Contenido Dedicatoria/Sobre el Autor Agradecimientos Prefacio Introducción Capitulo Uno—Cristianismo Bajo Ataque E!"#e $na %$erra en &a "o'!e(a()Cr!"#!an!"mo 'on#ra *$man!"mo. M$+ po'o" rea&!,an -$e &a e"en'!a (e& 'on&!'#o "e en'$en#ra !rmemen#e en e& n!/e& (e or%an!,a'!0n)Crea'!0n 'on#ra e/o&$'!0n)por-$e e" ene!'!o"o para #r!$nar en &a %$erra (e !(en#!!'ar e& 'ampo2 e"#e 'ap!#$&o e"#a&e'e &a /er(a(era na#$ra&e,a (e& ren#e (e &a a#a&&a. Capitulo Dos—!olución es "eligión La pren"a + e& "!"#ema p$&!'o (e e($'a'!0n no" (!'en -$e &a 3'rea'!0n4 no p$e(e "er en"e5a(a en &a" e"'$e&a" por-$e e" re&!%!0n2 m!en#ra" -$e &a 3e/o&$'!0n4 e" '!en'!a. E" 6'!& e& #ener $na 'ompren"!0n (e &a (o'#r!na (e &a '!en'!a + r6p!(amen#e &&e%ar a &a 'on'&$"!0n -$e &a e/o&$'!0n e" rea&men#e $na re&!%!0n. Capitulo #res—Creación es "eligión La 'rea'!0n + e/o&$'!0n "on !%$a&men#e '!en#!'a" + re&!%!o"a". La 'on#ro/er"!a no e" re&!%!0n 'on#ra '!en'!a "!no &a '!en'!a (e $na re&!%!0n 'on#ra &a '!en'!a (e o#ra re&!%!0n.
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Capitulo Cuatro—"a$% del Problema La ra,0n por &a '$a& &a %en#e no -$!ere a'ep#ar &a 'rea'!0n e" por-$e "!%n!!'a -$e *a+ $n Crea(or -$e !mpone &a" re%&a". Por 'on"!%$!en#e2 n!n%$na per"ona p$e(e e"'r!!r "$" prop!a" re%&a". Capitulo Cinco—&undamentos que se Desmoronan E&!m!na a ne"!" + &a e"#r$'#$ra (e& Cr!"#!an!"mo empe,ara a (err$mar"e. La !&o"oa or!en#a(a por &a op!n!0n a"a(a en &a e/o&$'!0n; e"#a (e"#r$+en(o &a "o'!e(a(. Capitulo Seis—'(nesis es Importante M$'*o" Cr!"#!ano" ra'a"an en rea&!,ar -$e &o" e/en#o" (e ne"!" "on &!#era&e"2 "on *!"#0r!'o" en par#!'$&ar ne"!" 1<11;2 + -$e "on $n(amen#a& a #o(a &a (o'#r!na Cr!"#!ana. To(a" &a" (o'#r!na" =&!'a" (e #eo&o%a2 (!re'#a" o !n(!re'#a"2 !na&men#e #!enen "$ a"e en e& &!ro (e ne"!". A" -$e $n en#en(!m!en#o 're&e (e& &!ro (e ne"!" e" $n re-$!"!#o para $n en#en(!m!en#o (e >!o" + ?$ "!%n!!'a(o a& *omre. ?! ne"!" e" #an "o&o $n m!#o o a&e%ora2 en#on'e" &a" (o'#r!na" Cr!"#!ana" no #!enen $n(a'!0n. M$'*o" Cr!"#! ano" &e *an a%re%a(o &a e/o&$'!0n a &a =!&!a2 re"$&#an(o en $na po"!'!0n -$e a'ep#a a >!o" 'omo Crea(or pero -$e &o &!m!#a a& pro'e"o (e &a e/o&$'!0n. E"#a po"!'!0n e" (e"#r$'#!/a para &a Cr!"#!an(a( por m$'*a" ra,one". Capitulo Siete—)uerte* Una )aldición + una Bendición E!"#e $na ra,0n 6'!& (e 'ompren(er por-$e &a m$er#e + e& "$r!m!en#o e!"#en en $n m$n(o 'rea(o por $n >!o" (e amor. La e/o&$'!0n m$er#e + &$'*a "ore m!&&one" (e a5o"; (e"#r$+e e& $n(amen#o (e& men"a@e (e &a 'r$,.
Capitulo ,c-o—)aldades de la !olución La a'ep#a'!0n -$e 're'e 'on#!n$amen#e (e &a e/o&$'!0n a#e"#!'a *a re"$&#a(o en e& *e'*o (e -$e m$'*o" *an re'*a,a(o a >!o" 'omo Crea(or. A& pa"ar &o" a5o"2 m$'*o" *an $"a(o &a e/o&$'!0n para @$"#!!'ar e& aor#o2 Com$n!"mo2 Na,!"mo2 a$"o (e (ro%a"2 pra'#!'a" *omo"e$a&e"2 + 'o"a" peor. E& a$men#o en &a pop$&ar!(a( (e &a e/o&$'!0n *a !(o mano!o" 'omo Crea(or.
Capitulo .ue!e—!angelismo en un )undo Pagano E/an%e&!"mo (e Crea'!0n p$e(a "er $n #erm!no n$e/o para m$'*o"2 pero e" $n m#o(o =&!'o. Pa$&o &o $"o 'on %ran !#o. E/an%e&!"mo (e Crea'!0n e" $na *erram!en#a -$e &a !%&e"!a ne'e"!#a $"ar para re"#a$rar &o" $n(amen#o" 'orre'#o" para pre"en#ar e& men"a@e 'omp&e#o (e& E/an%e&!o. La e/o&$'!0n e" $na (e &a" arrera" ma" %ran(e" para -$e &a %en#e (e *o+ en (a "ean re'ep#!/o" a& E/an%e&!o (e e"$'r!"#o. E/an%e&!"mo (e Crea'!0n e" $n m#o(o po(ero"o -$e e&!m!na e"#a" arrera" + are &o" 'ora,one" (e &a %en#e + "$" men#e" a& E/an%e&!o. Capitulo Die%—Despierten Pastores
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Una "$p&! 'a a &o" pa"#o re" + o#ro" &!(ere" re&!%!o"o" para -$e /ean &a !mpor#an'!a (e& #ema (e 'rea'!0nBe/o&$'!0n. No e" $n #ema (e p$n#o (e /!"#a. M$'*o" &!(ere" re&!%!o"o" no rea&!,an &a /er(a(era na#$ra&e,a (e &a 'on#ro/er"!a "ore &a 'rea'!0nBe/o&$'!0n por-$e *an "!(o en%a5a(o" en pen"ar -$e &o -$e *an "!(o &&e/a(o" a 'reer e" '!en'!a /er(a(era. La !%&e"!a e"#a "$r!en(o %ran(emen#e por-$e m$'*o" *an 'omprome#!(o 'on &a e/o&$'!0n.
Capitulo ,nce—Creación* Inundación* + &uego 0enidera Un men"a@e + a(/er#en'!a (e II Pe(ro a'er'a (e& re'*a,o en &o" D&#!mo" (a" (e &a 'reen'!a en >!o" 'omo Crea(or. E"#o (eera "er $na /er(a(era a(/er#en'!a a #o(a &a !mpor#an'!a (e& or!%en. La proe'a en II Pe(ro a'er'a (e &o" D&#!mo" (a" "e e"#a '$mp&!en(o an#e n$e"#ro" prop!o" o@o". Ap(ndices E& ma#er!a& en &o" apn(!'e" e" (e"#!na(o a pro/eer re"p$e"#a" (e#a&&a(a" "ore &a" pre%$n#a" -$e &a %en#e #!ene a'er'a (e& #ema "ore &a 'rea'!0nBe/o&$'!0n. Ap(ndice 1—0einte "a%ones por las que '(nesis + la !olución no se )e%clan Ap(ndice 2—3Por que #omo Dios Seis D$as4
Dedicatoria E"#e &!ro e" (e(!'a(o a #re" per"ona" e"pe'!a&e" "!n &a" '$a&e" e"#a p$&!'a'!0n no *$!era "!(o po"!&e: A m! ma(re + (!$n#o pa(re por "$ po"#$ra en &a" E"'r!#$ra" + "$ !n"!"#en'!a en &a p$re,a (e &a (o'#r!na + $na a'ep#a'!0n !n&e!&e (e &a Pa&ara (e >!o" + &o" pr!n'!p!o" (en#ro (e "! m!"ma2 ap&!'a(o" a #o(a 6rea (e &a /!(a. E"#o me a e-$!pa(o (e #a& manera -$e $na a$#or!(a( ma" a&#a e& ?e5or; me p$(o &&amar a $n "er/!'!o (e #!empo 'omp&e#o para E&. Le (o+ %ra'!a" a >!o" por e"#a prepara'!0n Cr!"#!ana + por &a po"#$ra (e m!" pa(re" "ore &a Pa&ara !na&!&e (e >!o". A m! -$er!(a e"po"a Ma&&+2 -$!en *a "!(o /er(a(eramen#e $na 'onm!%o en #o(o a"pe'#o (e n$e"#ra /!(a ma#r!mon!a& + en n$e"#ra par#!'!pa'!0n en e& m!n!"#er!o (e Crea'!0n. ?$ (e(!'a'!0n "!n'era Cr!"#!ana + (e/o'!0n en '$an#o a m! par#!'!pa'!0n en e"#e m!n!"#er!o e"en'!a&2 p$e(e "e re"$m!(a por &a" pa&ara" (e R$# en R$# 1:12 FNo me r$e%$e" -$e #e (e@e2 + me apar#e (e #!2 por-$e a (on(e -$!era -$e #$ $ere"2 !re +o 2 + (on(e-$!era -$e /!/!ere"2 /!/!r. T$ p$e&o "er6 m! p$e&o2 + #$ >!o" m! >!o".F ?$" *a!&!(a(e" o#or%a(a" por >!o" + "$ amor por &o" n!5o" *an "!(o (e %ran(e en(!'!0n para n$e"#ro" '!n'o *!@o" -$er!(o" + me *a perm!#!(o e"#ar a$"en#e a /e'e" para pro'&amar e& men"a@e (e >!o" 'omo Crea(or a m!&&one" (e %en#e en /ar!a" par#e" (e& m$n(o.
Sobre el Autor Kenne#* A. Ham2 =.App.?'G>!p.E(G e" e& (!re'#or + $n(a(or (e An"er" !n ne"!" Re"p$e"#a" en ne"!"; en &o" E"#a(o" Un!(o" + (e e& m!n!"#er!o en A$"#ra&!a Crea#!on ?'!en'e o$n(a#!on. Or%an!,a'!0n C!en#!'a en Crea'!0n; ?$ 'ono'!m!en#o + eper!en'!a 'omo proe"or (e !o&o%a en e& "!"#ema p$&!'o (e &a" e"'$e&a" &e *a "!(o D#!& para 'ompren(er &a" !mp&!'a'!one" '!en#!'a" ma" 'omp&e@a" (e &o" (ea#e" "ore &a 'rea'!0nBe/o&$'!0n. Ken *a en"e5a(o en m!&e" (e !%&e"!a"2 e"'$e&a"2 $n!/er"!(a(e"2 'o&e%!o"2 + *a e"#a(o en n$mero"a" em!"!one" (e ra(!o + #e&e/!"!0n. E" an!#r!0n (e $n pro%rama (e ra(!o &&ama(o FAn"er" !#* Ken Ham.F Re"p$e"#a" 'on Ken Ham; ?$ m!n!"#er!o e"pe'!a& e" e& ap&!'ar &a re&e/an'!a (e& #ema (e 'rea'!0nBe/o&$'!0n a &a /!(a (e& Cr!"#!ano. ?!en(o $n 'om$n!'a(or eper#o 'on $n "en#!(o (e *$mor 3
a%$(o + eper!en'!a" 'a$#!/a(ora"2 Ken #!ene e& (on (e po(er #omar !&o"oa" 'omp&e@a" + 'on$"a" + #ran"ormar&a" en a&%o 'ompren"!&e para &a per"ona re%$&ar. Ken e" e& a$#or (e A is for Adam A e" para A(6n; $n &!ro e"'r!#o en r!ma" para n!5o"; + e" 'o
Answers in Génesis 5USA6 PO =o J &oren'e2 K+ 1J<J U?A Te&eono 89; 77< A: 89; 77<99 Answers in Génesis 5Australia6 PO =o J A'a'!a R!(%e >C2 L> 11J A$"#ra&!a Te&ono J7;7 7J a: J7; 7 77 Internacional7 17 7 77 a: 17 7 77
Agradecimientos Como e"#e &!ro e" $na '$&m!na'!0n (e (!e, a5o" (e eper!en'!a en e& m!n!"#er!o (e 'rea'!0n a"a(o en A$"#ra&!a2 no e" $na #area 6'!& (e re'or(ar a #o(o" a-$e&&o" -$e me a+$(aron + $eron !n&$+en#e" en m! /!(a a #ra/" (e e"#e #!empo. C$an(o !na$%$ramo" e& m!n!"#er!o (e Crea#!on ?'!en'e o$n(a#!on Or%an!,a'!0n (e C!en'!a en Crea'!0n; en A$"#ra&!a2 n$n'a no" !ma%!namo" -$e e"#e m!n!"#er!o #$/!era ee'#o" -$e a&'an,aran #an &e@o" en (!eren#e" par#e" (e& m$n(o. M!" 'o&e%a"2 Proe"or o*n Ren(&e< ?*or#2 >r. o*n O"%oo(2 >r. An(re ?ne&&!n%2 + >r. ?#e/e $"#a"on re'ono'eran por'!one" (e "$" !n/e"#!%a'!one" -$e me *an "!(o ene!'!o"a" a #ra/e" (e &o" a5o". Tam!n -$!ero (ar&e &a" "!n'era" %ra'!a" a& ?r. Q... a("+2 Re/. P. a("+2 ?r. Roer# >oo&an2 + e& >r. Len Morr!" por "$ #raa@o en 'orre%!r2 + re/!"ar e& man$"'r!#o. M!" ma" "!n'era" %ra'!a" #am!n a m! am!%o e"pe'!a&2 e& >r. Car& Q!e&an( -$!en2 a pe"ar (e *er!(a" %ra/e" -$e re'!!0 en $n *orren(o a''!(en#e2 &aoro 'onm!%o para 'orre%!r e& man$"'r!#o n$mero"a" /e'e". M$'*a" (e "$" "$%eren'!a" *an "!(o !n'orpora(a" en e"#e &!ro para (ar&e $n r!&&o -$e +o no *$!e"e po(!(o &o%rar "!n "$ a+$(a. ra'!a" e"pe'!a&men#e #am!n (een "er (a(a" a m!" (o" "e're#ar!a" (e(!'a(a": a Caro& Van L$+n por &a" m$'*a" *ora" -$e pa"o e"'r!!en(o e& man$"'r!#o en me'ano%raa /e, #ra" /e,G a Mar%are# =$'*anan por "$" #a&en#o" (e *a!&!(a(e" e(!#or!a&e" + "$ pa'!en'!a a& &aorar me#!'$&o"amen#e por '!en#o" (e *ora"2 &!#era&men#e2 a+$(6n(ome a 'o&o'ar e& man$"'r!#o en or(en. Le -$!ero (ar &a" %ra'!a" a m! am!%o + ar#!"#a (e Crea#!on ?'!en'e o$n(a#!on2 Or%an!,a'!0n (e C!en'!a en Crea'!0n; ?#e/e Car(no $"o !n'an"a&e (e "$" (one" por >!o" pro($'!r en !&$"#ra'!one" a #ra/" (e por e"#e"$&!ro. E"#a" + m$'*a" o#ra"o#or%a(o" !&$"#ra'!one" "on para repro($'!(a" #ran"paren'!a" para re#ropro+e'#or + "on $"a(a" en m! m!n!"#er!o (e en"e5an,a 'on %ran e!'a'!a. E& nomre (e& >r. ar+ Parer apare'e /ar!a" /e'e" a #ra/" (e e"#e &!ro. E& >r. Parer e" $n ora(or (e Crea'!0n m$+ 'ono'!(o + a$#or. He #en!(o e& pr!/!&e%!o (e "er ora(or en /ar!a" p&a#aorma" @$n#amen#e 'on e& en A$"#ra&!a + en &o" E"#a(o" Un!(o". La" m$'*a" eper!en'!a" -$e *emo" 'ompar#!(o @$n#o" *an 'on#r!$!(o %ran(emen#e a e"#a ora. Por $&#!mo2 -$!ero (ar&e &a" "!n'era" %ra'!a" a& >r. Henr+ Morr!"2 (e& In"#!#$#e or Crea#!on Re"ear'*. In"#!#$#o (e In/e"#!%a' !0n (e Crea'!0n; ?$" &!ro"2 en par#!'$&ar The Génesis Record 2 Re%!"#ro (e ne"!"; *an #en!(o $na !n&$en'!a pro$n(a en m! /!(a. En e"#e re"pe'#o me 'on"!(ero e& apren(!,)+ "!n ($(a e& mae"#ro re'ono'er6 a&%$na" (e "$" ora" en &a" pa%!na" (e e"#e &!ro. S a #o(a" m!" am!"#a(e" + 'o&e%a" -$!ene" *an "!(o $n !rme apo+o para m! a& #ran"'$rr!r e"#o" a5o" pa"a(o")) %ra'!a".
