Latvians, Were They Turks, The Phenomenon of the Turkic Language

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Galina Shuke

Latvians, Were They Turks? (The Phenomenon of the Turkic Language Substratum in the Baltics) Contents Introduction 1. The Hypothesis of the Origin of East European Substratum 1.1. The Role of Asia in the History of Europe 1.2. Who Were Ancient Inhabitants of Asia Minor? 1.3. Ancient Inhabitants of the Territory of Modern Latvia 1.3.1. Folklore Symbols Testify 1.3.2. Language of Ancient People on the Territory of Modern Latvia 2. Geographical Names of Turkic Etymology 2.1. Turkic Toponyms and Hydronyms on the World Map 2.2. Turkic Toponyms and Hydronyms of Latvia 2.3. Baltic Hydronyms on the Map of Europe, or ‘the Problem of Pan-Baltic’ 3. The Discovery of Turkic Substratum in the Latvian Language 3.1. Ancestors, Gods, Names of People, Symbols 3.2. Man, Earth, Water 3.3. Home, Parents, Holidays 3.4. Parts of Human’s Body, Things, Actions 3.5. Animals, Plants, Nature 3.6. Abstract Things 4. Turkic Grammatical Rudiment in the Latvian language 4.1. Phonetics 4.1.1 Changes in the System of Vowels 4.1.2. Changes in the System of Consonants 4.2. Word Formation 4.3. Morphology 4.4. Syntax 5. Turkic roots of the Russian language 5.1. Turkic Word-Forming Models in the Russian language 5.2. Turkic Origin of Russian Suffixes 5.3. Phonetic Correspondences 6. Comparison of Substratum Lexis of the Latvian and Russian Languages 6.1. Early Substratum Lexis of the Latvian language 6.2. Early Substratum Lexis of the Russian language 6.3. Similar Substratum Lexis of the Latvian and Russian Languages 6.4. Parallel Development of the Latvian and the Russian Languages on the Turkic Basis 6.5. Substratum Lexis of the Latvian Language of the Period of Demarcation 6.6. Substratum Lexis of the Russian Language of the Later Period 6.7. The Conclusions Based on the Comparative Analysis 7. Polyethnonyms ‘Aesty’, ‘Slavy’, ‘Rusy’ and Other Ethnonyms Conclusion Introduction

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The world’s languages, are they related and how? Scientists divide them into families and groups, but haven’t found the common denominator yet. What was the first language of humanity, that basic mother tongue? The answer to this question seems to be the most important for solving the great number of linguistic mysteries. Progressive scientists of the world develop the theory of monogenesis. According to this the humanity is one and the same species, but human races are subunits within the species subdivision that sprang as the result of human’s settling in different geographical zones of the world. The theory of monogenesis proves that peoples rise from a common parental source and their languages rise from the only ancestral language. The Finnish linguist and ethnographer of the XIX century Mathias Alexander Castren has explored languages and ethnography of Finno-Ugric, Tunguso-Manjurian and Paleo-Asiatic peoples and has composed grammars and dictionaries for twenty languages. He suggested the theory of relationship of Finno-Ugric, Samodian, Turkic, Mongolian and Tunguso-Manjurian languages. In the 1960-ties the Russian scientist V. M. Illich-Svitich analized similarities of Altaic, Dravidic, Indoeuropean, Cartvel, Semitohamitic and Uralic language families. He confirmed the scientific basis of the Nostratic theory that was proposed by the Dutch scientist H.Pedersen, who wrote: “The boundaries for the Nostratian world of languages cannot yet be determined, but the area is enormous, and includes such widely divergent races that one becomes almost dizzy at the thought. (...) The question remains simply whether sufficient material can be collected to give this inclusion flesh and blood and a good clear outline.”1 The data given in V.M.Illich-Svitich’s works show that in each language family there are dozens of elements that coinside with corresponding elements of other language families that have been compared. Moreover, regardless of their distant relationship, most of the languages preserve some of the most stable systems of morphemes of identical origin. (Иллич-Свитыч, 1964, 5) If we study the map of the world we can be surprised at the great number of geographical names that sound and look alike. For example, in Russia there is a city in the region of a chain of mills called Kemerovo. In Latvia we find a chain of health resorts on the coast of the Baltic Sea one of them bearing the name Kemeri. On the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in Turkey there is a resort town with the name Kemer. The name of a tributary of the Dnieper is Tsna, the same name has the river of the Oka basin Tsna. The name of a town in the Perm region (Russia) is Usolye, we find the same name for a town in the Irkutsk region in Siberia. Everybody knows the river Visla in Poland, but we find a river with the similar name Vizla in Latvia. Crimea is the name of the peninsula in the Black Sea. In Latvia there is a town with the name Krimulda. Being aware of language relationship we can try to look at the geographical names from a new angle and try to decipher them with the help of the Turkish language. In Turkish the word kemer means ‘a belt’, the word AO@ - ‘hissing’, usul - ‘roots, ancestors, forfathers’, Turkish COG

means ‘buz, hum’, 9O?O; – ‘slaughter, carnage, cutting (of a forest)’. Why do we turn exactly to the Turkish language? What distinguishes it from other languages? What is unusual about it? The Turkish language is one of the Turkic languages, the group that comprises more than 50 living languages. Turcologists mark the old age of the Oghuz Turkic languages in particular. The name Oghuz appearantly is made up of the words ak ‘white, grey’ and uz, the most ancient ethnonim of 1

“Holger Pedersen (linguist)” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki (2010.22.03)

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Turkic tribes, and means ‘old and respectable Turks’. Compare it with the Turkic word aksakal formed of the words ak ‘white, grey’, sakal ‘beard’ calling old men and bearing a sense of politeness and respect. One of the most ancient Oghuz Turkic languages is Turkish. In the Turkish language there is one and the same word‘Türk’ for both the terms ‘Turkish’ and ‘Turkic’ that testifies to close relationship of the words. The area of Turkic languages is extremely vast in its size and geography. Even nowadays we find a people of East Europe that speak the Oghuz Turkic language and live alongside Slavic peoples. They are Gök Turks, the Gagauz people. The languages of the peoples of Turkmen and Turkey are also Oghuz Turkic. It means that these peoples of Europe, Asia Minor and Central Asia speak in closely related languages. One cannot help being surprised at the ancientness of the Turk runic writing and the area of its occurence. The Latvian geographer and journalist Juris Paiders writes that Turkic runes are found all over East Europe and Central Asia. Scientists affirm that the resemblance between Germanic runes (that gave birth to Scandinavian runic writing) and Turkic runes is striking (Paiders, 2003, 54 – 55). Linguists prove the presence of Turkic stem morphemes and word-forming affixes in the languages of the Baskques and American Indians, the languages of the Sumerians and Etruscans, the ancient peoples whose contribution to the world culture is well known. With the help of Turkic languages specialists managed to read the Glozel writing found in France. It is surprising that we can find Turkic root morphemes in the names of many peoples and countries of the world. Compare the Turkish word eski ‘ancient’ and the ethnonym of the ancient people of the world Eskimo, the word O?/9 ‘far, distant, remote’ and the name of the country Iraq, the word uğramak ‘ to call (at a place) and the name of the Ugric people, the verb bürümek/bürütü ‘to clothe/clothed, to wrap/wrapped’ and the name of the Buryat people that live in Russia and in N. Mongolia as well, the word acar ‘energetic, fearless’ and the name of the Ajar people of Georgia. Impressive is the number and geography of mountain ranges of the world containing Turkic stems: the Ands, the Alps, the Carpat, the Crimea, the Balkans, etc. All the mentioned facts make us pay especially close attention to the Turkic languages in an attempt to discover the first language of the humanity, its mother tongue. Having started studying the Turkish language, the author of the research came across an astonishing phenomenon: many words of her native Russian language appeared to be originated of Turkic stem morphemes. Studying the Turkish grammar gave awareness of Turkish word forming affixes and word-forming models that helped to understand the models used in word formation of the Russian language. The knowledge of the Turkish affixes impelled the author to pay attention to the meaning of numerous Latvian geographical names that cannot be explained with the help of the Latvian language, though they can be easily deciphered by means of the Turkish language. The Latvian language is not the author’s mother tongue, nevertheless she has been teaching it for many years. The look at the Latvian language through the prism of the Turkish language revealed deep links of the Latvian language with Turkish. The relationship of these languages rises to those remoted times when the territory of modern Latvia released from ice and started to get settled by humans. The discovery of Turkic roots of the Latvian language motivated the author to conduct this research: to analyse the stages of the mankind’s development, to examine the place of the origin of the human culture, to look at the time of people’s arrival on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, to study the development of the men’s language and the connection of that language with the environment. The discovery of the toponymes of Turkic origin on the territory of modern Latvia, the elements of Turkic substratum lexis and common symbols of the Latvian and Turkic folklore gave rise to the hypothesis of the birth of the Latvian language on the basis of Turkic on the territory of modern Latvia in the period of Mesolithic. The Russian language that also has Turkic

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basis started its development on the nearby territory around the same time. It took a lot of lexis of the developing Latvian language, for a certain period was evolving beside it in a parallel way and then followed its own way not losing its links with the Turkic language, when the Latvian language lost its connection with Turkic, at a certain time, retaining just possibility to borrow Turkic words from the Russian language. The goal of the work is to show the Turkic roots of both the Latvian and Russian languages and discover the stages of their development on the Turkic basis. First of all we shall turn to the world history to trace the roots of the Turkic language, its place in the history of the world languages, answering the question when and how the opportunity of the arrival of the Turkic language on the coast of the Baltic Sea could become possible and what was the historical period when the forming and developing of the Latvian language on the Turkic basis could happen. Then we shall have a close look at the geographical map of the world in order to understand better the outstanding role of the Turkic language in the history of peoples and languages of the world. After that we shall make the analysis of grammatical system of the Latvian language in order to understand how the Latvian language could spring and develop on the basis of the Turkic language. Turning to the Russian language we shall examin its connection with Turkic. Revealing and comparing the stages of the development of the Latvian and Russian languages we shall determine the grade of their relationship to one another and to the Turkic language. 1. The Hypothesis of the Origin of East European Substratum Linguists state that in Indo-European languages of the territory of Europe there are elements of non-Indo-European origin. That is, so called, substratum that leaves its imprints not only in lexis, but in grammar structure of European languages as well. Let’s turn to the history of the humanity in order to examin the circumstances and calculate the time of appearance of substratum lexis on the territory of East Europe. 1.1. The Role of Asia in the History of Europe The unique role of Asia in the history of Europe was ascertained long ago. The Russian historian and writer of the beginning of XIX century N. M. Karamzin says that the opinion that Asia is the cradle of peoples seems to be fair as all European languages, regardless of the variety of changes, continue keeping the similarities with ancient Asiatic (Карамзин,1995, 51). Archaeological discoveries of recent years presume that the motherland of humanity is Africa, though thanks to its geographical position and climate one of the centers of birth and development of human culture and its subsequent spread to other regions was Asia Minor. The revolutionary stage of the history of humanity was the period of Neolithic. In Asia Minor it ended several thousands years earlier than in Europe. The period of Neolithic is the highest stage of the Stone Age that is characterized by new technologies in making stone tools and producing articles of clay hardened by heat, the ceramics. This stage is a transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture and farming and consequently to the settled lifestyle: permanent settlements, firmer dwellings, so-called country lifestyle. The foundation of new, basically different economy was a long and complex process that had independent and original character only in some centers of the world. According to the modern data Europe didn’t belong to any of them, but it was situated close enough to one of them, West Asian, the ancient centre of agriculture and farming. 1.2. Who Were Ancient Inhabitants of Asia Minor? About the ancient inhabitants of Syria and Palestine the researchers tell us the following. The Bible contains a number of dim memories about prehistoric tribes. The ancient inhabitants are

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depictured now giants speaking a completely strange language, now spirits of dead. Sometimes they are called more realistically as ‘cave people’. All of them are contrasted with the Jews and Hananians, the later Semitic inhabitants (Удальцова З.В и др., 1988, 97). In his monumental research work the famous turkologist M.Z. Zakiev gives a detailed description of ancient areas of Turks, mentioning the names of ethnic groups inhabiting the areas and explaining their names with the help of the Turkic language. As the most ancient region inhabited by Turks the scientist names the regin of West Asia with a part of Asia Minor and Caucasus. He points out that examining Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian and Urartu sources gave opportunity to show the ancient history of West Asia in a new way. So the Azerbayjanian linguist Firidun Agasioglu Djalilov having studied the above mentioned sources ascertains that in IV-III millenniums BC between Assyria and Urartu, near the upper currents of the river Tiger, the Turkic speaking Subar (sub-‘river’, ar – ‘people’ that means ‘people of the river’) were residing in. A little downstream the Turkic speaking Kuman, further on the Turkic speaking Gutii and Lulu and on the southern shore of the Lake Urmia the Turkic speaking Turuki settled. Among these groups the Turkic speaking Kumug, Kashgay, Salur and other tribes were also represented. The existence of the Turkic speaking areas of West Asia and Asia Minor is also proved by the geographical objects bearing Turkic proper names that were common names in ancient times. M. Z. Zakiev reflects on the roots of the Sumerians, the people famous all over the world as inventors of writing, creators of first civilization, etc. After Akkadian sources the region to the south of modern Bagdad was called Kienkir (Kangar), there the Sumerians were residing in. The Sumerian people didn’t call themselves ‘Sumerians’, but ‘Kangars’. ‘Kangar’ is a Turkic ethnonym. The Kangars could live there before the arrival of the Sumerians, or the Sumerians could be the Kangars themselves. If the Sumerians were Turks in IV millennium BC they were undergoing assimilation living among Semitic speaking Akkadians. In this case Turkic words of their language are not derivations, but Turkic substratum, i.e. remains of the Turkic language, native speekers of which accepted the Akkadian speech (Закиев, 2002). The great number of Turkic tribes living in Asia Minor in IV-III millenniums BC, Turkic toponyms and hydronims preserved in this area, mentioning of ancient non-Semitic inhabitants of this region in the Bible allows us us to suppose that the language of the earliest inhabitants of this area could be entirely Turkic. 1.3. Ancient Inhabitants of the Territory of Modern Latvia Archaeological explorations of the territory of Latvia show that first people arrived there at the end of IX millennium BC. The remains of their staying were found near the old mouth of the river Daugava. The anthropological phenotype of first inhabitants of the East Baltic region2 anthropologists describe as ancient Mediterranian of the south origin (Моора и др., 1959, II, 146). Archaeologists revealed two Mesolithic settlements that can be referred to VI millennium BC. One of them was situated on the shore of Lake Burtnieku, near the mouth of the river Rūja. Nearby, there is a Mesolithic burial-ground. Until now this is the only burial-ground that has been found in the East Baltic region. The fact that red ochre was used there in burial rihtual is very important, as it shows the roots of the first inhabitants’ culture. They lead to the burialgrounds on the territories of Iraq and the Czech Republic, where red ochre was used already in X-IX millenniums BC. Not far from the Mesolithic burial-ground of Latvia there is a Neolithic burial-ground, too, where red ochre was also used, though in smaller quantities.

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The area of the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea.

