LA SCUOLA IN GIOCO tecnologie per una nuova didattica

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G` `fvbrb prbpbstb jfsil ef ujf slrgl eg lvljtg icl sg sbjb susslnugtg= g` ibrsb eg Iu`turf el` prbnlttb tljutb ef` prbdlssbrl [bssfjb Kfrbjigfjg, `b stfnl dfttb jl``f siub`f slibjefrgf eg prghb nrfeb eg Nrfefrf l Nfkgiil l `f `ltturf el` `gkrb eg Jgicb`fs Ifrr ‐Gjtlrjlt ig rljel stupgeg2‘. Vulstf tlsg pfrtl ef``‗fjf`gsg el``f iu`turf l el``f egefttgif, ilrifjeb eg ifpgrl ibhl `l jubvl tlijb`bngl pbssfjb hgn`gbrfrl `‗gjslnjfhljtb l `‗fpprljeghljtb utg`gzzfjeb jubvg hltbeg l jubvg hlzzg, dgjb fe frrgvfrl fe gjtrbeurrl g vgelbngbicg ibhl struhljtg plr `‗fpprljeghljtb jl``l siub`l. @‗ bkglttgvb ã qul``b eg ibhprljelrl quf`g vfjtfnng bddrl ujf dbrhfzgbjl icl utg`gzzf `l jubvl tlijb`bngl, vfùtfrjl ibjsfplvb`hljtl `‗usb lddgifil f slibjef elg ibjtlstg eg utg`gzzb, ibhprljelrl `l egddlrljzl trf `l egvlrsl tlijb`bngl (sbprfttuttb vgelb-ngbicg) l vfùtfrjl g vfjtfnng plr g prbilssg eg gjslnjfhljtb/ fpprljeghljtb. @‗utg`gzzb @ ‗utg`gzzb el``l tlijb`bngl egngtf`g fprl hb`tl jubvl strfel plr `‗fpprljeghljtb, g ibhputlr egvljtfjb hfj hfjb pg÷ pgiib`g, pg÷ pbtljtg le libjbhgig plrhlttljeb fn`g utljtg eg fvlrl uj prbebttb hfjlnnlvb`l le lddgigljtl. Fg ibhputlr sg fddgfjifjb ujf vfrgltï eg egspbsgtgvg pbrtftg`g utg`gzzftg ef egvlrsg utljtg eg tuttl `l ltï le gj bnjg ùbnb, gj i`fssl, gj uddgigb, f ifsf l plr strfef, nrfzgl f``f ibjjlttgvgtï icl rfpprlsljtf `b svgùppb icgfvl fvvljutb jl` ifhpb el``l tlijb`bngl egngtf`g pg÷ rliljtg. Egvlrsfhljtl ef``l prlileljtg tlijb`bngl el` ^lk 6.?, `f ibjjlttgvgtï lsgstljtl trf g egspbsgtgvg egngtf`g, ã rlsf pbssgkg`l pbss gkg`l ef` ^lk ;.?1 pg÷ `f ibjjlttgvgtï fiqugstf vl`bigtï, egvljtf libjbhgif l egspbjgkg`l, pg÷ ig rgtrbvgfhb gj ujf sbigltï ibjjlssf gj hb`tlp`gig hbeg. Gj pfrtgib`frl, `‗usb egddusb el``l tlijb`bngl el` ^lk ;.? puû

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rfpprlsljtfrl ujf eghljsgbjl ibhujgiftgvf l ib``fkbrftgvf bjjgprlsljtl plr `‗fpprljeghljtb. Gjdfttg `f vl`bigtï l g` pbtlrl el``f tlijb`bngf egngtf`l efjjb vgtf fe ujf eghljsgbjl hu`tghlegf`l gj iug `l trfjsfzgbjg, gj hbef`gtï egvlrsl l fttrfvlrsb ujf ilrtf qufjtgtï eg rgsbrsl egngtf`g, plrhlttbjb f``‗fttgvgtï eg fpprljeghljtb eg fvlrl ùbnb gj ujf slrgl eg fhkgljtfzgbjg egvlrsl, gj quf`sgfsg ùbnb l tlhpb, gj i`fssl, nrfzgl fg ibhputlr l tfk`lt gj rltl, sgf plr strfef, nrfzgl fg egspbsgtgvg pbrtftg`g. Fttrfvlrsb `l tlijb`bngl egngtf`g eg ifrfttlrl ibjjlttgvb, `‗fpprljeghljtb jbj sg trfeuil pg÷ gj ujf rl`fzgbjl gjtlrfhljtl sb`gtfrgf trf `‗utljtl l g` sub ibhputlr, hf fiqugstf ujf eghljsgbjl sbigf`l gj tlrhgjg gjghhfngjfkg`g dgjb f pbicg fjjg df. @‗gjtrbeuzgbjl @ ‗gjtrbeuzgbjl eg vgelbnfhl plr `‗fpprljeghljtb jl``l siub`l ã ngï utg`gzzftb gj hb`tl siub`l fhlrgifjl tlelsicl l jbj sb`b1 sbjb hb`tg n`g gjslnjfjtg icl sg hlttbjb gj ngbib l utg`gzzfjb jubvg hltbeg plr dfrl fpprljelrl l iftturfrl `‗ fttljzgbjl elg ‐jftgvg egngtf`g‘. Gjegpljeljtlhljtl Gjegpljeljtlhlj tl ef``‗gjtlrvljtb gstgtuzgbjf`l, `f tlijb`bngf egngtf`l ã utg`gzzftf ef tuttg1 rgibjbsilrl l sdruttfrl g` sub pbtljzgf`l fg dgjg el``‗fpprljeghljtb rfpprlsljtf rfpprlsljtf ujf sdgef irlftgvf plr ebiljtg l f``glvg. Jl``f slibjef pfrtl el` prbnlttb, vgljl prbnlttftf uj‗fpp`gifzgbjl icl ibjsljtl eg irlfrl hfppl l siclhg /nrfdgig ef utg`gzzfrl sug tfk`lt jl` ifhpb el``‗gjslnjfhljtb.

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Efrl ujf eldgjgzgbjl eg iu`turf egngtf`l jbj ã slhp`gil, puû ibhprljel egvlrsg fsplttg eln`g fhkgtg tlijb`bngig icl ig igribjefjb, bnjujb ibhp`ltfhljtl egvlrsb ef``‗f`trb, ibhl sirgvlrl rgncl eg ibegil b dfrl ujf rgilrif su Nbbn`l. _lr pfr`frl eg iu`turf egngtf`gzzftf kgsbnjf prghf ifpgrl g` ibjilttb eg iu`turf, ibsà ef fefttfr`b f``l tlijb`bngl l eg ibjslnuljzf f``‗utg`gzzb icl jl df `‗ubhb. Yl pljsgfhb f``f dbrhfzgbjl el``f sgjnb`f plrsbjf, `f pfrb`f ‐iu`turf‘ ibrrgspbjel f igû icl g Nrlig icgfhfvfjb pfgeãgf l icl g @ftgjg, f` tlhpb eg Igilrbjl, icgfhfvfjb cuhfjgtfs 6= ujf ibjilzgbjl eg uj'uhfjgtï pbsgtgvf, dgeuigbsf jl``l prbprgl ifpfigtï, icl `b egddlrljzgfjb ef tuttg n`g f`trg fjghf`g, sljsgkg`l l fttljtf fg vf`brg gjtlrplrsbjf`g, fg vf`brg rbhfjg l fg sljtghljtg. _btrlhhb egrl qugjeg icl iu`turf ; ã tuttb igû icl l`lvf `‗ubhb ef` sub stftb eg jfturf, l dbrjgsil `f hgsurf el` nrfeb eg igvg`tï eg uj pbpb`b. G` tlrhgjl tlijb`bngf 9 ã ujf pfrb`f ibhpbstf icl elrgvf ef``f pfrb`f nrlif tçacjb-`bncàf, `lttlrf`hljtl "egsibrsb su``'frtl", ebvl ibj frtl sg gjtljelvf g` sfplr dfrl, igbã qul``b icl bnng gjegicgfhb ibj g` tlrhgjl tlijgif. Jl` ibrsb elg slib`g `‗ubhb cf hgn`gbrftb `l sul tlijgicl fttrfvlrsb `f prftgif qubtgegfjf l g` rgibrsb f``f splrghljtfzgbjl1 `f tlijgif ibjsgstl jl``‗gjsglhl el``l rlnb`l su iug ã dbjeftf `f prftgif eg uj‗frtl b eg ujf quf`sgfsg fttgvgtï hfjuf`l hf fjicl gjtl``lttuf`l, pbgicç vljnbjb fpp`giftl l slnugtl. @b svgùppb el``f tlijb`bngf, ã g` rgsu`tftb eg uj prbilssb eg lvbùzgbjl iu`turf`l icl prbslnul fjibrf fg ngbrjg jbstrg. Gj icl hbeb `f tlijb`bngf egngtf`l ã pfrtl gjtlnrfjtl el``f iu`turf el``‗ubhb l ibjtrgkugsil f` sub svgùppb2

@F YBIGLUÆ ELG KGU ― I\@U\[F I\@ U\[F EGNGUF@L

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5 F. Uurgjn, hftlhftgib, hftlhftgib,`bngib hftlhftgib,`bngib l irgttbnrfdb krgtfjjgib, ibjsgelrftb ujb elg pferg el``‗gjdbrhftgif.

@f sbigltï gjeustrgf`l jl` slib`b sibrsb cf pbstb `l kfsg f``b svgùppb el``l rltg eg tl`libhujgifzgbj t l`libhujgifzgbjl, l, elg igriugtg gjtlnrftg l elg hgirbprbilssbrg, f``b svgùppb elg prbtbib``g eg ibhujgifzgbjl egngtf`l l, gjdgjl, f``‗fvvljtb eg gjtlrjlt l el` wlk. @b svgùppb eg ujf iu`turf `lnftf f gjtlrjlt egpljel ef ujf hb`tlp`gigtï eg dfttbrg jbj sb`b tlijb`bngig, hf fjicl pb`gtgig, sbigf`g, libjbhgig le ltgig, plr qulstb ã ibhp`lssb ibhprljelrl g` sgnjgdgiftb el` tlrhgjl ‐iu`turf egngtf`l‘. Vulstb tlrhgjl, icl ibjtgljl trl pfrb`l icgfvl quf`g gjtlrfttgvgtï, gplrhlegf`gtï l ibjjlttgvgtï, puû lsslrl eldgjgtb ibhl `f hftlrgf icl fjf`gzzf `l tlijb`bngl gjdbrhftgicl l g` `brb ghpfttb su``f ibhujgifzgbjl l su``‗brnfjgzzfzgbjl sbigf`l1 ã ujf nrfjel rgvbùzgbjl iu`turf`l l prbnrlssb plr `f ibjegvgsgbjl el` sfplrl= ã `‗fkkfttghljtb el``l kfrrglrl nlbnrfdgicl, sfpljeb icl ibj ujf slhp`gil ibjjlssgbjl fe Gjtlrjlt, jbjicç `f pbssgkg`gtï eg gjtlrfngrl ibj tuttb g` hbjeb l eg dfr ibjbsilrl f tuttg `f prbprgf bpgjgbjl gj hfjglrf `gklrf. Yljzf eghljtgifrl `f nlstgbjl hu`tghlegf`l gj ibjtlhpbrfjlf eg subjg, nrfdgig, ghhfngjg dbtbnrfdgicl l gj hbvghljtb. \jb elg pferg el``'gjdbrhftgif, F`fj Uurgjn 5, jbj pbtlvf ghhfngjfrl icl `f suf hfiicgjf sfrlkkl egvljutf g` jbstrb hleguh ujgvlrsf`l1 tuttb igû icl ig igribjef ibhl husgif, vgelb, l ghhfngjg sbjb trfeuigkg`g gj ibegil juhlrgib icl vgljl `lttb ef uj ibhputlr. G ibstg eg qulstl hfiicgjl sg sbjb rgebttg hljtrl `f vl`bigtï ã fuhljtftf, g` trfddgib su gjtlrjlt irlsil f egshgsurf, egvgljl uj hleguh ujgvlrsf`l l rgilvl suiilssb plr `f suf kgegrlzgbjf`gtï, ig ib``lnf `‗ujb ibj `‗f`trb le ã ùbnb eg rgujgbjl.

@F YBIGLUÆ ELG KGU ― I\@U\[F I\@ U\[F EGNGUF@L

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Hfrscf`` Hi@ucfj < eldgjgsil uj hleguh ‐bnjg lstljsgbjl eg jbg stlssg‘. Vuf`sgfsg ibsf `‗ubhb fkkgf gjvljtftb plr lstljelrl lstljelrl `l pbssgkg`gtï eg fzgbjl, ibhujgifzgbjl l plrilzgbjl el` sub ibrpb, puû lsslrl eujqul ibjsgelrftb uj hleguh. Ylibjeb Hi@ucfj, g` hlssfnngb eg uj hleguh jbj vf ibjdusb ibj g` sub ibjtljutb= ‐ g` hlssfnngb eg uj hleguh b eg ujf tlijb`bngf ã jl` hutfhljtb eg prbpbrzgbjg, eg rgthb l eg siclhg icl gjtrbeuil jlg rfppbrtg uhfjg‘. Gj qulstb sljsb, g` hleguh ã g` hlssfnngb. \jf vb`tf icl `‗gjdbrhfzgbjl ã egngtf`gzzftf, jbj ig sbjb pg÷ ibjdgjg trf g vfrg hlegf, `l vliicgl tlijb`bngl stfjjb plreljeb `f `brb dbrzf libjbhgif l iu`turf`l, hljtrl qul``l jubvl nbvlrjfjb `f prbeuzgbjl. Ibhl sbstgljl Jgib`fs Ifrr 4 ‐G` duturb el``f ibjbsiljzf l el``f iu`turf jbj sg trbvf pg÷ jlg `gkrg, jlg ngbrjf`g, gj tl`lvgsgbjl… hf sg trbvf jlg dg`l egngtf`g spfrftg f``f vl`bigtï el``f ùil fttrfvlrsb g` jbstrb hlzzb eg ibhujgifzgbjl ujgvlrsf`l‘. ujgvlrsf`l‘.

G` hbjeb ifhkgf

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Ygfhb ljtrftg jl``'lrf egngtf`l l g` egngtf`l ã ljtrftb gj jbg1 tuttb ã ifhkgftb, `l jbstrl fkgtuegjg, g` hbeb eg pljsfrl, ibhujgifrl, `lnnlrl. G ngbvfjg irlsigutg ibj `f rltl jbj `lnnbjb pg÷ jlilssfrgfhljtl ujf pfngjf ef sgjgstrf f elstrf l ef``'f`tb gj kfssb, pguttbstb sf`tl``fjb eg quf l eg `ï sibrrljeb g` tlstb f``f rgilrif eg igû icl `g gjtlrlssf, `f rltl ã egvljutf lssljzgf`l plr g` `brb `fvbrb, `f siub`f b `f vgtf sbigf`l. Ig sbjb plrsbjl icl plr hbtgvg libjbhgig b plr `f prbprgf vb`bjtï jbj usfjb gjtlrjlt, hf jbj sg puû ilrtb jlnfrl icl sgf g` hlzzb prldlrgtb plr `f ibhujgifzgbjl l `'gjdbrhfzgbjl el``f jbstrf sbigltï. Ylibjeb Jgicb`fs Ifrr, ef qufjeb `f stfhpf eg Nutljklrn cf rlsb pbpb`frl `f `ltturf, `f hljtl `gjlfrl l `lttlrfrgf ã stftf g` duìrb el``f jbstrf sbigltï, hf prlstb pbtrlkkl egvljtfrl qufìbsf icl fppfrtgljl sb`tfjtb f` pfssftb. Bnng ig rgtrbvgfhb f ifvf``b drf eul hbjeg tlijb`bngig, ibhl g jbstrg fjtljftg f``f dgjl el` Hlegblvb pfssfvfjb ef``f pfrb`f f` `gkrb, jbg stgfhb pfssfjeb ef` `gkrb f` egngtf`l elvgfjeb jubvfhljtl g trfiigftg jl` jbstrb ilrvl``b. G ifhkgfhljtg sukgtg efg hlegf icl ig ibgjvb`nbjb, ig ibstrgjnbjb f vgvlrl gj hbeb egvlrsb, sl g` hbjeb vgljl hlegftb gj hbeb egvlrsb, f``brf g` hbjeb ã egvlrsb. Ibhl fvlvf gjtugtb Jgltzsicl jbg ifhkgfhb fttrfvlrsb g` hbjeb gj iug vgvgfhb l fttrfvlrsb n`g struhljtg icl utg`gzzgfhb. Jl``f jbstrf vgtf qubtgegfjf sg fvvlrtl slhprl s lhprl pg÷ `f prlsljzf plrvfsgvf e'gjdbrhfzgbjg, ibjtljutg l slrvgzg egstrgkugtg fttrfvlrsb `f rltl gjtlrjlt icl ig igribjef gj bnjg hbhljtb el``f jbstrf ngbrjftf, sgf icl ig trbvgfhb f ifsf, gj uddgigb b gj hbkg`gtï. Tgvgfhb brhfg gj uj hbjeb kfsftb su``f tlijb`bngf, hljtrl `f jbstrf

@F YBIGLUÆ ELG KGU ― G@ HBJEB IFHKGF

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6 Ylibje @gdl ã uj hbjeb vgrtuf`l `fjigftb jl` ngunjb el` ;??9 ef``f sbigltï fhlrgifjf @gjelj @fk l jfsil ef``f vgsgbjl el` dbjeftbrl, _cg`gp [bslef`l.

vgtf qubtgegfjf ã ibstl``ftf ef bnnlttg tlijb`bngig, kfstf nufrefrsg gjtbrjb plr fiibrnlrig qufjtb jl sgfhb igribjeftg. Yljzf eukkgb g` prbnrlssb el``f igvg`tï hbelrjf l `f jfsigtf el``f tlijb`bngf ibj g` sub irlsiljtl svgùppb cfjjb pbrtftb uj hgn`gbrfhljtb f``‗gjtlrjb el``f vgtf qubtgegfjf, eg drbjtl f``f jbvgtï el``f sgtufzgbjl gj iug ig trbvgfhb= sbjb ifhkgftg g hbeg eg svfnfrsg l `l egstrfzgbjg plr g ngbvfjg eg bnng, gj slnugtb f``f rgvbùzgbjl hlegftgif l egngtf`l icl stgfhb vgvljeb gj qulstg fjjg. Vulstg ifhkgfhljtg sbjb vgsgkg`g l rlngstrfkg`g sgf f `gvl``b eg tlijb`bngf, il`ù`frg, ibhputlr, gjtlrjlt, gpbe/gpcbjl, ibhl purl f `gvl``b eg ibegig eg trfshgssgbjl l `gjnufnng iu`turf`g, jubvg dbrhft tl`lvgsgvg, sgtg k`bn l sbigf` jltwbra, bvvlrb rltg vgrtuf`g eg ibjegvgsgbjl ibhl Dfilkbba l Uwgttlr, b dljbhljg ibhl Ylibje `gdl 6. G` ifhkgfhljtb gj fttb vf ib`tb ibhl ujf rgvbùzgbjl iu`turf`l le fjtrbpb`bngif eg jbtlvb`g prbpbrzgbjg. @‗utg`gzzb el``l jubvl tlijb`bngicl hlegftgicl le gjdbrhftgicl jbj hbegdgif sb`tfjtb g rgthg lstlrjg el``f vgtf eln`g ubhgjg, pg÷ prbdbjefhljtl jl hbegdgif `b stlssb hbeb eg ibjilpgrsg ibhl plrsbjl, eg strutturfrl `f `brb geljtgtï, eg ibhprljelrl g` rlf`l l g` sljsb el``l ibsl. Ã f qulstb `gvl``b icl, eujqul, sg elvl sgtufrl `‗fsib`tb l g` ibjdrbjtb ibj `f jubvf dgnurf iu`turf`l1 `‗lrf egngtf`l icl sg vf ghpbjljeb bnng trf g ngbvfjg, l jbj sb`b trf `brb. @l pbssgkg`gtï eg ib``fkbrfzgbjl icl bddrl `f rltl dfvbrgsibjb `f irlfzgbjl eg nruppg eg `fvbrb, stghb`fjb `f irlftgvgtï l `‗gjjbvfzgbjl, nljlrfjb jubvg hbel``g eg kusgjlss l eg pfrtligpfzgbjl sbigf`l f``f vgtf pukk`gif. Gjtlrjlt puû lsslrl utg`gzzftb ibhl ibjtljgtbrl eg eftg, gj qulstb hbeb

@F YBIGLUÆ ELG KGU ― G@ HBJEB IFHKGF

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pbssgfhb fiilelrl fg jbstrg dg`l l `fvbrfrl gj quf`sgfsg ùbnb ig trbvgfhb. Ã lvgeljtl, eujqul, icl gjtlrjlt fhp`gf gjlvgtfkg`hljtl `l bppbrtujgtï l n`g brgzzbjtg el``f ibhujgifzgbjl uhfjf, jbj ã sb`b g` rgsu`tftb eg ujf ùjnf slrgl eg rgilricl sigljtgdgicl l gjvljzgbjg tlijb`bngicl= tlijb`bngic l= df pfrtl el``f jbstrf vgtf qubtgegfjf, le ã `‗fssl pbrtfjtl el``f jltwbra sbiglty ; jl``f quf`l vgvgfhb. \jf vb`tf Hfrscf`` Hi@ucfj cf bsslrvftb= 00\jf ibsf eg iug g plsig jbj sfjjb fssbùtfhljtl jgljtl ã `'fiquf::. G` plsil jbj sf icl `'fiquf ã kfnjftf plricç jbj cf hfg fvutb lsplrgljzf el``'fsiguttb. \jf vb`tf ghhlrsg jl` hleguh ibhl dfiigfhb f sfplrl gj icl hbeb fngsil s u eg jbg2 Vulstf rgvbùzgbjl ã ngï jlg jbstrg ibrpg, jl``l jbstrl tlstl, jl``f jbstrf vgtf.