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Prefacio $!,6" no *a" #en!(o !#o no#a&emen#e en %anar am!"#a(e" + 'ono'!(o" a $na 'reen'!a -$e 'am!a &a /!(a por me(!o (e >!o" + ?$ H!@o2 e"$'r!"#o. $!,6" #e *a" pre%$n#a(o (e& por-$e &a !%&e"!a Cr!"#!ana en %enera& pare'e e"#ar per(!en(o #erreno en "$ a#a&&a 'on#ra &a" ma&(a(e" (e& m$n(o "e'$&ar. E"#e &!ro no "o&amen#e !(en#!!'a &a ra,0n por (!'*o" pro&ema"2 "!no -$e #am!n ore'e $na "o&$'!0n ee'#!/a. A& &eer e& an6&!"!" &0%!'o -$e 'ompar#e Ken Ham (e &a "!#$a'!0n + &a manera (!re'#a en -$e "$%!ere 'orre%!r&a2 proa&emen#e (!r6" FPor-$e no pen"e +o en e"oF En $n pa"o -$e "e a'e&era 'on#!n$amen#e2 &a "o'!e(a( e"#a (an(o "$ "e&&o (e aproa'!0n en pra'#!'a" -$e *a'e /ar!a" ('a(a" no "o&amen#e no eran a'ep#a&e" "!no -$e #am!n eran #o#a&men#e !&e%a&e". M!en#ra" -$e en $n #!empo &a !%&e"!a Cr!"#!ana #en!a $n !mpa'#o "!%n!!'an#e en &a "o'!e(a(2 *o+ en (a 'a"! #o(o /e"#!%!o (e n$e"#ro pa#r!mon!o Cr!"#!ano e"#a "!en(o erra(!'a(o. >e"p$" (e e#en(er"e 'omo &a &$mre2 (e $n pe-$e5o %r$po (e 're+en#e" a &o" '$a#ro r!n'one" (e& m$n(o2 &a Cr!"#!an(a( (e *o+ (a e"#a re#ro'e(!en(o a $n pa"o ma" r6p!(o -$e a-$e& por e& '$a& "e e#en(!0. >ee *aer $na 'a$"a arra!%a(a por e"#e 'am!o #o#a& -$e &a !%&e"!a Cr!"#!ana e"#a pa"an(o por a&#o) $na !mpere''!0n $n(amen#a& en n$e"#ro eno-$e. Por-$e en $n #!empo &o" Cr!"#!ano" e@er'an !n&$en'!a "ore &a" 'o"#$mre" "o'!a&e" + &a" &e+e" (e& %o!erno2 pero *o+ en'$en#ran -$e a$n en &o" E"#a(o" Un!(o"2 &a #a& &&ama(a #!erra &!re 'on $na 'on"#!#$'!0n -$e %aran#!,a &a &!er#a( (e pra'#!'a" (e re&!%!0n2 "$" (ere'*o" e"#6n "!en(o &a%ran#emen#e /!o&a(o" Ken Ham &&e%a *a"#a e& on(o (e& pro&ema en e"#e &!ro. En"e5a 'omo *emo" e"#a(o "!mp&emen#e 'oma#!en(o &o" "n#oma" + pa"an(o por a&#o &a 'a$"a arra!%a(a. Por-$e no *emo" po(!(o 'on/en'er a& m$n(o (e &a" ma&(a(e" (e& aor#o2 (!/or'!o2 *omo"e$a&!(a(2 porno%raa2 + (ro%a" E& ?r. Ham a &o%ra(o !(en#!!'ar e& -$!( rea& (e &a '$e"#!0n. La 'a$"a e" #an "$#!& -$e a$n &a ma+ora (e &a" %ran(e" (enom!na'!one" re&!%!o"a" *an "!(o en%a5a(a" + *an ra'a"a(o en re'ono'er&o. Con e($'a'!0n p$&!'a a$n "em!nar!o" en"e5an(o &a e/o&$'!0n2 'omo &ana#$ra&!"#a &e+ (e %ra/e(a( "on $n *e'*o '!en#!'o2 &o" +e"#$(!an#e" *an (e'!(!(o -$e-$e (ee *aer $na#an#o ep&!'a'!0n para #o(o2 a" -$e "e o&/!(aron (e >!o". En '$a&-$!er 'a"o2 "aan -$e ?$" >!e, Man(am!en#o" !mponan $n e"#oro en "$" e"#!&o" (e /!(a "e$a&e"2 a" -$e e"#aan an"!o"o" (e e"'apar"e (e #a&e" &!m!#a'!one". A(op#aron &a n$e/a mora&!(a(: "! "e "!en#e $eno2 *a" #o(o &o -$e p$e(a" "!n "er "orpren(!(o. ?! no e!"#e $n Crea(or2 no e!"#e #ampo'o $n prop0"!#o en &a /!(a. No *a+ na(!e '$!(6n(ono" a -$!en $n (a &e #en%amo" -$e ren(!r&e '$en#a" por n$e"#ra" a''!one". Por &o #an#o2 &&e%amo" a &a ra, (e &o" pro&ema" (e &a "o'!e(a(. C$an(o >!o" e& Crea(or e" a&e@a(o (e& '$a(ro2 no e!"#en a"o&$#o"G Ha+ $na per(!(a (e re"pe#o para &a &e+ + pr!n'!p!o" a"o&$#o"2 + e& *omre e" p$e"#o a &a (er!/a en $n $n!/er"o "!n prop0"!#o2 %$!a(o "o&amen#e por "$" pa"!one" /o&$&e" + &a "!#$a'!0n (e& momen#o. E& ?r. Ham m$e"#ra -$e ne"!"2 en par#!'$&ar e" $n re&a#o (e &o" e/en#o" a'#$a&e" -$e "on re"pa&(a(o" por &a e/!(en'!a orma& '!en#!'a. Lo -$e e" m6"2 m$e"#ra 'omo &a" pre%$n#a" en '$an#o a e"#e &!ro (e $n(a'!0n (e &a =!&!a2 a$n por m$'*o" Cr!"#!ano"2 *an 'on($'!(o a &a (e%enera'!0n (e &a "o'!e(a( para -$e e& Dn!'o '0(!%o (e #!'a mora& -$e a'ep#a e" a"a(o "ore F"ore/!/!en#e (e& ma" !(0neo2F F*a" #$ prop!a 'o"a2F + F"! "e "!en#e $eno2 *a,&o.F No e!"#e mora& a"o&$#a. E"#e &!ro e" $na &e'#$ra !mpre"'!n(!&e para #o(o Cr!"#!ano Le" (a re"p$e"#a" -$e "on (ema"!a(o ne'e"ar!a" para &a" pre%$n#a" 'om$ne" (e& no 're+en#e + 'on"e@o" para &o" pa(re" -$e (een preparar a "$" *!@o" para enren#ar"e 'on $n m$n(o "e'$&ar ree&(e. E& ?r. Ham $"a $na a$n(an'!a (e eper!en'!a a& 'on#e"#ar pre%$n#a" ($ran#e a5o" (e 'oneren'!a" por #o(a" par#e" (e Amr!'a + A$"#ra&!a. L$#*er > ?$n(er&an( Enero2 1987 A$#*or o Darwin’s Enigma: Fossils and Other Prolems A$#or (e !a Enigma de Darwin" F#siles $ otros Prolemas;
Introducción Me 'r! en $n *o%ar Cr!"#!ano (on(e &a =!&!a era #o#a&men#e a'ep#a(a 'omo &a Pa&ara (e >!o" !na&!&e e !ne-$/o'a -$e propor'!on0 &a a"e (e &o" pr!n'!p!o" a "er ap&!'a(o" en 'a(a 6rea (e &a /!(a. Re'ono' e& 5
'on&!'#o '$an(o2 'omo e"#$(!an#e (e &a e"'$e&a "e'$n(ar!a2 me en"e5aron &a #eora (e &a e/o&$'!0n. ?! ne"!" no era &!#era&men#e '!er#o2 en#on'e" en -$e par#e (e &a =!&!a po(ra +o 'on!ar M!" pa(re" "aan -$e &a e/o&$'!0n e"#aa e-$!/o'a (a2 por-$e era o/!o por e& ne"!" -$e >!o" no" *aa (a(o (e#a&&e" (e &a 'rea'!0n (e& m$n(o. E"#o" (e#a&&e" eran /er(a(e" $n(amen#a&e" !mpor#an#e" para e& re"#o (e& Cr!"#!an!"mo. En e"e #!empo2 &a a$n(an'!a (e ma#er!a&e" "ore e& #ema 'rea'!0nBe/o&$'!0n2 pro($'!(o" por e@emp&o2 por e& In"#!#$#o (e In/e"#!%a'!0n para &a Crea'!0n no e"#aa (!"pon!&e. Me re'$er(o +en(o a m! m!n!"#ro &o'a& + pre%$n#6n(o&e -$ *a'er "ore e& pro&ema. & me (!@o -$e a'ep#ara &a e/o&$'!0n pero en#on'e" a5a(!r&o a &a =!&!a (e manera -$e >!o" $#!&!,ar6 &a e/o&$'!0n para #raer #o(a" &a" orma" (e /!(a a &a e!"#en'!a. "#a era $na "o&$'!0n !n"a#!"a'#or!a a& pro&ema. ?! >!o" no -$!"!era (e'!r &o -$e & (!@o en ne"!"2 en#on'e" '0mo po(ra a&%$!en 'on!ar en & + en e& re"#o (e &a" E"'r!#$ra" So pa" m! %ra($a'!0n en '!en'!a + m! a5o (e en#renam!en#o 'omo proe"or %$ar(an(o + re%$r%!#an(o a &o" (!"er#an#e" &o -$e e&&o" me (e'an 'on'ern!en#e a'er'a (e &a e/o&$'!0n. No 'ono'a &a per"pe'#!/a '!en#!'a (e por -$ +o no 'rea en &a e/o&$'!0n)pero 'ono'a (e"(e $na per"pe'#!/a =&!'a -$e #ena -$e e"#ar e-$!/o'a(a o m! e e"#aa en pro&ema". $"#o an#e" (e -$e +o re'!!era m! pr!mer nomram!en#o2 e& (!re'#or a"o'!a(o (e $na $n!/er"!(a( (e proe"ore" (e A$"#ra&!a2 ?r. o(ron one" $n m!emro (e &a !%&e"!a (on(e e"#aa a"!"#!en(o; me (!o $n &!ro pe-$e5o -$e (e&!neaa a&%$no" (e &o" pro&ema" 'on &a e/o&$'!0n. & #am!n me (!@o (e &!ro" a'er'a (e e"#e #ema -$e e"#aan 'omen,an(o a e"#ar (!"pon!&e" )&!ro" por a$#ore" #a&e" 'omo e& >r. Henr+ Morr!". In/e"#!%$ en &a" &!rera" para !n#en#ar 'o&e''!onar #an#o (e e"#e ma#er!a& 'omo $era po"!&e. The Génesis Flood %El Dil&'io de Génesis( )or *orris $ +hitcom $e $no (e &o" pr!mero" &!ro" -$e &e "ore e& #ema. C$an(o +o 'ompren( -$e *aa re"p$e"#a" 6'!&e" a& (!&ema e/o&$'!0nB 'rea'!0n2 a&& /!no $na 'ar%a rea& (e& ?e5or para "a&!r + 'ompar#!r e"#a !norma'!0n 'on o#ro". No po(a en#en(er por -$ &a I%&e"!a no *!,o -$e &a" per"ona" e"#$/!eran en#era(a" "ore e"#a !norma'!0n -$e rea&men#e me a+$(o a re"#a$rar(e m!&aena#$ra&e,a en &a" E"'r!#$ra". La 'ompren"!0n $n(amen#a& (e& &!ro (e ne"!" #o(a &a (o'#r!na Cr!"#!ana $e $n (e"per#ar rea&. E"#e &!ro e" e& re"$&#a(o (e $na "er!e (e men"a@e" (e"arro&&a(o" para -$e &o" Cr!"#!ano" p$e(an en#en(er &a !mpor#an'!a + re&e/an'!a (e ne"!" + &a na#$ra&e,a rea& (e& #ema 'rea'!0nBe/o&$'!0n. Una + o#ra /e,2 &a" per"ona" *an /en!(o (!'!en(o -$e n$n'a *aan 'ompren(!(o &a !mpor#an'!a (e ne"!")en ee'#o2 para m$'*o" (e e&&o" e"#o "!%n!!'0 $n rea/!/am!en#o 'omp&e#o (e "$ e. E" "a#!"a'#or!o "aer -$e m$'*a" (e e"#a" per"ona" "e 'omprome#en aDn m6" a a+$(ar &o" m!n!"#er!o" "ore &a 'rea'!0n. E"#e &!ro #ra#a 'on &a re&e/an'!a (e $n ne"!" &!#era&. Oro para -$e e"#o (e"ae !%$a&men#e &a men#e + e& 'ora,0n (e pa"#ore"2 &a!'o"2 er$(!#o" + e"#$(!an#e".