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On the territory of modern Latvia Neolithic sites were found alongside the Mesolithic ones. Archaeological discoveries prove the consecutive order in economic and cultural life of the ancient people on the territory of modern Latvia. For example, first evidence of using harpoon refers to the end of the Palaeolithic. In the period of Mesolithic the same kind of harpoon was used by ancient people on the territory of modern Latvia. Fish-hook of the same kind occurred in the Mesolithic and also Neolithic that is another evidence of this uninterrupted continuity. The Mesolitic settlements on the territory of modern Latvia belong to the warm Atlantic period when people’s settling on the coast of the Baltic Sea became possible. Historians state that about VII millennium BC people of Europe acquired skills in making boats of hollowed out trees. At that time the Baltic Sea was a huge basin of sweet water merging with a vast territory of swamp. Rivers flowing from the territory of the Carpat Mountains brought their water to the Baltic Sea. Moving from one place to another people used rivers and settled not far from them. Archaeologists confirm that people went to the dense woodlands by rivers. The warm Atlantic period made people more active than they were in the previous climatic period. Till the beginning of the Neolithic period the population of settlements on the territory of modern Latvia meaningly increased. The fragments and whole objects of ceramics found on the territory of modern Latvia testify that the art of ceramics didn’t arise here. To the territory of Latvia it was derived from southwest or southeastern regions, and there it was highly developed. 1.3.1. Folklore Symbols Testify Symbolic depictions left by first inhabitants of the East Baltics on implements and then on ceramics remind us tribe symbols of ancient Turks. The depiction of comb is an element of ornament after which the comb-pit ceramics of the East Baltics was called. The symbolic sign tarak ‘comb’ is one of the tribe symbols of ancient Turks. Symbolic depiction of the eternity of the world and the sun in the ancient ornaments of Baltic settlers is entirely identical to the symbolic signs of ancient Turks called bersh and baybakti. The Turkic sign kocey, is depicted as a vertical line. The vertical line is an ancient symbol of force and fortitude in Latvian ornamental drawings. The horizontal line known in Latvian ornamental art from time immemorial as a symbol of constancy and peace reminds us of the Turkic sign ‘bura’. Latvian symbolic depiction of the sky and home absolutely coincides with the depiction of the Turkic sign ‘cherkesh’. Known on the territory of modern Latvia since the Palaeolithic, the sign of light and fire, energy and happiness depicted like a cross reminds us the ancient Turkic sign ‘bagana’. The symbol of the sky, the universe, the God is known in Latvian ornamental art as an equilateral triangle with the upward top. It is known to Turks as the sign ‘tumar’. The Turkic sign ‘tumar’ depicted as a triangle with the downward top is known as a symbol of earth and fertility in Latvian ornamental drawings. Both the Turks and Latvians depicted the sign of ‘fire cross’ that is connected with four parts of the world. The sign depicted on sacred stones and later on articles of ceramics on the territory of modern Latvia reminds us two horses’ or cocks’ heads or twin cereal spikes. Since ancient times it has been known to both the Turks and Latvians as a symbol of fertility, wealth and happiness, decorating roofs of dwellings. 1.3.2. Language of Ancient People on the Territory of Modern Latvia Investigators of ethnic Anthropology of the Easy Baltic region find ethnic links of ancient inhabitants of this territory with southern tribes of Europoids. They speak about the fact of past

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existence of multiple non-Indo-European peoples on the European coast of the Mediterranean Sea, as well as in the North (e.g. Scotland) that makes them think of similar ethnic units in other parts of ancient Europe, for example, on the territory of the modern Baltics. The scientists mark the influence of non-Finno-Ugric and non-Indo-European languages on the languages of the East Baltics and nearby territories (Моoра, 1959, II, 153 – 155). We have already mentioned Sumerians, the people that takes a particular place in the forming of knowledge and culture of Asia Minor. The Sumerians called themselves ‘Kangars’. ‘Kangar’ is the name of an ancient Turkic ethnos of Mesopotamia. It permits scientists to suppose the Turkic origin of the Sumerians that has been approved by the analysis of their language. It is fascinating that in the geographical center of Latvia we find the name Kangarkalni that being translated from Latvian means ‘the mountains of Kangars’. At some distance from the sea we find a chain of towns. One of them has the name Kangari. Other names of this chain attract one’s attention by ending in –ži: Ainaži, Ropaži, Suntaži, etc. Turning to the Turkish language we can see that with the help of the affix –ci [dΖi] and its phonetic variants Turkic words for a man by his occupation, inclination, connection are formed. For example, in Turkish kundura means ‘shoes’, kundura1O
‘shoe-maker’, demir ‘iron’demirci ‘blacksmith’. With the help of Turkish stem morphems we decipher the names of these Latvian towns: Ainaži: in Turkish /F
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The name of Lake Burtnieku , where the river Rūja flows into, is in tune with the Turkish verb burtmak ‘to make twist’. In Latvian the verb burt means ‘to make magic movements, action to reach that is wished’. Turkic word burt ‘beehive', appearently, gave birth to the Russian word ‘бортник’ [bortnik] – one who collects honey of forest bees. In Mesolithic settlements of Latvia a great number of bone harpoons, 2,10m long runner of a sledge, a hoe made of bone, a bone knife with the handle in the form of an elk’s head as well as other articles were found. Latvian names of these articles remind us of corresponding Turkish stems and sound so alike that we can suspect the origin of these Latvian words from the Turkish stems: the Latvian kamanas ‘sledge’ concur with the Turkish keman ‘bow’; shafts of sledge were attached to the first pair of uprights3; the Latvian word ilkss ‘shaft’ concur with the Turkish word ilk ‘first’;  the Latvian word žebērklis ‘harpoon’ finds a similar stem morpheme in the Turkish words cebretmek/cebren ‘to force/by force’, when -ki/-k and -li are frequantly used affexis of the Turkish language meaning correspondingly ‘which’ and ‘with’;  the Latvian kaplis ‘a hoe’ is close in its meaning and sounding to the Turkish verb kapamak ‘to cover, to bury, to hide’, here we also find the Turkish affix –li ‘with’, so the word ‘kaplis’ initially could mean ‘the thing to cover with’. As the result of ecological changes that took place in the post-glacial period, Mesolithic population of East Euorope was engaged mainly in fishing and hunting solitary animals (Удальцова 1988, 66)  The name of the animal that was one of the main sources of nutrial and economic resources of first people on the territory of modern Latvia is suprisingly connected with the Turkish verb а:O
Thus findings and explorings on the territory of the modern Baltics affirm that the culture that was inherited by the Latvians came here from the South. That can testify that the language brought by first settlers was the language of people of the South. The great number of Turkic ethnic groups forming the ancient population of Mesopotamia makes us think that the first residents of South-East Europe were ethnic groups speaking Turkic, as, probably, at that time any other language just didn’t exist. Revealing the connection of Latvian geographical names, Latvian names of things used by ancient people, designations of nature, animals and plants of ancient man’s environment with the Turkic language gives us the ground to suppose that the language of ancient inhabitants on the territory of modern Latvia arises from the Turkic language. The mastery, knowledge and culture of the Sumerians inherited by them from their Turkic ancestors makes us think that for their knowledge, mastery and culture the Latvians are obliged to lucky circumstances of appearance of that or another highly developed Turkic ethnic group on the coast of the Baltic Sea in the Metholoitic period. ‘The traditions, religion and symbols of folk songs and arts of Lithuanians and Latvians are saturated with the past… The Pro-Christian layer appeared to be so old that it undoubtedly arises to the prehistorical times’ (Гимбутас, 2004, 187). The only revealed Mesolithic burial place of the modern Baltics in the region of Lake Burtnieku in Latvia witnesses that there were permanent dwellings of ancient people there. This

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Rods that fasten a sledge seat to runners.

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fact makes us think that later the knowledge, mastery and culture of those dwellers were overtaken by other groups of people who settled in the neighbouring regions. As acknowledgement of the fact that the substratum was a language of an ethnos of a high culture can be archeological excavations of sites of workshops on the territory of Latvia evidencing of high skills of their owners. Craftsmen of modern Latvia keep their mastery of treating skins and producing leather articles, of making ceramics, weaving of willows and osiers and other crafts. Historians testify to high spiritual culture of the ancient Latvians. Cultic knowledge of Latvian priests, highly respected by neighboring tribes, spread a great distance away from residential places of inhabitants of the territory of modern Latvia.The power of this knowledge, connected with the nature, has been preserved by the Latvians till nowadays in spiritualization of nature, extensive usage of folk symbols, keeping ancient traditions, transferring spiritual culture, knowledge and mastery to young generations. 2. Geographical Names of Turkic Etymology From historical sources we know that at the beginning of the Common Era peoples of Europe were polyethnic. Scientists affirm that among Kimmerians, Scythers and Sarmatians there were more Turkic tribes than tribes of any other ethnic representatives living in Europe nowadays (Закиев, 2002). The aim of the chapter is to show the endless list of Turkic geographical names that we find not only in Europe, but all over the world. The fact can testify that apparently there were times when the humanity didn’t speak any other language, but Turkic. The territory of modern Latvia is remarkable for the numerous ancient toponyms and hydronyms of Turkic etymology that has been preserved there. This fact witnesses that inhabitants of that region were initially conspicuous for their high spiritual culture. They were preserving their cultural heritage and defending it zealously. Knowing rules of forming and connecting Turkic words gives us opportunity to see and recognize them wherever they appear: in geographical names, vocabularies of languages, etc. What is the Turkic word distinguished for and why can it be easily spotted? 1. An affix of the Turkic language is almost invariable. It has a fixed meaning and is clearly visible. 2. A Turkic word has distinct inner forms that helps readily detect semantic motivations in word formation. 3. Turkic words can be easily divided into morphological units. 4. Turkic word roots are laconic and stable. 5. A great number of Turkic words is noticeable because of their sound KQE:GDAKE
A=
L@=
OGJ
A<=9K
GJ
K=FK=K
<`J<`J
– ‘annoying chattering’, L`JL`C – ‘a nick, a notch'. This particularity of the Turkic language is the brightest evidence of the exceptional antiquity of the language that takes us to that stage in the development of human’s language which stands close to the definition ‘the language of children’. 2.1. Turkic Toponyms and Hydronyms on the World Map It’s not surprising that we find lots of Turkic toponyms and hydronyms on the map of Central and Middle Asia. Obviously, the name of the continent itself arises to the ancient Turkic ethnonym аs.

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Maybe the origin of the word асe that we find in some languages (in Turkish as means ‘a person who excels in some activity’) is also connected with the ethnonym аs. Then the word Asia should be translated ‘to aces’ (the final -а is the affix of the Turkish –e hali that indicates the direction of an action). The geographical name Siberia also corresponds with the Turkic ethnonym @/0O?, but the Turkish meaning of the word @/0O? is ‘patience’. On the geographical map of America the name of the Central American plateau Ozark catches our eye. It reminds us of a combination of the Turkish words öz ark that mean ‘the essential irrigation trench’. The name of the Andes corresponds to the Turkish word аnt//<2O ‘an oath’. The name Canada apparently has originated from Turkish kanat/9/
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2.2. Turkic Toponyms and Hydronyms of Latvia Having heard the answer ‘I’m from the Baltics’, a Turkman asked: ‘Baltic, is it a swamp?’ There is a linguistic hypothesis connecting the name ‘Baltic’ with the Rumanian word balta ‘swamp, pond, lake’, Albanian balte ‘mud’ Lithuanian and Latvian bala ‘pool’, Old-Slavic блато[blato] ‘swamp’ (Dini, 2000, 29). In Turkish the word 0/:HO9 means ‘clay’. Taking into consideration the importance of clay in the Neolitic we can presume that the name Baltic was originated from the word 0/:HO9
[baltΣ1k]. As we marked earlier, words of Turkic origin are ‘given away’ by the distinctive form and stable meaning of their affixes. Examining Latvian toponyms ang hydronyms we find some of them ending in -dа (-tа). Let’s try to translate them keeping in mind that the Turkic morpheme -dа (-tа its voiceless form) points to the local case and means ‘to be/to be located somewhere’. The geographical name Dagda that we find in East Latvia will mean ‘on the hill’ (Turk. dağ means ‘highland, mountain’), and the town is really situated on a high hill. The name of the river Amata will mean “at the blind person’s”, i.e. ‘blindly’, as ama in Turkish means ‘blind’, and countless windings of this river approve this name: going down by the river admired by tourists is not an easy deed. The Turkish morpheme –le (-la) shows belonging to the instrumental case and means ‘with, together with, by means of, by’, then the name of the Latvian river Memele may be translated ‘with mother’s breast’ (Turk. meme ‘breast, udder’) The name of the Latvian river Mūsa reminds us the Profit’s name Musa who later in Christianity and Judaism got the name Moses. The name of the highest peak of the Balkans is Musala meaning ‘with/by Musa’. Maybe the name of the sacred town Musasir of the ancient state Biainili (Urartu) is also connected with the name of the Profit Musa. With the help of the Turkish language we can decipher innumerous names on the geographical map of Latvia: Mustkalni - ‘hills where an exciting message was received’ as muştu in Turkish means ‘an exciting news’; Kalupe - ‘river that stays at a place’ (Turk. kalmak ‘to stay’); Durupe - ‘river that doesn’t move’, in Turkish durmak means ‘to remain at a place; Balupe - ‘honey river’, тур. bal –‘honey’; Kurma (lake) - in Turkish kurma means ‘an edifice’; Iča (river) – in Turkish içmek means ‘to drink’, iče is the form of present participle; Sabīle, the name of the town may be related to the Turkish word sap ‘a bundle of cornstalks’, the affix -le means ‘with’, i.е. ‘with bundles of cornstalks’; Talsi, the name of the town associates with the Turkish tali – ‘secondary, subordinate’, si the affix of the 3rd person; Īkšķele, iskele in Turkish means ‘pier, port’, from the history we know that the town used to be a significant port on the river Daugava; Bulduri, the name of this health resort on the coast of the Baltic Sea may apply to the Turkish verb buldurmak ‘to make sombody remember something’; Sigulda, in Turkish K`ğD`C @Oğ:OğO means ‘shallow’, af. – da means ‘on, in’, so the name of the town can be read as ‘on the shallow place’; Rūjena, Turk. rüya ‘dream’, the af. of the 2nd person –n, the af. of –e hali –а, that means ‘to your dream’; Koknese, Turk. köken ‘motherland’, - si –af. of the 3rd person, i.е.‘their motherland’;

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Atašiene, Turk. ateş ‘fire’, ateşine - ‘to your fire’ (af. of the 2nd person -in, af. of direction –е); Kamalda, Turk. kama ‘strengthening’, -la > l ‘with’, -da ‘in’, i.e. ‘in a strengthened place’; Krimulda,Turk. 9O?O;
G>
C`JE9C ‘to exterminate, to break, to destroy, to cut down (trees)’, af. –da ‘in’: the name may be explained ‘in a clearing’. Azanda, Turk. az ‘little’, af.–`n (` > a) of –in hali4, af. – da ‘in’; the name can be explained ‘in a small number, in a shortage’; Džindžas[∀δΖιnδΖ≅s], Turk. cinci [δΖιnδΖι] ‘a charmer (bringing an evil spirit)’; Jērsika[∀je:rsik≅], the name of the town apparently derives from the Turkish yer[jer] ‘place’, af. of the 3rd person –si, af. -ki ‘that, which’, so the name means ‘belonging to that place; of that place’. Compare it with the Russian ecclesiastical term ‘ересь’ [jeres’] that means ‘something that is opposite to a common point of view and belongs to a certain place’; it originates from the same Turkish morphemes. Kente, the name of the first fortified town on the territory of modern Latvia, surprisingly coinsides with the Turkish word kent ‘town’. As there is the Turkic affix –te meaning ‘in’, the name probably meant ‘in the fortified place’. The Russian historian and writer of ХIХ century N.М. Karamzin spoke about Slavic pagans that had the same gods with the tribes on the territory of modern Latvia. He presumes that the name of the Russian tribe Krivichi approves that the tribe regarded the Latvian priest Krive as the Head of their religion (Карамзин, 1995, I, p. 91). The name of the Latvian town Krivanda may arise from the name Кrive, but the Turkish affixes -n- (3rd person) and – da ‘in, at’ make us translate it ‘at Кrivе’s people’. Oziņīki, Turk. özini ‘a place abundant with water’, -ki ‘that’. The name of the town could mean ‘the place that is abundant with water’. The etymology of the Latvian city Rezekne apparently can be explained with the help of the Turkish word ?OG9/?OG9O
Corresponds to the genitive

13

The Latgalian scientist A.Breidaks wrote, that linguists had discovered innumerous Baltic - Old Balkan parallels in the field of onomastics. One third of Latgalian names of rivers have similarities with Old Balkan, partially with Central European and Asia Minor onomastic as a whole and hydronimic in particular (Breidaks, 2002, 3540). As it has already been shown great part of ancient Baltic hydronyms and toponyms concur with Turkic lexis and can be easily deciphred with the help of Turkish stem morphemes. Their semantic is very close to the semantic of Turkish stems. Moreover, Turkish stems are always motivating for them. Let us look for some more geographical names of Europe that could arise from the Turkic stems. On the map of Central and East Europe there is a great number of geographical names that in Latvian end in –ava/-ova: Daugava, Kuprova, Varšava, Maskava (Turk. Moskova). In the Turkish language the word ova means ‘plain, meadow’, then the name Varšava could mean ‘the meadow of the suburb’ (Turk. varoş ‘suburb’). Compare it with the geographical name Yeşilova ‘the green meadow’ that we find in Turkey. One of the earlest names of the river Daugava/West Dvina as well as the name of the North Dvina was the Duna. İt can be explained with the Turkish dun ‘low, lower’. In the Turkish language the word COG:/mak means ‘to buzz, to hum, to keep on complaining’. The name of the river Visla reminds us of the Turkish word COG
‘buzz, hum’, the Turkish affix -la means ‘with’, so the name can be translated as ‘with buzzing, or keeping on complaining’. We find a river with the same name Vizla in Latvia as well. The name of the river Volga in Russia (on the banks of that even nowadays many peoples which languages are not understandable for the Russian people live) may correspond to the old Turkish name of a kind of a fishing net C=:O
/ğO The name of the tributary of the Danube, the Tisa, reminds of the Turkish verb AO@lamak ‘to hiss’. The name of the river Nеmunas (Niemen), with widely open sound ‘е’ in the Lethuanian language,may arise from the Turkish stem nam ‘name, reputation, fame’. The name of Мazuria (North Poland) that once was a part of Prussia can have its origins in the Turkish word mazur ‘excused, excusable’. Both in Europe and in the Urals we find rivers with the same name Kuma that could spring from the Turkish word kum ‘sand’. A great number of geographical names of Turkic etymology on the territory of Europe must refer to the times when Neolithic inhabitants of Asia Minor were settling on uninhabited territories of Europe. They were bringing their knowledge, culture and their language stem morphemes which served as the basis of producing new lexis naming their ancestors, pagan gods and people, geographical objects, implements and nature, parts of human’s body, clothes, people activities, fruits of their labour, definitions of human social life and so on and so forth. It is remarkable that the Russian scientist Drozdov Y. N., showing the panorama of Europe of the first centuries of AD, finds the countless number of Turkic ethnic names on its territory. The names of modern European countries the scientist also explains by means of the Turkic language: Austria – ‘Country of As5 Sewers’, England – ‘Country of Quick-witted men’, Russia – ‘Country of As Men’, etc., etc. (Дроздов, 2008, 366). 3. The Discovery of the Turkic Substratum in the Latvian language So, the great number of Latvian geographical names that can be read with the help of the Turkish language leads to finding out and dechiphering substratum lexis of the Latvian language.

