Kuzmina N. Russian Grammar in Tables

РУССКИЙ ЯЗЫК КАК ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ____________________________________________________________________________________

Н.В. Кузьмина

RUSSIAN GRAMMAR IN TABLES _____________________________________________

РУССКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА В ТАБЛИЦАХ

Учебное пособие

5-е издание, переработанное

Москва Издательство «ФЛИНТА» Издательство «Наука» 2015

УДК 811.161.1'36(0.054.6) ББК 81.2Рус-2-96 К89

Кузьмина Н.В.

Russian Grammar in Tables. Русская грамматика в таблицах : учеб . К89 пособие / Н.В. Кузьмина . – 5-е изд., перераб . – М. : ФЛИНТА: Наука , 2015. – 92 с. – (Русский язык как иностранный). ISBN 978-5-9765-0966-5 (ФЛИНТА) ISBN 978-5-02-037281-8 (Наука)

The textbook is constructed as a reference book focusing on the difficult items of Russian grammar in an easy and understandable form. The tables of the book include the meaning, formation and changing of different parts of speech. This textbook is designed for foreign students learning Russian language from any level. It can be used both by students and teachers for explaining, learning and revision of grammar material, for systematization of knowledges, and for preparing for exams as well.

Учебное пособие представляет собой справочник, в доступной форме освещающий трудности русской грамматики. Таблицы пособия включают в себя значение, образование и изменение различных частей речи. Данное учебное пособие предназначено для иностранцев, изучающих русский язык на любом уровне. Оно может использоваться студентами и преподавателями для предъявления и изучения грамматического материала, для , а также при подготовке к тестам и экзаменам. систематизации знаний

УДК 811.161.1'36(0.054.6) ББК 81.2Рус-2-96

ISBN 978-5-9765-0966-5 (ФЛИНТА) ISBN 978-5-02-037281-8 (Наука)

© ©

Кузьмина Н.В., 2010 Издательство «ФЛИНТА», 2010

CONTENTS

The gender of nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nouns in - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 8

The uses of cases: 1) The Prepositional case (! 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2) The Accusative case (! 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3) The Dative case (! 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4) The Genitive case (! 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5) The Accusative or the Genitive? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6) The Instrumental case (! 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 10 12 14 16 17

The declension of nouns: 1) The endings of nouns according to the case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2) Questions according to the case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3) Genitive plural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4) Special endings in the Prepositional singular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5) Nouns ending in -"# / -"% / -"' (singular) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6) Special endings of masculine nouns in the Genitive singular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7) Three types of the declension of nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8) Irregular declension of some nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9) Indeclinable nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19 19 19 20 20 20 21 23 23

Mobile vowels in nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

Formation of nouns in the plural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Special cases of formation of nouns in the plural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25 25

Nouns with the singular or plural form only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26

The use of prepositions ) and +- in the Prepositional expressing place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Where? Where to? Where from? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27 27

Generic endings of adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

The declension of adjectives: 1) The endings of qualitative and relative adjectives according to the case . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2) Types of the declension of qualitative and relative adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3) Adjectives with the stem in the soft consonant + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4) The declension of possessive adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29 30 31 32

The declension of nouns and adjectives (general table) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Golden rules of the declension of nouns, adjectives and possessive pronouns . . . . . . . . . .

33 34

Personal pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Possessive pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35 35

The declension of pronouns: 1) The declension of personal pronouns and reflexive pronoun /'1% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2) The declension of possessive pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3) The declension of demonstrative pronouns 2464, 464 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4) The declension of interrogative pronouns 8'#, 9-96#, 9646:<# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5) The declension of determinative pronouns )'/, /-= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6) The declension of indefinite pronoun +'/96?96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35 36 36 36 37 37

Formation of interrogative, negative and indefinite pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37

Indefinite pronouns and adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38

Negative pronouns and adverbs with the particle +"- intensifying the negative constructions . . Negative pronouns and adverbs with the particle +'- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39 40

3

Numerals: cardinal, ordinal, collective, fractions, decimals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

The declension of numerals: 1) The declension of cardinal numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2) The declension of ordinal numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3) The declension of collective numerals 2 - 7, 61- / 61' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4) The declension of fractions and decimals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43 44 44 45

Formation of degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives and adverbs of manner . . . . . Special cases of formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs . . . . . . . . .

46 47

Short-form adjectives and short-form passive participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Formation of short-form of qualitative adjectives and passive participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48 48

Special cases of formation of short-form of adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49

Verb forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50

The conjugation of verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

51

Consonant interchange in verb stems in the present tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Special cases of verb conjugation and past tense formation (irregular verbs) . . . . . . . . . . . .

52 53

Aspects of the verb: 1) Formation of the aspectual pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2) The use of the aspects of the verb in the present tense, past tense and future tense . . . 3) General table: the use of the aspects of the verb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4) The use of the aspects of the verb in the infinitive form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5) The use of the aspects of the verb in the imperative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6) Verbs which have no aspectual counterpart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54 55 58 59 61 63

Formation of the imperative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65

Verbs of motion: 1) Verbs of motion without prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2) The use of the verbs of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3) Tense and mood forms of the verbs of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4) Verbs of motion with prefixes indicating spatial relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5) Verbs of motion with non-spatial prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6) Aspects of the verbs of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7) Formation of the aspectual pairs of the verbs of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

67 68 70 72 74 75 77

Verbs with the particle -/% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

78

The participle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Formation of the participle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

81 81

The verbal adverb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Formation of the verbal adverb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

82 82

Passive constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

83

Indefinite Personal constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

83

Constructions of time (when?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

84

Direct and Indirect speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

86

Complex sentences with conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

87

The main meanings of prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

89

4

"$%')*,.%

:@B CDEH IKMNIOPCONQRHST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /KMNIOPCONQRHSN HV - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 8

XHVYNHCZ [VBN\N]: 1) ^_NBQ@\HS] [VBN\ (! 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2) )CHCONQRHS] [VBN\ (! 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3) aVONQRHS] [VBN\ (! 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4) :@BCONQRHS] [VBN\ (! 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5) )CHCONQRHS] CQC :@BCONQRHS] [VBN\? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6) 4P@_CONQRHS] [VBN\ (! 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 10 12 14 16 17

