La Fé Bahá'í

ZKGVJYRGAHA BLN_DZQJKRJ AJ NHAYGA GKRQGQZQL ZKGVJYRGQHYGL AJ BGJKBGHR AJ DHR YJDGEGLKJR

Dh Fj Ihcè‗î= çqgbh w jrpgygqzhdgaha Zkh hpylsgnhbgòk ajraj rzr qjsqlr Hdznkl= Hdal Nhybjdl Bèbjyjr Qzqly= Ay+ Mhvgjy Izrqhnhkqj

Qyhihml aj Fgk aj Nèrqjy Bgjkbghr aj dhr Yjdgeglkjr

Nhayga$ : aj rjpqgjniyj aj 9?88

Gkqylazbbgòk

Dh ngrnh agkèngbh aj dh edlihdg}hbgòk klr hwzah h qlnhy blkbgjkbgh aj dh vgqhdgaha ajd pdzyhdgrnl bzdqzyhd w yjdgeglrl jk kzjrqyl nzkal+ Jk jrj hkbcl clyg}lkqj$ klr jkblkqyhnlr blk zkhr czjddhr xzj klr yjvjdhk dh jsgrqjkbgh aj zkh —kzjvh yjdgegòk„ yjdgegòk„$ dh Fj I hcè“î  hcè“î + Jr zkh yjdgegòk mlvjk xzj khbj jk _jyrgh jk jd rgedl SGS w xzj hbqzhdnjkqj qgjkj zkh blkrgajyhidj pylwjbbgòk nzkaghd+ _lrjj rjezgalyjr aj 92: phîrjr w qjyygqlyglr$ agrqygizgalr jk nèr aj 9+8?? eyzplr çqkgblr$ yhbghdjr w qygihdjr$ rlk hdyjajaly aj bgkbl ngddlkjr jk jd nzkal+ Rz pygkbgphd fgkhdgaha jr dh zkgaha aj qlah dh cznhkgaha+ Blkrgajyhk blnl ajrgekgl rzpyjnl aj Aglr xzj qlalr dlr pzjidlr rj gkqjeyjk phbîfgbhnjkqj jk zkh rlbgjaha edlihd+ Hrî$ ajraj rzr byjjkbghr w jrpgygqzhdgaha$ qyhihmhk ply zk —Kzjvl Lyajk Nzkaghd„ jk rzr nýdqgpdjr agnjkrglkjr= rlbghd$ pldîqgbh$ jblkòngbh w yjdgeglrh+ _jyl$ dh blkagbgòk pyjvgh jr dleyhy zk hzqçkqgbl ajrhyylddl çqgbl w jrpgygqzhd$ aj bhah rjy cznhkl w aj qlah dh cznhkgaha+

 Qjkgjkal jk bzjkqh xzj phyh phyh nzbclr$ rj ch blkvjyqgal blkvjyqgal jk lqyh vîh aj hbbjrl hbbjrl h Aglr w xzj djr ah rjkqgal h rzr vgahr$ cj lpqhal bjkqyhy ng gkvjrqgehbgòk jk alr hrpjbqlr xzj nj phyjbjk xzj rlk jd blyh}òk aj dh Fj I hcè“î= rz çqgbh w 

jrpgygqzhdgaha + Agbcl jrqzagl$ dl chyç ajraj zkh hpylsgnhbgòk h rzr qjsqlr rheyhalr$ hplwèkalnj h dh vj}$ jk hdezkhr fzjkqjr blkqjnplyèkjhr w jk dh ngrnh jspjygjkbgh+ Ajraj hddî$ gkqjkqhyç yjhdg}hy zk nhpjl blkbjpqzhd ajrbygpqgvl aj dlr pygkbgphdjr jdjnjkqlr xzj ahk bzjypl h dh vgrgòk çqgbh w jrpgygqzhd ihcè“î+ Qhnigçk yjhdg}hyç zk hkèdgrgr rgkbyòkgbl w aghbyòkgbl aj jrqh yjdgegòk phyh xzj plahnlr blnpyjkajydh njmly+ Fgkhdnjkqj bhij hbdhyhy$ xzj dh Fj I hcè“î$ hcè“î$ kl nj jr ajrblklbgah+ Jk jd høl 8775$ jkqyç jk blkqhbql blk jddlr+ H phyqgy aj hddî blnjkbç h phyqgbgphy jk rzr yjzkglkjr$ lyhbglkjr$ bjdjiyhbglkjr w h plajy hbbjajy h zk gknjkrl nhqjyghd xzj nj pjyngqgjylk blklbjydjr njmly+ Ng pygnjy gkqjyçr jyh rhijy rg jyh zkh rjbqh l zkh yjdgegòk+ Fyzql aj jrqh gkxzgjqza fzj zk jrqzagl rgkqçqgbl qgqzdhal= —Dh Fj Ihcè“î= ¼zkh kzjvh yjdgegòk nzkaghd<

9

Ajraj ng yjeyjrl h Jrphøh$ blk vgrqhr h dh jdhilyhbgòk aj zkh Qjrgr Albqlyhd$ gkgbgç h phyqgy aj 9?8?$ zkh rjygj aj jkqyjvgrqhr h hdezklr aj rzr ngjniylr$ yjblpgdç kzjvlr jrqzaglr ddjvhalr h bhil jk dh Zkgvjyrgaha aj Bhniygaej$ dh Zkgvjyrgaha Cjiyjh aj Mjyzrhdçk$ jqb+ _ly jrl$ blk jrqj qyhihml aj Fgk aj Nèrqjy jk Bgjkbghr aj dhr Yjdgeglkjr$ pyjqjkal lfyjbjy zkh vgrgòk aj blkmzkql aj dh çqgbh ihcè“î jk rz pjyrpjbqgvh gkagvgazhd$ rlbghd w edlihd$ blnl dh agnjkrgòk jrpgygqzhd xzj jr fyzql aj zkh pylfzkah vgah aj fj+ Blkrgajyl jrqj iyjvj qyhihml$ blnl zk phrl gkqjynjagl xzj nèr hajdhkqj nj ddjvhyè h zkh pylfzkag}hbgòk aj ng limjql aj jrqzagl+ Qyhrbjkajy dl njyhnjkqj ajrbygpqgvl ajrbygpqgvl w yjhdg}hy zk hkèdgrgr cjynjkçzqgbl aj dlr qjsqlr rheyhalr$ phyh yjdhbglkhydlr w blkfylkqhydlr blk dlr ahqlr xzj vlw liqjkgjkal aj ng jrqzagl aj bhnpl #lirjyvhbgòk$ phyqgbgphbgòk$ jkqyjvgrqhr$ jqb'+

_hyqj G+ Dh Fj Ihcè“î qyhr dhr czjddhr aj dh Cgrqlygh 8+ Lygejk aj dh Fj Ihcè“î I hcè“î== jd ihigrnl 8+ Rg igjk dh Fj Ihcè“î Ihcè“î fzj fzkahah ply rz pylfjqh Ihcè“z“ ddèc #8385.8379'. #8385.8379'. klniyj xzj qyhazbgal ajd èyhij rgekgfgbh — dh edlygh aj Aglr „$ rzr lyîejkjr klr yjngqjk h pygkbgpglr ajd rgedl SGS$ h zk pjyîlal bhyhbqjyg}hal aj jrpjyhk}h njrgèkgbh jk jd nzkal grdèngbl+ Blkbyjqhnjkqj$ klr rgqzhnlr jk pdjkl jrbjkhygl pjyrh$ alkaj alr qjòdlelr gkfdzwjkqjr H Ḫnha hd.H Ḫrch“g  #n+ 8396' w rz rzbjrly Rgwwga @è Ẓgn.g.Yhrcqî  #n+ 8312'$ fzkahalyjr aj dh rjbqh aj dlr

rchwmîjr$ jkrjøhylk zkh albqygkh xzj ylnpîh aj nhkjyh yhagbhd blk dh byjjkbgh aj dh rcg‛h  lyqlalsh+ Çrqlr$ hajnèr aj gkqjypyjqhy jd Xzy“hk  aj zkh flynh hdjeòygbh$ blkrgajyhihk xzj dlr albj gnhnjr aj dh rcg‛h  blkrqgqzîhk dh yh}òk aj dh jsgrqjkbgh ajd zkgvjyrl+ Qhnigçk byjîhk xzj azyhkqj dh ehwih  #lbzdqhngjkql' ajd gnhn$ rgjnpyj chw zk njaghaly xzj pjynhkjbj jk blkqhbql blk jd gnhn lbzdql$ hd xzj ajklngkhylk yz`k. g yhig‛  #jd bzhyql pgdhy' w rliyj qlal pylbdhnhylk xzj jyh gkngkjkqj jd yjeyjrl ajd Gnhn Nhcag + Hrî$

Bf+ A+ NHbJLGK$ Ygqzhdr gk ihigrn hka ihch“grn$ Bhniygaej 87710 W+ YGBCHYA$ Jd Grdhn rcgî+ Igidglqjbh ajd Grdhn blkqjnplyèkjl 9$ Ihybjdlkh 8776$ p+ 760 J+ EYHKVGDDJ IYLUKJ$ Zk høl  jkqyj dlr pjyrhr$ Ihybjdlkh 9??10 _+ RNGQC$ Hk gkqylazbqglk ql qcj Ihch“g Fhgqc$ Bhniygaej 9??3$ pp+ 2.8:+ 8

2

jrqhr jkrjøhk}hr fzjylk byjhkal zk hnigjkqj aj jspjbqhbgòk w ajrpjyqhkal jk nzbclr zk eyhk gkqjyçr9+

@è Ẓgn $ hkqjr aj rz nzjyqj$ hpyjngò h rzr rjezgalyjr h xzj izrbhyhk hd _ylnjqgal$ pzjrql xzj kl qhyahyîh jk hphyjbjy$ rjøhdhkal xzj rz vjkgah rjyîh ngd hølr dzkhyjr #8+96? a+ C' ajraj dh ajrhphygbgòk ajd Gnhn Lbzdql+ Hrî$ phyh zkl aj dlr nèr ajrqhbhalr rchwmîjr $ ddhnhal Nzddè  ḡzrhwk $ jrqh iýrxzjah bzdngkò jk Rcîyè}$ jd 92 aj nhwl aj 8311+ Jrj aîh$ zk mlvjk blnjybghkqj gyhkî ddhnhal Rgwwga ‛Hdî Nz Ḫhnnha$ ajrbjkagjkqj ajd _ylfjqh Nhclnh w aj Hdî$ rj hzqlpylbdhnò blnl jd _ylnjqgal Xè“gn  ajd grdhn. xzj chiyè aj djvhkqhyrj. w blnl jd Ièi . xzj jk èyhij rgekgfgbh —dh _zjyqh„.jd _zjyqh„ .jd gkqjynjaghygl2+ Jd mlvjk$ kl rldhnjkqj blkqjrqò blk iygddhkqj} h vhyghr bzjrqglkjr qjldòegbhr nzw rzqgdjr pdhkqjhahr ply Nzddè

ḡzrhwk$

rgkl$ xzj qhnigçk jrbygigò jk èyhij zk

blnjkqhygl rliyj jd —Rzyh aj Mlrç„ 1 + H phyqgy aj jrj nlnjkql rj pyjrjkqò blnl zkh Nhkgfjrqhbgòk aj Aglr w rz liyh rj blkvgyqgò jk dh pygnjyh pgjayh aj dh Fj ihiî + Ajrpzçr aj rz hzqlpylbdhnhbgòk w yjvjdhbgòk$ kl nzbclr rchwmîjr  dj rgezgjylk$ pjyl dlr pygnjylr jk yjblklbjydj blnl jd Njkrhmjyl _ylnjqgal fzjylk dlr ddhnhalr ply jd Ièi blnl dhr —Djqyhr ajd Vgvgjkqj„ #ḡzyýfèq.g. ḡhww ':+ Jrqlr fzjylk jkvghalr ply rz nhjrqyl ply qlal Gyèk h xzj dj hkzkbghrjk+ Aj

Bf+ U+ R+ CHQBCJY.M+A+ NHYQGK$ Dh fj ihcè“î+ Dh kzjvh yjdgegòk nzkaghd$ Qjyyhrrh 9??3 2$ pp+ 9:.950 N+ HIZNHDCHN$ Jd grdhn+ Aj yjdgegòk aj dlr èyhijr h yjdgegòk zkgvjyrhd$ Nhayga 9??5$ pp+ :3.:7+ 2 Agbcl hblkqjbgngjkql rj ddjvò h bhil jk dh bhrh aj Rgwwga ±Hdî.Nz Ḫhnnha $ azyhkqj zkh heyhahidj w dhyeh blkvjyrhbgòk jkqyj hnilr$ chrqh xzj jsbdhnò= —¨Lc qý xzj jyjr jd pygnjyl jk byjjy jk Nî( Jk vjyaha qj agel$ Wl rlw jd Ièi$ dh pzjyqh aj Aglr$ w qý jyjr j d Ièiz“d.Ièi$ Ièiz“d.Ièi$ dh pzjyqh aj jrh _zjyqh+ Agjbglbcl hdnhr ajijk hd pygkbgpgl$ jrplkqèkjhnjkqj w ply rz pylpgh bzjkqh$ hbjpqhynj w yjblklbjy dh vjyaha aj ng Yjvjdhbgòk+ Rgk xzj khagj djr havgjyqh l gkvgqj$ bhah zkh aj jddhr ajij izrbhy gkajpjkagjkqjnjkqj phyh jkblkqyhynj+ Zkh vj} xzj jrqç blnpdjql jd kýnjyl$ zkh aj jddhr rjyè dh jdjegah phyh hblnphøhynj jk ng pjyjeygkhbgòk h dh Njbh w Njagkh+ Hddî jkqyjehyç jd njkrhmj aj Aglr hd Rcjygf aj dh Njbh…„ #Y+ NJCYHICCHKG$ Dh  hzylyh ajd aîh pylnjqgal$ Qjyyhrrh 87719$ p+ :3'+ 1 Rj yjfgjyj hd blnjkqhygl rliyj dh Rzyh 89 ajd Blyèk+ Jrqh liyh jr blklbgah blnl Qhfrgy Rzyhq  Wzrzf l blnl Xhwwýnz“d .Hrnè+ .Hrnè+ : Dlr pygnjylr agjbgrçgr agrbîpzdlr ajd Ièi rlk= Nzddè ḡzrhwk.g.Izrcyý0 NzḪhnnnha ḡhrhk$ rz cjynhkl0 Nz Ḫhnnnha Ièxgy$ rz rliygkl0 Nzddè “Hdîw.g.Ihr “Hdîw.g.IhrṮènî0 Nzddè @czaè.Ih`rc.g. Xzbcèkî0 Nzddè ḡhrhk.g. Ihmgrqèkî0 Rgwwga ḡzrhwk.g.Wh}ag0 Ngy}è NzḪhnnha YhuḎgc.@cèk.g. Wh}aî0 Rh‛îa.g.Cgkaî0 Rh‛îa.g.Cgkaî0 Nzddè NhḪnýa.g.@cz“î0 nýa.g.@cz“î0 Nzddè  Mhdîd.g.Zyýnî0 Nzddè HḪnha.g.Giaèd.g. Nhyèecg“î0 Nhyèecg“î0 Nzddè Ièxgy.g.Qhiyî}î0 Nzddè Wýrzf.g.Hyagigdî0 Ngy}è Cèaî.g.Xh}vîkî0 Ngy}è Nz Ḫhnnha. ‛Hdîw.g.Xh}vîkî+ ‛Hdîw.g.Xh}vîkî+ Dzjel rj rznhylk dh pljqgrh Ṥècgygc #_zyh' w jd mlvjk Xzaaýr #Rhkql'$ agrbîpzdl aj Rgwwga @èẒgn+ Bf+ C+ N+ IHDWZ]G$ Jd Ièi+ Jd Cjyhdal aj dh kzjvh jyh$  Qjyyhrrh 9???$ pp+ 11. 1:+ 9

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jrqh nhkjyh rzyegò jd nlvgngjkql ihiî$ xzj hølr ajrpzçr$ jk 8313 rj ajbdhyò gkajpjkagjkqj ajd grdhn6+

8+8+

Jd Ièi w rzr rjezgalyjr 5

Dh ijddh bgzaha ajd rzy aj _jyrgh$ Rcîyè} $ fzj dh qgjyyh khqhd ajd mlvjk _ylfjqh xzj ch phrhal h dh cgrqlygh blk jd klniyj ajd Ièi$ khbgal jd 9? aj lbqziyj aj 8387$ jk jd rjkl aj zkh fhnlrh fhngdgh aj blnjybghkqjr+ Rz phayj rj ddhnhih

Rgwwga Nz Ḫhnnha.Ygaè  w rz nhayj Fè Ṯ Ṯ gngc.Ihezn  gngc.Ihezn 3+ Rgjkal zk kgøl$ fhddjbgò rz phayj w dh jazbhbgòk blyygò h bhyel aj rz qîl Cèmî Nîy}è Rgwwga‛Hdî+ Hrî$ gkgbgò dh jrbzjdh aj jkrjøhk}h jdjnjkqhd h dlr 6 hølr 7+ Dzjel$ rz qzqly$ vgl blkvjkgjkqj xzj ajmhyh dh jrbzjdh w rj ajagbhyh h dlr kjelbglr+ Blk hpjkhr 86 hølr dl ddjvò h Iýrcgcy $ pzjyql ajd Eldfl _çyrgbl$ hd rzy aj Rcîyè} $ phyh xzj hrzngjyh dh blnpdjqh hangkgrqyhbgòk aj zkh qgjkah fhngdghy+ Jk dh pygnhvjyh aj 8318 ajmh Iýrcgcy  w blngjk}h h vgrgqhy vhyghr bgzahajr rhkqhr phyh dlr rcg ‛  ‛îjr  î jr  jk ‛Gyèx $ hrlbghahr h dlr rhkqzhyglr aj dlr gnhkjr nhyqgyg}halr$ phyqgbzdhynjkqj Khmhf  w @hyigdè + Azyhkqj rz vgrgqh h @hyigdè$ bjybh aj Ihecaèa $ qzvl rz pygnjy jkbzjkqyl blk Rgwwga ḹè}gn w nhkqzvl zkh jrqyjbch yjdhbgòk blk rzr agrbîpzdlr+ Dzjel yjeyjrò h Gyèk$ alkaj rj bhrò jk helrql aj 8319 blk @chaîmgc $ blk xzgjk qzvl zk cgml$ H Ḫnha$ khbgal jk jd høl 8312$ pjyl xzj vgvgò ròdl bgkbl hølr+ Ajrpzçr aj rz yjvjdhbgòk pylbdhnò pýidgbhnjkqj dh kzjvh fj+ Jd 9? aj agbgjniyj aj 8311$ jrqhkal aj pjyjeygkl jk dh Njbh$ blk dh nhkl hplwhah jk dh hdahih aj dh @hhih pylbdhnò pýidgbhnjkqj rjy jd Xè“în 8? + Dhr hzqlygahajr ajd Grdhn rzkkî kl dj agjylk nzbch gnplyqhkbgh h rzr ajbdhyhbglkjr$ pjyl$ phyh jd bdjyl nzrzdnèk rcgî blkrqgqzîh zkh hnjkh}h h dlr fzkahnjkqlr ajd Grdhn+ _ly dl qhkql$ dlr nzddèr

Bf+ Y+ NJCYHI@CHKG$ Dh hzylyh ajd aîh pylnjqgal $ pp+ 17.6?0 C+ N+ IHDWZ]G$ Jd Ièi+ Jd  Cjyhdal aj dh kzjvh jyh $ pp+ 22.13+ 5 Bf+ _+ RNGQC$ Hk gkqylazbqglk ql qcj Ihch“î Fhgqc$ pp+ 2.8:0 C+ N+ IHDWZ]G$ Jd Ièi+ Jd Cjyhdal  aj dh kzjvh jyh $ Qjyyhrrh 9???0 Y+ NJCYHI@CHKG$ Dh hzylyh ajd aîh pylnjqgal$  Qjyyhrrh 87710 H+ N+ BÈBJYJR.D+ M+ YJWJR NHY]L$ Dh fj ihcè“ î= ¼zkh kzjvh yjdgegòk nzkaghd< $ Nhayga 8773$ pp+ 22.190 U+ R+ CHQBCJY.M+A+ NHYQGK$ Dh fj ihcè“î+ Dh k zjvh zjvh yjdgegòk nzkaghd$ pp+ 9:.17+ 3  Jd Ièi$ ply phyqj aj hnilr jyh ajrbjkagjkqj ajd Gnèn ḡzrhwk $ jd qjybjy Gnèn #cgml aj Fè Ṯ  Ṯgngc   gngc  '+ _ly dl qhkql$ pjyqjkjbîh ply dîkjh agyjbqh$ h dh ajrbjkajkbgh ajd _ylfjqh Nz Ḫhnnha + w ±Hdî '+ 7 Hpyjkagò h djjy w jrbygigy pjyrh$ hdel aj hygqnçqgbh w h yjbgqhy jd Blyèk+ Rzr blnphøjylr dj yjbzjyahk blnl zk kgøl nzw gkqjdgejkqj$ bznpdgaly blk dh qhyjhr jrbldhyjr$ aj bhyèbqjy klidj w rjyjkl$ blkrqhkqj jk dh njagqhbgòk w fgjd h dhr lyhbglkjr+ 8? Hajnèr agygegò zkh —qhidh„ l bhyqh jrpjbghd hd Rchyîf  aj dh Njbh$ ezhyagèk aj dlr rhkqzhyglr$ jk dh xzj chbîh dh ngrnh hfgynhbgòk + 6

:

rj hd}hylk ply qlah _jyrgh jk blkqyh ajd Ièi+ Dzjel$ jd 8? aj jkjyl aj 831: ddjeh h Njagkh$ alkaj vgrgqh dhr qznihr aj Nhclnh w dh ajd nzddè rcgî Rcègm 

H Ḫnha + Bzhkal yjeyjrhih aj dhr bgzahajr rhkqhr fzj hyyjrqhal ply lyajk ajd elijykhaly aj Rcîyè} + Ngjkqyhr qhkql$ jd nlvgngjkql ihiî byjbîh$ gkbdzrl rj hacjyîhk pjyrlkhr rzyegahr ajd bdjyl+ Hrî lbzyygò blk zkl aj dlr qjòdlelr nèr iygddhkqjr j gkfdzwjkqjr$ Rgwwga Wh Ḫwèw.g.Aèyèiî$ xzj fzj jkvghal phyh gkqjyylehy hd Ièi jk klniyj aj Nz Ḫhnha Rcèc88$ xzj qjyngkò blkvgyqgçkalrj h dh kzjvh fj+ Jkqlkbjr jd Rcèc lyajkò xzj ddjvhyhk hd pygrglkjyl h Qjcjyèk$ phyh gkqjyylehydl çd ngrnl+ _jyl$ rz pygnjy ngkgrqyl$ qjnjylrl xzj jd nlkhybh rj blkvgyqgjyh$ lyajkò xzj ddjvhyhk hd Ièi jk rjbyjql$ h dh flyqhdj}h aj Nèc`ý$ jk dh pylvgkbgh rjpqjkqyglkhd aj Èacgyièwmèk $ mzkql h dh fylkqjyh yzrh+ Dhr jsbzrhr xzj dj pyjrjkqò hd Rcèc fzjylk xzj kl jyh blkvjkgjkqj xzj jd Ièi pgrhyh jd rzjdl aj dh bhpgqhd$ plyxzj ddjvhyîh h azylr jkfyjkqhngjkqlr jkqyj rzr rjezgalyjr w jd bdjyl lyqlalsl$ ddjehkal gkbdzrl h pylazbgyrj ajròyajkjr pýidgblr+ Jk jd vjyhkl aj 8313 fzj qyhrdhahal h dh bgzaha aj Qhiyî} $ phyh rjy mz}ehal hkqj zk qygizkhd jbdjrgèrqgbl$ pjyl dh rjkqjkbgh fzj rgnpdjnjkqj rlnjqjydl h zk bhrqgel blyplyhd$ hd —ihrqgkhal„89+ Ngjkqyhr jd Ièi pjynhkjbîh pyjrl$ nlyîh jd Rcèc$ ajrhqèkalrj hrî zkh hzqçkqgbh blkvzdrgòk pldîqgbh ngjkqyhr rj yjrldvîh dh bzjrqgòk aj dh rzbjrgòk+ Dlr nzddèr rcg‛îjr pzrgjylk jk pyèbqgbh dh

wgcèa  blkqyh dlr cjyjmjr= dlr ihiîr+ Hrî$ hplwhalr qhnigçk ply dhr fzjy}hr hynhahr pylplybglkhahr ply jd kzjvl Eyhk Vgrgy$ Nîy}è Qhxî @cèk $ kzjvl ngkgrqyl ajd nlkhybh Kè Ṣgyg“a .Aîk .Aîk Rcèc $ fzjylk hqhbhalr jk dh pylvgkbgh aj Nè}gkahyèk w jk lqylr bjkqylr$ Khwyî} w ]hkmèk+ Dlr ihiîr gkqjkqhylk yjrgrqgy$ pjyl ihml fhdrhr pylnjrhr rj ygkagjylk w dzjel fzjylk qlyqzyhalr w hrjrgkhalr82+ Jkqyj fjiyjyl w nhy}l aj 83:? fzjylk hpyjrhalr kznjylrlr ihiîr jk Qjcjyèk$ alkaj fzjylk nhyqgyg}halr rgjqj gnplyqhkqjr rjezgalyjr ajd Ièi+ Hkqj dhr azyhr yjrgrqjkbghr aj dlr ihiîr$ jd Vgrgy agbqhngkò zkh lyajk aj jmjbzbgòk Rzij hd qylkl jk jd høl 8321$ nzw pylkql nhkah h hrjrgkhy h rz Vgrgy phyh xzj lbzphyh jd bhyel jd xzj chiîh rgal rz qzqly jk dh gkfhkbgh$ ḡèmî Nîy}è Èxèrî+ 89 Zkh rjygj aj h}lqjr jk dhr pdhkqhr aj dlr pgjr+ 82 Bf+ C+ N+ IHDWZ]G$ Jd Ièi+ Jd Cjyhdal aj dh kzjvh jyh $ pp+ 81:.872+ 88

6

blkqyh jd Ièi+ Hrî jd 7 aj mzdgl aj aj 83:? fzj fzrgdhal fzrgdhal jk dh bgzaha bgzaha aj Qhiyg} Qhiyg}  mzkql h zk mlvjk agrbîpzdl$ Ngy}è Nz Ḫhnnha‛Hdî$ hnnha‛Hdî$ xzj yjbgigò aj phyqj ajd Ièi jd qîqzdl aj Hkî #blnphøjyl'+ Dzjel ply òyajkjr ajd nèr fgjd agrbîpzdl ajd Ièi$ Ngy}è

ḡzrhwk±

Hdî #Ihcè±z±ddèc' rz bhaèvjy fzj qyhrdhahal h Qjcjyèk$

ajrbhkrhkal ply fgk 87?7 jk jd nlkqj Bhynjdl$ pygkbgphd rhkqzhygl aj dh fj ihcèoî+ Ajrpzçr aj dh nzjyqj ajd dîajy jrpgygqzhd$ jk 83:9$ jd Rcèc hbqgvò ply qlah _jyrgh zkh kzjvh ldjhah aj pjyrjbzbglkjr blkqyh dlr ihiîr+ H phyqgy aj jrj nlnjkql$ jd kzjvl yjfjyjkqj phyh dh blnzkgaha ihiî jyh jd jsgdghal Ihcè±z±ddèc81+