5

The word ‘As’ is the most ancient Turkic ethnonym.

14

As the revealed substratum lexis makes a great number of words of the Latvian language it is possible to unite the words in groups according to their meanings. 3.1. Ancestors, Gods, Names of People, Symbols Probably, preserving traditions of polytheism helped Latvian people to save the words that make the greatest interest for a linguist. In the Latvian language spirits of dead name the words veļi, urguči, iļģi, elki. In the Turkish language the word veli means ‘patron, saint’, the word uruk/urğu means ‘tribe, clan’, when the Turkish affix –сi/çi is used in creayting nouns of nominal stems naming a person related to the nominal stem’s meaning. The Turkish word ilgi which the Latvian word iļģi is corresponding to means ‘relation, connection’. The Latvian word elki reminds us of the Turkish word el that means ‘hand’, af. ki means ‘that’. But it is more likely that the word elki (with the open sound [е] in the first syllable) has been produced from the stem morpheme of the verb almak ‘to take’ and affix –ki, alki, with the meaning ‘the one who takes’, as according to the belief, spirits of ancestors take gifts brought by living people. Compare it with the name of the Latvian river Alkupe (Engl. ‘the river of elki’, i.e. ‘the river of those who takes gifts’). In the Lithuanian language the word alkas means ‘a hill or another place for sacrificing’. The famous archeologist Gimbutas М. describing the pagan rituals of the Baltic tribes, writes, that their sacred grottoes usually were situated on a hill called Alka (Гимбутас, 2004, 192). In Poland not far from the Belorussian border there is a town with the name Elk. The Latvian word urguči, naming spirits of ancestors, earns special attention, as being used still at the end of the XIX century it has started to get forgotten. It must be pointed out that words of substratum lexis are the most ancient words of the Latvian language that gradually disappear from it.

Name of one of the ancient Latvian god ūsiņš could spring from the Turkish word us ‘reason, intellect’. Compare it with the Russian phraseological unit ‘мотать на ус’ that means ‘understand and keep in one’s mind’ where the word ‘ус’ [us] must be of the same origin.

The most popular and beloved name of the Latvians is Jānis [ja:nis]. With its honouring the greatest Latvians’ holiday is connected. It coincides with the day of summer solstice that is preceded by the night of bright fires burnt on lake shores, river banks and on the coast of the sea. It is called ‘the Day of Jānis’. In the Turkish language the word yan [jan] means ‘burning’ and is originated from the verb yanmak [janmak] ‘to burn’. The Latvian nameKrišjānis apparently arises from the Turkish karşO
F/< ‘the opposite fire’. The etymology of the Russian name Ульян [Uljan] can be explained with the help of the Turkish words ulu yan ‘great fire’. There is a row of popular Latvian men and women names Guna, Gunta, Guntis, Gunārs, having the same stem with the Turkish words gün [gyn]6 ‘day’, güneş [gyneΣ] ‘the sun’. In the Latgalian language, a language related to Latvian, the word guņs means ‘fire’, in the Latvian language ‘fire’ is uguns, in Russian ‘огонь/ogon’. In the English language we also find the corresponding word gun. The Latvian names Ainаrs, Aigars, Aivars may spring to the Turkish word ау [aj] ‘the moon’. Compare them with the Turkish names Ayla ‘with the moon’, Nuray ‘full moon’. As the Turkish word var means ‘is’ the Latvian name Aivars can be read ‘in the moonlight’. In the dictionary of 6

In this work the Turkish vowel represented by ‘ü’ is transcribed as [y].

15

the Latvian human names we find an old female name Aila, that absolutely corresponds to the Turkish female name Ayla (Siliņš, 1990). The etymology of both the Latvian female name Sarma and the word sarma ‘hoar-frost’ may originate from the Turkish verb sarmak ‘to embrace, to cover’. The verb has also the meaning ‘to interest, to captivate’, so the name Sarma can be connected with this meaning. The Turkish verb oymak [ojmak] ‘to scoop out, to engrave, to carve’ and its participle oyar [ojar] ‘carving, engraving, scooping out’ could give birth to the Latvian male name Оjārs. The Latvian male name Egils can stem from the Turkish verb eğilmek ‘to get down to (a job)’. The etymology of the Latvian male name Varis can arise from the Turkish word varis meaning ‘inheritor’ (Turk.varmak ‘to have’). For both the Turks and Latvians symbolic depiction of things they worshipped was of great importance. A great number of Latvian folklore symbols correspond to Turkic mythological symbols. The Latvian word jumis [jumis] naming the symbol of family luck and fortility corresponds to the Turkish word yom [jom] ‘bringing luck, good news’. The Turk Bulgarians depicted the symbol of dawn, home and family luck as a twoheaded bird ergi ‘an eagle’. The Latvian word erglis ‘eagle’ must be connected with the Turkic word ergi (Turk. -li means ‘with’). In Pre-historic times ornaments of amber were made on the territory of modern Latvia. They were believed to have magic power. The Latvian word dzintars means ‘amber’. It can be explained with the help of the Turkish words cin[dΖin] ‘evil spirit’ and ters ‘opposite, contrary’, so the word named the thing ‘opposing or fighting evil spirits’. The etymology dictionary of the Latvian language gives a variant of the word ‘dzintars’ with the second syllable –ters: dzinters (Karulis, 2001, 255).

3.2. Man, Earth, Water The Latvian word cilvēks ‘man’ and dzīve ‘life’ correspond to the Turkish words civelek [dΖivelek] ‘lively, vivacious, communicative’ and civcivli [dΖivdΖivli] ‘lively, crowded, busy’ that makes us notice the initial connection between the Latvian words cilvēks and dzīve. It is clear that both the Turkish and Latvian words have the same stem morpheme civ. It’s worth to point out that once the Latvian verb dzīvot ‘to live’ was used with the word darbs ‘work’ and dzīvot darbu meant ‘to work’. The Russian historian and writer of the XIX century N.M.Karamzin speaking about the pagan religion of Old Slavs mentions their Goddess of Life named Сива [Siva] or Жива [zhiva] (Карамзин 1995, I, 89). The Latvian word dzīsla ‘vein’ (Turk. –la means ‘with’) corresponds to the Turkish word cisim [dΖisim] ‘body’. The Latvian words sen ‘long ago’ and sencis ‘ancestor’ relate to the Turkish sene ‘a year’. The Latvian adjective sensens ‘very old, ancient, immemorial’ is made by doubling the root morpheme. In the Turkish language this type of word-forming is used in making adjectives expressing a high degree of a quality, for example, güzel güzel ‘very beautiful’, büyuk büyuk ‘very big’, etc. The Latvian word zeme coinsides with the Turkish word zemin that has the same meaning ‘earth, ground’. In Latvian there are words zem ‘under’, zems ‘low’ and the verb of the

16

same stem pazemot ‘to humble, to abase’. In the Turkish language the verb zemmetmek means ‘to disparage, to speak ill of’and it is made of the words zem ‘disparagement’ and etmek ‘to do, to make’. The name of the sacred well Zemzem (Engl. Zamzam) of Kaaba at Mecca draws attention in this connection as well. We find the Turkish stem morpheme su ‘water’ in the Latvian word sula ‘juice’ where the Turkish affix -la means ‘having a quality of that is mentioned by the stem morpheme’ and that corresponds to the Turkish word sulu meaning ‘juicy’. On the map of Latvia there are many geographical names containing the Turkish stem morpheme su, for example, Sudarbe, where the word darbe means ‘a blow, a stroke’, therefore the name Sudarbe can be read as ‘a blow of water’. Perhaps, the Latvian word darbs ‘labour’ springs from the Turkish word darbe and it is not occasional that in the Russian language there is a set expression ‘ударный труд’. In the Bulgarian language the word darba means ‘labour’ as well. The name of the town Subate could be derived from the verb batmak ‘to sink, to go below the surface’. In Latvia there are streams with the names Sulka, Suda, Sumulda, Sumanka, etc. containing the root morpheme su and the Turkish affixes –la/-l, -da, -ki/-ka, therefore they can also be deciphered. We can find the Turkish root morpheme su in lots of geographical names not only in Latvia. So Near Polish –Belorussian border there is a town Suvalki, its name could arise from the Turkish vali ‘a governor’, af. -ki ‘that’ and mean ‘the one who controls usage of water’. The name of the tributary of the river Daugava Suražki could be compounded of the words su ‘water’, raşe ‘tremble, quiver, ripple’ and mean ‘ripple of water’. The Turkish word valide ‘mother’ corresponds to the Latvian verb valdīt ‘to rule’. The Latvian word sauss ‘dry, waterless’ must have its origin in the Turkish adjective susuz that has the same meaning (the affix –suz in Turkish shows absence of quality). The Latvian word ūdens ‘water’ with open sound [e] stands closest to the Turkish word sudan ‘out of water, from water, with the help of water’. In the Russian language we find the words удить [udit’] ‘to fish’, уда [uda] ‘fishing- rod’ and вода [voda] ‘water’. The etymology of the Latvian word jūra ‘sea’ must be connected with the Turkish verb üremek ‘to increase’, when the Latvian ezers ‘a lake’ arise from the Turkish ezer ‘melting’ that is a present participle of the Turkish verb ezmek ‘to melt, to run over’. In the Turkish language there is a verb akmak ‘to flow, to run (water)’. The Latvian word aka ‘a well’ can be connected with this verb. The name of the Latvian town Akniste associates with the Turkish word akO<
‘a torrent, a stream’ (Turk. af. of the 3rd person –sO and af. of the locative case -te7), and must mean ‘in the stream’. The Latvian word ‘dibens’ has a corresponding word ‘dip/dibi’ in Turkish that has the same meaning ‘bottom’. In the Turkish language upuzun means ‘very long’; the word consists of up and uzun ‘long’. In Latvian the word upe means ‘river’. The morpheme up can be found in the Latvian words lejup ‘down, downwards’, augšup ‘up, upwards’, malup ‘at/on/to the side’. The Latvian word urga ‘stream’ could be derived from the Turkic root morpheme ur and the Turkic affix –ga. The Turkish word ur means ‘outgrowth’, in the Tatar language ур [ur] means ‘ditch, dyke’, ургыл [urg`l] ‘rapid, gush’, ургылу 6MJ?`DM7 ‘seethe’. In Latvia there is a river called Ura. We find the Turkish affix -ga in the Turkish words yonga ‘chip, shaving (of

7

In Turkish it is -de hali, the case expressing location.

17

wood)’, kavga ‘fight, quarrel’. The Turkish word kavga corresponds to the Latvian verb kauties ‘to fight’. . 3.3. Home, Parents, Holidays In the Turkish language there are two words maya, one of them means ‘female of a herd animal’, another word means ‘origin, blood’. The Latvian word māja ‘home’ may originate from one of them. In the Bulgarian language the word мaйкa [majka] means ‘mother’. The word nams ‘a house’ apparently appeared later than the word māja ‘home, house’ and it is probably connected with the Turkish word nam meaning ‘name, fame, reputation’, too. The origin of the Latvian word istaba ‘a room’ could arise from the Turkish verb O@OAmak ‘to heat, to warm’. This name could appear when people had learnt to build houses with a room heated by a clay stove (Ķēniņš, 2003, 198). The Russian word изба [izba] ‘a house, a hut’ must arise from the Latvian word istaba: * `K`L:9

AKL9:9

AR:9 In the Latvian language there is a colloquial word ata ‘So long! See you!’ The etymology of this word may arise from the Turkish word at ‘horse’ in the form of the dative case8 meaning ‘to horse!’ The Latvian verb jāt ‘to ride a horse’ must arise also from the Turkish word at, where the sound [j] was added. The Latvian words tēta‘father’ with the open sound [ē] (compare it with the Russian тятя [t’at’a]9‘father’) and mamma ‘mother’ may originate from the Turkish words ata ‘father’ and meme ‘breast, udder’. Nowadays one can hear a Latvian calling a capricious child memmes dēls “mother’s son”, i.e. ‘a suckling’. In the Turkish language the word kem means ‘evil, malicious’. In the Latvian language the word ķēms means ‘a fool, a visible ghost, fright’. In the Latvian language masked people going all round the village with jokes and songs (that was connected with the ritual of blessing and fertility) are called budēļi (sing. budēlis). In the Turkish language there is also the word budala meaning ‘a fool, foolish, crazy (about)’, for example, moda 0B2/:/@O ‘the one who is crazy about new fashions’. In Turkish there are some more words of the same stem: budalaşmak ‘to become stupid/crazy’, budalal`C ‘stupidity, foolishness, craze’. If the Latvian word egle ‘fir-tree’ (Russ. ель [jel’]) arise from the Turkish verb eğlemek ‘to amuse’ the custom of decorating a New Year tree rises to the remote past. It becomes clear why in the Russian language there is another word for a decorated fir-tree веселка, meaning ‘amusement’ that is of the same stem with the word веселить ‘to amuse’. In the book of Latvian folksongs we find a description of a Latvian burial rite, after burial giving a flogging to the dead person’s family with a fir branch, saying “Don’t die! Don’t die!” (Jansons, 1942, 184). 3.4. Parts of Human’s Body, Things, Actions In the Latvian language there are words that stem from the Turkish words and call parts of a human body. So, in the Turkish language the word açmak means ‘to open’, in Latvian the word acs/ačele (dim. form) means ‘an eye’. In the Latvian etymological dictionary we find an old word ačka that had two meanings: ‘one-eyed person’ and ‘clever, mysterious person’ (Karulis, 2001, 55). The Latvian word elkonis ‘an elbow’ is connected with the Turkish el ‘hand’. The Latvian word is created with the help of the Turkish affixes -ki and –n and its meaning is 8 9

In Turkish it is –e hali, indicating direction Here the soft variant of the Russian consonant represented by ‘т’ is transcribed as [t’]

18

‘related to a hand’. The Russian word локоть[lokot’] ‘elbow’ came to the Russian language from Latvian having had some phonetical changes. The Latvian word kāja[ka:ja] ‘a leg’ could relate to the Turkish ayak[ajak] ‘a leg’ where rearrangement of syllables could take place. It could also correspond to the Turkish verb kaymak ‘to slip, to slide, to skid’, кayak ‘skies’. It’s remarkable that the most ancient dipictions of skiers have been found on the cliffs of the east shore of Lake Onega and the west coast of the White Sea. They date to the Neolithic (Арциховский, 1954, 56). It seems evident that the Turkish word aya ‘palm (of the hand)’ gave birth to the Latvian verb aijāt ‘to lull (to sleep)’. The origin of the following words also seems to be connected with the Turkish stems: the Latvian zarnas ‘intestines, gut’ with the Turkish zar ‘membrane, pellicle’, the Latvian galva ‘head’ with the Turkish kelli ‘head’, the Latvian dzīsla ‘vein’ with the Turkish cisim ‘body’. The Latvian word dūdas ‘bagpipe’ corresponds to the Turkish words dudu ‘hum, buzz, drone’ and dudak ‘a lip’. Dūdiņa is Latvian affectionate addressing a child. In the Latvian language there is a word pastalas ‘pastalas (piece of sole-leather formed as simple foot-wear)’. In the Turkish language post means ‘skin’, postal -‘combat boot’. The Turkish word уaka[jaka] means ‘collar’, the Latvian jaka [jaka]- ‘a jacket, a blazer’. The Latvian word kapuce ‘hood’ could arise from the Turkish word кар ‘cover, top’. The Turkish word карut means ‘military greatcoat’. The Latvian word kapliča ‘ family vault’ corresponds to the Turkish verb kaplamak ‘to cover’ and the adjective 9/>:O ‘covered’. The Latvian verb durt ‘to stub, to prick’ corresponds to the Turkish dürtmek ‘to prod’. The words dūre ‘fist' and piedurkne ‘sleeve’ of the Latvian language apparently have their origins in the Turkish verb dürmek ‘to roll up’. Dikmek means ‘sew’ in the Turkish language, the corresponding word diegs of the Latvian language means ‘thread, cotton’. In the Turkish language lüle lüle means ‘in curls, curly’, the Latvian words lelle ‘a doll’ apparently arose from Turkish lüle ile ‘in curls, curly’. The Latvian verb lolot ‘to cherish, to pet’ can be connected with the word lüle, too. Compare it with the Russian word люлька [l’ul’ka] ‘cradle’. In the Russian folklore there is the personage of ‘Golden-haired Lel’ (Russ. Златокудрый Лель). In Latvia there is a town Lielvārde. The name reminds us of the Turkish words :J:3
C/?2O ‘there was a spring’, as the word lüle means also ‘a spring’. There are cases when residents of Latvia build a house on a spring. The spring continues its existance under the house, and only the house owners can use it. The Latvian word ķipars ‘a doll, a baby’ coincides with the Turkish kO>/? ‘blinking one’s eyes’, the form of the present participle of the Turkish verb 9O>mak ‘to blink’. The Turkish word içer [itΣer] ‘drinks’ (içmek ‘to drink’) reminds us of the Latvian dzer ‘drinks’ (dzert -‘to drink’). There is a river with the name Iča [itΣa] in Latvia, too. The Latvian verb ēst ‘to eat’ must have its origins in the Turkish verb yemek ‘to eat’. Compare the Russian dialectal form йист [jist] ‘eats’ with the Turkish. yiyor [jijor] ‘eats’. In the Turkish language burtmak means ‘to make twist’, in the Latvian language the verb burt means ‘to conjure, to practise magic’. More words that refer to this group are shown in table 1. Table 1 Turkish word Translation Latvian word Translation tapa

stopper

tapa

stopper

ile

with, together with

īlens

awl

19

verev кеman dokumak ilk

diagonal bow weave first

virve kamanas deķis ilkss

rope sledge blanket shaft

kuka

ball, tangle

кūka/kukņa

cake/kitchen

tur/turta

round/pie, tart

torte

cake

The Enlish word ‘tart’ (an open pastry case containing jam, etc.) is connected with the Old French ‘tarte’ and Latin medieval ‘tarta’ the origin of that is unknown.10 Both ‘tarte’ and ‘tarta’ remind us of the Turkish ‘turta’ originated from the root morpheme tur and the affix of the locative case -ta. 3.5. Animals, Plants, Nature Table 2 Turkish word