/bQ@HNHCN IKMNIOPCONQRHST: 1) ^VBN\HSN @b@HYVHCZ IKMNIOPCONQRHST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2) ^VBN\HSN P@[_@IS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3) 6b@HYVHCZ IKMNIOPCONQRHST P :@BCONQRH@D [VBN\N DH@\NIOPNHH@c@ YCIQV. . . . . . 4) 6I@dSN @b@HYVHCZ IKMNIOPCONQRHST P ^_NBQ@\H@D [VBN\N NBCHIOPNHH@c@ YCIQV . 5) 6I@dSN @b@HYVHCZ IKMNIOPCONQRHST HV -"# / -"% / -"' P NBCHIOPNHH@D YCIQN. . . . 6) 6I@dSN @b@HYVHCZ IKMNIOPCONQRHST DK\Ib@c@ _@BV P :@BCONQRH@D [VBN\N NBCHIOPNHH@c@ YCIQV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7) 4C[S IbQ@HNHCZ IKMNIOPCONQRHST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8) :VeH@IbQ@HZNDSN IKMNIOPCONQRHSN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9) +NIbQ@HZNDSN IKMNIOPCONQRHSN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19 19 19 20 20 20 21 23 23

1NcQSN cQVIHSN P IKMNIOPCONQRHST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

6d_Ve@PVHCN DH@\NIOPNHH@c@ YCIQV IKMNIOPCONQRHST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6I@dSN IQKYVC @d_Ve@PVHCZ DH@\NIOPNHH@c@ YCIQV IKMNIOPCONQRHST . . . . . . . . . . . .

25 25

/KMNIOPCONQRHSN, CDNfMCN g@_DK O@QRb@ NBCHIOPNHH@c@ CQC O@QRb@ DH@\NIOPNHH@c@ YCIQV

26

)S_V\NHCN DNIOV [_NBQ@cVDC ) CQC +- P ^_NBQ@\H@D [VBN\N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hBN? 9KBV? 6ObKBV? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27 27

:@B@PSN @b@HYVHCZ [_CQVcVONQRHST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

/bQ@HNHCN [_CQVcVONQRHST: 1) ^VBN\HSN @b@HYVHCZ bVYNIOPNHHST C @OH@ICONQRHST [_CQVcVONQRHST . . . . . . . . . . 2) 4C[S IbQ@HNHCZ bVYNIOPNHHST C @OH@ICONQRHST [_CQVcVONQRHST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3) ^_CQVcVONQRHSN I @IH@P@] HV DZcbC] I@cQVIHS] + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4) /bQ@HNHCN [_COZ\VONQRHST [_CQVcVONQRHST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29 30 31 32

/bQ@HNHCN IKMNIOPCONQRHST C [_CQVcVONQRHST (IP@BHVZ OVdQCiV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X@Q@OSN [_VPCQV IbQ@HNHCZ IKMNIOPCONQRHST, [_CQVcVONQRHST, [_COZ\VONQRHST DNIO@CDNHC] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34

?CYHSN DNIO@CDNHCZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ^_COZ\VONQRHSN DNIO@CDNHCZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35 35

/bQ@HNHCN DNIO@CDNHC]: 1) /bQ@HNHCN QCYHST DNIO@CDNHC] C P@eP_VOH@c@ DNIO@CDNHCZ /'1% . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2) /bQ@HNHCN [_COZ\VONQRHST DNIO@CDNHC] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3) /bQ@HNHCN KbVeVONQRHST DNIO@CDNHC] 2464 , 464 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4) /bQ@HNHCN P@[_@ICONQRHST DNIO@CDNHC] 8'#, 9-96#, 9646:<# . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5) /bQ@HNHCN @[_NBNQCONQRHST DNIO@CDNHC] )'/, /-= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6) /bQ@HNHCN HN@[_NBNQEHH@c@ DNIO@CDNHCZ +'/96?96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35 36 36 36 37 37

6d_Ve@PVHCN P@[_@ICONQRHST, @O_CiVONQRHST C HN@[_NBNQEHHST DNIO@CDNHC] . . . . . +N@[_NBNQEHHSN DNIO@CDNHCZ C HV_NYCZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6O_CiVONQRHSN DNIO@CDNHCZ C HV_NYCZ I YVIOCiN] +"- P b@HIO_KbiCZT, KICQCPVfMCT eHVYNHCN @O_CiVHCZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6O_CiVONQRHSN DNIO@CDNHCZ C HV_NYCZ I YVIOCiN] +'- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

33

37 38 39 40

8CIQCONQRHSN: b@QCYNIOPNHHSN, [@_ZBb@PSN, I@dC_VONQRHSN, B_@dC . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

/bQ@HNHCN YCIQCONQRHST: 1) /bQ@HNHCN b@QCYNIOPNHHST YCIQCONQRHST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2) /bQ@HNHCN [@_ZBb@PST YCIQCONQRHST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3) /bQ@HNHCN I@dC_VONQRHST YCIQCONQRHST 2 - 7, 61- / 61' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4) /bQ@HNHCN B_@dN] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43 44 44 45

6d_Ve@PVHCN ION[NHN] I_VPHNHCZ bVYNIOPNHHST [_CQVcVONQRHST C HV_NYC] @d_VeV BN]IOPCZ .

6I@dSN IQKYVC @d_Ve@PVHCZ ION[NHN] I_VPHNHCZ [_CQVcVONQRHST C HV_NYC] .. . . . . . 9_VObCN [_CQVcVONQRHSN C b_VObCN IO_VBVONQRHSN [_CYVIOCZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46 47

6d_Ve@PVHCN b_VOb@] g@_DS bVYNIOPNHHST [_CQVcVONQRHST C IO_VBVONQRHST [_CYVIOC] . . . .