8+9+

Dlr jrbygqlr ajd Ièi

Jd pygnjy jrbygql ajd Ièi fzj jd Xhwwýnz“d .Hrnè$ .Hrnè$ yjahbqhal jk èyhij 8311 8:+ Jrqè agvgagal jk 888 bhpîqzdlr blk 19 vjyrlr$ jk rzr pèegkhr jd mlvjk Rgwwga 

±Hdî.Nz Ḫhnnha $ rj hzqlpylbdhnh blnl Njkrhmjyl aj Aglr$ jk dh dîkjh aj  Mjrýr$ Nhclnh w hxzjddlr xzj dlr pyjbjagjylk+ Blkbyjqhnjkqj hrznj dlr rgezgjkqjr klniyjr= —_zjyqh rzidgnj aj Aglr„ 86$ —Dh Eyhk Yjnjnlyhbgòk aj  Aglr„ 85 $ —Ièi„ 83 $ —Xzyyhqz“d .  .‛Hwk„  ‛ Hwk„  #Rldh} aj dlr Lmlr' 87$ jqb9?+ Jkqyj 8315 w

8313$ ngjkqyhr jd Ièi jrqhih pygrglkjyl jk Nhc`ý$ blnjk}ò h agbqhy jd

Ihwèk 98 #Dh Jsplrgbgòk' h zkl aj rzr rjezgalyjr xzj rj dj pjyngqgò jrqhy mzkql h çd$ Rgwwga  ḡzrhwk.g.Wh}aî 99+ Liyh gkhbhihah qyhr rz nzjyqj$ xzj blkqgjkj dhr pygkbgphdjr djwjr aj dh fj ihiî w jk dh xzj hkzkbgh dh vjkgah aj —Hxzjd h xzgjk

Bf+ Y+ NJCYHI@CHKG$ Dh hzylyh ajd pylnjqgal$ pp+ 857.912+ Bf+ IÈI$ _hrhmjr ajd Xhwwýnz“d .  .Hrnè“   Hrnè“ $ jk Bhrh Zkgvjyrhd aj Mzrqgbgh$ Rjdjbbgòk aj dlr  jrbygqlr ajd Ièi $ Ihybjdlkh 9???$ pp+ :7.760 C+ N+ IHDWZ]G$ Jd Ièi+ Jd Cjyhdal aj dh kzjvh jyh $ p+27+ 86 IÈI$ _hrhmjr ajd Xhwwýnz“d .  .Hrnè“$  Hrnè“$ bhp+ GGG$ p+6:+ 85 Giîajn $ p+ 66+ 83 Giîajn $ bhp+ VGG$ p+ 65+ 87 Giîajn $ bhp+ SGGG$ p+ 5?+ 9? Hrî ply jmjnpdl$ jkblkqyhnlr dh rgezgjkqj hfgynhbgòk aj xzj fzj jdjegal ply Aglr phyh ahy bhzbj h rz Yjvjdhbgòk= —¨Lc Xzyyhqz“d. Xzyyhqz“d .“Hwk(= Jk vjyaha Wl rlw dh _zjyqh aj Aglr° w Qj alw h ijijy$ blk jd pjyngrl aj Aglr$ dh Vjyaha rlijyhkh$ aj dhr hezhr pzyhr w bygrqhdgkhr aj Rz Yjvjdhbgòk xzj nhkhk aj dh fzjkqj gkblyyzpqgidj rgqzhah rliyj jd Nlkqj Rhkql+ H hxzjddlr xzj rj jrfzjy}hk jk plr ajd Aglr ýkgbl w vjyahajyl$ açmhdjr jkqlkbjr xzj rj jrfzjybjk ply hdbhk}hy jrqh _zjyqh #Blyèk 32=9:.96'… 32=9:.96'… ¨Lc pzjidlr aj dh qgjyyh( qg jyyh( Aha lîal h dh Rhkqh Vl} aj Aglr pylbdhnhah ply jrqj mlvjk aj Hyhigh hd xzj jd Qlalplajylrl ch jdjegal eyhbglrhnjkqj ply Rz pylpgl Wl+ Jk vjyaha Çd kl jr lqyl xzj jd Vjyahajyl$ h Xzgjk Aglr ch blkfghal dh ngrgòk ajraj jd rjkl aj dh ]hy}h Hyagjkqj+ ¨Lc Xzyyhqz“d. Xzyyhqz“d.“Hwk( Ajrbziyj bzhkql Qj pdh}bh aj jkqyj dlr rjbyjqlr ajd Qlaledlyglrl$ pzjr jd lbçhkl rj jniyhvjbj #Blyèk :9=6' ply lyajk ajd Rjøly gkblnphyhidj„ #Giîa +$ +$ bhp+ SSGV$ pp+ 58.59'+ 98 Bf+ IÈI$ _hrhmjr ajd Ihwèk pjyrh$ jk Bhrh Zkgvjyrhd aj Mzrqgbgh$ Rjdjbbgòk aj dlr jrbygqlr ajd  Ièi $ pp+ 75.826+ 99 Bf+ C+ N+ IHDWZ]G$ Jd Ièi+ Jd Cjyhdal aj dh kzjvh jyh $ p+ 8110 J+ EYHKVGDDJ IYLUKJ$ Zk  høl jkqyj dlr pjyrhr$ p+ 2?10 RCLECG JFFJKAG$ Dlr Ylnpjalyjr ajd Hdih$ p+ 9:3+ 81 8:

5

Aglr chyè nhkgfgjrql„92+ Azyhkqj dh ngrnh çplbh$ jrqhkal jkbhybjdhal jk Nhc`ý$ yjahbqò zkh jrpjbgj aj hpldleîh qgqzdhah Ahdè“ gd.g.R  gd.g.R hi‛gc  hi‛gc  #Dhr Rgjqj 

_yzjihr' 91 + Jrqh iyjvj liyh blkqygizwò hd byjbgngjkql ajd nlvgngjkql ihiî jk qlykl h dh gajh aj dh kzjvh agrpjkrhbgòk pylfçqgbh jkbhykhah jk jd Ièi+ Rzr lqylr jrbygqlr rlk= h' Jd @gqèi.g.Hrnè 9:  #Jd Dgiyl aj dlr Klniyjr' blk jd xzj pyjqjkaîh nhkqjkjy zkgalr h rzr rjezgalyjr chrqh jd aîh xzj hphyj}bh dh kzjvh Nhkgfjrqhbgòk aj Aglr96+ i' Jk jd høl 8311$ jk rz vgrgqh h dh Njbh jrbygij zkh Qhidh agygegah hd Rcjyîf yjvjdèkaldj jd bhyèbqjy rheyhal aj rz ngrgòk95+ _ly jrh ngrnh fjbch$ aj bhngkl h Njagkh$ jd Ièi yjvjdò jd Rh Ḫîfgw.g.  Ihwkz“d .  .ḡ   hyhnhwk  #Dh Jpîrqldh jkqyj dlr Alr  Rhkqzhyglr' xzj blkrgrqj jk zk

blkmzkql aj yjrpzjrqhr h dhr pyjezkqhr pdhkqjhahr ply zk ngjniyl aj dh rjbqh rchwmîjr$ NzḪîṮ93$ rliyj dh Vjyaha aj dh kzjvh Yjvjdhbgòk 97+ b' Jk 831:$ jrqhkal jk rz qgjyyh khqhd$ yjahbqò Rzyh aj @huqchy #—Dh Hizkahkbgh„' 2? + a' Jk jd vjyhkl aj 8316 jk dh bgzaha bjybhkh h Rcgyè}$ jk Grfhcèk$ yjahbqò h pjqgbgòk ajd Rzdqèkz%d.‛Zdhnè$ Rzdqèkz%d.‛Zdhnè$ jd Gnèk Mzn‛gc28 aj Grfhcèk #dh hzqlygaha jbdjrgèrqgbh nèr ajrqhbhah aj jrh pylvgkbgh' zk blnjkqhygl rliyj dh Rzyh aj Vh%d.Hry  #—Dh  Qhyaj„'  Qhyaj„'29+ j' Jrqhkal pyjrl jk jd bhrqgddl aj Bcgcyîx #mzkgl.helrql aj 8313'$ yjahbqò jk clkly h zk clniyj gnplyqhkqj ajd eligjykl$ Ngy}è Hrhaz“ddèc 22 $ blkvjyqgal h dh fj ihiî$ dh Dhu Ḫ.g. ḡzyýfèq  #Qhidgddh aj dhr Djqyhr' 21+ f' _ly dlr pygnjylr aîhr aj helrql aj 8313$ yjahbqò w jkvgò zkh bhyqh hd Eyhk Vgrgy # ḡèmî  _hyh dlr ihcè“îr jr Ihcè“z“ddèc  Bf+ C+ N+ IHDWZ]G$ Jd Ièi+ Jd Cjyhdal aj dh kzjvh jyh $ p+ 8110 IÈI$ _hrhmjr ajd Ahdh“gd .g.  .g.  Rhi“gc$ jk Bhrh Zkgvjyrhd aj Mzrqgbgh$ Rjdjbbgòk aj dlr jrbygqlr ajd Ièi $ pp+ 827.817+ 9: Bf+ IÈI$ _hrhmjr ajd @gqèi.g.Hrnè$ jk Bhrh Zkgvjyrhd aj Mzrqgbgh$ Rjdjbbgòk aj dlr jrbygqlr ajd  Ièi$ pp+ 8:8.85:+ 96_ly jrl djr agbj= —¨Lc vlrlqylr xzj chiçgr rgal gkvjrqgalr blk jd Ihwèk( Kl lr ajkzkbgçgr chrqh xzj jd Hrqyl aj dh hkqgezh jqjykgaha iygddj rliyj jd clyg}lkqj aj Rz rzidgngaha+ Lr cjnlr byjhal aj zk rldl èyild w cjnlr cjbcl xzj rjègr blnl dhr clmhr w fyzqlr aj zk ngrnl èyild$ phyh xzj hbhrl lr blkvgyqègr jk zkh fzjkqj aj rldh} yjbîpylbl+ Kl ngyçgr h dlr ajnèr rgkl blnl lr ngyègr h vlrlqylr ngrnlr$ phyh xzj kgkeýk rjkqgngjkql aj hvjyrgòk bzkah jkqyj vlrlqylr blnl phyh pygvhylr aj Hxzjd h Xzgjk Aglr chyè nhkgfgjrql jd Aîh aj dh Yjrzyyjbbgòk+ Lr blyyjrplkaj h qlalr rjy zk pzjidl gkagvgrgidj0 hrî chiyçgr aj yjeyjrhy h Hxzjd h Xzgjk Aglr chyè nhkgfgjrql…„ #IÈI$ _hrhmjr ajd @gqèi.g.Hrnè$ SVG$ 87  jk Bhrh Zkgvjyrhd aj Mzrqgbgh$ Rjdjbbgòk aj dlr jrbygqlr  ajd Ièi$ p+ 8:2'+ 95 Bf+ Y+ NJCYHI@CHKG$ Dh hzylyh ajd aîh pylnjqgal$ p+ 380 IÈI$ Qhidh agygegah hd Mjygfj aj dh  Njbh$ jk Bhrh Zkgvjyrhd aj Mzrqgbgh$ Rjdjbbgòk aj dlr jrbygqlr ajd Ièi$ p+ 17.:?+ 93 Rz klniyj jyh Ngy}è Nz Ḫhnnha. ḡzrhwk.g.@gynhkî $ ajd eyzpl aj Rgwwga ḹè}gn+ 97 Bf+ C+ N+ IHDWZ]G$ Jd Ièi+ Jd Cjyhdal aj dh kzjvh jyh $ p+ 37+ 2? Bf+ Y+ NJCYHI@CHKG$ Dh hzylyh ajd aîh pylnjqgal$ pp+ 7:.76+ Rzyh 8?3 ajd Blyèk+ 28 Rz klniyj jyh Nîy Rgwwga Nz Ḫhnnha+ 29 Bf+ RCLECG JFFJKAG$ Dlr Ylnpjalyjr ajd Hdih+ Khyyhbgòk aj Khigd$ Ihybjdlkh 9??5$ pp+ 981.98:0 C+ N+ IHDWZ]G$ Jd Ièi+ Jd Cjyhdal aj dh kzjvh jyh $ p+ 891+ Rzyh 8?2 ajd Blyèk+ 92 91

Dj blkbjagò jd qîqzdl aj Ahwwèk  #blkxzgrqhaly l jd mzj}'+ Bf+ C+ N+ IHDWZ]G$ Jd Ièi+ Jd Cjyhdal aj dh kzjvh jyh$ p+ 8150 RCLECG JFFJKAG$ Dlr  Ylnpjalyjr ajd Hdih$ pp+ 29?.298+ 22 21

3

'$ jk dh Nîy}è Èxèrî'  xzj rj blklbj blnl `cz Ṯ Ṯigw.g.Xhcyîwwgc  i   gw.g.Xhcyîwwgc  #Rjynòk aj dh Gyh '$ xzj dj yjpylbch aj kl chijy byjîal jk Aglr w jk Rzr rgeklr 2:+ e' Dhr Jpîrqldhr 

agygegahr h Nz Ḫhnnha Rcèc 26 $ hd bdçygel nzrzdnèk ‛Hiaz“r .Rè  .Rè Ḫgi 25 $ h  Rzdhwnèk 23 + c' Lyhbglkjr w njagqhbglkjr  njagqhbglkjr 27 $ jqb+

9+ Khbgngjkql aj dh Fj Fj Ihcè“î= jd _ylfjqh Ihcè“z“ddèc 1?+ Jk jd høl 83:9$ ajrpzçr ajd hqjkqhal fhddgal ajd Rcèc Kè Ṣgyîa.Aîk $ ddjvhal h bhil ply alr rjezgalyjr ajd Ièi$ rj hbqgvhylk kzjvhr pjyrjbzbglkjr pjyrjbzbglkjr blkqyh dlr ihiîr+ Gkbdzrl nzbclr fzjylk nhyqgyg}halr jk Qjcjyèk+ Jk njagl aj jrj hnigjkqj qjkrl w vgldjkql$ klr jkblkqyhnlr blk zkl aj dlr nèr ajrqhbhalr ajfjkrlyjr aj dh bhzrh ajd Ièi$ Nîy}è ḡzrhwk‛Hdî  #Ihcè“z“ddèc '$ '$ xzj khbgò jd 89 aj klvgjniyj aj 8385 jk Qjcjyèk #_jyrgh'+ Çrqj mlvjk ihiî$ mzkql h zklr qyjgkqh blnphøjylr$ fzjylk hbzrhalr ajd hqjkqhal hd Rcèc+ _ly jrl fzjylk hyylmhalr hd fhnlrl Rgwèc.Bcèd  #—_l}l Kjeyl„'$ Kjeyl„'$ zkh nh}nlyyh pylfzkah w lrbzyh jk dh bgzaha aj Qjcjyèk+ Jk jrj dzehy$ Ihcè“z“ddèc $ yjbgigò dhr pygnjyhr rjøhdjr aj rz ngrgòk 18+ Jk 83:2$ rj blnpyliò xzj Ihcè“z“ddèc  jyh gklbjkqj w fzj dgijyhal+ _jyl$ ply lyajk ajd Rcèc$ fzj ajrqjyyhal chbgh ‛Gyèx + Çd w rz fhngdgh rj hrjkqhylk jk Ihecaèa+ Dzjel$ rj fzjylk yjzkgjkal jk qlykl h çd$ vhyglr rjezgalyjr+ Jk jrh blnzkgaha ihiî$ rj jkblkqyhih rz cjynhkhrqyl$ Nîy}è Wh Ḫwè $ jd bzhd azyhkqj dh çplbh jk xzj rj yjhdg}ò dh fhnlrh blkfjyjkbgh aj Ihahrcq #8313' fzj Bf+ C+ N+ IHDWZ]G$ Jd Ièi+ Jd Cjyhdal aj dh kzjvh jyh$ p+ 8::+ Bf+ IÈI$ _hrhmjr aj zkh Jpîrqldh agygegah h Nz Ḫhnnha Rcèc$ jk Bhrh Zkgvjyrhd aj Mzrqgbgh$ Rjdjbbgòk aj dlr jrbygqlr ajd Ièi$ pp+ 97.13+ 25 Bf+ Ga+$ Jpîrqldh agygegah h zk bdçygel nzrzdnèk$ jk Bhrh Zkgvjyrhd aj dh Mzrqgbgh$ pp+ :8.:1+ 23 Bf+ Ga+$ Jpîrqldh agygegah h Rzdhwnèk$ bdçygel nzrzdnèk aj dh qgjyyh aj Nhrxh Ṯ $ jk Bhrh Zkgvjyrhd aj Mzrqgbgh$ Rjdjbbgòk aj dlr jrbygqlr ajd Ièi $ pp+ ::.:5+ 27 Bfy+ Ga+$ Lyhbglkjr w Njagqhbglkjr$ jk Bhrh Zkgvjyrhd aj Mzrqgbgh$ Rjdjbbgòk aj dlr jrbygqlr ajd  Ièi$ pp+ 877.915+ 1? Bf+ W+ YGBCHYA$ Jd Grdhn rcgî $ p+ 750 F+ AGJ] AJ VJDHRBL$ Gkqylazbbgòk h dh Cgrqlygh aj dhr  Yjdgeglkjr$ Nhayga 9??92$ p+ ::?0 M+ EHYBÎH CJYKHKAL #Agy+'$ _dzyhdgrnl Yjdgeglrl GGG+ Yjdgeglkjr kl bygrqghkhr $ Nhayga 8775$ pp+ 18?.1820 C+ N+ IHDWZ]G$ Ihcè“z“ddèc+ Jd Yjw aj dh  Edlygh $ Qjyyhrrh 87720 U+ R+ CHQBCJY.M+A+ NHYQGK$ Dh fj ihcè“î+ Dh kzjvh yj dgegòk dgegòk nzkaghd$ pp+ :?.5:0 H+ N+ BÈBJYJR.D. M+ YJWJR NHY]L$ Dh fj ihchî$ ¼zkh kzjvh yjdgegòk nzkaghd<$ pp+ 12.170 _+ RNGQC$ Hk gkqylazbqglk ql qcj Ihch“g Fhgqc$ pp+86.180 BC+ IZJ@$ —Qcj jrbchqldlew lf  edlihdg}hqglk= Qcj nzdqgpdj njrrghcrcgp lf Ihcè“z“ddèc yjvgrgqja$ jk N+ RCHYLKA #Ja+'$ Rqzagjr gk  ihcè“î fhgqcr„$ Ilrqlk 9??1$ pp+ 812.853+ nlajyk yjdgeglkr$ yjdgeglkr nlvjnjkqr hka qcj ihiî. ihcè“î 18 —Zkh klbcj$ jk zk rzjøl$ jrbzbcç jrqhr edlyglrhr phdh iyhr xzj vjkîhk aj qlalr dhalr= Jk vjyaha$ Qj hwzahyjnlr h qygzkfhy ply njagl aj Qg ngrnl w ply Qz pdznh+ Kl qj hfdgmhr ply dl xzj ch rzbjagal$ w kl qjnhr$ pzjrql xzj jrqèr rjezyl+ Jk iyjvj jd Rjøly yjvjdhyè dlr qjrlylr aj dh qgjyyh.clniyjr xzj Qj hwzahyèk ply Qg w ply Qz klniyj.blk xzj jd Rjøly ch yjvgvgfgbhal dlr blyh}lkjr aj hxzjddlr xzj Dl chk yjblklbgal„ #IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ Jpîrqldh hd Cgml ajd Dlil$ Izjklr Hgyjr 873:9$ pp+ 9?.98'+ 2: 26

7

klniyhal ply jd Ièi$ jk bhrl aj fhddjbjy$ blnl dîajy aj dlr ihiîr+ Hplwèkalrj jk jrh ajbdhyhbgòk$ yjbdhnò jd eligjykl aj dh blnzkgaha+ Jkqlkbjr$ Ihcè“z“ddèc$ phyh jvgqhy agvgrglkjr w jkfyjkqhngjkqlr$ ajbgagò yjqgyhyrj h zkhr

nlkqhøhr pyòsgnhr h Rzdhwnèkîwwgc$ jk jd vjbgkl @zyagrqèk+ Azyhkqj bhrg alr hølr ylnpgò jd blkqhbql blk rzr rjezgalyjr w ngjkqyhr qhkql jd kzjvl mjfj jrpgygqzhd ajnlrqyhih aîh h aîh rz gkbhphbgaha phyh ezghy h dlr ihiîr+ Blnl dh rgqzhbgòk gih jnpjlyhkal$ vhyglr jsgdghalr ajrpdjehylk zkh bhnphøh phyh jkblkqyhy jkblkqyhy h Ihcè“z“ddèc+ Fgkhdnjkqj$ agjylk blk çd$ w jd 87 aj nhy}l aj 83:6 yjeyjrò w hrzngò dh agyjbbgòk aj dh d h blnzkgaha ihiî+ Ihcè“z“ddèc Ihcè“z“ddèc pzrl pzrl qlal rz jnpjøl phyh flyqhdjbjy h dh blnzkgaha ihiî+ Dj ajvldvgò jd kgvjd jrpgygqzhd w nlyhd xzj chiîh qjkgal jk çplbhr ajd Ièi+ H phyqgy aj hddî$ fzj yjblklbgal blnl zk hzqçkqgbl nhjrqyl jrpgygqzhd+ Jrqj yjblklbgngjkql jyh vgrql ply jd Rcèc w rzr ngkgrqylr blnl zk hzqçkqgbl pjdgeyl+ _ly jrl$ pgagjylk hd eligjykl lqlnhkl$ xzj qyhrdhahyhk h qlah dh blnzkgaha ihiî h Blkrqhkqgklpdh+ _jyl$ hkqjr aj rz phyqgah$ jk hiygd aj 8362 yjzkgò h vhyglr aj rzr blnphøjylr jk zk mhyaîk Yg Ḏ  v  èk  #_hyhîrl'$ alkaj djr Ḏvèk  hkzkbgò xzj Çd jyh —Hxzjd h xzgjk Aglr chyè Nhkgfgjrql„+ H phyqgy aj jrj nlnjkql nlnjkql rzr rjezgalyjr hrznjk jd klniyj aj —ihcè“îr„ 19+ Kzjvhnjkqj$ ply gkfdzml ajd Vgrgy aj _jyrgh$ Ngy}è Qh`î Mhk $ fzjylk jsgdghalr h Hayghkèpldgr$ alkaj pjynhkjbgjylk nèr aj bzhqyl hølr w njagl+ Jrj qgjnpl fzj nzw fjbzkal phyh Ihcè“z“ddèc$ rj ajagbò h pylphehy rzr jkrjøhk}hr$ h jrbygigy dhr djwjr w agrplrgbglkjr aj rz Agrpjkrhbgòk$ h jkvghy vhyghr bhyqhr h Yjwjr w elijykhkqjr aj Lygjkqj w Lbbgajkqj$ ajbdhyhkal pýidgbhnjkqj rz ngrgòk j gkvgqèkaldjr h xzj xzj hiyhrhrjk hiyhrhrjk rz Fj+ qyhrdhahalr h dh pygrgòk

Dzjel$ jk 8363$ fzjylk fzjylk

aj H``è  #Hbyj'$ jk dh xzj pjynhkjbgjylk

gkblnzkgbhalr azyhkqj alr hølr+ Jk 835? fzjylk ddjvhalr h zkh bhrh pygrgòk$ alkaj vgvgjylk zklr rgjqj hølr+ hølr + Ajraj hddî$ Ihch“z“ddèc rgezgò jrbygigjkal kznjylrhr bhyqhr$ ajrqgkhahr h hdezklr elijykhkqjr w yjwjr aj dh qgjyyh 12+

19

Ihcè“z“ddèc jr blkrgajyhal blnl jd njkrhmjyl zkgvjyrhd aj Aglr pylnjqgal ply jd Ièi w ply dhr jrbygqzyhr aj dhr yjdgeglkjr hkqjyglyjr+ Hrî$ khbj zkh kzjvh yjdgegòk gkajpjkagjkqj$ dh Fj Ihcè“î+ 12Bf+ RC+ JFFJKAG$ Dh fj aj Ihch“z“ddèc$ yjdgegòk nzkaghd+ Ajbdhyhbgòk hkqj dh Blngrgòk jrpjbghd  aj Khbglkjr Zkgahr rliyj _hdjrqgkh #8715'$ jk K+ RHGJAG$ Dh yjdgegòk ihcè“î+ Zkh gkqylazbbgòk  ajraj rzr qjsqlr $ Nhayga 9??3$ p+ 21+ 8?