Translation

Latvian word

Translation

kedi böbür zil s`D9 s`D9 аD`FE9C 9D`F

cat leopard bell motherland motherland to be taken/verbal noun

kaķe/kaķis bebris zīle sīlis sils elk

pussy-cat/tom-cat beaver titmouse jay pine forest11 лось

duymak

to sense

dūja

pigeon, dove

sunmak kurmak

to submit to set up, to form

suns kurmis

dog mole

asmak/asar

perch

D`ğ 9KE9C 9KL` ut/ut yeri аt

to suspend, to skip, to asaris disappear geol.alluvium līnis to hang up, to suspend aste shame/genitals uts horse jāt

кarmak/C9J`H

to mix/mixed

karpa

carp

ilk gübrelik/gübre

first, initial, primary dung/dunghill

ilknis guba

tusk, fang heap

uğur ki

that is good luck

gurķis

cucumber

C`J:9

waterskin

ķirbis

pumpkin

10 11

tench tail louse to ride a horse

Swannell, 1995, p.120. Remember the story about the Kayan people that believe that the life started in the sacred wood.

20

kiraz

cherry

ķirsis

cherry

:9D<`J9F

hemlock

baldriāns

valerian

özel

special, particular

ozols

oak

koçan burkmak eğlеmek arpa çiçek çemen ezmek/ezer ak mаn12

stem (of a vegetable) to wrench to amuse barley flower cumin melt/melting white, clear, unspotted, old root

kacēns burkāns egle vārpa zieds ķimene ezers akmens

head of cabbage carrot fir-tree spike flower cumin lake stone

koks

tree

moss

sūna

moss

kök yosun S9DC9FE9C S9DC9FL`

to be rough (sea)/wave šalkoņa (sea) to dawn/it’s growing light agrs/agri

roar (sea)

suddenly mirror haze, smoke

zibens ainava dūmaka/dūmi

lightening landscape, scenery haze/smoke

gani

abundant, rich

ganības

pasture-ground

gani/ganisi olmak narin

abundant, rich delicate, slim

gan/ganа nāra

enough, that’s enough water-nymph, mermaid

ağarmak/gün ağ9J`QGJ R`H
GO>
27F3 ayna duman

early

The history testifies that the ancient inhabitants of the East Baltic region worshipped oak growths where they believed the God of justice Prove was dwelling (Карамзин , I, 1995, 85). The Latvian name of oak is ozols that corresponds to the Turkish word özеl ‘special’. Some special treatment of oaks (trees that are witnesses of the human history) on behalf of the Latvians we can watch nowadays as well. 3.6. Abstract Things The table contains Latvian words that correspond to Turkish root or stem morphemes. The words meaning is also connected with the corresponding Turkish words. Table 3 Turkish word Translation Latvian word Translation 12

‘Man/men’ is the Turkish root morpheme of compound wards indicating a person or a thing,

21

koşmak K`JE9 bayat/ bayatlamak

bright grey (hair) spoil

dumur

to run, to chase košs silver thread sirms not fresh, stale/to get bojāt stale atrophy dumjš

9CD`

wall-eyed

akls

blind

katra

drop

katrs/katra

every

iç/içine

interior, inner/inside

iekšiene

the inside

ya

yes

jā

yes

ara

distance, gap, space

ārā

outside

üstüne varmak

oppress

varmak sur ki onu K`FE9C K`F<`JE9C kavga

to dare fortune who, that him to be defeat quarrel

bildirmek

to inform

varmāka/ varmācība varēt sūrs kas viņu defeated/to cīņa kauties

stupid, silly

oppressor/oppression can, to dare severe who, that him struggle, fight to fight

dul/dulluk kunt аlmak/9D?`

bildināt, iebilda/piebilda ransom miers swindle mānīt load, burden jūgs give/gift, tax vergs beating pātaga/pātagot yesterday diena gigantic, giant-like dievs new jauns beginner, an čālis[tΣa:lis], inexperienced person cālis[tsa:lis] widow/widowhood dulls/dullums stout, solid kunda take/wages alga

to propose, objected/remarked, added peace to cheat, to deceive yoke slave whip, knout/to whip day god new, young guy, chicken crazy, mad, foolish a stable buyer wages

alçak

low, mean

alkas/alkatīgs

longing/greedy

saplamak

to stick, thrust, pierce

sāpеs

pain, ache

çenebaz, küfürbaz

talkative (çene – jaw), bāzt foul-mouthed (küfüra curse)

mihr manita yuk vermek/vergi patak/patağ` dün devasа yeni acemi çaylak[tΣailak]

to shove, to thrust, to poke

22

çangal

support, prop

čangals

K`C tek

dense, frequent only, solely

sīks tikai

Q`D Q`DD9E9C/Q`DE9C/Q`Dğ` year/to stay for a long ilgi time/to bore/terror mayi/mayişmak liquid, fluid/to grow maigs soft uzluk/uzman mastery/specialist uzmanīt kakmak daуаnmak teke resim beste/bestekar, namus/namuskar, koçmak/koçkar az

to push, to encrust to trust, to support, to last shrimp, he-goat picture, drawing melody/composer, honor/honest, to embrace/fighting ram few

negl.nickname Latgalian tiny, small only, solely

of

a

for a long time soft

kaka māksla daina

to keep an eye on, to watch swindle Latvian folk song

tecēt rasēt kārs

to go/run at small step to draw having a weakness (for)

maz

few

Latvian folksongs and fairy-tales contain lots of substratum lexis. The more ancient the word is the more possible is to find out its Turkic roots. “Meži rūca, meži šņāca, Bites gāja kumuriem.” In two lines of this Latvian folksong we find an unusual for the modern Latvian language word kumuriem. Having consulted the Turkish dictionary we find a Turkish word küme ‘pile, heap, mound’, küme küme means ‘in heaps/groups’. Knowing that Turkish words birer ‘one apiece’, ikişer ‘two at a time’, üçer ‘three apiece’, etc. are created with the help of the affix –er from the numerals ‘bir’, ‘iki’, üç, etc. we can suppose that the word kumuriem was made with the help of the affix –er (-er > -ur) and the word meant ‘in a group’: kümе > kumuriem. The vowel in the affix has changed according to the Turkic vowel harmony.13 The reseacher Irek Bikkinin in his scientific work speaks about the most ancient English lexis borrowed from the Turkic language. In the English language the old Turkic word tapor, for example, was superseded by the Germanic axe. It’s remarkable that this word was borrowed by the Arabian, Persian and Russian languages and is used there nowadays as well. The word tapor stems from the Turkic tapa ‘to cut’. In the Turkish language the word tapor was superseded by the word balta. In the Tatar language the word remains in the form тапагыч [tapagytΣ] meaning ‘chopper for vegetables’14 We can add that in the Turkish language there is the word tapa ‘stopper’ that can be connected with Turkic tapa ‘to cut’, exactly the same word with the same meaning tapa ‘stopper’ we find in the Latvian language. In the Turkish language there is also the word çapa ‘a 13

Synharmony of vowels: vowel sounds of affixes depend on vowel sounds of the stem; it’s a kind of progressive assimilation 14

‘Тюркизмы в английском языке.’ www.karabakh – doc. (‘Татарская газета’ №13. 25.12.1998)// Tjurkizmy v angliyskom yazyke’ www.karabakh – doc.(‘Tatarskaya gazeta’ №13. 25.12.1998)

23

hoe’, when in the Russian language there is the word тяпка [t’apka] that also may be connected with the Turkic tapa ‘to cut’. 4. Turkic Grammatical Rudiment in the Latvian language Grammatical rudiment of the Turkic language that we find in the Latvian language, regularity of it, possibility to reveal the Turkic roots of grammatical categories of the Latvian language makes us think of the relationship of these languages. 4.1. Phonetics The phonetic system of the Latvian language like the phonetic system of the Turkish language is characterized by simple and clear articulation of sounds. As to the quality of the sounds the phonetic system of the Latvian language doesn’t differ much from the Turkish sound system. As the Latvian and the Turkish languages belong to different geographical zones we can mark the following typical changes:  In the Latvian language the first syllable is stressed, when for people of the South is more natural to stress the last syllable like it is in the Turkish language where mainly the last syllable is stressed apparently because of the fast manner of speaking.  In the Latvian language long vowels that are natural for the slow northern manner of speaking have appeared. It must be pointed out that the prolonged articulation of Latvian vowels helps to preserve their clear sounding keeping them non-reduced. Let us have a look at the phonetic changes that took place in the Latvian language due to particularities of its phonetic system. 4.1.1. Changes in the System of Vowels The phonetic system of both Turkish and Latvian languages doesn’t contain reduced vowels. For this reason we do not find great changes in Latvian vowels, though one can see the following rearrangements:  The Turkish front sound [ü] has changed for the diphthong [ie], for the front vowel [е]: dün > diena or the back sound [u]: güneş – uguns, dürtmek > durt;  The Turkish front rounded sound [ö] has been changed for the diphthong [uo]: kök > koks, özel > ozols and the middle row vowel [е]: böbür > bebris; 

    

The Turkish vowel [1] was changed for [а], [е] as the place of articulation of the sounds AK
9DEGKL
L@=
K9E=
J`RC`F`

-=R=CF=
9D?`

9D?9 and for the sound 6A7
K`JE9

KAJEK
C`H9J

ķipars; The sound [i] has changed for [ie]: mihr > miers, içine > iekšiene; The sound [e] has been changed for [au]: yeni [jeni] > jauns[jauns], for [a]: keman > kamanas, kedi > kaķe, for [i]: tek > tikai and for [ie]: devasa > dievs; The back vowel [u] changed for the long back vowel [ū]: duman > dūmaka, dūmi; sur >

ū

sūrs; kuka > kūka, us > siņš; The sound [а] has changed for the open vowel [9] that is close to the sound [a]: almak > elki; The back vowel [o] has been changed for the back vowel [u]: yom > jumis.

24

In one syllable words short vowels of the Turkish language became long: sur – sūrs, ya – jā, zil – zīle, sik – sīks, yuk – jūgs. The formation of substratum lexis of the Latvian language was performed according to vowel harmony that is characteristic of the Turkic language:  When vowels substitution takes place all vowels of the word change for the vowels of another row: Turk. dokumak ‘weave’ > Latv. deķis ‘a blanket’;  We can see cases of ideal following the law of vowel harmony where even the correction of the sound of the Turkish word is happening: Turk. keman ‘a bow’ > Latv. kamanas ‘sledge’. There are words of substratum lexis where we can see the appearance of consonants at the beginning of the words (see table 4). Table 4 Turkish word Translation Latvian word Translation аt arpa az ata onu üremek

horse barley few father, ancestor him, her, it increase

jāt vārpa maz tēta viņu jūra

to ride a horse spike few father him, her, it sea

4.1.2. Changes in the System of Consonants 

 

Ζ ] has changed in the Latvian language into the sound [dz]: Turk. The Turkish sound [dΖ civcivli [dΖivdΖivli] – Latv. dzīve, Turk. cisim [dΖisim] – Latv. dzīsla, into the sound [zh]15: Turk. celal [dΖelal] > Latv. žēlot, Turk. cebretmek [dΖebretmek] > Latv. žebērklis and into the sound [ts]: Turk. civelek [dΖivelek] > Latv. cilvēks [tsilvēks]. Sometimes the Turkish sound [tΣ Σ ] changes into [Σ Σ ]: Turk. içine > Latv. Iekšiene, into ‘z’ : Turk. çiçek > Latv. zieds or [ts]: Turk. çiçek > zieds[ziets], Turk. açmak > Latv. acs, though it does not change before front vowels: Turk.açmak >Latv. acs/ačele[atΣele]. The voiceless consonant ‘k’ in the end position was substituted for the voiced ‘g’: Turk. yuk – Latv.jūgs, Turk.dik – Latv. diegs. Sometimes such a change takes place at the beginning of the word as well: Turk. kelle > Latv. galva. 4.2. Word Formation

4.2.1. A great deal of the words of substratum lexis is similar to the words that we find in the Turkish language. They have similar sounding and the same or almost the same meaning (see table 5). Table 5 Turkish Latvian Turkish Latvian tapa stopper tapa stopper ki who kas who kedi cat kaķe pussy-cat ata father tēta father zemin ground zeme ground arpa barley vārpa spike keman bow kamanas sledge meme breast, udder mamma mother 15

In this work the Latvian voiced consonant represented by ‘ž’ is transcribed as[zh]. It has the corresponding voiceless consonants š[Σ].

