LAPORAN PENGINDERAAN JAUH MODUL V Analisa Morfologi Dasar Laut Menggunakan Data Bathimetri Berbasis Raster
Oleh : Christiani Silalahi K2E009015
PROGRAM STUDI ILMU KELAUTAN JURUSAN OSEANOGRAFI FAKULTAS PERIKANAN DAN ILMU KELAUTAN UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO 2011
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1. Latar Belakang Penginderaan jarak jauh sangat bermanfaat dalam membantu proses pengukuran, penelitian dan pengelolaan suatu sumberdaya bumi dengan menggunakan konsep interpretasi foto udara, fotogeometri , fotogeometri , interpretasi citra dari sensor nonfotografi baik secara visual maupun visual maupun menggunakan teknik pemrosesan citra digital (www.geocities.com) digital (www.geocities.com) Pemetaan morfologi laut, seperti kedalaman, palung laut, punggung laut, lembah laut dsb telah dilakukan oleh badan-badan penelitian yang berhubungan dengan kelautan, geologi kelautan serta geomorfologi laut, dan badan penelitian lain nya. Salah satu tujuan mereka adalah untuk mengetahui sejauh mana potensi sumber daya alam yang mempunyai prospek bagus serta memberikan manfaat yang banyak yang terkandung di dalam laut. Untuk mencapai tujuan itu, berbagai aktivitas telah dijalankan seperti kegiatan pemeruman, percontohan sedimen, seismik pantul seismik pantul dangkal, pengeboran, pembuatan peta bathimetri , pengambilan data topografi dsb (Subramanian S. K. S., Singh A., and Sudhakar M., 2003). Pengolahan data citra merupakan suatu cara memanipulasi data citra atau mengolah suatu data citra menjadi suatu keluaran (output) yang sesuai dengan yang kita harapkan. Adapun cara pengolahan data citra itu sendiri melalui beberapa tahapan, sampai menjadi suatu keluaran yang diharapkan. Tujuan dari pengolahan citra adalah mempertajam data geografis dalam bentuk digital menjadi digital menjadi suatu tampilan yang lebih berarti bagi pengguna, dapat memberikan informasi kuantitatif suatu obyek, serta dapat memecahkan masalah (www.geocities.com ). Penginderaan jauh yang memanfaatkan data satelit khususnya untuk aplikasi data satelit pada bidang kelautan selalu menyusun data bathimetri yang berasal dari satelit
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Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan sudah barang tentu memiliki banyak daerah yang bukan merupakan alur pelayaran, sehingga daerah –daerah yang demikian tidak memiliki informasi kedalaman laut. Namun pengawasan pantai tetap dilakukan. Demikian juga daerahdaerah terumbu karang yang banyak terdapat di Indonesia baik lokasi maupun kedalamannya harus jelas. Oleh karena itu demi amannya kegiatan pelayaran di daerah-daerah pantai yang kedalamannya belum ada petanya tentu perlu dipetakan. Salah satu alternatifnya adalah
menggunakan
data
penginderaan
jauh
dengan
metode
bathymetri
(http://tni.mil.ad/bathymetri.php3) .
1.2. Tujuan Praktikum
Dapat memahami penggunaan citra data bathimetri dengan bathimetri dengan menggunakan software ER Mapper.
Kita mampu menganalisis morfologi dasar laut menggunakan citra data bathimetri (berbasis raster) raster ) dengan memakai program ER Mapper.
Kita dapat menganalisa morfologi dasar laut dan dapat memberi penjelasan dengan analisa yang telah dilakukan.
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BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1. Peta Bathimetri Peta bathimetri adalah peta kedalaman laut yang dinyatakan dalam angka kedalaman atau kontur kedalaman yang diukur terhadap datum vertical (Anonim, 2003). Peta Bathimetri diperlukan Bathimetri diperlukan untuk mengetahui keadaan kedalaman laut sekitar lokasi suatu perairan. Peta ini digunakan untuk mengetahui kondisi gelombang dilokasi suatu perairan (Triatmodjo, Bambang, 1999). Peta batimetri disajikan dalam proyeksi Mercator , Spheroida WGS 84 bersekala 1 : 250.000 dengan klasifikasi terbatas. Informasi utama yang disajikan berupa kedalaman laut (topografi dasar laut) juga tanda-tanda (benda-benda) di darat, pelampung-pelampung, lampulampu suar sesuai dengan standar internasional. Peta ini dapat digunakan untuk bernavigasi selain kegunaan utama untuk kepentingan ilmiah(http://tni.mil.ad/bathymetri.php3). Survei dan pemetaan batimetri menjadi sangat penting kaitannya dengan masalah perbatasan maritim baik melalui survey titik dasar untuk menentukan garis pangkal, survei batimetri untuk mengetahui kondisi topografi dasar laut di perbatasan, dan survei batimetri untuk menentukan batas landas kontinen yang lebih dari 200 mil sesuai dengan UNCLOS (www.sinarharapan.com) .