Jk mzkgl aj 8355 rhdgò ply fgk aj rz jrqygbql blkfgkhngjkql$ w blk pjyngrl ajd elijykhaly aj H``è$ rj qyhrdhaò blk rz fhngdgh h Nh}yè “gc  “gc $ zkh pjxzjøh fgkbh hd klyqj aj dh bgzaha+ Hd bhil aj alr hølr rj qyhrdhaò h Ihcmî  #El}l'$ rz kzjvh yjrgajkbgh+ Hrî azyhkqj albj hølr rj ajagbò h jrbygigy rliyj agvjyrlr qjnhr jrpgygqzhdjr w rlbghdjr w h yjbgigy h nzbclr pjyjeygklr ihcè“gr xzj ddjehihk aj _jyrgh w aj lqyhr qgjyyhr+ Qhnigçk agrjøò zk rgrqjnh aj djwjr j gkrqgqzbglkjr phyh xzj pzagjyhk rjy pzjrqlr jk pyèbqgbh rzr pygkbgpglr+ Fgkhdnjkqj$ fhddjbgò jd 97 aj nhwl aj 8379 blk 5: hølr aj jaha$ h bhzrh aj zkhr fzjyqjr fgjiyjr+ Kzjvj aîhr ajrpzçr rj hiygò w rj djwò rz qjrqhnjkql$ jk jd xzj klniyhih h rz cgml ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè  .Ihcè blnl yjpyjrjkqhkqj w jsplrgqly aj rzr jkrjøhk}hr+

9+8+

Dlr jrbygqlr aj Ihcè“z“ddèc

Chbgh jd høl 83:3$ h lygddhr ajd yîl Qgeygr$ Ihcè“z“ddèc jrbygigò — Dhr _hdhiyhr 

Lbzdqhr „11+ Yjahbqhal jk flynh aj hflygrnlr nlyhdjr$ plajnlr ajbgy xzj blkrqgqzwj jd blyh}òk çqgbl ajd njkrhmj ajd pylfjqh+ W h dh vj} jr blnl zkh ezîh l nhkzhd jrpgygqzhd xzj lygjkqh hd clniyj jk rz vghmj chbgh Aglr+ Hdyjajaly aj 8368$ fzj yjvjdhal jk Ihecaèa$ —Jd @gqèi.g. Îxèk „1: #Jd Dgiyl aj dh Bjyqj}h'$ zkh hnpdgh jsplrgbgòk aj dh khqzyhdj}h w pylpòrgql aj dh yjdgegòk+ Jsplkj dhr dîkjhr agyjbqygbjr ajd Eyhk _dhk Yjajkqly aj Aglr0 pylbdhnh dh jsgrqjkbgh aj zk ýkgbl Aglr w dh blkqgkzgaha aj dh Yjvjdhbgòk Agvgkh+ Hajnèr$ jsplkj jk rzr pèegkhr$ rliyj dh ngrgòk ajd Ièi$ yh}òk ply dh bzhd jyh zk dgiyl gnplyqhkqj phyh dlr ihiîr 16+ Dzjel$ jkqyj dlr hølr 83:5 w 8362$ bzhkal yjeyjrò aj Rzdhwnèkîwwgc$ jrbygigò vhyghr liyhr$ jkqyj jddhr ajrqhbh zk qjsql nhyhvgddlrl pjyqjkjbgjkqj hd eçkjyl nîrqgbl= Dlr Rgjqj Vhddjr 15 + Fzj jrbygqh jk yjrpzjrqh h dhr pyjezkqhr aj Rchw`c Nzcwg“a.Aîk$ Nzcwg“a.Aîk$ pjyqjkjbgjkqj h dh lyajk Jd qjsql lygegkhd rj agvgaj jk alr phyqjr= ajd èyhij w ajd pjyrh+ Bf+ IHCH“Z“DDÈC$ Dhr _hdhiyhr  9 ??3 10 A+ CLFNHK$ Yjklvhbgòk aj dh Bgvgdg}hbgòk$ Izjklr Hgyjr 8731$ p+ 810 lbzdqhr$  Qjyyhrrh 9??3 BLNZKGAHA GKQJYKHBGLKHD IHCÈ“Î$ Ihcè“z“ddèc #8385 .8379'$ .8379'$ Qjyyhrrh 8779$ p+ 81+ 1: Bf+ IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ Jd @gqèi.g.Îxèk$  Qjyyhrrh 877:0 A+ CLFNHK$ Yjklvhbgòk aj dh Bgvgdg}hbgòk$ p+820 p+820 BLNZKGAHA GKQJYKHBGLKHD IHCÈ“Î$ Ihcè“z“ddèc #8385 .8379'$ .8379'$ pp+ 81.850 J+ EYHKVGDDJ IYLUKJ$ Zk høl jkqyj dlr pjyrhr$ p+ 2?1+ 16 Jk rzr pygnjyhr pèegkhr klr agbj= —Kgkeýk clniyj playè hdbhk}hy dhr lygddhr ajd lbçhkl ajd vjyahajyl jkqjkagngjkql h njklr xzj rj chwh ajrpyjkagal aj qlal dl xzj chw jk jd bgjdl w jk dh qgjyyh+ Rhkqgfgbha vzjrqyhr hdnhr$ lc pzjidlr ajd nzkal$ phyh xzj xzg}èr hdbhkbçgr dh plrgbgòk xzj Aglr ch ajrqgkhal w jkqyçgr hrî jk jd qhijykèbzdl xzj$ blkflynj h dhr agrpjkrhbglkjr aj dh _ylvgajkbgh$ ch rgal jygegal jk jd fgynhnjkql ajd Ihwèk+ Dh jrjkbgh aj jrqhr phdhiyhr jr xzj xzgjkjr clddhk jd rjkajyl aj dh fj$ xzgjkjr hkrîhk jd vgkl aj dh bjyqj}h$ ajijk pzygfgbhyrj aj qlal dl qjyyjkhd #…' Ajijk plkjy rz blkfghk}h jk Aglr w$ hrgçkalrj fgynjnjkqj aj Çd$ rjezgy rz bhngkl„ #IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ Jd @gqèi.g.Îxèk$ p+ 7'+ 15 Bf + IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ Dlr Rgjqj Vhddjr w dlr Bzhqyl Vhddjr$  Qjyyhrrh 9??3+ 11

88

rzfî$ mzj} l bhaî aj dh bgzaha aj @cèkgxhwk$ zk nzkgbgpgl ajd klyjrqj gyhxzî$ bjybhkl h dh fylkqjyh aj Gyèk+ Jd qjnh bjkqyhd jr jd vghmj ajd hdnh ajraj dh nlyhah qjyyjkhd chbgh dh pylsgngaha aj Aglr$ ply njagl aj rgjqj jqhphr13+ Lqyl aj dlr jrbygqlr ajd ngrnl eçkjyl rj qgqzdh —Dlr Bzhqyl Vhddjr„ 17 $ jk dh xzj ajrbygij dlr bzhqyl qgplr aj nîrqgblr chbgh rz njqh fgkhd+ Jrqhih agygegal h Rchw`c“ y.Yh y.YhḪnèk.g.@hy`ý`î$ mjfj aj dh Lyajk Xèagyîwwgc$ xzj blklbgò h Ihcè“z“ddèc jk jd @zyagrqèk$ w xzj dj hangyhih nzbcl+ Azyhkqj jrqj qgjnpl qhnigçk yjahbqò dlr rgezgjkqjr jrbygqlr= —dh Dhu Ḫ .g.  ḡýyîwwgc #Qhidh

aj dh Alkbjddh°'$ jk dh d h xzj rj pyjrheghk dlr hblkqjbgngjkqlr hblkqjbgngjkqlr aj

zk fzqzyl nzbcl nèr yjnlql0 dh Rýygw.g.Rhiy #Rzyh aj dh _hbgjkbgh°'$ _ hbgjkbgh°'$ yjvjdhah jd pygnjy aîh aj Yg Ḏvèk$ jk dh xzj jkrhd}h h Vh Ḫîa w rzr rzfygalr blnphøjylr aj Khwyî}0 jd blnjkqhygl rliyj dhr Djqyhr xzj jkbhij}hk dlr Rzyhr ajd Blyèk0 Rz gkqjypyjqhbgòk aj dh djqyh Vèv$ njkbglkhah jk dlr jrbygqlr aj Rchw`c HḪnha.g.HḪrè“î$ w aj lqylr phrhmjr hirqyzrlr aj dhr liyhr aj Rgwwga @è}gn.g. Yhrcqî0 dh Dhu Ḫ.g. Nhaîkhqz“q  Nhaîkhqz“q .Qhu  .Qhu Ḫîa  #Qhidh aj dh Bgzaha aj dh Zkgaha°'0 dh RhḪîfgw.g.RchṮṮîwwgc0 dh Nzrîièq.g.

zyýfèq.g.‛Èdîwèq$ ḡzyýfèq.g.‛Èdîwèq$

dh Qhfrîy.g.Cý°0 dh

 Mhvècgyz“d.Hryèy  Mhvècgyz“d.Hryèy w qlah zkh pdçqlyh aj jrbygqlr jk flynh aj jpîrqldhr$ lahr$ clngdîhr„ clngdîhr„:?+ Jk çrqj ngrnl pjyîlal$ ajraj dh bgzaha aj Ihecaèa$ jrbygigò zkh dhyeh jpîrqldh jk èyhij qgqzdhah Mhvècgyz“d .Hryèy  .Hryèy  #Ejnhr l Jrjkbghr aj ngrqjyglr':8+ Zkl aj dlr qjnhr bjkqyhdjr jr dh —qyhkrflynhbgòk„ l vzjdqh ajd _ylnjqgal ihml zkh hphygjkbgh cznhkh agfjyjkqj+ Jr zkh jrpjbgj aj yjrpzjrqh h dlr pdhkqjhngjkqlr aj zk izrbhaly xzj gkqjkqhih blnpyjkajy bònl jd pylnjqgal Nhcaî plaîh chijyrj qyhkrflynhal jk jd Ièi :9+ Qhnigçk hilyah lqylr qjnhr= dh bhzrh aj yjbch}l h dlr _ylfjqhr ajd phrhal$ dh blkqgkzgaha aj dh yjvjdhbgòk agvgkh$ jd havjkgngjkql aj dh kzjvh Nhkgfjrqhbgòk w dh jspdgbhbgòk aj vhyglr blkbjpqlr jrpgygqzhdjr #—Mhyaîk aj dh Iýrxzjah„$ —Dh Bgzaha aj dh Zkgaha Agvgkh„$ jqb'+

Jrqhr rgjqj jqhphr wh jyhk blklbgahr ply dlr rzfîjr hd chijydhr ajrbygql Fhyîaz“ a .Aîk.‛H .Aîk.‛HṮṮèy$ bçdjiyj pljqh pjyrh w nîrqgbl$ jk rz liyh nhwly Jd djkezhmj aj dlr pèmhylr #Nhkqgb Zqqhgy'+ 17 Bf + IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ Dlr Rgjqj Vhddjr w dlr Bzhqyl Vhddjr$  Qjyyhrrh 9??3+ :? RC+ JFFJKAG$ Aglr _hrh$ Ihybjdlkh 9??8$ p+ 98?+ :8 Bf+ IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ Ejnhr aj Ngrqjyglr Agvgklr $ Qjyyhrrh 9??3+ :9 Jd ajrqgkhqhygl rj ddhnhih Rgwwga Wýrzf.g.Rgcagcî Grfhcèkî  xzj vgvîh jk @hyigdè+ 13

89

Jkqyj 8365 w 8352 fzjylk jrbygqhr dhr Jpîrqldhr h dlr Yjwjr :2 #HduèḪ.g. RhdèṮîk'$ ngjkqyhr Ihcè“z“ddèc vgvîh jk Hayghkèpldgr w Hbyj+ Fzjylk agygegahr h Khpldjòk GGG$ GGG$ hd }hy

aj Yzrgh Hdjmhkayl GG$ GG$ h dh yjgkh Vgbqlygh$ Vgbqlygh$ hd `ègrjy `ègrjy

Ezgddjynl G$ G$ hd rzdqèk ‛Hiaz“d.È}î}$ ‛Hiaz“d.È}î}$ hd Rcèc aj _jyrgh Kèrgyg“a Kèrgyg“a.Aîk .Aîk w h vhyglr elijykhkqjr aj Hnçygbh$ Jzylph w Hrgh+ _jyl qhnigçk cg}l zk ddhnhnhngjkql h agygejkqjr yjdgeglrlr= yjdgeglrlr= hd _hph _hph _îl GS$ hd bdjyl w h dlr rjezgalyjr rjezgalyjr aj vhyghr vhyghr yjdgeglkjr+ Ihcè“z“ddèc$ Ihcè“z“ddèc$ djr hkzkbghih xzj chiîh ddjehal dh jyh aj dh ph} w cjynhkaha$ w xzj çd jyh jd Njkrhmjyl aj Aglr jkbhyehal aj chbjy yjhdgaha jd Kzjvl Lyajk Nzkaghd$ bhyhbqjyg}hal ply dh zkgaha aj dh yh}h cznhkh w aj qlahr dhr yjdgeglkjr+ Aj dh ngrnh çplbh rlk zk blkmzkql aj bhyqhr agygegahr h byjwjkqjr ihiîr blklbgahr blnl Rýyh.g.Cjw`hd :1 + Jk 8352 fzj blnpdjqhal jd @gqèi.g.H xahr ::  #Jd Dgiyl Nèr Rheyhal' $ ngjkqyhr Ihcè“z“ddèc jyh pygrglkjyl jk Hbyj+ Jrqj dgiyl pyjrjkqh zk blkmzkql aj djwjr$ blk dhr bzhdjr rj pyjqjkaj qyhkrflynhy dhr hdnhr gkagvgazhdjr w ezghy bldjbqgvhnjkqj h dh cznhkgaha$ phyh jrqhidjbjy jd Yjgkl aj Aglr jk dh qgjyyh+ Jrhr djwjr hihybhk qyjr èyjhr= dh yjdhbgòk ajd gkagvgazl blk Aglr0 bzjrqglkjr fîrgbhr w jrpgygqzhdjr xzj ijkjfgbghk hd rjy cznhkl0 dhr yjdhbglkjr jkqyj pjyrlkhr w dh rlbgjaha+ Vjyrhk rliyj dh lyhbgòk$ jd hwzkl$ dh blkagbgòk mzyîagbh aj dhr pjyrlkhr$ jd nhqygnlkgl$ jd agvlybgl$ jqb+ Ihcè“z“ddèc$ wh bhrg hd fgkhd aj rz ngrgòk jrbygigò kznjylrhr Qhidhr+ Rclecg Jffjkag chbj yjfjyjkbgh h hdezkhr aj jddhr agbgjkal= — yjrzdqh lidgehah dh yjfjyjkbgh h dh Dhu Ḫ .g. ḡg`nhq #Qhidh aj dh Rhigazyîh°'$ jk dh xzj rj jsplkjk dlr fzkahnjkqlr aj dh vjyahajyh fgdlrlfîh$ l h dh Qhidh aj Vgrgqhbgòk$ yjvjdhah jk clkly ajd Gnhn

ḡzrhwk$

bzwhr dlhr bjdjiyh blk djkezhmj vgiyhkqj0 l h

_yjezkqhr w Yjrpzjrqhr$ jk dh xzj rj jdzbgahk dhr djwjr w agrplrgbglkjr ajd @gqèi.g.Hxahr0 l h dh Dhu Ḫ .g. Izycèk #Qhidh aj dh _yzjih°' jk dh xzj rj blkajkhk hbyjnjkqj dlr hbqlr pjypjqyhalr ply Rchw`c Nz Ḫhnnha.Ièxgy$ aj rliyjklniyj Acg“  Acg“ i #jd Dlil°'$ w ply Nîy NzḪhnnha. ḡzrhwk$ jd Gnèn. Mzn‛gc aj Grfhcèk$ aj rliyjklniyj Yhxrcè #dh Rjypgjkqj Cjniyh°'0 l h dh Dhu Ḫ .g. Bf+ BHRH ZKGVJYRHD AJ MZRQGBGH$ Dh pylbdhnhbgòk aj Ihcè“z“ddèc h dlr yjwjr w agygejkqjr  ajd nzkal $ Ihybjdlkh 87710 U+ R+ CHQBCJY.M+A+ NHYQGK$ Dh fj ihcè“î+ Dh kzjvh yjdgegòk  nzkaghd$ pp+ 63.59+ :1 Bf+ J+ EYHKVGDDJ IYLUKJ$ Zk høl jkqyj dlr pjyrhr$ p+ 2?3+ :: Bf + IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ @gqèi.g.Hxahr+ Jd Dgiyl Nèr Rheyhal$ Ihybjdlkh 9??20 U+ R+ CHQBCJY.M+A+ NHYQGK$ Dh fj ihcè“î+ Dh kzjvh yjdgegòk nzkaghd$ pp+ 59.520 J+ EYHKVGDDJ IYLUKJ$ Zk høl  jkqyj dlr pjyrhr$ p+ 2?1+ :2

82

@hyngd #Qhidh ajd Bhynjdl°'$ jk dh xzj jd Hzqly chbj njkbgòk rgekgfgbhqgvh aj

dh Bgzaha aj Aglr xzj ch ajrbjkagal ajd bgjdl° $ w pylfjqg}h xzj jk iyjvj Aglr  chyè }hyphy Rz Hybh° $ rliyj hxzjddh nlkqhøh$ w nhkgfjrqhyè hd pzjidl aj  Ihcè° + Fgkhdnjkqj$ ajij njkbglkhyrj Rz Jpîrqldh agygegah h hw Nz Ḫhnnha.  Qhxî$ blklbgal blnl Gik.g.Acg“i Gik.g.Acg“i #Cgml ajd Dlil°'$ dh ýdqgnh Qhidh rliyjrhdgjkqj yjvjdhah ply dh pdznh aj Ihcè“z“ddèc$ jk dh xzj jnpdh}h h hxzjd rhbjyalqj yhph} h hyyjpjkqgyrj aj rzr hbqlr$ bgqh hdezklr aj dlr phrhmjr nèr bhyhbqjyîrqgblr w bçdjiyjr aj Rzr pylpglr jrbygqlr w hazbj pyzjihr xzj jrqhidjbjk dh vhdgaj} aj Rz Bhzrh„:6+  Qhnigçk qjkjnlr lqyhr qhidhr aj zk pylfzkal w ygbl blkqjkgal çqgbl w jrpgygqzhd blnl rlk= Grcyèxèq  #Jrpdjkalyjr'$ Igrcèyèq  #Izjkhr Kzjvhr'$

hyè}èq  Ṥ hyè}èq 

#Lykhnjkqlr'$

Qhmhddîwèq 

#Jfzdejkbghr'$

@hdgnèq.g.Fgyahurîwwgc 

#_hdhiyhr ajd _hyhîrl'$ jqb+ Qlahr jddhr ahk pyzjih aj dhr pylfzkagahajr aj zk _ylfjqh aj Aglr w aj rz gkbhkrhidj ngkgrqjygl:5+ 2+ Jqhph aj dh rzbjrgòk=

.Ihcè :3  —Jd Nhjrqyl„ ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè 

Jd cgml nhwly aj Ihcè“z“ddèc$ ‛Hiièr Jffjk ag  ag  #8311.8798'$ blklbgal blnl ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè  .Ihcè  #jd Rgjyvl aj Ihcè'$ hrzngò h phyqgy ajd høl 8379$ jd yld aj

rzbjrly w ýkgbl gkqçypyjqj hzqlyg}hal aj dhr jkrjøhk}hr ajd _ylfjqh+ Bzjrqgòk xzj chiîh xzjahal hrjkqhah jk jd Dgiyl ajd _hbql # @gqèi. g‛  Hca'$ xzj jyh zkh g‛ Hca'$ jrpjbgj aj blkvjkgl xzj chiîh cjbcl Ihcè“z“ddèc blk rzr rjezgalyjr+ _jyl$ jd qjrqhnjkql ajmhih nzw bdhyl xzj jd kzjvl agygejkqj ihcè“ î kl ajiîh rjy blkrgajyhal _ylfjqh$ rgkl blnl zk clniyj jmjnpdhy xzj ahih blkqgkzgaha h dhr jkrjøhk}hr aj rz phayj+ Hajnèr$ yjbgigò jd qîqzdl aj Eczrk.g. H“  H“ Ẓhn  #Dh Yhnh Nèr _lajylrh' w qhkql dh fhngdgh bjybhkh ajd Ièi #Hfkèk'$ blnl rz cjynhkl Ngy}è NzḪhnnha.‛Hdî hnnha.‛Hdî$$ xzjahihk rzilyagkhalr hd kzjvl —Nhjrqyl„+ _hyh jrqj ýdqgnl$ kl dj fzj fèbgd hbjpqhy jd ajrjl aj rz phayj+ Hrî$ hfjyyèkalrj h rjy jd rjezkal jk dh blnzkgaha ihcè“î$ ply vldzkqha aj Ihcè“z“ddèc$ rj yjvjdò blkqyh

‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè  .Ihcè +

Jdjvò vhyghr bhdznkghr j gkmzyghr phyh

RC+ JFFJKAG$ Aglr _hrh$ p+ 288+ Bf+ IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ Qhidhr aj Ihcè“z“ddèc+ Yjvjdhahr ajrpzçr ajd  @gqèi.g.Hxahr$  Qjyyhrrh 9??7+ :3 Bf+ C+ N+ IHDWZ]G$ ‛Hiaz“d. ‛Hiaz“d.Ihcè+ Qcj Bjkqyj lf qcj Blvjkhkq lf Ihcè“z“ddèc$ Lsflya 87580 U+ R+ CHQBCJY.M+A+ NHYQGK$ Dh fj ihcè“î+ Dh kzjvh yjdgegòk nzkaghd$ pp+ 56.7?0 H+ N+ BÈBJYJR. D. M+ YJWJR NHY]L$ Dh fj ihchî$ ¼zkh kzjvh yjdgegòk nzkaghd<$ pp+ 17.:10 K+ RHGJAG$ Dh  yjdgegòk ihcè“î+ Zkh gkqylazbbgòk ajraj rzr qjsqlr$ pp+ 21.2:0 _+ RNGQC$ Hk gkqylazbqglk ql qcj  Ihch“g Fhgqc$ pp+ 12.:1+ :6 :5

81

ajrhbyjagqhydl jkqyj dlr rzwlr w dhr hzqlygahajr lqlnhkhr+ lqlnhkhr+ H pjrhy aj qlal$ rz cjynhkl kl dleyò rjy jd yjfjyjkqj pygkbgphd phyh dlr ihcè“îr+ Jkqyj 87?8 w 87?3$ ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè$ .Ihcè$ rzfygò vhyglr jsgdglr w pygrglkjr$ pjyl h pjrhy aj rz rzfygngjkql w nhdh rhdza$ kl yjkzkbgò h agfzkagy dh Fj Ihcè“  Ihcè “ g ply Hrgh$ Jzylph w Hnçygbh+ Vhyglr pjyjeygklr vghmhihk chrqh H``è #Hbyj' phyh rjy halbqygkhalr+ Hrî$ ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè$ .Ihcè$ ply njagl aj bhyqhr$ bchydhr$ jkqyjvgrqhr w vhyglr albznjkqlr agvzdehqgvlr$ jspdgbò dlr fzkahnjkqlr aj dh yjvjdhbgòk ihcè“î+ Jk rjpqgjniyj aj 87?3$ blk dh yjvldzbgòk aj dlr Mòvjkjr Qzyblr$ Qzy blr$ xzjal dgiyj w pzal rhdgy aj _hdjrqgkh phyh plajy ddjvhy h bhil rz ngrgòk= jsphkagy w blkrldgahy dh kzjvh yjdgegòk jk Lbbgajkqj+ Aj yjpjkqj w rgk pyjvgl hvgrl$ nhybch h Jegpql jk helrql aj 878?+ Dzjel aj rjpqgjniyj h agbgjniyj aj 8788$ ddjvò h bhil zk azyl vghmj$ phyh vgrgqhy h dhr kzjvhr blnzkgahajr ihcè“îr xzj gihk rzyegjkal jk Gkedhqjyyh w Fyhkbgh+ Blkbdzgah dh vgrgqh$ yjeyjrh kzjvhnjkqj h Jegpql h ajrbhkrhy w jk nhy}l aj 8789 gkgbgh zk dhyel w hyazl rjezkal vghmj phyh vgrgqhy h dlr ihcè“îr lbbgajkqhdjr+ lbbgajkqhdjr+ Ajrpzçr aj lbcl njrjr jk xzj yjblyygò zkhr qyjgkqh w lbcl bgzahajr ply Jrqhalr Zkgalr w Bhkhaè$ yjeyjrò h Jzylph$ alkaj vgrgqò Eyhk Iyjqhøh$ Fyhkbgh$ Hdjnhkgh$ Hzrqygh.Czkeyîh+ Azyhkqj jrqh dhyeh qyhvjrîh$ rj ajagbò h blkfjyjkbghr$ jkqyjvgrqhr w jngqgò agrbzyrlr h vhyghr pjyrlkhdgahajr ajd nzkal aj dh pldîqgbh$ aj vhyghr yjdgeglkjr j gkbdzrl h kl byjwjkqjr+ Qhnigçk$ byjò hdezklr qjnpdlr ihcè“îr+ Jk mzkgl aj8782 vzjdvj h Jegpql w jk agbgjniyj h Chgfh jk zk jrqhal aj helqhngjkql+ _jyl$ bzhkal jk helrql aj 8781 jrqhddh dh _ygnjyh Ezjyyh Nzkaghd$ dlr qzyblr pylcgigjylk aj kzjvl h dlr ihcè“îr rhdgy aj H``è j gkbdzrl aj Chgfh+ Ngjkqyhr qhkql$ ‛ Hiaz“d  Hiaz“d .Ihcè$ .Ihcè$ rj ajagbò h ahy hplwl nlyhd h rz ejkqj ejkqj w h hdgnjkqhy h nzbclr pliyjr+ pliyjr+

Fgkhdnjkqj$ jk

agbgjniyj aj 8783$ bzhkal dlr iygqèkgblr qlnhylk Chgfh w Hbyj$ d lr ihcè“gr vldvgjylk h yjbzpjyhy dh dgijyqha+ Hrî$ ‛ Hiaz“d  Hiaz“d .Ihcè  .Ihcè  rjezgò qyhihmhkal ply dh bhzrh aj dh fj+ Flnjkqò w jrqhidjbgò dhr gkrqgqzbglkjr hangkgrqyhqgvhr ihcè“îr = —dhr hrhnidjhr jrpgygqzhdjr„$ jrpgygqzhdjr „$ pyjbzyrlyhr aj dh —Ezhyag —Ezhya ghkîh„ w —Bhrh Zkgvjyrhd aj Mzrqgbgh„+ W jd 93 aj klvgjniyj aj 8798$ nzjyj h dlr rjqjkqh w lbcl hølr aj jaha+

8:

2+8+

Dlr jrbygqlr aj ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè  .Ihcè 

H dh jaha aj 28 hølr #835:'$ hýk bzhkal vgvîh rz phayj $ ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè  .Ihcè jrbygigò zkh liyh qgqzdhah Hryèyz“d .Ec  .Ec hwiîwwgc hwiîwwgc hd Hrièiz“d .Nhahkîwwgc  .Nhahkîwwgc  #Dlr rjbyjqlr lbzdqlr aj dlr fzkahnjkqlr aj dh bgvgdg}hbgòk'+ Blklbgah blnl —Jd rjbyjql aj dh  bgvgdg}hbgòk agvgkh„ :7 $ zk hzqçkqgbl qyhqhal çqgbl.pldîqgbl$ agygegal jrpjbghdnjkqj

h dlr elijykhkqjr w pzjidl aj _jyrgh+ _ylplkj hbqgvhy jd pygkbgpgl aj rldgahygaha phyh xzj rj pzjah ahy zk hzqçkqgbl ajrhyylddl w pyleyjrl aj dh rlbgjaha jk jd lyajk bgjkqîfgbl$ qjbkldòegbl$ çqgbl$ jrpgygqzhd w yjdgeglrl+ Jkqyj 87?1 w 87?6$ bzhkal jyh pygrglkjyl jk H``è ihml jd eligjykl lqlnhkl$ yjbgigò dh vgrgqh aj zkh pjyjeygkh ihcè“î lbbgajkqhd$ dh dh klyqjhnjygbhkh Dhzyh 

Bdgfflya Ihykjw + Fyzql aj vhyglr jkbzjkqylr xzj qzvgjylk$ jk dh xzj jddh gkqjyylehih hd Nhjrqyl rliyj agvjyrlr qjnhr$ rzyej dh liyh qgqzdhah —Blkqjrqhbglkjr h zkhr pyjezkqhr„ 6? + Dh nhwlyîh vjyrhk rliyj dh khqzyhdj}h aj

Aglr$ dh yjdhbgòk jkqyj dh bgjkbgh w dh yjdgegòk+ Rj hilyahk qjnhr hkqylpldòegblr$ fgdlròfgblr$ njqhfîrgblr$ pyèbqgblr$ jqb+ Jk 87?3 blnjk}ò h yjahbqhy zk ilyyhaly aj rz —Vldzkqha w Qjrqhnjkql„ 68$ jk dh xzj rgjkqh dhr ihrjr ajd Lyajk Hangkgrqyhqgvl ihcè“î+ Ajrbygij ajqhddhahnjkqj dh khqzyhdj}h w fzkbglkjr aj dhr alr gkrqgqzbglkjr bjkqyhdjr xzj fzjylk blkbjigahr ply Ihcè“z“ddèc= dh —Ezhyaghkîh„ w dh —Bhrh Zkgvjyrhd aj  Mzrqgbgh„69+ Jk bzhkql h dh pygnjyh rj yjfgjyj h dh fgezyh ajd Ezhyagèk aj dh Bhzrh #Vhdîww.g. Hnyz“ddèc'  Hnyz“ddèc'  w rz pygkbgphd yld$ xzj blkrgrqj jk qjkjy dh pdjkh hzqlygaha agvgkh w bhphbgaha phyh gkqjypyjqhy blyyjbqhnjkqj dlr qjsqlr rheyhalr+ Fzj ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè$ .Ihcè$ ply njagl aj jrqh liyh$ xzj ajrgekò blnl pygnjy Ezhyagèk h rz kgjql Rclecg Jffjkag + Çrqj ajiîh rjy hblkrjmhal ply lqyh gkrqgqzbgòk xzj fzj blkrldgahah ply ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè  .Ihcè $ —Dhr nhklr aj dh Bhzrh aj  Aglr„  #Hwèaîwg. Hnyz“ddèc  Hnyz“ddèc '62+ Rlk rjyvgalyjr aj dh Bhzrh w ajd Ezhyagèk$ w djr

blnpjqj hkgnhy dh vgah jrpgygqzhd aj dhr blnzkgahajr+

Bf+ ‛ HIAZ“D  HIAZ“D .IHCÈ$ .IHCÈ$ Jd rjbyjql aj dh bgvgdg}hbgòk agvgkh$ Ihybjdlkh 9???+ Bf+ Ga+$ Blkqjrqhbglkjr h zkhr pyjezkqhr$  Qjyyhrrh 8771+ 68 Bf+ Ga+$ Vldzkqha w Qjrqhnjkql aj  ‛ Hiaz“d  Hiaz“d .Ihcè$ .Ihcè$ Izjklr Hgyjr 8752 9+ 69 Chbj yjfjyjkbgh h dh pygnjyh gkrqgqzbgòk gkqjykhbglkhd blk hzqlygaha hangkgrqyhqgvh$ djegrdhqgvh  w mzagbghd aj dh blnzkgaha bln zkgaha ihcè“î+ i hcè“î+ Jr dh rzpyjnh rzp yjnh gkrqgqzbgòk ajd Lyajk Hangkgrqyhqgvl w plrjj gkrpgyhbgòk agvgkh+ _ly jrl$ rzr ajbgrglkjr rlk gkfhdgidjr+ 62 ‛HIAZ“D .IHCÈ$ Hiaz“d .Ihcè  .IHCÈ$ Vldzkqha w Qjrqhnjkql aj  ‛ Hiaz“d  .Ihcè $ pp+ 28.29+ :7 6?