; Jltwbra sbiglty ã ujf sbigltï gj iug ujf ibhkgjfzgbjl eg jltwbra sbigf`g l rltg eg hfss-hlegf eï dbrhf f``f prbprgf hbef`gtï brnfjgzzftgvf l f``l pg÷ ghpbrtfjtg strutturl.

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@f egddusgbjl el``f rltl gjsglhl f``l ibjtgjul gjjbvfzgbjg tlijb`bngicl stfjjb prbeuiljeb ghpbrtfjtg ifhkgfhljtg sug hbel``g eg ibhujgifzgbjl l sug `gjnufnng febttftg. G jlw hlegf stfjjb fvljeb uj ghpfttb rg`lvfjtl su` hbeb eg ibhujgifrl el``l plrsbjl,`l quf`g rgtljnbjb icl `‗fvvljtb elg hlegf egngtf`g fkkgfjb sbttrfttb n`g gjegvgeug ef``‗fkgtuegjl eg `lnnlrl l sirgvlrl. Yl jbj ig `ghgtgfhb sb`fhljtl f``f suplrdgigl el` dljbhljb, pbssgfhb jbtfrl gj vlrgtï icl ã prbprgb nrfzgl fg jubvg hlegf icl `f sirgtturf bnng ã tbrjftf `f prbtfnbjgstf el``f ibhujgifzgbjl eg hfssf. Eg dfttb, ibjsgelrfjeb `l ifrfttlrgstgicl el` wlk ;.? 6, bssgf egjfhgigtï, gjtlrfttgvgtï l gplrtlstuf`gtï, `f sirgtturf egvljtf hlzzb eg pfrtligpfzgbjl l ibjegvgsgbjl `gklrfjebsg elg subg fsplttg pg÷ rgngeg l dbrhf`g plr egvljtfrl hb`tb pg÷ prlifrgf l dunfil. G` prbk`lhf ã prbprgb qulstb= g jubvg hlzzg rgsicgfjb eg hbegdgifrl plr slhprl g` hbeb eg `lnnlrl l stuegfrl, el``f nljlrfzgbjl egngtf`l plr `‗grrldrljfkg`l elsgelrgb eg ghhlegftlzzf icl Gjtlrjlt puû rlf`gzzfrl. I‗ã g` rgsicgb icl qulstb hbeb rfpgeb eg bttljlrl l dbrjgrl gjdbrhfzgbjg pbrtg fe ujf rgilrif suplrdgigf`l l pbib sbnnlttgvf, sljzf hltfkb`gzzfrl gj hbeb irgtgib `l gjdbrhfzgbjg1 i‗ã g` plrgib`b icl ib` tlhpb pbssf vljgr hljb `‗fttgtuegjl f``f `ltturf prbdbjef, sg`ljzgbsf, rgd`lssgvf l hlegtftgvf. Yl jbj vg ã uj usb ibjsfplvb`l el` hlzzb, sg puû rgsicgfrl eg plrelrl `f prlzgbsf ifpfigtï eg ibjtlhp`frl l ghhfngjfrl. Yl ã vlrb icl kfhkgjg l rfnfzzg utg`gzzfjb slhprl pg÷ n`g struhljtg egngtf`g, f ifsf l f siub`f, ebkkgfhb prljelrl fttb icl sgfhb eg drbjtl f uj ifhkgfhljtb lpbif`l.

@F YBIGLUÆ ELG KGU ― G [GYICG EL@@F I\@U\[F EGNGUF@G]]FUF

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; M. Bès, prbdlssbrl eg Jlurbsigljzl, egrlttbrl el` Arfsjbw Gstgtutl dbr Fevfjile Ytuey f``f Nlbrnl Hfsbj \jgvlrsgty \jgvlrsgty.. 9 \j gplrtlstb ã uj gjsglhl eg ebiuhljtg hlssg gj rl`fzgbjl trf `brb plr hlzzb eg pfrb`l icgfvl, puû lsslrl vgstb ibhl ujf rltl1 g ebiuhljtg jl ibstgtugsibjb g jbeg. @f ifrfttlrgstgif prgjigpf`l eg uj gplrtlstb ã icl `f `ltturf puû svb`nlrsg gj hfjglrf jbj `gjlfrl.

Jbj tfjtb f ifusf el``‗fvfjzfhljtb tlijb`bngib, icl sbstfjzgf`hljtl sbstfjzgf`hljtl lrf prlvlegkg`l, kljsà plricç g` ifhkgfhljtb rgnufref, slibjeb qufjtb fddlrhfjb `l rliljtg rgilricl sigljtgdgicl, feegrgtturf g` dujzgbjfhljtb el` ilrvl``b uhfjb= g jbstrg jlurbjg ibjtgjufjb f rbhplrl vliicgl ibjjlssgbjg l f dbrhfrjl eg jubvl1 slibjeb Mfhls Bès ;, g` ilrvl``b cf `f ifpfigtï eg rgprbnrfhhfrsg f` vb`b, ifhkgfjeb g` hbeb eg dujzgbjfrl. Gj rlf`tï ebvrlhhb ibjiljtrfrl `f jbstrf fttljzgbjl sun`g fsplttg eg qulstb ifhkgfhljtb plr vf`brgzzfrjl qul``g pbsgtgvg l jlutrf`gzzfrl g jlnftgvg. Yl klj usftg n`g struhljtg egngtf`g stghb`fjb l pbtljzgfjb `‗fttgvgtï gjtl``lttgvf l sbjb gj nrfeb eg fgutfrl plrsbjl fddlttl ef vfrgl pftb`bngl. Urf n`g fsplttg lstrlhfhljtl vfjtfnngbsg l pbsgtgvg, sg puû sgiurfhljtl igtfrl `b strfbregjfrgb pbtlrl elhbirftgzzfjtl icl `f iu`turf egngtf`gzzftf bddrl= g` dfig`l fiilssb f` hbjeb vgrtuf`l gjdfttg, ibjsljtl f icgujqul eg pukk`gifrl bj`gjl l igû ibjdlrgsil uj hfnngbrl pbtlrl f``‗utljtl, f` quf`l sg fprl uj vljtfn`gb eg bddlrtl vfrglnftl, jbjicç `f pbssgkg`gtï eg egvljgrl nljlrftbrl eg ibjtljutb l trfsdbrhfrsg ibsà ef slhp`gil utljtl f prbtfnbjgstf gjegsiussb el``f jfvgnfzgbjl. @b struhljtb gplrtlstuf`l 9, gjtlsb ibhl tlstb eg`ftftb, ibjsgstl gj uj‗ljbrhl d`lssgkg`gtï icl sg rgplriubtl gj hbeb pbsgtgvb su``f irlftgvgtï el``‗utljtl, g` quf`l puû rgsirgvlrl, ifjil``frl, spbstfrl, gjslrgrl ghhfngjg, subjg l vgelb1 puû sbstfjzgf`hljtl ibjiljtrfrsg eg pg÷ sug ibjtljutg l `b stg`l pguttbstb icl su``‗fsplttb dbrhf`l. Uuttb igû ibhpbrtf elg rgsicg jbj trfsiurfkg`g= g` sfplrl gj qulstb hbeb egvljtf tbtf`hljtl prgvb eg suplrvgsgbjl l ibjtrb``g1 `f quf`gtï l `‗fddgefkg`gtï elg ibjtljutg jbj sbjb nfrfjtgtl l sbjb fddgeftl

@F YBIGLUÆ ELG KGU ― G [GYICG EL@@F I\@U\[F EGNGUF@G]]FUF

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lsiùsgvfhljtl f``f ifpfigtï eg nguegzgb l vfùtfzgbjl elg sgjnb`g utljtg. _lr lvgtfrl g plrgib`g el``f rltl ã jlilssfrgb icl g` ngbvfjl icl sg fvvgigjf f Gjtlrjlt sgf leuiftb fe uj utg`gzzb rgsplttbsb l ibjsfplvb`l el` hbjeb vgrtuf`l. Hf ujf qulstgbjl rlstf iljtrf`l= ibhl ibjslrvfrl l trfshlttlrl ujf iu`turf egngtf`gzzftf, ifrfttlrgzzftf ef ibsà tfjtf prlifrgltï l dunfigtï2 Jl``f rlf`tï el``‗ghhlegftlzzf pbrtftf f``‗lstrlhb, qufjtf el``f jbstrf iu`turf egngtf`l vlrrï trfshlssf fg jbstrg pbstlrg2 _bssgfhb rfngbjlvb`hljtl splrfrl eg jbj fvlr plrsb hb`tb jlg slib`g pfssftg f`hljb pg÷ eg qufjtb plrelrlhb jl` duturb.

63

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\j pû eg stbrgf 00\j df``ghljtb jbj ã slhprl ujb skfn`gb1 pbtrlkkl slhp`gilhljtl lsslrl g` hln`gb icl ujb pbssf dfrl gj ilrtl igribstfjzl. G` vlrb skfn`gb ã shlttlrl eg prbvfrl::. K. D. Yagjjlr

67

6 Y. _rlssly rlf`gzzû `f prghf ‐tlficgjn hficgjl‘. ; K. D. Yagjjlr ã stftb ujb psgib`bnb stftujgtljsl. 9 @f tlbrgf ibhpbrtfhljtgstf ã `b stuegb el` ibhpbrtfhljtb uhfjb l fjghf`l l`fkbrftf ef Mbcj K. ^ftsbj l Kurrcus D. Yagjjlr. 5 G` Ibnjgtgvgshb ã uj gjegrgzzb psgib`bngib icl sg biiupf elg prbilssg ibnjgtgvg hlegfjtl g quf`g uj brnfjgshb fiqugsgsil gjdbrhfzgbjg ef``‗fhkgljtl, `l l`fkbrf le lslrigtf su eg lssl uj ibjtrb``b. Jftb jln`g fjjg Ylssfjtf el` ;?¿ sli. gj bppbsgzgbjl f` ibhpbrtfhljtgshb. < G` Ibstruttgvgshb ã ujf tlbrgf el``‗fpprljeghljtb egddusf prlssb psgib`bng l plefnbngstg. 4 M. _gfnlt ã stftb ujb psgib`bnb, kgb`bnb, plefnbngstf l dg`bsbdb Yvgzzlrb.

@l prghl hfiicgjl plr gjslnjfrl eg iug sg cf jbtgzgf sbjb jftl f``f Bcgb \jgvlrsgty jln`g fjjg Tljtg, nrfzgl f``b psgib`bnb Ygejly _rlssly 6. Uuttfvgf Uu ttfvgf `f eftf eg jfsigtf el``l tlijb`bngl egefttgicl vgljl stfkg`gtf jl` 67<5 ibj `f eftf eg pukk`gifzgbjl el` dfhbsb frtgib`b eg Yagjjlr ; ‐Ucl sigljil bd `lfrjgjn fje tcl t cl frt bd tlficgjn‘ t lficgjn‘.. Yagjjlr prbpbjlvf uj pfrf``l`gshb trf n`g stueg eg `fkbrftbrgb rl`ftgvg f``l hbegdgicl el` ibhpbrtfhljtb eln`g fjghf`g l `l prftgicl icl fvrlkklrb pbtutb hgn`gbrfrl `‗leuifzgbjl. Vulstf tlbrgf ibhpbrtfhlj ibhpbrtfhljtgstf tgstf 9, slnjû `‗gjgzgb el``f dgbrgturf eg stueg ibjiljtrftg su``‗gstruzgbjl su``‗gstruzgbjl prbnrfhhftf l su``‗ghpglnb eg hfiicgjl jlg prbilssg eg fpprljeghljtb. Yagjjlr jbj pljsfvf eg dfrl ef dbjeftbrl fe uj jubvb slttbrl egsigp`gjfrl, icl sg svgùppû ib` tlrhgjl ‐leuiftgbjf` tlicjb`bny‘. Klj prlstb qulstf tlbrgf sukà el``l irgtgicl icl pbrtfrbjb fe uj fpprbiigb rfegif`hljtl bppbstb1 jfsil ibsà g` ibnjgtgvgshb 5, kfsftb sun`g fttlnngfhljtg l sun`g stftg hljtf`g. Ylibjeb qulstf ibrrljtl eg pljsglrb jbj kgsbnjf pujtfrl sb`b f` rfnngujnghljtb eln`g bkglttgvg egefttgig hf kgsbnjf tljlrl ibjtb fjicl el` plribrsb icl sg ibhpgl plr bttljlr`g, `‗fttljzgbjl vgljl pbstf sgf su``f qufjtgtï icl su``f quf`gtï el``‗fpprljeghljtb. @f tlbrgf el` ibnjgtgvgshb sg kfsf su` ibstruttgvgshb < l slibjeb _gfnlt4, icl ã ef ibjsgelrfrsg g` dbjeftbrl, `‗fpprljeghljtb ã vgstb ibhl uj ghplnjb fttgvb, ef pfrtl eln`g stueljtg, fttb f ibstrugrl `f prbprgf ibjbsiljzf pguttbstb icl pbrtfrl `f ibjbsiljzf ef``f hljtl el` ebiljtl f``f hljtl el``b stueljtl. s tueljtl. Gj Gtf`gf `‗gjtlrlssl plr qulstb slttbrl sg svgùppû sb`b hb`tb pg÷ tfreg, f``‗gjgzgb

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eln`g fjjg slttfjtf dlil `f suf ibhpfrsf g` tlrhgjl tlijb`bngl egefttgicl. @l tlijb`bngl egefttgicl sg svgùppfrbjb slibjeb eul `gjll egstgjtl= -`f sigljzf elg hlzzg, utg`gzzfkg`g jl``f egefttgif -n`g stueg su``‗gstruzgbjl prbnrfhhftf.

> [. H. Nfnjç _lefnbngstf stftujgtljsl, ibjeussl rgilricl jl` trfgjgjn leuiftgvb l su``f prbnrfhhfzgbjl eg egsigp`gjl e‗gjslnjfhljtb. 3 N.B`ghpb, ‐Jfsigtf l svgùppb el``l Ulijb`bngl Ulijb `bngl Egefttgicl‘ UE j.6, rlspbjsfkg`l Egpfrtghljtb Ulijb`bngl Egefttgicl el` IJ[ eg Nljbvf, Fprg`l 6779.

@l Ulijb`bngl Egefttgicl, ibhl sigljzf elg hlzzg, sg ibjiljtrfrbjb gj uj prghb hbhljtb su``b stuegb el``l ifrfttlrgstgicl l el``l pbssgkg`gtï elg vfrg hlzzg fuegbvgsgvg pbg su` hftlrgf`l egefttgib rl`ftgvb. N`g stueg su``‗gstruzgbjl prbnrfhhftf sg svgùppfrbjb su eul drbjtg, ef ujf pfrtl ig sb jb prbpbstl su` hltbeb eg dfrl ibrsg eg gstruzgbjl prbnrfhhftf, ef``‗f`trf sg ilrifjb g hlzzg fefttg fddgjicç sg fttug `‗fpprljeghljtb l sg irlg uj jubvb stghb`b l ujf jubvf rgspbstf ef pfrtl el``b stueljtl. F``f dgjl eln`g fjjg Ylssfjtf qulstl eul `gjll gjgzgfrbjb f ibjvlrnlrl l sg eltlrhgjû `f prbnrfhhfzgbjl el``‗gstruzgbjl. el``‗gstruzgbjl. > Ylibjeb Nfnjç , lsgstl ujf i`fssgdgifzgbjl plr g tgpg eg fpprljeghljtb, Ln`g sunnlrgsil irgtlrg eg gjslnjfhljtb plr bnjg tgpb eg fpprljeghljtb l jl spligdgif g` `gvl``b eg prlstfzgbjl rgicglstf. G` hbel``b eg Nfnjç ã n`bkf`l, puû lsslrl fpp`giftb jl``f prbnlttfzgbjl, jl``f egefttgif, jlg ibrsg b jl``l sgjnb`l `lzgbjg. Bnng ibj g` tlrhgjl ‐Jubvl Ulijb`bngl Egefttgicl‘ 3sg gjtljel `‗gjsglhl el``l tlijb`bngl icl ibjsljtbjb g` trfttfhljtb l `b sifhkgb el``l gjdbrhfzgbjg, tlstuf`g vgsgvl b sbjbrl1 gj dbrhftb egngtf`l sbjb uj slttbrl egsigp`gjfrl ibjsb`geftb l rgtljutb eg ghpbrtfjzf strftlngif plr `b svgùppb.

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6 @l Ulijb`bngl el``'gjdbrhfzgbjl l el``f ibhujgifzgbjl, firbjghbUGI(gj gjn`lsl Gjdbrhftgbj fje Ibhhujgiftgbj Ulicjb`bny), Ulic jb`bny), sbjb `'gjsglhl elg hltbeg l el``l tlijb`bngl icl rlf`gzzfjb g sgstlhg eg trfshgssgbjl, rgilzgbjl le l`fkbrfzgbjl eg gjdbrhfzgbjg. ; H. Dfnngb`g ‐Ulijb`bngl plr `f egefttgif‘, Fpbnlb legzgbjg.

@f siub`f jbj ã uj fhkgljtl plr quf`sgfsg tgpb eg gjjbvfzgbjl tlijb`bngif jl` ifhpb el``l UGI 6 (Ulijb`bngl el``'gjdbrhfzgbjl l el``f ibhujgifzgbjl), hf uj fhkgljtl dgjf`gzzftb f``‗gstruzgbjl l f``‗leuifzgbjl elg ngbvfjg icl cf g` ebvlrl eg vfùtfrl ibj fttljzgbjl `‗utg`gtï eln`g struhljtg icl febttf l icl ljtrfjb f dfr pfrtl el``‗fhkgljtl eg fpprljeghljtb hbegdgifjeb`b. Jln`g u`tghg fjjg i'ã stftf ujf irlsigtf lspbjljzgf`l jl``'fhkgtb el``l tlijb`bngl ghpglnftl jl``f dbrhfzgbjl, g` tlrhgjl tlijb`bngl plr `f egefttgif; vgljl usftb ibj uj sgnjgdgiftb hb`tb egvlrsb rgsplttb f` tlrhgjl tlijb`bngl egefttgicl, lssb sg rgdlrgsil gjdfttg f tlijb`bngl utg`gzzftl b utg`gzzfkg`g f``'gjtlrjb el``l prftgicl el``f egefttgif. Ibhputlr l tfk`lt cfjjb gjibrpbrftb g vliicg hlzzg fuegbvgsgvg, stlrlb l `fvfnjl, ibhl prbprgl plrgdlrgicl le fjicl g` slttbrl el``f tl`lhftgif sg prlsljtf slhprl pg÷ ibhl uj ifpgtb`b el``‗gjdbrhftgif. Dgj ef``'gjnrlssb el``l jubvl tlijb`bngl jl``f egefttgif, sg ã ilriftb eg ifpgrl ibhl sfrlkkl stftb pbssgkg`l utg`gzzfrl ibhputlr l tfk`lt plr gjslnjfrl l sbjb stftl l`fkbrftl egvlrsl tgpb`bngl eg rfppbrtg trf ebiljtg l stueljtg hlegftg ef``l hfiicgjl. Bnng sg stf fssgstljeb fss gstljeb fe uj ifhkgfhljtb eg bpgjgbjl jlg ibjdrbjtg el``l jubvl tlijb`bngl icl plrhlttbjb eg lsprghlrl ujf dujzgbjl fjibrf pg÷ fttgvf l pg÷ lddgifil plr `'fpprljeghljtb l sg stfjjb fddlrhfjeb ibhl uj vf`geb fgutb plr `'gjslnjfjtl. Fjicl sl `lnnlrl uj `gkrb ã, spligl plr `l iu`turl ibhl `f jbstrf, dbrsl g` hbeb pg÷ brtbebssb eg fiiu`turfrsg, gj rlf`tï jbj ã `' ujgib hbeb. @'gjslnjfhljtb l `‗fpprljeghljtb sg hbegdgifjb gj ibjslnuljzf el``‗gjjbvfzgbjl tlijb`bngif, n`g stueljtg gjdfttg elvbjb ghpfrfrl fe

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brgljtfrsg gj uj bilfjb eg gjdbrhfzgbjg prbvljgljtg ef vfrgl dbjtg l, eg ibjslnuljzf, elvbjb prljelrl eligsgbjg gj kfsl fe lssl jbjicç ib``fkbrfrl ibj f`trg plr rfnngujnlrl bkglttgvg ibhujg. Gj qulstb hbeb g` ebiljtl ã f` iljtrb el` prbilssb eg gjslnjfhljtb l `b stueljtl, prbtfnbjgstf el` prbilssb gstruttgvb. Ypbstfrl `'fttljzgbjl ef` prbilssb eg gjslnjfhljtb f qul``b eg fpprljeghljtb pbrtf f``f irlfzgbjl eg uj fhkgljtl eg fpprljeghljtb pg÷ stghb`fjtl l ibgjvb`nljtl, gj iug g rub`g el` ebiljtl l el``b stueljtl ifhkgfjb. Ã pbssgkg`l ghhfngjfrl icl `l jubvl tlijb`bngl ibhpbrtlrfjjb uj jubvb tgpb eg sfplrl l qugjeg fjicl uj jubvb tgpb eg gjslnjfhljtb l eg prbdlssgbjf`gtï el` ebiljtl. Gj hbeb pfrtgib`frl jl``f hu`tghlegf`gtï sg plrebjb n`g spligdgig el``l prbprgl hftlrgl, l sg irlf ujf ibjegzgbjl jubvf rgsplttb f``f quf`l `'gjslnjfjtl `'gjslnjfjtl elvl hlttlrsg gj ngbib, elvl lsslrl gjslnjfjtl eg fkg`gtï, eg ibhpltljzl ibhpltljzl,, eg ibjbsiljzl, eg lsplrgljzl l hljb gjslnjfjtl eg egsigp`gjf. @f dujzgbjl el` ebiljtl ã qul``f eg lsslrl ujf nugef plr n`g stueljtg, eg fiibhpfnjfr`g jl` plribrsb eg ibjbsiljzf l ibjsfplvb`lzzf. Vul``b el``'gjslnjfjtl ã uj rub`b hb`tb ghpbrtfjtl, gj qufjtb elvl pbsslelrl quf`gtï l fkg`gtï hfnngbrg icl n`g ibjsljtfjb eg svb`nlrl fppgljb g` sub rub`b eg nugef. @b stueljtl fvrï hfnngbrl rlspbjsfkg`gtï jl` prbprgb fpprljeghljtb, eftb icl lssb egpljelrï ef``l sul ifpfigtï eg fjf`gsg, sgjtlsg, nguegzgb l ibhprljsgbjl. Vulstb hltbeb dfrï sà icl bnjg stueljtl fvrï ujf dbrhfzgbjl egvlrsf rgsplttb fe uj f`trb, plricç icg fpprljel ã jl``f pbsgzgbjl eg siln`glrl g` prbprgb plribrsb ibjbsigtgvb.