48 48

6I@dSN IQKYVC @d_Ve@PVHCZ b_VOb@] g@_DS [_CQVcVONQRHST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j@_DS cQVc@QV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49 50

/[_Z\NHCN cQVc@QV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

51

8N_NB@PVHCN I@cQVIHST P @IH@PN cQVc@QV P HVIO@ZMND P_NDNHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

52

6I@dSN IQKYVC I[_Z\NHCZ C @d_Ve@PVHCZ [_@kNBkNc@ P_NDNHC cQVc@Q@P (HN[_VPCQRHSN cQVc@QS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53

)CBS cQVc@QV: 1) 6d_Ve@PVHCN PCB@P cQVc@QV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2) )CBS cQVc@QV P HVIO@ZMND, [_@kNBkND C dKBKMND P_NDNHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3) /P@BHVZ OVdQCiV eHVYNHC] PCB@P cQVc@QV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4) )CBS cQVc@QV P CHgCHCOCPN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5) )CBS cQVc@QV P CD[N_VOCPN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6) 6BH@PCB@PSN cQVc@QS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54 55 58 59 61 63

6d_Ve@PVHCN CD[N_VOCPV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65

hQVc@QS BPC\NHCZ: 1) hQVc@QS BPC\NHCZ dNe [_CIOVP@b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2) l[@O_NdQNHCN cQVc@Q@P BPC\NHCZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3) j@_DS cQVc@Q@P BPC\NHCZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4) hQVc@QS BPC\NHCZ I [_CIOVPbVDC [_@IO_VHIOPNHH@c@ eHVYNHCZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5) hQVc@QS BPC\NHCZ I [_CIOVPbVDC HN[_@IO_VHIOPNHH@c@ eHVYNHCZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6) )CBS cQVc@Q@P BPC\NHCZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7) 6d_Ve@PVHCN PCB@PST [V_ cQVc@Q@P BPC\NHCZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

67 68 70 72 74 75 77

hQVc@QS I YVIOCiN] -/% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

78

^_CYVIOCN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d_Ve@PVHCN [_CYVIOC] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

81 81

aNN[_CYVIOCN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d_Ve@PVHCN BNN[_CYVIOC] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ^VIICPHSN b@HIO_KbiCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

82 83

+N@[_NBNQEHH@-QCYHSN [_NBQ@\NHCZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

83

)S_V\NHCN P_NDNHC BN]IOPCZ (b@cBV?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

84

^_ZDVZ C b@IPNHHVZ _NYR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

86

/Q@\HSN [_NBQ@\NHCZ I I@feVDC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

87

6IH@PHSN eHVYNHCZ [_NBQ@c@P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

89

6

82

"$ %&(+ -/01-24%2167+89 / The gender of nouns 1)

masculine: o; - he hard

soft

feminine: <;>@ - she hard

A

consonant "#$&" '(#(*,-&*/ ,*6&#

0(*/(&2, 5&*32

soft

C

neuter: <;<@ - it hard

E

soft

"

1/(

>6&&#?, 86*3&? @$::3&? :(BC?&

$<"$&

B$&*(

window

sea

/(*$&2

&""6 8$:<=6& :(:#*6&

D3:CB$&

:$&E"F(

brother

hero

sister

family

letter

sun

B6ECG3<

B-H(&2

I(&=$G<6

"(I(&E?

<$ECF$&

D$&E(

boy

museum

small girl

week

ring

field

G(E$=(&< person

#*6B=6&2 tram

I(&=-J<6 girl

I(*(&="? village

I(&E$ business matter,

:G6&:#C( happiness

3"K("(&*

G6&2

K(&"L3"6

H(BE?&

:E$&=$

/$&*(

engineer

tea

woman

land, earth

word

misfortune

B-&K

M$<<(&2

K("6&

D(&:"?

G3:E$&

HI$*$&=C(

husband

hockey

wife

song

number, date

health

:O&"

:E-&G62

I$&G<6

3I(&?

B(&:#$

:(&*IF(

son

case, occasion

daughter

idea

place, seat

heart

I*-&/

B6&2

D$I*-&/6

:#6#C?&

E3F$&

=$:<*(:(&"C(

friend

May

(girl)friend

article

face

Sunday

I$&B

:$E$=(&2

<=6*#3&*6

=3&J"?

D6EC#$&

DE6&#C(

house

nightingale

flat

cherry

coat

dress

-"3=(*:3#(&#

=$*$,(&2

J<$&E6

,6&J"?

<*(&:E$

D$E$#(&"F(

university

sparrow

school

tower

armchair

towel

<$"F(&*#

HB(&2

=O&:#6=<6

:D6&EC"?

H(&*<6E$

-G3&E3L(

concert

serpent; kite

exhibition

bedroom

mirror

college

#(6&#*

*-G(&2

B6J3&"6

"?&"?

?&,E$<$

G-I$&=3L(

theatre

stream

car

nanny, nurse

apple

monster

$&P3:

-*$K6&2

*6,$

:#6&#-?

B$E$<$&

K(E6&"3(

B6/6H3&"

,$&2

/$:#3&"3F6

P6B3&E3?

=3"$&, D3&=$

HI6&"3(

shop

battle, fight

hotel

surname

wine

building

<6*6"I6&&J

$,O&G62

*-&G<6

:#6&"F3?

?2F$&

="3B6&"3(

pencil

custom

pen

station

egg

attention

G(B$I6&"

:6"6#$&*32

:-&B<6

$*/6"3H6&F3?

E(&#$

"6H=6&"3(

suitcase

sanatorium

bag

organization

summer

name, title

K-*"6&E

<6P(#(&*32

/6H(

D*$P(&::3?

"(&,$

*(J(&"3(

magazine

cafeteria

newspaper

profession

sky

decision, solution

:#$&E

<$BB("#6&*32

<"3&/6

6&*B3?

I(&*(=$

H6"?(

table

commentary

book

army

tree

occupation; lesson

:#-&E

:F("6&*32

G6&J<6

E(&
$&H(*$

:$,*6&"3(

chair

script

cup

lecture

lake

meeting

I$<-B(&"#

DE6"(#6&*32

,-B6&/6

E3&"3?

D$:$&EC:#=$

*6:D3:6&"3(

document

planetarium

paper

line

embassy

timetable

I$/$=$&*

K$<(&2

=:#*(&G6

6-I3#$&*3?

/$:-I6&*:#=$

$,Q?=E(&"3(

agreement D(*(-& E$<

jockey :#*$& 2

-&meeting E3F6

lecture hall 3:#$& *3?

state #(EC:#=$ :$$,L(& announcement D*6=3& "3(

lane

system, structure

street

history

government

report, message

H6=$&I

:E$&2

P6&,*3<6

6=6&*3?