86

Jk 8788$ azyhkqj rz jrqhkbgh jk _hyîr$ lfyjbgò vhyghr agrjyqhbglkjr+ Jkqyj jd pýidgbl chiîh ngjniylr aj agrqgkqhr yjdgeglkjr$ qjòrlflr$ hekòrqgblr$ nhqjyghdgrqhr$ jrpgygqzhdgrqhr$ jqb+ Rg igjk fzjylk pylkzkbghahr jk pjyrh$ h pjagal aj ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè  .Ihcè $ fzjylk qyhazbgahr hd fyhkbçr+ Hrî$ dzjel fzjylk qyhazbgahr h lqyhr djkezhr ihml jd qîqzdl — Dh rhigazyîh aj  ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè  .Ihcè „  „ 61 + Agbchr blkfjyjkbghr hilyahk agvjyrlr qjnhr= Aglr$ jd Jrpîygqz Rhkql$ jd hnly zkgvjyrhd$ dh ijddj}h$ dh vjyaha$ jd vjyahajyl blklbgngjkql$ dh lyhbgòk$ jd nhd$ dlr pygkbgpglr aj Ihcè“z“ddèc$ jqb+ jqb + Dzjel$ jk 8789$ azyhkqj rz vgrgqh ply Jrqhalr Zkgalr w Bhkhaè$ qhnigçk blkbjagò zk blkmzkql aj bchydhr jk dh xzj pylbdhnhih dh _h} Zkgvjyrhd w dh zkgaha aj dh cznhkgaha+ H xzj hbjpqhyhk jd njkrhmj w ngrgòk xzj ajmò Ihcè“z“ddèc$ Ihcè“z“ddèc$ w xzj pylnlvgjyhk rzr pygkbgpglr+ Dhr ngrnhr fzjylk yjblpgdhahr ihml jd qîqzdl —Dh pylnzdehbgòk aj dh _h}  Ezjyyh Nzkaghd$ ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè  Zkgvjyrhd„ 6:+ Ajrpzçr$ azyhkqj dh _ygnjyh Ezjyyh .Ihcè agbqò bhqlybj njkrhmjr agygegalr h dlr byjwjkqjr ihcè“îr aj Jrqhalr Zkgalr w Bhkhaè+ Dhr pygnjyhr lbcl rj jrbygigjylk jkqyj jd 96 aj nhy}l w jd 99 aj hiygd aj 8786+ Dhr lqyhr rjgr jkqyj jd 9 aj fjiyjyl w 3 aj nhy}l aj 8785+ Jd qjnh bjkqyhd jr dl xzj ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè  .Ihcè  dj ddhnò jd —_dhk Agvgkl„ 66$ pylbdhnhy dh kzjvh fj ply qlal jd nzkal w hrî blkxzgrqhy jrpgygqzhdnjkqj blk dhr jkrjøhk}hr ihcè“îr qlal jd edlil+ Jd 85 aj agbgjniyj aj 8787 jrbygigò zk njkrhmj agygegal h dh Lyehkg}hbgòk Bjkqyhd phyh zkh _h} Azyhajyh blk rjaj jk dh Chwh$ blklbgah blnl — Dhuc.g.  Dh Chwh„  #Jpîrqldh h dh Chwh' 65+ Jk jddh pgaj h xzj qlahr dhr khbglkjr rj

blnpylnjqhk jk dh blkrqyzbbgòk aj dh ph} zkgvjyrhd$ pzjrql xzj dh ezjyyh$ qhd blnl rj ch vgrql jr nzjyqj$ lrbzygaha$ ajrqyzbqlyh aj dh cznhkgaha$ jqb+ Fgkhdnjkqj$ nzw bjybhkh h rz nzjyqj$ yjahbqò zkh jpîrqldh agygegah hd albqly

Hzezrql Flyjd $ jngkjkqj prgxzghqyh rzg}l+ Çrqj$ ply njagl aj zkh bhyqh fjbchah jd 93 aj agbgjniyj aj 8797$ dj pyjezkqò rg plaîh rjy ihcè“î w hekòrqgbl h dh vj}+ Dhr phdhiyhr aj dh bhyqh ajd Nhjrqyl ajrpjmhylk rzr azahr w dj blkfgynhylk jk dh kzjvh yjdgegòk 63+

Bf+ ‛HIAZ“D .IHCÈ .IHCÈ$ Dh rhigazyîh aj  ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè$ .Ihcè$ Qjyyhrrh 8776+ Bf+ Ga+$ Dh pylnzdehbgòk aj dh _h} Zkgvjyrhd $ Izjklr Hgyjr 8778+ 66 Bf+ Ga+$ Qhidhr ajd _dhk Agvgkl$ Ihybjdlkh 9??9+ 65 Bf+ Ga+$ Jpîrqldh h dh Chwh$ jk  K+ RHGJAG$ Dh yjdgegòk ihcè“î+ Zkh gkqylazbbgòk ajraj rzr qjsqlr$ pp+ 78.8?2+ 63 Bf+ Ga+$ Qhidh aj ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè .Ihcè agygegah hd Ay+ Hzezrql Flyjd$ Qjyyhrrh 9?88+ 61 6:

85

1+ Jd —Ezhyaîhk aj dh Fj„ Fj„= Rclecg Jffjkag 67 

Blk dh nzjyqj aj ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè  .Ihcè  chiîh qjyngkhal dh —jyh hplrqòdgbh„ aj dh fj ihcè“î w blnjk}hih zkh kzjvh jqhph$ dh —jyh flynhqgvh„ $ ddjvhah h bhil ply

Rclecg Jffjkag Yhiièkî #8375.87:5'+ Çrqj$ jd 97 aj agbgjniyj aj 8798 jrqhkal jk Chgfh$ hiyj jd rliyj xzj dj chiîh ajmhal rz hizjdl+ _jkrhih xzj dj ajmhyîh dhr gkrqyzbbglkjr aj bònl ajiîh rjy jdjegah dh Bhrh Zkgvjyrhd aj Mzrqgbgh+ _jyl$ yjbgigò zkh eyhk rlypyjrh$ ply vldzkqha aj ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè$ .Ihcè$ rj dj blkbjagò jd qîqzdl aj —Ezhyagèk aj dh Bhzrh aj Aglr„ # Vhdî hnyz“ddèc '+ '+ Çd jyh dh yhnh pygnhygh w jd jdjegal aj dh fhngdgh aj Ihcè“z“ddèc$ blnl Ezhyagèk phrhih h rjy jd bjkqyl aj dh Bhzrh$ jd rgekl aj Aglr jk dh qgjyyh w jd jsplrgqly aj dhr phdhiyhr aj Aglr+ _ly jrl$ qlalr dlr byjwjkqjr aj dh kzjvh yjdgegòk ajiîhk bzgahydj nzw igjk$ yjbzyygy h çd nlrqyhkal lijagjkbgh w rzngrgòk+ Jd 2 aj jkjyl aj 8799 fzj djîal jd qjrqhnjkql jk rz fhngdgh+ Jd aîh 5 h dlr ihcè“îr aj _jyrgh$ Gkagh$ Jegpql$ Gkedhqjyyh$ Gqhdgh$ Hdjnhkgh$ Hnçygbh w Mhpòk + W hrî ply njagl aj qjdjeyhnhr agygegalr h qlahr dhr blnzkgahajr jsgrqjkqjr$ rj agl h blklbjy dh vldzkqha ajd Nhjrqyl+ H phyqgy aj jrj nlnjkql$ jd Ezhyagèk$ rj chiîh nhybhal blnl limjqgvlr ddjvhy hajdhkqj jd _dhk Agvgkl qyh}hal ply rz hizjdl$ hbhihy blk dlr ylnpjalyjr ajd Blkvjkgl$ flymhy jd Lyajk Hangkgrqyhqgvl w qyhazbgy j gkqjypyjqhy dlr kznjylrlr qjsqlr aj rzr hkqjphrhalr+ Hrî$ jd 7 aj hiygd aj 8799 blnjk}hylk ihml rz rzpjyvgrgòk dhr liyhr ajd Rhkqzhygl jk Chgfh$ jk jd Nlkqj Bhynjdl$ xzj bzdngkhk jk 8717+ _hyqj aj rz ngkgrqjygl qyhkrbzyygò ply zkh jqhph agfîbgd phyh dlr ihcè“îr+ Hdezklr aj rzr fhngdghyjr dj qyhgbglkhylk w rj zkgjylk h dlr ylnpjalyjr ajd Blkvjkgl$ dlr rcî“îr djr clrqgehihk zkh w lqyh vj}+ Jk 8791 nzygjylk qlyqzyhalr hdezklr ihcè“îr jk @czyhrèk 5? w lqyl nhyqgyg}hal jk Fgyý}hièa 58+ Jd 83 aj mzdgl rj agjylk azylr agrqzyiglr hkqg.ihcè“î hkqg. ihcè“î jk Qjcjyèk xzj bzdngkhylk blk jd hrjrgkhql ajd vgbjbòkrzd hnjygbhkl Nhmly Ylijyq Gniygb$ hbzrhal aj rjy ihcè“î$ blrh xzj kl jyh jy h vjyaha+ vjyaha+ Jk 879:$ jd Rcèc ajbdhyhih ply njagl aj zkh djw$ kzdlr dlr nhqygnlkglr ihcè“îr j gdjeîqgnl qlalr rzr Bf+ HH+VV+$ Rjkqgal j Cgrqlygh+ Rclezg Jffjkag #8375.87:5'= jd eyhk vgrglkhygl aj kzjrqyl   pyjrjkqj$ Ihybjdlkh 9??70 U+ R+ CHQBCJY.M+A+ NHYQGK$ Dh fj ihcè“î+ Dh kzjvh yjdgegòk  nzkaghd$ pp+ 78.8?90 H+ N+ BÈBJYJR.D. M+ YJWJR NHY]L$ Dh fj ihchî$ ¼zkh kzjvh yjdgegòk  nzkaghd<$ pp+ :1.:70 _+ RNGQC$ Hk gkqylazbqglk ql qcj  Ihch“g Fhgqc$ pp+ ::.67+ 5? _ylvgkbgh ajd klyjrqj aj Gyèk$ bzwl klniyj jk pjyrh rgekgfgbh —alkaj jd rld rhdj„ 58 Jk dh pylvgkbgh aj Fèyr$ rzyjrqj aj Gyèk+ 67

83

cgmlr+ Jrj ngrnl høl$ jd Qygizkhd Grdèngbl aj Jegpql$ ajbdhyhih xzj dh Fj Ihcè“î jyh zkh kzjvh yjdgegòk gkajpjkagjkqj ajd grdhn$ blk pygkbgpglr w djwjr pylpghr+ Jk 8796 lkbj ngjniylr rlk nhyqgyg}halr jk Mhcyzk #_jyrgh' w jk 8729 jd Rcèc ajbyjqh jd bgjyyj aj dhr jrbzjdhr ihcè“îr aj Qjcjyèk+ H pjrhy aj dhr pjyrjbzbglkjr w rzfygngjkqlr$ jd Ezhyagèk blngjk}h jk jd høl 8725 jd pygnjy pdhk aj rgjqj hølr$ blk qyjr eyhkajr limjqgvlr= h' jrqhidjbjy jrqhidjbjy ply dl njnlr zkh Hrhnidjh Jrpgygqzhd jk bhah jrqhal aj dlr Jrqhalr Zkgalr w pylvgkbghr aj Bhkhaè$ i' hrjezyhyrj aj xzj blnl nîkgnl$ zk nhjrqyl ihcè“î vgvgjyh jk bhah zkl aj dlr phîrjr aj Hnçygbh Dhqgkh0 w b' qjyngkhy blk jd agrjøl jsqjygly aj dh pygnjyh bhrh aj halyhbgòk aj dh blnzkgaha ihcè“î jk Klyqjhnçygbh #Ugdnjqqj$ #Ugdnjqqj$ Gddgklgr'+ Agbcl pdhk bzdngkò blk çsgql jk 8711$ blk jd bjkqjkhygl aj dh pylbdhnhbgòk ajd Ièi 59+ Ngjkqyhr qhkql$ zklr hølr hkqjr$ jk 8718 chiîh rzigal hd qylkl jd ýdqgnl nlkhybh aj _jyrgh= Nl Ḫhnja Yj}h $ xzj blkqyldò nzw aj bjybh h dlr ihcè“îr+ Jk 87:8 fzjylk hbzrh alr aj bldhilyhy blk dlr blnzkgrqhr$ dh bhrh aj Rcgyè} fzj ajrqyzgah w rzr bjnjkqjyglr pylfhkhalr+ Hkqj jrlr rzbjrlr$ jd Ezhyagèk$ ajbgaj jsphkagy dh fj blk nhwly qjkhbgaha+ Dl chbj ply njagl aj rz rjezkal pdhk aj rgjqj hølr xzj chiîh gkgbghal jk 871652 w blngjk}h h klniyhy h dhr pygnjyhr Nhklr aj dh Bhzrh+ Rz rjezkal pdhk chiîh bzdngkhal blk çsgql jk 87:2 blgkbgagjkal blk jd bjkqçrgnl hkgvjyrhygl ajd blngjk}l aj dh ngrgòk aj Ihcè“z“ddèc jk jd Rîwèc. Rîwèc . Bcèd+ W phyh jrhr fjbchr wh jyhk 87 dlr xzj chiîhk rgal ajrgekhalr blnl Blkrjmjylr ajd Ezhyagèk51+ Dzjel jk 87:2 dhk}h rz nhwly pdhk h dh blnzkgaha gkqjykhbglkhd ihcè“î$ zk pdhk edlihd xzj ajklngkò —Byz}hah Nzkaghd aj Agj} Hølr„+ Jd ngrnl Jk Hnçygbh ajd Klyqj rj chiîh ddjehal wh h dh bgfyh aj 8+2?? bjkqylr w 828 Hrhnidjhr Jrpgygqzhdjr+ Jk Hnçygbh Dhqgkh$ :5 bjkqylr w 8: Hrhnidjhr+ Jk dh Gkagh w Igynhkgh$ 66 bjkqylr  w 28 Hrhnidjhr+ Jk _jyrgh jyh agfîbgd rhijy dhr bgfyhr jshbqhr$ pjyl jyh dh nhwly blnzkgaha ihcè“î ajd nzkal+ Jk 87:9$ jsgrqîhk 698 bjkqylr w 96? Hrhnidjhr+ Jk Kzjvh ]jdhkah w Hzrqyhdgh$ 3 bjkqylr w 2 Hrhnidjhr #Y+ BJYYHQL$ Zk byjhaly gkfhqgehidj$ jk HH+VV+$ Rjkqgal j Cgrqlygh$ p+ :2'+ 52 Dhr njqhr ajd pdhk jyhk= blkrldgahy dl yjhdg}hal jk Hnçygbh0 qjyngkhy blk dh ajblyhbgòk ajd  Qjnpdl aj Gddgklgr phyh jd høl 87:20 jygegy qyjr pgdhyjr aj dh Bhrh Zkgvjyrhd aj Mzrqgbgh ply njagl aj dh jdjbbgòk aj dhr Hrhnidjhr aj Bhkhaè$ Hnçygbh Bjkqyhd w Hnçygbh ajd Rzy0 jrqhidjbjy Hrhnidjhr Jrpgygqzhdjr jk Jrphøh$ _lyqzehd$ Klyzjeh$ Rzjbgh$ Agkhnhybh$ Gqhdgh$ Dzsjnizyel$ _hîrjr Ihmlr w Rzg}h #Giga+' 51 Dhr Nhklr aj dh Bhzrh jyhk= Rzqcjydhka Nhsujdd$ Nhrlk Yjnjw w Hnjdgh Blddgkr jk Qgjyyh Rhkqh+ Vhdwzddèc Vhyxè$ Qhyh}zddèc Rhnhkahyî$ Hdî.H`ihy Fzyzqèk aj Hrgh+ Clyhbj Clddjw$ Alylqcw Ih`jy w Djylw Dlhr aj Hnçygbh+ Ejlyej Qlurjka$ Cjynhk Eylrrnhk w Zel Eghbcjyw aj Jzylph+ Rgefgja Rbclpfdlbcjy aj Bhkhaè$ Blygkj Qyzj aj dlr Jrqhalr Zkgalr$ Acg`yz“ddèc @chajn w Rcîh“z“ddèc“ Hdhg aj _jyrgh$ Hajdijyq Nôcdrbcdjejd Nôcdrbc djejd aj Hdjnhkgh$ Nzrè Ihkhkg aj Èfygbh ajd Rzy w Bdhyh Azkk aj Hzrqyhdgh #giga$ p+ :7'+ 59

87

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Jd 98 aj hiygd aj 8762$ dlr ngjniylr aj :6 Hrhnidjhr Khbglkhdjr aj qlal jd nzkal ddjvhylk h bhil dh jdjbbgòk aj dh pygnjyh Bhrh Zkgvjyrhd aj Mzrqgbgh #ihw Ṯ Ṯz“d  '+ Jk jrj nlnjkql$ dhr Nhklr aj dh Bhzrh rj ajrbhdgfgbhylk z .‛had  ‛ had .  .gh‛   gh‛ Ẓhn '+   “d .  h rî ngrnlr blnl ngjniylr jdjegidjr aj dh kzjvh gkrqgqzbgòk hangkgrqyhqgvh aj dh blnzkgaha gkqjykhbglkhd ihcè“î+ Wh Ihcè“z“ddèc rj chiîh yjfjygal h dh fzqzyh byjhbgòk aj zkh Bhrh aj Mzrqgbgh # ihwz“d .  '$ bzwh fzkbgòk rjyîh .‛had  ‛ had '$ hrzngy dh hzqlygaha rliyj rz yjdgegòk+ W h rzr ngjniylr dj hrjezyò dh gkrpgyhbgòk agvgkh+ Jr nèr$ wh ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè$ .Ihcè$ chiîh cjbcl cgkbhpgç jk dh hzqlygaha aj dh fzqzyh Zkgvjyrhd l Rzpyjnh Bhrh aj Mzrqgbgh$ hrjezyhkal xzj jrqhyîh ihml dh pylqjbbgòk ajd _ylfjqh j gkrpgyhah ply jd Jrpîygqz Rhkql+ W qlal hxzjddl xzj ajbgah rjyè aj Aglr w lplkjyrj h jddh jr lplkjyrj h Aglr+ Aj hcî rz bhyèbqjy gkfhdgidj+ _ly njagl aj zkh blkvjkbgòk gkqjykhbglkhd$ vlqhkal jk rjbyjql qlalr dlr ngjniylr aj dhr Hrhnidjhr Jrpgygqzhdjr Khbglkhdjr aj qlal jd nzkal$ jd gejk h kzjvj clniyjr+ Agbch jdjbbgòk rj ddjvh h bhil bhah bgkbl hølr+ Jrqlr ply dl ejkjyhd chk rgal yjjdjegalr+ Dlr ýkgblr bhniglr xzj rj chk pylazbgal chk Bf+ Ga+$ Jd aîh pylnjqgal ch ddjehal$ Qjyyhrrh 9??7+ Bf+ Ga+$ Aglr _hrh $ Qjyyhrrh 9??8+ 3: Bf+ _+ RNGQC$ Hk gkqylazbqglk ql qcj Ihch“î Fhgqc$ pp+ 58.76+ 32 31

99

rgal ply fhddjbgngjkql l mzigdhbgòk+ Jd ýdqgnl ngjniyl jdjegal jk 8762 rj yjqgyò jk jd 9??:+ H jrqlr rj djr pgaj bzdqgvhy zkh çqgbh pýidgbh w agrjøhy kzjvlr pdhkjr phyh dh jsphkrgòk aj dh Fj Ihcè“î+ I hcè“î+ Hrî$ dh Bhrh Zkgvjyrhd aj Mzrqgbgh$ ch ddjvhal h bhil jd phqyòk jrqhidjbgal ply dh Eyhk Byz}hah$ blk zk qlqhd aj kzjvj pdhkjr gkqjykhbglkhdjr= Jd aj kzjvj hølr #8761.8752'$ aj bgkbl #8751. 8757'$ aj rgjqj #8757.8736'$ aj rjgr #8736.8779'$ aj qyjr #8772.8776' w aj bzhqyl #8776.9???'+ Jd pdhk aj zk høl #9???.9??8' w dzjel alr aj bgkbl hølr #9??8.9??6$ 9??6.9?88'+ Dlr pdhkjr$ qyhqhk aj bznpdgy blk dhr njqhr aj jsphkrgòk$ ply njagl ajd hznjkql aj dhr hrhnidjhr jrpgygqzhdjr dlbhdjr jk dhr dlbhdgahajr jk xzj yjrgajk dlr ihcè“îr+ Jdhilyhk pylwjbqlr aj blkrqyzbbgòk$ aj pzidgbhbglkjr$ aj jkrjøhk}hr$ blkfjyjkbghr$ blkfjyjkbghr$ jqb+ Qhnigçk jr gnplyqhkqj dh pyjrjkbgh aj dh kzjvh yjdgegòk jk vhyglr flylr khbglkhdjr j gkqjykhbglkhdjr+ Hrî$ jrqzvgjylk jk Hrîr  mzkql hd _hph Mzhk _hidl GG jk dh Mlykhah Nzkaghd aj Lyhbgòk ply dh _h} jk 8736+ Jrqè hbyjagqhah blk yhkel blkrzdqgvl hkqj jd Blkrjml Jblkòngbl w Rlbghd aj dhr Khbglkjr Zkgahr #JBLRLB' w jd Flkal aj dhr Khbglkjr Zkgahr phyh dh Gkfhkbgh #ZKGBJF'+ Ajraj jd høl 877: flynh phyqj aj dh Hdghk}h aj Yjdgeglkjr w Blkrjyvhbgòk #HYB'+ Ch phyqgbgphal jk dh Blkfjyjkbgh aj Khbglkjr Zkgahr rliyj jd Njagl Hnigjkqj w jd Ajrhyylddl$ jk Yîl aj Mhkjgyl ajd høl 8779$ jk dh Bzniyj Nzkaghd rliyj jd Ajrhyylddl Rlbghd jk Blpjkchezj jk 877:$ jk dh Bzhyqh Blkfjyjkbgh Nzkaghd rliyj dh Nzmjy yjhdg}hah jk jk Ijgmgke jk 877:$ jk jd Bldlxzgl rliyj Bgjkbgh$ Yjdgegòk w Ajrhyylddl jk Kzjvh Ajdcg jk 9???$ jk dh Blkfjyjkbgh Nzkaghd blkqyh jd Yhbgrnl jk Azyihk jk 9??8+ Jk 9??3 dleyhylk gkfdzgy jk dh yjrldzbgòk aj dh Qjybjyh Blngrgòk aj dh Hrhnidjh Ejkjyhd aj dhr Khbglkjr Zkgahr phyh blkajkhy jd yçegnjk gyhkî ply dlr hizrlr h dlr ajyjbclr cznhklr$ jqb+ Dh Fj Ihcè“î rj fzj zkgvjyrhdg}hkal plbl h plbl$ jk dh hbqzhdgaha pjyqjkjbjk pjyqjkjbjk h jrqh kzjvh yjdgegòk bhrg bgkbl ngddlkjr aj pjyrlkhr+ Qlahr dhr blnzkgahajr ajbgajk rzr hrzkqlr njaghkqj zk rgrqjnh hangkgrqyhqgvl nhybhal ply Ihcè“z“ddèc$ zk rgrqjnh edlihd aj elijykhbgòk xzj rj bhyhbqjyg}h ply qlnhy rzr ajbgrglkjr ajbgrglkjr ply njagl ajd pyjbjpql aj dh —blkrzdqh„ 36+ Rj qyhqh aj zk blkrjml blkmzkql xzj rj hpdgbh jk dhr blnzkgahajr dlbhdjr dlbhdjr w jk dlr òyehklr aj hangkgrqyhbgòk phyh ajqjyngkhy dh nhybch aj dh blnzkgaha+ Hrî$ dh kzjvh 36

Bf + IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ @gqèi.g.Hxahr$ 2?$ p+ :1+ 92

yjdgegòk pylfçqgbh nzkaghd$ fgjd h rzr qjsqlr rheyhalr$ vjdh ply dh zkgaha aj qlah dh cznhkgaha+