25

gani enough yom good luck nam name vergi gift, tax patak/patağO beating varmak to dare varis inheritor FO:
year veli protector koçan stem of a veget. yaka collar kem malicious budala foolish dip/dibi bottom dürtmek to prod /9:O wall-eyed ilk first @O?;/ silver thread yeğ preferable postal coarse boot

gana enough özel special ozols oak jumis symble of fertilty ya yes jā yes nams house yeni new jauns new vergs slave susuz dry sauss dry pātaga whip, knout sene year sens ancient varēt can, to dare civcivli lively dzīve life Varis (male name) civelek lively cilvēks man ilgi for a long time zil bell zīle titmouse veļi spirits of ancestors devasa gigant-like dievs god kacēns head of a cabbage kök a root koks a tree jaka a coat içine incide iekšiene the incide ķēms fool, fright H/:9/
4.2.2. A great part of substratum lexis has been formed according to the structure-semantical models that are functioning in the modern Turkish language. The meaning of the words depends on the meaning of Turkic root or stem morphemes and word-forming affixes. Turkish affixes that we find in substratum lexis are affixes (with their phonetic variants) that are productive in the modern Turkish language: –ki(-C`
-ku, -kü, -gi, -?` -gu,-gü) , -li(-l, -D`
-lu, lü), -da (-ta, -de, -te), -n(-in, -`F
-un, -ün), -si, - i(-`
-u, -ü), -e(-a, -ye, -ya), ect. Combinations of these affixes were widely used in forming substratum lexis. The same phenomenon we can observe in the modern Turkish language. The inner form of the words of the subsratum lexis is easily determined thanks to the affixes of the Turkish language that have fixed meaning. İn table 6 word-forming types of substratum lexis of the Latvian language are shown. Table 6 Turkish affix

Meaning of Turkish Turkish motivating Substratum lexis of affix word, its translation the Latvian language

–ki I, –ki(-9O
-ku, - ‘which, that’ kü, -gi, -5O-gu,-gü)

özini place rich in water dun low, lower

-li(-l, -D`
-lu, -lü, -la, - ‘with, together with, meme breast, udder le) by means of, by’ sap a sheaf cisim body -n(-in, -`F
-un, -ün)

affix of the genitive ateş fire case rüya dream

-si, - i(-`
-u, -ü)

affix of the 3rd person

tali

subordinate

Oziņīki place name dunka strike on the side with a fist Mēmele river name Sabīle place name dzīsla vein Atašiene place name Rūjena place name

secondary

köken motherland

Talsi place name Koknese place name

26

-dа/-tа/-de/-te

‘on, in’

-li(-l, -D`
-lu, -lü, -la, - ‘with’ + ‘in’ le) + -dа/-tа/-de/-te –ci [δΖi]/;`
;M
;U çi af. used in forming words for a man by [ti]S` SM SU his occupation, inclination, connection -ar/-er affix of present participle

dağ mountain

Dagda place name

kama strengthened place Kamalda place name 9O?O; slaughter, cutting Krimulda place name (forest)

ayna mirror rop female’s

without sleeves sunta fiberboard

oymak/oyar

Ainaži place name cloak Ropaži place name Suntaži place name [ojar] Ojārs male name ķipars doll, clown, baby

scooping out, engraving, carving C`HE9C 9O>/?
to blink/blinking (one’s eyes)

Words of the Turkish language are motivating for the words of substratum lexis of the Latvian language. 4.2.3. In the Turkish language verbal nouns are formed by cutting or partial cutting the affix of the infinitive: ölçmek to measure – ölçü measure donatmak to equip–
örtmek to cover– örtü roof dоlamak to twist, to wind – dolam one turn of any coiled thing

In the Latvian language we find the same model of forming nouns: dzīvot to live - dzīve life redzēt to see - redze sight, eyesight

dzirdēt to hear – dzirde ear, hearing maksāt to pay– maksa pay, fee

Many nouns of substratum lexis were made according to this model that is shown in table 7. Table 7 Turkish sarmak ‘to embrace’ çalkanmak ‘to be rough (sea)’ varmak ‘to have’ dokumak ‘to wieve’ kurmak ‘to set up, to form’ kurmak ‘to set up, to form, to establish’ dayanmak ‘to trust, to support, to last’ eğilmek ‘to get down to (a job)’ açmak ‘to open’

Latvian sarma ‘hoarfrost’ šalkoņa ‘roar (sea)’

Turkish dürmek ‘to roll up’ dikmek ‘to sew’

Varis (male name) deķis ‘a blanket’

akmak ‘to flow’ aka ‘a well’ koşmak[koΣmak] ‘to košs[koΣs] ‘bright, run’ beautiful’ K`Fаmak ‘to test, to try cīņa ‘a fight’ out’ duymak ‘to feel, to dūja ‘dove, sense’ pigeon’ kapamak ‘to close’ kapi ‘graveyard’

Kurma (name of a lake) kurmis ‘a mole’ daina ‘Latvian folk song’ Egils (male name) acs ‘an eye’

Latvian dūre ‘fist’ diegs ‘a thread’

yanmak ‘to burn’

Jānis (male name)

eğlemek ‘to amuse’

egle ‘fir-tree’

27

üremek ‘encrease’

jūra ‘sea’

düşmek ‘to fall’ burmak ‘to twist’

slikta dūša ‘to feel sick’ buras ‘a sail’

ağarmak ‘to dawn’

agrs ‘early’

9D`FE9C 9D`F

]LG
:=
alnis ‘an elk’ taken/the one that is taken’ sunmak ‘to submit’ suns ‘a dog’ burkmak ‘to twist’

burka ‘a jar’

kapamak ‘to close’

kāpa ‘a dune’

4.2.4. Nouns of substratum lexis were also derived from participles and past forms of Turkish verbs: Turk. asmak/asar ‘to evade/evading’ – Latv. asaris Zool.‘perch’ Turk. asmak//@AO ‘to hang/hung’ – Latv. aste ‘tail’ Turk. oymak/oyar ‘to scoop out, to carve/scooping out/carving’ –. Latv. Ojārs male name Turk. karmak/9/?O> ‘mix/have mixed’ – Latv. karpa Zool. ‘carp’ Turk. boymak/boyar ‘to paint/painting’ - Latv. bajārs ‘boyar(d)’ Turk. ezmek/ezer ‘melt/melting’ - Latv. ezers ‘lake’ Turk. к`HE9C C`H9J
]LG
:DAFC :DAFCAF?
GF=^K
=Q=K^
- Latv. ķipars ‘doll, clown’, fig. ‘baby’. 4.2.5. Origin of some words of substratum lexis can be understood with the help of combinations of Turkish words: Turk. üstüne varmak ‘to suppress’– Latv. varmacība ‘violence’ Turk. küme küme ‘in groups’ – Latv. kumuriem ‘in groups’ Turk. lüle lüle ‘curly’ - Latv. lelle ‘doll’ Turk. gün ağ9J`QGJ
[AL^K
<9OFAF?\
– Latv. agri ‘early’ Turk. uğur ki ‘that is a good luck’ - Latv. gurķis ‘cucumber’ Turk. cin ‘evil spirit’, ters ‘opposite’ – Latv. dzintars ‘amber’ 4.2.6. In some words of substratum lexis there are prefixes before Turkic roots. It prevents spotting the words of substratum lexis as there are no prefixes in the Turkish language: Tur. dürmek ‘to roll up’ – Latv. piedurkne ‘sleeve’ Tur. zemmetmek ‘to speak ill’ - Latv. pazemot ‘to humble, to abase’ verbs:

4.2.7. In the Turkish language we can find nouns that explain the origin of some Latvian Turk. teke ‘he-goat’ – Latv. tecēt ‘to trot’ Turk. resim ‘drawing’– Latv. rasēt ‘to draw’ Turk. vali/valide ‘governor/mother’ – Latv. valdīt ‘to govern, to rule’

4.2.8. In the Latvian language we find names of plants that were created by translating names of plants of the Turkish language: Turk. unutmabeni ‘forget-me-not (don’t forget me!)'– Latv. neaizmirstulīte ‘forget-menot’, Russ. –незабудка [nezabutka] ‘forget-me-not’; Turk. horoz mantarO ‘chanterelle (cock’s mushroom)’ – Latv. gailenīte (little cock) ‘chanterelle’ – Russ. лисичка ‘chanterelle (little fox)’; Turk. itburnu ‘dog rose (dog’s nose)’ – Latv. suņu roze ‘dog-rose (dogs’ rose)’ – Russ. шиповник ‘dog-rose’

28

4.3. Morphology Both morphology and syntax of the Latvian language as well as its phonetics and wordforming contain rudiment of the Turkish grammar. 4.3.1. The forms of passive and reflexive verbs of the Turkish language are created with the help of the affix -in/-n attached to the verb stems: almak ‘to take’ - alO
29

Turk. Işimdir –Latv. Tas ir mans darbs. – This is my job. 4.3.10. Finel sounds of nouns of feminine gender -ija that we find in both Latvian and Russian languages may spring from the Turkic affix of the third person -i and the Turkic affix of -e hali -e/-a/-ye/-ya. The Turkish –e hali indicates direction of an action: kara yel >*Karayeliya - ‘to the black wind’. 4.3.11. The Latvian suffix -ul- used in forming nouns of adjective and verb stems reminds us of the Turkish postposition ile/-le meaning ‘with’ and expressing presence of a quality named by the root. This model of word forming is productive both in the modern Turkish and in the modern Latvian languages: skaists – skaistule ‘beautiful’ – ‘beauty’ smuks – smukule ‘pretty’ – ‘a pretty female person’ bailes - bailule ‘fear, fright’ – ‘a person that can be easily frightened’ pīkstēt – pīkstule ‘to squeak’ – ‘a squeaker, a whiner’ 4.4. Syntax 4.4.1. Both in the Turkish and Latvian languages nouns are widely used in the attributive function, preceding the noun described. For example: Turk. çocukluk arkadaş` – Latv. bērnības draugs – ‘the friend of one’s childhood’ If a word has several nouns in the attributive function it can be difficult for a foreinger to understand the meaning of such a word combination. This phenomenon is typical for both the Latvian and Turkish languages. Latv. pavasara beigu posms – Turk.   (
sonun dönemi – ‘the last period of spring’ 4.4.2. Like in the Turkish language in the Latvian language there are sentences where the subject of a sentence is not the subject of the participle clause of the sentence. Compare: Latv. Mazgājot logu, uz paklāja sabira gruži. ‘When I was cleaning the window some rubbish fell on the carpet’. Тurk. Ateş
GDE9Q9F
=J<=F

30

Turk.. yarayO sarmak – Latv. pārsiet brūci – ‘to bandage one’s wound’ In the Turkish language a direct object is usually placed before the noun when in Latvian it can take position after or before the verb it is governed by: İn the Latvian language the dative case corresponds to the Turkish –e hali (Turkish dative case). For example:

Turk. Bu habere inanmam. – Latv. šai ziņai neticēšu – I can’t believe in this news. 4.4.5. In the Turkish language there is a postposition of joint action or tool for producing action ile (-la, -le), meaning ‘with’, ‘by’. In the Latvian language the preposition ar has the same meaning: Turk. arabayla – Latv. ar auto – ‘by car’ Turk. çak`ş`Qla - Latv. ar nazi – ‘with a knife’ 4.4.6. The Latvian words sen ‘long ago’, sencis ‘an ancestor’ are connected with the Turkish word sene ‘a year’. The Latvian adjective sensens ‘ancient’ is formed by doubling the stem. In the Turkish language this word-forming model is used in creating adjectives of a high degree of quality expressed by its stem: güzel güzel ‘very beautiful’, büyuk büyuk ‘very big’. 4.4.7. In the Latvian language after the verbs iet ‘go on foot’, braukt ‘go (by)’ expressing motion nouns indicating direction can be used in the lokative case. The phenomenon must arise from the Turkish –e hali, i.е. Turkish dative case. Compare: Turk. İstambula gidelim! Let’s go to Istanbul! – Latv. Brauksim Rīgā! Let’s go to Riga! We have discussed a number of phenomena of the Latvian grammar testifying the initial relationship of the Latvian and the Turkish languages, i.e. the formation of the Latvian language on the basis of the Turkic language. More examples proving this hypothesis could be given. 5. Turkic Roots of the Russian Language Speaking of Turkic substratum lexis in the Latvian language we couldn’t escape comparing it with the similar Russian lexis as both Latvian and Russian srarted to form approximately in the same place and at the same time. In the next chapter we shall compare the substratum lexis of these languages to understand better their relation to the Turkic language, the connection between the Latvian and the Russian languages and their place in the formation of other East European languages. The author of the research didn’t aim to make a scrupulous exploring of the Russian language grammar to show the Turkic basis of the Russian language. In this chapter we shall just trace the Turkic origin of suffixes of the Russian language that can serve as the brightest evidence of the Turkic roots of the Russian language. The famous saying that there is fifty per cent of Turkic blood in Russian people could sound strange, but the knowledge of the Turkish language makes it possible to discover a surprising thing: a great number of words of the Russian language have Turkic roots. For example, the word багульник [bagul’nik] (name of a herb) has a corresponding word in the Turkish language, the verb boğulmak ‘to suffocate’ (and its derivatives), and the herb really has a special suffocative odour. The word уют [ujut] ‘comfort’ rises from the Turkish verb uyutmak ‘to put to sleep, to soften’. The knowledge of the Turkish grammar allows to spot a countless number of words of the Russian language having Turkic roots as we can clearly see the word-forming models of the Turkish language that were used in forming vocabulary of the Russian language. Turkic substratum lexis and Turkic grammar rudiment of the Russian language witness of a long way of formation of the Russian language on the Turkic basis.

31

5.1. Turkic Word-Forming Models in the Russian Language In the Turkish language word-forming affixes have distinct and permanent meaning. They are widely used in Turkish word forming. For example, the affix –ki (and its phonetic variants) is intensively used in forming nouns of verbal stems: кеsmek ‘to cut’ - keski ‘coulter, chisel’ basmak ‘to press’ - bas9O
‘a press’ saymak ‘to respect’ - say5O
‘a respect’ The meaning of the affix –ki is ‘that, the one that’, i.е. the one that is connected with the action named by the verb stem. The Russian language takes Turkic verb stems and with the help of the affix -ki forms its own lexis: Turk. şaşmak ‘to lose (one’s way)’ – Russ. шашки [ΣaΣki] ‘draughts’ Turk. şişmek ‘to swell, to get swollen’ - Russ. шишка [ΣiΣka] ‘cone, bump’ Turk. koşmak ‘to chase’ - Russ. кошка [koΣka] ‘pussy-cat’ Turk. susmak ‘to keep scilent’ - Russ. суслик [suslik] ‘gopher, ground squirrel’16 Turk. koymak ‘to put, to place’ - Russ. койка [kojka] ‘bed' Turk. C`KE9C

]LG
D=KK=F
LG
J=
16 17

Turkish affix –li ‘with’ has also been used in formation of this word. Turkish ‘sobaki evdeki’ means ‘all the family (those on the stove ledge and in the house)’

32

In the Russian language there are lots of words created from probably the most ancient and simple Turkic affixes and Turkic stem morphemes. For example, the Old Ruaasian word mleko ‘milk’ was derived from the Turkish meme ‘breast’ and the affixes –le ‘with’ and –ki ‘that’ and E=9FL
]L@9L
G>
L@=
:J=9KL^
ED=CG

E=E=D=CA
/@=
OGJ<
6KM<9C7
]HAC=-perch’ may spring from the Turkish stem morpheme su ‘water’ and affixes -da ‘in’ and –ki ‘that’ and meant ‘that in the water’. Turkic Roots of Russian Suffixes Turk. -in – Russ. -ин [-in] In the Turkish language the affix -in is the affix of –in hali, i.e. the genitive case: sen ‘you’ – senin ‘your/yours’ annem ‘mother’ – annemin ‘my mother’s’ In the Russian language –ин is the suffix of the genitive case, too: мама mother – мамин [mamin] ‘mother’s’ папа father - папин [papin] ‘father’s’ Turk. –ar(-O?[1r]/-ir/-r/-ur/-ür)[yr]/-r – ир(ирь) 1 r /-1 1 r’/-ir/-ir’]18 [-ar/-ar’/-jar/-jar’/-1

Russ. –ар(-арь,-яр,-ярь)/-ыр(ырь)/-

The affix of the Turkish language –ar serves for making participles of present-future tense. Substantive participles have the meaning ‘that or the one that constantly performs the action named by the stem’: yazmak – yazar ‘to write – writer’ okumak – okur ‘to read – reader’ gelmek – gelir ‘to come – income’ In the Russian language the suffix –ар(-арь,-яр,-ярь)/-ыр(ырь)/-ир(ирь) is widly used in forming verbal nouns that name a person performing or that can perform the action called by the stem: доить – дояр [doit’- dojar]‘to milk – milkman/milker’ пахать – пахарь [pahat’- pahar’] ‘to plough – ploughman’ пасти – пастырь [pasti - past1r’] ‘to graze/pasture cattle – shepherd/hurdsman’ водить – поводырь [vodit’- povod1r’] ‘to lead a blind man – guide’ The great number of phonetic variants of this Russian suffix gives away its Turkic origin. Turk. –а(-ya)/- е(-ye) [-a/-ja/-e/-je] – Russ. –а(-я) [-a/-ja] The affix –a/-e serves for forming present participles from verb stems in the Turkish language: konuşmak– konuşa ‘to talk – talking’ şakalaşmak– şakalaşa ‘to joke – joking’ In the Russian language we find exactly the same phenomenon, i.e. the formation of present participles with the help of the affix –a/-ja: шептать – шепча [sheptat’- sheptΣa]‘to whisper – whispering’ кричать – крича [kritΣat’-kritΣa]‘to shout – shouting’ 18

In this work the soft variant of the Russian consonant ‘р’ is transcribed as [r’].

33

Turk.-an – Rus. –ан [-an] The affix –an is used in forming present–future participles of verb stems in the Turkish language. Substantive participles have the meaning ‘something or somebody that performs an action named by the stem’: kapmak – kapan ‘to seize – trap’ burmak – buran ‘to twist – whirlwind’ In the Russian language the suffix –ан [-an] is used in forming nouns: смута – смутьян [smuta – smut’jan] ‘trouble - trouble-maker’ интрига – интриган [intriga – inrigan] ‘intrigue – schemer’ Turk. –cak/-1O9/-cik/-cek/-cuk/-çuk/-çük/çik [-dΖ Ζ ak/- dΖ Ζ yk/- dΖ Ζ ik/- dΖ Ζ ek/-dΖ Ζ uk/-tΣuk/Σ ok/-tΣ Σ ek/-tΣ Σ ik/-tΣ Σ uk/-ok/-ik/tΣ’uk/- tΣik]– Russ. –чок/-чек/-чик/-чек/-чук/-ок/-ик/-ек [tΣ ek] In the Russian language we find a number of diminutive suffixes that correspond to the diminutive suffixes of the Turkish language. Compare the following Turkish and Russian diminutive word forms: kuzu – kuzucak ‘lamb – lamby’ köpek – köpekcik ‘dog – doggy’ göz – gözcek ‘eye – little eye’ kuş – kuşçuk ‘bird – birdy’ In the Russian language we find the following examples: барабан – барабанчик ‘drum – drummy’ вокзал – вокзальчик ‘station – little station’ барин – барчук ‘landowner – landowner’s little son’ When a stem ends in –k the regressive assimilation of sounds takes place: знак – значок ‘sign – badge’ крюк – крючок ‘hook – dim. form' When a stem ends in –ч [tΣ] the confluence of sounds takes place: ключ – ключик ‘key – little key’ мяч – мячик ‘ball – dim. form’ Both in the Turkish and Russian languages we find a great number of variants of this affix that is explained by vowels harmony of the Turkish language. In the Russian language there are suffixes with the sound [tΣ] not with the sound [dΖ] which is not typical for the Russian language. Turk. –ci/-çi/-cu/-çu [-dΖ Ζ i/-tΣ Σ i/-dΖ Ζ u/-tΣ Σ u] – Russ. –чий, -ец/-лец [-tΣ Σ ij/-ets/-lets]19 In the Turkish language the affix –ci with its phonetical variants is used in forming a noun naming a person that produces an action: F9@`J
- F9@`J;`
]@=rd of cows - herdsman’ barut – barutçu ‘gunpowder – powdermaker’' The Old Russian word зодчий [zotΣij] ‘an architect’ is the brightest example of creating words according to this Turkish word-forming model: зьдъ [zd] ‘clay’ > зьдчии [zdtΣii] ‘pot-maker’

19

In this work the Russian consonant represented by ‘ц’ is transcribed as [ts].