CAPÍTULO UNO
8 C"IS#IA.IS), BA9, A#A:U >e"p$" (e $na 'oneren'!a2 $n @o/en "e me a'er'02 (!'!en(o
6
E"#o" "on (a" (e"a!an#e". La "o'!e(a( en "$ 'on@$n#o "e e"#a /o&/!en(o m6" an#!ee *aer a&%$na ra,0n $n(amen#a& para -$e "e pro($,'an e"#o" 'am!o". En e"#e &!ro (e"'$r!remo" &a" ra,one" 6"!'a" (e& por -$e &a "o'!e(a( mo(erna "e e"#a (e"/!an(o (e Cr!"#o. E"en'!a&men#e e"#o "er6 eno'a(o (e"(e $n p$n#o (e /!"#a &!'o + (e a-$ en a(e&an#e e!#o"o; para re'&amar /!(a" para n$e"#ro "a&/a(or. Ha'e a5o" n$e"#ra "o'!e(a( e"#aa a"a(a en pr!n'!p!o" Cr!"#!ano". La %en#e 'ono'a &o -$e era $eno + ma&o. La 'on($'#a "e$a& (e"/!a(a2 e& (!/or'!o 6'!&2 &a ree&!0n pD&!'a2 &a porno%raa2 e& n$(!"mo pD&!'o + &a (eman(a (e& aor#oG eran 'on"!(era(o" !n'orre'#o". Var!o" 'a"#!%o" eran !mp$e"#o" para &o" #ran"%re"ore" en &a "o'!e(a(. Lo" /a&ore" $n(amen#a&e" e"#aan 6"!'amen#e 'on"#r$!(o" "ore pr!n'!p!o" &!'o" por e@emp&o2 Lo" >!e, Man(am!en#o";. La ma+ora (e &a %en#e a'ep#0 + re"pe#0 &a 'reen'!a en >!o". Ho+ en (a m6" + m6" per"ona" re'*a,an a& >!o" (e &a =!&!a. La 'reen'!a en >!o" e"#a "!en(o aan(ona(a2 &a" per"ona" "e pre%$n#an a'er'a (e &a" a"e" (e &a "o'!e(a( en -$e e&&o" /!/en por e@emp&o2 "! >!o" no e!"#e... Por -$ (eo oe(e'er &o" (!e, man(am!en#o"2 Por -$ "e (!'e -$e &a *omo"e$a&!(a( e" ma&a2 Por -$ no p$e(e aor#ar $na m$@er '$an(o e&&a a" &o (e"ea >e"p$" -$e &a %en#e e&!m!n0 a >!o" (e "$" 'on'!en'!a"2 e&&o" 'am!aron &a &e+ a"a(a en &o" pr!n'!p!o" Cr!"#!ano" -$e #enan2 a >!o" 'omo Crea(or + prop!e#ar!o; (e #o(o. Lo" $n(amen#o" Cr!"#!ano" *an "!(o (!&$!(o" o -$!#a(o" (e &a" a"e" (e &a "o'!e(a( + *an "!(o reemp&a,a(o" e& p$n#o (e /!"#a (e& m$n(o -$e n$e"#ro (!'e: FNo"o#ro" #enemo" por-$e *a'er &a" 'o"a" (e"(e e&por p$n#o (e /!"#a Cr!"#!ano a"an(o m$n(o +noe"#!&o (e /!(a "orea'ep#ar pr!n'!p!o" =&!'o"; 'omo e& Dn!'o 'am!noG (eemo" #o&erar #o(a" &a" orma" (e /!(a + 'reen'!a" re&!%!o"a"F. ?!n emar%o2 e"#a F#o&eran'!aF rea&men#e "!%n!!'a &na intolerancia de los f&ndamentos del ,ristianismo- E"#a a&"a !(ea (e #o&eran'!a $e "$#!&men#e !n#ro($'!(a a& Cr!"#!an!"mo + &a ma+ora (e &o" 're+en#e" no re'ono'!eron &o -$e rea&men#e e"#aa pa"an(o. M$'*o" Cr!"#!ano" *an "!(o en%a5a(o" en "$ 'reen'!a (e -$e e&&o" no #!enen n!n%Dn (ere'*o (e eponer "$" p$n#o" (e /!"#a en &a "o'!e(a(. ?e no" (!@o por e@emp&o2 -$e &o" -$e e"#6n en 'on#ra (e& aor#o no #!enen (ere'*o a !mponer "$" !(ea" en &a "o'!e(a(G A&%$na /e, &e o+0 (e'!r e"#o a $na per"ona -$e e"# a a/or (e &o" %r$po" (e aor#o. E& re"$&#a(o e" $na !n&$en'!a !mp$e"#a en &a "o'!e(a( por &o" -$e e"#6n a a/or (e& aor#o2 W&e%a&!,ar &a (eman(a (e aor#oX No !mpor#a &o -$e $"#e( *a%a2 no p$e(e e/!#ar e& *e'*o (e -$e $n p$n#o (e /!"#a e"#a "!en(o !mp$e"#o "ore a&%$!en2 por a&%$!en. No *a+ #a& 'o"a 'omo &a ne$#ra&!(a( a$n-$e m$'*o" Cr!"#!ano" &&e%$en a 'aer en &a #rampa (e 'reer -$e e" a". E" 'omo en m$'*a" e"'$e&a" &!'a" o #eo&0%!'a" -$e (!'en2 FNo"o#ro" no #omamo" $na po"!'!0n (o%m6#!'a (e ne"!". To&eramo" #o(o" &o" p$n#o" (e /!"#aF. Pero2 -$ pa"a '$an(o a&%$!en /!ene (e pron#o + &e" (!'e: perm!#!ra $"#e( e& p$n#o (e /!"#a -$e #oma e& ne"!" (e orma &!#era& >!'en FWO* noXF2 FWNoe&&o" po(emo" perm!#!r$na e"#epo"!'!0n p$n#o (e /!"#a por-$e #o(a" &a"(e"(e op!n!one"XF. En (e rea&!(a(2 *an #oma(o (o%m6#!'a2 parano"o#ro" en"e5ar#o&eramo" a "$" e"#$(!an#e" $n p$n#o /!"#a (o%m6#!'o < Un p$n#o (e /!"#a2 -$e $"#e( no #!ene -$e #omar a& ne"!" (e orma &!#era& "! no &o (e"ea. En $na 'oneren'!a -$e (!2 $na per"ona 'on #ono mo&e"#o me (!@o2 FE"#o no e" @$"#o2 $"#e( !n"!"#e -$e (eemo" #omar e& ne"!" (e orma &!#era&2 -$e >!o" #om0 rea&men#e "e!" (a" para 'rear e& m$n(o2 -$e &a e/o&$'!0n no e" '!er#a2 + -$e rea&men#e *$o $n (!&$/!o "ore #o(o e& m$n(o. U"#e( no e"#a 'on"!(eran(o e& p$n#o (e /!"#a (e o#ra" per"ona". >eera mo"#rar re"pe#o por &a %en#e -$e 'omo +o2 'ree -$e >!o" $"0 &a e/o&$'!0n + -$e e& ne"!" e" "0&o "!m0&!'oF. Le pre%$n#2 F=$eno2 $ -$!ere" -$e *a%aF. La per"ona 'on#e"#o2 F$"#e( (ee perm!#!r o#ro" p$n#o" (e /!"#a + "er #o&eran#e 'on &a" op!n!one" (!eren#e" (e &a "$+aF. F=!enF2 &e (!@e2 Fm! p$n#o (e /!"#a e" -$e &a !n#erpre#a'!0n &!#era& (e ne"!" e" &a 'orre'#a + -$e &o" o#ro" p$n#o" (e /!"#a "on err0neo". A'ep#a" m! p$n#o (e /!"#a La per"ona me m!r0 (e"'on'er#a(a + ($(o"a. Ca"! po(a or "$" pen"am!en#o"2 F?! (!%o "2 en#on'e" (!r6 -$e no &e e"#o+ (e@an(o #ener o#ro p$n#o (e /!"#a (!eren#e a& moG "! (!%o -$e no en#on'e" o/!amen#e e"#o+ re'*a,an(o "$ p$n#o (e /!"#a < $ 7
*a%o En#on'e" me m!r0 + (!@o2 FWE"#o e" "em6n#!'aXF. E& "!%n!!'a(o rea& < era -$e & per(!0 e& ar%$men#o + no -$!"o a(m!#!r -$e no a'ep#aa m! po"!'!0n. E& *e'*o e" -$e2 e& #om0 $na po"!'!0n (o%m6#!'a + 'erra(a. A /e'e" &a" per"ona" "e mo&e"#an '$an(o "e *a'en (e'&ara'!one" (o%m6#!'a". E&&o" (!'en2 F$"#e( no p$e(e "er (o%m6#!'oF. PeroG FE"#a e" $na (e'&ara'!0n (o%m6#!'aF. *&chos )iensan .&e alg&nas )ersonas son dogm/ticas $ o#ra" no. No !mpor#a "! $"#e( e" (o%m6#!'o o no. Pero '$a& dogma es el me0or DOG*A con .&e ser dogmati1ado2
Ha'e a&%Dn #!empo e!"#!0 $n %r$po &&ama(o FTo&eran'!a.F E&&o" !n"!"#an en a'ep#ar #o(o" &a" re&!%!one"2 'reen'!a" + 'o"#$mre". >e'an -$e (eeramo" poner !n a &a !n#o&eran'!a en &a "o'!e(a(. En "$ o&&e#o promo'!ona& ep&!'aan "$" p$n#o" (e /!"#a2 era !n#ere"an#e -$e e&&o" en$meraan #o(a" &a" 'o"a" 'on &a" -$e no e"#aan (e a'$er(o. La ma+ora (e &a" -$e no a'ep#aan "e re&a'!onaan 'on e& Cr!"#!an!"mo. WLo -$e rea&men#e -$!"!eron (e'!r e" -$e -$eran #o&eran'!a (e '$a&-$!er 'o"a en &a "o'!e(a( e'ep#o e& Cr!"#!an!"moX !a idea de ser sin )re0&icios 'iene del conce)to de .&e no ha$ tal cosa como la 'erdad asol&ta3 o .&e esta 'erdad no )&ede ser asol&tamente 'ono'!(a. A&%$no" (!'en Fno *a+ pr!n'!p!o" a"o&$#o"F.
Ir0n!'amen#e2 e"#a prem!"a /!ene a "er "$ Dn!'o pr!n'!p!o. Ta&e" !(ea" "e (er!/an (e $na !&o"oa an#! < =&!'a -$e (!'e .&e #o(o e" re&a#!/o. Lo" a"o&$#o" Cr!"#!ano" < &a" /er(a(e" + &a" norma" (e &a" E"'r!#$ra" no p$e(en "er a&#era(a" /!enen a "er 'a(a /e, meno" #o&era(a" en &a "o'!e(a(. A &a &ar%a e"#o re"$&#a en &a !&e%a&!,a'!on (e& Cr!"#!an!"mo. C$an(o &o" a"o&$#o" Cr!"#!ano" eran &a a"e (e &a "o'!e(a(2 &a" a'#!/!(a(e" !nmora&e"2 #a&e" 'omo e& *omo"e$a&!"mo o &e"!an!"mo + &a porno%raa eran pro*!!(a". H$o $n 'am!o $n(amen#a&. N$e"#ra "o'!e(a( a*ora e"#a a"a(a en $na mora&!(a( re&a#!/a: por e@emp&oG $na per"ona p$e(e *a'er &o -$e (e"ea + e" re"pon"a&e (e " m!"ma2 m!en#ra" no ae'#e a &o" !n#ere"e" (e o#ra" per"ona". Como re"$&#a(o en n$e"#ra "o'!e(a( e" -$e $no no p$e(e (e'!r na(a en 'on#ra (e &o" -$e e"'o%en "er (e"/!a(o" an(ar (e"n$(o" pD&!'amen#e o *a'er 'o"a -$e e&&o" (en#ro &o" &m!#e" "e$a&e"2 (e &a &e+2 -$e #am!n e"#6n 'am!an(o para "er'$a&-$!er ma" FTOLERANTEF 'on-$!"!eran e& e"#!&o (e /!(a (e &a %en#e;. Lo" a"o&$#o" (e >!o"2 man(an -$e *a+ re%&a" -$e no"o#ro" (eemo" oe(e'er. E& Cr!"#!an!"mo no p$e(e 'oe"(e m! p$n#o (e /!"#a e"#e 'on&!'#o e"p!r!#$a& "e arra!%a en e& pro&ema (e or%ene" Crea'!on!"moBE/o&$'!0n!"mo;. A$n-$e e& pen"am!en#o "$ene e#ra5o o n$e/o a& &e'#or2 &!'amen#e + &0%!'amen#e e"#e #ema e" 'en#ra& en &a a#a&&a por &a a&ma" (e &o" *omre". La ma+ora (e &a %en#e #!ene $na !(ea err0nea (e &a pre%$n#a "ore Crea'!on!"moBE/o&$'!0n!"mo. En /e, (e per'!!r e& /er(a(ero #ema2 "e en%a5an 're+en(o -$e &a e/o&$'!0n e" '!en'!a. E"#o no e" #o#a&men#e $na '!en'!a /er 'ap. ;. E" $n "!"#ema (e 'reen'!a "ore e& pa"a(o. No"o#ro" no #enemo" a''e"o a& pa"a(o "o&o #enemo" e& pre"en#e. To(o" &o" 0"!&e"2 #o(o" &o" an!ma&e" + p&an#a" /!/a"2 n$e"#ro p&ane#a2 e& $n!/er"o2 #o(o e!"#e en e& pre"en#e. No po(emo" (!re'#amen#e2 pa"a(o $"an(o e& m#o(o '!en#!'o -$e !mp&!'a repe#!r 'o"a" + o"er/ar -$e "$'e(e;eper!men#ar +a -$e #o(a"e&&a" e/!(en'!a" -$e no"o#ro" #enemo" e"#6n en e& pre"en#e. E" !mpor#an#e en#en(er -$e &o e"pe'!a& (e &a 'rea'!0n2 por (e!n!'!0n e" #am!n $na 'reen'!a (e& pa"a(o. La (!eren'!a e" -$e &o" 'rea'!on!"#a" a"an "$ 'ompren"!0n (e 'rea'!0n "ore $n &!ro -$e (!'e "er !a Palara de &no .&e estaa all42 .&ien sae todo de todas las cosas $ .&ien nos dice .&e s&cedi#La e/o&$'!0n /!ene (e &a" pa&ara" (e *omre" -$e no estaan all4 + -$!ene" no "on omn!"'!en#e". E"#e #ema %!ra "ore "! 'reeremo" en &a pa&ara (e >!o" -$!en e"#aa a&&2 o a& m$n(o (e *$mano" a&!&e" no !mpor#a '$an 'a&!!'a(o" "ean; -$!ene" no e"#aan a&&. En e"#a era '!en#!'a e" a"omro"o -$e #an po'a %en#e "epa &o -$e rea&men#e e" &a '!en'!a + 'omo #raa@a. M$'*o" p!en"an (e &o" '!en#!'o" '0mo per"ona" !mpar'!a&e" en "a'o" &an'o" (e &aora#or!o $"'an(o o@e#!/amen#e &a /er(a(. ?!n emar%o2 &o" '!en#!'o" "on (e (o" orma" 6"!'a"G *omre" + m$@ere"2 + e&&o" "on "!mp&emen#e 'omo $"#e( + +o. E&&o" #!enen 'reen'!a" + pre@$!'!o". Un pre@$!'!o (e#erm!na &o -$e $"#e( p$e(e *a'er 'on &a e/!(en'!a2 e"pe'!a&men#e &a manera en -$e (e'!(a -$ 8