_hyqj GG+ Çqgbh w Jrpgygqzhdgaha ihcè“î 9+ Hpylsgnhbgòk h dh çqgbh ihcè“î+ ihcè“î+ _hyh dh Fj Ihcè“î$ Ihcè“î$ dh çqgbh w dh jrpgygqzhdgaha jrqèk pjyfjbqhnjkqj pjyfjbqhnjkqj zkgahr jkqyj rî+ Hrî$ h dh dz} aj dlr jrbygqlr aj Ihcè“z“ddèc$ ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè .Ihcè w Rclezg Jffjkag$ klr jkblkqyhnlr blk qlal zk rgrqjnh çqgbl xzj hilyah dh agnjkrgòk gkagvgazhd$ rlbghd w edlihd$ ajd blnplyqhngjkql cznhkl+ Jrqh vgrgòk jr jkygxzjbgah blk dlr jrbygqlr aj dh Bhrh Zkgvjyrhd aj Mzrqgbgh$ xzj flynhk phyqj ajd bhklk ihcè“î$ ihcè“î $ xzj qhnigçk rlk aj bhyèbqjy gkfhdgidj+ Hrî$ agbch yjfdjsgòk çqgbh rj hplwh jk zklr pygkbgpglr ièrgblr rliyj dlr bzhdjr egyh qlal jd pjkrhngjkql ihcè“î35+ Jd pygnjy pygkbgpgl vjyrh rliyj dh —zkgaha aj Aglr„+ Jr ajbgy$ xzj phyh dh byjjkbgh ihcè“î Aglr jr zkl$ h pjrhy aj dlr agrqgkqlr klniyjr blk dlr bzhdjr rj dj gkvlbh jk dhr nýdqgpdjr yjdgeglkjr$ bzdqzyhr w qyhagbglkjr+ Aglr jr zkgaha hirldzqh w qlqhdnjkqj qyhrbjkajkqj$ pgj}h bdhvj xzj ah rjkqgal h qlal jd zkgvjyrl+ Ihcè“z“ddèc agbj= —¨Bzèk nhyhvgddlrh jr dh zkgaha ajd Aglr Vg vgjkqj w _jyazyhidj$ zkgaha xzj jrqè ply jkbgnh aj qlah dgngqhbgòk$ xzj qyhrbgjkaj dh blnpyjkrgòk aj qlahr dhr blrhr byjhahr( ¨Ajraj dh jqjykgaha$ Çd ch chigqhal Rz gkhbbjrgidj nlyhah aj rhkqgaha w edlygh$ w blkqgkzhyè rgjnpyj jkqylkg}hal rliyj dhr hdqzyhr aj Rz gkajpjkagjkqj rlijyhkîh w eyhkaj}h( ¨Bzèk rzidgnj ch rgal Rz gkblyyzpqgidj Jrjkbgh$ bzèk gkajpjkagjkqj ajd blklbgngjkql aj qlahr dhr blrhr byjhahr$ w bzèk gknjkrhnjkqj jsbjdrh pjynhkjbjyè$ ply jkbgnh aj dh hdhihk}h aj qlalr dlr chigqhkqjr aj dlr bgjdlr w aj dh qgjyyh( Ajraj dh fzjkqj jsbjdrh w aj dh jrjkbgh aj Rz fhvly w ejkjylrgaha Çd ch jkblnjkahal h qlah blrh byjhah zk rgekl aj Rz blklbgngjkql$ phyh xzj kgkezkh aj Rzr byghqzyhr rjh pygvhah aj rz plybgòk$ bhah zkh aj hbzjyal blk rz bhphbgaha w eyhal$ jk dh jspyjrgòk aj jrqj blklbgngjkql+ Jrqj rgekl jr jd jrpjml aj Rz ijddj}h jk jd Bf+ K+ NLCHIIHQ$ Dh fj ihcè“î$ jk M+ EHYBÎH CJYKHKAL #Agy+'$ _dzyhdgrnl yjdgeglrl GGG+ Yjdgeglkjr kl bygrqghkhr$ pp+ 187.19?0 U+ R+ CHQBCJY.M+A+ NHYQGK$ Dh fj  ihcè“î+ Dh kzjvh  yjdgegòk nzkaghd$ pp+ 8?2.881+ 35

91

nzkal aj dh byjhbgòk+ Bzhkql nèr eyhkaj rjh jd jrfzjy}l cjbcl ply pzdgy jrqj jrpjml rzidgnj w klidj$ qhkql nèr fgjdnjkqj yjfdjmhyè dh edlygh aj dlr klniyjr w hqygizqlr aj Aglr$ w yjvjdhyè dhr nhyhvgddhr aj Rzr rgeklr w blklbgngjkql+  Qlah blrh byjhah playè yjvjdhy #qhk eyhkaj jr jrqj plajy aj yjfdjsgòk' dhr plqjkbghdgahajr aj rz plrgbgòk pyjlyagkhah$ yjblklbjyè rz bhphbgaha w dgngqhbglkjr$ w hqjrqgezhyè dh vjyaha aj xzj Çd$ bgjyqhnjkqj$ jr Aglr0 kl chw lqyl Aglr fzjyh aj Çd°„ 33+ Jd rjezkal pygkbgpgl chbj yjfjyjkbgh h dh —zkgaha aj dh yjdgegòk„+ Rg Aglr jr zkl$ dh yjdgegòk qgjkj xzj rjy zkh$ pzjrql xzj jr _hdhiyh yjvjdhah h dlr clniyjr ply njagl aj agrqgkqhr Nhkgfjrqhbglkjr+ Hrî$ jd pylpòrgql ajd ýkgbl Aglr vjyahajyl —jr jsplkjy h dh dz} dhr ejnhr xzj rj chddhk lbzdqhr jk dh ngkh aj rz rjy îkqgnl w vjyahajyl„ 37+ _hyh dlr ihcè“  ihcè “ är är dhr agvjyrhr blkfjrglkjr aj dh qgjyyh w dlr nýdqgpdjr rgrqjnhr aj byjjkbghr yjdgeglrhr pylbjajk aj zkh rldh Fzjkqj$ ply jrl$ blkrqgqzwjk dlr yhwlr aj zkh rldh dz}+ W jd qjybjy pygkbgpgl jr jd aj dh —zkgaha aj dh cznhkgaha„ 7? + Rgekgfgbh xzj qlah dh jrpjbgj cznhkh jr zkh zkgaha lyeèkgbh+ Bhah rjy cznhkl ajd ygkbòk ajd pdhkjqh$ qgjkj dhr ngrnhr bhphbgahajr ièrgbhr lqlyehahr ply Aglr+ _ly jrl$ nèr hddè aj dhr agfjyjkbghr yhbghdjr$ bzdqzyhdjr$ yjdgeglrhr$ jqb+$ dh cznhkgaha qgjkj xzj jvldzbglkhy chbgh zkh nhazyj} bldjbqgvh+ _hyh jddl$ rj kjbjrgqh jazbhy dh blkbgjkbgh w jkrhkbchydh chrqh ajrpjyqhy zkh blkbgjkbgh zkgvjyrhd+ Ihcè“z“ddèc rlrqgjkj= —Kl ajij jklyezddjbjyrj xzgjk hnh h rz phqygh$ rgkl nèr igjk xzgjk hnh hd nzkal jkqjyl+ Dh qgjyyh jr zk rldl phîr$ w dh cznhkgaha rzr bgzahahklr… ¨Lc$ vlrlqylr cgmlr aj dlr clniyjr( Jd pylpòrgql fzkahnjkqhd xzj hkgnh h dh Fj aj Aglr w h rz Yjdgegòk jr jd aj rhdvhezhyahy dlr gkqjyjrjr w pylnlvjy dh zkgaha aj dh yh}h cznhkh$ w jrqgnzdhy hd jrpîygqz aj hnly w aj bhnhyhajyîh jkqyj qlalr dlr clniyjr„ 78+ Jk ihrj h jrqlr pygkbgpglr$ rj ajrpyjkajk lqylr$ blk dlr bzhdjr rj izrbh gkrqhzyhy zkh rlbgjaha nèr mzrqh$ phbîfgbh w pyòrpjyh+ Dleyhy jd vjyahajyl pyleyjrl chbgh zkh kzjvh bgvgdg}hbgòk nzkaghd+ Jrlr pygkbgpglr rlk dlr rgezgjkqjr79= IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ _hrhmjr aj dlr jrbygqlr aj Ihcè“z“ddèc$ BSSGV$ Qjyyhrrh 9??:$ p+ 32+ Giîajn $ BSSSGG$ p+ 78+ 7? Bf+ ‛HIAZ“D .IHCÈ$ .IHCÈ$ Dh rhigazyîh aj  ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè$ .Ihcè$ pp+ 866.863+ 78 IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ Qhidhr aj Ihcè“z“ddèc$ Qhidh aj Nhxrza$ p+ 873.877+ 79 K+ NLCHIIHQ$ Dh fj ihcè“ î+ Dh nèr yjbgjkqj aj dhr eyhkajr yjdgeglkjr ajd nzkal $ Qjyyhrrh 87729$ p+ :70 Bfy+ A+ E+ EYLLAW$ Edlihdg}hbgòk$ Jrpgygqzhdgaha w Mzrqgbgh$ Jrqjddh 9??7$ p+ 997+ 33 37

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Dh gkrqgqzbgòk aj zk qygizkhd gkqjykhbglkhd 75 phyh hyigqyhy dhr agrpzqhr jkqyj dhr khbglkjr+

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Jd jrqhidjbgngjkql aj dh ph} zkgvjyrhd w pjynhkjkqj blnl njqh rzpyjnh aj qlah dh cznhkgaha 73+

9+8+ Fzkahnjkqhbgòk qjldòegbh aj dh çqgbh ihcè“î+ Bhah rjy cznhkl$ ply njagl aj rz hdnh$ jrqè ddhnhal h pyleyjrhy chbgh Aglr+ Agbcl pyleyjrl rjyè hzqçkqgbl$ rg ajraj dh yjrplkrhigdgaha$ blkrbgjkqjnjkqj w blk dgijyqha$ jd clniyj lpqh ply chbjy jd igjk+ _jyl jrql rjyè plrgidj$ rg hkqjr jd rjy cznhkl yjblklbj yjblklbj h Aglr Aglr ply njagl aj rz Nhkgfjrqhbgòk Nhkgfjrqhbgòk w bznpdj blk rzr djwjr+ Hrî dl jspyjrh Ihcè“z“ddèc= —Jd pygnjy ajijy pyjrbygpql ply Aglr h rzr rgjyvlr jr jd yjblklbgngjkql aj Hxzjd xzj jr dh Hzylyh aj Rz Yjvjdhbgòk w dh Fzjkqj aj rzr djwjr$ Xzgjk yjpyjrjkqh h dh Ajgaha qhkql jk jd Yjgkl aj Rz Bhzrh blnl jk jd nzkal aj dh byjhbgòk+ Jd xzj chwh bznpdgal jrqj ajijy ch

Bf+ ‛HIAZ“D .IHCÈ$ .IHCÈ$ Dh rhigazyîh aj  ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè$ .Ihcè$ pp+ 869.86:+ Bf+ Giîajn $ pp+ 856.83?+ 7: Bf+ Giîajn $ pp+ 85?.85:+ 76 Bf + Giîajn $ pp+ 872.87:+ 75 Bf+ Giîajn $ p+ 835+ 73 Bf+ Giîajn $ pp+ 835.837+ 72 71

96

dleyhal qlal igjk0 w jd xzj jrqç pygvhal aj jddl rj ch jsqyhvghal$ hzkxzj fzjrj hzqly aj qlah liyh mzrqh+ Gkbznij h qlal jd xzj hdbhkbj çrqh nzw rzidgnj jrqhbgòk$ jrqh bzniyj aj qyhrbjkajkqj edlygh$ lirjyvhy bhah zkl aj dlr pyjbjpqlr aj Hxzjd xzj jr jd Ajrjl ajd nzkal…„ 77+ Jr nèr$ phyh xzj chwh yjbqgqza nlyhd$ zk lyajk mzrql w zk pyleyjrl aj dh bgvgdg}hbgòk rj yjxzgjyj hkqj qlal$ —jd blklbgngjkql aj Aglr„ 8??  w jd —hnly h Aglr„8?8+ _ly njagl aj hnilr —dh liyh mzrqh yjrzdqh jkqlkbjr bhihd w pjyfjbqh+ Aj dl blkqyhygl$ aj kl jrqhy hrjkqhah jk jd blklbgngjkql aj Aglr hrî blnl jk jd hnly h Aglr w jk zkh gkqjkbgòk rgkbjyh$ hzk dh liyh izjkh w dlhidj rj qlykh gnpjyfjbqh„ 8?9+

9+8+8+ Bygqjyglr aj hpdgbhbgòk hpdgbhbgòk _hyh zk ihcè“î jsgrqjk zklr bygqjyglr aj hbqzhbgòk xzj ajijk yjegy jk rz vgah+ Jrqè ddhnhal h jmjybjy dh —yjrplkrhigdgaha„ yjrplkrhigdgaha„ phyh blkrgel ngrnl$ phyh blk Aglr  w phyh blk dlr ajnèr+ Rliyj qlal$ rj dj jsgej rzpjyhy dh hphqîh w jd jelîrnl$ rhijy blkqjnpdhy dhr kjbjrgahajr ajd nzkal w blnpylnjqjyrj ply dh zkgaha$ dh mzrqgbgh$ dh ph} w jd ajrhyylddl aj bhah rjy cznhkl w aj qlalr dlr pzjidlr+ Yjrpjbql h jrql$ ‛Hiaz“d. ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè agbj= —Aj blkqgkzl ajijyîhnlr jrqhidjbjy ihrjr kzjvhr phyh dh fjdgbgaha cznhkh w pylnlvjy gkrqyznjkqlr yjklvhalr blk vgrqhr h jrqj fgk+ Bzèk$ jsbjdjkqj$ bzèk clklyhidj rj vzjdvj jd clniyj rg rj hd}h h ajrjnpjøhy rzr yjrplkrhigdgahajr$ bzèk ajragbchal w ajrpyjbghidj rg bgjyyh rzr lmlr hd igjkjrqhy aj dh rlbgjaha w nhdehrqh jrqh pyjbglrh vgah wjkal jk pylbzyh aj rzr pylpglr gkqjyjrjr jelîrqhr w vjkqhmhr pjyrlkhdjr+ Blyyjrplkaj hd clniyj dh fjdgbgaha rzpyjnh0 w ch aj blkqjnpdhy çd dlr rgeklr aj Aglr jk jd nzkal w jk jd hdnh cznhkh$ rg hyyjnjqj blk jd blybjd ajd nhwly jrfzjy}l jk dh dga aj dh bgvgdg}hbgòk w aj dh mzrqgbgh„ 8?2+ H zk ihcè“î$ qhnigçk rj dj pgaj bzdqgvhy dh vgyqza aj dh —ijkjvldjkbgh„ ijkjvldjkbgh„$ pzjrql xzj rgyvj aj fzkahnjkql h dhr izjkhr liyhr+ _ly jrl$ kl chw xzj ldvgahy xzj —dh gkqjkbgòk jr rzpjygly h dh hbbgòk$ wh xzj dh ijkjvldjkbgh$ rgjkal dz} hirldzqh$ rj chddh pzygfgbhah w rhkqgfgbhah aj dhr gnpzyj}hr ajd jelîrnl$ aj dh jkjngrqha$ w ajd jkehøl jkehøl„„8?1+ Lqyh vgyqza jr dh d h —nlajyhbgòk„$ rgyvj phyh IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ Jd @gqèi.g.Hxahr$ 8$ p+ 12+ Bf+ ‛HIAZ“D .IHCÈ$ .IHCÈ$ Blkqjrqhbgòk h zkhr pyjezkqhr$ pp+ 26?.268+ 8?8 Bf+ Giîajn + 8?9 Giîajn$ pp+ 269.262+ 8?2 ‛HIAZ“D .IHCÈ$ .IHCÈ$ Jd rjbyjql aj dh Bgvgdg}hbgòk Agvgkh$ pp+ 87.9?+ 8?1 Ga+$ Blkqjrqhbgòk h zkhr pyjezkqhr$ p+ 269+ 77

8??

95

yjdhqgvg}hy dh ilkaha hirldzqh xzj h vjbjr rj hqygizwj h ajqjyngkhalr vhdlyjr$ blk njklrpyjbgl aj rz fzkbglkhngjkql yjhd jk dh vgah rlbghd w pjyrlkhd+ _ly jrl qgjkjk nzw pyjrjkqj jd pjkrhngjkql bdhvj ajd _ylfjqh = —Qlal dl xzj qyhrphrj dlr dîngqjr aj dh nlajyhbgòk bjrhyè aj jmjybjy gkfdzjkbgh ijkjfgbglrh+ Blkrgajyha$ ply jmjnpdl$ blrhr blnl dh dgijyqha$ dh bgvgdg}hbgòk w lqyhr+ _ly nzw fhvlyhidjnjkqj xzj clniyjr aj jkqjkagngjkql dhr blkrgajyjk$ çrqhr$ rg rlk ddjvhahr h jsbjrl$ jmjybjyèk jmjy bjyèk gkfdzjkbgh pjykgbglrh rliyj dlr clniyjr…„ 8?:+ _jyl dh vgyqza bhyagkhd ihcè“î jr dh —clkyhaj}„+ Jr blkrgajyhah blnl dh njmly vjrqgazyh h dlr lmlr aj Aglr$ w zkl aj dlr pygkbgphdjr fyzqlr ajd èyild aj dh Fj+ Jk jd Dgiyl Nèr Rheyhal rj agbj= —Halykha vzjrqyhr bhij}hr blk dhr ezgykhdahr aj dh clkyhaj} w fgajdgaha…vzjrqylr fgajdgaha…vzjrqylr bzjyplr$ blk dh vjrqgazyh aj dh blyqjrîh+ Jrqlr rlk jk vjyaha dlr halyklr hajbzhalr phyh jd qjnpdl ajd clniyj…„8?6+ _hyh jd Ezhyagèk aj dh Fj$ zk hzqçkqgbl ihcè“î jr zk blnphøjylr aj Aglr$ ddhnhal h rjy djvhazyh phyh fjynjkqhy h dlr pzjidlr ajd nzkal+ W dl ajijk chbjy blk clkyhaj}$ clkyhaj}$ vjyhbgaha vjyhbgaha w

pjyrjvjyhkbgh+ Hrî$

xzgjkjr yjbgihk jd qjrqgnlkgl w jmjnpdl aj jrqlr clniyjr aj Aglr$ rj vjyèk ijkjfgbghalr8?5+

9+8+9+ Vhdlyjr fzkahnjkqhdjr Jk jd blyh}òk aj dhr jkrjøhk}hr ihcè“îr jrqè jd vhdly aj dh zkgaha+ Agbcl vhdly jr zk nhkahql agvgkl w jr jd nlqly phyh dleyhy dh zkgaha aj dh cznhkgaha$ dh fyhqjykgaha w jd pyleyjrl aj qlah dh cznhkgaha+ Agbcl vhdly fzj pylbdhnhal pylbdhnhal ply Ihcè“z“ddèc= Ihcè“z“ddèc= —Jd Eyhk Rjy agbj= ¨Lc$ igjkhnhalr( Jd qhijykèbzdl aj dh zkgaha ch rgal jygegal0 kl lr ngyçgr blnl jsqyhølr dlr zklr h dlr lqylr+ Rlgr dlr fyzqlr aj zk rldl èyild w dhr clmhr aj dh ngrnh yhnh„ 8?3+ Jr nèr$ blkrgajyh$ xzj phyh xzj rjh yjhdg}hidj dh zkgaha$ yjxzgjyj zkh nlqgvhbgòk pylfzkah$ jd hnly h Aglr+ Ajraj jrh fzjkqj rj pzjajk rzpjyhy qlahr dhr agrblyaghr w qlalr dlr clniyjr blkrgajyhyrj cjynhklr w bgzahahklr aj zkh rldh bgzaha8?7+

IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ _hrhmjr aj dlr Jrbygqlr aj Ihcè“z“ddèc$ BS$ p+ 916+ Ga+$ Jd @gqèi.g. Hxahr$ 89?$ p+ 780 bfy+ Ga+$ Ṥ hyè}èq$ hyè}èq$ jk Qhidhr aj Ihcè“z“ddèc$ p+ :?+ 8?5 Bf+ RC+ JFFJKAG$ Jd Havjkgngjkql aj dh Mzrqgbh Agvgkh$ pp+ 25.23+ 8?3 IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ Qhidh aj Nhxrza$ jk Qhidhr aj Ihcè“z“ddèc$ pp+ 871.87:+ 8?7 Bf+ Ga+$ _hrhmjr aj Ihcè“z“ddèc$ BSG$ pp+ 915.913+ 8?: 8?6

93

_hyh ‛Hiaz“d.Ihcè$ ‛Hiaz“d.Ihcè$ wh jrqhih hkzkbghal jk jd Xzy“hk  #27=67' xzj dh dz} aj dh zkgaha gdzngkhyîh h qlal jd nzkal 88?+ Dh eyhk zkgaha rj ah bzhkal qlal jd eçkjyl cznhkl yjblklbj xzj qlalr jrqèk bligmhalr ihml Aglr w xzj qlalr rlk rzr rjyvgalyjr+ Dzjel$ chw lqyhr zkgahajr dgngqhahr #yhbghd$ phqygòqgbh$ jqb'$ xzj ajijk jvldzbglkhy chbgh dh vjyahajyh zkgaha aj qlah dh fhngdgh cznhkh888+ Blkrgajyh xzj ajraj dh jspjygjkbgh ajd hnly h Aglr w h dlr clniyjr jr plrgidj jkhyildhy dlr jrqhkahyqjr aj dh zkgaha$ dleyhy dh hrlbghbgòk aj qlalr dlr pzjidlr w flymhy jd hnly zkgvjyrhd 889+

_jyl$ jd

Ezhyagèk aj dh Fj$ klr yjbzjyah xzj jrh Zkgaha pylbdhnhah ply jd _ylfjqh Ihcè“z“ddèc$ kl jr zk njyl rjkqgnjkqhdgrnl l zk jkzkbghal aj zk gajhd+ Rgkl xzj gnpdgbh —zk bhnigl lyeèkgbl jk dh jrqyzbqzy h aj dh rlbgjaha hbqzhd…Yjxzgjyj khah njklr xzj dh yjblkrqyzbbgòk w dh ajrngdgqhyg}hbgòk aj qlal jd nzkal bgvgdg}hal$ zk nzkal lyeèkgbhnjkqj zkgfgbhal jk qlalr dlr hrpjbqlr jrjkbghdjr aj rz vgah…„ 882+ Zkh aj dhr pygkbgphdjr agnjkrglkjr aj dh vgrgòk aj Ihcè“z“ddèc jr rz gkrgrqjkbgh jk dh mzrqgbgh+ Jrqh nhybh dhr yjdhbglkjr blk Aglr$ blk zkl ngrnl$ blk dlr ajnèr w blk qlah dh byjhbgòk+ _ly jrl$ Ihcè “z“ddèc$ “z“ddèc$ gkvgqh hd rjy cznhkl h qjkjydh jk bzjkqh jk qlal nlnjkql= —¨Lc cgml ajd Jrpîygqz( Dl nèr hnhal aj qlal hkqj Ng vgrqh jr dh Mzrqgbgh0 kl qj hphyqjr aj jddh rg Nj ajrjhr w kl dh ajrbzgajr phyh xzj Wl pzjah blkfghy jk qg+ Blk rz hwzah vjyèr blk qzr pylpglr lmlr w kl ply dlr lmlr aj lqylr$ w blklbjyèr blk qz pylpgl blklbgngjkql  w kl njaghkqj jd blklbgngjkql aj qz pyòmgnl+ _lkajyh jk qz blyh}òk bònl qj blyyjrplkaj rjy+ Jk vjyaha$ dh mzrqgbgh jr Ng lfyjkah h qg w jd rgekl aj Ng hnlylrh ilkaha+ Qjkdh pzjr hkqj qzr lmlr„ 881+ Jr nèr$ dh mzrqgbgh jr kjbjrhygh phyh dleyhy dh nhazyj} aj dh cznhkgaha w jd pyleyjrl aj dh bgvgdg}hbgòk+ Rz jmjybgbgl ajrjnilbh jk lyajk$ izjk eligjykl$ jxzgaha$ rjezygaha w qyhkxzgdgaha rlbghd+ Jr bhph} aj yjagngy hd nzkal aj bzhdxzgjy qgyhkîh w lpyjrgòk$ blkqygizwjkal blkqygizwjkal jk dh blkrqyzbbgòk blkrqyzbbgòk aj dh ph} nzkaghd w dh zkgaha aj dh cznhkgaha88:+ Jk ajfgkgqgvh$ dh — mzrqgbgh  mzrqgbgh w dh jxzgaha rlk alr Ezhyaghkjr ejnjdlr xzj vjdhk h dlr clniyjr+ Aj jddhr chk rgal yjvjdhahr qhdjr phdhiyhr ijkagqhr w pjyrpgbzhr xzj rlk dh bhzrh ajd igjkjrqhy ajd nzkal w dh Bf+ ‛HIAZ“D .IHCÈ$ .IHCÈ$ Qhidhr ajd _dhk Agvgkl$ pp+ :6.:5+ Bf+ Ga+$ Dlr fzkahnjkqlr aj dh zkgaha nzkaghd$  Qjyyhrrh 8738 2$ pp+ 889.882+ 889 Bf+ Ga+$ Rjdjbbgòk a j dlr Jrbygqlr aj ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè$ .Ihcè$ Qjyyhrrh 9??7$ p+ 25+ 882 RC+ JFFJKAG$ Ddhnhal h dhr Khbglkjr$ Izjklr Hgyjr 8753$ pp+ 22.21+ 881 IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ “z“ddèc $ p+ 17+ IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ _hdhiyhr lbzdqhr$ G+9$ p+ 70 bfy+ Ga+$ Ṥ hyè}èq  hyè}èq $ jk Qhidhr aj Ihcè “z“ddèc  88: Ga+$ Qhidh aj Nhxrza$ jk Qhidhr aj Ihcè“z“ddèc $ pp+ 871.873+ 88? 888