$&,L(:#=$

G#(&"3(

plant

layer

factory

accident

society

reading

office

harvest

work, job

statue

milk

beer

desire

2) masculine (C - E):

F>@F> - father, GH@GJLM> - grandfather, GN@GN - uncle; OJPQR@;> - men, S@; - young men short male names: 06&J6 (E(<:6&"I*), R6&"? (T=6&"), >$&E? (U3<$E6&2), '(&#? ('W#*) …

3) neuter (-&E):

TUH@ON - time, R@ON - name, W;>@ON - banner, FX>@ON - flame, FXH@ON - tribe, YH@ON - seed 7

4) -J[HY\TR\HX];^H ;> -7 / Nouns in - 7 masculine

>T\;Y>@O_X] - ensemble `T<@WG] - nail `<@YFR\>X] - hospital `<@Y\] - guest GH@;] - day G<@PG] - rain WTH@U] - animal M>XH;G>@U] - calendar M>@OH;] - stone M>U\<@aHX] - potatoes M>@LHX] - cough M<;\U<@X] - control M@_X] - ship bUH@OX] - the Kremlin OHGTH@G] - bear O<;>Y\^@U] - cloister ;<@`<\] - finger-nail ;<@X] - zero <`<@;] - fire F<@XGH;] - midday F@U] - dictionary

feminine

YFHM\>@MX] - performance J@`@X] - festival a<;>@U] - lamp, torch

_>;GHU<@X] - package _@Y\] - power `UJ@G] - chest `UJ@Y\] - sadness `UN@W] - dirt G>@X] - distance GTH@U] - door GH\>@X] - detail G<@Q] - daughter PR@W;] - life W>@FRY] - record, entry MU@\] - bed MU<@T] - blood XH@;] - laziness X<@L>G] - horse XS_<@T] - love O>@\] - mother OH@_HX] - furniture OH@X
months:

N;T>@U] - January aHTU>@X] - February >FUH@X] - April RS@;] - June RS@X] - July YH;\N@_U] - September @_U] - December suffix -2167 / - C7

JQR@\HX] - teacher FUHFT>@\HX] - teacher FRY>@\HX] - writer QR\>@\HX] - reader PR@\HX] - inhabitant WUR@\HX] - spectator T^MXSQ>@\HX] - switch YHMUH\>@U] - secretary _R_XR<\H@M>U] - librarian

m

o  - he

consonant

f

!#% - she

C/E

n

!!% - it

"/1

m/f m

trifle

;H@a\] - oil, petroleum ;<@T@ON\] - memory FX<@[>G] - square F<@THY\] - short novel F<@O<[] - help F
- industry

F^@X] - dust U>@G@\HU\] - table-cloth YM<@U@X];
OH\H@X] - snowstorm - profession O@G] - exercise-book \M>@;] - fabric OTRY\] - hatred

dH@ ] - -purpose Q>@YX\] part LH@UY\] - wool

,*6# - brother B-H(&Y - museum :(:#*& - sister :(BCZ& - family $<"\& - window B$&*^ - sea

7

- dictionary :E$=6& I=(*`*-`door D6&D - father, I?&IZ - uncle I(&I-J< - grandfather, 06&J

C/E exception

8

!#%&!() *#+&,&- / The uses of cases */&+12,!4- *#+&, / The Prepositional case ( 5 6) MEANING

1. The place of an action

CONSTRUCTION

EXAMPLES

- B*" (4 0,.C'? - E4 0,.C' < =?AC<8D,

: / !#

"$%'( *"$+%'.,/ 678? where?

EF H<8JAC?DL NDPMQ8. E4,$ 23$A, < R?PST?DU V8FDVJ8 , EF WJFDAE?L XP?DYF7M.

verbs:

0,'1 - to live 23'1 - to be 457(*,$'1%/ - to be situated

E4 952($'5"' < C?UXFDEMM «59%». G4'($ 4 ;$=U ,'%/ < . NEM<8JAMV8DV8, EF
- to work 952($ '5'1- to ;=,$ '1%/ study >54,?5$'1%/ - to have a lesson ('*375$'1 - to rest @;A/$'1 - to stroll %'(/$'1 - to stand, %,*"$'1 - to sit A"05$'1 - to lie, .,%"$'1 - to hang 2. The object of speech or

 "#$?  &'$?

IK($4,/ 457($*,'%/ EF
2 / 2R, 2R2

-

thought

E2R"$P' 9"$=, ,$A, ?3$%A,

2 C?DU 95%%P5$>3.5A @,*? - B,* 95%%P5$>3.5A ?^ M_<8DAVE?U X?`DV8 #P8CAFDE7J8 *NDTCME8. -

2 C?DU? 2 [\U? about whom / what? 1) verb + noun

verbs:

3 95>@(.5$9,.5A, ? JF^?DV8 , X?AP8D7EMa E?
@(.(9,$'1 - to speak, to say 95%%P5$>3.5'1 - to tell %K95$S,.5'1 - to ask a question to write, think =,'5$'1 - to read *;$?5'1 K,%5$ '1 -- to %((2O5$'1 - to inform 2) noun + noun .%K(?,45$'1 - to remember about ?"='5$'1 - to dream 3. Time / M9"$?/ : / !#

.

-

W?e7FD (4 23A . (%P."$?

- E4 23A . (%P."$ < XJ?DTP?U e?7ND

W?e7F? - : CFC?DU U8DAcQ8? : when? - : CFC?DU e?7ND? - : CFC?DU <8DC8? - !# CFC?DL E878DP8?

4. Transport / \95$4%K(9'

K9($SA(? / 2009-(? e?7ND V$'(? / %A"$*;XO"? U8DAcQ8 I K9,"$75A . (%P.;$ < ?CVc^J8D. %"4'/29"$ - M P5P($? @(*;$ 9(*,$A%/ [;$SP,4? YYI-(? / 2;$*;O"? <8DC8 - [;$SP,4 9(*,$A%/ < 1799 e?7ND

.

.

!# V$'(+, K9($SA(+, %A"$*;XO"+ E4 23A . ($'K;%P" EF XJ?DTP?L E878DP8 E878DP8. !# !F [\U (CFC) .3 "$>*,'" . ($^,%? - I "$>0; . ($^,% EF UFTMDE8 8DaFVS EF: K($">*", ?5S,$4", ?"'9($, 5.'($2;%", '9(AA"$+2;%", '95?.5$", VA"P'9,$=P", ?59S9;$'P" P8V8DVS EF: %5?(AC'", ."9'(AC'" XPfVS EF: P(952A"$ ('"KA(7($*", K59(7($*"), A($*P" \5? %'(,$' *"$.;SP5 < AMDE8U XPFDVS8 : - < [\JE?U C?AVdDU8 - < _MDUE8U XFPSV?D !# E4 ,@95$"' EF: ^(9'"K,5$4( (9(/$A"), @,'5$9" .,(A(4="$A,, ^A"$+'", %P9,$KP". -

.