2.2. Garis Kontur Kontur (countur (countur line ) yaitu garis yang menghubungkan tempat-tempat yang mempunyai ketinggian sama. Kelebihan peta topografi: • Untuk mengetahui ketinggian suatu tempat. • Untuk memperkirakan tingkat kecuraman atau kemiringan lereng.
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2.3. Perbedaan Peta Bathimetri dengan Peta Topografi Peta Bathimetri diperlukan Bathimetri diperlukan untuk mengetahui keadaan kedalaman laut sekitar lokasi suatu perairan. Peta ini digunakan untuk mengetahui kondisi gelombang dilokasi suatu perairan (Triatmodjo, Bambang, 1999). Pengukuran bathimetri menggunakan Fish finder untuk melihat kedalaman dasar dibantu dengan GPS (Global GPS (Global Position System) dalam penentuan koordinatnya . Titik pengambilan data bathimetri di bathimetri di sepanjang pesisir sampai daerah offshore ( offshore ( DKP Semarang, 2007). Peta topografi adalah peta yang memiliki informasi tentang ketinggian permukaan tanah pada suatu tempat terhadap permukaan laut, yang digambarkan dengan garis – garis kontur. Informasi topografi yang terdapat pada peta topografi dapat digunakan untuk membuat model tiga dimensi dari dimensi dari permukaan tanah pada peta tersebut. Dengan model tiga dimensi maka objek pada peta dilihat lebih hidup seperti pada keadaan sesungguhnya di alam, sehingga untuk menganalisa suatu peta topografi dapat lebih mudah dilakukan (Rostianingsih dan Gunadi, 2004). Peta topografi /peta dasar.memuat keadaan permukaan bumi beserta informasi ketinggiannya menggunakan garis kontur (Lillesand, T.M dan R.W. Kiefer. 1994). Beberapa ketentuan pada peta topografi: 1) Makin rapat jarak kontur yang satu dengan yang lainnya menunjukkan daerah tersebut semakin curam. Sebaliknya semakin jarang jarak antara kontur menunjukkan daerah tersebut semakin landai. 2) Garis kontur yang diberi tanda bergerigi menunjukkan depresi (lubang/cekungan) di puncak, misalnya puncak gunung yang berkawah. 3) Peta topografi menggunakan skala besar, antara 1 : 50.000 sampai 1 : 100.000 (Romenah, 2008). Peta topografi dapat digunakan untuk berbagai macam tujuan, serta dapat digunakan sebagai peta dasar (base ( base map ) dalam pembuatan peta tematik , seperti peta arkeologi dan arkeologi dan peta turis . Dalam survei arkeologi, peta topografi berguna untuk memperoleh gambaran umum tentang wilayah yang diteliti. Dalam kondisi tertentu, misalnya medan survei yang terlalu berat, peta yang sudah ada dapat dipakai untuk memplotkan temuan arkeologis. Pemetaan tersebut,
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2.4. Digital Elevation Model ( DEM ) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) atau Model Elevasi Digital (MED) merupakan salah satu teknik penyajian keadaan tinggi rendah permukaan tanah, atau dapat dikatakan sebagai kumpulan titik-titik dalam sistem koordinat ruang (x, y, z) yang mewakili bentuk permukaan fisik tiga dimensi (3D) (Subramanian S. K. S., Singh A., and Sudhakar M., 2003). Pemanfaatan data Citra Landsat dan Digital Elevation Model (DEM) dipadukan dengan data lapangan, pada intinya dapat memberikan kemudahan, efisien dan akurat dalam pembuatan peta-peta tematik baik tematik baik sebagai parameter pembatas parameter pembatas maupun parameter penimbang dalam analisis arahan penataan lahan usaha tambang. Demikian pula dalam proses analisis morfometrik dapat morfometrik dapat memasukkan analisis tiga dimensi (3D) sehingga visualisasi hasil visualisasi hasil kajian lebih nyata (www.lapan.com). Geospasial merujuk kepada data (dan teknologi pengolahannya) yang terkait dengan posisi keruangannya di permukaan bumi. Kita mengenalnya dalam bentuknya yang paling konvensional, yaitu peta. Seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi informasi, produk geospasial muncul dalam bentuk digital dengan berbagai kemasan. Ini kemudian membuka bidang-bidang