97

pylqjbbgòk aj dhr khbglkjr khbglkjr„„886+ W hbdhyh xzj dh vgyqza aj dh jxzgaha jr kjbjrhygh phyh jvhdzhy qlahr dhr blrhr 885+ _hyh ‛Hiaz“d.Ihcè$ ‛Hiaz“d.Ihcè$ dh mzrqgbgh w dh gnphybghdgaha gnphybghdgaha

rlk kjbjrhyghr kjbjrhyghr phyh phyh xzj xzj

jsgrqh zk vjyahajyl blnpylngrl ply jd igjk blnýk+ _jyngqj bzdqgvhy zkh blkbgjkbgh zkgvjyrhd$ aj ngyhy h dh cznhkgaha blnl zkh rldh pjyrlkh 883+ Hajnèr$ hpjdh h xzj rj gkrqhzyj dh mzrqgbgh w jd ajyjbcl jk qlalr dlr pdhklr aj dh jsgrqjkbgh$ aj dl blkqyhygl$ dhr blrhr jrqhyèk jk ajrlyajk w h dh cznhkgaha dj blrqhyè fyjkhy dh lpyjrgòk$ dh byzjdaha$ dh vgldjkbgh$ jd jyyly$ dh blyyzpbgòk$ jqb887+ Dh Fj Ihcè“î Ihcè“î$$ qhnigçk byjj xzj dh rldgahygaha nzkaghd jr zk ajijy aj qlalr$ xzj ròdl rj flymh jk ihrj h dlr vhdlyjr fzkahnjkqhdjr aj dh mzrqgbgh$ dh zkgaha  w dh ph}+ Xzj gnpdgbh jd blnpylngrl aj qlalr ply jd ajrhyylddl nhqjyghd w jrpgygqzhd aj dh ýkgbh fhngdgh cznhkh+ _hyh jddl$ rj yjxzgjyj ajrpdjehy dh bllpjyhbgòk jkqyj dlr pzjidlr w hfghk}hy dh yjbgpylbgaha jkqyj dlr clniyjr+ Nlqgvhalr ply jd hnly zkgvjyrhd w jd blkrqhkqj ajrjl aj rjyvgy h dh cznhkgaha89?+ Aj hcî$ xzj rj jkqgjkahk dhr rhighr w pylfzkahr phdhiyhr ajd Nhjrqyl= —¨Lc pzjidlr ajd nzkal( Jd Rld aj dh Vjyaha ch hphyjbgal phyh gdzngkhy dh qgjyyh jkqjyh w phyh jrpgygqzhdg}hy dh blnzkgaha cznhkh+ Dlhidjr rlk rzr yjrzdqhalr w rzr fyzqlr…hynlkîh fyzqlr…hy nlkîh w blkfyhqjykgaha$ hnly w rldgahygaha0 yjhdnjkqj$ jr blnphrgòk w zkgaha…jr jrqhy jk hynlkîh$ jk blnpdjqh agekgaha w dgijyqha$ blk qlalr dlr xzj jrqèk jk dh qgjyyh…Rlgr qlalr dlr fyzqlr aj zk rldl èyild w dhr clmhr aj zkh rldh yhnh° 898+ Dh rldgahygaha qgjkj xzj rjy h dh vj} jd fzkahnjkql phyh zk ajrhyylddl rlrqjkgidj w hvhk}hy chbgh jrj kzjvl lyajk nzkaghd+ Jd Ezhyagèk aj dh Fj klr dl ajrbygij aj dh rgezgjkqj nhkjyh= —Dhr ygvhdgahajr$ dlr laglr w dhr gkqygehr khbglkhdjr bjrhyèk$ w dh hkgnlrgaha w jd pyjmzgbgl yhbghdjr rjyèk yjjnpdh}halr ply dh hngrqha$ jd jkqjkagngjkql w dh bllpjyhbgòk yhbghdjr+ Dhr bhzrhr aj dh blkqgjkah yjdgeglrh rjyèk ajfgkgqgvhnjkqj jdgngkhahr$ dhr ihyyjyhr w Ga+$ Jpîrqldh hd Cgml ajd Dlil$ p+ 8:+ “z“ddèc$ B$ p+ 928+ Bf+ Ga+$ _hrhmjr aj dlr jrbygqlr aj Ihcè “z“ddèc$ 883 Bf+ ‛HIAZ“D .IHCÈ$ .IHCÈ$ Jd Rjbyjql aj dh Bgvgdg}hbgòk Agvgkh$ p+ :2+ 887 Bf+ Ga+$ Rjdjbbgòk aj dlr jrbygqlr aj  ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè$ .Ihcè$ p+ 273+ 89? Bf+ Ga+$ Dlr fzkahnjkqlr aj dh zkgaha nzkaghd$ pp+ 61.560 Dh rhigazyîh aj ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè$ .Ihcè$ pp+ 19.160 RC+ JFFJKAG$ Dh njqh aj zk kzjvl lyajk 91.950 IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ Qhidh aj dh  ly ajk nzkaghd$ pp+ 91.950 Rhigazyîh$ jk Qhidhr aj Ihcè“z“ddèc$ pp+ 861.86:+ 898 ‛HIAZ“D .IHCÈ$ .IHCÈ$ Rjdjbbgòk aj dlr Jrbygqlr aj  ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè$ .Ihcè$ p+ 82+ 886 885

2?

yjrqygbbglkjr jblkòngbhr rjyèk blnpdjqhnjkqj hildgahr$ w dh jsbjrgvh agrqgkbgòk jkqyj bdhrjr rjyè rzpygngah+ _liyj}h jsqyjnh ply zk dhal w jshejyhah hbznzdhbgòk aj igkjr ply lqyl$ ajrhphyjbjyèk+ Dh jklynj jkjyeîh agrgphah w ajrpjyagbghah jk dh ezjyyh$ wh rjh jblkòngbh l pldîqgbh$ rjyè blkrheyhah h hxzjddlr fgkjr xzj jsqgjkahk jd hdbhkbj aj dhr gkvjkbglkjr cznhkhr w ajd ajrhyylddl qjbkldòegbl$ hd gkbyjnjkql aj dh pylazbqgvgaha aj dh cznhkgaha$ hd jsqjyngkgl aj dhr jkfjynjahajr$ h dh jsqjkrgòk aj dh gkvjrqgehbgòk bgjkqîfgbh$ h dh jdjvhbgòk ajd kgvjd aj rhdza fîrgbh$ h dh hezag}hbgòk  w yjfgkhngjkql ajd bjyjiyl cznhkl$ h dh jspdlqhbgòk aj dlr gkzrgqhalr j gkrlrpjbchalr yjbzyrlr ajd pdhkjqh$ h dh pyldlkehbgòk aj dh vgah cznhkh$ w hd flnjkql aj bzhdxzgjy lqyl hyigqygl xzj pzjah jrqgnzdhy dh vgah gkqjdjbqzhd$ nlyhd w jrpgygqzhd aj dh qlqhdgaha qlqh dgaha aj dh yh}h cznhkh„899+

9+9+

Çqgbh rlbghd

Dh Fj Ihcè“î Ihcè“î rj bhyhbqjyg}h ply lfyjbjy zkh ygbh çqgbh rlbghd ajkqyl aj dlr phyènjqylr ajd pyleyjrl aj dh cznhkgaha$ lygjkqhah h hdbhk}hy dh ph} nzkaghd w dh zkgaha+ Zkh çqgbh xzj blkrgajyh kjbjrhygh zkh yjagnjkrgòk fzkahnjkqhd aj dhr yjdhbglkjr cznhkhr$ aj dlr clniyjr jkqyj rî$ jkqyj dlr rjyjr cznhklr w dh khqzyhdj}h$ w jkqyj dlr ngjniylr aj dh rlbgjaha w rzr gkrqgqzbglkjr892+ Jd pygkbgphd hbqly ajd bhnigl rlbghd phyh dleyhy zk kzjvl lyajk nzkaghd jr dh —rlbgjaha bgvgd„ w dh njmly vîh jr dh d h —jazbhbgòk„ gkqjeyhd+ Dh rlbgjaha bgvgd ajij hplwhyrj rliyj jd pgdhy aj dh mzrqgbgh$ vjdhy ply dlr ajyjbclr ajd clniyj w yjrpjqhy dh zkgaha jk dh agvjyrgaha+ Jrfly}hyrj w jnpjøhyrj ply ddjvhy hajdhkqj dh jazbhbgòk aj dlr clniyjr$ phyh xzj dh blnzkgaha pyleyjrj$ phyh xzj bhah rjy cznhkl njmlyj jk bgjkbgh w blklbgngjkql$ haxzgjyhk vgyqzajr w izjkh nlyhd$ jyyhagxzjk rzr vgbglr$ jqb+ _hyh xzj jk dh blnzkgaha kl chwh ajrlyajk w phyh rzpjyhy qlal qgpl aj vgldjkbgh891+ Jr nèr$ jr yjrplkrhigdgaha aj qlal ngjniyl aj dh rlbgjaha bgvgd$ vjdhy ply zklr rhklr gkqjyjrjr w ply zk eligjykl mzrql 89:+

RC+ JFFJKAG$ Jd ajrjkvldvgngjkql aj dh Bgvgdg}hbgòk Nzkaghd$ pp+ 59.52+ Bf+ BHRH ZKGVJYRHD AJ MZRQGBGH$ Dh pylrpjygaha nzkaghd$ Qjyyhrrh 877:+ 891 Bf+ ‛HIAZ“D .IHCÈ$ .IHCÈ$ Blkqjrqhbglkjr h zkhr pyjezkqhr$ pp+ 29:.295+ 89: Bf+ IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ “z“ddèc$ p+ 8?5+ IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ Dhu Ḫ.g.Azkwè$ jk Qhidhr aj Ihcè “z“ddèc$ 899

892

28

Jk jd bhnpl aj dh jazbhbgòk$ rj ajij pylnlvjy jd jrqzagl aj dhr hyqjr w bgjkbghr$ aj dhr xzj yjhdnjkqj rjhk ýqgdjr w blkqygizwhk hd pyleyjrl aj dlr pzjidlr896+ Jr yjrplkrhigdgaha aj qlalr vjdhy ply dh haxzgrgbgòk aj kzjvlr blklbgngjkqlr$ pzjrql xzj çrqlr rlk blnl dhr hdhr phyh dh vgah ajd clniyj w rz byjbgngjkql895+ Rlk njaglr vgqhdjr phyh bzyhy h dh rlbgjaha aj nzbclr aj rzr nhdjr byòkgblr 893+ _jyl$ phyh Ihcè“z“ddèc$ Ihcè“z“ddèc$ dl xzj vjyahajyhnjkqj jazbh hd nzkal jr dh mzrqgbgh897+ Dh vjyahajyh jazbhbgòk blkrgrqj jk dleyhy zk jxzgdgiygl jkqyj bgjkbgh w yjdgegòk$ dh agnjkrgòk nhqjyghd w jrpgygqzhd$ blklbgngjkqlr w vhdlyjr+ _ly jrl jd _ylfjqh agbj= —Jd clniyj jr jd Qhdgrnèk rzpyjnl+ Rgk jnihyel$ dh fhdqh aj jazbhbgòk hajbzhah dl ch pygvhal aj hxzjddl xzj jr rzwl ply ajyjbcl pylpgl+ _ly zkh rldh phdhiyh pylbjajkqj aj dh ilbh aj Aglr fzj ddhnhal h dh jsgrqjkbgh0 ply zkh phdhiyh nèr rj dj ezgò h yjblklbjy dh Fzjkqj aj rz jazbhbgòk0 hzk ply lqyh phdhiyh fzjylk rhdvhezhyahalr rz plrgbgòk w rz ajrqgkl+ Jd Eyhk Rjy agbj= Blkrgajyha hd clniyj blnl zkh ngkh ygbh jk ejnhr aj gkjrqgnhidj vhdly+ Dh jazbhbgòk pzjaj$ jddh rldh$ chbjy xzj yjvjdj rzr qjrlylr w pjyngqgy x zj zj dh cznhkgaha rj ijkjfgbgj aj jddlr„82?+ Dh zkgaha aj bgjkbgh w yjdgegòk jr kjbjrhygh phyh xzj jd rjy cznhkl ddjezj h blnpyjkajy dh yjhdgaha xzj qhnigçk jr zkh+ _ly jrl $ gkrgrqj ‛Hiaz“d.Ihcè$ ‛Hiaz“d.Ihcè$ xzj chw xzj bzdqgvhy w hfghk}hy jd agèdlel jkqyj hnihr+ Jd pyjqjkajy rjphyhydhr$ lplkjyrj l blkqyhajbgy hdezkhr aj dhr vjyahajr ajrbzigjyqhr #bgjkbgh' blk dhr vjyahajr yjvjdhahr #yjdgegòk' w vgbjvjyrh$ jr rgekl aj geklyhkbgh 828+ Jr nèr$ gkrgrqj xzj hnihr rlk kjbjrhyghr phyh zk ajrhyylddl gkqjeyhd ajd rjy cznhkl$  w jvgqhy bhjy jk dh rzpjyrqgbgòk rzpjyrqgbgòk l jk jd nhqjyghdgrnl nhqjyghdgrnl829+

9+2+

Çqgbh pldîqgbh

_hyh dh Fj Ihcè“î$ I hcè“î$ jr nzw gnplyqhkqj xzj qlalr dlr elijykhkqjr ajd nzkal rj gnpdgxzjk w qyhihmjk$ phyh dleyhy dh _h} Nhwly w dh Zkgaha aj dh cznhkgaha+

Bf+ Ga+$ Igrcèyèq$ jk Qhidhr aj Ihcè “z“ddèc$ “z“ddèc$ p+ 23+ “z“ddèc$ p+ 66 Bf+ Ga+$ Qhmhddîwèq$ jk Qhidhr aj Ihcè “z“ddèc$ 893 Bf+ ‛HIAZ“D .IHCÈ$ .IHCÈ$ Jd Rjbyjql aj dh Bgvgdg}hbgòk Agvgkh $ p+ :2+ 897 Bf+ IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ Igrcèyèq$ jk Qhidhr aj Ihcè “z“ddèc  “z“ddèc $ p+ 27+ 82? IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ “z“ddèc$ p+ 879+ IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ Dhu Ḫ.g. Nhxrýa$ jk Qhidhr aj Ihcè “z“ddèc$ 828 Bf+ ‛HIAZ“D .IHCÈ$ .IHCÈ$ Dh Rhigazyîh aj  ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè$ .Ihcè$ p+ 85?+ 829 Bf+ Giîajn +$ +$ p+ 859+ 896

895

29

Dh _h} Nhwly chbj yjfjyjkbgh hd Kzjvl Lyajk Nzkaghd xzj ajij hdbhk}hy dh cznhkgaha+ Jd bzhd$ ròdl rj dleyh$ hiyh}hkal dhr vjyahajr$ djwjr w pygkbgpglr aj dh agrpjkrhbgòk aj Ihcè“z“ddèc+ _jyl chw alr bhqjelyîhr fzkahnjkqhdjr xzj klr lygjkqhk chbgh jrqj fgk= dh hzqlygaha pldîqgbh w dh _h} Njkly+ Kzjrqylr pzjidlr rj jkbzjkqyhk jk dh jqhph fgkhd aj dh haldjrbjkbgh l aj dh —_h} Njkly„ Njkly„+ Jr zkh blkbjpbgòk çqgbl.pldîqgbh xzj rj ddjvh h bhil ply njagl aj hbzjyalr gkqjykhbglkhdjr$ blkrgrqj rliyj qlal jk dh ajrngdgqhyg}hbgòk aj dlr phîrjr ajd nzkal$ fzkahnjkqhah jk dlr pygkbgpglr aj rjezygaha bldjbqgvh w ajfjkrh kl lfjkrgvh+ _jyl$ h dh vj}$ ah bhigah h dh ezjyyh mzrqh+ Ihcè “z“ddèc klr dl gdzrqyh aj dh rgezgjkqj nhkjyh= —¨Lc elijykhkqjr aj dh qgjyyh(+++Wh xzj chiçgr yjbch}hal dh Nèr Eyhkaj _h}$ hfjyyhlr h jrqh$ dh _h} Njkly$ phyh xzj ply vjkqzyh plaègr njmlyhy jk hdezkh njagah vzjrqyh pylpgh blkagbgòk w dh aj dlr xzj ajpjkajk aj vlrlqylr+ Yjblkbgdghlr jkqyj vlrlqylr$ lc elijykhkqjr aj dh qgjyyh$ phyh xzj kl kjbjrgqçgr nèr hynhnjkqlr$ rhdvl jk dh njagah xzj fzjyj kjbjrhygh phyh ezhyahy vzjrqylr qjyygqlyglr w alngkglr…Jrqha zkgalr$ lc yjwjr aj dh qgjyyh$ pzjr hrî rjyè hphbgezhah dh qjnpjrqha aj dh agrblyagh jkqyj vlrlqylr w vzjrqylr pzjidlr chddhyèk ajrbhkrl$ lmhdè fzjyhgr aj dlr xzj blnpyjkajk+ Rg hdezkl aj vlrlqylr rj djvhkqhyh jk hynhr blkqyh lqyl$ djvhkqhlr qlalr blkqyh çd$ plyxzj jrql kl jr rgkl mzrqgbgh nhkgfgjrqh„822+ Jk bzhkql h dh —hzqlygaha pldîqgbh„$ rlrqgjkjk xzj d h vjyahajyh hzqlygaha w dh vjyahajyh pldîqgbh jr dh aj Aglr$ xzj izrbh jd igjk aj qlah dh d h cznhkgaha w xzj qyhqh rgk kgkezkh agrqgkbgòk h qlalr rzr cgmlr+ Xzj jrql rj jkbzjkqyh yjfdjmhal jk qlahr dhr Yjdgeglkjr Agvgkhr 821+ _jyl$ hbdhyhk xzj yjblklbjy dh hzqlygaha agvgkh$ kl gnpdgbh ajrlijajbjy h dh hzqlygaha pldîqgbh jk kzjrqyhr rlbgjahajr+ Hd blkqyhygl$ jsgej yjrpjql w lijagjkbgh h rzr djwjr82:+ Dh hzqlygaha nèr hajbzhah jr dh ajnlbyèqgbh$ jdjegah ply vldzkqha plpzdhy$ xzj ply njagl aj dh blkrzdqh ajijk lbzphyrj ply dl xzj ijkjfgbgj h dlr bgzahahklr w njmlyj rzr blkagbglkjr aj vgah 826+ _jyl$ rj blkrgajyh xzj dh njmly flynh aj eligjykl$ jr dh nlkhyxzîh blkrqgqzbglkhd 825+ _hyh xzj dh “z“ddèc$ BSGS$ pp+ 936.935+ IHCH“Z“DDÈC$ _hrhmjr aj dlr Jrbygqlr aj Ihcè “z“ddèc$ Bf+ ‛HIAZ“D .IHCÈ .IHCÈ Rjdjbbgòk aj dlr Jrbygqlr aj ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè$ .Ihcè$ p+ 27:+ 82: Bf + Giîajn $ pp+ 231.2360 231.2360 IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ Igrcèyèq$ jk Qhidhr aj Ihcè“z“ddèc$ p+ 2:+ 826 Bf + IHCH“Z“DDÈC$ _hrhmjr aj dlr Jrbygqlr aj Ihch“z“ddèc$ BSS$ p+ 933+ 825 Bf+ Ga+$ Igrcèyèq$ jk Qhidhr aj Ihcè“z“ddèc$ p+ 180 ‛HIAZ“D .IHCÈ$ .IHCÈ$ Jd Rjbyjql aj dh Bgv gdg}hbgòk  Agvgkh$ p+ :9+ 822 821

22

hzqlygaha pldîqgbh rjh blyyjbqh$ rj ajij yjrpjqhy dh agvgrgòk aj plajyjr w rzr blnpjqjkbghr823+ Rliyj qlal$ dlr phydhnjkqlr ajijk bznpdgy blk rz fgkhdgaha= pylbzyhy dh mzrqgbgh$ dh yjbqgqza w qyhihmhy ply jd igjk blnýk 827+

9+1+

Çqgbh jblkòngbh

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21

.

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H dh clyh aj hilyahy jd blkfdgbql jkqyj qyhihmhalyjr w jnpyjrhyglr$ rlrqgjkjk$ xzj zkh jnpyjrh mzrqh jr dh xzj pylplybglkh zk yjphyql mzrql aj dhr ygxzj}hr jkqyj qlalr dlr xzj pjyqjkjbjk h jddh+ Rliyj jrql ngrnl rj pylkzkbghih ‛Hiaz“d.Ihcè$ ‛Hiaz“d.Ihcè$ rjøhdhih xzj dlr qyhihmhalyjr ajijyîhk yjbgigy zkh phyqj pylplybglkhd aj dlr ijkjfgbglr ajd kjelbgl+ Jr ajbgy$ xzj bhah zkl hajnèr aj yjbgigy zk rhdhygl agekl xzj dj pjyngqgjyh jd hclyyl$ qjkîh xzj rjy hbyjjaly aj zk plybjkqhmj fgml aj dlr ijkjfgbglr+ Aj jrqh nhkjyh$ dh jnpyjrh$ playîh hbhihy blk dlr blkfdgbqlr aj gkqjyjrjr+ Rj fyjkhyîh dh jspdlqhbgòk aj dlr qyhihmhalyjr j gkbdzrl dhr czjdehr+ _jyl$ qhnigçk hpjdhih h xzj dlr ajyjbclr aj hnihr phyqjr$ qjkîhk xzj rjy yh}lkhidjr w jrqhy fgmhalr ply njagl aj djwjr mzrqhr j gnphybghdjr+ Gkbdzrl$ jk bhrl aj blkfdgbqlr eyhvjr$ xzj rgk azah hdezkh yjazkahk jk pjymzgbgl pýidgbl$ jd Eligjykl w dlr Qygizkhdjr aj mzrqgbgh qgjkjk jd ajyjbcl aj gkqjyvjkgy 813+ Dlr ihcè“gr yjrhdqhk xzj jd qyhihml agekgfgbh hd clniyj$ xzj jr zkh aj dhr njmlyjr nhkjyhr aj halyhy h Aglr w aj blnpylnjqjyrj blk jd ajrhyylddl fhngdghy w rlbghd 817+ _ly jrl$ Ihcè“z“ddèc Ihcè“z“ddèc$$ gkrgrqîh= —Kl nhdehrqçgr vzjrqyl Giîajn $ pp+ 832.831+ Bf + Giîajn  815 Bf+ Ga+$ Jd Rjbyjql aj dh Bgvg dg}hbgòk Agvgkh$ pp+ 27.1?+ 813 Bf+ Ga+$ Blkqjrqhbgòk h zkhr pyjezkqhr$ pp+ 297.221+ 817 Bf+ IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ Jd @gqèi.g. Hxahr$ 22$ p+ ::0 ‛HIAZ“D .IHCÈ$ .IHCÈ$ Rjdjbbgòk aj dlr Jrbygqlr aj  ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè$ .Ihcè$ p+ 8?2+ 81: 816

2:

qgjnpl jk dh lbglrgaha w dh pjyj}h+ Lbzphlr jk hxzjddl xzj rjh ijkjfgbglrl phyh vlrlqylr w phyh dlr ajnèr…Bzhkal hdezgjk rj ajagbh h zk lfgbgl l zk hyqj$ qhd lbzphbgòk jr blkrgajyhah$ h mzgbgl aj Aglr$ blnl zk hbql aj halyhbgòk…„8:?+ H dh vj} rjøhdhk xzj ajagbhyrj hd qyhihml$ kl gnpdgbh rjy jrbdhvlr aj dhr ygxzj}hr+ _ly jrl$ jsclyqhk h xzj rgk yjkzkbghy h jrqh vlbhbgòk$ qgjkjk dh qhyjh aj agygegy rzr pjkrhngjkqlr h blrhr nèr jdjvhahr+ — Qlah  Qlah dh cznhkgaha ajij liqjkjy rz rzirgrqjkbgh blk jd rzaly aj rz fyjkqj w jd jrfzjy}l fîrgbl0 bhah zkl hd ngrnl qgjnpl ajij qyhqhy aj hdgvghy dh bhyeh ajd lqyl$ jrfly}èkalrj ply rjy dh fzjkqj aj hwzah h dhr hdnhr w fhbgdgqhkal dlr njaglr aj vgah+ W jrql jk rî jr ajvlbgòk h Aglr+ _jyl dhr jkjyeîhr ajd blyh}òk kl ajijk jrqhy hpjehahr h jrqhr blrhr0 jd hdnh kl ajij jrqhy blnpdjqhnjkqj lbzphah blk jddhr+ H pjrhy aj xzj dh njkqj pzjah jrqhy lbzphah$ jd blyh}òk ajij rjkqgyrj hqyhîal chbgh jd Yjgkl aj Aglr$ phyh xzj dhr vgyqzajr aj dh cznhkgaha rjhk dleyhahr ajraj qlahr dhr agyjbbglkjr w fzjkqjr„ fzjkqjr „8:8+ _hyh dhr jkrjøhk}hr ihcè“îr$ jd j d pygkbgpgl ièrgbl aj dh lyehkg}hbgòk jblkòngbh ch aj rjy dh d h bllpjyhbgòk$ alkaj bhah zkl blk rzr bhphbgahajr hplyqh dl njmly hd bzjypl rlbghd+ Jk jrqj nhybl qgjkj rjkqgal dh pylpgjaha pygvhah w dh gkgbghqgvh jblkòngbh pygvhah+ Hrî$ bhah gkagvgazl ajijyîh qjkjy zklr gkeyjrlr ièrgblr rzfgbgjkqjr phyh rzr kjbjrgahajr jrjkbghdjr$ w ply lqyl dhal$ chiyîh xzj dgngqhy dlr gkeyjrlr aj xzgjkjr hbznzdhk ygxzj}hr jsbjrgvhr 8:9+ Jk ajfgkgqgvh$ jd kzjvl lyajk rlbghd rj blkrqyzwj h ihrj aj dh yjbgpylbgaha w hynlkîh+ Dh bllpjyhbgòk ajij yjjnpdh}hy h dh blnpjqjkbgh ajrjkfyjkhah w rj ajij agrjøhy zk kzjvl pyleyhnh jblkòngbl aj bhyèbqjy edlihd 8:2+ _jyl$ qhnigçk hilyahk dh bzjrqgòk rliyj jd ajrqgkl zkgvjyrhd aj dlr igjkjr jblkòngblr+ Jrqj pygkbgpgl pygkbgpgl rlbghd

jr jspdgbhal jspdgbhal ply %Hiaz%d.Ihcè aj dh

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8:8

26

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9+:+

_ylpzjrqh aj zkh çqgbh edlihd

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25

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9+6+

Jrpgygqzhdgaha ihcè“î+

Ihcè“z“ddèc$ ply njagl aj hdezklr aj rzr jrbygqlr$ ch yjvjdhal xzj jsgrqj zk —bhngkl jrpgygqzhd„ xzj ajij yjblyyjy jd clniyj phyh jkqyhy jk blnzkgòk blk Aglr$ blkrgel ngrnl w blk dlr ajnèr+ Zk bhngkl xzj pzjajk yjblyyjy qlalr dlr clniyjr$ rg yjblklbjk rz vjyahajyh khqzyhdj}h w ngrgòk 86?+ Hrî$ jd clniyj ajij rhijy w yjblklbjy xzj fzj byjhal ply Aglr h rz gnhejk w rjnjmhk}h 868+ Xzj rz jsgrqjkbgh qgjkj zk pylfzkal pylfzkal rgekgfgbhal= —Jd pylpòrgql pylpòrgql aj Aglr hd byjhy hd clniyj ch rgal w rgjnpyj rjyè jd aj pjyngqgydj yjblklbjy h rz Byjhaly w hdbhk}hy rz _yjrjkbgh„ 869+ W jr ply njagl aj rz khqzyhdj}h jrpgygqzhd #hdnh$ blyh}òk'$ xzj pzjaj blklbjy w hnhy h Aglr 862+ Jr nèr$ jr jd blyh}òk ajd clniyj dh nlyhah aj Aglr w jd dzehy aj rz Yjvjdhbgòk861+ Dlr ihcè“îr gkrgrqjk xzj jd ajrhyylddl nhqjyghd ajij gy h dh phy ajd byjbgngjkql jrpgygqzhd$ phyh xzj chwh vjyahajyl pyleyjrl aj dh cznhkgaha w rj gkrqhzyj dh

8:3

Bf+ ‛HIAZ“D .IHCÈ$ .IHCÈ$ Jd Rjbyjql aj dh Bgvgdg}hbgòk Agvgkh$ pp+ 56.550 RC+ JFFJKAG$ Ddhnhal h  dhr Khbglkjr$ pp+ 17.690 Dh Njqh aj zk Kzjvl lyajk Nzkaghd$ Izjklr Hgyjr 8752+ 8:7 Bf+ BHRH ZKGVJYRHD AJ MZRQGBGH$ Dh pylnjrh aj dh _h} Nzkaghd$ Qjyyhrrh 9?8? 70 Dh  _ylrpjygaha Nzkaghd$ Qjyyhrrh 877:+ 86? Bf+ _+ RNGQC$ Hk gkqylazbqglk ql qcj Ihch“ g Fhgqc $ pp+ 8:8.8:6+ 868 Bf+ IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ Dhr _hdhiyhr Lbzdqhr$ G+2$ p+ 7+ 869 IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ _hrhmjr aj dlr  Jrbygqlr aj Ihcè“z“ddèc$ SSGS $ p+ 31+ 862 Bf+ Ga+$ _hrhmjr aj dlr Jrbygqlr aj Ihcè “z“ddèc$ “z“ddèc$ SSVGG$ 9 $ pp+ 53.57+ 861 Bf+ Ga+$ Dhr _hdhiyhr Lbzdqhr$ G+:7$ p+ 92+