&DaFVS EF [\U? / CFC? by what? / how? verbs of motion

5. Clothes / E*"$0*5

: [\U? 6. The musical instrument

;>3P5$A143+ ,49;?"$4' (eJFDVS EF [\U? to play

.

9

"#"%')*#+, ./1'2 / The Accusative case ( 3 4) !#!$? %&!$? MEANING

1. An object / "#$&'(

45758? 9:58?

CONSTRUCTION

without a preposition

transitive verbs:

EXAMPLES

9:5 40 <*(1&$(? - 0 <*(1&$( ;58<=? @;A87=. -

-

)*+$&(, - to see -."*&(, - to love /01(, - to know 340*61&(, - to understand 7+1(, - to wait )8(:$<1&(, - to meet

-

45758 40 )*&+$- )<$:1&? C<$:1& 40 )*&+$- ;B8DE75 GH=87B.

- to remember )8346*01& ($:=&(, - to(, lose 01>(*& - to find /1"@&(, - to forget 'A3*&(, - to buy <*(1&(, - to read 3*81&(, - to write ":1&(, / )/=&(, - to take 34-A<1&(, - to receive

F1'
2. Introduction E01'4&68()4, 3:$+8(1)-$&0*$

L5?8 O5H58D=? Q5GH=87= /4)A&( J&001. 3. Direction of motion (action)  / #/ - in, at, on

4=GB8? where to?

9'8R'T - across, through

- 4=GB8 )@ *+N($ ? - P *+A& ;B =H58@.

4=GB8 )@ $&+$($? - P $&+A < L5J@<=8.

-

L$&8(4, 'A+1& 013:1&)-$04 T/ - behind +)*7$&0*$ (+$&>8()*$)

L@ R4+*&-* < :EB8:H ;B UBVE8:.

1) verbs of motion

T$-4)$&' 3$:$IN- WE8HEX =8VAY=. 0 /1IN- XB8 =75V G58ZB.

2) verbs:

verb + W:5? + @=GB?

'-1&8(, / 34-47*&(, - to put 8(1&)*(, / 348(1&)*(, - to put )$&I1(, / 34)$&8*(, - to hang

P 34-47*&- U1/$&(A ;B J:58V. 01 348(1&)*-1 V)$(@& < @HBJA8<=?
0 34)$&8*- '1:(*&0A ;B J:E8;=. P 864(:.& ;B 758H[.

3) other verbs

W*&8(,= 31&+1.( ;B XE8ZV?. 0 8(A<*&( < G
10

MEANING

CONSTRUCTION

EXAMPLES

4. Time / C:$&6= 1) 457GB8? when?

 - on + GE;\ ;EGEVA: 340$+$&-,0*' 8:$&+A )48':$8$&0,$ 9'8R'T - in

future tense

- 457GB8 )@ 34>+N($ ) ($1&(:? - L@ 34>+N6 ) ($1&(: < (]8:=) JHE8G=.

L@ "@&-* 01 '40V$&:($ ;EGE8V? ;BXB8G.

0 3:*$&R1- < QH58DV[^ <:58H;A@. P 34>+A& 4"$&+1(, WE8HEX WB8J.

+ 6*0A&(A, <18, +$0, 0$+$&-., 6$&8=V, U4&+

L4&> +:AU 3:*$&+$( WE8HEX G
all

- 4B@ G58V75 (J@58V\@5
2) A certain period of time

(:$&/4' ):$&6$0*

a) How long time?

_@58V\@5

whole

YE8V[^ U4&+, YE8V=? 0$+$&-.

40

0 :1"4&(1-
X+1(, YE8V[^ GE8;\. P +$&-1- Y&(A :1"4&(A WB8J.

process - imperfect

U) TB @B@58E
T/ - within

result - perfect

+ <1&8, 6*0A&(A, +$&0,, 6$&8=V 0$+$&-., U4&+, 34&-U4&+1

- TB J@58V\@5
<) #B J@58V\@5
#/ - to stay for

- #B J@58V\@5
3) Recurrence of action

every

-

[4)(4:=&$648(, 4B@ WB8J:5? how often? 5. Space (a part of the way) [:48(:1&08()4 (4(:$&/4' 3A(*&)

@B8cG[^ U4&+, <$()$&:U, )$&<$: @B8cG5E A&(:4 @B8cG=? 8:$&+A

4B@ WB8J:5 )@ /10*61&$($8, 6A&/@'4>? - P /10*61&.8, 6A&/@'4> @B8cG[^ GE8;\.

5GA8; + ZE8:H / @AV5ZE8:H

\34:(86$&0 3:43-@&- :[8JNW= 6$&(:4).

J? G5H587= 40*& I-* 3$I'4&6.

_@58V\@5 (@AV5)ZE8:H5
5GA8; + 7HBZZ / @AV57HB8ZZ

[48@&-'1 )$&8*( 5GA8; @AV57HB8ZZ.

5GA8; + H=UV\

F0*&U1 8(4&*( G
_@58V\@5 (@AV5)7HB8ZZ5
Acc.

_@58V\@5 J:58A:? to cost

verb J:58A:\ + number

8. Game / _U:1&



0 -.&"*( *U:1&(, < d=:U58V, < :E8;;AJ, < <5VE^U58V < UBGZA;:58;, < 758V\d, < DB8OZB:[

T/ - for

E13-1(*&(, XB @
"7HB8:\ <5 W:58? to play 9. Cause / [:*<*&01

TB W:58?

\318*&"4 XB WB8^.

11

!#%'()+, /!%0 / The Dative case ( 1 3) !#%&? '(#%&? MEANING

CONSTRUCTION

EXAMPLES

23568 -. /-023+,%? - 4 /-026+ 9:68<6

1. The recipient / "#%')+,

-

23568?

.

verbs:

"),7 - to give 89;3+,7 - to buy (2));3')+,7 - to write (;0)")#3+,7 - to give a present ;08)/)+,7 - to show ;#32%',3+ - to bring

Acc.

=3568? + >?3?

4 ")< '-06+ 823+=9 @B8=?3:6

.

- to pass ;%#%")+ ;0'<)+ ,7,7- to send Prep.

'8)/)+,7 - to say #)''8)/)+,7 - to tell '00>?3+,7 - to inform (2));3')+,7 - to write

=3568? + 3 >C5?