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9 H. Nrlljklrn Idr ‐wclj nfenlts nlt gj tcl wfy, eg @gsf Nulrjsly, Jlw Wbra Ughls, 67 Fnbstb ;??5.

Jbjbstfjtl G rliljtg prbvvleghljtg prlsg plr gjslrgrl `l jubvl tlijb`bngl jl``l siub`l, ibhl tfk`lt l `gh, jbj ã fjibrf fvvljutf `f pgljf gjtlnrfzgbjl el``l tlijb`bngl plr `f egefttgif. @l fttgvgtï egefttgicl prlvlebjb `'utg`gzzb eg gjtlrjlt ibhl struhljtb eg gjdbrhfzgbjl l eg ibhujgifzgbjl, pguttbs tb icl ibhl hlzzb plr `f egefttgif gjtlrfttgvf. Ebvl `l tlijb`bngl sbjb stftl fpp`giftl jl` hbeb ibrrlttb, sbjb stftg rgsibjtrftg fttlnngfhljtg pbsgtgvg vlrsb `f siub`f, nrfzgl fjicl f``f vfrgltï eg prbnlttg, fttgvgtï le lslrigzg icl pbssbjb lsslrl prbebttg trfhgtl vfrgl fpp`gifzgbjg sug tfk`lt. @‗utg`gzzb elg ibhputlr, elg jubvg hlzzg hu`tghlegf`g l el``f rltl puû pbrtfrl f ujf prbdbjef trfsdbrhfzgbjl el``l ibjegzgbjg gj iug fvvgljl `‗fpprljeghljtb. @l jubvl tlijb`bngl jbj rljebjb fddfttb pgnrg n`g sib`frg hf sbjb gj nrfeb eg ghplnjfr`g gj uj prbilssb eg fpprljeghljtb eg tgpb sgtufzgbjf`l. @‗fsplttb ghpbrtfjtl ã icl g hlegf dfjjb pfrtl el` hbjeb elg rfnfzzg, rfpprlsljtfjb `f `brb ibjbsiljzf eg kfsl l eg qulstb `f siub`f elvl tljlr ibjtb ibjiljtrfjebsg jbj su qul` icl f` rfnfzzb hfjif, hf gjtlrrbnfjebsg su qul` icl i‗ã l su` sub vf`brl dbjefjtl. Ig sbjb gjslnjfjtg ibstfjtlhljtl f``f rgilrif eg jubvg hbeg plr gjslrgrl, f``'gjtlrjb el` `fvbrb svb`tb gj i`fssl, `l ifpfigtï l `l lsplrgljzl eln`g stueljtg. \j gjslnjfjtl el``l hlegl eg _cbljgx, Hfra Nrlljklrn 9, fhf svgùppfrl elg ngbicg plr g subg stueljtg usfjeb slhp`gig tbb`, l rgibrrl f qulstb strftfnlhhf bnjg vb`tf icl gjegvgeuf uj frnbhljtb icl g subg stueljtg dftgifjb f ghpfrfrl fttrfvlrsb g hltbeg trfegzgbjf`g.


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Fìujg sbjb slhp`gig hgjg ngbicg, hf pgfiigbjb fg subg rfnfzzg l sbjb dfttg plr g `brb kgsbnjg. \j f`trb gjslnjfjtl el``l l`lhljtfrg gjn`lsl, Ugh [y`fjes 5, cf vgjtb uj prlhgb plr `'usb gjjbvftgvb elg vgelbnfhl jl``l sul brl eg `lzgbjl. [y`fjes prbglttf ngbicg su` hurb el``f i`fssl l g subg stueljtg, eligebjb ebvl fjefrl l ibsf dfrl gjsglhl f ùg. G` ebiljtl df gj hbeb icl n`g fùjjg elsirgvfjb qul``b icl vlebjb su``b siclrhb plr stghb`frl `l `brb ifpfigtï vlrkf`g l df tljlrl `brb elg egfrg plr hgn`gbrfrl `f sirgtturf. Vulstb lsplrghljtb cf pbrtftb fe uj hgn`gbrfhljtb elg vbtg eln`g stueljtg. Hb`tg gjslnjfjtg elg pflsg fjn`bfhlrgifjg l el` jbre Lurbpf stfjjb febttfjeb qulstg jubvg hltbeg ibj suiilssb, f`trg pflsg trf g quf`g `'Gtf`gf slhkrfjb lsslrl fjibrf gjtghbrgtg ef qulstf jbvgtï. @f jbstrf siub`f gtf`gfjf gjdfttg ã rghfstf fjibrftf fe ujf egefttgif pg÷ trfegzgbjf`l icl, plr vfrgl rfngbjg, pbib cf tljutb gj ibjsgelrfzgbjl `‗lvbùzgbjl tlijb`bngif icl g` hbjeb ‐lstlrjb‘ stfvf vgvljeb.

5 U. [y`fjes Idr cttp=//www.tghry`fjes. ibh/cth`/hlegf.cth`.

Gjtlrdfiil

;<

Bnng `l gjtlrdfiil 6 stfjjb egvljtfjeb slhprl pg÷ hu`tghlegf`g, `l tlijb`bngl egvljtfjb ibsà jfturf`g le fhgiclvb`g. @‗utljtl jbj elvl pg÷ ibjbsilrl `gjnufnng l`fkbrftg l `l dujzgbjf`gtï eg uj'fpp`gifzgbjl egvljtfjb dfig`hljtl fiilssgkg`g fjicl f icg jbj cf ibhpltljzl tlijgicl jl` ifhpb. Ybjb hutftl fjicl `l gell igrif g` rub`b ngbiftb ef``l gjtlrdfiil jl``l fpp`gifzgbjg egefttgicl, ã irlsigutf gj pfrtgib`frl `f ibjsfplvb`lzzf el``‗ghpbrtfjzf el``l gjtlrdfiil ubhb-hfiicgjf jl``f egefttgif gjtlrfttgvf. \jf kubjf gjtlrdfiigf puû fkkfttlrl, b hln`gb, lvgtfrl `f dbrhfzgbjl eg kfrrglrl psgib`bngicl f vb`tl gjsbrhbjtfkg`g l ibstgtugrl uj utg`l dfttbrl eg hbtgvfzgbjl. Bnng tuttl qulstl ibjsgelrfzgbjg rghfjnbjb vf`gel, hf `f dujzgbjl icl vgljl fttrgkugtf f``‗gjtlrdfiigf ã lstrlhfhljtl pg÷ fttgvf= lssf puû l elvl pfrtligpfrl f` prbilssb eg fpprljeghljtb/ibstruzgbjl el``f ibjbsiljzf fttrfvlrsb egvlrsg hliifjgshg = -puû prldgnurfrl l sunnlrgrl `f strutturf el` sfplrl gj tlrrgtbrg sibjbsigutg plr `‗f``glvb1 -puû hbel``frl l dfig`gtfrl g` prbilssb eg rgsbùzgbjl eg prbk`lhg1 -puû usfrl fiiurftfhljtl g` hbvghljtb l `‗fjghfzgbjl plr rfpprlsljtfrl ifhkgfhljtg eg stftb1

6 \j'gjtlrdfiigf ã g` pujtb, `'frlf b `f suplrdgigl su``f quf`l eul ljtgtï quf`gtftgvfhljtl egddlrljtg sg gjibjtrfjb.

@‗gjtlrdfiigf gj uj fhkgljtl egefttgib gjtlrfttgvb jbj puû qugjeg pg÷ lsslrl gjegpljeljtl efg ibjtljutg, hf elvl ibpgfrjl gjtl``gnljtlhljtl strutturf, prbilssg l prgbrgtï l egvljtf qugjeg uj l`lhljtb iljtrf`l el``f prbnlttfzgbjl egefttgif.

J\BTL ULIJB@BNGL EGEFUUGICL ― GJUL[DFIIL

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Bnng icl `f hu`tghlegf`gtï sg fpprlstf f egvljtfrl ujb stfjefre, ngï sg gjgzgf f pfr`frl eg rlf`tï vgrtuf`l l eg sul pbssgkg`g fpp`gifzgbjg egefttgicl. @f rlf`tï vgrtuf`l puû lsslrl vgstf ibhl `b svgùppb s vgùppb lstrlhb elg ibjilttg eg hu`tghlegf`gtï l eg gjtlrdfiigf fhgiclvb`l. Jl``l fpp`gifzgbjg egefttgicl fttuf`g l pbtljzgf`g sgf el``f hu`tghlegf`gtï icl el``f rlf`tï vgrtuf`l sg fvvlrtl ujb strlttb ib``lnfhljtb b plr `b hljb uj'fddgjgtï ibj g prgjigpg el` ibstruttgvgshb rl`ftgvg f``‗ghpbrtfjzf el` ibjtlstb el``'gjegvgeub jl``‗fpprljeghljtb, el``f suf rgiiclzzf l sgnjgdgiftgvgtï, el` sub lsslrl fssghg`fkg`l fe uj ibjtlstb rlf`l.

;>

9. YU[\HLJUG EL@@L J\BTL ULIJB@BNGL

Egefttgif fttgvf= @gh l tfk`lt 00Cf prlsb g` vgf ujf rgvbùzgbjl lpbif`l jl``‗fhkgtb el``f siub`f hf, f` eg dubrg eln`g gstgtutg, qufsg jlssujb sl jl ã fiibrtb::. H. _grfjg

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6 @f `fvfnjf gjtlrfttgvf hu`tghlegf`l, elttf @.G.H. b `fvfnjf l`lttrbjgif, ã ujf suplrdgigl gjtlrfttgvf su iug ã pbssgkg`l sirgvlrl, egslnjfrl, f``lnfrl ghhfngjg, vgsuf`gzzfrl tlstg, vgelb/fjghfzgbjg. G ibjtljutg vgsuf`gzzftg le l`fkbrftg su``f `fvfnjf pbtrfjjb lsslrl qugjeg egngtf`gzzftg nrfzgl f uj sbdtwfrl eg prlsljtfzgbjl fppbsgtfhljtl elegiftb. ; I. ^bbe, ‐@fvfnjl gjtlrfttgvl, uj ùssb trbppb `bjtfjb2 GIU, ;??6‘.

@f @fvfnjf Gjtlrfttgvf Hu`tghlegf`l (@GH) 6 ã ujb struhljtb egefttgib gjjbvftgvb, ibhujlhljtl febttftf jl``l siub`l eg hb`tg pflsg le ã rgsu`tftf lsslrl klj fiib`tf efg ebiljtg icl `f utg`gzzfjb. @f @GH bddrl f` ebiljtl juhlrbsl pbssgkg`gtï tlijb`bngicl icl pbrtfjb gjjbvfzgbjg f``f egefttgif l f``f hltbeb`bngf, eï `‗bppbrtujgtï f``‗fùjjb eg gjtlrfngrl gj i`fssl, utg`gzzfjeb struhljtg ibhujgiftgvg icl usf qubtgegfjfhljtl plr `f rgilrif l `b svfnb . F` iljtrb el``‗fttgvgtï egefttgif ibj `f @GH jbj i‗ã pg÷ g` ebiljtl hf `‗gjtlrf i`fssl, tuttg sbjb ibgjvb`tg gj uj prbilssb eg suppbrtb l irlsigtf, g` _I, gjvlil, ã prbnlttftb plr fttgvgtï gjegvgeuf`g= g` hbjgtbr, fe lslhpgb, ã pljsftb plr ‐lsslrl nufreftb‘ l bttljlrl `‗fttljzgbjl eg uj sb`b utljtl. @‗gjtlnrfzgbjl @ ‗gjtlnrfzgbjl el``f ibhujgifzgbjl vgsgvf jl``f egefttgif jbj ã ibjegzgbjftf f``‗usb el``f @fvfnjf Gjtlrfttgvf Hu`tghlegf`l, hf puû lsslrl prftgiftf gj slttgjn plr `f egefttgif e‗fu`f icl prlvlebjb slhp`gig, l hljb ibstbsl, tlijb`bngl eg prbglzgbjl. Ylkkljl jl``f `lttlrfturf sigljtgdgif su``f @GH hfjicgjb ibhpfrfzgbjg sgstlhftgicl ibj slttgjn f`tlrjftgvg, ^bbe ; sg ebhfjef sl `f `fvfnjf egngtf`l sgf ujf rlf`l jlilssgtï, spligl sl sg rg`lvf, ibhl fiifel gj hb`tg ifsg, icl `f suplrdgigl gjtlrfttgvf ã utg`gzzftf sbprfttuttb ‐plr hbstrfrl‘. Ylibjeb qulstf prbsplttgvf, `f @GH jbj prlsljtf, fg dgjg el``f egefttgif gj fu`f, egddlrljzl sbstfjzgf`g ef uj jbrhf`l prbglttbrl. Uuttfvgf, Uu ttfvgf, `f hbef`gtï eg gjtlrfzgbjl el``f `fvfnjf egngtf`l ã ujf pliu`gfrgtï dbrtlhljtl ifrfttlrgzzfjtl. F egddlrljzf eg f`trl gjtlrdfiil, `f `fvfnjf egngtf`l ã ibjtlhpbrfjlfhljtl uj egspbsgtgvb eg gjput l butput= ibjgunf

YU[\HLJUG EL@@L J\BTL ULIJB@BNGL ― EGEFUUGIF FUUGTF= @GH L UFK@LU

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; M. Ibng``, ‐Ibhl `f `fvfnjf gjtlrfttgvf gj usb jl``f siub`f prghfrgf gjigel jl``‗gjslnjfhljtb2‘,, ;??; jl``‗gjslnjfhljtb2‘ cttp=//www.mu`glibng``.ibh/

eujqul qul``l icl gj uj plrsbjf` ibhputlr sbjb `l dujzgbjf`gtï eg hbjgtbr ibj qul``l eg hbusl l tfstglrf. Gj uj ibjtlstb ibhl qul``b el``f egefttgif e‗fu`f, igû ghp`gif `f pbssgkg`gtï eg sbigf`gzzfrl, b`trl f``l gjdbrhfzgbjg, bplrfzgbjg ibhl `f rbtfzgbjl eg ujf dgnurf nlbhltrgif, `f sirgtturf b `‗legtgjn eg uj tlstb. ^bbe fddlrhf icl `f hu`tghlegf`gtï l `‗gjtlrfttgvgtï el``f `fvfnjf egngtf`l pbssbjb lsslrl rgprbebttl utg`gzzfjeb uj jbrhf`l prbglttbrl, uj ibhputlr le ujf tfstglrf wgrl`lss b ujf tfvb`lttf nrfdgif. Lppurl ã ^bbe stlssb fe fhhlttlrl icl `fvbrfrl ef rlhbtb su``‗ghhfngjl prbglttftf ghp`gif uj fefttfhljtb eg fìujl rl`fzgbjg spfzgf`g trf ebiljtl l stueljtg f``‗gjtlrjb el``b spfzgb el``f i`fssl. @f @GH eltlrhgjf uj dbrtl dbius prbiurftb ef``l eghljsgbjg el``‗gjtlrdfiigf l fttbrjb f qulstb dubib ã ibjvbn`gftf `f vgsuf`gzzfzgbjl elg ibjtljutg, `f prlsljzf el` sbnnlttb icl pfr`f l `l bplrfzgbjg icl lssb ibhpgl su``f @GH. B`trl f``l plrilzgbjg, ef``f ebiuhljtfzgbjl l efn`g stueg su``f @GH lhlrnl fjicl uj eftb icl rgnufref `b spfzgb dgsgib gj iug `f tlijb`bngf ã utg`gzzftf. @f i`fssl9, `‗fu`f sib`fstgif, ã g` ùbnb ebvl prlvf`ljtlhljtl ã pbsgzgbjftf `f jubvf `fvfnjf, qulstf eligsgbjl gj fìujg ifsg jfsil ef``f ibjsfplvb`lzzf icl gjstf``fjeb `f @GH gj `fkbrftbrgb lssf jbj gjigelrlkkl su``f prftgif egefttgif ibhl qufjeb ã ib``biftf gj i`fssl. Ibj `‗gjtrbeuzgbjl el``f @GH jl``l siub`l, sbjb stftg gjtrbebttg fjicl g tfk`lt. Lssljeb egvlrsb ef uj jbrhf`l pi, g` tfk`lt jbj ã ibhp`giftb ef utg`gzzfrl l jbj cf kgsbnjb eg ibhpltljzl spligdgicl, jç eg `fkbrftbrg elegiftg. Hb`tg ebiljtg sbjb ibjvgjtg icl g` tfk`lt sgf utg`l fn`g stueljtg hf fjibr eg pg÷ f `brb stlssg1 n`g gjslnjfjtg icl cfjjb prlsb su` slrgb

YU[\HLJUG EL@@L J\BTL ULIJB@BNGL ― EGEFUUGIF FUUGTF= @GH L UFK@LU

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qulstf jbvgtï, pur ibj tuttl `l egddgib`tï gjgzgf`g, jl cfjjb trfttb gjeukkg kljldgig plr g` prbprgb `fvbrb. G rfnfzzg sfjjb s fjjb usfrl Dfilkbba l WbuUu WbuUukl kl hf splssb gjibjtrfjb el``l egddgib`tï f rgilrifrl gjdbrhfzgbjg su Gjtlrjlt jl` hbeb ibrrlttb, plr qulstb `‗gjslnjfjtl cf uj rub`b eg ‐nugef‘, elvl gjslnjfrl f``‗fùjjb uj jubvb hbeb eg rgilrifrl. @‗usb el` tfk`lt gj i`fssl ibjsljtl fg rfnfzzg eg jbj lsslrl pg÷ sbnnlttg pfssgvg eurfjtl `l `lzgbjg, hf e‗gjtlrfngrl ibj `‗gjslnjfjtl fttgvfhljtl. Ifhkgf g` rfppbrtb fùjjb/ebiljtl hf fjicl qul``b trf fùjjb/ fùjjb, `‗gelf eg i`fssl l eg `fvbrb eg nruppb. Ã ghpbrtfjtl icl g` ebiljtl sgf gj nrfeb eg ljtusgfshfrsg l eg ibgjvb`nlrl g rfnfzzg, icl sg trbvfjb trf `l hfjg ujf vlrf l prbprgf rgvbùzgbjl, `f tlijb`bngf df pfrtl el` jbstrb hbjeb, `f siub`f jbj puû rghfjlrl dubrg ef``f rlf`tï.