23

_h}+ Hajnèr$ xzj dh vjyahajyh fjdgbgaha aj bhah rjy cznhkl$ ajpjkaj ajd igjk jrpgygqzhd w aj dh hpjyqzyh ajd blyh}òk h Aglr 86:+

9+6+8+ Hbqgqzqjr phyh jd bhngkl jrpgygqzhd _hyh zk ihcè“î$ jd pyleyjrl jrpgygqzhd$ blkrgrqj jk dh bhphbgaha aj yjblklbjy xzj pjyqjkjbjnlr h Aglr w xzj chw xzj vldvjyrj h Çd 866+ Hbqzhy jk blkflyngaha blk rz Vldzkqha$ aj qhd nhkjyh xzj dh blnzkgòk îkqgnh blk Aglr$ rj jkbhykj jk dhr yjdhbglkjr gkqjypjyrlkhdjr w jk jd rjyvgbgl h dh cznhkgaha+ Hrî$ dh jrpgygqzhdgaha ajd bhngkl gnpdgbh bzdqgvhy dh iýrxzjah$ dh gkqjyglygaha$ dh czngdaha$ dh ajvlbgòk w jd ajrpyjkagngjkql+ ajrpyjkagngjkql+ Zk —vjyahajyl izrbhaly„$ ajij hkqjr $ pzygfgbhy rz blyh}òk aj dl xzj jr fzjkqj aj nhdaha w jyyly+ _lkjy rz blkfghk}h jk Aglr$ dgijyhyrj aj qlal ajrjl ajrnjrzyhal$ plkjyrj jk bhngkl blk jrfzjy}l w ajrjl hyagjkqj$ blk ajvlbgòk hphrglkhah$ hnly fjyvlylrl$ jqb 865+ Hajnèr$ qgjkj xzj ijijy aj dhr fzjkqjr aj dh mzrqgbgh$ pzyj}h w rhkqgaha+ Dgijyhyrj ajd hnly w ajd lagl chbgh dlr chigqhkqjr ajd nzkal$ phyh xzj pzjah hdbhk}hy jd Rld aj dh Yjhdgaha 863+ Jr ajbgy$ rj dj jsgej yjkzkbghy h rî ngrnl w vldvjyrj h Aglr 867+ Chigqhy jk jd yjgkl aj dh fgajdgaha$ aj dh ngrjygblyagh$ aj dh rhkqgaha w Ijddj}h gkfgkgqh 85?+ ¼Aòkaj qgjkj xzj izrbhy jd clniyj< Ajkqyl aj rî$ jk rz blyh}òk 858+ Ajraj hddî pzjaj jspjygnjkqhy dh bjybhkîh aj Aglr w jkqyhy jk blnzkgòk blk çd 859$ chigqhy jk jd rhkqzhygl ajd Hnhal 852+ _lyxzj$ rg izrbhyh fzjyh aj rî$ rz iýrxzjah rjyîh jk vhkl w rj hdjmhyîh aj rz pyjrjkbgh 851+ Qhnigçk qgjkj xzj qjkjy zk jrpîygqz aj czngdaha85: w rzngrgòk h Aglr856+ Yjblklbjy rz pylpgh

86:

.Ihcè $ pp+ 829.822+ Bf+ ‛HIAZ“D .IHCÈ$ .IHCÈ$ Dh Rhigazyîh aj  ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè 

866

Bf+ IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ Jd @gqèi.g.Îxèk$ 77.8??$ pp+ 56.55+ Bf+ Ga+$ _hrhmjr aj dlr Jrb ygqlr ygqlr aj Ihch“z“ddèc$ BSSV$ pp+ 973.2?9+ 863 Bf+ ‛HIAZ“D .IHCÈ$ .IHCÈ$ Blkqjrqhbgòk h zkhr pyjezkqhr$ p+ 69+ 867 Bf+ IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ Dhr _hdhiyhr Lbzdqhr$ G+3+8:$ pp+ 8?.89+ 85? Bf+ Giîajn $ GG+8+88$ pp+ 28.21+ 858 Bf+ Giîajn$ G+:7$ p+ 92+ 859 Bf+ Giîajn $ GG+3$ p+ 22+ 852 Bf+ Giîajn+$ GG+95$ p+ 1?+ 851 Bf+ Giîajn+$ G+8:$ p+ 89+ 85: Bf+ Ga+$ Jd @gqèi.g.Îxèk$ 982$ p+ 8:9+ 856 Bf+ Giîajn $ p+ 870 _hrhmjr aj dlr Jrbygqlr aj Ihcè “z“ddèc  “z“ddèc $ V$ p+ 83+ 865

27

pliyj}h$ blkajrbjkajy blk dhr fhdqhr hmjkhr w dgijyhyrj aj dh nzynzyhbgòk 855+ Rjy pliyj jk qlal w ajmhyrj jkygxzjbjy ply Aglr 853+ Jk jrqj bhngkl chw xzj bzdqgvhy zkh ròdgah ajvlbgòk h Aglr+ Aj qhd nhkjyh$ xzj hddî alkaj jd clniyj plkeh jd pjrl aj rz rjy$ ply njagl aj rz hnly w hdhihk}h h Aglr$ dj blkvgjyqh jk qjrqgel aj zkh pylfzkah ajvlbgòk 857+ _ly njagl aj jddh hrpgyh h rjy hnhkqj aj Aglr$ ajmhyrj hdbhk}hy ply rz hnly 83? w bznpdgy rzr nhkahqlr838+ Hajnèr$ rj jsgej dgijyhyrj aj qlal dl phrhmjyl$ aj zkl ngrnl w hihkalkhyrj h dh vldzkqha aj Aglr+ Chijy blkxzgrqhal dhr pylfzkagahajr aj dh vgah jrpgygqzhd 839+ Ihcè“z“ddèc Ihcè“z“ddèc dl jspyjrh aj dh rgezgjkqj nhkjyh= —¨Lc cgml ajd clniyj( Rg Nj hnhr$ ajrpyçkajqj aj qg ngrnl0 w rg izrbhr Ng blnpdhbjkbgh$ kl blkrgajyjr dh qzwh$ h fgk aj xzj nzjyhr jk Nî w Wl vgvh jk qg jqjykhnjkqj„832+

9+5+

Gqgkjyhygl nîrqgbl.jrpgygqzhd nîrqgbl.jrpgygqzhd

Chw alr liyhr aj Ihcè“z“ddèc Ihcè“z“ddèc xzj rj bhyhbqjyg}hk ply rz eçkjyl nîrqgbl = Dlr 

Rgjqj Vhddjr w dlr Bzhqyl Vhddjr+ Jk dh pygnjyh$ ajrhyylddh zk gqgkjyhygl jrpgygqzhd phyh xzj jd hdnh rj zkh h Aglr+ Jk dh rjezkah$ ajrbygij dlr bzhqyl qgplr aj nîrqgblr jk rz bhngkl chbgh Aglr+ Dzjel$ qjkjnlr jspdgbhahr jk zkh phyqj aj lqyh aj rzr liyhr$ qgqzdhah Ejnhr aj Ngrqjyglr Agvgklr$ hdezkhr jqhphr nîrqgbhr aj gkahehbgòk jrpgygqzhd+ Jrqlr qyjr qjsqlr rheyhalr klr hiyjk dh pzjyqh phyh hfgynhy xzj jsgrqjk zklr bdhylr jdjnjkqlr phyh zkh nîrqgbh ihcè“î+

9+5+8+ Dlr Rgjqj Vhddjr  Jd clniyj xzj xzgjyh jnpyjkajy jd bhngkl jrpgygqzhd phyh hbjybhyrj w zkgyrj h Aglr$ qgjkj xzj phrhy ply rgjqj jqhphr aj pylfzkal ajrpyjkagngjkql+ Rj qyhqh aj dlr Rgjqj Vhddjr l Rgjqj Bgzahajr+

Bf+ Ga+$ Dhr _hdhiyhr Lbzdqhr$ G+ 96+95$ p+ 8:0 Jd @gqèi.g.Îxèk$ 981$ pp+ 8:2.8:1+ Bf+ Ga+$ Dhr _hdhiyhr Lbzdqhr$ GG+17+:8$ p+ 13+ 857 Bf+ Ga+$ _hrhmjr aj  dlr Jrbygqlr aj Ihcè“z“ddèc$ V $ p+ 86+ 83? Bf+ Ga+$ Dhr _hdhiyhr Lbzdqhr$ G+ :+6$ p+ 8?+ 838 Bf+ Giîajn $ G+23+27$ p+ 83+ 839 Bf+ Giîajn $ GG+1?+18$ p+ 1:+ 832 Giîajn $ G+5$ p+ 8?+ 855 853

1?

Jd pygnjyl jr jd Vhddj aj dh Iýrxzjah 831 $ jd izrbhaly ajij yjvjrqgyrj aj dh phbgjkbgh$ izrbhy jk njagl aj dhr blrhr qjyyjkhr dh Ijddj}h ajd Hnhal+ Hzkxzj qlal phyj}bh jknzajbjy$ kl ajij qgqzijhy$ rgkl pzygfgbhy rz blyh}òk$ rhbygfgbhydl qlal$ jrfly}hyrj w qjkjy nzbcl fjyvly+ Yjazbgy qlal dl vgrql$ lîal l jkqjkagal phyh gkqylazbgyrj jk dh Bgzaha aj Aglr+ Jrh iýrxzjah chw xzj njagydh blk jd —Nhmkýk ajd Hnly„$ dh gknlajyhah phrgòk aj dl cznhkl h dl agvgkl$ w jkqyhy hrî jk jd yjgkl ajd jrpîygqz+ Jk jd rjezkal$ jd Vhddj ajd Hnly 83: $ gnpdgbh jkqyhy jk dh Bgzaha aj Aglr w ajmhyrj ajmhyrj fzkagy ply jd hnly hnly agvgkl+ Jr dleyhy jd çsqhrgr w yjazbgy h bjkg}hr dh blrjbch aj dh yh}òk+ Jd blybjd aj jrqj vhddj jr jd aldly$ xzj ddjvh hd bhngkhkqj h dgijyhyrj aj qlal w yjfzeghyrj jk Aglr+ Jk ajfgkgqgvh rj qyhqh aj pzygfgbhy jd jrpîygqz$ ajmhy xzj jd wl hyah jk jd fzjel ajd hnly phyh plajy hdbhk}hy jd vjyahajyl blklbgngjkql+ blklbgngjkql+ Jk dh qjybjyh jqhph$ jd Vhddj ajd Blklbgngjkql 836 $ jd izrbhaly rzpjyh dh azah w jkbzjkqyh dh bjyqj}h+ Ajrhyylddh rz ngyhah gkqjygly w pzjaj blkvjyrhy îkqgnhnjkqj blk Aglr+ Hiyj dhr pzjyqhr aj dh vjyaha w pgjaha$ hihkalkhkal rzr vhehr gnhegkhbglkjr+ Blnpyjkaj dh rhigazyîh agvgkh w bznpdj dlr nhkahqlr aj Aglr+ Hajnèr$ blkqjnpdh dhr czjddhr aj dh pylvgajkbgh w ngrjygblyagh aj Aglr jk qlahr dhr blrhr byjhahr$ w kl vj jk jddhr kgkeýk ajfjbql+ Jd bhngkhkqj zkh vj} xzj ch qyhrphrhal dh ýdqgnh jqhph aj dh dgngqhbgòk$ ijij aj dh blph ajd Hirldzql w blkqjnpdh dhr Nhkgfjrqhbglkjr aj dh Zkgaha+ Hrî$ jk dh bzhyqh jqhph$ jk jd Vhddj aj dh Zkgaha 835 $ dleyh qyhrphrhy dlr vjdlr aj dh pdzyhdgaha w hrbjkajy h dlr bgjdlr aj dh rgkezdhygaha+ Blk dh ngyhah aj Aglr yjblklbj dh hynlkîh aj qlah dh byjhbgòk+ Hajnèr$ dleyh jkqyhy jk jd rhkqzhygl aj Aglr$ Aglr$ hdhihkal w yjblklbgjkal rz plajy+ plajy+ Dzjel$ ajraj jd yjgkl ajd jrpîygqz$ jd bhngkhkqj$ jspjygnjkqh jd rlpdl ajd blkqjkql agvgkl$ rj ddjkh aj yjelbgml w ajdjgqj+ Hrî$ ajraj dh xzgkqh jqhph$ ajd Vhddj ajd Blkqjkql 833 $ blkqjnpdh jk qlal dh Ijddj}h aj Aglr w blnpyjkaj blk dzbgaj} aj blyh}òk dhr vjyahajr agvgkhr+ Hzkxzj jk hphygjkbgh chigqh jk jrqj nzkal qjyyjkhd$ jd izrbhaly ch dleyhal jkqyhy jk dhr hdqzyhr aj dlr rgekgfgbhalr nîrqgblr+ Kl chw phdhiyh kg pdznh phyh jkqyhy jk jrqh yjegòk$ rgnpdjnjkqj jr zkh jspjygjkbgh aj blyh}òk h blyh}òk+

Bf+ IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ Dlr Rgjqj Vhddjr w dlr Bzhqyl Vhddjr$ pp+ 98.91+ Bf+ Giîajn $ pp+ 9:.97+ 836 Bf+ Giîajn $ pp+ 28.23+ 835 Bf+ Giîajn $ pp+ 27.:1+ 833 Bf+ Giîajn $ pp+ ::.:5+ 831 83:

18

Dh rjsqh jqhph jr jd Vhddj ajd Hrlniyl 837 + Jd clniyj rj rznjyej jk jd lbçhkl aj dh eyhkaj}h agvgkh w bhah gkrqhkqj rj ajmh hrlniyhy ply dh Rznh Ijddj}h+ H bhah nlnjkql blkqjnpdh zkh kzjvh byjhbgòk w xzjah hklkhahal ply jrhr liyhr+ W rgk fhqgehyrj$ izrbh nèr w dj pgaj h Aglr xzj hznjkqj rz hrlniyl ply Çd+ Hrî$ chigqh dh nlyhah aj dlr ngrqjyglr jqjyklr$ yjblklbj rz pliyj}h w dhr ygxzj}hr xzj Aglr ch ajplrgqhal jk çd+ _ly fgk$ ddjeh h blkxzgrqhy dh rçpqgnh jqhph$ j d Vhddj aj dh Vjyahajyh _liyj}h w dh Khah Hirldzqh 87? + Jk jddh$ rj ah dh nzjyqj ajd wl w dh vjyahajyh vgah jk Aglr+ Rj jr pliyj jk dhr blrhr ajd nzkal$ pjyl ygbl jk dhr aj Aglr+ Rj hdbhk}h zkh zkgaha rhkqgfgbhah$ rj bznpdj qlah dh Djw$ rj gkflynh aj dlr ngrqjyglr aj dh Vjyaha+ Jd izrbhaly$ vgvj  w hnh ajraj Aglr+ Aglr+ 9+5+9+ Dlr Bzhqyl Vhddjr 

Jk jrqj qjsql$ Ihcè“z“ddèc$ Ihcè “z“ddèc$ jspdgbh dlr eyhalr w bzhdgahajr bzhdga hajr aj dlr bzhqyl qgplr aj izrbhalyjr xzj pyleyjrhk jk jd bhngkl nîrqgbl+ Jd _ygnjy Vhddj 878$ rj yjfgjyj h dlr vghmjylr xzj rj agygejk chbgh jd limjql aj rzr gkqjkrglkjr #nhxrýq' °+ °+ Jr dh jqhph jk dh xzj rj hdbhk}h jd wl aj Aglr+ H pjrhy xzj rj jspjygnjkqhk vhyglr blkfdgbqlr$ ply fgk rj hbbjaj hd qylkl ajd jrpdjkaly+ Hajnèr$ hd izrbhaly rj dj yjvjdhk vhyglr rgeklr w pyzjihr$ pjyl xzj dj blkazbjk h yjblklbjy dh vjyaha agvgkh w jd ýkgbl Aglr+ Jk jd Rjezkal Vhddj 879 $ bzhkal jd bhngkhkqj pyjqjkaj hdbhk}hy dh —nlyhah ajd Dlhidj # Nh Ḫnýa '„$ '„$ rj vhdj aj rz yh}òk phyh jkblkqyhy dh Yh}òk _ygnlyaghd+ Bzhkal rj jkbzjkqyh jk bzjkqyh jk jrqj pdhkl$ jd vghmjyl jr rlnjqgal h vhyghr pyzjihr$ chrqh xzj rj vj dgijyhal aj jddhr w rj dj blkfgjyj dh njagah aj dh vjyahajyh rhigazyîh+ Rg jr vldzkqha aj Aglr$ rj dj blkfgjyj rz blklbgngjkql$ ply jrl$ ajij pyjphyhy rz blyh}òk phyh rjy phyqîbgpj aj dh eyhbgh w ngrjygblyagh agvgkh+ phdhiyhr$ jr jd pdhkl Jd Qjybjy Vhddj 872  jr jd yjgkl xzj kl pzjaj ajrbygigyrj blk phdhiyhr$ ajd hnly pzyl+ Dlr hnhkqjr chigqhk jd yjbgkql aj Hxzçd xzj Hqyhj # Nhmacýi '+ '+ Ddjehk h blkqjnpdhy dh yjhdgaha ajd Igjkhnhal$ dh pyjrjkbgh aj Aglr jk rz gkqjygly$ alkaj Rz ylrqyl$ jr dh ýkgbh djbbgòk w qjsql phyh jd nîrqgbl+ Jk jd 

Bf+ Giîajn $ pp+ :7.61+ Bf+ Giîajn $ pp+ 6:.51+ 878 Bf+ Giîajn $ pp+ 38.32+ 879 Bf + Giîajn $ pp+ 3:.35+ 872 Bf+ Giîajn $ pp+ 37.79+ 837 87?

19

Bzhyql Vhddj 871 $ dlr blklbjalyjr nîrqgblr dleyhk hdbhk}hy dh ijddj}h ajd Hnhal #Nh Ḫiýa'$ jr jd jrqhal aj dh pdjkh blkbgjkbgh w jd rjbyjql aj dh ezîh agvgkh+ Ddjehk h blnpyjkajy xzj jd blyh}òk ajd ngrqjygl jr xzj Aglr chbj Rz vldzkqha  w lyajkh dl xzj dj pdhbj+ Gkbdzrl$ qgjkjk qgjkjk xzj ajrplmhyrj ajrplmhyrj ajd vjdl ajd hnly$ phyh phyh vgvgy jk dh bjybhkîh aj Aglr+ Zkh vj} xzj rj jkbzjkqyhk jk jd yjgkl aj dh nèr blnpdjqh pliyj}h w czngdaha$ rj blkvgjyqjk jk njaghaly jkqyj Aglr w dlr clniyjr+

9+5+2+ Ejnhr aj Ngrqjyglr Agvgklr  Jk zkhr plbhr pèegkhr$ Ihcè“z“ddèc$ chbj yjfjyjkbgh h bgkbl jqhphr xzj ajij qyhkrbzyygy jd clniyj xzj vjyahajyhnjkqj xzgjyh vldvjy rz ylrqyl h Aglr+ Jrqhr$ rlk rjnjmhkqjr h dhr xzj ajrbygij jk Dlr Rgjqj Vhddjr+ Dh pygnjyh jr dh 

Bgzaha aj dh Iýrxzjah 87: $ jr jd gkgbgl aj dh qyhvjrîh$ rj dj jsgej hd clniyj czngdaha w rzngrgòk hkqj qlahr dhr blrhr+ Rj qyhqh aj blkqjnpdhy dh czjddh aj Aglr jk qlah dh byjhbgòk+ Aj blkrgajyhy xzj çd jrqè aj pgj jk pyjrjkbgh aj rz Rjøly+ Hajnèr$ qgjkj xzj bhngkhy fgynj jk njagl aj dh d h kzjvh byjhbgòk$ xzj jr yjegah ply dh djw aj dh qyhkrflynhbgòk+ Jk dh rjezkah$ dh Bgzaha aj dh Zkgaha 

Agvgkh 876 $ jd izrbhaly pjybgij qlahr dhr blrhr jk rz dzehy$ yjblklbj dh dz} aj dh ijddj}h w hynlkîh jk qlal+ _jybgij jd hylnh agvgkl$ dh rlijyhkîh aj Aglr jk qlahr rzr liyhr w nhkjyhr aj pylbjajy+ Dh qjybjyh jqhph jr jd Mhyaîk ajd Hrlniyl 875 + Dlr xzj jkqyhk jk jrqh bgzaha rjyèk rhdvhalr+ Rj rgjkqjk nhyhvgddhalr ply dhr liyhr aj Aglr w jspjygnjkqhk zk qjnly yjvjyjkbghd+ Hkqj dh gknjkrgaha w ijddj}h aj jrj mhyaîk$ ròdl xzjah zkh hdhihk}h hd Aglr aj dh byjhbgòk+ Dzjel$ rj hvhk}h chbgh dh bzhyqh jqhph$ dh 

Bgzaha aj dh Khah Hirldzqh 873 $ jr jd phrl ajfgkgqgvl ajd nzkal nlyqhd h dh nlyhah bjdjrqghd+ Dh nzjyqj ajd wl w jd vgvgy jk Aglr+ Jd izrbhaly vgvj jk jrqj nzkal vhbghal aj qlal w rhij xzj pjyqjkjbj h dh bgzaha aj Aglr+ Vgvj qlqhdnjkqj blkrheyhal hd Igjkhnhal xzgjk dj yjvjdh rzr edlyghr yjfzdejkqjr+ W dh ýdqgnh jqhph jr d h Bgzaha aj dh Gknlyqhdgaha 877 $ jd izrbhaly dleyh hdbhk}hy jd nhwly eyhal nîrqgbl+ Rj gkrqhdh jk jd qylkl aj dh gkajpjkajkbgh w jk dh rjaj Bf+ Giîajn $ pp+ 72.8?9+ Bf+ IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ Ejnhr aj Ngrqjyglr Agvgklr$ pp+ 7?.71+ 876 Bf + Giîajn $ pp+ 7:.73+ 875 Bf+ Giîajn $ pp+ 73.8?8+ 873 Bf + Giîajn $ pp+ 8?8.8?2+ 877 Bf+ Giîajn $ pp+ 8?1.8?6+ 871 87:

12

aj dh jshdqhbgòk+ Rj vj jkygxzjbgal w jnphphal aj dh eyhbgh agvgkh+ Ijij aj dh blph aj dh gknlyqhdgaha$ rj hdgnjkqh aj dlr fyzqlr aj dh jqjykgaha+ Ch dleyhal yjqlykhy h Aglr$ blkqjnpdhy Rz rjnidhkqj w hdbhk}hy dh pyjrjkbgh aj dh Vjyaha Jqjykh+

9+3+

Njaglr phyh jd ajrhyylddl jrpgygqzhd ihcè“î 9??

Zk ihcè“î xzj xzgjyh ajrhyylddhy jd bhngkl jrpgygqzhd w nlyhd xzj rj ajrpyjkaj aj dlr jrbygqlr rheyhalr$ ajij qjkjy jk bzjkqh xzj jsgrqjk bzhqyl njaglr blkbyjqlr phyh dleyhydl= dh lyhbgòk$ dh njagqhbgòk$ jd hwzkl w jd rjyvgbgl+ Dh lyhbgòk jr zkl aj dlr njaglr xzj jrqè hd hdbhkbj ajd clniyj jk qlahr dhr yjdgeglkjr$ phyh vldvjyrj h Aglr$ phyh aghdlehy blk çd$ jr zkh jrpjbgj aj dz} xzj gdzngkh jd blyh}òk ajd clniyj+ Hajnèr$ qhyaj l qjnpyhkl jd hdnh yjbgij ply njagl aj jddh dlr jfjbqlr aj dh eyhbgh agvgkh 9?8+ Hrî$ phyh jd _ylfjqh Ihcè“z“ddèc Ihcè “z“ddèc$$ phrh h rjy zkh aj dhr djwjr gkagvgazhdjr nèr gnplyqhkqjr xzj jd byjwjkqj ajij pyhbqgbhy+ Nhkaò Nhkaò h dlr xzj chwhk hdbhk}hal dh —jaha aj nhazyj}„9?9 xzj yjbgqhyhk aghyghnjkqj zkh lyhbgòk lidgehqlygh+ Dhr lyhbglkjr yjvjdhahr rlk qyjr$ dh lyhbgòk blyqh$ njaghkh w dh dhyeh+ Jd byjwjkqj jr dgiyj aj jrblejy hdezkh aj jddhr$ pjyl phyh yjbgqhydhr ajij bznpdgy dhr gkagbhbglkjr xzj dj hblnphøhk+ Hrî$ ply dh nhøhkh$ njaglaîh w hqhyajbjy9?2$ rj ajrgekhk yjrpjbqgvhnjkqj dlr gkqjyvhdlr xzj njaghk jkqyj dh rhdgah ajd rld w jd njaglaîh$ jkqyj jd njaglaîh w dh pzjrqh aj rld$ w ajraj dh pzjrqh ajd rld chrqh alr clyhr ajrpzçr aj jddh+ _ly jmjnpdl$ qjkjnlr dh lyhbgòk blyqh xzj ch aj yjbgqhyrj jk hdeýk nlnjkql jkqyj jd njaglaîh w dh pzjrqh ajd rld= —Rlw —R lw qjrqgel$ lc ng Aglr$ aj xzj Qý nj chr byjhal phyh blklbjyqj w halyhyqj+ Rlw qjrqgel jk jrqj nlnjkql aj ng gnplqjkbgh w Qz plajy$ aj ng pliyj}h w Qz ygxzj}h+ Kl chw lqyl Aglr nèr xzj Qý$ jd xzj Hwzah jk jd _jdgeyl$ jd xzj Rzirgrqj ply Rî ngrnl„ 9?1+

Bf + HRHNIDJH JR_GYGQZHD AJ DLR IHCÈ“ÎR AJ JR_HØH$ Jd nlajdl aj vgah ihcè“î $  Qjyyhrrh 9?8?0 Jd Agvgkl Hyqj aj vgvgy $ Qjyyhrrh 9??30 Dh gnplyqhkbgh aj dh lyhbgòk$ dh njagqhbgòk  w dh hbqgqza ajvlbglkhd$  Qjyyhrrh 877:0 Jd rjyvgbgl$ Qjyyhrrh 8771+ 9?8 Bf+ IHCÈÝ“DDÈC$ IHCÈÝ“DDÈC$ Jd @gqèi.g.Îxèk$ 23.1?$ pp+ 23.270 Ga+$ BSSSVG$ p+ 229+ 9?9 Jd @gqèi.g.Hxahr fgmh dh jaha aj nhazyj} h dlr 8: hølr+ Bf+ Ga+$ Jd @gqèi.g.Hxahr$ 8?$ p+ 15+ 9?2 Bf+ Ga+$ Jd @gqèi.g.Hxahr$ 6$ p+ 1:+ 9?1 IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ Lyhbglkjr w Njaghqhbglkjr$ Ihybjdlkh 9???$ p+ 95?+ 9??