e/!(en'!a e" "e%$ra o m6" !mpor#an#e -$e &a o#ra. Lo" '!en#!'o" no "on !mpar'!a&e"2 no "on $"'a(ore" (e &a /er(a(G e&&o" no "on ne&tralesM$'*a %en#e en#!en(e ma& &a pa&ara par'!a&2 pen"an(o -$e a&%$no" !n(!/!($o" "on par'!a&e" + o#ro" no. Por e@emp&o 'on"!(ere a &o" a#eo"2 e"#a" per"ona" no 'reen en >!o". P$e(e $n a#eo 'on"!(erar &a pre%$n#aG FE" >!o" e& Crea(orF. La re"p$e"#a e"2 FNOF. A& momen#o -$e e&&o" perm!#!eron &a pre%$n#a2 (e@aron (e "er a#eo". En#on'e"2 a $n '!en#!'o a#eo -$e m!ra &o" 0"!&e" + e& m$n(o -$e &o ro(ea2 no &e !mpor#a -$e e/!(en'!a & en'on#rara. Po(ra no #ener e/!(en'!a" =&!'a" 'omo e& Ar'a (e No. ADn '$an(o & en'on#rara $n !nmen"o ar'o en e& mon#e Arara#2 e& n$n'a po(ra perm!#!r &a e/!(en'!a para re"pa&(ar &a =!&!a 'on re"pe'#o a& Ar'a (e No. Tan pron#o 'omo &o a(m!#!e"e2 & po(ra aan(onar "$ e"#r$'#$ra (e po"!'!0n a#e"#a2 $n a#eo e" '!en por '!en#o par'!a&. E"#o (eemo" re'or(ar&o 'a(a /e, -$e &eamo" $n &!ro o /eamo" $n pro%rama (e #e&e/!"!0n pro($'!(o por $n a#eo. So *e /!"#o m$'*o" e@emp&o" (e par'!a&!(a( ep$e"#o" en /ar!a" orma". E"#$/e en $n pro%rama (e ra(!o en >en/er < Co&ora(o2 + e& &o'$#or me (!@o -$e #ena "!e#e m!n$#o" para *a&ar "ore &a" e/!(en'!a" (e &a 'rea'!0n. E& "e "en#0 + e"'$'*0. En#on'e" +o $! (e#a&&an(o en &o -$e &a =!&!a (!'e (e& Ar'a (e No e& (!&$/!o;2 &a Torre (e =ae&2 + o#ro" #ema" 'on'ern!en#e". Ep&!-$ -$e e& re&a#o &!'o e" re"pa&(a(o 'on e/!(en'!a" (e"(e (!/er"a" '$&#$ra" + (e"(e e& re%!"#ro 0"!&. Var!o" o#ro" a"pe'#o" (e &a 'rea'!0n $eron ep$e"#o" para (emo"#rar &a /era'!(a( (e &a =!&!a. A& !na&!,ar &o" "!e#e m!n$#o" e& &o'$#or *!,o $n 'omen#ar!o en e& a!re2 FW=!en2 no o n!n%$na e/!(en'!a (e &a 'rea'!0nXF. Por "$p$e"#o2 & no e"#aa (!"p$e"#o a a'ep#ar &a e/!(en'!a -$e ep$"e2 por-$e & -$era permane'er en "$ prop!a 'reen'!aG a%no"#!'!"mo. Un a%n0"#!'o e" '!en por '!en#o par'!a&. E& 'ree -$e no p$e(e 'ono'er na(a 'omo a&%o "e%$ro2 en#on'e"2 no !mpor#a '$an#a" e/!(en'!a" p$e(a or2 & aDn (!'e2 F+o no "F. Tan pron#o 'omo & "ae2 *a (e@a(o (e "er a%n0"#!'o. >e"(e $na per"pe'#!/a =&!'a2 Romano" 1 Ro- 5:56785; en"e5a -$e &a e/!(en'!a (e &a 'rea'!0n e" #o(o &o -$e e"#6 a n$e"#ro a&re(e(or2 por #an#o "! a&%$!en no 'ree en e& Crea(or + ?a&/a(or "er6 'on(ena(o. E" !mpor#an#e re'ono'er -$e $no no #!ene -$e /er a& Crea(or para re'ono'er +&a a&rea&!(a( (e &a -$!en E'ep'!ona& ?!mp&emen#e por-$e $no -$e no 'ono'e o no /e a& ar-$!#e'#o 'on"#r$'#or (!"e50 'rea'!0n. + 'on"#r$+0 $na 'a"a2 no "!%n!!'a no *aa a&%$!en !n#e&!%en#e por (e#r6" (e &a ora. Pero2 -$ (e &o" re/e&a'!on!"#a"2 -$e 'reen &a *!"#or!a (e $n >!o" -$e re/e&0 &a /er(a( (e " m!"mo por me(!o (e $n &!ro $n &!ro -$e a"e%$ra ma" (e #re" m!& /e'e" "er &a Pa&ara (e >!o";. P$e(e #a& per"ona (e'!r2 >!o"2 FNOF e" e& 'rea(or WNoX por-$e & 'omen,0 'on &a prem!"a -$e >!o" e" e& Crea(or + "$ Pa&ara e" /er(a(. Lo" a#eo"2 a%n0"#!'o" + re/e&a'!on!"#a" #e"#a";2 man#!enen po"!'!one " re&!%!o"a"2 + *a'en -$e &a e/!(en'!a "ea n$e/amen#e (e#erm!na(a por &a" "$po"!'!one" 'reen' !a"; (e "$" po"!'!one" re&!%!o"a". No im)orta si &no es )arcial o no- Es realmente &na )reg&nta de C$6& &a(o e" e& me@or &a(o2 para e"#ar (e e"e &a(o. E@emp&o" (e"&$mran#e" (e par'!a&!(a( p$e(en /er"e en &a e($'a'!0n pD&!'a 'omo re"p$e"#a a& m!n!"#er!o (e &a 'rea'!0n. La "!%$!en#e 'on/er"a'!0n2 e" #p!'a (e e"#$(!an#e" (e &a e"'$e&a pD&!'a2 -$e m$e"#ra &a #en(en'!a -$e e&&o" #!enen. >e"p$ " (e $na pre"en#a'!0n "ore La Crea'!0n2 $n e"#$(!an#e me (!@o: Fno *a+ manera (e -$e e& Ar'a (e No *a+a "!(o /er(a(era2 & no p$(o *aer me#!(o #o(o" &o" an!ma&e" (en#ro (e e&&aF. En#on'e" pre%$n# a& e"#$(!an#eG FC$6n#o" an!ma&e" 'ree" -$e (e!0 *aer p$e"#o Meera (!oe&&a ar'a2 re"p$e"#a $"$a&: FNo "2 pero no p$(o pa"a(oF. Leme#!(o pe( -$e (!@era #ama5oa(en#roF. & 'rea -$e n$e/amen#e e& (!@o2 FNo "e2 pero *aer & no p$(o *aer #o(o" &o"-$e an!ma&e" en e& ar'aF. En o#ra" pa&ara"2 e"#e era $n e"#$(!an#e -$e no "aa '$an %ran(e era e& ar'a2 o '$an#o" an!ma&e" ne'e"!#0 >!o" poner (en#ro (e e&&a2 pero para e& e"#$(!an#e e"#o era $n '$en#o (e *a(a"2 & #ena #oma(a $na (e'!"!0nG -$e e"#o no p$(o *aer pa"a(o. En $n p$e&o2 $n (een"or (e &o" M!n!"#er!o" (e &a 'rea'!0n no" 'on#0 'omo & *aa *a&a(o 'on a'a(m!'o" (e $na $n!/er"!(a( &o'a&2 'on re"pe'#o a& >!&$/!o. E&&o" por "$p$e"#o "e $r&aron + r!(!'$&!,aron e"#a !(ea. E& en#on'e" &e" (!@o -$e a&%$!en2 a&%Dn (a po(ra en'on#rar e& Ar'a (e No "ore e& mon#e Arara#. Uno (e &o" a'a(m!'o" "e /o&/!0 a & + &e (!@oG -$e "! a&%$!en en'on#raa $n %ran ar'o + &o /!era "ore &a '!ma (e& mon#e Arara# + &o arra"#rara por &a" 'a&&e" (e &a '!$(a(2 & "e ne%ara a 'reer&o. & mo"#raa "$ #en(en'!a + "$ !n&$en'!a. H$!eron o'a"!one" en -$e *e "!(o m$+ *6!&2 a& (ar $na pre"en#a'!0n 'on/!n'en#e + &0%!'a a &o" e"#$(!an#e". M$'*o" (e e&&o" $"'aron a "$" proe"ore" para #o'ar a&%$no" p$n#o" -$e (emo"#raran (on(e +o e"#aa e-$!/o'a(o. E" 6'!& &eer e& ro"#ro (e &o" e"#$(!an#e" a #ra/" (e "$" epre"!one". E&&o" (!'en -$e #o(o" e"#o" ar%$men#o" "on 'on/!n'en#e" pero (ee *aer a&%o err0neo2 por &o -$e e&&o" no 9
-$!eren 'reer en &a /era'!(a( (e &a =!&!a. Un proe"or p$e(e re"pon(er $na pre%$n#a 'orre'#a a& e"#$(!an#e 'omo "! & p$(!era *a&&arme en a&%Dn error. A &o" o@o" (e &o" e"#$(!an#e" no *a+ manera (e -$e +o p$e(a 'on#e"#ar &a pre%$n#a. Con re'$en'!a &o" e"#$(!an#e" e"pon#6neamen#e rompen en ap&a$"o e" "$ manera (e a&e%rar"e "ore &o -$e p!en"an "er m! (erro#a; <. ?!n emar%o e" !n#ere"an#e /er "$" 'ara" + man($&a" 'a(a" '$an(o (o+ $na re"p$e"#a ra,ona&e a &a pre%$n#a2 e&&o" /$e&/en (on(e 'omen,aron. E" #r!"#e /er -$e2 m$'*o" (e e&&o" #!enen (e'!(!(o en "$ men#e e& no 'reer en &a =!&!a. ?e me pre%$n#a 'on re'$en'!a '0mo &a %en#e p$e(e 'am!ar "$ po"!'!0n: e"#a e" $na $ena pre%$n#a. Como 'r!"#!ano &o Dn!'o -$e p$e(o 'on#e"#ar e" -$e2 en e"#a 6rea #!ene -$e #raa@ar e& E"pr!#$ ?an#o. La =!&!a en"e5a -$e 'am!namo" en &a &$, o en &a o"'$r!(a( He'*o" :18;2 re'o%emo" o e"par'!mo" )ara Cr!"#o o contra E& Ma#eo 1:J;. La =!&!a '&aramen#e (!'e -$e n!n%$na per"ona p$e(e "er ne$#ra& + -$e #o(o" #!enen $na po"!'!0n. E" e& E"pr!#$ ?an#o -$!en 'on/en'e + 'on(ena a &a %en#e (e &a /er(a(2 e" "0&o me(!an#e e& #raa@o (e& E"pr!#$ ?an#o -$e n$e"#ra" po"!'!one" p$e(en 'am!ar. Como 'r!"#!ano" n$e"#ro #raa@o e" #raer &a pa&ara (e >!o" a &a %en#e (e orma ama&e + '&ara2 (eemo" orar para -$e e& E"pr!#$ ?an#o p$e(a $"ar n$e"#ra" pa&ara" para ar!r 'ora,one" + men#e" a Cr!"#o. So 'reo -$e &o" 'r!"#!ano" en#!en(en me@or "$ po"!'!0n -$e o#ro". To(o 'r!"#!ano $e $na /e, pe'a(or + "$ po"!'!0n era 'on#rar!a a >!o". E&&o" eper!men#aron 'omo e"$'r!"# o p$(o 'am!ar "$ po"!'!0n2 'omo e& #ran"orm0 "$" /!(a" me(!an#e e& po(er (e "$ E"pr!#$. Una (e &a" ra,one" por-$e &o" 'rea'!on!"#a" #!enen (!!'$&#a(e" a& *a&ar 'on '!er#o" e/o&$'!on!"#a" e" por-$e n$e"#ro p$n#o (e /!"#a *a ae'#a(o &a manera -$e e&&o" o+en &o -$e (e'!mo". T!enen !(ea" pre'on'e!(a" "ore &o -$e *a'emo" + no 'reen. E&&o" #!enen pre@$!'!o" "ore &o -$e -$!eren en#en(er 'on re"pe'#o a n$e"#ra" 'a&!!'a'!one" '!en#!'a". Ha+ m$'*o" e@emp&o" (e e/o&$'!on!"#a" -$!ene" *an en#en(!(o #o#a&men#e ma& o *an ma&!n#erpre#a(o &o -$e &o" 'rea'!on!"#a" (!'en. E&&o" o+en 'on "$" Fo(o" e/o&$'!on!"#a"F "!n en#en(er en &o m6" mn!mo &a per"pe'#!/a -$e #enemo". 'rea'!on!"#a"2 -$een >!o" 're0 $n(em$n(o pere'#o2 e& pero *omre 'a+0 en pe'a(o2 e& m$n(oComo $e ma&(e'!(o. >!o" en#en(emo" en/!0 $n (!&$/!o e& #!empo No 'omo @$!'!o2 e"$'r!"#o /!no a mor!r + "e &e/an#0 (e &o" m$er#o" para re"#a$rar #o(a" &a" 'o"a". En o#ra" pa&ara"2 n$e"#ro men"a@e e" $no en &a Crea'!0nG Ca(a + Re(en'!0n. ?!n emar%o por -$ &o" e/o&$'!on!"#a" e"#6n pen"an(o $"ar #rm!no" F$n!orm!"#a"F6"!'amen#e a& m$n(o -$e /emo" *o+ < e" $n m$n(o (e &$'*a + m$er#e2 + $e a" por m!&&on e" (e a5o"; e&&o" no en#!en(en e"#a per"pe'#!/a (e *!"#or!a 'rea'!on!"#a. ?e pre"en#0 $n !n#ere"an#e e@emp&o 'on e& >r. ar+ Parer '$an(o (!"'$#a 'on $n proe"or (e &a Un!/er"!(a( (e La Troe en V!'#or!a2 A$"#ra&!a. Un e/o&$'!on!"#a Fre$#a'!on!"#aF 'en#r0 "$ (e'&ara'!0n en -$e2 e!"#en (ema"!a(a" !mpere''!one" en e& m$n(o para *aer "!(o *e'*o por $n Crea(or. E"#e e/o&$'!on!"#a en e"pe'!a&2 no 'ompren(a (e"p$" (e a'&arar&e -$e2 e"#e m$n(o -$e /emo" *o+ no e" e& m!"mo m$n(o -$e >!o" 're02 por-$e "$r!0 &a" 'on"e'$en'!a" (e& pe'a(o + e& @$!'!o 'on &a !n$n(a'!0n. Para en#en(er &a Crea'!0nBe/o&$'!0n (e manera 'orre'#a2 *a+ -$e #ener $na 'ompren"!0n 'omp&e#a (e &a" 'reen'!a" apo+a(a" por amo"2 'rea'!on!"#a" + e/o&$'!on!"#a". En o#ro e@emp&o2 $n e/o&$'! on!"#a !0&o%o (!@o -$e "! >!o" *!,o &o" an!ma&e" ($ran #e &o" 0 (a" (e &a 'rea'!0n2 por -$ no en'on#ramo" per!'o" + ra#one" en e& e"#ra#o CAM=RICO @$n#o a &o" #r!&o!#a". En#on'e" >r. Parer per!'o"/er"e + &o"(e"(e ra#one"e&no *a!#an en e& (e m!"mo am!en#e #r!&o!#a"2 +e& (!@o -$e e& ep&!'0 re%!"#ro -$e 0"!&&o" (eera p$n#o (e /!"#a &o" ee'#o" (e-$e $na&o" !n$n(a'!0n %&oa&G por-$e an!ma&e" + p&an#a" /!/en en "$per!'!e" (!eren#e"2 e&&o" -$e(aran a#rapa(o" en "e(!men#o" 'ara'#er"#!'o" (e "$ am!en#e en par#!'$&ar. N$e/amen#e /emo" $na po"!'!0n pre(!"p$e"#a o'a"!onan(o $n ma&en#en(!(o -$e m$'*o" en'$en#ran en &a po"!'!0n 'rea'!on!"#a. E& &e'#or ne'e"!#a e"#ar 'on"'!en#e (e -$e '$an(o no"o#ro" (!"'$#!mo" Crea'!0nBe/o&$'!0n2 en amo" e@emp&o" no"o#ro" *a&amo" (e 'reen'!a"G -$e e"2 &a re&!%!0n. Lo po&m!'o no e" &a '!en'!a 'on#ra &a re&!%!0n2 'omo &o" e/o&$'!on!"#a" #ra#an (e *a'er&o a$era. E"#o e" re&!%!0n 'on#ra re&!%!0n2 &a '!en'!a (e $na 'on#ra &a '!en'!a (e &a o#ra. La e/o&$'!0n e" $na po"!'!0n re&!%!o"a -$e *a'e (e &a op!n!0n *$mana2 $na op!n!0n "$prema. Como no"o#ro" /emo"2 "$" r$#o" a 'a$"a (e re'*a,o + (e"oe(!en'!a a& Crea(or; "onG ree&(a2 !nmora&!(a(2 !mp$re,a2 aor#o2 ra'!"mo + $r&a (e >!o". La Crea'!0n e" $na po"!'!0n re&!%!o"a a"a(a en &a pa&ara (e >!o" + "$" r$#o" a #ra/" (e& E"pr!#$ (e >!o"; "on: amor2 %o,o2 pa,2 pa'!en'!a 2 on(a(2 !(e&!(a(2 e2 man"e($mre2 (om!n!o prop!o. E& #ema (e &a Crea'!0nBe/o&$'!0n e" >!o" Crea(or; e" e& -$!( (e &a 10
'$e"#!0n (e &o" pro&ema" en n$e"#ra "o'!e(a( *o+. E" e& p$n#o $n(amen#a& 'on -$e &a ma+ora (e &o" 'r!"#!ano" (een &$'*ar. La Crea'!0nBe/o&$'!0n2 e" e& p$n#o (on(e &a a#a&&a2 rea&men#e en$re'e.