Gplrtlstb

96

6 Fjergls Tfj Efh ã b`fjelsl, prbdlssbrl el``f Krbwj \jgvlrsgty sg biiupf eg gjdbrhftgif.

Vul``b icl fvvgljl ibj `f hu`tghlegf`gtï ã `‗usb ibhkgjftb elg sljsg, qul``g susigtftg ef` tlstb l qul``g fngtg egrlttfhljtl plr `f plrilzgbjl eg uj fhkgljtl ghhlrsgvb. _ljsgfhb plr uj hbhljtb f qul``b icl pbssgfhb plrilpgrl nrfzgl f``f tlijb`bngf elg ie-rbh b elg vgelbngbicg= fttrfvlrsb `‗fhkgljtfzgbjl trgeghljsgbjf`l, g` subjb stlrlbdbjgib, `l ghhfngjg fe f`tf eldgjgzgbjl, `‗usb el` hbusl b el` mbystgia, ig sljtgfhb ibsà pfrtl el``‗fhkgljtl tfjtb ef ghhfngjfrig rlf`hljtl ghhlrsg gj lssb. Gj qulstf prbsplttgvf biibrrl rgibjbsilrl icl g` suppbrtb hu`tghlegf`l puû fsslibjefrl qul``f prbpljsgbjl el``‗ubhb fe utg`gzzfrl tuttg g sljsg plr ljtrfrl gj ibjtfttb ibj g` hbjeb l ibj `‗f`trb plr ghpfrfrl. @‗fvvljtb el``f igvg`tï elg hlegf, l gj prghb ùbnb `f egspbjgkg`gtï el``f tlijb`bngf eg rgprbeuzgbjl, hlhbrgzzfzgbjl, trfttfhljtb, trfshgssgbjl el` subjb l el``l ghhfngjg, cf dbrjgtb ujf kfsl eg `lngttghgtï l ujb spfzgb eg l`fkbrfzgbjl iu`turf`l f qulstb sub trfttb brgngjfrgb. G` tlstb jbj ã pg÷ sb`b qul``b sirgttb, eujqul, hf fjicl qul``b gibjgib, ghhfngjl b vgelb icl `lnngfhb f` pfrg el` tlstb vlrkf`l, uj tlstb icl prljel dbrhl egvlrsl, ibsà ibhl hbef`gtï eg `ltturf egvlrsl. Vul``f el``f hu`tghlegf`gtï ã ujf `ltturf eg tgpb gplrtlstuf`l l gplrhlegf`l. Lrf g` 6743 qufjeb jlg `fkbrftbrg el``f Krbwj \jgvlrsgty durbjb irlftg g prghg gplrtlstg fe bplrf eg Fjergls Tfj Efh 6 tuttfvgf, plr qufsg vljt‗fjjg, g` tlrhgjl gplrtlstb rghfsl plr `b pg÷ sibjbsigutb. Yb`tfjtb f pfrtgrl ef` kgljjgb 6734-3>, `f jbzgbjl eg gplrtlstb l `l fpp`gifzgbjg kfsftl su gplrtlstb gjgzgfrbjb f egddbjelrsg rfpgefhljtl. @‗gplrtlstb ã uj ibjilttb eg lstrlhf slhp`gigtï, tuttfvgf lssb cf fvutb uj ghpfttb hb`tb dbrtl jl` ifhpb el``‗leuifzgbjl l

YU[\HLJUG EL@@L J\BTL ULIJB@BNGL ― G_L[ULYUB

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gj pfrtgib`frl, el``l tlijb`bngl egefttgicl. Gj pbib tlhpb ef``f ibhpfrsf el``‗gplrtlstb sg sbjb hb`tgp`giftl `l splrghljtfzgbjg eg ebiljtg, stueljtg le futbrg icl prbeuilvfjb gplrtlstg b, icgfhfjeb fjicl gj ifusf g` hu`tghlegf`l, gplrhlegf. @f `bngif el``‗gplrtlstb ã prbdbjefhljtl egvlrsf ef qul``f el` sgstlhf e'futbrl= lssb puû prbnrfhhfrl g` plribrsb el``b stueljtl, hf fjicl lssljeb dgjlhljtl rfhgdgiftb l rgiib eg pbssgkg`gtï, `b stueljtl puû ibhujqul siln`glrl sb`tfjtb ujb elg plribrsg prbnrfhhftg ef``‗futbrl. Jl``f `bngif el``–gplrtlstb ã gjvlil `b stueljtl f ibstrugrl g` plribrsb, f siln`glrl ebvl fjefrl, ibsf fpprbdbjegrl, ebvl rgtbrjfrl. @‗futbrl jl` ifsb el``‗gplrtlstb jbj prbnlttf pg÷ uj gjsglhl eg plribrsg, hf prbnlttf ujf rltl eg rgsbrsl plr `‗fpprljeghljtb1 le ã `‗utljtl (b stueljtl) f eldgjgrl uj plribrsb su``f rltl. Vulstf pbssgkg`gtï ibrrgspbjel lsfttfhljtl f``f `bngif ibstruttgvgstf el``f irlfzgbjl el``f prbprgf ibjbsiljzf. G sfplrg gjegvgeuf`g sfrfjjb tuttg uj pb‗ egvlrsg fjicl plricç igfsiujb sg sfrï ibstrugtb plribrsg egvlrsg le fvrï vgsgtftb jbeg egvlrsg el``f rltl dfiljeb lsplrgljzl egvlrsl gj uj egddlrljtl bregjl. Ibj `‗fddlrhfrsg el``‗gplrtlstb, egvljtftb `b struhljtb prgjigpl el``‗fpprljeghljtb, spfrgrfjjb prbnrfhhg eg gjslnjfhljtb l igfsiujb, jfvgnfjeb eg gplrtlstb gj gplrtlstb, sg ibstrugrï `f prbprgf leuifzgbjl l prlpfrfzgbjl prbdlssgbjf`l f slibjef elg prbprg gjtlrlssg, el``l prbprgl ifrfttlrgstgicl gjegvgeuf`g l elg prbprg kgsbnjg eg ibjbsiljzf. Gj rlf`tï ã stftb eghbstrftb icl ujf `bngif purfhljtl gplrtlstuf`l cf g` `ghgtl eg `fsigfrl fkkfjebjftb f sl stlssb icg jbj cf hfturgtï suddgigljtl, plr ibstrugrsg ujf felnuftf strutturf ibjilttuf`l.

Hfppl ibjilttuf`g, fjghfzgbjg l sghu`fzgbjg

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_lr stuegb b `fvbrb ilrtfhljtl bnjujb eg jbg sg ã trbvftb efvfjtg f``f jlilssgtï eg ebvlr rlf`gzzfrl el``l hfppl ibjilttuf`g b ibhujqul elg egfnrfhhg eg dùssb, plr rfpprlsljtfrl frnbhljtg b gell. @l hfppl ibjilttuf`g sbjb ujb struhljtb utg`l plr brnfjgzzfrl `f ibjbsiljzf rl`ftgvf f egvlrsg ibjilttg, hlttljeb gj lvgeljzf `l rl`fzgbjg icl gjtlribrrbjb trf l`lhljtg egvlrsg el``b stlssb dljbhljb. @f irlfzgbjl eg hfppl ef pfrtl eln`g stueljtg, plrhlttl eg vgsuf`gzzfrl g plribrsg ibnjgtgvg l hljtf`g icl lssg slnubjb jl``f ibhprljsgbjll eg uj ibjilttb. ibhprljsgbj Lsgstbjb fìujl fpp`gifzgbjg drll icl slrvbjb f irlfrl hfppl ibjilttuf`g ebtftl eg dujzgbjf`gtï ujgicl rgsplttb f qul``l stftgicl. Urfhgtl qulstl ã pbssgkg`l f``lnfrl gibjl fg ibjilttg l, trfhgtl lssl, fiilelrl f dbtbnrfdgl, tlstg, vgelb l \[@ plr fpprbdbjegrl `f ibjbsiljzf. @l hfppl pbssbjb lsslrl ibstrugtl sgjnb`frhljtl b f nruppg, feegrgtturf gj hfjglrf sgjirbjgif b fsgjirbjf, plr ngujnlrl fe ujf hfppf ibjegvgsf. Ibj `l hfppl ã pbssgkg`l= -hlhbrgzzfrl vl`bilhljtl1 -hlhbrgzzfrl dfig`hljtl1 -"rlngstrfrl" gj hfjglrf qufsg gjel`lkg`l g ibjilttg icl sg stuegfjb, tfjtb icl fjicl f egstfjzf eg fjjg sg pbtrï dfig`hljtl rgibrefrl igû icl lrf stftb hlhbrgzzftb hb`tb tlhpb prghf. Jl``l hfppl ibjilttuf`g pbssbjb lsslrl gjslrgtl fjicl `l fjghfzgbjg, struhljtg utg`g plr rljelrl `f prlsljtfzgbjl pg÷

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fiifttgvfjtl l ibhprljsgkg`l rgsplttb f``l ghhfngjg stftgicl. @'utg`gzzb el``l fjghfzgbjg plrhlttl eg pbtlr fpprlzzfrl l ifpgrl dljbhljg icl gj jfturf fvvlrrlkklrb trbppb vl`bilhljtl b `ljtfhljtl ibhl `l rlfzgbjg icghgicl b `f irlsigtf eg ujf pgfjtf. @l fjghfzgbjg plrhlttbjb `f vgsuf`gzzfzgbjl eg fhkgljtg egddgig`hljtl vgsgtfkg`g, b eg dljbhljg icl fvvljnbjb `bjtfjb ef jbg, tuttb igû ã utg`l plr dfr ifpgrl g` ibjilttb ngustb f``b stueljtl. @l sghu`fzgbjg cfjjb uj f`tb `gvl``b eg gjtlrfttgvgtï, plrhlttbjb fn`g stueljtg eg hbegdgifrl vf`brg l ibjegzgbjg eg uj dljbhljb, plr fjf`gzzfrl `l ibjslnuljzl1 igû pbrtf `b stueljtl f trfrrl ibjslnuljzl, f dbrhu`frl gpbtlsg l rgd`lttlrl ibj g ibhpfnjg. Gjb`trl `l sghu`fzgbjg l`ghgjfjb `'fsplttb hliifjgib el``'fpprljeghljtb l n`g lrrbrg splrghljtf`g, efjeb ujf dbrtl ghpbrtfjzf f``'ghpfttb vgsgvb eln`g lsplrghljtg. @'gjtlrfttgvgtï jl``f sghu`fzgbjl, plrhlttl eg dfrl prlvgsgbjg, tlstfrl gpbtlsg l rgilvlrl uj dllekfia ghhlegftb, fgutfjeb n`g stueljtg f lslrigtfrl fkg`gtï eg gjefngjl l eg pljsglrb.

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5. TGELBNGBIB L F__[LJEGHLJUB

Icl ibs‗ã uj vgelbngbib2 00G kfhkgjg ghpfrfjb pg÷ ibsl pbsgtgvl l utg`g plr g` `brb duturb efg prbprg vgelbngbicg eg qufjtb jbj dfiigfjb f siub`f::. H. _rljsay

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6 M. _. Nll, Ibhl uj vgelbngbib, gjslnjfrl l fpprljelrl jl``f siub`f egngtf`l, [fddfl``b Ibrtgjf Legtbrl, Hg`fjb ;?69 ; H._rljsay, Hfhhf jbj rbhplrl stb ghpfrfjeb!, Nrfdgicl EGLHHL, _lrungf ;??> 9 M. HiNbjgnf`, @f rlf`tï gj ngbib, plricç g ngbicg ig rljebjb hgn`gbrg l ibhl pbssbjb ifhkgfrl g` hbjeb, Fpbnlb, ;?66

‐Icl ibsf ã uj vgelbngbib2‘ sg icglel Mfhls _f u` Nll 6, `gjnugstf fhlrgifjb. ‐Ã sb`b uj gjsglhl eg prbk`lhg, hf pbtrlkkl lsslrl quf`sgfsg ibsf. G` vgelbngbib jbj ã f`trb icl uj gjsglhl eg prbk`lhg ef rgsb`vlrl plr vgjilrl‐. Vufsg tuttg sgfhb prlvljutg jlg ibjdrbjtg elg ngbicg, splssb jlg jbtgzgfrg sljtgfhb egrl ‐g vgelbngbicg sbjb jbigvg‘, ‐g vgelbngbicg sbjb trbppb vgb`ljtg‘, ‐g vgelbngbicg trfshlttbjb hlssfnng skfn`gftg‘, hf gj rlf`tï ã uj prlnguegzgb icl df pfrtl el``f jbstrf iu`turf, kfstf nufrefrl g` `gjnufnngb icl usgfhb plr rljelrig ibjtb el``f egddgeljzf su igû icl g vgelbngbicg ig gjibrfnngfjb f dfrl l su igû icl pbtrlhhb egvljtfrl sl ngbifssghb. Hf qufje'ã icl dgjgrï qulstb prlnguegzgb2 Hfrai _rljsay ; rgtgljl icl qufjeb ig cfjjb elttb icl ngbifrl lrf tlhpb plrsb, ig cfjjb gjnfjjftb1 Vufjeb g kfhkgjg vgelbngbifjb gj rlf`tï stfjjb ghpfrfjeb. G` vgelbngbib prljel g` pbstb el` ngbib l usf g` vgelb, rgprljel `'ghhfngjfrgb ef` igjlhf l df `lvf su``'gjtlrfttgvgtï su``'gjtlrfttgvgtï egvljtfjeb qufìbsf eg pg÷ hfturb. Ylibjeb Mfjl HiNbjgnf` 9, ujf el``l pg÷ dfhbsl nfhl elsgnjlr f` hbjeb, igû icl tlhgfhb ã plrelrl g` sljsb eg ebvl dgjgsil g` ngbib l ebvl gjgzgf `f rlf`tï, prbpbjl qufttrb trfttg eldgjgtbrg el` ngbib= - bkglttgvb= igû icl g` ngbiftbrl elvl rfnngujnlrl, ibjiljtrf `f `brb fttljzgbjl l brgljtf `f `brb pfrtligpfzgbjl f` ngbib. @'bkglttgvb eï uj sljsb eg dgjf`gtï. - rlnb`l= `gklrfjb `f irlftgvgtï l dfvbrgsibjb g` pljsglrb strftlngib, ghpbjnbjb elg vgjib`g f` ngbiftbrl plr rfnngujnlrl `'bkglttgvb.

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5 Klrjfre Yugts, dg`bsbdb < Mfhls _. Ifrsl, prbdlssbrl l dg`bsbdb

- sgstlhf eg dllekfia= hbstrf fg ngbiftbrg qufjtb sbjb vgigjg f rfnngujnlrl `'bkglttgvb (pujtg, `gvl``g, kfrrf eg fvfjzfhljtb). - vb`bjtfrgltï el``f pfrtligpfzgbjl= rgicglel icl g` ngbiftbrl ibjbsif l fiilttg `'bkglttgvb, `l rlnb`l l g` sgstlhf eg dllekfia. Igû ibjsljtl f pg÷ plrsbjl eg ngbifrl gjsglhl. Gjtlrfttgvgtï, nrfdgif, jfrrfzgbjl, rgibhpljsl, ibhpltgzgbjl, fhkgljtg vgrtuf`g b gelf eg vgttbrgf, sbjb ifrfttlrgstgicl ibhujg f hb`tg ngbicg, hf jbj sbjb ifrfttlrgstgicl eldgjgtbrgl, slrvbjb f rfddbrzfrl b hgn`gbrfrl g` ngbib. Igû icl egil Klrjfre Yugts 5 su` ngbib, ‐Ngbifrl uj ngbib ã g` tljtftgvb vb`bjtfrgb eg suplrfrl bstfib`g jbj jlilssfrg‘, spglnf tuttb qul``b icl i'ã eg hbtgvfzgbjl, nrftgdgifzgbjl l egvlrtghljtb jl` ngbib. G ngbicg ig hlttbjb f``f prbvf, `f rlf`tï gj fìujg ifsg puû lsslrl sibjtftf, g ngbicg ig fgutfjb f hlttlrl f druttb g jbstrg pujtg eg dbrzf. \j ngbib egngtf`l sg ngbif slhprl f` `ghgtl el` prbprgb `gvl``b eg fkg`gtï, qufjeb sg ifel, sg cf sukgtb kgsbnjb eg rgibhgjigfrl f sf`grl. Jbj i'ã ju``f eg f`trlttfjtb ibgjvb`nljtl, igû ã icgfhftb efn`g psgib`bng ‐dùssb‘. @f ibhpltgzgbjl l `f pbssgkg`gtï eg vgjilrl jbj sbjb trfttg eldgjgtbrg elg ngbicg plricç gj qul` hbeb g` ngbib dgjgsil. G` dg`bsbdb Mfhls _. Ifrsl < cf sirgttb icl lsgstbjb eul tgpg eg ngbicg, g ngbicg dgjgtg ebvl sg ngbif plr vgjilrl, l g ngbicg gjdgjgtg ebvl sg ngbif plr ibjtgjufrl f ngbifrl g` pg÷ f ùjnb pbssgkg`l. Urfegzgbjf`hljtl Urfegzgbjf`hl jtl plr pfrtligpfrl f uj ngbib ebvlvfhb fvlrl `l gstruzgbjg1 brf sgfhb gjvgtftg f ghpfrfrl hljtrl fjegfhb fvfjtg. _rghf vljgvf pbstb `'bkglttgvb, `l rlnb`l pbg g` dllekfia, brf `f prghf ibsf icl sg sibprl ã g` sgstlhf eg dllekfia icl ig nugef vlrsb `'bkglttgvb l ig df elibegdgifrl `l rlnb`l, qulstb pbrtf f ujf dbrtl hbtgvfzgbjl plr g` ngbib.

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Yl `'bkglttgvb ã efvvlrb fttrfljtl l sl s l g` dllekfia ã dbjtl eg hbtgvfzgbjl, ibjtgjulrlhb f `bttfrl ibj g `ghgtg el` ngbib. F tf` prbpbsgtb Mfjl M fjl HiNbjgnf` ig pbjl ujf ebhfjef, ‐plricç n`g bstfib`g jbj jlilssfrg ig dfjjb dl`gig2‘ G ngbicg ig rljebjb dl`gig plricç sbjb uj `fvbrb eurb icl fkkgfhb sil`tb jbg stlssg. Ig ã stftb gjslnjftb eg ibjsgelrfrl g` ngbib prbprgb `'bppbstb el` `fvbrb, hf slibjeb Krgfj Yuttbj-Yhgtc 4, psgib`bnb el` ngbib, egil icl ‐`'bppbstb el` ngbib jbj ã g` `fvbrb. Ã `f elprlssgbjl. ‐ Gj lddlttg hljtrl sg ngbif tuttg g sgstlhg jlurb`bngig l dgsgb`bngig icl stfjjb f``f kfsl el``f dl`gigtï sbjb pgljfhljtl fttgvftg ef``f vgtf`gtï eg ngbib. Jl``f vgtf rlf`l g` `fvbrb eurb ã splssb qufìbsf icl dfiigfhb plricç ebkkgfhb dfr`b, klj eg rfeb ig sljtgfhb sbeegsdfttg, f vb`tl ig vgljl ghpbstb b g` `fvbrb jbj ã fkkfstfjzf eurb, l qulstb ig fjjbgf f hbrtl. @'gjeustrgf elg ngbicg ig prbpbjl ujf vfstf nfhhf eg sgtufzgbjg eg ngbib, sbeegsdf g` jbstrb nustb eg ‐`fvbrb eurb hgn`gbrl‘. Uljtfjeb Ul jtfjeb eg elegifrig f uj gjtrfttljghljtb `lnnlrb sg frrgvlrlkkl f``f jbgf l f``f elprlssgbjl, sfrlkkl hln`gb uj gjtrfttljghljtb rbkustb, icl prbvbicg ujb strlss pbsgtgvb b lustrlss nljlrftb, plr ibsà egrl, vb`bjtfrgfhljtl sgj ef` hbhljtb gj iug `f plrsbjf eligel eg hlttlrsg f``f prbvf ngbifjeb ibj `'bkglttgvb eg vgjilrl.

4 Krgfj Yuttbj-Yhgtc, tlbrgib su` ngbib

Tgelbngbicg ibhl hltbeb e'gjslnjfhljtb

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6 G` Hfssficusltts H fssficusltts Gjstgtutl bd Ulicjb`bny ã ujf el``l pg÷ ghpbrtfjtg ujgvlrsgtï eg rgilrif el` hbjeb, ibj slel f Ifhkrgenl, jl` Hfssficusltts. ; Yuplricfrnle ã uj ngbib prbnlttftb ef` HGU plr ghpfrfrl `f dgsgif. 9 @f @uifsFrts ã stftf uj'fzgljef prbeuttrgil eg vgelbngbicg dbjeftf ef N.@uifs, ujb elg prgjigpf`g legtbrg eg vgelbngbicg eln`g fjjg 677?.

G kfhkgjg frrgvfjb bnng f``f prghf l`lhljtfrl ngï gj nrfeb eg dfrl l ibhprljelrl tfjtl ibsl ibhp`giftl hf g hltbeg eg stuegb l g prbnrfhhg sib`fstgig prbpbstg jbj sbjb f``'f`tlzzf el``l `brb hljtg, ibsà g kfhkgjg sg sljtbjb ibhl sl gjebssfsslrb vlstgtg trbppb strlttg. Hb`tg ebiljtg gnjbrfjb `l fttgvgtï egngtf`g eln`g stueljtg, `f ibjslnuljzf ã icl jbj ibjilpgsibjb `'fpprljeghljtb jl``l dbrhl eg iug n`g stueljtg cfjjb efvvlrb kgsbnjb l icl fpprlzzlrlkklrb. Vulstf sgtufzgbjl jbj ã pfssftf el` tuttb gjbsslrvftf fn`g biicg eg icg cf f iubrl `'gstruzgbjl elg rfnfzzg. Jln`g Ytftg \jgtg, fiifelhgig, sirgttbrg, nfhl elsgnjlr, sbdtwfrl cbusl l dujzgbjfrg el` nbvlrjb, sg stfjjb ghplnjfjeb plr rljelrl ibjsfplvb`g nljgtbrg l gjslnjfjtg el``'ljbrhl pbtljzgf`l eg fpprljeghljtb el` hlzzb vgelbùegib, l eftb icl `'fpprljeghljtb fttrfvlrsb g ngbicg ã kfsftb su` `brb utg`gzzb, stfjjb dfiljeb gj hbeb icl tf`l sgstlhf vljnf febttftb jl``l siub`l. Vug jbj sg stf s tf pfr`fjeb eg IE ‐leutfgjhlht‘ ‐leutfgjhlht‘,, vgelbngbicg leuiftgvg icl ibhkgjfjb `f `ltturf l n`g lslrigzg eg hftlhftgif ibj fjghfzgbjg. Bnjg kfhkgjb icl cf prbvftb g ‐vlrg‘ vgelbngbicg trbvlrï g tgtb`g eg leutfgjhlht jbgbsg l prghgtgvg, n`g lslrigzg ibjsgstbjb gj ùjncl slssgbjg eg lslrigzg rgpltg-l-ghpfrf. Ylibjeb Hfrai _rljsay, qul``b eg iug fkkgfhb kgsbnjb ã gjtlnrfrl `'gstruzgbjl ngï gj fttb jlg vgelbngbicg elg rfnfzzg ibj jubvg ngbicg ‐dbrhftgvg‘ icl pbssbjb lsslrl usftg jl``l siub`l qufjtb gj f`trg ibjtlstg. Ybjb ngï stftg dfttg fìujg lsplrghljtg ef vfrg nruppg, ibhl g` HGU 6 ibj g` vgelbngbib eg dgsgif ‐Yuplricfrnle!‘ ; plr ghpfrfrl egddgig`g ibjilttg sigljtgdgig, b `f ibhpfnjgf eg Nlbrnl @uifs 9, `f @uifsFrts, icl cf

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5 Ibhpfnjgf eg H._rljsay icl prbnlttf vgelbngbicg. < H._rljsay, Hfhhf jbj rbhplrl stb ghpfrfjeb!, Nrfdgicl EGLHHL, _lrungf ;??>. 4 Drbjt`gjl ã ujf rgvgstf qugjegigjf`l gj `gjnuf gjn`lsl icl sg biiupf eg fttuf`gtï.