34

The suffix of a person perfoming an action –чий is not a productive one in the modern Russian language, though there is a number of old words containing this suffix: певчий [p’evtΣij]‘a singer in a church choir’, кравчий ‘the one who helped the Russian tsar at the dinner table’, стряпчий ‘a person organizing performance of household duties at the tsar palace’ (Откупщиков,1986, 9). The Russian affixes -ец/-лец [-ets/lets] must have arisen from the Turkish affix –ci. The Russian affixes -ец/-лец [-ets/lets] are used in forming nouns naming persons which perform actions expressed by the word stems. These suffixes are added to the verb stems as well: шить – швец [Σit’ - Σvets] ‘to sew – a tailor’ жить – жилец [zhit’ – zhilets] ‘to live – a lodger’ читать – чтец [tΣitat’ - tΣtets] ‘to read – a reader’ The Russian suffix – щик/-льщик that also indicates a person performing an action probably appeared some time later. It looks like a combination of the Turkish affixes –ci/çi and –ki ‘that/which’ where the Turkish –ci/çi [dΖ]/[tΣ] was substituted by the Russian [ΣtΣ] that is something in between the Turkish sounds [dΖ] и [tΣ]: камень – каменьщик [kam’en’20 – kam’en’stΣik] ‘stone – bricklayer’ In the Russian language this suffix is used to produce nouns from verb stems as well, that looks as if the Russian language uses the beloved Turkic suffixes as wide as it is possible: наклеить – наклейщик [nakl’eit’- nakl’ejstΣik] ‘to stick – a person that sticks’ набить – набойщик [nabit’- nabojstΣik] ‘to heel a shoe – a person who heels shoes’ сеять – сеяльщик [s’ejat’- s’ejal’stΣik]21 ‘to sow – sower (a person )’ Σ ] – Russ. –ач [atΣ Σ] Turk. –aç [atΣ In the Turkish language the affix –aç is used for creating nouns naming instruments, tools or means for performing actions by attaching it to verb stems: saymak – sayaç ‘to count – meter, counter’ L`CE9C
– L`Caç ‘to cram, to jam – stopper’ The suffix –ач [atΣ] of the Russian language is used for creating nouns of the same meaning as it is in Turkish. It also forms nouns denoting a person that performs an action that is expressed by the stem. This suffix is a productive one in the modern Russian language: пугать – пугач [pugat’-pugatΣ]‘to frighten – a toy that looks like a pistol’ рвать – рвач [rvat’ - rvatΣ] ‘to tear – a greedy person that thinks only of personal profit’ ткать – ткач [tkat’ - tkatΣ] ‘to weave – a weaver’ In the Russian language the affix –ач forms nouns from adjectives as well: богатый – богач [bogat1j - bogatΣ] ‘rich – a rich person’ ловкий – ловкач [lovkij - lovkatΣ] ‘quick to take advantage – sharp fellow, a sharper’ сильный – силач [sil’n1j -silatΣ] ‘strong – a strong person’ Turk.-ak – Russ. –ак/–аг/-яг [-ak/-ag/-jag] In the Turkish language the affix –ак forms nouns (from verb stems) indicating the place of an action, the subject or object of an action: K`ğ`FE9C – K`ğ`Fak ‘to take shelter – shelter’ uçmak - uçak ‘to fly – a plane’ korkmak - korkak ‘to be afraid – coward’ The suffix -ак in the Russian language serves for forming nouns with the equivalent meaning: лежать – лежак [l’ezhat’ – l’ezhak] ‘to lie – a plank bed’ 20 21

[n’] and [m’] are soft vareants of the Russian sounds [n] and [m]. [s’] is the soft variant of the Russian sound [s].

35

черпать – черпак [tΣerpat’ - tΣerpak] ‘to scoop – a scoop’ The Russian suffix –аг/-яг must be the voiced variant of the affix –ак: бродить – бродяга [brodit’ – brod’aga]22 ‘to wander – wanderer’ работать – работяга [rabotat’ – rabot’aga] ‘to work – hard working person’ In the Russian language nouns with the suffix –ак can be formed from adjectives as well: бедный – бедняк [b’edn1j – b’edn’ak] ‘poor – a poor person’ холостой – холостяк [holostoj – holost’ak] ‘single, bachelor – bachelor’ Turk. –OA [1 1 t] - Rus. –от[ot] The Turkish affix –`L is attached to a verb stem to form a noun: yapmak – yapOA ‘to make – work (of art)’ kalmak - kalOA ‘to remain – inheritance’ Probably the Russian word калитка [kalitka] ‘a wicket-gate’ has been created of the Turkish verb kalmak with the help of the Turkish affixes –`L and –ki and means ‘that stays (in a necessary position)’. In the Russian language there is the affix –от [ot] that corresponds to the Turkish affix –OA: грохотать - грохот [grohotat’ – grohot] ‘to thunder – thunder’ хохотать – хохот [hohotat’ hohot] ‘to laugh – laughter’ Σ ] – Russ. –ч(а), –ищ(е) [-tΣ Σ /-iΣ Σ tΣ Σ] Turk. –ç [tΣ The affix –ç of the Turkish language is used for creating nouns (from the verb stems) that name a thing or a phenomenon: kazanmak – kazanç ‘to earn – earnings’ The Russian suffix –ч(а)[-tΣ(a)] has the same function and sounds alike: подать – подача ‘to give, to serve – service’ добыть – добыча ‘to manage to get, to gain – prey’ The Russian suffix –ищ(е)[istΣ(e)] that sounds a little bit different though has the same function and must have the same origin: играть – игрище [igrat’ - igristΣe] ‘to play – folk amusement (games)’ позорить – позорище [pozorit’ - pozoristΣe] ‘to put to shame – shame’ Turk. –O9[11 k] – Russ. – их(а), ух(а) [-ih/-uh] The affix –`C of the Turkish language forms nouns indicating things or phenomena that denote the result of an action named by a verb: 9CK`JE9C – 9CK`JO9 ‘to sneeze – sneeze’ In the Russian language there are corresponding affixes -их(а), -ух(а): шуметь – шумиха [Σum’et’ - Σumiha] ‘to make a noise – fuss’ голодать – голодуха [golodat’ – goloduha] ‘to starve – famine’ Turk. –Oş(-iş/-uş/-üş) [-1 1 Σ /-iΣ Σ /-uΣ Σ / -yΣ Σ ] – Russ. –ыш [-11 Σ ] The Turkish affix –`ş (-iş/-uş/-üş) forms (nouns of verbal stems) expressing a manner or a mode of performing an action: bakmak – :9C`ş ‘to look – look’ 22

[d’] is the soft variant of the Russian sound [d].

36

oturmak – oturuş ‘to sit – way of sitting’ The Russian suffix –ыш forms nouns naming a phenomenon or a thing that is the result of an action expressed by a verb stem: проиграть – проигрыш [proigrat’ - proigp1Σ] ‘to lose (a game) – loss’ вкладывать – вкладыш [vklad1vat’ - vklad1Σ]‘to put (into) – inset, supplement’ 5.3. Phonetic Correspondences In the conclusion of this chapter we shall look at some phonetic similarities of the Russian and Turkish languages that vividly show the relationship between these languages. Almost all sounds of the Russian language have corresponding sounds in the Turkish language. Moreover, thanks to the Turkish language it becomes clear why there are pair vowels in the Russian language: Turk. Russ. u– ü [u-y] у – ю [u-y] ` – i [1-i] ы – и [1-i] o – ö [o -2] о – е [o -2] Both in the Turkish and Russian languages the specific sound ы [1] has sense distinguishing meaning: Turk. C`J– kir ‘field – dirt’ Russ. лыко – лик ‘bast – countenance, face’ The Turkish sound c[dΖ] in substratum lexis of the Russian language has changed for the sound ч[tΣ] or the sound ж [zh]23: Turk. civelek[dзivelek] ‘lively, playful ’– Russ. человек [tΣelovek] ‘man, human’ Turk. civcivli [dзivdзivli] ‘lively, busy’– Russ. жизнь [zhizn’] ‘life’ The sound [h] in the old Russian words бог[boh] ‘god’, господи [hospodi] (addressing the God) as well as the sound [h] in some Russian dialects and also in the Belorussian and Ukrainian languages corresponds to the Turkish sound [h]. The sound ц [ts] of the Russian language apparently arises from the Turkish sound ç[tΣ]. Compare: çiçek – цветок – ‘flower’. Nowadays there are dialects of the Russian language where the sound ч[tΣ ]of the modern Russian language is substituted with the sound [ts]: англичане англицане [anglitΣ Σ an’e – anglitsane] ‘English people’, псковичане – псковицане [pskovitΣ Σ an’e – pskovitsane]’the inhabitants of the city Pskov’. The Russian sound щ [ΣtΣ] could arise both from the Turkish sound ç[tΣ] and the Turkish sound [Σ] that is much softer than the Russian sound ш[Σ] and therefore reminds the Russian sound щ [ΣtΣ]. So, we can make the conclusion that the great variety of the Russian suffixes is the consequence of the fact that historically the Russian suffixes sprang from the numerous phonetic variants of the Turkish affixes. The phenomenon of attaching a number of different affixes to the word stem of the Turkish language gave birth to the Russian suffixes that appear to be combinations of Turkish affixes. As we could see, not only simple affixes of the Turkish language were used in word forming of the Russian language. Different combinations of Turkish affixes that have sense in the Turkish language were transformed into suffixes of the Russian language where they lost their original sense. Now they continue their existence as postfixes of the Russian language.

23

In this work the Russian consonant represented by ‘ж’ is transcribed as [zh]. It has corresponding voiceless consonant ш[Σ].

37

The links of these languages that we have observed make us think of the organic relation of the Russian language to the Turkish language, of the possible way of its development on the basis of the Turkic language. 6. Comparison of Substratum Lexis of the Latvian and the Russian Languages There is a great number of substratum lexis of both the Latvian and Russian languages arising from the Turkic language that makes it possible to compare this lexis. Having been arranged in chronological order the lexis has split up in approximately six groups: 1) earliest substratum lexis of the Latvian language, 2) early substratum lexis of the Russian language, 3) similar substratum lexis of the Latvian and Russian languages, 4) substratum lexis of the same meaning that sprang from different Turkic stems in the Latvian and Russian languages, 5) substratum lexis of the Latvian language of the period of fixing the territorial boundaries, 6) substratum lexis of the Russian language of the late period. Comparing this lexis step by step gives us the opportunity of revealing connections between the Latvian and the Russian languages and tracing the stages of their development on the Turkic basis. 6.1. Early Substratum Lexis of the Latvian language The first group of the substratum lexis includes the earliest lexis of people who settled in the East Baltics about eight thousand years ago. They are words naming ancestors, gods, symbols, people names, objects and phenomena of the nature. There are words naming things connected with human activities, such as harpoon, hoe, sledge, and the name of the animal, elk, that was the main object of hunting in this region. There is also the word māja naming human dwelling. In the Turkish language there are two words that could give birth to this Latvian word. Table 9 Тurk. Latv. Тurk. Latv. veli ‘saint, protector’ veļi ‘spirits of dead gün ‘day’, Guna (female name), ancestors’ güneş ‘the sun’ Gunārs(male name), Gunta(female name), uguns огонь guņs(Latg.) огонь uruk/urğu ‘tribe, urguči ay ‘the moon’ Ainārs(male name), [urgutΣi] clan’ Aila (female name), ‘spirits of dead Aivars(male name), ancestors’ Aigars(male name) ilgi ‘relation, iļģi ‘spirits of dead yanmak/yan [ϕαν] ‘to Jānis [ja:nis] (male connection’ ancestors’ name) burn/burning’ el/almak ‘hand/to elki ‘spirits of dead sarmak/sarma ‘1)to Sarma(female name), take’ ancestors’ embrace, 2)to captivate’ sarma hoarfrost sene ‘year’ sen/sens/sensens/ eğilmek/eğil ‘to get Egils(male name) sencis ‘long down(to a job)/getting ago/ancient/ very down (to a job)’ old/ancestor’ us ‘rison’ Ūsiņš (pagan god’s oymak/oyar [Οϕαr] ‘to Ojārs(male name) name) scoop out, to engrave, to carve/scooping out, engraving, carving’ yom [jom] ‘good jumis [jumis] ‘the varmak /varis ‘to Varis(male name) luck’ symbol of fortility, have/inheritor’ family luck’

38

maya [maϕa] 1) ‘origin, essence’, 2) ‘female of a herd animal’ aya [aϕa] ‘palm of a hand’ kapamak ‘to cover’ dun ‘low’

māja ‘home’

özel ‘special’

aijāt [aijat] ‘to lull’

cebretmek/cebren force/by force’ kök ‘root’ ilk ‘first’

kaplis ‘a hoe’ duncis ‘dagger’

ozols ‘oak’

‘to žebērklis ‘fish-spear, harpoon’ кoks ‘tree’ ilkss ‘shaft, shill’

If we compare this table with the table of Russian substratum lexis (see table 10) we won’t find there many words corresponding to the first substratum lexis of the Latvian language. In the table of the earliest substratum lexis of the Latvian language we can find Latvian words naming spirits of ancestors: elki, veļi, urguči, iļģi, senči. We do not find these words among the Russian early subsratum lexis. The only word of the Russian language (and also the Lithuanian language) is the word Alka that corresponds to the Latvian word elk ‘ancestor’. Places for sacrificing, usually high hills, Slavic and Lithuanian people called ‘Alkas’. Latvian substratum lexis contains a great number of words arising from the Turkish words calling the sun, the moon, nature phenomena, man’s activities. In the Latvian language they often serve for creating people’s names. This tradition that roots in the ancient past continue to exist in the modern Latvian culture, too. The same tradition to name people after the sun, the moon and other objects of nature stay alive in the Turkish culture as well. In the Russian substratum lexis there are names Ivan and Uljan. The first name has arisen from the Latvian name Jānis, the second name probably was created later from the Turkish stems ulu ‘great’ and yan ‘fire’. The Russian pagan God Ivan was honored by Slavic people as much as the God Jan by pagan ancestors of the Latvians, though the name Ivan appeared from the Latvian Jan, when the Latvian Jan apparently is the verbal noun yan ‘burning’ of the Turkish verb yanmak ‘to burn’. In the group of early substratum lexis of the Russian language we do not find the name of the early Latvian pagan God Ūsiņš that probably stems from the Turkish word us ‘reason’, nevertheless, in the Russian language we find a phraseological unit мотать на ус ‘to understand and remember’ that could arise from the same Turkish stem much later. The above-mentioned observations give us reasons to believe that this early substratum lexis of the Latvian language refers to the period of the Stone Age when descendants of the first groups of Mesolithic people, who settled on the territory of modern Latvia, had to give names to new phenomena, things, objects, etc. they faced living on that new territory which was isolated from the Turkic language which was developed in the southern regions where their ancestors had come from. The earliest lexis of the Latvian language based on the Turkic stems and naming ancestors, gods, human names shows, beyond doubt, high spiritual culture of the tribes where the forthcoming Latvian language started to be developed. 6.2. Early Substratum Lexis of the Russian Language This group of substratum lexis contains words of the Latvian and Russian languages that call nature phenomena, the world of animals, parts of human body, man actions and fruits of his labour, abstract things, etc. Here we can see substratum lexis of the Latvian language given in a comparison with substratum lexis of the Russian language. See table 10. Table 10