CAPÍTULO DOS
8A 0,8UCI;. S "8I'I,. E& #rm!no Fe/o&$'!on!"#aF "e $"a e#en"!/amen#e a &o &ar%o (e &o" "!%$!en#e" 'ap#$&o". En o#ra" par#e" (e e"#e &!ro2 (!"'$#!remo" &a" !(ea" (e Cr!"#!ano" -$e !n#en#aron $n!r e& 'on'ep#o (e e/o&$'!0n + &a =!&!a. ?!n emar%o2 por -$ &a ma+ora (e &o" e/o&$'!on!"#a" no "on 'r!"#!ano"2 e" m! (e"eo -$e e& &e'#or 'ompren(a -$e e& #rm!no Fe/o&$'!on!"#aF "e $"a para men'!onar a a-$e&&o" -$e 'reen -$e &a e/o&$'!0n < en e& "en#!(o (e& #!empo2 r!e"%o + &$'*a por "ore/!/!r< 2 an#e" -$e a& >!o" (e &a =!&!a 'omo re"pon"a&e (e &a /!(a. En e& (!ar!o o!'!a& (e& ?$r (e A$"#ra&!a E"#a or%an!,a'!0n #!ene !ne" "!m!&are" a &o" %r$po" *$man!"#a" E"#a(o$n!(en"e"; J p6%!na" en#era" (e E& E"'p#!'o ?$r2 /o&$men nDmero 2 en e& O#o5o (e 1982 "e (e(!'aron a a#a'ar a& m!n!"#er!o (e La C!en'!a (e La Crea'!0n en A$"#ra&!a + E"#a(o" Un!(o". En &a D&#!ma p6%!na &emo" &o "!%$!en#e: FADn '$an(o #o(a e/!(en'!a #erm!na por apo+ar '$a&-$!er #eora '!en#!'a (e& ne"!"2 "o&o m$e"#ran '$6n !n#e&!%en#e" eran &o" an#!%$o" Hereo" en e& $"o (e "$ "en#!(o 'omDn o '$an aor#$na(o" eranG e"#o no ne'e"!#a "er ep&!'a(o por $n >!o" !n/!"!&eF. E"#a %en#e -$e a#a'a 'on /e*emen'!a a& m!n!"#er!o (e La Crea'!0n (!'en -$e "omo" $n %r$po re&!%!o"o "!en(o e&&o" m!"mo" $n %r$po re&!%!o"o. E&&o" (!'en -$e "! #o(a e/!(en'!a apo+ara a& &!ro (e ne"!" n! aDn a" e&&o" 'reeran -$e $era $n (o'$men#o a$#or!#ar!o. E&&o""!n #raa@an (e"(e &a prem!"a (eno -$e &a >!o". =!&!a E"#a" no e" m!"ma" &a pa&ara (e >!o"2 n! p$e(e "er&o @am6". E&&o" 'reen2 !mpor#ar &a e/!(en'!a2 -$e *a+ per"ona" "on m$+ !n&e!&e" 're+en(o -$e &a e/o&$'!0n e" $n *e'*o. La e/o&$'!0n e" 6"!'amen#e $na !&o"oa re&!%!o"a. En &o" m!n!"#er!o" (e &a Crea'!0n ep&!'amo" a &a %en#e -$e Crea'!0n + e/o&$'!0n "on po"!'!one" re&!%!o"a"2 "ore &o" '$a&e" &a %en#e 'on"#r$+e "$" mo(e&o" !&o"0!'o"2 en e"pe'!a& '!en'!a o *!"#or!a. E& p$n#o2 por &o #an#o no e" &a '!en'!a 'on#ra &a re&!%!0n2 e" re&!%!0n 'on#ra re&!%!0n &a '!en'!a (e $na re&!%!0n 'on#ra &a '!en'!a (e o#ra re&!%!0n;. E& amo"o e/o&$'!on!"#a T*eo(o"!$" >o,*an"+ Amer!'a no2 Proe"or (e !o&o%a2 Vo&$men 2 NY 2 Mar,o (e 1972 p6%!na 19; '!#a a P!erre Te!&*ar( (e C*ar(!n: FLa e/o&$'!0n e" $na &$, -$e !&$m!na #o(o" &o" *e'*o"G $na #ra+e'#or!a -$e #o(a" &a" &nea" (e pen"am!en#o (een "e%$!rF. Para &o" Cr!"#!ano"2 por "$p$e"#o e"#o e" $na ne%a#!/a a &o -$e e"D" (!'e en $an 8:1 FSo "o+ &a &$, (e& m$n(o: & -$e me "!%$e2 no an(ar6 en #!n!e&a"2 "!no -$e #en(r6 &a &$, (e &a /!(aF. En I"aa" : "omo" e*or#a(o" a F'am!nar en &a &$, (e& ?e5orF o en I"aa" : &eemo": >e@en (e 'on!ar en e& *omreF. No ne'e"!#amo" e"or,arno" m$'*o para (emo"#rar -$e &a e/o&$'!0n no e" '!en'!a "!no re&!%!0n. C!en'!a2 por "$p$e"#o !n/o&$'ra o"er/a'!0n2 $"an(o $no o ma" (e n$e"#ro" '!n'o "en#!(o" %$"#o2 o&a#o2 /!"#a2 o(o2 #a'#o; para o#ener 'ono'!m!en#o "ore e& m$n(o + "er 'apa'e" (e repe#!r &a" o"er/a'!one". Na#$ra&men#e2 $no "o&o p$e(e o"er/ar &o -$e e!"#e en e& pre"en#e2 e" 6'!& 'ompren(er -$e n!n%Dn '!en#!'o e"#$/o pre"en#e en &o" m!&&one" (e a5o" "$%er!(o" para #e"#!!'ar a &a "$p$e"#a pro%re"!0n e/o&$#!/a (e /!(a "!mp&e a /!(a 'omp&e@a. N!n%Dn '!en#!'o /!/!0 para o"er/ar &a %ran ep&o"!0n =!% =an%; -$e "e "$pone o'$rr!0 *a'e 1J 0 J !&&one" (e a5o"2 n! &a orma'!0n "$p$e"#a (e &a #!erra *a'e . !&&one" (e a5o" o a$n 1J2JJJ a5o";. N!n%Dn '!en#!'o e"#aa a&& < no *$o #e"#!%o *$mano -$e /!era e"#o" "$'e"o" m!en#ra" o'$rran. E"#o "e%$ramen#e no p$e(e "er repe#!(o *o+ en (a. To(a e/!(en'!a '!en#!'a e!"#e "0&o en e& pre"en#e. To(o" &o" 0"!&e"2 &a" p&an#a" + an!ma&e" /!/o"2 e& m$n(o2 e& $n!/er"o < (e *e'*o #o(o2 e!"#e a*ora2 en e& pre"en#e. E& prome(!o (e &a" per"ona" !n'&$+en(o &a ma+ora (e &o" e"#$(!an#e"; no "ae -$e &o" '!en#!'o" #!enen "o&o e& pre"en#e + no p$e(en #ra#ar (!re'#amen#e 'on e& pa"a(o. La e/o&$'!0n e" $n "!"#ema (e 'reen'!a" "ore e& pa"a(o a"a(o en &a" pa&ara" (e *omre" -$e no e"#aan a&&2 pero -$e #ra#an (e ep&!'ar 'omo #o(a e/!(en'!a or!%!na(a en e& pre"en#e 0"!&e"2 an!ma&e"2 p&an#a"2 e#'; or!%!no. E& (!''!onar!o Qe"#erZ" (e!ne re&!%!0n 'omo "e !n(!'a a 'on#!n$a'!0 n: F... &a 'a$"a2 pr!n'!p!o o "!"#ema (e 'reen'!a" "e man#!ene 'on er/or + eF. ?e%$ramen#e2 e"#a e" $na (e"'r!p'!0n !(0nea (e e/o&$'!0n;. La e/o&$'!0n e" $n "!"#ema (e 'rea'!0n < e" W$na re&!%!0nX. 11
E& Dn!'o "en#!(o 'omDn (e par#!'!pa'!0n para en#en(er -$e $no no (e"en#!erra F&a e(a( (e &o" (!no"a$r!o"F "$p$e"#am en#e e!"#en#e" *a'e 7J<JJ m!&&one" (e a5o"2 $no (e"en#!erra (!no"a$r!o" m$er#o" -$e e!"#en2 *o+2 no *a'e m!&&one" (e a5o". Lo" *$e"o" 0"!&e" no /!enen 'on e#!-$e#a" a(@$n#a" -$e (!'en '$an /!e@o" "on e&&o"G n! #!enen o#o%raa" (e e&&o" (!'!en(o -$e $e "$ pare'er '$an(o /a%aan &a #!erra *a'e m$'*o" a5o". C$an(o &a %en#e /!"!#a $n m$"eo2 "e en'$en#ran 'on #ro,o" + pe(a,o" (e *$e"o"2 + o#ro" 0"!&e" '$!(a(o"amen#e arre%&a(o" en mo"#ra(ore" (e /!(r!o2 re'$en#emen#e a'ompa5a(o" por o#o%raa" repre"en#an(o $na !mpre"!0n ar#"#!'a (e &o" an!ma&e" + p&an#a" -$e po(ran *aer /!"#o 'omo "$ am!en#e na#$ra&. Re'$er( e2 na(!e (e"en#!erra e& '$a(ro2 "0&o &o" 0"!&e". S e"#o" 0"!&e" e!"#en en e& pre"en#e. Por e@emp&o en Ta"man!a *a+ $na 'apa (e p!e(ra aren!"'a -$e 'on#!ene m!&&one" (e p!e,a" (e *$e"o"2 &o" m6" %ran(e" no "on ma" %ran(e" -$e "$ (e(o p$&%ar. E& e/o&$'!on!"#a #!ene p$e"#o $n '$a(ro (e $na e'a/a'!0n en par#!'$&ar para -$e &o" #$r!"#a" p$e(an /er 'omo &o" an!ma&e" + p&an#a" /!/an en &a re%!0n *a'e Fm!&&one" (e a5o"F. U"#e( p$e(e /er e"o" pe(a,o" (e *$e"o" #o(o e& #!empo -$e %$"#e2 pero n$n'a /er6 e& '$a(ro -$e &o" '!en#!'o" (!$@aronG e"#e '$a(ro e" &a *!"#or!a (e "$ prop!a po"!'!0n2 pre'on'e!(a2 + -$e !na&men#e2 e" #o(o &o -$e p$e(e "er. C$an(o en"e5o en e"'$e&a" + 'o&e%!o"2 me %$"#a pre%$n#ar a &o" e"#$(!an#e" -$e "e p$e(e apren(er (e $n "e(!men#o 0"!&. Pre%$n#o a &o" e"#$(!an#e" "! #o(o" &o" an!ma&e" + p&an#a" -$e #!enen en e& "e(!men#o2 /!/an @$n#o"2 m$r!eron @$n#o"2 o $eron en#erra(o" @$n#o". En#on'e" &e" a(/!er#o2 -$e a"e%$ren -$e &a re"p$e"#a -$e e&&o" me (en "ea 'on"!"#en#e 'on &a !n/e"#!%a'!0n '!en#!'a /er(a(era. Lo -$e e&&o" p!en"an "ore e"#o e" -$e no "aen "! &o" or%an!"mo" /!/an @$n#o" por-$e no /!eron &o -$e pa"02 no "aen "! &o" or%an!"mo" m$r!eron @$n#o" o 'reen "aer -$e "e en#erraron @$n#o" por-$e "e &o" en'on#raron @$n#o". Por #an#o "! $"#e( #ra#a (e re'on"#r$!r e& am!en#e en -$e e"#o" or%an!"mo" /!/!eron2 "o&amen#e (e &o -$e en'$en#re a&&2 p$e(e 'ome#er $na #err!&e e-$!/o'a'!0n. E& $"o 'orre'#o (e &a '!en'!a ne'e"!#a "er ena#!,a(o en n$e"#ro "!"#ema e($'a'!ona&. La Dn!'a manera "e%$ra (e &a" &&e%ar a &a-$e 'on'&$"!0n '$a&-$!er 'o"a2 !n'&$+en(o or%ene"2 (e (epen(e (e 'ono'er #o(a" 'o"a" *a+ por'orre'#a 'ono'er2"ore a meno" -$e "e 'ono,'a 'a(a m!&"!ma e/!(en'!a /6&!(a2 n$n'a "e po(ra e"#ar "e%$ro (e -$e a&%$na (e "$" 'on'&$"!one" "ea 'orre'#a. E& e/o&$'!on!"#a n$n'a "ae '$6& e" &a "!%$!en#e e/!(en'!a por (e"'$r!r2 por &o #an#o2 e"#o 'am!ara "$" 'on'&$"!one"2 + na(!e "ara "! & a&'an,0 e& p$n#o (on(e #$/o #o(a &a e/!(en'!a. E"#o e" rea&men#e $n pro&ema para #o(o "er *$mano < C0mo "e p$e(e e"#ar '!en por '!en#o "e%$ro "ore a&%o2 e"#o e" $n (!&ema2 no. E"#o e" 'omo /er $n a"e"!na#o m!"#er!o"o en &a #e&e/!"!0n. $ "$'e(e E" o/!o. En me(!o (e& (e"en&a'e e& #e&e/!(en#e "ae -$!en $e e& a"e"!no < e& ma+or(omo. Cer'a a& !na& e"#a 'on'&$"!0n e" #o(a/a o/!a2 #re" m!n$#o" an#e" (e& !na& n$e/a" e/!(en'!a" apare'en -$e $"#e( an#e" no #en!a + e"#o 'am!a #o#a&men#e "$ 'on'&$"!0n. W>e"p$" (e #o(o e& ma+or(omo no era e& a"e"!noX. ?!n emar%o2 pr!n'!p!an(o 'on &a e/!(en'!a !rre$#a&e (e &a" E"'r!#$ra"2 "e no" (!@o -$e en >!o" e& pa(re + "$ *!@o e"$'r!"#o F... en -$!n e"#6n e"'on(!(o" #o(o" &o" #e"oro" (e& 'ono'!m!en#o + &a "a!($raF Co&o"en"e" :;. No *a+ orma (e -$e n!n%$na men#e *$mana p$e(a "aer #o(o &o -$e *a+ por "aer. Pero no"o#ro" #enemo" a A&%$!en -$e &o "ae. E"#o #erm!na n$e"#ro (!&ema. No"o#ro" no ($(amo" (e -$e >!o" no" *a (a(o a 'ono'er "$ pa&ara -$e e" /er(a(e ra + pre'!"a. E& no e" $n *omre2 para -$e m!en#a NDmero" :19;2 "ore '$a&-$!er 'o"a. Con e& #!empo 'ono'eremo" m6" p&enamen#e. E& a5a(!r6 aN!n%Dn n$e"#ro pero '!en#!'o E& no 'am!ar6 &o -$e&a*a (a(o a 'ono'er (e '!en#!'a" "$ pa&ara.'am!an "er'ono'!m!en#o2 *$mano2 n!n%Dn #!ene #o(a e/!(en'!a por-$e a&a"#ra/" #eora" 'on"#an#emen#e. Lo" '!en#!'o" e"#6n apren(!en(o 'on"#an#emen#e n$e/a" 'o"a"2 + #erm!nan 'am!an(o "$" 'on'&$"!one". La *!"#or!a $e 'on#a(a (e $na per"ona -$e re%re"o a "$ Proe"or (e &a Un!/er"!(a( m$'*o" a5o" (e"p$" (e 'on'&$!r "$ %ra(o en e'onoma. & p!(!0 /er e& '$e"#!onar!o (e pre%$n#a" -$e a*ora $"aan2 + "e "orpren(!0 m$'*o '$an(o /!o -$e eran &a" m!"ma" pre%$n#a" (e '$an(o & era e"#$(!an#e. E& ora(or en#on'e" (!@o -$e a$n-$e &a" pre%$n#a" eran &a" m!"ma"2 W&a" re"p$e"#a" "eran #o#a&men#e (!eren#e"X. Una /e, (!"'$# 'on $n proe"or (e eo&o%a (e $na Un!/er"!(a( Amer!'ana en $n pro%rama (e ra(!o. & (!@o -$e &a e/o&$'!0n era &a '!en'!a /er(a(era por-$e &o" e/o&$'!on!"#a" e"#aan (!"p$e"#o" a *a'er 'am!o" a "$ #eora a& en'on#rar n$e/a" e/!(en'!a". Tam!n (!@o -$e &a Crea'!0n no era $na '!en'!a por-$e e& p$n#o (e /!"#a (e &o" 'rea'!on!"#a" %!raa en #orno a &a =!&!a + -$e por &o #an#o no e"#aa "$@e#a a 'am!o". Le 'on#e"#e: FLa ra,0n por &a -$e &a #eora '!en#!'a 'am!a e" por-$e no"o#ro" no 'ono'emo" #o(a" &a" 'o"a"2 no e" a"F. No"o#ro" no #enemo" #o(a &a e/!(en'!a. 12
F?2 'orre'#oF2 & (!@o. Con#!n$G FPero2 n$n'a "aremo" #o(oF. FE" /er(a(F2 & 'on#e"#o. En#on'e" a!rmG F?!empre 'on#!n$aremo" en'on#ran(o n$e/a" e/!(en'!a"F. FEe'#!/amen#eF2 & (!@o. Con#e"#G FLo -$e "!%n!!'a -$e n$n'a po(remo" e"#ar "e%$ro" (e na(aF. FCorre'#oF2 & (!@o. FLo -$e "!%n!!'a -$e no po(emo" e"#ar "e%$ro" "ore &a e/o&$'!0nF. FWO*2 noX2 La e/o&$'!0n e" $n *e'*oF2 e'&am0. & 'a+0 en "$ prop!a &0%!'a. & e"#aa (emo"#ran(o -$e "$ p$n#o (e /!"#a e"#aa (e#erm!na(o por "$ par'!a&!"mo. Lo" mo(e&o" (e '!en'!a e"#6n "$@e#o" a 'am!o" #an#o para &o" 'rea'!on!"#a" 'omo para &o" e/o&$'!on!"#a" pero2 &a" 'reen'!a" en -$e e"#o" mo(e&o" "e 'on"#r$+en no. E& pro&ema e" -$e &a ma+ora (e &o" '!en#!'o" no "e (an '$en#a (e &o -$e e" &a 'reen'!a o re&!%!0n; (e &a e/o&$'!0n2 -$e e" &a a"e (e &o" mo(e&o" '!en#!'o" &a" !n#erpre#a'!one" o &a" *!"#or!a"; $"a(a" para !n#en#ar (ar $na ep&!'a'!0n (e& pre"en#e. Lo" e/o&$'!on!"#a" no e"#6n prepara(o" para 'am!ar "$ a'#$a& 'reen'!a2 -$e #o(a &a /!(a p$e(e "er ep&!'a(a por pro'e"o" na#$ra&e" + -$e >!o" no e"#a !n/o&$'ra(o o aDn ne'e"ar!o;. La e/o&$'!0n e" &a Dn!'a re&!%!0n 'on &a -$e e&&o" e"#6n 'omprome#!(o". Como 'r!"#!ano" (eemo" (e"per#ar a e"#o. WLa e/o&$'!0n e" $na re&!%!0nG no e" '!en'!aX.