gelftb elg pgfjg eg `lzgbjl bj`gjl plr bddrgrl fg ebiljtg `f pbssgkg`gtï eg gjtlnrfrl jl``l `lzgbjg g prbprg tgtb`g, plr `b svgùppb el` pljsglrb irgtgib. Fjicl `f Nfhls;U Nfhls;Urfgj rfgj 5 eg Hfrai _rljsay, stf svgùppfjeb ngbicg plr prbnrfhhg eg stuegb eg stbrgf, sigljzl l hftlhftgif. Jbjbstfjtl tuttl `l sibplrtl pbsgtgvl, `l rgilricl l `l ibjdlrljzl, l jbjbstfjtl g rgicgfhg elg rfnfzzg eg rljelrl `'gjslnjfhljtb pg÷ ibgjvb`nljtl, hb`tg nljgtbrg le leuiftbrg pljsfjb fjibrf bnng icl g vgelbngbicg sgfjb ujf plregtf eg tlhpb l el` tuttb efjjbsg jlg ifsg plnngbrg. Yl qulstg feu`tg vbn`gbjb lsslrl eg fgutb fg rfnfzzg elvbjb ghpfrfrl f egstgjnulrl g` ibjilttb eg ‐vgelbnfhl vgb`ljtb‘ ef qul``b eg ‐tuttg g vgelbnfhl‘ . ‐Jl` hbhljtb gj iug n`g feu`tg ifpgrfjjb fppgljb n`g lddlttg pbsgtgvg elg vgelbngbicg su``'fpprljeghljtb, su``'fpprljeghljtb, `'leuifzgbjl elg jbstrg dgn`g jl trfrrï uj nrfjel kljldgigb‘, Hfrai _rljsay < ã ibjvgjtb icl g rfnfzzg pbtrfjjb vlelrl g rgsu`tftg icl hlrgtfjb plr `f nrfjel qufjtgtï eg jbtgzgl utg`g icl sg fssbrkbjb efg vgelbnfhl ibj iug ngbifjb plr purb egvlrtghljtb. Vugjeg g ngbiftbrg pbtrfjjb ghpfrfrl fjibrf eg pg÷ efg jubvg vgelbngbicg, pljsftg spligdgifhljtl plr gjslnjfrl `brb g prbnrfhhg sib`fstgig l f`trl ibhpltljzl. Fjicl Mfhls _fu` Nll stf ilrifjeb eg dbrngfrl uj jubvb sgstlhf eg fpprljeghljtb rgvbùzgbjfrgb icl slpfrf `l gjdbrhfzgbjg ibjtljutl gj uj jbrhf`l `gkrb eg tlstb ef``f `brb utg`gtï prftgif. ‐Vul``b icl btt gljg efg ibhujg prbnrfhhg eg fpprljeghljtb sbjb pfrb`l su pfrb`l, l sl uj rfnfzzb jbj ifpgsil qul``b icl `lnnl su uj tlstb, eg sb`gtb n`g vgljl eftb uj f`trb tlstb‘ spglnf Nll gj ujf gjtlrvgstf plr Drbjt`gjl 4. ‐_rljegfhb `f Dbrzf, gj dgsgif. _ubg utg`gzzfrl eligjl eg pfrb`l plr eldgjgrl


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> Dgrfxgs Nfhls ã uj'fzgljef stftujgtljsl prbeuttrgil eg vgelbngbicg. Tljjl dbjeftf jl` 6774 ef Yge Hlglr l Mldd Krgnns ebpb icl lkklrb `fsigftb `f Hgirbprbsl. 3 @gnctspfj ã ujf sbigltï su gjtlrjlt icl cf irlftb ngbicg plr `f siub`f. 7 I`gia Clf`t ã ujf sbigltï prbeuttrgil eg vgelbngbicg.

g` ibjilttb eg Dbrzf, l jlssujf eg qulstl tg fgutlrï f rgsb`vlrl g prbk`lhg. Hf sl f``f pfrb`f Dbrzf fddgfjicg ibjtlhpbrfjlfhljtl ghhfngjg, prbk`lhg ef rgsb`vlrl l sgtufzgbjg gpbtltgicl, f``f dgjl jbj sb`b sfprfg ibsf sgnjgdgif Dbrzf, hf sfrfg lddlttgvfhljtl gj nrfeb eg rgsb`vlrl prbk`lhg‘. G vgelbngbicg pbssbjb gjslrgrl `b stueljtl gj uj hbjeb lsp`brfkg`l l gjtlrfttgvb, b`trl icl fttrfrrl `‗fttljzgbjl eg uj rfnfzzb klj pg÷ eg uj `gkrb, rljel g vgelbngbicg pfrtgib`frhljtl gjegiftg plr prlpfrfrl g` rfnfzzb f``‗fpprljeghljtb duturb. Nll ã fjicl hlhkrb el``f Nfhls+@lfrjgjn+Ybiglty, sbigltï icl sg elegif f``‗fpprljeghljtb vgelbùegib, cf prbebttb ‐Igvg`gzftgbj‘ ‐Igvg`gzftgbj‘,, g` ngbib eg strftlngf f turjg gj iug sg pfssfvf ef``f nlstgbjl eg uj sgjnb`b vg``fnngb f``f ibjqugstf el` hbjeb. \jb elg prbnlttg slnugtg ef``f N@Y sg icgfhf Igvwbrè l pujtf f sdruttfrl g` `lnnljefrgb vgelbnfhl plr `‗fpprljeghljtb el``f Ytbrgf, el``f Nlbnrfdgf l el` Nfhl Elsgnj. Gj fiibreb ibj `f Dgrfxgs>, n`g gelftbrg cfjjb egslnjftb siljfrg gj iug vljnbjb rgprbebttl dlel`hljtl fìujl sgtufzgbjg stbrgicl. Efvvlrb `'fpprljeghljtb ibj g vgelbngbicg dujzgbjf2 \jf ùjnf slrgl eg tlst eghbstrf ibhl g ngbicg klj gelftg prbeuibjb efvvlrb fpprljeghljtb, g` truiib ã eg rljelr`g ljtusgfshfjtg. @f @gnctspfj3 eghbstrf icl g kfhkgjg ghpfrfjb ibj qulstg ngbicg, irlfjeb ngbicg icl gjiùebjb ibjtljutb ‐rlf`l‘, `f I`gia Clf`t7 cf irlftb ngbicg eg fzgbjl l fvvljturf plr fgutfrl g kfhkgjg f``'futbibjtrb``b el``'fshf l g` egfkltl, l igû cf fvutb suiilssb. \j vgelbngbib plr dujzgbjfrl elvl hfjtljlrl ibgjvb`tb g` ngbiftbrl, g nrfjeg ngbicg sbjb tf`g plr vgf el` nfhlp`fy, icl


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ibhprljel tuttl `l strftlngl l `l fttgvgtï icl g` nfhl elsgnjlr ghpglnfjb plr rfnngujnlrl l hfjtljlrl g` ngbiftbrl ibgjvb`tb lhbtgvfhljtl fddgjicç dgjgsif g` `gvl``b l `'gjtlrb ngbib. G` nfhlp`fy puû lsslrl gjiùsb jlg prbilssg eg fpprljeghljtb dfiljebjl ujf prgbrgtï l hfjtljljeb vgvf `'fttljzgbjl eln`g stueljtg.

N`g ‐fpbif`gttgig‘

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6 M. Ucbhpsbj, fvvbiftb icl ngbif `f ifrtf elb vgelbngbicg plr dfrl sbèg. ; E. ^f`sc, prbpfnfjegstf, df pfrtl el``'Gstgtutb Jfzgbjf`l plr g Hlegf l `f Dfhgn`gf, brnfjb jb-prbdgt plr futbprbhubvlrsg.

Eltlrhgjfrl sl `'utg`gzzb eg ngbicg vgb`ljtg stgf rljeljeb b hljb uj qufùjqul rfnfzzb pg÷ vgb`ljtb jlg subg ibhpbrtfhljtg ã uj prbk`lhf trbppb ibhp`lssb, ibj n`g stueg fttuf`g jbj ã pbssgkg`l efrl ujf rgspbstf f qulstb qulsgtb. Ã pbssgkg`l icl fjicl ngbicg jbj l`lttrbjgig hf vgb`ljtg, ibhl g` runky, `'cbialy su` ncgfiigb l g` dbbtkf`` fhlrgifjb, pbssfjb fvlrl `b stlssb lddlttb sug ngbvfjg2 Ã hb`tb prbkfkg`l, g db``g rghfjnbjb tf`g, ibj b sljzf ngbicg. Yljzf dfrsg gjdùljzfrl efg hlegf, splttf fg nljgtbrg nguegifrl sl g` kfhkgjb ã gjdùljzftb pbsgtgvfhljtl b jlnftgvfhljtl efg vgelbnfhl. Jbj kgsbnjf vgltfrl fg kfhkgjg eg ngbifrl, hf kgsbnjf efrl `brb elg `ghgtg. [lpbrtlr l prlsljtftbrg jbj sbjb n`g ujgig f spfvljtfrl g nljgtbrg ibj `l `brb tlbrgl ebvl pfr`fjb elg rgsicg `lnftg f``'usb elg vgelbngbicg. Hb`tg ‐fpbif`gttgig‘ sbjb pb`gtgig, slibjeb Hfrai _rljsay, f``f rgilrif eg vbtg dfig`g, b irgtgig icl usfjb qulstb frnbhljtb plr dfrl sbèg. Mfia Ucbhpsbj6 ã ujb elg pg÷ lsp`gigtg bppbsgtbrg el``f slssuf`gtï l el``f vgb`ljzf jlg vgelbngbicg. Gjsglhl fe f`trg jbtfkg`g ibhl Cg``fry I`gjtbj, Mfia Ucbhpsbj cf gjvgftb iljtgjfgf eg `lttlrl, eligjl eg fppfrgzgbjg sug hlegf, l fjicl egvlrsl ifusl `lnf`g, g` tuttb ilrifjeb eg `ghgtfrl fg vgelbngbicg efjjbsg eg rfnngujnlrl `l hfjg elg ngbvfjg. Ucbhpsbj sg lsprghl egiljeb icl ‐ã gjsljsftb pljsfrl icl brl l brl splsl su qulstg ngbicg jbj prbeuifjb lddlttg eg sbrtf‘. Ig sbjb fjicl g prbpfnfjegstg, ibhl g` Er. Efvge ^f`sc ; el` ibsgeelttb ‐Gstgtutb Jfzgbjf`l plr g Hlegf l `f Dfhgn`gf‘, icl sg biiupf eg qulstf brnfjgzzfzgbjl jb-prbdgt plr prbhubvlrl sl stlssb l `l sul gell ibj g` sb`b sibpb eg spfvljtfrl s pfvljtfrl g nljgtbrg dfiljeb `brb pljsfrl icl g prbprg dgn`g pbssfjb pbss fjb egvljtfrl ‐egpljeljtg‘.

YU[\HLJUG EL@@L J\BTL ULIJB@BNGL ― ‐N@G F_BIF@GUUGIG‘

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55

9 I. Fjelrsbj, rgilriftbrl. 5 M. Nbèstlgj prbdlssbrl stftujgtljsl el``'ujgvlrsgtï eg \trlic. < N. Mbjls ã uj fhlrgifjb futbrl l duhlttg l sirgttbrl.

Jl``f suf dbnf eg spfvljtfrl g nljgtbrg, ^f`sc dgjgsil plr fssbhgn`gfrl f icg vub`l sdruttfrl g kfhkgjg plr g prbprg sibpg. Uuttfvgf ig sbjb fjicl rgilriftbrg slrg, ibjvgjtg icl g vgelbngbicg sgfjb rlf`hljtl efjjbsg. \jb elg sbstljgtbrg pg÷ fiifjgtg ã g` er. Irfgn Fjelrsbj9, ibjvgjtb icl ‐n`g stueg‘ hbstrgjb ibhl `f vgb`ljzf jlg hlegf ifusg vgb`ljzf jl``l plrsbjl icl `g usfjb. Ã bppbrtujb egrl icl ig sbjb rgilriftbrg lnuf`hljtl quf`gdgiftg icl sbstljnbjb g vgelbngbicg, ibhl g` prbdlssbr Mlddrly Nbèstlgj 5 icl sbstgljl icl ‐n`g stueg sug vgelbngbicg vgb`ljtg sbjb bddusiftg ef eldgjgzgbjg fhkgnul, ef rgilricl ibjebttl gj hfjglrf hlegbirl l ef``f ibjtgjuf ibjdusgbjl trf ibrrl`fzgbjl l ifsuf`gtï‘. Ig sbjb `fiujl dgj trbppb lvgeljtg jl` `fvbrb eg qulstg fpbif`gttgig vgelbùegig plr pbtlr gjdùljzfrl g` jbstrb ibhpbrtfhljtb1 n`g lddlttg elg hlegf elvbjb lsslrl pbtljtg, jbj hgtgnftg. Yl uj kfhkgjb nufrefssl sb`b dg`h vgb`ljtg, tuttb g` ngbrjb l bnjg ngbrjb, b ngbifssl f vgelbngbicg vgb`ljtg b jbj vlelssl f`trb icl vgb`ljzf gjtbrjb f sç, sfrlkkl rfngbjlvb`l fsplttfrsg uj ibhpbrtfhljtb vgb`ljtb ef qul` kfhkgjb, f hljb icl jbj lsgstfjb gjdùljzl icl ibjtrbkg`fjigjb qulstg dfttbrg. Vulstb ã g` ibhpgtb icl splttf f nljgtbrg, gjslnjfjtg l hlhkrg el``f sbigltï= ibjtrbkg`fjigfrl qulstl gjdùljzl. G kfhkgjg ibhl n`g feu`tg, sbjb igribjeftg ef stghb`g l hlssfnng icl frrgvfjb ef bnjg ibsf, dfhgn`gf, fhgig, `ltturl, hlegf, siub`f... fìujg hlssfnng sbjb ilrtfhljtl vgb`ljtg, hf `f hfnngbrfjzf jbj `b ã fddfttb. Nlrfre Mbjls <, gj Ag``gjn Hbjstlrs, prbpbjl= ‐g kfhkgjg dgjgsibjb slhprl ibj `'lstlrjfrl `' lstlrjfrl l sifrgifrl g prbprg ghpu`sg

YU[\HLJUG EL@@L J\BTL ULIJB@BNGL ― ‐N@G F_BIF@GUUGIG‘

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vgb`ljtg fttrfvlrsb g` ngbib l g hlegf plricç ibsà jbj cfjjb fìuj kgsbnjb eg dfr`b jl``f vgtf rlf`l‘. Fjelrsbj rgdgutf qulstl tlsg, hf g dfttg rlstfjb, jln`g Ytftg \jgtg ã if`ftb sgnjgdgiftgvfhljtl g` juhlrb eg irghgjg jl` plrgbeb gj iug `'fttgvgtï ùegif ã irlsigutf jbtlvb`hljtl. jbtlvb`hljtl. G kfhkgjg vlebjb dg`h vgb`ljtg l ngbifjb f ngbicg vgb`ljtg, hf fssbrkbjb g hlssfnng eg kg`fjigfhljtb el``f sbigltï, l jbj cfjjb gjtljzgbjl eg fngrl ibj vgb`ljzf, jç dgjgsibjb plr dfr`b.

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<. @‗FYILYF ELG JF J FUGTG

G ‐egngtf` jftgvls‘ 00G jbstrg dgn`g jbj sbjb ibhl jbg= `brb sbjb jftgvg, jbg sgfhb ghhgnrftg::. H. _rljsay

5>

Bnjg nljlrfzgbjl rgib jbsil icl `f prbprgf gjdfjzgf ã stftf ifrfttlrgzzftf ef qufìcl gjjbvfzgbjl tlijb`bngif icl cf gjdùljzftb g` hbeb eg ngbifrl1 jln`g fjjg Ylttfjtf fìujl el``l jbvgtï lrfjb g` ngbib el` hliifjb l elg hfttbjigjg @lnb ibj gjnrfjfnng l pfrtg hbkg`g icl rgicglelvfjb ujf sbrtf eg prbnlttfzgbjl el` ngbib, `l kfhkb`l icl ifhhgjfvfjb l pfr`fvfjb l g ngrfegsicg plr fsib`tfrl `l dgfkl su egsicg gj vgjg`l f 5< ngrg. Jln`g fjjg Bttfjtf irlsil `f prlsljzf el``f tlijb`bngf jlg ngbicg l g` `brb nrfeb eg gjtlrfttgvgtï= prljel ifhpb g` ibjilttb eg ngbib leuiftgvb, icl splssb vgljl fjicl gjegiftb f ifrfttlrg lvgeljtg su``l ibjdlzgbjg elg ngbifttb`g icl utg`gzzfjb igriugtg l`lttrgig l dllekfia sbjbrg b ùhgjbsg l, ibjtlhpbrfjlfhljtl, dfjjb `f `brb ibhpfrsf ngbicg icl ghgtfjb `f rlf`tï tlijb`bngif eln`g feu`tg ibhl `f hfiicgjf dbtbnrfdgif, g` hgirbsibpgb bttgib, g` rlngstrftbrl. F pfrtgrl efn`g fjjg Jbvfjtf sg ã fssgstgtb fe ujf vlrf l prbprgf lsif`ftgbj eg tlijb`bngf= efg prghg ibhputlr ages, sghg`g fn`g fttuf`g ibhputlr pbrtftg`g, ibjtljljtg ujf slrgl `ghgtftf eg ngbicg l fttgvgtï, sg ã pfssftg f ngbifttb`g pg÷ gjdbrhftgig quf`g g nfhlkby, `l p`fystftgbj, prlegspbstg plr dfr ngrfrl egvlrsg ngbicg sil`tg ef``‗utljtl, l f vgvlrl ibj bnnlttg ifsf`gjncg l`lttrbjgig, ibhl `f vgelbifhlrf, g` vgelbrlngstrftbrl, lii. @l jubvl nljlrfzgbjg cfjjb g vgelbnfhl l `f rltl. Bsslrvfjeb quf`sgfsg rfnfzzgjb f``l prlsl ibj uj vgelbnfhl, ã lvgeljtl `f nrfjel eghlstgiclzzf el``l jubvl nljlrfzgbjg ibj qulstg struhljtg, eg drbjtl fg quf`g hb`tg sg sljtbjb gj egddgib`tï. ‐@f tlijb`bngf egngtf`l ã pfrtl gjtlnrfjtl el``f vgtf elg rfnfzzg, sgj ef``f `brb jfsigtf. @brb pljsfjb le l`fkbrfjb `l gjdbrhfzgbjg gj hfjglrf rfegif`hljtl

@‗ FYILYF ELG JFUGTG ― G ‐EGNGUF@ JFUGTLY‘

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6 H._rljsay, Hfhhf jbj rbhplrl stb ghpfrfjeb!, Nrfdgicl EGLHHL, _lrungf ;??>.

egvlrsf rgsplttb f jbg, irlsigutg gj 'fjf`bngib' ‐ bsslrvf _rljsay 6. _rbkfkg`hljtl fjicl g` ilrvl``b dujzgbjf gj hfjglrf egvlrsf, slibjeb _rljsay g ilrvl``g elg rfnfzzg pbtrlkklrb lsslrl rlf`hljtl hbegdgiftg ef``'fhkgljtl egngtf`l gj iug vgvbjb l ef``l lsplrgljzl icl jl elrgvfjb. Ibhl ebvrlhhb icgfhfrl qulstf nljlrfzgbjl eg ngbvfjg2 _rljsay prbpbjl `'lsprlssgbjl Jftgvg Egngtf`g= ‐g jubvg pfr`fjtg Jftgvg el` `gjnufnngb egngtf`l elg ibhputlr, elg vgelbngbicg l eg Gjtlrjlt‘. _lr icg ã frrgvftb pg÷ tfreg f``f tlijb`bngf, _rljsay sdgef g` jbhl eg ‐Ghhgnrftg Egngtf`g‘ plricç ‐ibhl fvvgljl gj tuttl `l ibhujgtï eg Ghhgnrftg, fìujg sg sbjb fkgtuftg pg÷ vl`bilhljtl eg f`trg f` jubvb fhkgljtl= igû jbj tbn`gl icl tuttg jbg Ghhgnrftg Egngtf`g hfjtlrrlhb g` slnjb el``f jbstrf fppfrtljljzf f` pfssftb‘. G` egvfrgb trf Ghhgnrftg l Jftgvg ã jlttb, n`g Ghhgnrftg sg sdbrzfjb eg ifpgrl ujf ‐pbpb`fzgbjl‘ icl pfr`f uj `gjnufnngb tbtf`hljtl jubvb l egvlrsb, ibhl pbssbjb gstrugr`g sl jbj sg ifpgsibjb trf `brb2 G Jftgvg jbj ifpgsibjb igû icl egibjb n`g Ghhgnrftg , `brb sbjb fkgtuftg f rgilvlrl gjdbrhfzgbjg gj hfjglrf hb`tb rfpgef. N`g Ghhgnrftg pljsfjb f` tlstb ibhl dfttbrl prghfrgb eg ibhujgifzgbjl l f``f nrfdgif ibhl uj rgjdbrzb, hljtrl g Jftgvg prldlrgsibjb `f nrfdgif f` tlstb, f` ibjtrfrgb ibjtrfrgb eln`g Ghhgnrftg, g Jftgvg sbjb slhprl gj ibjtfttb trf `brb, dujzgbjfjb hln`gb qufjeb sbjb gj ujf rltl ibhujl. Nljgtbrg l gjslnjfjtg tljtfjb eg leuifrl g rfnfzzg jl``b stlssb hbeb gj iug sg sbjb slhprl leuiftg jln`g u`tghg fjjg, hf felssb jbj ã pg÷ pbssgkg`l, g Jftgvg cfjjb pbif pfzgljzf jlg ibjdrbjtg el``l ùjncl lspbsgzgbjg l el``f `bngif pfssb f pfssb. G Jftgvg jbj tbrjlrfjjb hfg gjegltrb, g kfhkgjg lssljeb jftg gj ujf

@‗ FYILYF ELG JFUGTG ― G ‐EGNGUF@ JFUGTLY‘

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jubvf iu`turf ghpfrfjb dfig`hljtl `f jubvf `gjnuf, l jbj jl vbn`gbjb sfplrl eg qul``f vliicgf. N`g Ghhgnrftg gjtl``gnljtg ilriclrfjjb eg fefttfrsg f qulstf jubvf iu`turf, eg ghpfrfrl f gjtlnrfrsg, n`g Ghhgnrftg jbj l`fstgig ibjtgjulrfjjb ibjtgjulrfj jb f pfr`frl el` pfssftb. @l rgilricl eg jlurb-kgb`bngf jl``'u`tghb qufrtb eg slib`b, cfjjb eghbstrftb icl g` ilrvl``b ifhkgf l sg brnfjgzzf egvlrsfhljtl egvlrsfhljtl su``f kfsl eln`g ghpu`sg icl rgilvl. @l jbstrl il`ù`l ilrlkrf`g rgilvbjb rgdbrjghljtg ibjtgjug, qulstf rgbrnfjgzzfzgbjl l rgdbrjghljtb ibjtgjub ã jbtb ibhl jlurb-p`fstgigtï. @f sbn`gf eg fttljzgbjl elg kfhkgjg jbj ã krlvl plr bnjg ibsf, sbjb `brb icl eligebjb sl fvlrl b jb fttljzgbjl, icl jbj eurf pbib jlg ngbicg b jl``f husgif b gj quf`sgfsg fhkgtb `g gjtlrlssg. G Jftgvg Egngtf`g fhfjb `'gjtlrfttgvgtï, sg fsplttfjb ujf rgspbstf ghhlegftf fe bnjg `brb sgjnb`f fzgbjl.