39

Turkish meme ata ak, men ezmek/ezer üremek sudan cin, ters C`Q`Q9 ilk

Translation breast, udder father white/grey, thing melt/melting to encrease from water, by water evil spirit, opposite to the coast first

eğlemek açmak

to amuse to open

asmak/asar

to suspend, to skip, to asaris ‘perch’ disappear

kurmak

to set up, to form cat

kurmis ‘mole’ kaķis/kaķe ‘cat’

to hang a hit dry hand to heat/heating

aste ‘tail’ darbs ‘labour’ sauss ‘dry’ elkonis ‘elbow’ istaba ‘a room’

kedi 9KE9C 9KL`
darbe susuz el `K`LE9C `K`L kumbara valide/vali Q`D Q`DD9E9k/Q`DE ak

Latvian mamma ‘mother’ tēta [t{:ta] ‘father’ akmens ‘stone’ ezers ‘lake’ jūra ‘sea’ ūdens ‘water’ dzintars ‘amber’ kaija ‘sea-gull’ ilknis ‘fang, tusk, canine (tooth)’ egle ‘fir-tree’ acs/ačele [ats/atΣele] ‘eye/little eye’

Russian мама [mama] ‘mother’ тятя [t’at’a] ‘father’ камень[kamen’] ‘stone’ озеро [ozero] ‘lake’ море[mor’e] ‘sea’ вода [voda] ‘water’ янтарь [jantar’] ‘amber’ чайка [tΣajka] ‘sea-gull’ клык [klyk] ‘fang, tusk, canine (tooth)’ ель [jel’] ‘fir-tree’ oко/очи [oko/otΣi] ‘eye/eyes’ окунь[okun’] perch крот [krot] ‘mole’ кот [kot] ‘cat’ хвост [hvost] ‘tail’

труд [trud] ‘labour’ cухой [suhoy] ‘dry’ локоть [lokot’] ‘elbow’ изба [izba] ‘a house,a hut’ piggi bank kambaris ‘larder, амбар [ambar] barn, pantry’ granary, storehouse mother/governor valdīt ‘to rule’ владеть [vlad’et’] ‘ to have in one’s property’ a year/to stay for a long ilgi ‘for a long time’ долго [dolgo] ‘for a long time/to get bored time’

The Latvian substratum lexis is motivated by Turkish stem morphemes and word-forming affixes. The Latvian words sound very similar to the Turkish stems they have sprung from. The words of the Russian substratum lexis of this group have the same meaning that the Latvian words have, though they sound different. We can watch replacement of syllables, changes of vowels and consonants. That must testify that the substratum lexis of the Latvian language gave birth to some part of the substratum lexis of the Russian language. This fact makes us think that probably the forthcoming Russian language started its developing a little bit later than the forthcoming Latvian language. It can also testify of the leading role of the tribes where the forthcoming Latvian language was developed in comparison with the tribes that settled nearby. 6.3. Similar Substratum Lexis of the Latvian and the Russian Languages

40

Lexis of this group contains words that refer to a later time period when apparently contacts between tribes became more regular. The pronunciation of these Latvian and Russian words is very similar, and they name mostly the same things or close notions. See table 11. Table 11 Turkish Latvian Russian žēlot ‘to pity, to be sorry (for)’ жалеть[zhalet’] ‘to pity, to be 9;`D`
69<Ζili] ‘sad’ sorry (for)’ dün ‘yesterday’ diena ‘day’ день [den’] ‘day’ zieds ‘flower’ цветок [tsvetok] ‘flower’ çiçek [tΣitΣek] ‘flower’ saule ‘the sun’ şavk [Σavk] colloq. ‘ light, щавель Bot. [ΣtΣavel’] fire’ ‘sorrel’ D`ğ Geol.alluvium līnis ‘tench’, Liginišķi (place линь Zool. [lin’] ‘tench’ name) S9DC9FE9C S9DC9FL`6LΣ9DC9FL`] šalkoņa[Σalkon’a] ‘murmur of шелест [Σelest] ‘rustle’ ‘to wave/waving (sea)’ the waves, rustle’ duman ‘mist, smoke’ dūmaka ‘haze’, dūmi ‘smoke’ туман [tuman] ‘mist’, дым [dym] ‘smoke’ postal ‘combat boot’ pastala ‘simple foot-wear’ постол [postol] ‘simple footwear’ verev ‘diagonal’ virve ‘rope’ веревка [ver’ovka] ‘rope’ L`JH9F
];KQL@=^

cirpt [tsirpt] ‘to cut’

серп [serp] ‘sickle’

gitmek ‘to go, to leave’ yemek/ye! ‘to eat/eat!’ tur/turta spin, circle/in a circle dürtmek to prod

iet ‘to go’ ēd ‘eat!’

идти [itti] ‘to go’ ешь [jeΣ] ‘eat!’

torte ‘ a cake’ durt ‘to stab, to prick’ düşmek ‘1) to fall 2) to lose dūša 1) slikta dūša[duΣa] ‘ to one’s health 3)to rush, to dash’ feel sick’ 2)‘courage, bravery’

торт [tort] ‘a cake’ продырявить [prodyr’avit’] ‘to make a hole’ душа [duΣa] ‘sole’

almak/alçak [altΣak] ‘to alkatīgs ‘greedy’ take/low, mean’ koşmak[koΣmak] ‘to run’ košs[koΣs] ‘bright’

алчный [altΣnyj] ‘greedy’

burtmak whirl’

‘to

make

twist, burt ‘to practice magic’

man‘thing/person’

manta ‘thing’

lüle lüle ‘curly’

lelle ‘a doll’, lolot ‘to cherish’

sur ‘fate, lot’

sūrs ‘bitter, harsh’

patak/patağ` ‘beating’ pātaga/pātagot ‘whip/to whip’ civelek[dзivelek] ‘lively’ cilvēks [tsilve:ks] ‘a man’ civciv [dΖivdΖiv]/civcivli dzīve ‘life’ [dзivdзivli] ‘chick/lively,

роскошный [roskoΣnyj] ‘very beautiful’ бортник[bortnik] ‘the one who collects wild bees’ honey’ манатки [manatki] colloq.’things’ Златокудрый Лель [lel’] ‘curly male folklore character’, лелеять [leleit’] ‘to cherish’ суровый [surovyj] ‘bitter, harsh’ батог [batok] ‘a whip’ человек [tΣelovek] ‘a man’ жизнь [zhizn’] ‘life’

41

busy’ cisim ‘body’ mihr ‘random, redemption’ yuk[juk] ‘load’ кapamak ‘to cover, to hide, bury’

Basis

dzīsla ‘vein’ miers ‘peace’ jugs ‘yoke’ kaps/kapi ‘grave/graveyard’

жила [zhila] ‘vein’ мир [mir] ‘peace’ иго [igo] yoke капище [kapiΣtΣe] ‘graveyard’

6.4. Parallel Development of the Latvian and the Russian Languages on the Turkic

Lexis of this group witnesses that in the process of the development the Latvian and Russian languages formed their lexis that named the same things using different Turkic roots and stems. Such a phenomenon could take place on the territory where the Turkic language was widely spread. Archaeologists have found lots of Neolithic settlements on the territory of modern Latvia and nearby. Apparently newcomers from the East and South spoke not any other, but the Turkic language. The lexis of this group was created according to the word-forming models that we can see in the Turkish language nowadays. The words formed from the Turkish verbs kaş(  ‘to scratch’ and burmak ‘twist, whirl’ show the variety of words that derive from Turkic stems and affixes in both the Latvian and the Russian language independently from one another. Table 12 Turkish Latvian Turkish Russian keman ‘a bow’ kamanas ‘sledge’ sanğ`
]dazed, санки [sanki] ‘sledge’ confused’ kaba ‘large, but light’

kabata ‘pocket’

karmak/karma ‘to mix/mixed’

sarmak ‘to embrace’

sarma ‘hoarfrost’

su/sulu ‘water/juicy’

sula ‘juice’

inmek ‘to come иней [inej] ‘hoarfrost’ down’ K`CE9C
]LG
KIM==R=
сок [sok] ‘juice’ to press’

kapamak ‘cover, hide, bury’ sunmak ‘submit’

kaplis ‘a hoe’

çapa ‘a hoe’

suns ‘a dog’

soba ‘chimney, собака [sobaka] ‘a stove’ dog’ kiş ‘a man’ кишки [kishki] ‘intestines, guts’

zar pellicle’

‘membrane, zarnas guts’

‘intestines,

кapamak ‘cover, hide, kāpa ‘duna’ bury’ açmak ‘open’ acs ‘eye’ kaş`E9C ‘sctratch’ kašķis ‘itch, scabies’ kastanis ‘chestnut’

24

карман 'pocket’

[karman]

тяпка[t’apka] ‘a hoe’

dun 'low’

дюна [d’una] ‘duna’

göz ‘eye’

глаз [glaz] eye каша[kaΣa] ‘porridge’, кашель [kaΣel’] ‘cough’, каштан [kaΣtan] 24 ‘chestnut’

The Turkic affix –tan makes us think that the word could have the meaning ‘remedy against cough’ that is really so.

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burmak ‘twist, whirl’

buras ‘sail’, burzīt 'crumple, crinkle’

ki ‘who’ onu ‘her/him’

kas ‘who' viņu ‘her/him’

reg. бурак [burak] beet, hist.бурлак [burlak]25 , бурки [burki] felt boots, буря [bur’a] ‘storm’, бурить [burit’] ‘drill, bore’ кто [kto] ‘who’ dial. ону[onu]/вину [vinu]/вану[vonu] her/him

6.5. Substratum Lexis of the Latvian Language of the Period of Demarcation Late substratum lexis of both the Latvian and Russian languages testifies that the development of these languages on the Turkic basis continued for a long of time, apparently several thousand years. It could be possible if the Turkic language speakers didn’t stop to arrive in this region bringing new lexis of the Turkic language. The Turkic language had to be widely spread in this region to make a rich basis for the developing Latvian and Russian languages. The words of this group name abstract things and humans’ actions that are connected with the later period of formation of the Latvian language. We can see the words witnessing that these lexis belongs to people of a class society: slave, violence, whip, battle, wage, etc. We do not find corresponding lexis in the Russian language. It makes us think that this lexis belongs to the period of fixing territorial boundaries of originating states. Table 13 Turk. Latv. Turk. Latv. resim ‘drawing’ rasēt ‘to draw’ üstüne varmak ‘to varmacība supress’ ‘violence’ dikmek ‘to sew’ diegs thread, cotton yaka ‘collar’ jaka ‘blazer’ kар ‘upper part of kapuce ‘hood’ dürmek ‘to roll up’ piedurkne ‘sleeve’ smth.’, карut ‘military greatcoat’ кaplamak/9/>:O
to kapliča ‘family küme ‘group’, küme kumuriem ‘in cover/ vault’ küme ‘in groups’ groups’ covered at ‘horse’ Ata! ‘See you!’, jāt gani ‘enough’ gan,gana ‘enough’, ‘ride a horse’ ganības ‘pasturage’ dun ‘low’ dunka ‘nudge, poke’ narin ‘slim, slender, nāra ‘waterdelicate’ nymph’ K`JE9 ‘silver thread’ sirms ‘grey, grizzled’ çenebaz ‘talkative’, bāzt ‘to shove, to küfürbaz thrust, to poke’ ‘foulmouthed’ ayna ‘mirror’ ainava ‘landscape, uzman ‘expert, uzmanība sea-scape’ specialist’ ‘attention’ bayat/ bayatlamak bojāt ‘spoil’ duna ‘low sound’ , dun ‘low’ stale/to get stale dunēt ‘to drone, to boom’ dumur ‘аtrophy’ dumjš ‘silly’ ağarmak/gün ağ9J` ‘to agrs/agri 25

Workers who twisted themselves in tow-ropes to carry ships against the current

43

dawn/at the break of adj’.early’/ day’ adv’.early’ iç/içine [itΣine] n./adv. iekšiene ‘inside’ n. ‘inside’ ya [ja] ‘yes’ jā ‘yes’

[iekΣiene]

ara ‘distance, interval’

ārā ‘outside’

kem ‘evil, malicious’

ķēms ‘fright, ghost’

bildirmek ‘to inform’

bildināt/iebilda/ piebilda to propose/ objected/remarked varmak ‘to dare’ varēt ‘to dare’ @O<аmak ‘to test, to try cīņa ‘struggle, fight’ out’ şüphe ‘doubt’ šūpoties ‘to swing, to sway’ manita ‘swindle’ mānīt ‘to deceive, to cheat’ vergi tax, gift

vērgs ‘slave’

dayanmak ‘to be based, to trust’ yeni [ϕeni] ‘new’ acemi çaylak [tΣailak] ‘chick’

daina ‘Latvian folksong’ jauns ‘new, young’ čālis[tΣalis] sl. ‘fellow, boyfriend’

kavga ‘fight, quarrel’

kauties ‘to fight’

yosun ‘moss’

sūna ‘moss’

burkmak ‘to twist, to burkāns ‘carrot’, wrench, to sprain’ burka ‘jar’ saplamak to thrust, to sāpеs ‘pain’ pierce 9CD`

]H=JKGF
OAL@
9 akls ‘blind’ wall-eye’ K`C ‘dense, frequent’ sīks ‘tiny, small, fine’ tek ‘one, single, only’ tapa ‘stopper’

tikai ‘only, solely’ tapa ‘stopper’

ilk ‘first, initial’

ilkss ‘shaft, thill’

mayi/E9Q`şmak ‘liquid, fluid/ sl.to get drowsy dul/dulluk ‘widow, widower/widowhood’

maigs soft, mild, gentle

kunt ‘stout, solid' 9D?` ‘wages’ almak ‘to take’

dulls/dullums ‘crazy, foolish/foolishness’ kunda ‘regular customer’ alga ‘wages’ alkas/alkatīgs ‘thirst, longing/greedy’

6.6. Substratum Lexis of the Russian Language of the Later Period This group of words consists of Russian lexis originated from Turkic stems. The words do not have parallel lexis in the Latvian language. Here we find synonyms of earlier lexis (око – глаз ‘an eye’, тятя – батя ‘father’) that also spring from Turkish stem morphemes. This phenomenon serves an evidence of a great duration of the period of the Russian language formation on the Turkic basis. Table 14 Тurk. Russ. Тurk. Russ. kandil ‘oil-lamp’ кадило [kadilo] uyutmak [ujutmak] ‘to уют [ujut] ‘censer, thurible’ lull to sleep, to calm’ ‘comfort’ iskemle ‘chair, stool’ скамья [skamja] macun [madΖun] мазь [maz’] ‘ointment’ bench’ ‘paste, putty’ bulanmak ‘to be буланый [bulan1j] H`@L` ‘clot, coagulate’ пахтать [pahtat’] dimmed, to be ‘Isabel, dun (horse)’ ‘to churn’ stirred’

44

C9H`J<9E9C
]HGLL=J
копошиться about’ [kapaΣitsa] ‘potter about’ AO9mak ‘to thrust, to тыкать [t1kat’] ‘to stick’ thrust, to stick’ konmak/konur ‘to конура [konura] stay for the ‘kennel, dog-house’ night/staying for the night’ havlamak ‘to bark’ гавкать [havkat’] ‘to bark’

кaba ‘rude, common’

vulgar, кабак ‘pub’

[kabak]

кel ‘bald, bare’

келья ‘cell’ коли ‘since, that’

[k’elja]

hapsetmek/hapis ‘to хапать [hapat’] colloq. imprison, to lock up/ ‘to grasp’ prison’ 9OCO?mak ‘to curl, to заковыристый twist’ [zakov1rist1j] colloq. ‘twisted, intricate’ colloq. закавыка [zakav1ka] ‘trick, slyness, obstacle’ @`J`DL` ‘wheeze’ хрип [hrip] ‘wheeze’

durmak/durak ‘to stop/stop’

yerde разгильдяй [razgil’d’aj] colloq. slack, careless person дурак [durak] ‘fool’

kazanç ‘gain, earnings’

profit, казна [kazna] ‘money, property’

miyavlamak miaow’

‘to

мяукать [m’aukat’] ‘to miaow’

köhne ‘dilapidated’

доконать [dokonat’] colloq. ‘dilapidate’

salak/salağ`
colloq. ‘silly, simplehearted’ tören ‘ceremony, ritual’ şaşmak [ΣaΣmak] ‘to be amazed, to lose (one’s way)’ koşmak [koΣmak] ‘to chase’ yazmak ‘to write’

.салака Zool. [salaka] ‘sprat’, салага sl. [salaga] ‘young solder’ трон [tron] ‘throne’

9O@mak ‘to shorten’

кусок [kusok] ‘a piece’

шашки ‘draughts’

[ΣaΣki]

кошка [koΣka] ‘pussycat’ язык [jaz1k] ‘tongue, language’

kaymak ‘to slip, to каюк. [kajuk] colloq slide’ ‘downfall, death’

кelli colloq. ‘since, seeing that’ rasgele ‘haphazardly’

[koli] seeing

san ‘title, fame’

сан [san] ‘title, fame’ halim/halim selim ‘mild, подхалим gentle/biddable’ [padhalim] ‘toady, bootlicker’ toplamaк/vn. toplama толпа [tolpa] to collect, to ‘crowd’ gather/gathering’ göstermek ‘to show, to гостить [gostit’] demonstrate’ ‘to stay (with)’ ulu ‘great’