CAPÍTULO TRES
8A C"ACI;. S "8I'I,. La 'rea'!0n &!'a e" &a re&!%!0n "ore &a '$a& "e 'on"#r$+e &a '!en'!a (e $n 'rea(or (!/!no re'$en#emen#e &&ama(o 'rea'!on!"mo '!en#!'o;2 -$e e"#a a"a(a pa&ara La =!&!a; -$e (e'&ara -$e & e"#aa en e& pa"a(o -$!en e"2 (e *e'*o2 E#erno;. & en $"0&a*omre" a #ra/" (e(e "$Uno E"pr!#$ para e"'r!!r "$" pa&ara"2 para -$e no"o#ro" po(amo" #ener $na a"e aprop!a(a2 para 'ono'er + en#en(er #o(o &o -$e ne'e"!#emo" "aer "ore &a 'rea'!0n (e >!o". Ne'e"!#amo" (e!n!r en orma (e#a&&a(a &o -$e no"o#ro" "!%n!!'amo" para e& p$n#o (e /!"#a 'rea'!on!"#a. E"#o 'on"!"#e 6"!'amen#e en $na /!"!0n *!"#0r!'a #r!6"!'a < $na 'rea'!0n pere'#a2 'orr$p#a por e& pe'a(o2 -$e (ee "er re"#a$ra(a por e"$'r!"#o. Un re"$men (e e"#o" 'on'ep#o" "e (e#a&&a a 'on#!n$a'!0n: 1 >!o" 're0 (e &a na(a &o" '!e&o" + &a #!erra2 + #o(o &o -$e *a+ en e&&a en "e!" (a" < 'a(a par#e e"#a (!"e5a(a para #raa@ar 'on #o(a" &a" o#ra" en pere'#a armona. C$an(o >!o" #erm!n0 "$ #raa@o (e 'rea'!0n2 & &&am0 a #o(o e"#o F$eno en %ran maneraF. A&& no *aa m$er#e2 per"ona" + an!ma&e" eran /e%e#ar!ano"2 + &a #!erra aparen#emen#e #ena $n '&!ma "$a/e (e po&o a po&o2 $n "!"#ema (e r!e%o "$#err6neo + n$#r!#!/o2 + no e!"#an &a" #ormen#a". 2 ?!n emar%o2 no"o#ro" no /!/!mo" en e& m$n(o -$e >!o" or!%!na&men#e 're0. Por-$e n$e"#ro" pr!mero" pa(re" p$"!eron &a op!n!0n *$mana por en'!ma (e &a pa&ara (e >!o" 'omo 'on#!n$amo" *a'!n(o&o;2 &$'*a + m$er#e en#r0 a& m$n(o + >!o" ma&(!@o &a 'rea'!0n. C*ar&e" >ar!n &&am0 a e"#a &$'*a *a"#a &a m$er#e F!n"#!n#o na#$ra&F + ore'!0 "$ #eora 'omo "$"#!#$#o (e& Crea(or. Ma" #ar(e &o" e/o&$'!on!"#a" a5a(!eron 'am!o" en *eren'!a m$#a'!one"; a "$ #eora. Pero &a m$er#e + &a 'a"$a&!(a( no $eron 'rea(o"G ma" !en #ra@eron 'on"!%o enerme(a(2 (ee'#o"2 m$er#e + 'orr$p'!0n en e& m$n(o -$e >!o" 're0. >e"p$" (e& pe'a(o + &a ree&!0n &a 'a(a; (e& *omre2 &a #!erra "e &&en0 (e /!o&en'!a + 'orr$p'!0 n + >!o" (e"#r$+0 e& m$n(o 'on $n >!&$/!o + &e (!o $n n$e/o pr!n'!p!o 'on No2 "$ am!&!a2 + &o" an!ma&e" en e& ar'a. Lo" 0"!&e" < !&&one" (e 'o"a" m$er#a" en#erra(a" en 'apa" (e ro'a -$e $eron p$e"#a" "ore &a #!erra por e& a%$a < no" re'$er(an e& @$!'!o (e >!o" "ore e& pe'a(o. 3 >e"p$" (e &a !n$n(a'!0n &a #!erra n$e/amen#e "e &&en0 (e /!o&en'!a2 'orr$p'!0n + m$er#e a 'a$"a (e& pe'a(o (e& *omre2 por-$e man#!enen &a op!n!0n *$mana por en'!ma (e &a pa&ara (e >!o". Cr!"#o /!no para "anar + re"#a$rar #o(a" &a" 'o"a" a #ra/" (e "$ m$er#e + re"$rre''!0n2 & 'on-$!"#0 &a m$er#e. No"o#ro" po(emo" na'er n$e/amen#e a &a /!(a e#erna + "er n$e/a" 'r!a#$ra" en Cr!"#o. A" 'omo >!o" 're0 e& m$n(o + &o @$,%0 'on e& (!&$/!o2 n$e"#ro m$n(o pe'am!no"o "er6 @$,%a(o por e& $e%o. Pero2 para a-$e&&o" -$e 'onan en Cr!"#o &e" e"pera $na 13
/!(a e#erna en &o" '!e&o" n$e/o" + #!erra n$e/aG a&& no *ar6 m6" 'orr$p'!0n por-$e &a ma&(!'!0n "er6 -$!#a(a por >!o". La =!&!a (!'e -$e >!o" &o "ae #o(o2 & #!ene #o(o e& 'ono'!m!en#o. ?! e"#o e" /er(a( en#on'e" &a =!&!a e" &a pa&ara (e a&%$!en -$e 'ono'e #o(o &o -$e *a+ por "aer. ?! -$eremo" "a'ar 'on'&$"!one" 'orre'#a" "ore '$a&-$!er 'o"a &a Dn!'a manera "e%$ra "era 'omen,ar 'on &a pa&ara (e $no -$e #!ene e& 'ono'!m!en#o a"o&$#o. No"o#ro" 'omo 'r!"#!ano" (eemo" e(!!'ar #o(o" n$e"#ro" pen"am!en#o" a"a(o" en &a =!&!a2 (eemo" 'omen,ar 'on &a pa&ara (e >!o"2 no 'on &a pa&ara (e $n *omre a&!&e2 !n!#o. >eemo" @$,%ar &o -$e &a %en#e (!'e "ore &a a"e (e &o -$e &a pa&ara (e >!o" (!'e [ no a &a !n/er"a. En $n "em!nar!o +o a!rm -$e (eemo" e(!!'ar #o(o" n$e"#ro" pen"am!en#o" "ore &a pa&ara (e >!o". E"#e (ee "er n$e"#ro p$n#o (e par#!(a. Un m!n!"#ro (e manera !n(!%na(a 'omen#0 2 -$e & (eera "er *6!& para !r a &a =!&!a + en'on#rar 'omo reparar "$ 'o'*e. O/!amen#e e& no en#en(!0 -$e &o" pr!n'!p!o" -$e %o!ernan #o(o" n$e"#ro" pen"am!en#o" en 'a(a 6rea (een /en!r (e &a" e"'r!#$ra"2 e"#o" pr!n'!p!o" "on !nm$#a&e". La =!&!a (e"(e &$e%o -$e no 'on#!ene (e#a&&e" (e 'omo reparar $n a$#o2 &a '!en'!a mo(erna -$e perm!#!0 e& (e"arro&&o (e& a$#om0/!& "$r%!0 '$an(o &a %en#e 'omen,0 a a"ar "$ '!en'!a "ore &a =!&!a. Por &o #an#o e"#a m6-$!na e!"#e (e a'$er(o 'on &a" &e+e" -$e >!o" *!,o. >eeramo" "er *6!&e" para !n/e"#!%ar e"#a" &e+e" + ap&!'ar&a" en (!eren#e" 6rea". N!n%Dn e/o&$'!on!"#a !norma(o pre%$n#ara e& *e'*o (e -$e &a '!en'!a mo(erna "$r%!0 (e $na a"e &!'a. En o#ra" pa&ara" &o -$e no"o#ro" 'reemo" + pen"amo" (epen(e (e &a a"e en &a -$e 'omen,amo". La =!&!a 'on#!ene m$'*o" pr!n'!p!o" $n(amen#a&e" + (e#a&&e" ne'e"ar!o" para (e"arro&&ar &o" pen"am!en#o" 'orre'#o" en 'a(a 6rea. >e"aor#$na(amen#e (ema"!a(a %en#e 'omen,0 'on &a pa&ara (e *omre" + en#on'e" @$,%an &o -$e &a =!&!a (e'&ara. W$ po"!'!0n m6" arro%an#e #!enenX. No"o#ro" no po(emo" (e'!r &o -$e >!o" (eera (e'!r2 (eemo" e"#ar (!"p$e"#o" a e"#ar a@o "$ a$#or!(a( #o#a&men#e + e"'$'*ar &o -$e & no" (!'e. ?2 &a 'rea'!0n e" re&!%!0n pero e"#6 a"a(a en &a re/e&a'!0n (e& Crea(or2 'ono'e(or (e #o(o. La e/o&$'!0n e" re&!%!0n pero a"a(a re/e&a'!0n (epor par#e (e >!o"2prop!a; m6" !en #!ene "$ a"e &a" pa&ara" (e *omre" -$eno noe"#a e"#aan a&& en < &o"&a*omre" -$e a(m!"!0n no 'ono'en #o(o.en S e"#o" *omre"2 &a =!&!a no" (!'e2 e"#6n en 'on#ra (e >!o" + "$ pa&ara. ?! &a =!&!a no e" &a pa&ara !na&!&e (e Uno -$e 'ono'e #o(o2 en#on'e" no #enemo" a"o&$#amen#e na(a2 n$n'a po(remo" e"#ar "e%$ro" (e na(a. En#on'e"G '$6& e" &a /er(a( m! pa&ara2 #$ pa&ara o &a pa&ara (e o#ra per"ona >e *e'*o2 'omo (e#erm!na $"#e( '$6& e" &a /er(a( + '0mo $"'ar&a. Re'$er(o $n "em!nar!o (on(e $n @o/en "o"#ena !rmemen#eG FSo no p$e(o 'reer en &a 'rea'!0n2 +o 'reo en e& =!% < =an%2 &a %ran ep&o"!0n; no"o#ro" "omo" "!mp&emen#e pro($'#o (e 'a"$a&!(a( + pro'e"o" a& a,ar. No *a+ >!o". $ (!'e $"#e( a e"#oF. Le (!@e: F=!en "! #D ere" pro($'#o (e 'a"$a&!(a(2 #$ 'erero #am!n e" pro($'#o (e 'a"$a&!(a(2 por &o #an#o &o" mo(e&o" (e pen"am!en#o -$e (e#erm!n an #$ &0%!'a "on #am!n pro($'#o (e 'a"$a&!(a(. ?! #$ &0%!'a e" e& re"$&#a(o (e pro'e"o" (e 'a"$a&!(a( #D no p$e(e" e"#ar "e%$ro "! #$ 'erero e/o&$'!on0 aprop!a(amen#e. No p$e(e" e"#ar "e%$ro "! &a pre%$n#a -$e *!'!"#e e" 'orre'#a por-$e #$ no p$e(e" 'on!ar en #$ prop!a &0%!'aF. & -$e(0 a#0n!#o. >e"p$" & me $"'0 + pre%$n#0 por &o" me@ore" &!ro" "ore e& #ema + (!@o -$e #ena -$e pen"ar "er!amen#e "ore e"#a" 'o"a". & *aa 'omen,a(o a (ar"e '$en#a -$e "!n $n a"o&$#o >!o";2 no #ena na(a. Lo" 'r!"#!ano" #!enen &a =!&!a -$e a!rma "er &a Pa&ara (e >!o". Po(emo" #omar &o -$e &a =!&!a (!'e + /er "! &a e/!(en'!a pre"en#e "e a@$"#a a e&&a. e& &!ro (e ne"!" -$ee&a!rma re&a#o (e n$e"#ro or!%en +(e& n$e"#ra *!"#or!a po(emo" /er?!&o#omamo" -$e (!'e 'on reeren'!a a 'omo m$n(o"er $ee&'rea(o + &o -$e pa"0 (e"p$". Po(emo" (e'!(!r -$e e"peramo" en'on#rar "! &a =!&!a e" /er(a(era e" n$e"#ro mo(e&o '!en#!'o en re&a'!0n 'on &a 'rea'!0n;. En#on'e" po(emo" m!rar a& m$n(o + /er "! *a+ e/!(en'!a -$e e!"#e -$e e"2 !n/e"#!% ar e& pre"en#e2 #o(a &a e/!(en'!a -$e #enemo" < para /er " e"#o "e a@$"#a a n$e"#ro mo(e&o;. Por e@emp&o2 "e no" (!'e -$e >!o" 're0 #o(a" &a" 'o"a" /!/a" en (!"#!n#a" e"pe'!e" o %r$po". Po(emo" "$poner2 por &o #an#o -$e an!ma&e" + p&an#a" (eeran en'on#rar"e en "$ prop!o %nero < $na e"pe'!e no p$e(e #ran"ormar"e en o#ra. >e *e'*o e"#o e" ea'#amen#e &o -$e en'on#ramo" #an#o en &o /!/!en#e 'omo en &o" or%an!"mo" 0"!&e";. E& &!ro (e ne"!" no" (!'e2 -$e por 'a$"a (e &a ma&(a( >!o" @$,%0 a& m$n(o 'on e& (!&$/!o2 "! e"#o e" /er(a(2 -$ e/!(en'!a en'on#raramo" Ten(ramo" -$e e"perar en'on#rar !&&one" (e 'o"a" m$er#a" 0"!&e"; en#erra(a" en &a" 'apa" (e ro'a2 p$e"#a" por e& a%$a + &o" pro'e"o" 'a#a"#r0!'o" "ore &a ma+or par#e (e &a #!erra. S e"#o e" ea'#amen#e &o -$e /emo". 14
