl7 0!hibite- b7 l8

f ! 6

-iscl!sueU

Deci-e.

XC.L.C*%"Y b) A h- she- ll his business secets 8ith his 8ife -uin( the subsistence !f thei 6i(e. 5he c!66unicti!ns he been t0eb7 the 8ife. Afte thei -i!ce& the 8ife bec!6es fien-l7 8ith As

busi busine ness ss i ils ls 8h! 8h! he he file file- c cse ses s f! f! c! c!ns ns0i 0i c7 c7 nn- che cheti tin( n( (inst (inst A. Cn the f!6e 8ife 00e in the 8itness b! t! testif7 testif7 t! the husbn-s elie c!66unicti!nsU Will the b !f Sec. #"" 00l7 in

cse

the

f!6e

8ife

(i (ies

the

cssettes

c!ntinin(

the

c!66unicti!ns t! As business ils f! the 0u0!se !f estblishin( c!ns0ic7

n-

chetin(

ch(esU

XC.L.C.*%2Y#?1 LAW OF EVIDENCE E0lnti!n * 5he !bli(ti!n stte- in this secti!n c!ntinues fte the e60l!76ent hs cese-. Illustti!ns )

A&  client& client& s7s t! ;& ;&  n n tt!n tt!ne7 e7 * I he he c!66it c!66ittete- f!(e7 f!(e7

n- I 8ish 7!u t! -efen- 6e. As the -efence !f 6n 'n!8n t! be (uilt7 is n!t  ci6inl 0u0!se& this c!66unicti!n is 0!tecte- f!6 -iscl!sue. b)

A&  client& client& s7s s7s t! ;& n tt! tt!ne7 ne7 *I 8ish t! !btin !btin 0!ssessi!n 0!ssessi!n

!f 0!0et7 b7 use !f f!(e- -ee- !n 8hich I eRuest 7!u t! sue. 5his c!66unicti!n& bein( 6-e in futhence !f  ci6inl 0u0!se& is n!t 0!tecte- f!6 -iscl!sue. c)

A& bein( ch(e- 8ith e6beBBle6ent& etins ;& n tt!ne7& tt!ne7& t!

-efen- hi6. In the c!use !f the 0!cee-in(& A !bsees tht n ent7 hs been 6-e in As cc!unt*b!!'& ch(in( A 8ith the su6 si- t! h he been been e6 e6be beBB BBle le-& -& 8hic 8hich h ent ent7 7 8s 8s n!t n!t in the the b!!' b!!' t the the c!66ence6ent !f his e60l!76ent. e60l!76ent. 5his bein(  fct !bsee- b7 ; in the c!use !f his e60l!76ent& sh!8in( tht  fu- hs been c!66itte- since the c!66ence6ent !f the 0!cee-in(s& it is n!t 0!tecte- f!6 -iscl!sue. 5he 0inci0le un-el7in( Sec.#"2 is tht if c!66unicti!ns t!  le(l -i -ise se 8ee 8ee n!t n!t 0i 0iil ile( e(ee-&&  6 6n n 8!ul 8!ulbe -ete -ete ee- f!6 f!6 full full7 7

-iscl!sin( his cse& s! s t! !btin 0!0e 0!fessi!nl i- in  6tte in 8hich he is li'el7 t! be th!8n int! liti(ti!n. Ee7 0es!n& h!8ee (uilt7& is entitle- t!  fi til * 8hich in!les the seice !f  c!unsel n- c!unsel cnn!t -efen- his client unless he 'n!8s the 8h!le tuth. In the bsence !f 0iile(e un-e Sec. #"2& it 8!ul- he been -ifficult f! n7 b!-7 t! (et the best 0!fessi!nl -ice. 5he 0!isi!ns !f Sec. #"2 00l7 t! inte0etes n- the cle's ! sents !f bistes& etc. Sec. #",). It is n!t ee7 c!66unicti!n 6-e b7  0es!n t! his le(l -ise tht tht is 0i 0iil ile( e(ee- f!6 f!6 -isc -iscl! l!su sue e.. 5he 5he 0i 0iil ile( e(e e ete etenn-s s !nl7 !nl7 t! c!66 c! 66un unic ict ti! i!ns ns 6 6-e -e t! hi6 hi6 c! c!nf nfii-en enti til ll7 l7 nn- 8ith 8ith  ie8 ie8 t! !btinin( 0!fessi!nl -ise XFn=i ;hic=i  M!hn Sin(h Dhn Sin(h #%?) # ;!6 "2?Y. 5he 0!hibiti!n eten-s t! ll c!66unicti!ns 6-e in c!nfi-ence 0etinin( t! n7 0en-in( ! c!nte60lte- cse ! f! the 0u0!se !f s!licitin( 0!fessi!nl -ice. In D.Veese'n  Stte !f 5.N. X#%%" C LJ "#2 M-.)Y& the -ice !f n -!cte t! his client t! e6in bsc!n-in( 8s n!t ll!8e- t! be cite- in the 0!secuti!n !f the -!cte un-e the 5ADA Act& #%,. It*8s hel- t! be  0!fessi!nl c!66unicti!n n- n!t n bet6ent un-e the 5ADA. E0lnti!n t! Sec. #"2 e6b!-ies the ule !nce 0iile(e- l87s 0iile(e-. 5he 0iile(e un-e Sec. #"2 is sub=ect t! fe8 ece0ti!ns 9* . A Ruesti!n bse- !n the s6e fcts. XC.LC.*%1YWI5NESSES #?: #)