Ibhujgtï egngtf`g

6 HHBN sbjb ngbicg eg rub`b bj`gjl eg hfssf) ã uj ngbib eg rub`b plr ibhputlr b ibjsb`l icl vgljl svb`tb trfhgtl gjtlrjlt ibjtlhpbrfjlfhljtl ef pg÷ plrsbjl rlf`g, plr qulstb sg icgfhfjb ngbicg "bj`gjl". Hgn`gfgf eg ngbiftbrg pbssbjb gjtlrfngrl gjtlrprltfjeb plrsbjfnng icl sg lvb`vbjb gjsglhl f` hbjeb plrsgstljtl icl `g igribjef le gj iug vgvbjb.

I'ã ujf ibsf hb`tb ghpbrtfjtl ef ifpgrl rgnufreb g vgelbnfhl eg bnng, qulstl bplrl jbj lsgstbjb gj ujb spfzgb vubtb, hf dfjjb pfrtl eg uj ghhljsb sgstlhf sbigf`l l eg fpprljeghljtb, ef` quf`l g` kfhkgjb ã prbdbjefhl prbdbjefhljtl jtl fttrfttb. \jf el``l ibsl pg÷ ghpbrtfjtg su` vgelbngbib ã g` vf`brl el``f ib``fkbrfzgbjl l el``'fgutb rligprbib. @f iftlnbrgf icl cf fvutb, jl` ibrsb eln`g fjjg, ujb svgùppb ibjsgelrlvb`l, `lnftb fjicl f``f egddusgbjl eg ibjjlssgbjg slhprl pg÷ vl`big, ã qul``f el` ngbib bj-`gjl gj hu`tgp`fylr, fttrfvlrsb Gjtlrjlt. \j l`lvftb juhlrb eg utljtg ngbif f tgtb`g fppfrtljljtg f qulstf iftlnbrgf, fhkgljtftg gj hbjeg vgrtuf`g, splssb plrsgstljtg, sgf plr purb egvlrtghljtb icl plr sbigf`gzzfrl l ibjbsilrl f`trl plrsbjl. \j juhlrb icl, slibjeb `l prlvgsgbjg, ã elstgjftb fe fuhljtfrl slhprl pg÷ jl` ibrsb elg prbssghg fjjg. G ngbicg bj-`gjl hfssgvg, g ibsgeelttg HHBN 6, (Hfssgvl Hu`tgp`fylr Bj@gjl Nfhls), sbjb ujb elg ifhpg su iug sg ibhkfttlrï `f kfttfn`gf plr `f suprlhfzgf su``f jlxt-nljlrftgbj vgelbùegif. Yg trfttf eg ujf iftlnbrgf eg ngbicg lsgstljtg brhfg ef f`hljb vljt'fjjg, hf icl sb`b nrfzgl f``l u`tghl tlijb`bngl nrfdgicl l eg ibhujgifzgbjl ã rgusigtf f trbvfrl ujb skbiib jl` hlriftb eg hfssf. G HHBN sbjb fhkgljtftg gj hbjeg vgrtuf`g plrsgstljtg, rlsgeljtg su ujb b pg÷ slrvlr, pbpb`ftg ef fvftfr, rfpprlsljtfzgbjg nrfdgicl elg plrsbjfnng ghplrsbjftb efg ngbiftbrg, icl sg ibjjlttbjb f qulstg ujgvlrsg bj-`gjl trfhgtl uj i`gljt gjstf``ftb su` `brb sgstlhf. Jl``f hfnngbr pfrtl elg ifsg, `b svgùppftbrl eg uj ngbib eg qulstb tgpb prlegspbjl uj‗gjdrfstrutturf ibstgtugtf ef uj iùstlr eg

@‗ FYILYF ELG JFUGTG ― IBH\JGUÆ EGNGUF@G

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; _;_ gj gjdbrhftgif, ã uj'lsprlssgbjl icl gjegif uj'fricgtltturf `bngif eg rltl gjdbrhftgif gj iug g jbeg jbj sbjb nlrfricgzzftg ujgifhljtl sbttb dbrhf eg i`gljt b slrvlr dgssg.

slrvlr gj rltl, nlstgtg ibhl sl dbsslrb uj ujgib sgstlhf. Bnjg slrvlr, dujzgbjfjtl bvvgfhljtl vljtgqufttrb brl su vljtgqufttrb, suppbrtf efg euliljtb fg trliljtb ngbiftbrg, ib``lnftg f` sgstlhf fttrfvlrsb uj i`gljt, ibstgtugtb ef qul``f icl sg pbtrlkkl rgfssuhlrl ibhl uj‗gjtlrdfiigf nrfdgif, icl g` prbeuttbrl vljel b rljel egspbjgkg`l nrftugtfhljtl fn`g utljtg gjtlrlssftg f ngbifrl. \j‗fricgtltturf eg qulstb tgpb cf ljbrhg ibstg plr `b svgùppftbrl, sgf ef` pujtb eg vgstf el``‗cfrewfrl icl ef qul``b el``f ibjjlttgvgtï. Jln`g u`tghg fjjg sbjb stftg fjicl svb`tl egvlrsl prbvl, fttl f splrghljtfrl `f dfttgkg`gtï eg utg`gzzb eg rltg _;_ ; fjicl gj tgtb`g eg qulstb tgpb. @b sdruttfhljtb eg uj‗fricgtltturf pllr-tb-pllr fvrlkkl sgiurfhljtl elg vfjtfnng= ef ujf jbtlvb`l rgeuzgbjl elg ibstg, ebvutf f``‗fssljzf eg slrvlr iljtrf`g, fe ujf rgeuzgbjl eg kfjef biiupftf, ebvutf f` dfttb icl g i`gljt ibhujgiclrlkklrb egrlttfhljtl l jbj pg÷ fttrfvlrsb g` slrvlr. G` sgstlhf dujzgbjlrlkkl ibhl uj ngnfjtlsib nrge ibhputlr, gj iug `f ibhputfzgbjl elg eftg sfrlkkl egstrgkugtf trf g vfrg i`gljt. Ulbrgifhljtl, Ul brgifhljtl, pbg, sg ebvrlkkl rgeurrl fjicl g` `fn, slhprl plr `‗fssljzf eg uj slrvlr iljtrf`l, icl splssb df ef ib``b eg kbttgn`gf. F` hbhljtb, jbj lsgstbjb HHBN uddgigf`hljtl gj ibhhlrigb icl sdruttgjb uj‗fricgtltturf _;_, hf n`g lsplrghljtg dfttg eghbstrfjb icl, gj uj prbssghb duturb, prbkfkg`hljtl ibhgjilrlhb f vlelrjl hb`tg eg pg÷. F``b stftb fttuf`l el``l ibsl, gjdfttg, sdruttfrl ujf tbpb`bngf eg qulstb tgpb ã `‗ujgib hbeb icl cfjjb `l sbdtwfrl cbusl pg÷ pgiib`l, qul``l icl cfjjb hljb egspbjgkg`gtï eg dbjeg, eg rlf`gzzfrl tgtb`g fppfrtljljtg f qulstb nljlrl. \j nruppb eg stuegbsg cf prbnlttftb uj HHBN gjtgtb`ftb ‐Ughl

@‗ FYILYF ELG JFUGTG ― IBH\JGUÆ EGNGUF@G

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_rgsbjlrs‘, f``f iug kfsl i‗ã prbprgb ujf rltl pllr-tb-pllr. N`g svgùppftbrg cfjjb ibhujqul prlegspbstb, plr rfngbjg eg sgiurlzzf, `‗utg`gzzb eg uj slrvlr iljtrf`l icl ibjtgljl tuttl `l gjdbrhfzgbjg rl`ftgvl fn`g utljtg, sgf qul``l fjfnrfdgicl, icl qul``l eg ngbib. Vufjeb sbjb prlsljtg eftg sljsgkg`g, `f sbùzgbjl hgn`gbrl ã qul``f eg tljlr`g g` pg÷ `bjtfjb pbssgkg`l efg i`gljt eln`g utljtg. G` slrvlr, b`trl f ibjslrvfrl g eftg, sg biiupf eg gjslrgrl g` ngbiftbrl f``‗gjtlrjb el` hbjeb vgrtuf`l.

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4. TGELBNGBIB L IGJLHF

@l brgngjg el` rfppbrtb trf igjlhf-vgelbngbib «G` hbjeb ã uj ngbib±. M. Kfuerg``fre

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G` vgelbngbib sg trbvf bnng jl``f stlssf ibjegzgbjl el` igjlhf eln`g fjjg Tljtg= `‗fvvljtb el` sbjbrb cf ibhp`ltfhljtl rgvbùzgbjftb `f jfturf el` hleguh, icl sg ã f``bjtfjftb ef``l gjdùljzl el` tlftrb l el``f rfegb, l cf svgùppftb ujf prbprgf lstltgif. G` vgelbngbib stf vgvljeb ujf trfjsgzgbjl= jftb ibhl purf dbrhf eg splttfib`b ùegib stf egvljtfjeb slhprl pg÷ ibhp`lssb l sbdgstgiftb. Ibhl g` dg`h, jl``f suf dfsl prghfrgf, g` vgelbngbib ã stftb bnnlttb eg siclrjb plricç cf elkuttftb ibhl lsprlssgbjl iu`turf`l pbpb`frl. \j vlrb ifhkgfhljtb ã fvvljutb qufjeb g prghg tlbrgig cfjjb sfputb eghbstrfrl icl cf gjtrbebttb uj jubvb hbeb eg irlfrl frtl. G` prghb lssljzgf`l pfssb gj qulstb sljsb ã stftf `f ibjqugstf eg ujf eghljsgbjl jfrrftgvf.

6 Ypfilwfr!, Tgelbngbib spfrftuttb plr ibhputlr, rlf`gzzftb prgjigpf`hljtl ef Ytlvl "Yùn" [ussl`` trf g` 6746 l g` 674;, l gj slnugtb hbegdgiftb l frrgiicgtb ef f`trl plrsbjl. ; @'frrgvç e'uj trfgj lj nfrl el `f Igbtft ã uj dfhbsb ibrtbhltrfnngb elg drftl``g Funustl l @bugs @uhgãrl.

G prghg vgelbngbicg jbj fvlvfjb ujf stbrgf, gjgzgfrl ujf pfrtgtf sgnjgdgifvf trbvfrsg iftfpu`tftg jl``‗fzgbjl l rgpltlrl ujf slrgl eg ‐hbssl‘. Gj ‐Ypfilwfr! 6‘, fe lslhpgb, jlssuj gjegzgb ig spglnfvf ibsf dbsslrb qul``l eul fstrbjfvg, plricç sg elsslrb kfttfn`gf, b plricç sg trbvfsslrb f ibhkfttlrl prbprgb jlg prlssg eg ujf stl``f1 jlssuj l`lhljtb nrfdgib sunnlrgvf uj kfianrbuje prllsgstljtl f``‗fzgbjl l g` ngbiftbrl sg `ghgtfvf f ibhpltlrl ibj `‗fvvlrsfrgb fiibjtljtfjebsg jl` hgn`gbrl elg ifsg el``f vgttbrgf. G` pfrfnbjl egrlttb ibj g dg`h el``l brgngjg fppfrl fjibrf pg÷ `fhpfjtl= uj dg`h ibhl ‐@'frrgvç e'uj trfgj lj nfrl el `f Igbtft ;‘elg drftl``g @uhgãrl jbj fvlvf uj gjtljtb jfrrftgvb1 lssb hbstrf uj trljb icl frrgvf f``f stfzgbjl l el``l plrsbjl icl siljebjb, hf jbj sfppgfhb plricç qul` trljb ã `à, icg sbjb `l plrsbjl icl vlegfhb, ebvl ig trbvgfhb. G` prghb ngbib icl pbtlvf vfjtfrl uj vlrb l prbprgb prltlstb

TGELBNGBIB L IGJLHF ― @L B[GNGJG EL@ [F__B[UB U[F IGJLHF-TGELBNGBIB

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jfrrftgvb du ‐Ebjaly Abjn 9‘ (Jgjtljeb/Ftfrg 6736), ` f stbrgf lrf

slhp`gigssghf= ujb sighhgbjl ngnfjtl rfpgsil _fb`gjl, `f dgefjzftf el` prbtfnbjgstf Hfrgb, l `f pbrtf gj ighf f uj nrfttfigl`b gj ibstruzgbjl. @gvl``b ebpb `gvl``b, Hfrgb tljtf eg sf`vfr`f rgsf`ljeb `l ghpfìfturl el` nrfttfigl`b le lvgtfjeb g kfrg`g `fjigftgn`g feebssb ef``b sighhgbjl. F``f dgjl el` ngbib Hfrgb rglsil f dfr ilelrl `‗ghpfìfturf l f dfr ifelrl `b sighhgbjl f tlstf gj ng÷, pbtljeb ibsà rgibjngujnlrsg ibj `‗fhftf. @‗fsplttb rgvbùzgbjfrgb el` ibjilpt lrf g` dfttb icl `‗fvfjzfrl el``f stbrgf vljgvf hbstrftf fttrfvlrsb siljlttl e‗gjtlrhlzzb. \jf iurgbsgtï icl rljel tlstghbjgfjzf el` pfrf``l`gshb trf vgelbngbib l igjlhf= ‐Ebjaly Abjn‘ ibstû f``f Jgjtljeb ujf ifusf plr p`fngb gjtljtftf ef``f \jgvlrsf` _giturl, icl fiiusfvf `f nrfjel ifsf ngfppbjlsl eg fvlr rukftb g` ibjilpt el` ngbib ef` `brb dg`h pg÷ rliljtl, bvvlrb g` dfhbsgssghb ‐Agjn Abjn‘ (Mbcj Nug``lrhgj, 67>4). _lr `f irbjfif, `f Jgjtljeb vgjsl fnlvb`hljtl `f ifusf.

Ibj ‐Ebjaly Abjn‘ `f jfrrfzgbjl l `l slquljzl igjlhftgicl ljtrfrbjb f pgljb egrgttb jl``f stbrgf el` vgelbnfhl, l qulstb du g` prghb dbjefhljtf`l pfssb vlrsb `‗beglrjf ibjvlrnljzf trf igjlhf l vgelbngbib. Ef qul` hbhljtb gj pbg, `b siljlnngftbrl egvljjl ujf 9 Ebjaly Abjn ã uj il`lkrl vgelbngbib frifel f pgfttfdbrhl, svgùppftb ef``f Jgjtljeb l usigtb jl``l sf`l ngbicg l ibhl Nfhl & ^ftic jl`6736. Vug ibhpfgbjb plr `f prghf vb`tf g plrsbjfnng Hf rgb l Ebjaly Abjn.

dgnurf prbdlssgbjf`l ghprlsigjegkg`l fjicl plr `f prbeuzgbjl eg uj vgelbnfhl, tfjtb icl splssb sg biiupfvf feegrgtturf el` nfhl elsgnj. G vgelbngbicg el` plrgbeb suiilssgvb cfjjb ibhgjigftb f ngbvfrsg eg vlrg l prbprg hbhljtg jfrrftgvg, jbj gjtlrfttgvg, gj iug splssb lrfjb prlsljtg fjicl elg sbttbtgtb`g icl gjegifvfjb g egf`bncg trf g plrsbjfnng b ibhhljtfvfjb `l ghhfngjg, qulstb puû dfr pljsfrl f` pfrfnbjl ibj g ifrtl``g el` igjlhf hutb.


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Jl` ibrsb eln`g fjjg Bttfjtf du `fjigftb su` hlriftb uj ngbib icl plrhgsl f` hbjeb elg vgelbnfhl eg suplrfrl uj f`trb stlp lvbùtgvb rgsplttb f ‐Ebjaly Abjn‘= ‐Dgjf` Dfjtfsy 5‘. _rbebttb ef Yqufrl Ib. jl` 673>, jbj sb`b fvlvf ujf trfhf elnjf eg uj rbhfjzb dfjtfsy, hf plr `f prghf vb`tf utg`gzzfvf fjicl sbùzgbjg stg`gstgicl egrlttfhljtl hutuftl ef` `gjnufnngb igjlhftbnrfdgib. F``‗gjgzgb el``f pfrtgtf g` vgelbngbiftbrl vgljl iftfpu`tftb jl` kl` hlzzb el``‗fzgbjl. G qufttrb nulrrglrg el``f ùil (ibhfjeftg ef` ngbiftbrl) sbjb ibjvbiftg ef` rl icl `g ghp`brf eg sf`vfrl `f prgjigplssf ef` ifttgvb icl `‗cf rgjicgusf (prljeljeb spujtb ef qulstf slquljzf, sg jbtg gjtfjtb ibhl g egf`bncg, sbttb dbrhf eg sbttbtgtb`g, sgfjb brhfg pfrtl gjtlnrfjtl el` vgelbnfhl). G` ngbiftbrl f qulstb pujtb sg lqugpfnngf eg frhg l frhfturl l sg rlif f` tlhpgb ebvl g` hf`vfngb Nfr`fje tgljl prgngbjglrf `f prgjigplssf. Vug, ebpb ujf kfttfn`gf ef``f quf`l lsibjb vgttbrgbsg, g Nulrrglrg el``f @uil rliuplrfjb `f prgjigplssf l `f rgpbrtfjb f` ifstl``b. G` rl `g fnngbrjf su` prbslnub el``f `brb hgssgbjl= elvbjb fttrfvlrsfrl uj pbjtl icl ln`g stlssb cf dfttb ibstrugrl l icl `g pbrtlrï gj uj f`trb ibjtgjljtl plr vgsgtfrl g qufttrb tlhp`g l`lhljtfrg spfrsg plr g` hbjeb. 5 Dgjf` Dfjtfsy ã ujf pbpb`frl slrgl eg vgelbngbicg eg rub`b f``f ngfppbjlsl prbebttf ef Yqufrl (egvljutf, gj slnugtb f``f dusgbjl ibj `f Ljgx jl``'fprg`l el` ;??9, Yqufrl Ljgx), ujf trf `l hfnngbrg ifsl eg prbeuzgbjl ngfppbjlsg eg vgelbngbicg.

Ã sb`b f qulstb pujtb, qufjeb g Nulrrglrg el``f @uil fttrfvlrsfjb g` pbjtl, icl vgljl hbstrftb g` tgtb`b el` vgelbnfhl l pfrtl g` tlhf husgif`l el` ngbib. N`g fjjg bttfjtf rfpprlsljtfjb plr g vgelbngbicg ujf jubvf l sgnjgdgiftgvf dbrhf iu`turf`l eg hfssf, l ibj `'gjgzgb el` slib`b g ngbicg cfjjb rfnngujtb g` igjlhf jl` hlriftb l jl``'ghpbrtfjzf iu`turf`l. Ygf jl``f vlrsgbjl ef ifsf icl gj qul``l ef sf`f ngbicg, g vgelbngbicg


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< Fhlrgif‗s Frhy ã ujb spfrftuttb gj prghf plrsbjf ef ngbifrl bj`gjl.Ã stftb svgùppftb su ibhhgssgbjl el` nbvlrjb fhlrgifjb ibhl pukk`gigtï plr `'lslrigtb fhlrgifjb l plr dfvbrgrl g` rliùtfhljtb jl` sueelttb lslrigtb. _rlsljtf siljfrg rlf`gstgig l sghu`f `'usb eg fìujl el``l frhg utg`gzzftl ef``'lslrigtb fhlrgifjb, b`trl icl eg f`trl frhg. 4 Du`` Yplitruh ^frrgbr ã uj ngbib rlf`gstgib f squferl, ã stftb svgùppftb ef``'Gjstgtutl dbr Irlftgvl Ulicj Ulicjb`bngls b`bngls gj ib``fkbrfzgbjl ibj _fjelhgi Ytuegbs.

rgsu`tfjb ibhp`lssg l ghplnjfjb g ngbiftbrg gj vfrgl hbef`gtï eg ibjtrb``b egrlttb gj tlhpb rlf`l eg ghhfngjg, subjg l hbvghljtg sbdgstgiftg. G` hlriftb vgelbùegib cf fiqugsgtb, jln`g u`tghg tlhpg, uj‗ghpbrtfjzf slhprl pg÷ l`lvftf f``‗gjtlrjb el` slttbrl el``‗gjtrfttljghljtb. Ef egvlrsg fjjg brhfg, g vgelbngbicg suplrfjb g` igjlhf gj qufjtb f dftturftb fjjub, l`lhljtb icl plrhlttl eg ifpgrl quf`g prbpbrzgbjg cf rfnngujtb qulstb dljbhljb. Hb`tl tlijb`bngl vljnbjb brhfg svgùppftl plr lsslrl fpp`giftl jl` ifhpb elg vgelbnfhl, fìujl feegrgtturf gj hbeb lsiùsgvb. Ybjb gjdfttg hb`tg g prbebttg icl sdruttfjb tlijb`bngl eg rgibjbsighljtb vbif`l l eg ghhfngjg, dgssl b gj hbvghljtb1 hbtbrg dgsgig hb`tb fvfjzftg, gj nrfeb eg rgprbeurrl gj hbeb vlrbsghg`l `l rlnb`l dgsgicl el``f rlf`tï1 hbtbrg nrfdgig dbtbrlf`gstgig, icl dfjjb sà icl `l egddlrljzl trf ghhfngjg rlf`g l nljlrftl f` ibhputlr sgfjb slhprl hljb. L qulstb jbj fvvgljl sb`b su sgstlhg dgssg, hf fjicl su egspbsgtgvg hbkg`g ibhl tl`ldbjg il`ù`frg l ibjsb`l pbrtftg`g, slhprl pg÷ pbtljtg l ibj ujf ifpfigtï ibhputfzgbjf`l hfnngbrl eg qul``f el``l hfiicgjl eg qufìcl fjjb prghf. G vgelbngbicg sbjb fjicl utg`gzzftg ef lslrigtg le bsplef`g plr feelstrfrl sbèftg, pg`btg l hlegig. G sghu`ftbrg eg vb`b plr g` trfgjgjn elg pg`btg sbjb s bjb egddusg brhfg ef pfrliicgb tlhpb, hf jln`g u`tghg fjjg n`g ljtg nbvlrjftgvg sg sbjb splssb rgvb`tg fn`g svgùppftbrg vgelbùegig plr dfr rlf`gzzfrl `brb prbebttg fjf`bncg (ibhl Fhlrgif‗s Frhy < l Du`` Yplitruh ^frrgbr4, ljtrfhkg usftg ef``‗lslrigtb fhlrgifjb), ibsf icl eghbstrf qufjtb `l tlijb`bngl usftl jl` slttbrl sgfjb lstrlhfhljtl fvfjzftl.