En ne"!" 112 &eemo" &o" e/en#o" -$e o'$rr!eron en &a #orre (e =ae&. O#ra /e, *a'emo" &a pre%$n#a: "! e"#e e/en#o rea&men#e a'on#e'!0 -$ e/!(en'!a e"peramo" en'on#rar En'a@an &a" e/!(en'!a" (e &a" '$&#$ra" (e& m$n(o 'on e"#o. O#ra /e, &a re"p$e"#a e" ar$ma(ora2 F"F2 #o(o "er *$mano p$e(e pro'rear + pro($'!r (e"'en(en'!a r#!& < #o(o" no"o#ro" "omo" (e &a m!"ma e"pe'!e. To(o" &o" *$mano" #enemo" e& m!"mo 'o&or &a %en#!'a no" (!'e -$e &o" #!n#e" /!enen (e $n "o&o 'o∨. ?! #o(o "er *$mano #!ene e& m!"mo an'e"#ro2 No + por D&#!mo A(6n;2 en#on'e" #o(a" &a" '$&#$ra" "e *an (e"arro&&a(o (e"(e e& (!&$/!o + &a (!/!"!0n en &a #orre (e =ae&. Lo" e/o&$'!on!"#a" *a&an (e &a" (!eren#e" ra,a" (e &a %en#e en e& m$n(o2 e& #rm!no Fra,a"F p$e(e $"ar"e (e (!eren#e" manera" (epen(!en(o (e &a (e!n!'!0n -$e $"#e( a'ep#e. Tr!"#emen#e2 &o" e/o&$'!on!"#a" *an $"a(o e"#e #rm!no en e& "en#!(o (e -$e a&%$no" %r$po" (e *$mano" no *an e/o&$'!ona(o #an#o 'omo o#ro". C$an(o e&&o" $"an &a pa&ara Fra,a"F rea&men#e "e re!eren a &o" (!eren#e" n!/e&e" *$mano"2 (epen(!en(o e& p$n#o a& -$e *an e/o&$'!ona(o. >e!(o a &a en"e5an,a e/o&$#!/a en e& "!"#ema e($'a#!/o + &a pren"a2 m$'*o" en e& pD&!'o en %enera& #!en(en a pen"ar -$e e& #rm!no Fra,a"F e" ap&!'a(o a &a ra,a *$mana en $n "en#!(o e/o&$#!/o. Por e"#a "!#$a'!0n e" proa&e -$e "ea me@or para &o" 'r!"#!ano" *a&ar "ore $na ra,a a& reer!r"e a& "er *$mano2 no a (!eren#e" ra,a". >!o" *!,o (e $na "o&a "an%re a #o(o" &o" *omre" (e &a" (!eren#e na'!one" para -$e *a!#aran en #o(a &a a, (e &a #!erra2 + (e#erm!n0 e& #!empo an#e" "e5a&a(o + &o" &m!#e" (e "$ mora(a. He'*o" 17:; ?e 'ono'e -$e #o(a '$&#$ra en e& m$n(o #!ene *!"#or!a" o &e+en(a" -$e 'a"! po(ran "er $"a(a" para e"'r!!r e& &!ro (e& ne"!". La ma+ora (e &a" '$&#$ra" #!enen $na *!"#or!a "ore $n m$n(o !n$n(a(o "!m!&ar a& >!&$/!o. La" &e+en(a" (e &a 'rea'!0n no (!"#!n#o" a &a narra'!0n en ne"!" 'on re"pe'#o a &a 'rea'!0n (e &a m$@er2 &a en#ra(a (e &a m$er#e + e& *omre or!%!na&2 + &o" an!ma&e" -$e eran /e%e#ar!ano" ne"!" 1:9<J; ) a$n(an en &a" '$&#$ra" a&re(e(or (e& m$n(o. E"#a e" $na e/!(en'!a po(ero"a2 -$e e"#a *!"#or!a /!ene pa"an(o (e %enera'!0n en %enera'!0n. La /er(a(era *!"#or!a e"#a en &a =!&!a2 pero &a" "!m!&!#$(e" '$&#$ra" e/o&$#!/a. a&re(e(or (e& m$n(o no "on &o -$e $"#e( e"perara (e"(e e& p$n#o (e /!"#a (e $n "!"#ema (e en &a 'reen'!a So re'$er(o *aer apren(!(o -$e &a ra,0n por e& '$a& &o" =a!&on!o" + o#ro"; #enan *!"#or!a" pare'!(a" a& ne"!"2 era por-$e &o" @$(o" *aan #oma(o m!#o" + 'o"#$mre" (e or!%en =a!&0n!'o para !n'&$!r en "$" e"'r!#$ra". ?!n emar%o '$an(o e"#a !(ea $e !n/e"#!%a(a '$!(a(o"amen#e2 en'on#ramo" -$e &a" *!"#or!a" =a!&0n!'a" "on %ro#e"'a" + a"#an#e !n're&e" 'a"! en 'a(a a"pe'#o. Por e@emp&o2 &a" *!"#or!a" =a!&0n!'a" 'on re"pe'#o a& >!&$/!o #!enen (!o"e" par#!(o" por &a m!#a( + &$+n(o&e" a%$a. C$an(o $"#e( &ee e& re&a#o &!'o (e& >!&$/!o2 e" &o m6" ra,ona&e. C$an(o $no p!en"a "ore e&&o2 &a" *!"#or!a" pa"an(o (e %enera'!0n en %enera'!0n -$e no $eron '$!(a(o"amen#e pre"er/a(a" < "ore #o(o a-$e&&a" -$e $eron 'on#a(a" /era&men#e < no me@oran 'on e& #!empo. La /er(a( "e p!er(e + &a" *!"#or!a" "e (e%eneran no#a&emen#e. Lo" re%!"#ro" &!'o" *an "!(o en#re%a(o" (e orma e"'r!#a2 '$!(a(o"amen#e pre"er/a(o" a@o &a "$per/!"!0n (e >!o" + no $eron 'orromp!(o". La" *!"#or!a" =a!&0n!'a"2 -$e re&e@an &a /er(a( (e &o" re%!"#ro" &!'o"2 "on &a" Dn!'a" -$e "e &&e%aron a 'orromper (e!(o a &a" &!m!#a'!one" (e &a a&!!&!(a( *$mana. A"2 'omen,amo" 'on &a =!&!a + #raa@amo" (e"(e "$ $n(amen#o2 &a e/!(en'!a (e& pre"en#e (e!era 'o!n'!(!r. S &o *a'e2 'on!rman(o n$e"#ra e (e -$e &a =!&!a e" &a pa&ara (e >!o" a& !na& (e e"#e &!ro "e (e#a&&a &!"#a'!en#!'amen#e2 (e &!ro" -$e apo+an '!en#!'a re"pa&(an(o a &a proar. =!&!a;. N! ?!n&aemar%o2 e"#o Fpr$eaF$na na(a por-$e &a ene/!(en'!a re&a'!0n 'on e& pa"a(o na(a p$e(e 'rea'!0n n! &a e/o&$'!0n p$e(e proar"e '!en#!'amen#e. Amo"2 'rea'!0n + e/o&$'!0n "on "!"#ema" (e 'reen'!a -$e re"$&#an en (!eren#e" mo(e&o" '!en#!'o" e !n#erpre#a'!one" #o#a&men#e (!eren#e" (e &a e/!(en'!a. E"#o no e" para (e'!r -$e &o" 'rea'!on!"#a" "!empre #!enen &a ra,0n ep&!'an(o #o(o" &o" e/en#o". Por-$e &o" 'rea'!on!"#a" no #!enen #o(o" &o" (a#o" /a&!(o"2 *ar6n m$'*a" 'o"a" -$e no "er6 po"!&e ep&!'ar en #rm!no" e"pe' !'o"2 pero no o"#an#e #o(o" &o" *e'*o" (een a@$"#ar"e a &a e"#r$'#$ra (e& re%!"#ro &!'o. En $na !%&e"!a2 $n '!en#!'o (e manera $r!o"a; "e (!r!%!0 a &a 'on%re%a'!0n (!'!en(o -$e no 'rea &o -$e +o (!@e. Le" !norm0 -$e2 'omo '!en#!'o & &e" mo"#rara -$e &o -$e (!@e 'on'ern!en#e a& (!&$/!o + &a 'rea'!0n era e-$/o'o. La '!en'!a2 en "$" pa&ara"2 proaa -$e &a =!&!a e"#aa e-$!/o'a(a. Como & a!rm0 pD&!'amen#e -$e era 'r!"#!ano2 &e pre%$n# "! 'rea -$e *$o $na per"ona en &a *!"#or!a &&ama(a No. E& (!@o -$e "2 + &e pre%$n# por -$2 e& me (!@o -$e &o *aa &e(o en &a =!&!a. Le pre%$n# "! e& 'rea -$e *$o $n (!&$/!o. ?$ re"p$e"#a $e no. Le pre%$n# por -$ no 'rea en e"#o2 en#on'e" (!@o -$e &a '!en'!a o/!amen#e (e'a -$e no p$(o *aer e!"#!(o $n (!&$/!o ) -$e &a '!en'!a *aa proa(o -$e &a 15
=!&!a e"#aa e-$!/o'a(a. Le pre%$n# '0mo & po(a 'on!ar en &a =!&!a 'on re"pe'#o a No2 "! no 'rea en &a =!&!a '$an(o *a&aa "or e e& >!&$/!o. Tam!n &e (!@e -$e &a e/!(en'!a -$e & $"aa2 para (e'!r -$e no p$(o *aer e!"#!(o $n (!&$/!o po(a !n#erpre#ar"e en (!/er"a" orma". Por-$ no #enemo" #o(a &a e/!(en'!a o 'ono'emo" #o(a" &a" "$po"!'!one" !n/o&$'ra(a" en /ar!a" #'n!'a" $"a(a" para e'*ar &a #!erra2 e#'.2 no era po"!&e -$e "$" !n#erpre#a'!one" po(ran "er err0nea" + -$e &a =!&!a po(ra #ener ra,0n (e"p$" (e #o(o & a(m!#!0 -$e no "a!a #o(o + -$e era po"!&e -$e *a+a "$po"!'!one" (e#r6" (e a&%$no" m#o(o" '!en#!'o" a &o" '$a&e" & "e re!r!0. E"#a !norma'!0n a(!'!ona& po(ra 'am!ar #o#a&men#e "$" 'on'&$"!one". E& a(m!#!0 -$e e"#a era $na po"!!&!(a(2 pero en#on'e" "!%$!0 (!'!en(o -$e & no po(a 'reer en &a =!&!a en #o(a" &a" 6rea" por e@emp&o e& >!&$/!o; *a"#a -$e &a '!en'!a &o *a+a proa(o. N$e/amen#e e!"#a $n pro&ema en 'ompren(er en -$e 'on"!"#e &a '!en'!a + e& *e'*o (e -$e &a '!en'!a no p$e(e proar na(a 'on re&a'!0n a& pa"a(o. So a'ep# &a =!&!a 'omo &a pa&ara (e >!o" + por &o #an#o !n#erpre# &a e/!(en'!a "ore e"a a"e. A& 'on#rar!o & a'ep#aa &a =!&!a 'omo e& 'on#en!(o (e &a pa&ara (e >!o" pero "$@e#o a &a (emo"#ra'!0n '!en#!'a. Por "$p$e"#o "! $"#e( re#!ene e& D&#!mo eno-$e -$e &o" '!en#!'o" *a'en n$e/o" (e"'$r!m!en#o" + "$" #eora" 'am!an #o(o e& #!empo2 "$ a'#!#$( *a'!a &a =!&!a (eera 'am!ar 'on"#an#emen#e #am!n < $"#e( n$n'a p$e(e e"#ar "e%$ro (e na(a. En e& "!"#ema e"'o&ar pD&!'o2 #ra# (e a"e%$rar -$e m!" e"#$(!an#e" apren(!eran $na !n#erpre#a'!0n 'orre'#a (e &a '!en'!a + 'omo pen"ar 'on &0%!'a. ?!n emar%o e& pr!mer a5o -$e en"e5 &a 'rea'!0n en &a" e"'$e&a" pD&!'a"2 m! eno-$e era (!eren#e. So mo"#raa a &o" e"#$(!an#e" &o" pro&ema" 'on &a e/o&$'!0n + 'omo &a e/!(en'!a apo+aa e& p$n#o (e /!"#a 'rea'!on!"#a. Pero '$an(o &o" e"#$(!an#e" a"!"#an a o#ra '&a"e (on(e e& proe"or era e/o&$'!on!"#a2 e& proe"or re!n#erpre#aa &a e/!(en'!a para e&&o". So *aa $"a(o &o -$e po(ramo" &&amarG $n eno-$e Fe/!(en'!a&!"#aF < #ra#an(o (e $"ar &a e/!(en'!a para 'on/en'er a &o" e"#$(!an#e" -$e e"#o mo"#raa -$e &a e/o&$'!0n era err0nea + -$e &a 'rea'!0n era 'orre'#a. En#on'e" 'am!+&o" + en"e5 a &o"ene"#$(!an#e" &a /er(a(era na#$ra&e,a '!en'!a + &o#!enen -$e &a '!en'!a p$e(e no m#o(o" p$e(e *a'er. Veamo" orma (e#a&&a(a &a" &!m!#a'!one" -$e(e&o"&a '!en#!'o" 'on re&a'!0n a& pa"a(o. ?e &e" (!@o -$e &o" '!en#!'o" #!enen F"$po"!'!one"F 'reen'!a";2 -$e e&&o" $"an a& !n#erpre#ar &a e/!(en'!a. Le" 'ompar# m!" 'reen'!a" (e &a =!&!a 'on re&a'!0n a &a 'rea'!0n2 &a 'a(a2 e& >!&$/!o2 + o#ro" #ema"2 + 'omo $no p$e(e 'on"#r$!r mo(e&o" '!en#!'o" "ore e"#a e"#r$'#$ra. E"#o (emo"#raa '0mo &a e/!(en'!a 'o!n'!(a 'on &a e"#r$'#$ra (e &a 'rea'!0n + no a" 'on &a e/o&$'!on!"#a. So *aa empe,a(o a en"e5ar (e"(e $n eno-$e -$e po(ra &&amar"e Fpre"$po"!'!0na&!"#aF. La (!eren'!a era "orpren(en#e. C$an(o &o" e"#$(!an#e" $eron a o#ra" '&a"e" + "$" proe"ore" #ra#aan (e re!n#erpre#ar &a e/!(en'!a &o" e"#$(!an#e" eran *6!&e" para !(en#!!'ar &a" "$po"!'!one" #ra" &o -$e &o" proe"ore" (e'an. Lo" e"#$(!an#e" re'ono'an &o -$e era $n "!"#ema (e 'reen'!a (e& proe"or -$e (e#erm!naa &a orma en -$e & /ea &a e/!(en'!a. La pre%$n#a (e or%ene" e"#aa $era (e &a (emo"#ra'!0n '!en#!'a. E"#o (e@0 perp&e@o" a a&%$no" proe"ore" (e #a& mo(o -$e en $na o'a"!0n2 $na @o/en proe"ora "e a'er'0 a m ara"!/amen#e -$e a!rman(o -$e +o *aa (e"#r$!(o "$ 're(!!&!(a( 'on &o" e"#$(!an#e". E&&a *aa en"e5a(o a "$" e"#$(!an#e" -$e e& 'ar0n "e *aa orma(o en &o" pan#ano" en m!&&one" (e a5o". So *aa en"e5a(o a &o" e"#$(!an#e" &a" (!eren#e" #eora" 'on re"pe'#o a 'omo po(ra ormar"e e& 'ar0n. E"#a proe"ora no *e'*o2 *aa !n(!'a(o &a &!m!#a'!0n (e &a a'!en'!a + *aa "$ #eora (e&por 'ar0n (e&e&&a pan#ano 'omo $n "$ 're(!!&!(a( (!"m!n$+0 &o" o@o" (e &o"en"e5a(o e"#$(!an#e". La ra,0n &a -$e e"#aa #an eno@a(a e" -$e no #ena $na re"p$e"#a2 + &o "a!a. ?$" e"#$(!an#e" #am!n &o "aan. So p!(o a '$a&-$!er per"ona -$e #!ene &a opor#$n!(a( (e en"e5ar en e& 6rea (e &a Crea'!0n < e/o&$'!0n -$e ana&!'e '$!(a(o"am en#e "$ m#o(o (e en"e5an,a. A"e %$re -$e &o" e"#$(!an#e" en#!en(an #o(o e& 6rea !&o"0!'a e"#o e"2 &o -$e !n/o&$'ran &a" pre"$po"!'!one" + &a" "$po"!'!one". No "o&amen#e &o" e"#$(!an#e" 'ompren(er6n me@or &o" #ema"2 "!no -$e e&&o" #am!n p$e(an "er me@ore" '!en#!'o" + pen"a(ore" 'omo re"$&#a(o. O#ro re"$&#a(o emo'!onan#e (e e"#e eno-$e pre"$po"!'!ona& -$e ena#!,a &a" &!m!#a'!one" (e &a '!en'!a "on &a" pre%$n#a" -$e &o" e"#$(!an#e" *a'en a& !na& (e 'a(a pro%rama. C$an(o $"amo" e& eno-$e e/!(en'!a&!"#a2 &a" pre%$n#a" (e &o" e"#$(!an#e" "on "ore #ema" 'omo: F$ "ore &a e'*a (e e& 'arono 1F2 FT!enen pr$ea" &o" '!en#!'o" (e &o" 0"!&e" -$e #!enen m!&&one" (e a5o"F2 FW?e%$ramen#e (a(o e& #!empo "$!'!en#e '$a&-$!er 'o"a p$e(e pa"arXF. ?!n emar%o $"an(o e& eno-$e pre"$po"!'!ona& -$e #rae &o" #ema" a& n!/e& (e 'reen'!a $n(amen#a&; era emo'!onan#e /er e& (ram6#!'o 'am!o en &a na#$ra&e,a (e &a" pre%$n#a" *e'*a": >e (on(e /!no >!o"2 C0mo p$e(o 'on!ar en &a 16