C!66unicti!n 6-e in futhence !f ille(l 0u0!se 0!is!

#) * Such Such c!6 c!66un 6unic icti! ti!ns ns e n!t 0!tec 0!tectete-.. A client client c!nsultec!nsulte-  l87e f! the 0u0!se !f -8in( u0  bill !f sle 8hich 8s lle(e- t!

be fu-ulent. 5he c!66unicti!n 8s hel- t! be n!t 0iile(e-& f! the c!nsultti!n 8s f! n ille(l 0u0!se Xsee illustti!n b)Y. ")

Ci6e ! fu- since e60l!76ent be(n 0!is! ") * If  l87e

fin-s in the c!use !f his e60l!76ent tht n7 ci6e ! fufu- hs been c!66 c! 66it itte te- sinc since e the the e6 e60l 0l!7 !76e 6ent nt be( be(n& n& he c cn n -isc -iscl! l!se se such such inf!6ti!n Xsee illustti!n c)Y. It is bse- !n the ule tht n! 0ite !bli(ti!n cn -is0ense 8ith tht uniesl !ne 8hich lies !n ee7 6e6be !f s!ciet7 t! -iscl!se ee7 -esi(n& 8hich 67 be f!6ec!nt7 t! l8s !f s!ciet7& s!ciet7& t! -est!7 the 0ublic 8elfe. ?) 1) 1)

Discl!sue 8ith e0ess c!nsent !f client *8ie *8ie !f 0iile(e. Inf! Inf!6ti!n ti!n f fllin llin( ( int int! hnhn-s s !f thi thi- 0es 0es! !n * If the the

c!66unicti!n is !ehe- b7  thi- 0es!n& he 67 be c!60elle- t! -iscl!se it. 5he 0!hibiti!n 8!'s (inst the l87e& but n!t (inst n7 !the 0es!n. :)

L87es L87es suit (inst client * If the l87e hi6self sues the client

f! f! his 0!f 0!fe essi! ssi!n nll se seic ice es& he 67 -isc -iscl! l!se se s! 6uch !f the the inf!6ti!n s is elent t! the issue. 5he b !f Sec.#"2 is 0till7 liftelifte- b7 Sec.#"% * 8hen  client !ffes !ffes hi6 hi6self self s  8itne itness ss&& he 67 be c! c!6 60ell 0elle e- t! -isc -iscl! l!se se such such c!66unicti!n s 67 00e t! the c!ut necess7 t! be 'n!8n in !-e t! e0lin n7 ei-ence 8hich he hs (ien& but n! !thes. Decisi!n !f the cse in Ruesti!n Sec.#"2 -!es n!t 0!tect c!66unicti!ns 6-e in futhence !f n ille(l ille(l 0u0!s 0u0!se& e& cc!cc!-in( in( t! 0!is 0!is! ! #). #). Obtin Obtinin( in( 0!sses 0!ssessi! si!n n !f 0!0et7 b7  f!(e- -!cu6ent is  ci6e XSee illustti!nb)Y. 5hus& c!66unicti!n 6-e b7 A is n!t 0!tecte- f!6 -iscl!sue. - iscl!sue. b)

F! F! the l8 l8 el eltin tin( ( t! Sec. Sec. #"" #"" 0ii 0iile( le(ee- c!66 c!66uni unict cti!n i!ns s

bet8een s0!uses)& see the tet.