4 #)''8)/)+< F39:68
(;0)'0-%+,0-),7 - to advise

=3568? + inf

2,0+2 0>%?)+< 5HG ;#3%+D),7 '%=0+"2F.

;0@0+B7 - to help #)/#%C3+,7 - to allow (permit) to do (;0)0>%?)+,7 - to promise (;0)@%C)+,7 - to disturb 2. verb “to like” (F3)H:I8KB?LMO + >?3? / >?3 9G8PI?L?

3. Age / I0+/#)',

Nom.

1) =3568 + H:I8KB?MO + >?3 (thing)

the person (object) experiencing a certain state or condition

%'( 2#)-3,'F :BM3KI8?L.

2) =3568 + H:I8KB?MO + inf (action) M. >.+<3 - G0'8-%+. *,' 0+B%27

=3568 + number + <389(a) / PG?

;02#)+-3<'F Q8?3? <38:39. - M80+<780 KI5 <%,? - THG "-)+"O),7 0"3+2 =0+", ) 53G568 V:I8?6 "-)+"O),7 ,#3 =0+").

R=38PL=3 KI5 (,%>%+, %K, %@9+) PG?? 4. in impersonal sentences:

"# 2#)+-3,'F Q8?I FG8MHO.

H68WH3 =3568 HI893 + inf HG3VX39B853

"# H68WH3 HIFBMI8?L ;3'7@0+ "#9+=9. M%=0+"2F '"# HI893 IB%#)+ '"# HI893 VZ8P3 F3[?B8 Q)+-,#) '"# HI893 V689G? 2) ;0+B,9.

- >%/<3B2.D ;#%"<0P%23FD: <3O0 (;#%"@%,), 3';.,.-)6?%% 8)80%-<3>0 '0',0F23%

H68WGH H6WH!8 n H68WH\ pl. H6WH+8 m

=3568 f

?:689H3 PG<=38

Nom.

+ >?3 (thing)

Instr.

=3568 BH?G:G8MH3 + inf (+ ' 8%@) F:BO8?H3 M=68>H3 =3568 + 1) adverb (condition) 2) impersonal verb

=3568 538WH3 + inf HGPL^O8

12

H68WGH "# H6WH!8 H68WH\ H6WH+8

'<0-)+#7 823+=) @)+'<0 0B83+

"# ?:689H3 (' -)+@3) <3K3:B8?L ;0-#9+''83.

G8K3>=G P)+#80. TI8PL>B=6 2%/"0#0+-3,'F. )3
MEANING

CONSTRUCTION

5. The person who is the aim 2 - to of the motion verbs of motion 2 =3568? (269I8?)

R%<76 "-3P%23F B%<0-%8.

EXAMPLES

- 2 =3568 (89")+) -. 3"S,%? - 4 3"9+ = 9:68<6 / F39:68
U%+,0@ 2,0+2 %+/"3< = :39B8?GPO5.

F-
V0<720+K ;#3CS< = K:I>68.

6. An object or a place to 2 - to which motion is directed verbs of motion 2 =3568? 2 >G568?

4 F390CS< = ?GPG_38H6.

W#%"@%, (@%',0), - ',0#029

U0+"8) ;<.-S, = VG8:G<6.

-,0+>9' F39X%+D)< = K3=^I8P6.

80,0#0=0 2);#)-<%20 "-3P%23% 7. Motion along a surface

- Z"% (F3 =I=38[ 68PB`G) -. %+D)<3? - G. %+D)<3 F3 68PB`G [%+D0-).

/\ - along

Y-3P%23% ;0 ;0-%#D20',3 verbs of motion and their synonyms

8. The attributes formed from /\ the subjects of education noun + noun

\0"3+,7 F3 68PB`G. ^",3+ F3 =3:B938:6. Z9238 ,%,#)+"7

a;#%"%<%23F, 0>#)/0-)22.% 0, 2)/-)23K 2)9B2.D "3'O3;<32 (;#%"@%,0-)

2I=38[? (/3 >G568?)

;0'.<)+,7 ;#3'.<)+,7

9. Way (means) of communication /\ - by, on

M;0+'0> ('#%+"',-)) 80@@9238)+O33

to send

F3 568^Z=G F3 BM?38:BB F3 :68MM=356 O^Z=68

F3 F388>?G F3 _I8=M6

'@0,#%,7 to watch

;08)+/.-),7

F3 ?GPGKB8^3:6

to show

3'8)+,7 to search for

F3 BH?G:HG8?6

/-023+,7 to call

=0-0#3+,7 to speak

'<9+C),7 to listen

F3 ?GPG_38H6 F3 :I89B3

;%#%")-)+,7 to broadcast to telecast

'00>?)+,7 to inform, report

-.',9;)+,7 to perform

=0-0#3+,7 #)''8)+/.-),7 to tell

13

F3 :I89B3 F3 ?GPGKB89GHBa

"$%&(*+,./ 12$(4 / The Genitive case ( 5 2) MEANING

CONSTRUCTION

EXAMPLES

1. Negation / !#$&'(*&+ Possessor: 6 89;9?

positive:

Gen.

6 89;9 ;C< 89;CD

<>@A -./ (-(, -0, -&) -24+# (-2#) negation:

F<@ F< -./0 F< -24+# 2. Possession / J$&*(4/+I*08#F

Gen.

5 6+*7 <>@A 8+8#$( / F<@ 8+8#$.. 5 *+:0 GHI 4$2: / F@A #+/+D&C0$. / F<@ #+/+D&C0$0D.

89;9 B<;9

E4+8F GHID (G#+H( / F< GHI9 (G#+H&. E(D#$( G6C<@ 40I4F / F< G6C<@ 40I47.

Nom.

8@9 B@9

name of owner - Gen.

B
Nom. + Gen.

an object is defined by means of another object, related to the first or including it as part of a whole

0#*0P+*&+: G$+46+# 0G$+4+/7+#87 8 G060QFR 4$2:0:0 G$+46+#(, H H0#0$062 0* 0#*08W &/& S(8#FR H0#0$0:0 7D/7+#87

K+= A#0 4$2:? - L#0 4$2: 2F@9FD. KF7 A#0 H06*(#(? - L#0 H06*(#( 2FFH. KFN A#0 G(/F#0? - L#0 G(/F#0 GPD@D. -

T(H0= A#0 -+$+:? (-+$+: S+:0?) L#0 -+$+: T9PM.