11

_hyh jd Nhjrqyl aj dh Fj Ihcè“î$ I hcè“î$ jd clniyj$ clniyj$ ply njagl aj dh lyhbgòk rj hrlbgh h Aglr w dj blkfgjyj vgah 9?:+ Rj gkbdgkh hd Yjgkl aj Aglr w jd blyh}òk jspjygnjkqh dh ijddj}h w dh dz} agvgkh+ H dh vj}$ dj pjyngqj blkfgynhy xzj Aglr rgjnpyj jrqè blk rzr cgmlr9?6+ Qhnigçk blkrgajyh xzj jd rjyvgbgl jr lyhbgòk+ Aj jrqh nhkjyh qhkql jk dh hbbgòk blnl jk dh blkqjnpdhbgòk plajnlr halyhy$ yj}hy$ hdhihy w aghdlehy blk Aglr9?5+ H zk ihcè“î$ ihcè“î$ qhnigçk rj dj gkrqh h njagqhy dlr qjsqlr rheyhalr w rz pylpgh vgah+ _ylfzkag}hy jk dhr rheyhahr jrbygqzyhr dj pjyngqj blklbjy w hnhy h Aglr$ hajkqyhyrj jk dlr ngrqjyglr aj dh Rhigazyîh Agvgkh 9?3$ hbhqhy rz vldzkqha ply njagl aj rz Nhkgfjrqhbgòk 9?7+ W hajkqyhyrj jk zkl ngrnl$ dj hwzah h yjblklbjy rz vjyahajyh khqzyhdj}h w rz plrgbgòk 98?+ ‛Hiaz“d.Ihcè ‛Hiaz“d.Ihcè klr yjrznj nzw igjk rliyj dl xzj jd clniyj pzjaj blkrjezgy ply njagl aj dh fhbzdqha aj dh njagqhbgòk= —…jd —…jd rjy cznhkl hdbhk}h dh vgah jqjykh0 njaghkqj jddh yjbgij jd rlpdl ajd Jrpîygqz Rhkql0 dlr alkjr ajd Jrpîygqz Rhkql…Azyhkqj Rhkql…Azyhkqj dh njagqhbgòk$ jd jrpîygqz cznhkl jr gkflynhal w flyqhdjbgal0 h qyhvçr aj jddh$ blrhr aj dhr bzhdjr çrqj kl qjkîh blklbgngjkql$ rj yjvjdhk hkqj rz vgrqh+ _ly njagl aj jddh$ yjbgij gkrpgyhbgòk agvgkh0 eyhbghr h jddh$ yjbgij jd hdgnjkql bjdjrqghd+ Dh njagqhbgòk jr dh ddhvj xzj hiyj dhr pzjyqhr aj dlr ngrqjyglr+ Jk jrj jrqhal$ jd rjy cznhkl rj hirqyhj0 jk jrh hbqgqza rj hîrdh aj qlalr dlr limjqlr xzj dj ylajhk0 jk jrqj jrqhal rzimjqgvl rj rznjyej jk jd lbçhkl aj dh vgah jrpgygqzhd$ w pzjaj ajrbziygy dlr rjbyjqlr aj dhr blrhr jk rî ngrnhr… ngrnhr… Jrqh fhbzdqha aj dh njagqhbgòk dgijyh hd rjy cznhkl c znhkl aj dh khqzyhdj}h hkgnhd$ dj chbj agrbjykgy dh yjhdgaha aj dhr blrhr w dj plkj jk blkqhbql blk Aglr…„ Aglr…„988+ Dh Fj Ihcè“î Ihcè“î blkrgajyh jd hwzkl blnl zkh gnplyqhkqj agrbgpdgkh phyh jd hdnh + Zkh djw pyjrbygpqh ply Aglr phyh xzj jd byjwjkqj kl rj hphyqj aj Çd$ rj dgijyj aj dl nhqjyghd w hrî pzjah hdhihydj w rjy phyqîbgpj aj rz eyhbgh 989+ Ihcè“z“ddèc Ihcè“z“ddèc Bf+ ‛HIAZ“D .IHCÈ$ .IHCÈ$ Rjdjbbglkjr aj dlr Jrbygqlr aj Hiaz“d .Ihcè $ p+ 963+ Bf+ Giîajn $ p+ 866+ 9?5 Bf+ ‛HIAZ“D .IHCÈ$ .IHCÈ$ Dh Rhigazyîh aj Hiaz“d .Ihcè  .Ihcè $ pp+ 982.981+ 9?3 Bf+ IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ “z“ddèc $ DSSGS$ p+ 856+ IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ _hrhmjr aj dlr Jrbygqlr aj Ihcè “z“ddèc  9?7 Bf+ Giîajn $ BDSGV$ p+ 23:+ 98? Bf+ Giîajn $ SSVGG$ p+ 38+ 988 HIAZ“D .IHCÈ$ .IHCÈ$ Dh Rhigazyîh aj  ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè$ .Ihcè$ p+ 988 989 “z“ddèc $ BSSSVGGG+8$ p+ 225+ Bf+ IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC IHCÈ“Z“DDÈC$ _hrhmjr aj dlr Jrbygqlr aj Ihcè “z“ddèc  9?: 9?6

1:

pyjrbygigò jrqh pyèbqgbh phyh xzj rjh yjhdg}hah jk zk pjyîlal iyjvj aj 87 aîhr bhah høl #ajraj jd 9 aj nhy}l chrqh jd 9? ajd ngrnl njr'+ Rj ajij ddjvhy h bhil ply dlr hazdqlr ajraj jd hnhkjbjy chrqh jd hklbcjbjy+ Jr zk qgjnpl aj pyjphyhbgòk phyh jd høl kzjvl ihcè“î l Khu.Yý}982+ W jd ýdqgnl njagl xzj yjrhdqhk dlr ihcè“gr jr jd rjyvgbgl+ Blkrgajyhk xzj j d rjyvgbgl h dh cznhkgaha blk hnly jr zkgaha blk Aglr+ _ly jrl$ qgjkjk xzj yjrplkajy hd ddhnhal aj rjyvgy h qlah dh yh}h c cznhkh$ znhkh$ aj pylnlvjy dlr njmlyjr gkqjyjrjr aj dlr pzjidlr  w yh}hr aj jrqj nzkal981+ Jd rjyvgbgl djr zkj jk zk ýkgbl pylpòrgql agvgkl= agfzkagy jd Hnly aj Aglr h qlalr dlr clniyjr w dleyhy dh zkgaha aj dh cznhkgaha+ Hfgynhk xzj jrj qyhihml blnýk$ blnl yjrpzjrqh h Aglr w h dlr clniyjr$ qhnigçk jr lyhbgòk 98:+

Blkbdzrgòk Jk dh pygnjyh phyqj aj jrqj jrqzagl cjnlr hilyahal jd lygejk$ ajrhyylddl w jvldzbgòk aj dh Fj Ihcè“î+ Jrhr czjddhr cgrqòygbhr klr chk yjvjdhal xzj jrqh kzjvh yjdgegòk jr aj nhqyg} grdèngbh$ rzyegah jk jd Gyèk aj njaghalr ajd rgedl SGS$ w xzj chrqh jd pyjrjkqj rj ch jsqjkagal pyèbqgbhnjkqj ply qlal jd nzkal+ Hajnèr$ jrqè dgehah h dh jspjygjkbgh yjdgeglrh aj bzhqyl pjyrlkhmjr pygkbgphdjr= jd Ièi  #pyjbzyrly aj dh Fj Ihcè“î'$ Ihcè“z“ddèc  #pylfjqh w fzkahaly ajd ihchîrnl'$ ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè  Ihcè“z“ddèc w Nhjrqyl aj dh Fj Ihcè“î' Ihcè“î' w .Ihcè  #rzbjrly aj Ihcè“z“ddèc

Rclezg Jffjkag #Ezhyagèk aj dh Fj Ihcè“î'+ Zkl aj dlr pygkbgphdjr qjrlylr xzj jrqèk h kzjrqyl hdbhkbj$ w rgk azah hdezkh aj gkqjyçr phyh zk cgrqlyghaly aj dhr yjdgeglkjr$ rlk rzr jrbygqlr rheyhalr+  Qlal jrlr qjsqlr blkrqgqzwjk dh yjvjdhbgòk ihcè“î$ bzwl njkrhmj fzkahnjkqhd jrqèk jk dlr jrbygqlr aj Ihcè“z“ddèc $ _ylfjqh aj Aglr$ xzj blnzkgbh h dh cznhkgaha zk eyhk qjrlyl jrpgygqzhd w çqgbl$ jk zkgaha h dhr Nhkgfjrqhbglkjr hkqjyglyjr+ _jyl$ dlr ihcè“îr byjjk$ xzj ply njagl aj çd$ dh Djw agvgkh ch rgal yjvjdhah aj nhkjyh nèr blnpdjqh$ gkhzezyhkal hrî$ zk kzjvl bgbdl zkgvjyrhd aj yjvjdhbgòk+ Jk bzhkql h dlr dgiylr yjvjdhalr$ fzj nhkahal ply jd _ylfjqh$ xzj ajiîhk aj rjy bzrqlaghalr w qyhkrngqgalr blk bzgahal aj kl høhagy khah gkajigal+ Qhyjh xzj blyyjrplkagò h rzr rzbjrlyjr j gkqçypyjqjr hzqlyg}halr aj rzr phdhiyhr$ ‛Hiazd .Ihcè .Ihcè w Rclezg Jffjkag + Jk dh hbqzhdgaha$ dj blyyjrplkaj h Bf+ Ga+$ Jd @gqèi.g.Hxahr$ 86$ p+ 17+ Bf+ Ga+$ _hrhmjr aj dlr Jrbygqlr aj Ihcè“z“ddèc $ BSVGG$ p+ 932+ 98: Bf+ ‛HIAZ“D .IHCÈ$ .IHCÈ$ Dh Rhigazyîh aj  ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè  .Ihcè $ p+ 892+ 982 981

16

dh Bhrh Zkgvjyrhd aj Mzrqgbgh$ nhkqjkjy dh hirldzqh fgajdgaha aj dhr jkrjøhk}hr rheyhahr w dh bzrqlagh aj dhr ngrnhr+ Jd pylpòrgql pygnhygl aj dh yjvjdhbgòk ihcè“î jr dh zkgaha aj dh cznhkgaha$ ply dh vîh aj dh vjyahajyh ph} w mzrqgbgh+ _ly jrl$ jkblkqyhnlr jk dlr qjsqlr rheyhalr$ zk pylfzkal njkrhmj çqgbl w jrpgygqzhd+ _ly zk dhal$ plajnlr ahy flynh h zk blnpjkagl çqgbl ihcè“î igjk jrqyzbqzyhal$ alkaj hdezkhr èyjhr jrqèk nèr ajrhyylddhahr xzj lqyhr+ _jyl$ jr zkh çqgbh xzj rj bhyhbqjyg}h ply jrqhy lygjkqhah h hdbhk}hy jd _dhk Agvgkl= zk Kzjvl Lyajk Nzkaghd+ Zkh çqgbh alkaj mzjeh zk phpjd fzkahnjkqhd dh nlyhd rlbghd$ jk lyajk hd pyleyjrl aj dh cznhkgaha+ Alkaj dh mzrqgbgh jr jd pygkbgpgl yjbqly aj dh lyehkg}hbgòk rlbghd w jk alkaj dh jazbhbgòk jr zkl aj dlr njaglr aj eyhk vhdly phyh blkqygizgy h dh cznhkg}hbgòk aj dh fhngdgh fhngdgh cznhkh+ Jk jrqj jrqj bhnpl$ ajrqhbh ajrqhbh jd ddhnhal fgynj aj izrbhy dh yjbqh vjyaha bgjkqîfgbh w yjdgeglrh$ phyh plkjydh hd rjyvgbgl ajd igjk blnýk+ _ly lqyl dhal$ qjkjnlr h kzjrqyl hdbhkbj$ hdezklr jdjnjkqlr vèdgalr phyh dh blkrqyzbbgòk aj zkh çqgbh edlihd$ xzj pzjaj flymhy zkh kzjvh bgvgdg}hbgòk nzkaghd+ _hyh nî$ chw alr hrpjbqlr xzj jrqèk jk jd qyhrflkal aj rzr pylpzjrqhr$ xzj pzjaj fhvlyjbjy jd vjyahajyl pyleyjrl w ajrhyylddl aj dh cznhkgaha+ Jd pygnjyl$ jr zkh çqgbh xzj blkqygizwj hd agèdlel bzdqzyhd w yjdgeglrl+ Rj pzjajk izrbhy pygkbgpglr$ klynhr w vhdlyjr phyh zkh kzjvh lygjkqhbgòk çqgbh jk jd hbqzhd blkqjsql aj edlihdg}hbgòk+ Jd rjezkal$ rz vgrgòk cldîrqgbh ajd zkgvjyrl w aj dh jsgrqjkbgh$ pzjaj pylplybglkhy zkh gkqjyjrhkqj çqgbh jbldòegbh+ Nzw zkgah h dh çqgbh jrqè dl xzj plajnlr plaj nlr ddhnhy dh —jrpgygqzhdgaha ajd bhngkl„+ bhngkl„+ Zk bhngkl xzj rj ihrh jk jd pyleyjrl ajd hdnh chbgh Aglr ply njagl aj dh lyhbgòk$ njagqhbgòk$ hwzkl w rjyvgbgl+ Zkh jrpgygqzhdgaha xzj pjyngqj hd rjy cznhkl xzj yjhdnjkqj xzgjyh blklbjyrj hrî ngrnl w h Aglr$ h qyhkrgqhy ply vhyghr jqhphr$ xzj plbl h plbl jsgejk nhwly pylfzkag}hbgòk w ajrpyjkagngjkql$ chrqh plkjy dh vgah jk Aglr+ _ly jrl$ jr zkh jrpgygqzhdgaha agkèngbh xzj hpzkqh hd byjbgngjkql jrpgygqzhd w h dh qyhrbjkajkbgh+ Zkh jrpgygqzhdgaha xzj nlvgah ply zkh pylfzkah fj w hnly h Aglr$ ah rjkqgal h dh vgah ajd byjwjkqj ihcè“î$ xzj jrqè ddhnhal h vgvgy jk blnzkgòk blk Aglr+ W xzj nlqgvhal ply dh mzrqgbgh dj nzjvh h rjyvgy h dh cznhkgaha blnl lfyjkah heyhahidj h Aglr+ Fgkhdnjkqj$ xzjah ply ajbgy$ xzj dh jrpgygqzhd gaha ihcè“î qgjkj bdhylr jdjnjkqlr nîrqgblr$ xzj hýk rgezjk rgjkal zkl aj dlr hrpjbqlr 15

nèr gkjspdlyhalr+ Jrj bhnpl fçyqgd$ rjyîh lqyh izjkh hplyqhbgòk phyh zk agèdlel gkqjyyjdgeglrl+

Igidgleyhfîh 8+ Fzjkqjr Ihcè“îr HIAZ“ D  D .IHCÈ ‛ HIAZ

.

Jd rjbyjql aj dh bgvgdg}hbgòk agvgkh$ Hybh Jagqlyghd$ Ihybjdlkh 9???+

.

Blkqjrqhbglkjr h zkhr pyjezkqhr$ Jagqlyghd Ihcè“î aj Jrphøh$ Qjyyhrrh 8771+

.

Vldzkqha w Qjrqhnjkql aj ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè$ .Ihcè$ Jigdh$ Izjklr Hgyjr 8752 2+

.

Ihcè“î aj Jrphøh$ Qjyyhrrh Dh rhigazyîh aj ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè$ .Ihcè$ Jagqlyghd Ihcè“î 8776+

.

Dh pylnzdehbgòk aj dh _h} Zkgvjyrhd$ Jigdh$ Izjklr Hgyjr 8778+

.

Qhidhr ajd _dhk Agvgkl$ Hybh Jagqlyghd$ Ihybjdlkh 9??9+

.

Qhidh aj ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè .Ihcè agygegah hd Ay+ Hzezrql Flyjd$ Jagqlyghd Ihcè“î aj

Jrphøh$ Qjyyhrrh 9?88+ .

Dlr fzkahnjkqlr aj dh zkgaha nzkaghd$ Jagqlyghd Ihcè“î aj Jrphøh$  Qjyyhrrh 87382+

.

Rjdjbbgòk aj dlr Jrbygqlr aj ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè$ Jagqlyghd Ihcè“î aj Jrphøh$

 Qjyyhrrh 9??7+ 9??7+ IHCÈ“ Z“ DDÈC DDÈC

.

Ejnhr aj Ngrqjyglr Agvgklr$ Jagqlyghd Ihcè“î aj Jrphøh$ Qjyyhrrh 9??3+

.

Jd Qhijykèbzzdl aj dh Zkgaha$ Jagqlyghd Ihcè“î aj Jrphøh$ Qjyyhrrh 9??5+

.

Dlr rgjqj vhddjr w dlr bzhqyl vhddjr$ Jagqlyghd Ihcè“î aj Jrphøh$ Qjyyhrrh 9??3+

.

_hrhmjr aj dlr Jrbygqlr aj Ihcè“z“ddèc$ Jagqlyghd Ihcè“î aj Jrphøh$

 Qjyyhrrh 9??:+ 9??:+ .

Dhr _hdhiyhr Lbzdqhr$ Jagqlyghd Ihcè“î aj Jrphøh$ Qjyyhrrh 9??31+

.

Jd @gqèi.g.Îxèk$ @gqèi.g.Îxèk$ Jagqlyghd Ihcè“î aj Jrphøh$ Qjyyhrrh 877:+

.

Jd @gqèi.g.Hxahr$ @gqèi.g.Hxahr$ Hybh Jagqlyghd$ Ihybjdlkh 9??2+

.

Qhidhr aj Ihcè“z“ddèc$ Jagqlyghd Ihcè“î aj Jrphøh$ Qjyyhrrh 9??7+

.

Jpîrqldh hd Cgml ajd Dlil$ Jigdh$ Izjklr Hgyjr 873: 9+

RCLEZG JFFJKAG

13

.

Jd ajrjkvldvgngjkql aj dh Bgvgdg}hbgòk Nzkaghd$ Jigdh$ Izjklr Hgyjr 87379+

.

Jd havjkgngjkql aj dh Mzrqgbgh Agvgkh$ Jigdh$ Izjklr Hgyjr 8751+

.

Jd aîh pylnjqgal ch ddjehal$ Jagqlyghd Ihcè“î aj Jrphøh$ Qjyyhrrh 9??7+

.

Aglr phrh$ Jagqlyghd Ihcè“î aj Jrphøh$ Qjyyhrrh 9??8+

.

Ddhnhal h dhr Khbglkjr$ Jigdh$ Izjklr Hgyjr 8753+

.

Dh njqh aj zk Kzjvl Lyajk Nzkaghd$ Jigdh$ Izjklr Hgyjr 8752+

.

Dh Agrpjkrhbgòk aj Ihcè“z“ddèc$ Jagqlyghd Ihcè“î aj Jrphøh$ Qjyyhrrh

9??7+ BHRH ZKGVJYRHD AJ MZRQGBGH

.

Rjdjbbgòk aj dlr Jrbygqlr ajd Ièi$ Hybh Jagqlyghd$ Ihybjdlkh 9???+

.

Dh pylbdhnhbgòk aj Ihcè“z“ddèc h dlr yjwjr w agygejkqjr ajd nzkal$ Hybh

Jagqlyghd$ Ihybjdlkh 9??1+ .

Dh pylrpjygaha nzkaghd $ Jagqlyghd Ihcè“î aj Jrphøh$ Qjyyhrrh 877:+

.

Dh pylnjrh aj dh _h} Nzkaghd$ Jagqlyghd Ihcè“î aj Jrphøh$ Qjyyhrrh 9?8?7+

.

9+ Igidgleyhfîh Ihcè“î HRHNIDJH JR_GYGQZHD AJ DLR IHCÈ“ ÎR ÎR AJ JR_HØH

.

J d nlajdl aj vgah ihcè“î$ Jagqlyghd Ihcè“î aj Jrphøh$ Qjyyhrrh 9?8?+

.

Jrphøh$ Qjyyhrrh 9??3+ 9??3+ Jd agvgkl hyqj aj vgvgy$ Jaglqyghd Ihcè“î aj Jrphøh$ Qjyyhrrh

.

Dh gnplyqhkbgh aj dh lyhbgòk$ dh njagqhbgòk w dh hbqgqza ajvlbglkhd$ Jagqlyghd Ihcè“î aj Jrphøh$ Qjyyhrrh 877:+

.

Jd rjyvgbgl$ Jagqlyghd Ihcè“î aj Jrphøh$ Qjyyhrrh 8771+

IHDWZ]G$ N+ ḡ+$

Jrphøh$ Jd Ièi+ Jd Cjyhdal aj dh Kzjvh Jyh$ Jagqlyghd Ihcè“î aj Jrphøh$

 Qjyyhrrh 9???+ BLNZKGAHA GKQJYKHBGLKHD IHCÈ “ Î$ Dh yjdgegòk ihcè“î+ Zkh gkqylazbbgòk ajraj rzr 

9??3+ qjsqlr$ Qylqqh$ Nhayga 9??3+ BLNZKGAHA GKQJYKHBGLKHD IHCÈ “ Î$ Ihcè“z“ddèc #8385 .8379'$ .8379'$

Jagqlyghd Ihcè“î aj

Jrphøh$ Qjyyhrrh 8779+ CHQBCJY$ R+ U.ALZEDHR NHYQGK$ M+$ Dh Fj Ihcè“î+ Dh kzjvh  yjdgegòk

nzkaghd$

Jagqlyghd Ihcè“î aj Jrphøh$ Qjyyhrrh 9??3 2+ NJCYHI@CHKG$ Y+$

Dh hzylyh ajd aîh pylnjqgal$ Jagqlyghd Ihcè“î aj Jrphøh$

 Qjyyhrrh 87719+

17

2+ Igidgleyhfîh Blnpdjnjkqhygh HH+VV+$

Rjkqgal j Cgrqlygh$ Rclezg Jffjkag #8735.87:5'= jd eyhk vgrglkhygl aj 

kzjrqyl pyjrjkqj$ Jyhrnzr Jagbglkjr$ Ihybjdlkh 9??7+ HIZNHDCHN$ N+$

Jd grdhn+ Aj yjdgegòk aj dlr èyhijr h yjdgegòk zkgvjyrhd$  Qylqqh$

Nhayga 9??5+ IYLUKJ $ E+ J+$ Zk

høl jkqyj dlr pjyrhr$ Jd Bliyj$ Ihybjdlkh 9??1+

BÈBJYJR$ H+ N.YJWJR NHY]L$ D +$ +$ Dh Fj Ihcè“î+ ¼Zkh kzjvh yjdgegòk nzkaghd<$

Yjdgegòk w Bzdqzyh$ Nhayga 8773+ EHYBÎH CJYKHKAL$ M+ #AGY+'$

_dzyhdgrnl yjdgeglrl GGG+ Yjdgeglkjr kl bygrqghkhr$

Rlbgjaha aj Jazbhbgòk Hqjkhr$ Nhayga 8775+ EYLLAW$ A+ E+$

Edlihdg}hbgòk$ jrpgygqzhdgaha w mzrqgbgh$ Vjyil Agvgkl$ Jrqjddh

9??7+ NHBJLGK$ A+$

Ygqzhdr gk i higrn higrn hka ihch“grn$  Qcj Bjkqyj lf Ngaadj Jhrqjyk

Rqzagjr$ Zkgvjyrgqw lf Bhniygaej 8771+ RNGQC$ _+$ Hk gkqylazbqglk ql qcj Ihcè“î Fhgqc$

Bhniygaej Zkgvjyrgqw _yjrr$

Bhniygaej 9??3+ YGBCHYA$ W+$

Jd grdhn rcgî$ Igidglqjbh ajd Grdhn Blkqjnplyèkjl 9$ Ijddhqjyyh$

Ihybjdlkh 9???+

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GKAGBJ Gkqylazbbgòk……………………………………………………………………………………9

_hyqj G+ Dh Fj Ihcè“î qyhr dhr czjddhr aj dh Cgrqlygh

8+ Lygejk aj dh Fj Ihcè“î= jd ihigrnl……………………………………… ihigrnl…………………………………………+2 …+2 8+8+ Jd Ièi w rzr rjezgalyjr………………………… rjezgalyjr…………………………………………………+ ………………………++: +: 8+9+ Dlr jrbygqlr ajd Ièi………………………………………………………++5 9+ Khbgngjkql aj dh Fj Ihcè“î= jd _ylfjqh Ihcè“z“ddèc……………………++7 Ihcè“z“ddèc……………………++7 9+8+ Dlr jrbygqlr aj Ihcè“z“ddèc……………………………………………++88 Ihcè“z“ddèc……………………………………………++88 2+ Jqhph aj dh rzbjrgòk= jd Nhjrqyl ‛Hiaz“d. ‛Hiaz“d .Ihcè………………………++81 2+8+ Dlr jrbygqlr aj ‛Hiaz“d. ‛Hiaz“d.Ihcè…………………………………………… Ihcè……………………………………………8: 8: 1+ Jd Ezhyagèk aj dh Fj= Rclecg Jffjkag……………………………………+ Jffjkag……………………………………+85 85 1+8+ Dlr jrbygqlr aj Rclezg Jffjkag……………………………………… Jffjkag…………………………………………98 …98 :+ Dh Bhrh Zkgvjyrhd aj Mzrqgbgh w dh jsphkrgòk j sphkrgòk aj dh Fj Ihcè“î……++99 Ihcè“î……++99

_hyqj GG+ Çqgbh w Jrpgygqzhdgaha ihcè“î 9+ Hpylsgnhbgòk h dh çqgbh ihcè“î…………………………… ihcè“î………………………………………………… ……………………91 91 9+8+ Fzkahnjkqhbgòk Fzkahnjkqhbgòk qjldòegbh aj dh çqgbh ihcè“î………………………96 9+8+8+ Bygqjyglr aj hpdgbhbgòk………………………………… hpdgbhbgòk………………………………………………95 ……………95 9+8+9+ Vhdlyjr fzkahnjkqhdjr……………………………………………++93 9+9+ Çqgbh rlbghd…………………………………………………………………28 9+2+ Çqgbh pldîqgbh………………………………………………………………+22 9+1+ Çqgbh jblkòngbh…………………………………………………………++21 9+:+ _ylpzjrqh aj zkh çqgbh edlihd…………………………………………+ edlihd…………………………………………+25 25 9+6+ Jrpgygqzhdgaha Ihcè“î………………………………………… Ihcè“î……………………………………………………+23 …………+23 9+6+8+ Hbqgqzajr Hbqgqzajr phyh jd bhngkl jrpgygqzhd……………………………… jrpgygqzhd………………………………27 27 9+5+ Gqgkjyhygl nîrqgbl jrpgygqzhd……………………………………………+1? jrpgygqzhd ……………………………………………+1? 9+5+8+ Dlr Rgjqj Vhddjr………………………………………………………+1? 9+5+9+ Dlr Bzhqyl Vhddjr………………………………… Vhddjr……………………………………………………+19 …………………+19 9+5+2+ Ejnhr aj Ngrqjyglr Agvgklr………………………………………+12 Agvgklr………………………………………+12 9+3+ Njaglr phyh jd ajrhyylddl jrpgygqzhd jrpgygqzhd ihcè“î…………………………11 ihcè“î…………………………11 Blkbdzrgòk…………………………………………………………………………+16 Igidgleyhfîh…………………………………………………………………………+13

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