In the cse in Ruesti!n& the f!6e 8ife cnn!t 00e in the 8itness b! t! testif7 n! cn she (ie in ei-ence the cssettes c!ntinin( the c!66unicti!ns& s such c!66unicti!ns 8ee 6-e -uin( the subsistence !f 6i(e See M.C. Ve(hese  5.J. P!nnn in the tet). 5!0ic*%) Acc!60lice Ei-ence See.#??)% F! the le(l 0!isi!ns& see the tet. 5he 0esent 0!ble6 is bse- !n the f!ll!8in( cse 9 %) In  6u-e til& the 00!es 00!es ei-ence is c!!b!te- !nl7 b7 C!nt-....)#?2 LAW OF EVIDENCE ;hub!ni Shu  E60e! AI/ #%1% PC ":,) In this cse& ei(ht 0es!ns 8ee 0!secute- f!  6u-e f!u !f the6 8ee cRuitte-. Of the e6inin(& !ne 00ele- t! the Pi7 C!uncil. 5he ei-ence (inst the 00ellnt c!nsiste- !f ) ei-ence !f n cc!60lice 8h! h- t'en 0t in the 6u-e n- h- bec!6e n 00!e 00!e&& b) the c!nfessi!n c!nfessi!n !f n!the n!the ccuseccuse- 0es!n 0es!n i60lictin i60lictin( ( hi6self n- the 00ellnt& n- c) the ec!e7 !f  cl!th 8hich the -ecese- 8s 8ein( n-  'hntib-i n instu6ent f! cuttin( (ss) in cicu6stnces 8hich 8ee t'en t! eif7 the ei-ence !f the cc!60lice. 5he 00ellnt 8s cRuitte- b7 the c!ut. 5he c!ut !bsee- 9 A. c!6bine- e-in( !f Sec& #?? n- illustti!n b) t! Sec.##1 6'es it cle tht 8hilst it is n!t ille(l t! ct !n n unc!!b!te- ei-ence !f n cc!60lice& it is  ule !f 0u-ence s! uniesll7 f!ll!8e- s t! 6!unt l6!st t!  ule !f l8 tht it is unsfe t! ct !n the ei-ence !f n cc!60lice unless it is c!!b!te- in 6teil es0ects s! s t! i60licte the ccuse-.

5he c!!b!ti!n 6ust be n!t !nl7 8ith e(- t! the !ccuence& but ls! s (inst ech !f the ccuse-. An cc!60lice cnn!t c!!b!te hi6se hi6self lf.. 5he 5he 0e 0ei! i!us us stt stte6 e6en entt !f 00 00! !e e c cnn nn!t !t be useuse- t! c!!b c!!b! !t te e hi6sel hi6self. f. A tinte tinte- ei-e ei-ence nce -!es -!es n!t l!se l!se Its tint tint b7 e0etiti!n. 5he -n(e !f ctin( !n cc!60lice ei-ence is n!t 6eel7 tht the cc!60lice is !n his !8n -6issi!n  6n !f b- chcte..... the el -n(e is tht he is tellin(  st!7 8hich in its (enel !utline Is tue& n- it is es7 f! hi6 t! 8!' int! the st!7 6tte 8hich is untue. He 67 i60licte ten 0e!0le in n !ffence& n- the st!7 67 be tue in ll its -etils s t! ei(ht !f the6& but untue s t! the !the t8!& 8h!se n6es he been been int!int!-uce uce- becu becuse se the7 the7 8ee 8ee ene6ie ene6ies s !f the 00! 00!e e. 5his 5his tenten-en enc7 c7 t! incl incluu-e e the the inn! inn!ce cent nt 8ith 8ith the the (uil (uilt7 t7 is 0t 0tic icul ul l7 l7 0e 0e lent lent in In-i In-i. . 5he 5he !nl7 !nl7 el el s sfe fe(u (u - (i (ins nstt the the is' is' !f c!nc! n-e e6nin nin(

the the

inn! inn!ce cent nt

8ith ith

in-e in-e0e 0enn-en entt

eiei-en ence ce 8hic 8hich h

the

(uil (uiltt7

lies lies

in s! s!6e 6e 6e 6es su ue e

in

insi insist stin in( (

i60l i6 0lic ict tes es

!n

ech ech

ccuse-. C!nt-...) i) i) An el elie ie c! c!nf nfes essi! si!n n !f the the 00 00! !e e hi6se hi6self lf&& in 8hic 8hich h he hs hs nte- the ci6e st!7 t! the 6(istte. ii) ii) C!nf C!nfes essi si!n !n !f  c! c!* *cc ccus usee- 8h! 8h! 8s 8s e est stee- l!n l!n( ( 8ith 8ith the the 00!e n- !thes. Is this en!u(h c!!b!ti!n c!!b!ti!n U It is !n the ec!- tht ll the ccuse- 8ee este- n- -etinese0tel7  Ght the7 h- n! chnce !f 6eetin( ech !the bef!e the til. lCLC*%:$%2Y lle(e- t! he c!66itte- the 6u-e !f @&  0!liticl !00!nent. $ 'illin( n- 8s este- !n the s0!t 8ith ;. C lte tuns n e0!ses