=!&!a + "aer "! e" /er(a(era2 $!n e"'r!!0 &a =!&!a2 Por -$ e& 'r!"#!an!"mo e" me@or -$e e& =$(!"mo. Lo" e"#$(!an#e" empe,aron a /er e& #ema /er(a(ero. E"#o era rea&men#e $n 'on&!'#o (e 'reen'!a". E& re"$&#a(o (e e"#e eno-$e era a"omro"o. M$'*o" e"#$(!an#e"2 *an e"'$'*a(o &a" a!rma'!one" (e Cr!"#o + m$e"#ran $n rea& !n#er" en e& 'r!"#!an!"mo + 'omo re"$&#a(o n$mero"a" 'on/er"a'!one". E"#e m#o(o no "o&o #raa@a 'on &o" e"#$(!an#e" (e e"'$e&a pD&!'a "!no #am!n 'on e"#$(!an#e" 'r!"#!ano". E"#e e" $n !mpor#an#e m#o(o para e& pD&!'o en %enera&. Una (e &a" 'o"a" -$e e&&o" re'ono'en e" -$e &o" 'rea'!on!"#a" + e/o&$'!on!"#a" #!enen &o" m!"mo" *e'*o". Por &o #an#o &o -$e no"o#ro" rea&men#e (e'!mo" "on (!eren#e" !n#erpre#a'!one" (e &o" m!"mo" *e'*o". E&&o" 'om!en,an a /er e& ar%$men#o /er(a(ero: >o" re&!%!one" en 'on&!'#o. La e/!(en'!a e" !mpor#an#e por e"o &o" 'rea'!on!"#a" *a'en !n/e"#!%a'!0n !n#en"a;2 pero e& m#o(o $"a(o para pre"en#ar &a e/!(en'!a e" /!#a& para #ener !#o en &a pre"en#a'!0n. >e"p$" (e (ar $na 'oneren'!a a $na '&a"e (e $n 'o&e%!o 'r!"#!ano en Kan"a"2 $"an(o ma#er!a& "!m!&ar a& -$e "e (!"'$#!0 +a m6" e/!(en'!a" '!en#!'a" a(!'!ona&e";2 $n e"#$(!an#e a!rm0 (e&an#e (e &o" (em6"G FLo -$e $"#e( a (!'*o "$ena &0%!'o + m$+ 'on/!n'en#e en re"pe#o e& a'ep#ar e& ne"!" 'omo /er(a(ero. Pero $"#e( (ee e"#ar e-$!/o'a(o2 por-$e m! proe"or (e %eo&o%a a-$ en e& 'o&e%!o 'ree en &a e/o&$'!0n + (!"'repara #o#a&men#e 'on $"#e(. ?! & e"#$/!era a-$ a*ora2 e"#o+ "e%$ro -$e me (!ra (on(e $"#e( e"#a e-$!/o'a(o2 a$n-$e +o no p$e(a en#en(er&o en e"#e momen#oF. So &e (!@e: FADn '$an(o #$ proe"or (e %eo&o%a e"#$/!e"e a-$ + (!@era 'o"a" -$e +o no en#!en(o por-$e +o no "o+ %e0&o%o2 "! &o -$e e& (!'e e"#a en (e"a'$er(o 'on &a =!&!a2 e"#a e-$!/o'a(o. ?! +o no p$e(o (ar $na ep&!'a'!0n (e& por-$e e"#a e-$!/o'a(o2 "o&amen#e "!%n!!'a -$e no #en%o &a e/!(en'!a para 'ono'er &o" errore" en "$" ar%$men#o". La =!&!a e" &a Pa&ara (e >!o"2 + e" !na&!&e. So e"#o+ "e%$ro -$e po(ra 'on"e%$!r a $n %e0&o%o 'rea'!on!"#a para (emo"#rar por-$e #$ proe"or e"#a e-$!/o'a(o2 Wpor-$e &a =!&!a "!empre #!ene &a ra,0nX. ?e%$ramen#e2 'omo 'r!"#!ano" &a 'on/!''!0n -$e oramanera (e& E"pr!#$ ?an#o2 (eemo" a'ep#ar &a =!&!a 'omoen(e'!(o" &a !na&!&e2'on a$#or!#ar!a Pa&ara (e"$r%e >!o" <(e (e&ao#ra no"o#ro" no #enemo" na(a. ?! "e *a'e pre%$n#a "ore &a =!&!a + no p$e(e "er 'on!a&e + e"#6 'on#!n$amen#e "$@e#a a re!n#erpre#a'!one" a"a(a" en &o -$e *omre" 'reen *aer (e"'$!er#o2 en#on'e" no #enemo" $na a$#or!(a( a"o&$#a. No #enemo" &a Pa&ara (e Uno -$e &o "ae #o(o2 &o '$a& "!%n!!'a -$e no #enemo" na(a. La /er(a( "e (!"'!erne e"p!r!#$a&men#e. ?!n &a !&$m!na'!0n (e& E"pr!#$ ?an#o no p$e(e *aer 'ompren"!0n /er(a(era.
CAPÍTULO CUATRO
8A "AI< D8 P",B8)A Por -$ &o" e/o&$'!on!"#a" no a(m!#en -$e &a e/o&$'!0n e" rea&men#e $na re&!%!0n E" re&a'!ona(o a& *e'*o -$e '$a&-$!er 'o"a -$e 'rea" 'on re"pe'#o a &o" or%ene" ae'#an #$ p$n#o (e /!"#a m$n(!a&2 e& "!%n!!'a(o (e &a /!(a2 e#'. ?! no *a+ >!o" + no"o#ro" "omo" e& re"$&#a(o (e pro'e"o" a&ea#or!o"2 e"#o "!%n!!'a -$e no *a+ a"o&$#o" (e a$#or!(a(. S "! no *a+ -$!en e"#a&e,'a &a" re%&a" en#on'e" #o(o" p$e(en *a'er &o -$e %$"#en o &o -$e p$e(an &o%rar. La e/o&$'!0n e" $na re&!%!0n -$e perm!#e a &a %en#e @$"#!!'ar"e2 e"'r!!en(o "$" prop!a" re%&a". E& pe'a(o (e A(6n $e -$e & no -$!"o oe(e'er &a" re%&a" (e >!o"2 pero e"#a&e'!0 "$" prop!a" re%&a". E& "e ree&0 'on#ra >!o"2 + #o(o" no"o#ro" "$r!mo" e& m!"mo pe'a(o: &a ree&!0n 'on#ra &o" pr!n'!p!o" (e A$#or!(a( A"o&$#a. La e/o&$'!0n *a &&e%a(o a "er F'!en#!'aF @$"#!!'an(o a &a %en#e a 'on#!n$ar en "$ ree&!0n 'on#ra >!o". La =!&!a no" (!'e en e& &!ro (e ne"!" -$e *a+ $n re&a#o /er(a(ero + 'on!a&e (e& or!%en e *!"#or!a #emprana (e &a /!(a "ore &a #!erra. A$men#a e& nDmero (e '!en#!'o" -$e (!'en -$e "! $"#e( #oma &a =!&!a 'omo a"e + 'on"#r$+e "$" mo(e&o" (e '!en'!a e *!"#or!a "ore e&&a2 #o(a &a e/!(en'!a (e &o" an!ma&e" + p&an#a" /!/a"2 &o" 0"!&e" + &a" '$&#$ra"2 'on'$er(an. E"#o "o&o 'on!rma -$e &a =!&!a e" &a Pa&ara (e >!o" + p$e(e "er 'on!a&e en "$ #o#a&!(a(. Lo" *$man!"#a" "e'$&are" por "$p$e"#o "e oponen a e"#o por -$e e&&o" no p$e(en perm!#!r &a po"!!&!(a( (e -$e e!"#a $n >!o" Crea(or. E&&o" &$'*an para -$e &a ora'!0n2 e& &eer &a =!&!a2 + &a en"e5an,a (e &a 17
Crea'!0n "ean or,a(a" $era (e& '$rr!'$&$m (e &a e"'$e&a pD&!'a. E&&o" *an en%a5a(o a& pD&!'o para -$e p!en"en -$e a& e&!m!nar &a re&!%!0n (e &a" e"'$e&a" o#en(ran $na po"!'!0n ne$#ra. E"#o "!mp&emen#e2 no e" /er(a(. E&&o" no e&!m!naron &a re&!%!0n (e &a" e"'$e&a" pD&!'a"2 e&!m!naron e& 'r!"#!an!"mo + &o reemp&a,aron 'on $na re&!%!0n *$man!"#a an#!'r!"#!ana. La ma+ora (e &a" e"'$e&a" pD&!'a" *an &&e%a(o a "er !n"#!#$'!one" -$e a(!e"#ran %enera'!one" (e n!5o" e"'o&are" en &a re&!%!0n *$man!"#a. E!"#e $na m!nora (e proe"ore" 'r!"#!ano" en &a e"'$e&a pD&!'a -$e #ra#an (e "er &a F"a& (e &a #!erraF en (!'*a" !n"#!#$'!one". ?!n emar%o /!ene a "er 'a(a /e, m6" (!'!& para e&&o". Ha+ $n $en nDmero (e mae"#ro" 'r!"#!ano" -$e o'$&#an "$ &$, a@o $n a&m$( 'a@0n; < a"$"#a(o" por "er 'r!"#!ano" 'on"!"#en#e" en $n me(!o am!en#e pa%ano. A&%$no" proe"ore" *an "!(o amena,a(o" 'on "er e'*a(o" (e "$ emp&eo "! en"e5an $na !&o"oa 'r!"#!ana en e& "!"#ema e($'a#!/o. No"o#ro" /emo" e#remo" emo'!ona&!"#a" 'omo rea''!0n an#e &o" m!n!"#er!o" (e Crea'!0n a& re(e(or (e& m$n(o por-$e &a re&!%!0n e/o&$'!on!"#a e"#a "!en(o a#a'a(a por $n "!"#ema (e 'reen'!a #o#a&men#e (!eren#e. E"#e emo'!ona&!"mo p$e(e /er"e en &a orma en &a -$e &o" an#!'rea'!on!"#a" *a&an (e e"#e p$n#o. Por e@emp&o2 'on"!(eremo" e& apor#e (e& >r. M!'*ae& Ar'*er Coneren'!"#a Ma+or en \oo&o%a (e &a Un!/er"!(a( (e Qa&e" N$e/o ?$r; en &a *!"#or!a A$"#ra&!ana Na#$ra&2 Vo&$men 12 NDmero 1: FE& 'rea'!on!"mo C!en#!'o no e" "o&amen#e err0neoG e" r!('$&amen#e !mproa&e. E" $na paro(!a %ro#e"'a (e& pen"am!en#o *$mano + $n ma& $"o (e &a !n#e&!%en'!a *$mana. En re"$men para e& 're+en#e e" $n !n"$&#o a >!o"F. La /er(a(era a#a&&a e"#a a&!nea(a en e& *e'*o (e -$e &a %en#e no a'ep#a e& 'r!"#!an!"mo2 por-$e e&&o" no a'ep#an -$e *a+ $n >!o" an#e -$!en "on re"pon"a&e". $!,6" e" por e"o -$e $n 'oneren'!"#a e/o&$'!on!"#a (!@o: FU"#e( n$n'a me 'on/en'er6 (e -$e &a e/o&$'!0n e" re&!%!0nF. En o#ra" pa&ara"2 no !mpor#a -$e *a%amo" para mo"#rar&e &o 'on'ern!en#e a &a na#$ra&e,a (e &a e/o&$'!0n2 e& re*$"0 a'ep#ar -$e era $na re&!%!0n. E& no -$!"o a'ep#ar -$e & #ena $na e2 por-$e en#on'e" #en(ra -$e a'ep#ar -$e #ena $na e '!e%a2 + & no po(ra (e'!r -$e e"#a era &a e 'orre'#a. E& pD&!'o !n%en$amen#e e#ra/!a(o pen"an(o &a e/o&$'!0n '!en#!'a + 'reer >!o" e" "o&o re&!%!0n. La e/o&$'!0n"ee"*a'a$"a (e #rop!e,o para-$e m$'*a %en#e + e" no"o&o e"'$'*an '$an(o &o"en 'r!"#!ano" 'ompar#en 'on e&&o" &a /er(a( (e& >!o" (e &a Crea'!0n. U"#e( no#ara en &a opo"!'!0n *$man!"#a me(!an#e (ea#e"2 &o" me(!o"2 &!ro"2 e#'.; a &o" m!n!"#er!o" (e Crea'!0n2 -$e e&&o" m$+ rara /e, !(en#!!'an a&%$na" e/!(en'!a" para &a e/o&$'!0n. La ra,0n pr!n'!pa& e" por "$p$e"#o -$e no e!"#e n!n%$na. A& 'am!nar en $n m$"eo + /er &a e/!(en'!a (e &a e/o&$'!0n en e*!!'!0nG (!eren#e" #!po" (e an!ma&e" + p&an#a" -$e "on repre"en#a(a" por e"p'!men '$!(a(o"amen#e 'on"er/a(a" o n$mero"o" 0"!&e"2 $"#e( /er6 &a *!"#or!a (e &a e/o&$'!0n por pa&ara" pero no en &a e/!(en'!a -$e #!ene en ren#e. La e/!(en'!a e"#a en &a 'a@a (e /!(r!o. La *!po##!'a *!"#or!a (e e/o&$'!0n "o&o p$e(e "er /!"#a pe%a(a "ore &a 'a@a (e /!(r!o. To(o &o -$e &o" e/o&$'!on!"#a" ne'e"!#an *a'er e" mo"#rar $na p!e,a (e e/!(en'!a -$e pr$ea &a e/o&$'!0n. ?! &a e/o&$'!0n e" 'orre'#a + &a Crea'!0n no #!ene "en#!(o2 &o" e/o&$'!on!"#a" #!enen me(!o" a "$ (!"po"!'!0n para proar &a e/o&$'!0n 'omo /er(a(era. ?!n emar%o2 e&&o" no p$e(en *a'er e"#o. La e/!(en'!a en orma ar$ma(ora re"pa&(a ea'#amen#e &o -$e &a =!&!a (!'e. E" $na &6"#!ma -$e &o" 'rea'!on!"#a" no #en%an &a m!"ma 'oer#$ra (e me(!o" para ep&!'ar a& m$n(o &a ar$ma(ora e/!(en'!a (e &a /er(a( (e& Crea'!on!"mo. No *a+ -$e (ar&e"!/$e&#a"2 &o"#ener e/o&$'!on!"#a" oponen !o" e" "e e& Crea(or "$ !&o"oa en#era e" (e"#r$!(a. La" a"e" (e "$ !&o"oa (e're#an -$e no *a+ >!o". ?! &a e/o&$'!0n no e" /er(a(era2 &a Dn!'a a&#erna#!/a e" &a 'rea'!0n. E"#o e" por-$e e&&o" "e aerran a &a !&o"oa e/o&$#!/a aDn '$an(o &a e/!(en'!a e" #o#a&men#e 'on#ra(!'#or!a. E"#o e" rea&men#e $na pre%$n#a e"p!r!#$a&. A&%$no" p$e(en (e'!r -$e &a e/!(en'!a (e $n >!o" Crea(or e" #an ar$ma(ora2 "e%$ramen#e m$'*a %en#e 'reera e"#o. En Romano" 1:J &eemo"G FPor-$e &a" 'o"a" (e &2 "$ po(er + (e!(a(2 "e *a'en /!"!&e" (e"(e &a 'rea'!0n (e& m$n(o2 "!en(o en#en(!(a" por me(!o (e &a" 'o"a" *e'*a"2 (e mo(o -$e no #!enen e'$"aF. La =!&!a no" (!'e -$e *a+ e/!(en'!a "$!'!en#e en e& m$n(o para 'on/en'er a &a %en#e (e -$e >!o" e" e& 'rea(or2 + para 'on(enar a &o" -$e no 'reen. ?! e"#o e" a"2 + &a e/!(en'!a e"#a a*2 por -$ &a %en#e no 'ree2 E" por -$ e&&o" no -$!eren 'reer E& ap0"#o& Pe(ro a!rm0 II Pe(ro :; -$e en &o" D&#!mo" (a" &o" *omre" /o&$n#ar!amen#e o&/!(ar6n -$e >!o" 're0 e& m$n(o. E"#o "!%n!!'a -$e *a+ /o&$n#a( (e "$ par#e para no 'reer. 18