улица [ulitsa] ‘street’ sezmek/sezi ‘to sense, to осязание feel/intuition’ [os’azanije] ‘sense of touch’ @O9mak ‘to press’ сок [sok] ‘juice’ pişmek [∀piΣmek] ‘to пища [piΣtΣa] be cooked’ ‘food’, печь [petΣ] ‘to bake’ boyamak/boyar ‘to боярин [bojarin] dye/dyeing’ hist. ‘Russian nobleman’ 0/?O
45

kalmak/9/:OA
Mto калитка [kalitka] ‘a remain, to be left’ wicket-gate’

елозить colloq. [jelozit’] ‘to crawl, to fidget’ чамурла [tΣamurla] colloq. ‘alcoholic drinks’ 9O?mak ‘to break’ кирка [kirka] ‘pick – (axe)’ koymak ‘to put, to койка [kojka] ‘a bed, a place’ hammock’ yel/yelli/yelloz ‘wind/fidgety/ hussy’ çamur[tΣamur] ‘mud, mire’

soba ‘stove’

собака [sobaka] ‘a dog’ dermek ‘to gather, to дерьмо [der’mo] compile’, derme colloq. ‘smth. bad, of a çatma ‘smth. made bad quality, faeces’ in a hurry, badly made thing’ bozmak/0=G2O< ‘to бздын [bzd1n] colloq. be crazy ‘craziness’ (about)/became crazy’ loda ‘pile’ колода [koloda] ‘pack’ çapa [tΣapa] ‘a hoe’

тяпка [t’apka] ‘a hoe’

duhul ‘entrance’

дуло [dulo] muzzle’

‘barrel,

çağ [tΣaa] ‘epoch, чага [tΣaga] Bot. age’ ‘fungus of a birch, chaga’ 27 çardak[tΣardak] чердак [tΣerdak] ‘attic’ ‘arbour, pergola, hut’

süs ‘ornament, рассусоливать decoration, [rassusolivat’] ornamentation’ colloq. ‘to tell smth. mentioning unnecessary details’ yeğlik ‘superiority’ великий [velikij] ‘great’ недолугий26 [nedolugij] colloq. ‘foolish’ 9Q9CC9:` ‘footwear’ каблук[kabluk] ‘heel (of a shoe)’ patlamak ‘to explode’ патлы [patl1] colloq. ‘uncombed hair’ çürük [tΣuruk] ‘rotten, чирей [tΣirej] ‘a spoilt’ boil’ maraz 1) ‘disease’, маразм [marazm] 2)’bad-tempered’ ‘debility, marasmus’ dolu/dolgun ‘full’

kavata bowl’

‘large

wooden корыто ‘large bowl’

[kar1ta] wooden

ürümek ‘to bark’

урчать [urtΣat’] ‘rumble’ рeşi peşine[peΣi peΣine] пешка [peΣka] ‘one after another’ ‘pawn’, пешком [peΣkom] ‘on foot’ kül 'lazy, inert’ куль [kul’] colloq. lazy/inert person yemek ‘to eat’ еда [jeda] ‘meal, food’

6.7. The Conclusions Based on the Comparative Analysis The comparative analysis of the substratum lexis of the Latvian and Russian languages makes it possible to formulate the following conclusions and suppositions: 26 27

‘не-’ is the negative prefix of Russian adjectives. Chaga is regarded to be a remedy for living a long life.

46

1. Both the Latvian and Russian languages arise and start developing on the basis of the Turkic language of Mesolithic on the territory of the modern Baltics. 2. Substratum lexis of the Latvian language naming ancestors, pagan gods, human’s names testifies to a rich spiritual life of the groups of people (and later tribes) on the territory where the Latvian language started to develop. 3. Probably owing to the law of uneven development of tribes, in the earliest period of its formation the Latvian language was the leader, as in the earliest substratum lexis of the Russian language we find the words that the developing Russian language borrowed from the Latvian language. 4. The earliest substratum lexis of both the Latvian and Russian languages including such words as ‘water’, ‘sea’, ‘lake’, ‘sea-gull’, ‘mole’, ‘mist’, ‘fir-tree’, etc. testifies to the fact that both of the languages were developing in the same geographical zone. 5. Words of the Latvian and Russian languages that were formed from different Turkic root/stem morphemes, though they name the same things, show that the process of the development of the Latvian and Russian languages on the Turkic basis was long and independent. 6. The words ‘peace’, ‘yoke’, ‘beautiful’, ‘harsh’, ‘greedy’, ‘sickle’, etc. speak about a continuous contact of the Latvian and Russian languages. 7. Probably, other Baltic and Slavic languages appeared and developed not only on the base of the Turkic language, but in a great degree, on the base of the Latvian and Russian languages that started their forming earlier than other Baltic and Slavic languages. 8. With the end of the warm Atlantic period archaeologists trace people moving from the territories of East Europe to South Europe that apparently promoted the participation of Baltic and Slavic languages in the formation of languages in other parts of Europe and Asia. This could explain the connection of Baltic and Slavic languages with Sanskrit. 9. Apparently, the first language that arose on the base of the Turkish language in the East Baltic region was the Latvian language. The Russian language followed it. On the basis of the Turkish, Latvian and Russian languages sprang and developed other East European languages, like Lithuanian, Latgalian, Belorussian, Polish, Ukrainian, etc. 7. Polyethnonyms ‘Aesty’, ‘Slavy’, ‘Rusy’28 and Other Ethnonyms. First historical descriptions of peoples show that tribes residing on the same territory, speaking different languages and having different cultures and traditions got a common name, i.e. polyethnonym. Tacitus in his work ‘Germania’ names the people who settled on the east coast of the Baltic Sea ‘Aesty’. As we know the ancient Turkic word ‘ais’ is connected with the name of the God Tangri. The polyethnonym ‘Aesty’ may originate from the name of this Turkic God. Tacitus compares cultures and traditions of the tribes called the Bastarny and Venedy29 with cultural traditions of the Sarmatians. The Sarmatians were Turkic tribes of the East Baltic region. Apparently, being first or just more organized settlers of that terretoty they were paid homage by incomers. The name ‘Bastarny’ may arise from the Turkish verb basL`JE9C
]LG
KMHHJ=KK
LG
surpass, to go unannounces’. The later names of East Baltic tribes ‘Estony’, ‘Lettony’ contain the Turkic word ‘ön’ indicating space before something. So, the word ‘Estony’ could mean ‘Esty and the lands around them’, ‘Lettony’ – ‘Letty and the surrounding lands’. Later the words ‘Estonya’ and ‘Lettonya’ appeared. The ending of the names [ja] reminds us of the affix –e(-ye)/-a(-ya) of the Turkish -е hali expressing direction of action. So the words ‘Estonya’ , ‘Lettonya’ could mean ‘to go to Esty or Letty’. 28 29

Engl. ‘Aesti’, ‘Slav’, ‘Rus’. Engl. ‘Bastarnae’, 'Veneti’.

47

It may be that the name ‘Slav’ appeared from the Turkish verb islemek ‘to smoke’ than islev could mean ‘the one who smokes fish or meat for winter time’ and could refer to lots of tribes living in the zone of cold. There is a supposition that the word ‘Rusy’ was used initially for naming representatives of polyethnic trade expeditions, the participiants of which were northern people going to the East. (Буша, 2006). Then the name of the Belorussians could mean ‘Swamp Rus’ (in the Lithuanian language bala means ‘puddle, pool’). The name of the ethnos ‘Prusy30’ could mean ‘Experienced Rus’ as in Turkish pir means ‘aged experienced person, master, expert’. The origin of the word бояре [bojare] ‘boyar(d)’ could be connected with the Turkish verb boyamak/boyar ‘to paint, to dye, to colour/painting, dyeing, clouring’. Works of historians say that advanced ancient peoples had a tradition to paint their bodies and hair. Those people who were less wealthy had less paint on their bodies, so painting was the symbol of wealth (Стасюлевич, 1999, 156). The name of the ethnos ‘Galindy’31 could arise from the Turkish word gali ‘a kind of flatbottomed vessel’. The name of the еthnos ‘Sudy’32 can arise from the Turkish word form suda , that means ‘in the water’. Conclusion The human history testifies that human culture was born in Asia. The latest discoveries of scientists prove that in IV-III millenniums BC Turkic tribes bearing different names were residents of Asia Minor. Man’s arrival on the coast of the Baltic Sea became possible after withdrawal of the last glacier. At the end of IX millennium BC fishers and hunters left their imprints on the territory of modern Latvia. Mesolithic settlements and a burial-ground found on the territory of modern Latvia are dated to VI millennium BC. In the Neolithic the number of settlements increases. Archaeological investigations testify the continuity both in methods of making tools and in burial culture. The unbroken succession witnesses that those people apparently had to speak one and the same language. In the chapter ‘The Hypothesis of the Origin of East European Substratum’ we made a suggestion that the language of first, Mesolithic, inhabitants on the territory of modern Latvia was the language of people of high Neolithic culture of Asia Minor. If we imagine that the world population spoke one and the same language that time, the language of people of Neolithic Asia Minor having appered in the East Baltic region had to stand out for its rich vocabulary that contained words naming new conceptions, phenomena and things. Having found itself on that new, unpopulated territory and having lost its links with the places where it came from the language gradually started to change. The new geographical environment required phonetic changes as well. New words appeared and it was asked by the life. In new words formation already familiar Turkic roots and word-forming affixes were used. New grammatical categories and phenomena also arose on the basis of those that the Turkic language had. In the chapter ‘The Discovery of Turkic Substratum in the Latvian Language’ we showed that the language that was developing on the territory of modern Latvia had Oghuz Turkic stem morphemes and affixes. The phonetic and grammar structure of the modern Latvian language preserves the rudiment of the basic language, i.e. the language on the basis of which the Latvian language was developing till finally transformed into a new language that hasn’t lost its connection with the basis it was growing on. People developing the Latvian language were in no way conspicious for their cult of knowledge inherited with the language, the knowledge of 30

Engl. ‘Prussians’. Engl. ‘Galindians’. 32 Engl. ‘Sudovians’. 31

48

Astronomy and Astrology, nature and man, crafts and farming and so on and so forth. They preserved the cult of pagan traditions, spiritualizing all that surrounded man. It helped the people to stay alive and that is more they could better learn the things they had interest for and respect to. In the chapter ‘Comparison of Substratum Lexis of the Latvian and Russian Languages’ we showed the substratum lexis of the Latvian language that became lexis of the Russian language, i.e. how it was adopted by people who came to the territory of the East Baltic region by their own way and who apparently didn’t have that knowledge and the vocabulary (though speaking the same language) that first inhabitants of the territory of the modern Latvia had. If we continue this research we will be able to trace how the Latvian and Russian languages, in their turn, influenced forming of the neighbouring languages: Lithuanian, Polish, Belorussian. It would be interesting to find out how and where Finno-Ugric languages that differ to a great degree from one another arose and developed on the Turkic basis, to trace through the prism of Turkic the development of German and Celtic languages and many other things. The permanent presence of the Turkic language beside the developing languages of Europe is testified by the later substratum lexis of the Latvian and Russian languages. We can suppose that the Turkic language in its turn could borrow from the developing on its basis languages some of their lexis. Perhaps, the Turkish verb irkilmek ‘LG
:=
KL9JLD=<
LG
KL9JL^
9F<
9Q`JE9C ayrO:mak ‘to to leave, to depart’ (-il –affix of the Passive voice) have derived from the Latvian verb irt ‘to row’. For the Turkish word AO?>/< ‘scythe’ we find the Latvian corresponding verb cirpt [tsirpt] ‘to shear, to clip’. The Latvian words nags ‘nail (of a horse)’, nagla ‘nail (a metal spike)’ (Turkish -la means ‘with’) and matching them Turkish word nal ‘horseshoe’ also attract our attention. Turkish words namuskar ‘honest’, bestekar ‘composer’, koçkar ‘a fighting ram’ associate with the Latvian word kārs ‘having a weakness for’. But it could also happen that the Turkish language just has lost the initial root words of the mentioned words when the Latvian language managed to preserve them. Both the Latvian and Russian languages appeared on the basis of the Turkic language, and in the first stage the development of the Latvian language overtook the development of the Russian language. Thanks to the earliest substratum lexis of the Russian language we can watch how the Russian language forms some of its early lexis on the base of Latvian. With fortified settlements and then principalities the isolation of languages takes place, the substratum lexis of the Latvian and Russian languages of later period testifies it. Both languages continue to enrich their vocabulary and develop their grammar on the basis of Turkic, but they do it separately, i.e. each one makes it in its own way. As soon as Latvian is the brightest representative of Baltic languages and Russian, in its turn, is the brigh representative of Slavic languages, the revealed Turkic substratum of these languages makes it possible to speak about revealing of Turkic substratum of Baltic-Slavic languages. In ancient lexis of European languages researchers find lexical layers that are connected with the Turkic language. In this work we mentioned an extract of an Internet article speaking about Turkic lexis in the English language. The connection of European languages with Turkic can be seen even when examining any of them for the first time. For example, in the Dutch language we find the word taale ‘language’ which is close to the Turkish word dil ‘language’. In the Finnish language the word keel ‘language’ corresponds to the Turkish word kelime ‘word’. Turkic grammatical rudiment in European languages witnesses of their initial relationship with Turkic languages. For example, English verbal nouns ending in -er (worker, writer) remind us of Turkish Present-Futur participles: eder ‘doing, making’, alO? ‘taking’, yazar ‘writing’, etc. Probably, in English such participles substantivised so that the suffix -er became the suffix of nouns naming persons, animals or things producing an action expressed by the motivating stem.

49

The English adverbial suffix -ly [li] used in creating adverbs from adjectives apparently springs from the Turkic affix -li meaning ‘with’ that is used in Turkic word formation nowadays as well. For example, from the Turkish word içki ‘drink’ the word içkili ‘intoxicated’, ‘licensed to sell (serve) alcoholic drinks’ has been formed, from the word ev ‘house’ - evli ‘married’, ‘having a house’. English adverbs ending in –ly that have been formed from adjectives also express presence of a certain characteristic or quality: bright – brightly ‘with brightness’, nice – nicely ‘with beauty’. The final Lithuanian –ai that we find in geographical names (e.g.Trakai, Druskininkai, Šalčininkai, etc.) could originate from the Turkic affix –ay used in forming nouns of space (yan ‘side’ > yanay ‘transverse section/cross-section’). We find a great a number of Lithuanian geographical names with another popular ending -iškiai [iΣk] (e.g. Akmeniškiai, Apekiškiai, Dubiniškiai, etc.) that reminds us of the Turkish affix –işk [iΣk]. Apparently the Belorussian name of the feast of crops ‘Kirmash’ springs from the Turkish word 9O? ‘a field’ (the vocal sound [1] of the Turkish affix ]E`ş’ has transformed into the sound [а]. It’s remarcable that in the 1950-ies the word ‘kirmash’ naming an agricultural market was used by Russian peasants of Latgalia. At the end of XX – the beginning of XXI centuries the Latvian linguist A. Breidaks proved that the Latgalian language is not a dialect of the Latvian language, but is a language that has had its own way of development (Breidaks, 2002). It’s notable that in Latgalian language we find the word guņs ‘fire' that stands closer than the Latvian word ‘uguns’ to the Turkish gün ‘a day'. Some scientists guess that Finno-Ugric languages appeared on the coast of the Baltic Sea not earlier than the Late Neolithic. Finno-Ugric linguists approve the hypothesis that the ancestors of the Sami people spoke non - Finno-Ugric languages (Моора , II, 1959,152 - 153). Comparing substratum lexis of Latvian with the lexis of the modern Estonian language we find Estonian words jumal ‘God’, maja ‘house’, sula ‘a thaw’, vara ‘wealth’. They’ve been obviously originated of the same Turkic stem morphemes as the Latvian words ‘Jumis’, ‘māja’, ‘sula’, ‘Varis’, and they sound very alike, though apparently they originated later than the corresponding Latvian words. Constructing Pro-Indo-European languages scientist came apon the problem of substratum lexis. Having analysed the substratum lexis of the Latvian and the Russian languages we make a conclusion that the Baltic substratum is nothing else, but the Turkic language which the Latvian and the Russian languages originated from and were developing on. As the Latvian and the Russian languages represent the group of Baltic-Slavic languages we can affirm that other Baltic-Slavic languages sprang from the Turkic language, too, and have made their particular way in developing into the particular languages we are having today. Language researchers’ work can’t be useless. Even the smallest discovery is a great input in the way leading to the main purpose – finding out the basic language, i.e. the mother tongue of the most ancient languages of the humanity. Scientific research work is approaching the humanity to the discovery of its first language that obviously was the only language of the humanity for an extended period of time.

Abbreviations acc. - accusative adj. - adjective adv. –adveb af. - affix Bot. – Botany

50

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