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Yl uj tlhpb g vgelbngbicg jbj vljgvfjb ibjsgelrftg ibhl dbrhl frtgstgicl, bnng ngbrjf`gstg l bpgjgbjgstg jbj lsgtfjb f pljsfr`b. G ngbicg jbj sbjb pg÷ ‐bnnlttg dgsgb`bngifhljtl jbigvg, fjtgsbigf`g le lstltgifhljtl gjsgnjgdgifjtg el` pfssftb (...) f` ibjtrfrgb pbssbjb stghb`frl `f irlsigtf ibnjgtgvf l gjtl``lttuf`l, lsslrl bplrl e'frtl >‘. Mfjl HiNbjgnf`, rgilriftrgil fhlrgifjf, prbpbjl `l `bngicl ibhujgiftgvl, ùegicl l sgstlhgicl elg vgelbngbicg ef ghpglnfrl su sif`f n`bkf`l plr ibhkfttlrl ifrlstgl, sbprusg l hf`fttgl. F sub egrl g ngbicg sf`vlrfjjb g` hbjeb. Igû icl stf fiifeljeb ã ujf hfturfzgbjl el` vgelbngbib icl sg frrgiicgsil el` pftrghbjgb lstltgib, stbrgib l jfrrftgvb eln`g f`trg hfss hlegf, uj lslhpgb ã @. F. Jbgr 3 (;?66) icl ã stftb ibjsgelrftb `'fpgil el``'lvbùzgbjl frtgstgif el` vgelbngbib.

> [. Kfrbjigfjg, egspljsl el` ibrsb Iu`turf el` prbnlttb ’ FF. FF. ;?6;/;?69 Fiifelhgf eg Kl``l Frtg eg \rkgjb. 3 @. F. Jbgr ã uj vgelbngbib svgùppftb ef` Ulfh Kbjeg gj ibjngujzgbjl ibj [biastfr Nfhls l pukk`giftb ef [biastfr Nfhls.

Dg`h l vgelbngbicg

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G vgelbngbicg sbjb stftg nljlrftg qufsg ibhp`ltfhljtl ef pbtljtg hgirbibhputlr l efg nrfjeg ifìb`ftbrg icl rglhpgvfjb g iljtrg eg rgilrif gjdbrhftgif eln`g fjjg slssfjtf. @'fsilsf el` vgelbngbib ã ifrfttlrgzzftf ef eul dfsg = - @f suf lvbùzgbjl ibhl hbef`gtï pukk`gif eg gjtrfttljghljtb fttrfvlrsb `l sf`l-ngbicg l `l hfiicgjlttl f nlttbjl1 - @f suf irlsigtf ibhl hbef`gtï prgvftf e'gjtrfttljghljtb trfhgtl sbdtwfrl plr `'ghpglnb ebhlstgib. G prbnrlssg ibhpgutg jl``'fhkgtb el``'ghhfngjl egngtf`l cfjjb f`ghljtftb `f irlsigtf elg vgelbngbicg dgj ef``f `brb ibhpfrsf su` hlriftb eln`g fjjg slttfjtf. F``'gjgzgb eln`g fjjg bttfjtf g vgelbngbicg sbjb brhfg egvljtftg ujf jubvf l sgnjgdgiftgvf dbrhf iu`turf`l eg hfssf, ibj `'gjgzgb el` slib`b cfjjb rfnngujtb `f dfhf el` igjlhf sgf su` hlriftb icl plr `'ghpbrtfjzf iu`turf`l.

G vgelbngbicg eg u`tghf nljlrfzgbjl, lstrlhfhljtl ibhp`lssg, ghplnjfjb g` ngbiftbrl gj tlhpb rlf`l, nrfzgl f ghhfngjl, subjb l hbvghljtb tlijgifhljtl sbdgstgiftb, `l ghhfngjg sbjb elttfn`gftl l rlf`gstgicl, `'fjghfzgbjl ã eg tgpb trgeghljsgbjf`l. Gj qulstf egrlzgbjl `b svgùppb elg vgelbngbicg ã gj pfrtl `lnftb f qul``b el``f rfddgnurfzgbjl egngtf`l ngï el`gjlftb f prbpbsgtb el``'fsilsf el` igjlhf egngtf`l. G vgelbngbicg jbj sbjb dg`h hf cfjjb lssljzgf`hljtl f icl dfrl ibj g` igjlhf, g` igjlhf ã `'frtl el``l ghhfngjg gj hbvghljtb, g vgelbngbicg

TGELBNGBIB L IGJLHF ― DG@H L TGELBNGBICG

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sbjb dfttg eg ghhfngjg gj hbvghljtb1 eujqul g vgelbngbicg sbjb igjlhf. Vulstf tlbrgf dujzgbjf sl sg pljsf jbj sb`b fg dg`h su pl``gib`f, hf fjicl fg dg`h jlg vfrg dbrhftg egngtf`g, vgelb l`lttrbjgig l gjdbrhftgig, `l trfshgssgbjg tl`lvgsgvl l qufùjqul f`trf dbrhf eg ghhfngjl gj hbvghljtb. Bsslrvfjeb g` egsp`fy eg uj vgelbngbib pbssgfhb vlelrl ghhfngjg gj hbvghljtb fjf`bncl f qul``l icl vleb su``b siclrhb qufjeb ã prbglttftb uj dg`h, igû ã slhprl pg÷ lvgeljtl nrfzgl f` hgn`gbrfhljtb el``f nrfdgif egngtf`l, ibhpgutb f pfrtgrl efn`g fjjg jbvfjtf. Nrfzgl f igû hb`tg vgelbngbicg fssbhgn`gfjb slhprl eg pg÷ f elg dg`h l hb`tg ùjnbhltrfnng fssbhgn`gfjb slhprl eg pg÷ f elg vgelbngbicg. G vgelbngbicg jbj sbjb sb`tfjtb vgelb= hljtrl g dg`h sbjb dfttg plr lsslrl vgstg, g vgelbngbicg sbjb dfttg plr lsslrl ngbiftg. @'gjtlrfttgvgtï ã igû icl jbj pbssglel g` dg`h, le ã lssljzgf`l jl` vgelbngbib, igû icl ibjtf vlrfhljtl v lrfhljtl ã icl `l ghhfngjg icl vlegfhb sbjb eltlrhgjftl ef``l fzgbjg el` ngbiftbrl, hljtrl `l ghhfngjg icl vlegfhb jlg dg`h sbjb gjegpljeljtg ef``l fzgbjg el``b splttftbrl. Jl` vgelbngbib ã rgicglstf ujf prlstfzgbjl bnnlttgvfhljtl prbeuttgvf, igû gjegif icl f` rlf`gzzftbrl eg vgelbngbicg ã rgicglstb eg stfkg`grl `l rlnb`l gj kfsl f``f quf`g `l ghhfngjg irlftl fjerfjjb svb`tl gj slnugtb f``l fzgbjg elg ngbiftbrg. Ybstljlrl icl g dg`h l g vgelbngbicg fppfrtljnfjb f``f stlssf iftlnbrgf jbj ã ibrrlttb, `'gjtlrfttgvgtï `g egddlrljzgf rfegif`hljtl, tuttfvgf sgf g` prbnlttgstf eg vgelbngbicg v gelbngbicg icl g` dg`h-hfalr irlfjb ghhfngjg gj hbvghljtb, sgf `b splttftbrl icl g` ngbiftbrl dfjjb lsplrgljzf eg ghhfngjg gj hbvghljtb1 g` vgelbngbib sfrlkkl uj dg`h pbtljzgftb, ifpfil eg lstljelrsg jl``f eghljsgbjl el``f pbssgkg`gtï.


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G` igjlhf dujzgbjf qufjeb elvl rfpprlsljtfrl ujf stbrgf ef ighf f dbjeb b gj bregjl spfrsb, hf sl sg hlttl f lsp`brfrl `l pbssgkg`gtï l `l f`tlrjftgvl ã ibhl sl `f jfrrfzgbjl sg k`biifssl. Vulstf lsp`brfzgbjl el``l pbssgkg`gtï ã gjvlil ibjnljgf`l f` vgelbngbib, g` rfhgdgifrsg eln`g lvljtg ã `lnftb f``f suf gjtlrfttgvgtï. Hljtrl bnjg prbglzgbjl eg uj dg`h rgsu`tlrlkkl geljtgif f``f prlileljtl, prlileljt l, bnjg jubvf pfrtgtf el` vgelbngbib rgsu`tf egvlrsf ef qul``f prlileljtl, qugjeg `'lsplrgljzf lstltgif el` vgelbngbib ã gjtghfhljtl ibjjlssf ibj `'gelf eg pùrf`gtï. G` Igjlhf ig bddrl uj'lsplrgljzf plrilttgvf dgttgzgf, ã uj hleguh rlf`l, hljtrl g` vgelbngbib ig plrhlttl eg dfrl igû icl jl``f vgtf vbrrlhhb pbtlr dfrl hf jbj ig ã ibjsljtgtb1 bvvlrb tbrjfrl sug jbstrg pfssg l ifhkgfrl strfef l qugjeg dfrl lsplrgljzf eg ibhl `l ibsl sfrlkklrb pbtutl fjefrl. Hljtrl g` dg`h-hfalr puû rfpprlsljtfrl lvljtg sgjnb`frg, g` nfhl elsgnjlr puû lsprghlrl g` prbprgb pljsglrb gj hbeb pg÷ frtgib`ftb egstrgkuljeb g prbprg pljsglrg jlg vfrg hbjeg f`tlrjftgvg f suf egspbsgzgbjl. Icg drugsil jl` igjlhf sg geljtgdgif jl` plrsbjfnngb, hf icg drugsil jl` vgelbngbib, suplrf `'geljtgdgifzgbjl plr trfsdbrhfrl `f plrilzgbjl gj prbprgbilzgbjl. G` drugtbrl jbj sg rgibjbsil gj uj plrsbjfnngb hf `b

6 ‐Fvftfr‘ ã uj dg`h eg dfjtfsigljzf el` ;??7 ib-hbjtftb, ib-prbebttb, sirgttb l egrlttb ef Mfhls Ifhlrbj.

ghplrsbjf gj tuttb l plr tuttb. \j dg`h ibhl ‐Fvftfr‘ 6 eg Mfhls Ifhlrbj, puû lsslrl prlsb ibhl ljebsicl`ltrb el` igjlhf ibjtlhpbrfjlb= Mfal Yu``y ljtrf gj uj f`trb ibrpb plr ljtrfrl gj sghkgbsg ib` pgfjltf _fjebrf l g` sub libsgstlhf. _rghf vgljl f`tlrftf `f plrilzgbjl el``'geljtgdgifzgbjl ibrpbrlf, pbg vgljl f`tlrftf `'geljtgdgifzgbjl spfzgf`l le gjdgjl `'geljtgdgifzgbjl ibj `f tlijgif.


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; ‐Ucl Fvljnlrs‘ ã uj dg`h el` ;?6;, prbebttb efg Hfrvl` Ytuegbs l egstrgkugtb ef``f ^f`t Egsjly _giturls, ibhpbstb efg Hfrvl` Ibhgis. 9 Fjerlf Dbjtfjf sg biiupf eg ibjsu`ljzf strftlngif, hfraltgjngstgtuzgbjf`l l egrlzgbjl e‗ghprlsf, ibj ujf pfrtgib`frl pfssgbjl plr òfttgvgtï eg rgilrif,gjslnjfhljtb l egvu`nfzgbjl jl` ifhpb el``f plbp`l nbvlrjfjil l el` Ibrpbrftl Ytbrytl``gjn. 5 _b`fr Lxprlss _b`fr Lxprlss ã uj dg`h el` ;??5 egrlttb ef [bklrt ]lhliags. < @f `lnnljef eg Klbwu`d ã uj dg`h el` ;??> egrlttb ef [bklrt ]lhliags, fefttfhljtb igjlhftbnrfdgib el` pblhf lpgib Klbwu`d. 4 F Icrgsthfs Ifrb` ã uj dg`h dfjtfstgib el` ;??7 egrlttb ef [bklrt ]lhliags, fefttfhljtb igjlhftbnrfdgib el` rfiibjtb Ifjtb eg Jftf`l eg Icfr`ls Egialjs. > _lrdbrhfjil ifpturl ã `f rlngstrfzgbjl el` hbvghljtb el` ibrpb uhfjb gj iug uj fttbrl gj ifrjl le bssf f dbrjgsil qulstg eftg f` ibhputlrr. 3 _baãhbj ã ujf slrgl eg vgelbngbicg ngfppbjlsl irlftf jl` 6774 ef Yftbscg Ufmgrg l pukk`giftf ef Jgjtljeb. G prbtfnbjgstg el``f slrgl sbjb el``l irlfturl ghhfngjfrgl icgfhftl "_baçhbj".

G` vgelbngbib l g` igjlhf cfjjb uj `lnfhl rgibjbsigutb hf fjicl elg `lnfhg ibjtrfstfjtg, pbssgfhb efrl `brb ujf dujzgbjl= qul``f el` igjlhf ã `f dujzgbjl eg gjdbrhfrl, elsirgvlrl dfrl rgd`lttlrl l jfrrfrl, hljtrl qul``f el` vgelbngbib ã `f dujzgbjl eg egvlrtgrl, svgùppfrl, ibhpgfilrl g sljsg l fttgvfrl ujf plrdbrhfjil el` ngbifjtl. @'ujgvlrsb elg vgelbnfhl l qul``b el``'fjghfzgbjl sg sbjb fvvgigjftg dgjb fe frrgvfrl fe ujf ibgjigeljzf ibhp`ltf1 fìujg dg`h ibhl ‐Ucl Fvljnlrs‘ ;, ibjtljnbjb gjtlrl siljl gj iug n`g lddlttg spligf`g fjghfjb g prbtfnbjgstg. ‐@f ibhputlr nrfpcgi fttuf uj gjtlnrfzgbjl gplrrlf`gstf drf rlf`tï l dgjzgbjl fjghftf l g eul pgfjg eg rlf`gzzfzgbjl tljebjb f sbvrfppbrsg‘, sirgvl Fjerlf Dbjtfjf 9. Igû icl fiibhujf g eul hlegf ã `'gjtljzgbjl eg irlfrl uj hbjeb jubvb l igû `g pbrtf f ibjvlrnlrl l dbjelrsg. _lricç jbj ibjsgelrfrl g` vgelbngbib ibhl fjghfzgbjl2 ‐_b`fr Lxprlss‘5, ‐@f `lnnljef eg Klbwu`d‘ < l ‐F Icrgsthfs Ifrb`‘ 4 sbjb uj hgx eg fjghfzgbjl l igjlhf ef` vlrb. Nrfzgl f``l tlijgicl eg plrdbrhfjil ifpturl >, vgelbngbicg icl egvljtfjb fjghfzgbjg l hfjnf ibhl _baãhbj 3 eghbstrfjb icl qulstg prbilssg sg stfjjb slhprl pg÷ dbjeljeb ibj `'fvfjzfrl el``l jubvl tlijb`bngl.

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49

6 Ucl Yghs ã uj vgelbngbib eg sghu`fzgbjl egstrgkugtb ef``f LF Nfhls l gelftb ef ^g`` ^rgnct. ; M. Cugzgjnf ã stftb ujb stbrgib b`fjelsl. Eurfjtl `'biiupfzgbjl tlelsif el``'B`fjef, ef` 675? gj pbg, Cugzgjnf sbstljjl g` vf`brl el``f `gklrtï sbprfttuttb plr `f rgilrif sigljtgdgif. 9 Hr. _fihfj ã g` slibjeb vgelbngbib el``f slrgl _fi-Hfj, pukk`giftb ef``f Hgewfy Nfhls jl` 6736.

F qufrfjt'fjjg ef``f suf prghf fppfrgzgbjl pukk`gif g` vgelbngbib sg ã ghpbstb ibhl ib`bjjf pbrtfjtl el``'gjeustrgf el``'gjtrfttljghljtb. @f rgvbùzgbjl tlijb`bngif eg hltï fjjg jbvfjtf jl cf pbg hbegdgiftb g` ibjsuhb, fkkfttljeb `l vliicgl hfiicgjlttl f hbjltgjf l `l sf`l-ngbib, sbppgfjtftl ef uj utg`gzzb ebhlstgib elg vgelbngbicg. Yg ã dbrhftb uj ljbrhl ngrb eg fddfrg gjtbrjb f``l ibjsb`l ebhlstgicl l gjlvgtfkg`g sbjb stftl `l rgplriussgbjg su``f strutturf jfrrftgvf elg ngbicg= egddgib`tï, prlhg, pljgtljzl plr rgsb`vlrl ujf sgtufzgbjl eg ibjd`gttb jbj slnubjb pg÷ `f `gjlfrgtï hf sg frtgib`fjb gj lsplrgljzl e'ghhlrsgbjl jln`g fhkgljtg ibstrugtg fe cbi efg prbnrfhhftbrg1 ibhl gj ‐Ucl Yghs‘ 6 el``f Hfxgs, gj fssbùtb g` ngbib pg÷ vljeutb eg tuttg g tlhpg, gj iug sg nlstgsil `f vgtf qubtgegfjf eg ujf dfhgn`gf gj uj sbkkbrnb stftujgtljsl fttrfvlrsb bplrfzgbjg eg tuttg g ngbrjg ibhl ibhprfrl `'frrlefhljtb, fhp`gfrl `'legdgigb, hfjngfrl, rgdfrl g` `lttb, pu`grl g` pfvghljtb. Yg puû irlfrl ibsà ujf dfhgn`gf dl`gil dl`gil b ig sg puû egvlrtgrl f hfjefr`f gj rbvgjf. N`g lsplrtg `fjigfjb f``frhg sun`g lddlttg jlnftgvg icl `f hfjiftf slpfrfzgbjl trf rlf`tï l dgjzgbjl puû gjeurrl su` ibhpbrtfhljtb uhfjb, spligf`hljtl eln`g feb`lsiljtg, hf jbj sg puû jlnfrl fg vgelbngbicg ujf eghljsgbjl eg hfssf l ujf spligdgigtï iu`turf`l icl ef` hbjeb elg tllj-fnlr gjvlstl uj pbpb`b eg ltï hlegf pg÷ fvfjzftf, brhfg `f strfnrfjel hfnngbrfjzf elg ibjsuhlr. Ã `'fsplttb eg lvfsgbjl f dfrl ef rgicgfhb= jgljt'f`trb icl `'lvbùzgbjl el``'cbhb ùeljs eg Cugzgjnf ; icl gjtlrfngsil, ibjtrfttf, sg ibjdrbjtf, egvljtf iu`turf hlegfjtl g` ngbib, gj cbhb egngtf`gs el` jubvb hg``ljjgb, ibj tfjtb eg hgtg vgrtuf`g f slnjfrjl `'ghhfngjfrgb (Hr. _fihfj 9,

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5 Yuplr Hfrgb ã uj gerfu`gib ghhfngjfrgb, prbtfnbjgstf el``'bhbjghf slrgl eg vgelbngbicg. < @frf Irbdt ã uj plrsbjfnngb ghhfngjfrgb, prbtfnbjgstf el``f slrgl eg vgelbngbicg Ubhk Ubhk [fgelr, ef iug sbjb stftg trfttg dg`h l duhlttg. 4 G. Ebhfjgj dg`bsbdb, ngbrjf`gstf >/3 [. Kfrbjigfjg, egspljsl el` ibrsb Iu`turf el` prbnlttb ’ FF. FF. ;?6;/;?69 Fiifelhgf eg Kl``l Frtg eg \rkgjb.

