Lesson 5 : Tourism Economics By: Ms. Jinky Jinky Rose Gin Gino-gin o-gino o
Tourism demand & supply
Tourism Demand
*Number of person who travel or wish to travel & use tourist facilities & services at places away from their places of work/ residence. ( Cooper et.al, 1993)
Tourism Supply
*Key elements of tourism industry by the host governments & destinations.
6 Components of Tourism By: Edward Innskeep
Components
of tourism By: Edward Innskeep
Attractions & Activities
1.
Attractions & Activities
*Natural *Historical *Cultural *Events *Recreation or Special Interest *Entertainment Attractions
* Golf, Swimming, Tennis, Hiking, Biking, Snow Sports, Sight-seeing, Mountaineering, Spelunking, Bird watching, Whale watching, Scuba diving.
ttractions & Activities
Transportation
2.
Transportation
* Type Types s *Passenger *Tourist
* Modes -Land -Water - Air
Infrastructure
3.
Infrastructure } Water
supply
} Electric } Proper
power
waste disposal
} Telecommunications } Roads } Airports } Seaports
Accommodation
4.
Accommodations *Hotel *Motel * Bed & Breakfast *Hostels * Apartelles *Resorts *Home stay * Campgrounds
Tourist Facilities & Services
5.Other
Tourist Facilities & Services *F&B *Postal Services *Medical Facilities
*Banking & Money Exchange Services * Personal Services * Retail Shops * Souvenirs & Crafts
Institutional
Elements
6.
Institutional Elements
* Education & training of persons working in tourism industry *Government *Gover nment & Touris Tourism m Agenci Agencies es
Theimagep artwith relationship nship ID rId6wasnotfound in thefile.
9 Pillars of Tourism by: Ritchie & Goeldner
9 Pillars of Tourism by: Ritchie & Goeldner
Attraction Sector
Transportation Sector
Accommodation Accommodation Sector
Foo
ervice/ F& B ector
Travel Trade
Sector
Tourism Sector
Events Sector
Entertainment Sector
Adventure & Recreation Sector
Systems approach
Whole Tourism Systems & Their Environments How they help us understand tourism
What are ´whole tourism systemsµ?
} Real
WTS are people, places, organisation that interact in certain roles when tourism happens.
}
Models of WTS are representations of real WTS, frameworks for researching and studying tourism in a comprehensive and systematic manner.
What ar
d ls
A model is a representation representation of reality reality,, used to guide gu ide thoughts, thoughts, and often action, in relation to some sort of ideal or actual phenomena.
The
Matterhorn, in Europe,
& a model of it, in Disneyland
Example less of of types of of mo mo els
³Fashion´
models represent designed styles in body shapes, clothing, hairdressing
These
are normative model mo dels s ± ide ideals als for observers¶ aspirations, dreams or distractions
What ar
They
s st
ic
d ls
show the elementary components necessary for a particular system to exist.
Not all models are systemic, even some that are described as ³systems´
What is a System?
³A system
is a set of parts, of elements, that are connected to one another by at least one distinguishing principle´ (Jordan 1981, p 24)
simple whole tourism system & its environments (Leiper 1979, 2004) A
The re The reas ason onin ing g in in Lei Leipe per· r·ss mo mo el fo forr i ent ntif ifyi ying ng th the e el elem emen ents ts in whole tourism systems } What
is necessary for tourism to occur?
} Whatever
is necessary can be thought of
as an element in WTS. Anything not necessary is not an element.
The re The rea aso soni nin ng fo forr i en enttif ifyi ying ng elem el emen entts in in Lei Leip per er·s ·s mo el of WTS
} Are
}
hotels necessary for tourism to
occur?
No. Without hotels, tourism would occur, although although in different forms.
} Therefore,
hotels are not elements in
WTS
Many
thing thin gs are are no nott ne ne es essa sary ry fo forr tourism to exist, thus not elements in WTS } Theme } } } } } } } } } } }
parks, travel agents, tour operators Airlines, motor vehicles, cruise ships Motels, caravan parks, casinos weeken ds, holiday pay Annual leave, long weekends, Ecological awareness Hospitality National tourism organisations Governmental Ministers of Tourism Professors of Tourism, Schools of Tourism Research Advertisements, marketing campaigns, TV Brands
When tourism o urs, at lea least st one one of of ea h of the these se ite items ms exi exist sts, s, in an interrelate pro ess. }
a person who becomes a tourist
}
who departs from a tourist generating place
}
travels along a transit route
}
and visits a tourist destination place
}
using services of a of a tourism industry
Fi
l
} At }
ts i
r
WT
least one tourist
One tourist generating place (where trips begin and end)
} At
least one tourist destination place
} At
least one transit route
} At
least one tourism industry
At
least one tourist is ne essary for tourism to o
ur.