2S+-*&H P6>>89;9 MXH8D simple comparative degree of adjective (adverb) + Gen.

5. Measure and quantity

Y+$( & H0/&S+8#D0 1) Exact number of persons or objects (more than one)

/ H+. ;**( *( 2$0 ; **. && ;*#0 ;*#0**(GHJ F
'+*#$ ;9P9CD 2/&'( U9>8WH 8#0/&'( 9>>KK

R<;9? SD89L?

4. Comparison / U$(D*+*&+

!#!? $%#!?

8ardinal numerals + Gen.

W 8#($P+ YK8@9PD. ;*#0* D.P+ GPD@D. U0-( H( -0/FP+ 89[8K. 1 :04, S(8, 4+*F, 6&*2#(, $2-/F 2, 3, 4 :04D, S(8D, 4*M, 6&*2#H, $2-/M 5 /+#, S(89W, 4*<L, 6&*2#, $2-/<L Nom.

Gen.

-$(#2, 8+8#$. 04&* 2S+-*&H CW2 2S+-*&H2 04*; 8+8#$; CW( 8+8#$. [0S*0+ H0/&S+8#D0 G$+46+#0D plural: 5 ... - 8#24+*#"Y, H06*(# 04*! G&8F6! CW2 G&8F62 &/& /&' (-0/FP+ 04*0:0) 2) Relative number of objects - UH0/FH0 \D86IA@<@9W D D(P+6 TF9;9 + plural 2*&D+$8&#+#+? or persons 8#0/9W - ? *(P+6 2*&D+$8&#+#+ *+8H0/FH0 T0/&S+8#D0 G$+46+#0D (/&') TDI9 >89IA89 :+$089IA89 D$(S<L present - 3 person, singular [(6 2SW 6*0:0 >@6C<F@9W. ](*FP+ F@6C<F@9W. past - 3 person, singular, neuter singular: 2, 3, 4 -

H280H ]IID

3) Part of the whole

K(8#F '+/0:0 4) A certain amount, quantity of something

!G$+4+/N**(7 6+$(, H0/&S+8#D0 S+:0-/&-0

5) A set of objects or persons U0D0H2G*08#F G$+46+#0D (/&')

uncountable noun: singular

H&/0:$(66 8DP@9J[8K, >DJ]DPD

countable noun: plural

H&/0:$(66 MGI98, D_KJF9W -2H+# `W<@9W, P9X G($( G9@KF98, _@9W H06(*4( \6@G9IK>@9W

Gen. plural

14

6. Time or date / ?$+67 &/& 4(#( 1) SD89< ><;9CFM BK>I9? What date is it today?

TM` + ;9C

2) Date of the action

ordinal

number _(#( 80-.#&7 S9;CD? when? / SD89;9 BK>ID? BK>I9J + TM` + ;9C 3) The beginning and the end b ... $" - from ... to

of the time interval

`(S(/0 & &*#+$D(/(

H0*+'

T(H0+ 8+:04*7 S&8/0? U+:04*7 G+$D0+ MFWDPM 4D+ #.87S& C<>M@9;9 ;9CD. - T0:4( D. $04&/&8F? - W $04&/87 >AT9;9) ;9CD. -

D$+6+**0:0

W -./ D Y08HD+ > > _ 6@PD C9 W<B
b89 IA89 T
4) S9;CD? =

$9 B<;9? $" - before Y9 WP<TM B<;9? Y" Y(Ud - during 19>I< B<;9? 1"b*( - after

T0:4( 6. 60I+6 G0:0D0$&#F? Y. 60I+6 G0:0D0$&#F C9 (W9 WP<TM, _9>I<) PDG9@H. -

;*#0* G$&PN/ KX 8I6GD / > 89F`<P@D / 9@ WPDBD.

7. The place from where the from: action is directed (the starting %e b (b") point of motion)

"& Y+8#0, 0#H24( *(G$(D/+*0 4D&I+*&+ (*(S(/F*(7 #0SH( %e-e2 - from behind 4D&I+*&7) "@86CD? / "@ 89;9?

8. Place where a person (object) - at / by, near is, or where an action takes place g – near "S"*" ( ,( )$2*(S" "& - (not) far from 6+8#0 4+=8#D&7; 1"e2$% - behind 6+8#0, :4+ *(b04W /&'0 Y1(($%J - in front of (G$+46+#) ,21"&%Y - opposite fC
!#H24( D. G$&+b(/&? W G$&+b(/ KX U9>8WH / KX-XD ;PDFK`H. !* DC7/ H*&:2 KX [8D\D. !* 0#0PN/ 9@ 98FD. !* D8#(/ >9 >@6ID. - "@ 89;9 D. 2C*(/& A#2 *0D08#F? - W 2C*(/ A#2 *0D08#F 9@ CP6;D. -

- g 89;9 (:4+) D. -./& DS+$(? - ?S+$( 7 -./ 6 CP6;D.

d4+ $(8#2# 4+$+DF7? _+$+DF7 $(8#2# 989I9 C9TD. Y. I&DN6 F
W G$0PN/ TKT9 TD;DXKFD. !* &4N# WC9IA P<8K. W -.8#$0 40PN/ C9 _9B@H. ;D#0-28 &4N# C9 `<F@PD.

Y+8#0, H24( *(G$(D/+*0 4D&I+*&+

10. A part of the w ay

!#$+C0H G2#& 11. Cause / J$&S&*( "@ B<;9? %X-XD B<;9? 12. Purpose / e+/F

$IM 89;9 / B<;9? 13. Exception / f8H/RS+*&+ SP9T< 89;9 / B<;9? 14. Absence / !#82#8#D&+ h
"& ... $" - from … to "& %e-e2 - because of $*d - for S"U( - apart from, except

UH0/FH0 H&/06+#$0D 9@ U9>8WH C9 1<@@HCD C(G/(H(#F 9@ ;9PM 28#(#F 9@ ]9CAGH *+ $(-0#(#F KX-XD G9I<XFK 7Q&H CIM _K>
h(e - without

!* G$&PN/ *( 2$0H GD]DPD 15

YKFK@K@A - to ask for

]9@<@A  - to want (_9)@P<G9WD@A - to demand, to require

Accusative case

Genitive case

if the speaker means a definite person or object

if the speaker means an abstract or non-specific object *+0G$+4+/N**.=

T0*#$0/N$ #$+-2+# GKI<@.