baru dari aplikasi teknologi geospasial itu sendiri. Tidaklah heran jika misalnya citra satelit, foto udara, data ketinggian (Digital ( Digital Elevation Model ), ), data tutupan lahan, dan data sejenis lainnya, digunakan untuk berbagai kepentingan ( RSGIS Forum, 2007). Pembuatan DEM Pembuatan tidak hanya dapat dilakukan dengan satu cara, namun keseluruhannya lebih banyak digunakan proses penginderaan jauh daripada survey secara langsung. Salah satu teknik yang baik dalam menggunakan data DEM yaitu interferromatic synthetic aperture radar (www.wikipedia.org). (www.wikipedia.org). Metode lama yang digunakan dalam pembutan DEM adalah menginterpolasi peta kontur digital yang dibuat dengan cara melakukan survey langsung ke lapangan. Metode ini masih digunakan dalam pembuatan DEM di wilayah pegunungan, dimana saat itu metode interferrometric tidak interferrometric tidak selalu berhasil (www.wikipedia.org)
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Kualitas dari DEM didapat pada seberapa ketelitian dalam pengukuran dalam setiap pixelnya (absolute accuracy) dan bagaimana keakuratan penampakan morphology daerah yang dibuat DEM. Beberapa faktor yang penting dalam mengatur kualitas DEM yaitu : 1. Kekasaran tebing 2. Densitas sampling 3. Ukuran pixel 4. Algoritma interpolasi 5. Resolusi vertical 6. Analisa algoritma ketinggian ( www.wikipedia.org )
2.5. Color Dropping Pilihan menu Limits menu Limits untuk menspesifikasikan kisaran yang pasti dari suatu nilai data dan mendisplay mendisplay
nilai
untuk
memodifikasi
kekontrasan
citra
dan
pemetaan
warna
(www.geocities.com) Menggunakan Limits to Actual untuk mengeset kisaran nilai X Lihatlah teks “Actual Input Limit” pada transform dialog . Dan perhatikan nilai yang tertera . ER Mapper mencatat
kisaran sebenarnya dari nilai data yang di temukan pada citra dan menampilkannya pada teks Actual Input Limits (www.geocities.com). (www.geocities.com) .
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2.7. Pembuatan Profil Dasar Laut Mengetahui cara melihat nilai data citra untuk semua band yang digambarkan sesuai profile garis profile garis atau polygon (disebut traverse extraction) extraction ) (www.geocities.com) Dalam citra dilayer dilayer , untuk mendapatkan satu garis yang benar dengan cara meng- klik sekali titik start, kemudian klik kembali klik kembali pada akhir titik , dilanjutkan dengan peng- klik an an ganda untuk mengakhiri definisi satu garis. Sebuah profile garis akan muncul ER Mapper Traverse dialog. dialog. Garis ini menunjukan potongan atau perubahan dalam nilai pixel bawah pada garis traverse (www.geocities.com)
2.8. Pemetaan Kedalaman Laut Peta bawah air dengan sekala 1 : 250.000 pada hakekatnya hampir sama dengan peta batimetri dengan beberapa klasifikasi , karena selain data kedalaman laut juga terdapat data (http://tni.mil.ad/bathymetri.php3) . Kedalaman atau kontur dari BM ( control point ) dengan menggunakan Total Station dari GPS Sounder secara Sounder secara bersamaan, sehingga elevasi ( Depth ) yang diperoleh sudah terikat ke BM (di darat). Objek yang dibidik Total Station adalah receiver GPS yang posisisnya tepat di atas Sounder, dengan mengetahui tinggi tiang penghubung antara Receiver dan Sounder maka koordinat Sounder bisa dihitung. Sounder mengukur jarak antara alat sampai tanah di bawah air,
sehingga
kedalaman
yang
diukur
dari
posisi
(http://www.pondoksurveyor.com/product/bathimetry.html) .
Sounder
bisa
ditentukan
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BAB III MATERI METODE 3.1. Waktu dan Tempat Praktikum Penginderaan Jauh tentang Analisis Morfologi Dasar Laut Menggunakan Data Bathimetri Berbasis Raster ini dilaksanakan pada : Hari/Tanggal
: Senin, 25 April 2011
Waktu
: 15.00 s/d 17.00 WIB
Tempat
: Laboratorium Komputer Kampus Ilmu Kelautan, FPIK, Universitas Diponegoro, Tembalang, Semarang.