A tourist generating place is necessary for tourism to occur
transit trans it rou route te (a pla e wher where e trav travell ellin ing, g, not not visiti vis iting, ng, is the maj major or a tiv tivity ity of tou touris rists) ts) is ne essary for tourism to o ur A
tourist touri st est estina inatio tion, n, wi with th som some e ´at ´attra tra tiveµ tiveµ attribute, is ne essary for tourism to o ur A
Organisations in tourism industries: Disneyland in USA,
Louvre in France
Are
tourism in ustries really ne essary for tourism to o ur?
From
one perspective, no.
Fully
independent tourists might make no use of any service ser vice on offer from tourism industries. This is DIY tourism.
However «
Ind
t
t ris cc rs hen rists nor all ant to avoid:
} being
nd nt
with dependent tourists
} using
services on offer from tourism-related businesses
Thus,
tourism industries are factors shaping all tourism, to some extent and in different ways ± depe dependen ndence ce or av avoida oidance. nce.
It·s
the onn nne e tion of tourists with pla es that th at ma make kess a pl pla a e a to tour uris istt es esti tina nati tion on
pla e be omes a tourist estination only if a tourist visits
A
If
t t
t
t t
t
B t
B t
t
When tourism o urs, at leas leastt one one of of ea ea h of the these se fiv five e item itemss exist exists, s, in an interrelate pro ess. }
a tourist,
}
a tourist tourist generating generating place place - where trips trips begin and end,
}
a tourist destination place,
}
a transit route,
}
a tourism touri sm industry in dustry..
How
an these elements be es ribe in mo els?
One
way is to begin by describing,
in a diagram, the abstract of a tourist¶s itinerary, which will show geographical elements, then adding human and organisational elements
Eigh Ei ghtt geo geogr grap aphi hi al elem elemen ents ts in in a tri trip p with two estinations (Leiper 2004)
simple whole tourism system & its environments (Leiper 2004) A
Ockham·s
Razor,
a useful principle for theories
When
stating a theory, theory, do not include more more details than are needed to understand the theory.
} Keep
to essentials
Environments }
Tourism systems are open systems, they interact with wit h environments
}
Environments are surrounding conditions, which may affect a system and/or be affected by it.
}
Physical, social, cultural, economic, political, technical, legal etc.
Examples of environments affecting WTS
Spectacular scenery, scenery, a feature f eature of the physical environment, can be vital for a place¶s role as a tourist destination
Political policies of governments can be vital in i n determining flows of tourists out of generating regions and into destinations.
Examples of WTS affe cting environments
International tourists returning to their home countries bring new information & changed attitudes that affect social and culture environments there.
Expenditure by tourists in Australia supports more than 200,000 jobs
Too
many tourists walking on sand have damaged ancient rock art at Uluru (Ayers Rock)
Uses
} It
of this mo el of WTS
reminds us of all the elementary things that make up tourism.
} It
enables us to see how the elements interrelate to make tourism happen.
} It
reminds us that environments help shape the elements of WTS and are, in turn, affected aff ected by those elements.
Uses of this
odel of WT
} The
model can be overlaid on a map for applications to actual places in itineraries i tineraries
}A
place can be viewed and studied as (i) a generating place, place, (ii) a point in transit and/or (iii) a destination
} The
model reminds us that one place can have three different roles as geographical elements in different WTS
Uses
of th this mo mo el of of WTS WTS:: as a theoretical construct fo for ge gen neral stu ies an research on tourism
mo el for inter iscipli lin nary st stu u ies o off to touri rism sm A
Uses of this
odel of WT
} It
enables any discipline or mix of disciplines to be applied in research or studying tourism
} By
not favouring any particular aspect of tourism, the model facilitates unbiased and objective research
Limits Limi ts or we weak akne ness sses es in Le Leip iper er·s ·s mo el of WTS
} It
} It
ignores differences among different forms of tourism
ignores the major differences diff erences occurring in WTS with different levels of industrialisation (i.e. packaged tourism as against agains t DIY independent tourism)
Limits or weakn weaknesses esses in Leip Le iper er··s mo mode dell of of WT WTS S }
It leaves out most of the details that characterise characterise all real world examples of tourism.
}
However, this is a limit, not a weakness
Other
} Gunn } Mill
mo els of mo of to touri rism sm from « (1972 etc)
& Morrison (1985 etc)
} Stear
(1992 etc)
} Cooper
et al (1992 etc)
« and others
Clare
Gunn·s mo el of ´The Tourism Systemµ
Gunn·s M del
It·s a linear m del, is not systemic Gunn described tourism as ´a closed systemµ, which is not the case.
It is however a valuable model f or emphasising the vital f un unction of attractions.
Five elements in a WTS } Tourists } Traveller
(or tourist) generating regions } Transit routes } Tourist destination dest ination regions } Tourism industries The five elements interact with each other to form a WTS, and also interact with environments: they are affected by, and have effects on, their environments.