bef!e the c!ut tht he n- ; c!66itte- the 6u-e I  0ln t! 8hich b!th b!th A nn- ; 8ee 8ee  0t 0t7 7. Discu iscuss ss the the le( le(li lit7 t7 $ !f A nn- ; ; c!nicti!n !n the bsis !f Cs testi6!n7. testi6!n7. XC.LC*%#YWI5NESSES #?, 5he c!ut sh!ulbe sl!8 t! -e0t f!6 the ule !f cuti!n 8hich eRuies s!6e in-e0en-ent ei-ence i60lictin( the ccuse- 0es!n. 5he ei-ence !f !ne cc!60lice cnn!t be use- t! c!!b!te the testi6!n7 !f n!the cc!60lice. In the 0esent cse& the -isc!e7 !f the cl!th n- 'hntib-i c!ul- n!t c!!b!te the st!7 hel- !ut b7 the cc!60lice becuse the -isc!e7 !f cl!th t the su((esti!n !f the cc!60lice -i- n!t sh!8 tht it 8s 0ut thee b7 the 00ellnt n- the ec! ec! e7 e7 !f  'h 'hntib ntib -i f!6 f!6 hi6 hi6 8s n!t n!t n unusu nusu l thin hin( 0ticull7 !ne 8hich 8s n!t bl!!-stine-)& f!&  f6e is li'el7 t! 0!ssess it. As t! the c!nfessi!n c!nfessi!n !f c!*ccuse c!*ccuse- un-e Sec.?+& Sec.?+& it cn be t'en t'en int! c!nsi-eti!n b7 the c!ut. Illustti!n b) t! Sec.##1 ls! s7s s!. In the the 0es 0esen entt c cse se&& the the c! c!u utt thus thus helhel- tht tht s the the !00! !00!t tun unit it7 7 !f 0ei!us c!ncet c!ul- n!t be ule- !ut& n- thee is n! in-e0en-ent ei-ence c!!b!tin( the cc!60lice ei-ence& the 00ellnt is t! be cRuitte-. In  lte cse& H!!n H=i  Stte !f Mhsht AI/ #%2 SC ?") ?")&& 8he 8hee e the thee e 8s. n! !00! !00!t tun unit it7 7 !f 0e 0ei! i!us us c! c!nc nce ett the the c!nicti!n !f the ccuse- 8s u0hel-. 5hus if seel cc!60lices (ie ei-ence i-enticl esi!n) i60lictin( the ccuse-& the c!ut 67 ct !n it if it is stisfie- tht thee 8s n! !00!tunit7 f! 0i! c!ncet. H!8ee& such c!nfessi!n 6ust ins0ie c!nfi-ence b!th in its c!ntent n- in 6nne n- cicu6stnces !f its 6'in( e.(. ll ccuse- 8ee

-etine- se0tel7 n- the7 h- n! chnce !f 6eetin( ech !the bef!e the til. Decisi!n !f the cse in Ruesti!n i) 5he testi6!n7 !f n 00!e 6ust be necessil7 c!!b!te- b7 in-e0en-ent ei-ence. 5he elie c!nfessi!n !f the 00!e bef!e  6(istte is n!t n in-e0en-ent ei-ence& thus cnn!t be use- f! c!!b!ti!n. ii)

C!nfessi!n C!nfessi!n !f c!*ccu c!*ccusese- cn cn be c!nsi-eec!nsi-ee- b7 the the c!ut& c!ut& 8hee 8hee

thee is n! !00!tunit7 !f 0ei!us c!ncet. As it is s! in the 0esent cse& the c!nfessi!n !f !f c!*ccuse- cn  be use- f! c!!b!ti!n. c!!b!ti!n. b) N!8 it is cce0te- ule !f l8 tht c!nicti!n is n!t 6-e !n the bsis !f unc!!b!te- testi6!n7 !f n 00!e. 5hus& if A n- ; e t! be c! c!n nict ictee-&& Cs Cs test testi6 i6!n !n7 7 6ust 6ust be c! c! !b !b! !t tee- in 6 6te tei il l 0ticuls b7 in-e0en-ent ei-ence.

Law of Evidence Notes LLB

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