3.2. Materi Adapun Materi pada praktikum Analisa Morfologi dasar Laut menggunakan data Bathimetri berbasis Raster kali ini adalah:
Color Draping
Ekstrasi Garis Bathimetri
Pembuatan Profil Dasar Laut
Pemetaan Kedalaman Laut
Permodelan 3D Dasar laut
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3.3. Metode 1. Buka Software ER Mapper, Mapper , lalu klik pada klik pada icon Edit icon Edit Algorithm
Kemudian Load Dataset, Dataset, buka file Bathi_Indonesia_Timur.ers yang disimpan pada volume C:\ , lalu OK. Kemudian klik kanan quick zoom-zoom to all data sheet pada layer citra.
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Limit to actual
Maka akan terlihat hasilnya :
3. Lalu pilih Pseudo Layer, Layer , dan lakukan penggandaan ( duplicate Layer ), ), hingga menjadi 3 Pseudo Layer.
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4.
Ganti Pseudo Layer pertama dengan cara klik kanan pada pseudo layer lalu pilih
Classification Classification . maka layer akan berubah menjadi putih.
5.
Lalu klik icon Formula icon Formula Editor dan masukkan rumus: if i1>0 then 1 else null. Maka layer akan berubah lagi menjadi:
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8.
Lalu klik kanan klik kanan pada layer „Sun Angel Shading‟ dan ubah menjadi layer Intensity. Maka akan berubah menjadi :
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10.
Untuk melihat nilai-nilai pada setiap pixel, maka zoom box tool daerah yang ingin diteliti, kemudian klik view klik view pada window
utama, dan pilih Cell_Value_Profile , lalu ganti hand
tool menjadi pointer Dan klik pada salah satu daerah yang ingin diketahui nilai elevasinya.
a. Untuk yang di daerah daratan ( warna putih )
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c. Untuk yang di daerah Laut Dangkal ( warna hijau )
11.
Lalu window cell value profil di close. 3.1.2. Ekstraksi Garis Bathimetri 1. Klik edit pada window algorithm,lalu algorithm,lalu pilih add vector layer kemudian pilih contours
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3. Maka muncullah window contouring wizard ,lalu ,lalu berikan tanda centang pada centang pada bagian Make Contours Multi-Color dan label contours. Lalu pilih next .
4. Maka muncul lagi window set contours style, Pada first contour level, level , berikan nilai 7000, dan last contour level, berikan nilai nol. Kemudian untuk contour interval beri nilai 200. 5. Setelah itu untuk pilihan secondary contour style nya pilih yang angka 7, lalu untuk make primary contour thicker nya di uncheklist kemudian pilih next untuk pilihan selanjutnya.
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8. Maka tampilan layer citranya menjadi:
9. Lalu zoom daerah yang diinginkan dengan zoom box tool, tool, kemudian disimpan dengan
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12. Pilih load data sheet kemudian pilih data Bathi_Indonesia_Timur_contours.er v yang tadi kita simpan, kemudian zoom box tool daerah yang diinginkan.
3.3.3. Pembuatan profil dasar laut 1. Cut semua layer selain tiga layer di awal yaitu Land, Ocean Basin, dan Sun Angel Shading. 2. Pada window utama, window utama, klik View klik View dan klik Travers. klik Travers. 3. Maka akan muncul window Tools.
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5. Lalu klik Cut, Cut, dan tarik kembali garis dari kedalaman tinggi ke kedalaman lebih dangkal. Coba tarik garis-garis lain untuk melihat profil dasar laut yang lainnya.
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3.3.4. Pemetaan kedalaman laut 1. Buka load data sheet kemudian pilih Bathi_Indonesia_Timur.ers lalu pilih OK.
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4. Lalu pseudo layer pada window algorithm di duplikat menjadi tiga, kemudian untuk pseudo yang pertama, klik kanan pilih classification sehingga layernya layernya menjadi berwarna putih. 5. Setelah itu masukkan rumus if i1>0 then 1 else null melalui icon edit formula pada
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8. Lalu pada pseudo layer ke 3 „ Sun angel shading‟ klik kanan pilih intensity, intensity, dan lihat perubahan layernya. layernya. Setelah itu pilih edit realtime sunshade lalu centang pada do sun shading pada window edit sun-shading. sun-shading.
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10. Kemudian klik kanan pada pseudo layer untuk window algorithm yang baru langsung pilih classification dan setelah itu klik default surface pilih copy/cut lalu paste pada pseudo layer „land‟ pada window algorithm yang pertama.
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Layer 5: 1001-2500 m Layer 6: 6: > 2500 m
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