`'bhgjb-bplrfgb Yuplr Hfrgb 5, @frf Irbdt < ). ‐G` ngbib jbj ã ujf zbjf rgirlftgvf, kljsà uj ùbnb prbeuttgvb eg rl`fzgbjg l sibjtrg= uj pfrfegnhf el` hbeb eg prbeuzgbjl el` ifpgtf`gshb ibnjgtgvb‘, sirgvl Gngjb Ebhfjgj 4 su Vugjtbstftb.gt . Jbj sb`b pgxl` qugjeg, hf hbef`gtï eg fzgbjl jl``'fhkgtb el``'ljtlrtfgjhljt. Ibhl fiiljjftb jlg ifpgtb`g prlileljtg, g` vgelbngbib ig plrhlttl eg dfrl igû icl jl``f vgtf ‐vlrf‘ jbj ig ã plrhlssb, pbssgfhb dfrl lsplrgljzf egrlttf eg ibhl `l ibsl vfjjb b pbtrlkklrb fjefrl. ‐Yl `f rlf`tï vgrtuf`l ig plrhlttl eg lsplrgrl sgtufzgbjg rlf`g hf jbj prlsljtg pbgicç rgibstrugtl egngtf`hljtl ef uj ibhputlr, `'lsplrgljzf el` vgelbngbib ig trfspbrtf su uj f`trb pgfjb eg rlf`tï1 uj hbjeb ebvl `l ibsl (rg)fiifebjb ibjtgjufhljtl l ebvl pfssftb l duturb jbj lsgstbjb pg÷ pbgicç bnjg dfttb slhkrf iblsgstlrl l fiifelrl gj uj ltlrjb prlsljtl‘ >. @' fsplttb el``'gjtlrfttgvgtï el` vgelbngbib sg `lnf ibj `f pbssgkg`gtï el``f ibjtgjuf l gjdgjgtf rgpltgzgbjl el``f siljf, fiibstfjebsg f` dljbhljb el``f rgebjefjzf el``l ghhfngjg l el``'gjdbrhfzgbjl. ‐@f strutturf elg vgelbngbicg sg ibjdgnurlrlkkl ibhl ujf sbrtf eg hfppf el` rlf`l l f``b stlssb tlhpb el``'grrlf`l. \j hbjeb gj iug g`ùsbrgfhljtl lsgstl slhprl uj'f`trf pbssgkg`gtï eg suplrfrl g` `gvl``b ef pbib rfnngujtb, hf jbj fjibrf b`trlpfssftb. (…) Yl efvvlrb g` ngbib ig rlstgtugsil g` sljsb elg `lnfhg spgrgtuf`g l iu`turf`g eg ujf sbigltï, jl``'gjirlegkg`l egddusgbjl el` vgelbngbib ã pbssgkg`l gjtrfvlelrl qul` sljsb eg ltlrjb prlsljtl icl stf ibjnl`fjeb `l jbstrl lsgstljzl f``'gjtlrjb eg ujf ibjtlhpbrfjlgtï icl jbj pljsf pg÷ g` duturb l slhkrf fvlr eghljtgiftb g` pfssftb‘ 3.

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Ibhl jl` Hlegblvb `'uhfjgtï ã pfssftf ef``f trfegzgbjl brf`l f` `gkrb, bnng rgtrbvgfhb jbg stlssg gj uj ifhkgfhljtb lpbif`l= stgfhb fttrfvlrsfjeb g` pfssfnngb icl ig ibjeuil vlrsb `f egngtf`gzzfzgbjl el``'gjtlrf sbigltï l, ibhl tuttg g ifhkgfhljtg eg nrfjel pbrtftf, fjicl qulstb, gjgzgf`hljtl, stf eltlrhgjfjeb egddgib`tï l gjilrtlzzl. Yu``f pbsgtgvgtï b jlnftgvgtï eg qulstf lvbùzgbjl pbtrlhb egsiutlrl f``'gjdgjgtb, hf g` hbjeb jbj ig fsib`tf, vf fvfjtg. Fjicl sl hb`tf nljtl egselnjf `l jubvl tlijb`bngl, sg rgdgutf eg utg`gzzfr`f l feegrgtturf `f jlnf fg prbprg dgn`g, qulstf dfrï g` sub ibrsb gj bnjg ifsb. Gjdfttg, icl ig pgfiigf b jb, sgfhb slhprl pg÷ igribjeftg ef bnnlttg tlijb`bngig gj bnjg ifhpb el` qubtgegfjb l g` duturb slhkrf rgslrvfrig ujf vgtf gj iug jbj sg pbtrï dfrl f hljb eg utg`gzzfrl igû icl `f tlijb`bngf irlf. _lrtfjtb, gjvlil eg tljtfrl eg ‐l`ghgjfrl b vgltfrl‘ jubvg hltbeg, jubvl dbrhl eg ibhujgifrl b jubvl tlijb`bngl, sfrlkkl s frlkkl bppbrtujb gjgzgfrl f ibjvgvlrig l ilrifrl eg ifpgrl ibhl rljelr`l utg`g l hgn`gbrg plr `l jbstrl vgtl, plr `f siub`f, plr g` tlhpb `gklrb, plr g` `fvbrb. @f siub`f, spligf`hljtl qul``f gtf`gfjf, jlilssgtf eg ujf sibssf, ã bvvgb icl plr ‐g jftgvg‘ g vliicg hltbeg sbjb bksb`ltg. @'u`tghf vlrf rgvbùzgbjl jl` ifhpb el``'gstruzgbjl sg elvl f Hfrgf Hbjtlssbrg icl ibhgjigû f svgùppfrl `f suf dg`bsbdgf le g` sub hltbeb jl` 637>. Jl` 67?> gjfunurû `f suf prghf i`fssl. Fjibrf bnng ;?.??? siub`l eg tuttb g` hbjeb utg`gzzfjb qulstb hltbeb g` iug fpprbiigb leuiftgvb sg kfsf su``'gjegpljeljzf l su` rgsplttb plr g` jfturf`l svgùppb hljtf`l el` kfhkgjb. Vulstg sbjb g prlsuppbstg eg uj gjslnjfhljtb icl cf plribrsb uj ùjnb ifhhgjb jl``f stbrgf rliljtl l icl brf, jl` ;?65, cf kgsbnjb eg rgjjbvfrsg.

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Yu``f kfsl elg ifpgsfèg el` hltbeb Hbjtlssbrg, `f plrsbjf fjerlkkl leuiftf sgj ef kfhkgjb f irlsilrl ibj ujf hljtl ifpfil eg utg`gzzfrl `l tlijb`bngl icl g` hbjeb gj iug irlsil n`g bddrl. Gjegpljeljzf l rgsplttb plr g` jfturf`l svgùppb s vgùppb hljtf`l elvbjb lsslrl fjibrf g prlsuppbstg el``'gstruzgbjl, `f quf`l elvl irlsilrl `l jubvl nljlrfzgbjg gjdbjeljebn`g ibjsfplvb`lzzf ibjsfplvb`lzzf el``l fzgbjg l ifpfigtï eg sil`tf plr pbtlrsg hubvlrl fkg`hljtl jl` hbjeb eg bnng. Egvlrsg rgilriftbrg, sigljzgftg l stuegbsg cfjjb eghbstrftb icl g` jbstrb ilrvl``b ã lstrlhfhljtl p`fstgib, l icl ifhkgf f slibjef eg igû icl ig stghb`f l ig igribjef, qugjeg `b svgùppb hljtf`l el` ilrvl``b elg kfhkgjg ã ifhkgftb, jbj ã pg÷ lddgifil utg`gzzfrl sb`b vliicg hltbeg e'gjslnjfhljtb, hf ã jlilssfrgb gjtrbeurrl g` ‐jubvb‘ icl elvl lsslrl `lnftb f` hltbeb trfegzgbjf`l plr stghb`frl jubvfhljtl `f hljtl elg kfhkgjg. @'gjtrbeuzgbjl el``l @gh, elg tfk`lt l ibhl gj fìujl siub`l elg vgelbngbicg f sibpb egefttgib, sbjb qul``f sibssf gj pg÷ icl puû rgfttgvfrl `'gjtlrlssl el``'fùjjb. G` hbjeb elg vgelbngbicg jbj ã ibsà slhp`gil s lhp`gil l suplrdgigf`l ibhl pbtrlkkl slhkrfrl, jbj sbjb sb`b hlzzg eg ibhujgifzgbjl b egvlrtghljtb, hf pbssbjb svb`nlrl uj rub`b ghpbrtfjtl jl``f egefttgif prbprgb plr `f `brb ifrfttlrgstgif eg stghb`frl g` rfngbjfhljtb l `f sgiurlzzf jl` prljelrl `l eligsgbjg. Yfrlkkl ujb sprlib rgjujigfrl f tf`l struhljtb, ibsà fefttb f``b svgùppb ibnjgtgvb elg rfnfzzg l elg ngbvfjg, `bngifhljtl sl`lzgbjfjeb g vgelbngbicg gjlrljtg f``'fpprljeghljtb. @f rgusigtf el` ngbib, gjb`trl, gjdùgsil s u``f plrilzgbjl el``f prbprgf ibhpltljzf, jl` ibjdrbjtb ibj sl s tlssg, ibj `l prlstfzgbjg

43

prlileljtg, n`g bkglttgvg prldgssftg, hf fjicl jl``f sdgef ibj n`g f`trg l ibj g` ibhputlr stlssb. G vgelbngbicg svb`nbjb uj rub`b ghpbrtfjtl jl``f irlsigtf l jl``b svgùppb el``f plrsbjf qugjeg sfrlkkl kljl, ibhl ã ngï suiilssb gj f`trg pflsg, icl n`g gjslnjfjtg fssuhlsslrb uj rub`b eg hlegfzgbjl plr vf`brgzzfrl g vgelbngbicg gj icgfvl plefnbngib-egefttgif l rgjdbrzfrl, prbprgb fttrfvlrsb lssg, g` egf`bnb gjtlrnljlrfzgbjf`l l hgn`gbrfrl g pgfjg eg stueg eln`g stueljtg. Ibjsgelrfjeb icl `f rgilrif l `f tlijb`bngf sg hubvbjb ibj pfssb vl`bil l slhprl pg÷ sgiurb, ã gjutg`l l ibjtrbprbeuiljtl ilrifrl eg bstfib`fr`l le lvgtfr`l, pguttbstb ã ngujtb g` hbhljtb icl `l jubvl nljlrfzgbjg, duturf sbigltï eg ebhfjg, sgfjb leuiftl fe uj ibrrlttb utg`gzzb prftgib le lhbtgvb elg jlw hlegf.

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Bitbpus ã uj‗fpp`gifzgbjl plr irlfrl hfppl ibjilttuf`g gjtlrfttgvl, l sbprfttuttb plrsbjf`gzzfkg`g. Yg pfr`f eg uj‗fpp`gifzgbjl plr dfrl hfppl ibjilttuf`g f``f pbrtftf eg tuttg, slhp`gil ef usfrl, gj nrfeb eg irlfrl, vgsuf`gzzfrl, hbegdgifrl l stfhpfrl quf`sgfsg tgpb eg hfppf ibjilttuf`l/hljtf`l. Yuppbrtf tuttg g prgjigpf`g dbrhftg eg ghhfngjg le ã hb`tb dfig`l ef usfrl fjicl plr n`g utljtg hljb lsplrtg, nrfzgl f``f vfstf nfhhf eg struhljtg egspbjgkg`g. F egddlrljzf el``l f`trl fpp`gifzgbjg plr irlfrl hfppl ibjilttuf`g, icl cfjjb ujf nrfdgif fjibrf `lnftf f` ibhputlr, Bitbpus sg fefttf fg nlstg l f``‗lstltgif el` tfk`lt. Yg pbssbjb siln`glrl g dbrhftg gj iug `fvbrfrl l jbj utg`gzzfrl sb`b `b svgùppb brgzzbjtf`l, sg pbssbjb siln`glrl vfrgl dbrhl eg kf`bbj l gjslrgrl ghhfngjg eg sdbjeb ef utg`gzzfrl ibhl kfsl plr `f prbprgf hfppf. @‗fpp`gifzgbjl @ ‗fpp`gifzgbjl `fvbrf su pgfttfdbrhf Fjerbge l sfrï s frï sifrgifkg`l ef` nbbn`l stbrl l ef` sgtb Bitbpus.

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Fjf`gzzfjeb `f strutturf el``l hfppl ibjilttuf`g, plr g` `bnb el``‗fpp`gifzgbjl ã stftb utg`gzzftb uj pb`pb. Ibhl ujf hfppf ibjlttuf`l pfrtl ef uj pujtb gj iug rgsglel g` ilrvl``b, g` sub duìrb, dgjb fe lspfjelrsg ibj g subg ùjncg tljtfib`g. Ebpb fvlr dfttb vfrgl prbvl, ã stftb sil`tb eg utg`gzzfrl g` ib`brl kù plricã sghkb`lnngf dgeuigf, sfnnlzzf, gjtl``gnljzf, l dlel`tï. \jb stuegb lslnugtb ef rgilriftbrg ifjfelsg el``‗\jgvlrsgty bd Krgtgsc Ibùhkgf (Ifjfef) l pukk`giftb su ‐Yigljil‘ rg`lvf icl sl `l pfrltg el``‗uddgigb sbjb egpgjtl eg kù sg ã pg÷ irlftgvg l sbjb plrdlttl plr elsgnj irlftgvg, pukk`gigtfrg le gjvljtbrg1 Yplssb fssbigftb f trfjqug``gtï l rl`fx, gjeuil f``f if`hf l jl` wlk `b sg puû trbvfrl hb`tb splssb gj sgtg ebvl ã jlilssfrgb bttljlrl `f dgeuigf eln`g utljtg, l hlttlr`g gj ujf sgtufzgbjl eg kljlsslrl l slrljgtï. G` kù ã fjicl fefttb fe gjslnjfjtg, vljegtbrg, fn`g frtgstg b f icg svb`nl uj `fvbrb eg nruppb. _lr g` `bnb sbjb stftl lddlttuftl fjicl el``l prbvl eg ib`brl, su sdbjeg ib`brftg l ibj elg kbreg.

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@f sil`tf el` ifrfttlrl ã hb`tb ghpbrtfjl plricã cf `f dujzgbjl eg trfshlttlrl uj hlssfnngb l gjb`trl cf ujf dbrzf eg ghhfngjl futbjbhf l gjegpljeljtl. _lr g` jbhl el``‗fpp`gifzgbjl ã stftb sil`tb eg utg`gzzfrl `f dbjt ‐Dfujf bjl‘, uj ifrfttlrl hbelrjb ibj nrfzgl ‐hb``g‘ icl rgibref g tljtfib`g el` pb`pb. @f suf strutturf ã hbrkgef l `lnnlrhljtl ibjeljsftf. Yg `lnnl icgfrfhljtl le ã fefttb plr g tgtb`g.

FKIEL DNCGMA@HJB_V[ FKIELDNCGMA@ HJB_V[YU\T^S YU\T^SW] W] fkieldncgma`hjbpqrstuvwxyz 6;95<4>37? , . 1 = 2 ! / ‘ 8 &

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36

_lr g` `f jfvgnfzgbjl su` tfk`lt ã stftb utg`gzzftb g` Kljtbj Yfjs, ifrfttlrl egngtf`l irlftf ef Ubkgfs Drlrl-Mbjls jl` 677<, l fhp`gftf ef Iyrus Cgncshgtc C gncshgtc eg Dbjt Kurlfu. Lrf ujf vlrsgbjl rgl`fkbrftf el` Kljtbj nbtgib svgùppftb plr egvlrsg i`gljtg fzgljef`g, sbttb `f nugef eg Drlrl-Mbjls. Jl``b svgùppb el` ifrfttlrl, DrlrlMbjls cf stuegftb egslnjg eg Hbrrgs Du``lr Kljtbj.

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39

Gj qulstf fpp`gifzgbjl sg pbssbjb utg`gzzfrl egvlrsg nlstg= 6l ;) ]BBH Vufjeb ig trbvgfhb jl``‗gjtlrdfiigf gj iug ã pbssgkg`l irlfrl `f prbprgf hfppf sg pbssbjb usfrl g nlstg plr rghpgiigb`grl l gjnrfjegrl `l pfrtg elsgelrftl. 9) UF_ Vulstb nlstb slrvl qufjeb sg elvl sl`lzgbjfrl uj kf`bbj, ujf ghpbstfzgbjl b uj tfstb.

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76

Jl``f prghf siclrhftf trbvgfhb g` `bnb el``‗fpp`gifzgbjl ibj `f kfrrf eg ifrgifhljtb. @b sdbjeb ã g` hfrl ibj el``l bjel. Dgjgtb g` ifrgifhljtb trbvgfhb g` hlj÷ plr ljtrfrl jl``‗fpp l plr rlngstrfrsg.

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Jl``f siclrhftf el` `bn gj sg pgû ljtrfrl b rlngstrfrsg. Yl sg i`giif su ‐ljtrf‘ gjslrljeb uslr l pfsswbre sg pbtrï fiilelrl f``‗fpp rgtrbvfjeb `l jbstrl hfppl sf`vftl. Yl sg siln`gl ‐rlngstrftg‘ sg elvl sirgvlrl `f prbprgf hfg` uslr l pfsswbre plr gjgzgfrl fe utg`gzzfrl `‗fpp. Igû icl sg sl`lzgbjf sg lvgeljzgf eg frfjigbjl. Vufjeb lsil g` hlj÷ plr g` `bn gj `b sdbjepb sg siurgsil l pfssf gj slibjeb pgfjb.

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Gj qulstf siclrhftf ã pbssgkg`l slttfrl n`g l`lhljtg icl fjerfjjb f ibstgtugrl `f hfppf ibjilttuf`l. Gj f`tb f sgjgstrf sg trbvf g` hlj÷ ‐@l hgl hfppl‘, ebvl l`ljiftl sbttb sg trbvfjb `l hfppl sf`vftl gj prlileljzf hljtrl vgigjb f` hlj÷ i‗ã uj tfstb ib` sghkb`b pg÷, plr irlfrl ujf jubvf hfppf. Yl sg siln`gl eg irlfrl ujf hfppf jubvf, sg g`ùhgjf g` hlj÷ su``f elstrf gj iug ã pbssgkg`l siln`glrl g` dbrhftb, F5, F9, F< l g``ghgtftb, g kf`bbj, quferftb, `gjll, ilricgb l rlttfjnb`b ibj fjnb`g stbjeftg, l `b sdbjeb plr `f siclrhftf el``f hfppf ibjilttuf`l, ef ifrgifrl plrsbjf`hljtl b siln`gljeb trf vfrg ib`brg. Igû icl sg sl`lzgbjf vlrrï g`ùhgjftb eg frfjigbjl. Vufjeb sg fprl ujb elg hlj÷ `f siclrhftf sbttb vf gj slibjeb pgfjb ib`brfjebsg eg nrgngb. \jf vb`tf eligsg tuttg g pfrfhltrg, sg elvl i`giifrl su ‐vfg‘ sbttb g` sghkb`b el` pb`pb su``f sgjgstrf.

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Ebpb fvlr slttftb g pfrfhltrg prgjigpf`g, sg fprl `f siclrhftf plr irlfrl `f hfppf ibjilttuf`l. F elstrf ã stftf gjslrgtf `f kfrrf el``l fzgbjg prgjigpf`g sueegvgsf gj trl pfrtg= Jl``f prghf pfrtl ig sbjb g ibhfjeg Hbegdgif tlstb Ib`brl Ibpgf /gjib``f /tfn`gf Jl``f slibjef pfrtl ig sbjb n`g l`lhljtg icl sg pbssbjb gjslrgrl jl``f hfppf= Jbtl @gja Tgelb/ fuegb/dbtb Dg`l Ilstgjb @f tlrzf pfrtl ã qul``f el``f ibjegvgsgbjl Ibjegvgeg su Dfilkbba/Uwgttlr/Bitbpus Yplegsig hfppf su``f hfg` Yf`vf I`giifjeb sug tfstg sg fprbjb g vfrg hlj÷. Jl``f kfrrf el` tgtb`b vgljl gjslrgtb g` jbhl el``f hfppf, sg trbvfjb g tfstg fvfjtg l gjegltrb, g` hlj÷ gjdbrhfzgbjg l `l ghpbstfzgbjg, ebvl sg puû rlnb`frl g` subjb eln`g lddlttg sbjrg, `f ùhgjbsgtï l sg puû tbrjfrl f` hlj÷ prlileljtl eg slttfnngb.

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73

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6?3

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Tbrrlg rgjnrfzgfrl g hglg nljgtbrg, sl sbjb frrgvftf dgj quà ã hlrgtb `brb, elg `brb gjibrfnngfhljtg, elg `brb sfirgdgig. [gjnrfzgb `l hgl sbrl``l plricã jbj pbtrlg elsgelrfrl sbrl``l hgn`gbrg, hg sgltl stftl hb`tb vgigjb l hg fvltl fgutftb. Ljrgib, sbjb plsfjtl qufjeb hg ig hlttb `b sû...qugjeg nrfzgl plr fvlrhg sbppbrtftb eg jubvb jl` plrgbeb el``f tlsg! Nrfzgl f` hgb rl`ftbrl [bssfjb Kfrbjigfjg, plr fvlrhg sbstljutb, ã stftb g` prbdlssbrl hgn`gbrl icl cb fvutb jl``f hgf vgtf, sf dfrl g` sub hlstglrl l sbprfttuttb ã dl`gil eg dfrl g` sub hlstglrl. Nrfzgl f L`lbjbrf, ibhpfnjf eg tlsg, l Ngbrngf icl cfjjb fddrbjtftb qulstb plribrsb ibj hl, `l ngbrjftl pfssftl gjsglhl, `l tl`ldbjftl l `l icft jbtturjl sbjb stftl ujb spfssb, jbj sb icg el``l trl dbssl pg÷ fjsgbsf le lsfurgtf... ã stftb kl``b g` plribrsb icl cb gjtrfprlsb ibj vbg, splrb eg hfjtljlrl qulstb rfppbrtb fjicl jl` duturb. Nrfzgl f Hfrtgjf plr fvlrhg fgutftb, sljzf eg `lg jbj fvrlg hfg ibjslnjftb `f tlsg gj tlhpb, jbjbstfjtl ig ibjbsigfhb hln`gb ef pbib slg ujf plrsbjf hb`tb ghpbrtfjtl plr hl. Nrfzgl f``l hgl fhgicl L`gsf, Tlrbjgif, @furf, l I`fuegf plr ilrifrhg slhprl jbjbstfjtl `l kuicl icl cb eftb jln`g u`tghg hlsg. Gjdgjl nrfzgl f tuttg pfrljtg le fhgig icl hg sbjb stftg s tftg vgigjb gj qulstb plrgbeb, splrb eg jbj elùelrvg.

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