?8+ b0#7# >BD>@AM.

K>8D@A - to look for iCD@A - to wait

W G$0P2 GKI<@ *( 2#$+**&= $+=8.

!* G$08&# WFKTDFKM.

W I42 DW@9G6> g 3.

W I42 DW@9G6>D.  - direction) (/R-0:0 D *2I*06 *(G$(D/+*&&

iCD@A imperfect

8+8#$2, T(#R

]9@<@A imperfect

60$0I+*0+, #0$#, $.-2

K>8D@A imperfect

H*&:2

(_9)@P<G9WD@A

G$0G28H pass, -&/+#

$+C2/F#(#(, $+P+*&7 decision, G&8F6(, $(C$+P+*&7 permission, 0#G28H( 8S(8#F7 happiness, 8D0-04. freedom, *+C(D&8&608#& independence, 6&$( peace, G0H07 rest, peace 0#D+#(, C(Q&#. defence, protection, justice, fairness , 8G$(D+4/&D08#& 80S2D8#D&7 sympathy D*&6(*&7 attention , 4&8'&G/&*.

(_9)_P9>K@A

$2SH2

&CD&*+*&7 excuse, G060Q& help

II. after the verbs:

if the action involves the whole object

if the action involves part of the object

FDIK@A - to pour _9I9iK@A - to put FDP<XD@A - to slice FDPWD@A - to pick 86_K@A - to buy _PKF<>@K - to bring CD@A - to give WXM@A - to take WH_K@A - to drink >j<>@A - to eat

*(/&#F >98, WKF9 D H2DP&* - jug (D+8F) *(/&#F >98D, WKFD D 8#(H(* (S(8#F) D.G&#F BDL, T9I989, W9C6 (D+8F)

D.G&#F BDa, T9I98D, W9CH (S(PH2)

*($+C(#F ]IHP (D+8F) 8h+8#F WKF9;PDC - grapes (D+8F)

*($+C(#F ]I<GD, >HPD (S(8#F) 8h+8#F (H&8#F - bunch of) WKF9;PDCD

4(#F, DC7#F C<FA;K (D8+)

4(#F, DC7#F C<F<; (some amount)

buying some individual items, people say: 0#4+/F*.+ D+Q&

buying provisions (_P9C68@H), people say:

J0H(I&#+ 6*+, G0I(/2=8#(, k@9@ !*( H2G&/( *( 0-+4 TD>ID (>HPD, 89>@aT (k@6 GI6X86, k@K G9@KF8K). 89IGD>H, T9I98D). !*( H2G&/(  _DIA@9 (aG86  , >@9I, 8FK;K  ). J0=42 H2G/R ]I<GD (TM>D, PHGH). III. if the transitive verb is preceded by negation

the object – a specific person or thing

the object – an abstract or unspecified thing

!* *+ H2G&/ ;DX<@6 «Y<C9T9>@K».

!*( *&H(H0= ;DX<@H *+ H2G&/(.

,( + verb

W *+ /R-/R T9I989.

W *+ /R-/R [6TD.

F< W>@P
W *+ D&I2 >I9W9. 8+8#$2

F< XFD@A - to know

808+4H2, A#0:0 S+/0D+H(

W *+ D&I2 KF@D. 80S2D8#D&7 sympathy DC(&60G0*&6(*&7 mutual understanding /R-D&, 8S(8#F7

F< IaGK@A - to love

A#2 I+*Q&*2, A#0:0 62IS&*2

P26( noise, I($. heat

F< WKC<@A - to see

8G+H#(H/F

&*#+$+8(, 86.8/( sense

F< B6W>@W9WD@A - to feel $2H2

b0/04( cold, -0/& ache, :0/04( hunger

F< FD]9CK@A - to find

8D0R 826H2

G044+$IH& support

D($&(*#.:

*+ C*(#F 7C.H((), *+ G0*7#F D0G$08(()

16

"$&()+,-/0 235)6 / The Instrumental case ( 7 5) !#$? &!#$? MEANING

CONSTRUCTION

EXAMPLES

1. Together with / !"$%!'% (*,-%(.!*(.' 1) Joint action C*,-%/(.!*% 0%/1(.,'% verbs: verbs of motion, 34.5 - to be 6*,*7'/.5 - to speak

- ; =>@ ,4 34/>' !" ;*!?%/7.% ,$%7"/?

; - with

- @$%7"/ < 34> !" ;*!?%/7.% 8A 8CA>DE GAHIKDMAE / 8A 8CAFD@ HIKDMA@.

7"96*,"/7',".5 - to talk to ,(.7%$"/.58: / ,(.7%/.'.58: - to meet (:*)9!";*/-'.58: - to introduce (:*)90*7*/,".5(< - to say hello to (:*):7*="/.5(< - to say good-bye to (:*)(*,%/.*,".58: - to consult 2) Emotional state (condition) accompanying an action B-*?'*!">5!*% (*(.*
words:

8 KHACADQR8SCF>@ - with pleasure F! ,(.7%/.'> !"( 8 VAQRWADE

8 FTS>I>D8A@ - with interest (*:7*,*D0"E=%% 0%1(.,'% 8 MADIHA8SRU - with pride 8 KHFCQ>DTF>@ - with wonder NO=? How? 8 IODHA8SRU - with joy 8 SIKHAD@ - with difficult

3) The presence of the quality of an object

; - with

J">'$'% :7'9!";" :7%0-%." - appearance (,!%/L!*(.5) - food (:'/=")

IODHA8SRU. F! $'."/> H.*. .%;(. 8 SIKHAD@. Q%/,OL;" 8 MAQKVXD@F MQOYOD@F. 8 HQFDTTX@F CAQA8OD@F.

R >E3>E/ ;*/T% 8 @AQA=AD@. :'7*D;'/ 8 :DVQA=O@F.

- architecture of building ("7M'.%;.O/7" 90"/!'<) - 8ontent ((*0%7D"/!'%)

;,"7.'/7" 8 VOQ=ADTA@ (O/-;" 8 =TFDMO@F U.* 8 SAVADE? - V -%!'/. 6*>*,".

4) The question about the health of a person

; - with

@*:7*( * (*(.**,%;"

- U.* 8 T>DE (>O$'/>*(5? - F!"/ 9"3*>%/>".

2. Profession and rank / W7*T%/(('<, 0*/>D!*(.5 Nom.

compound predicate with the verbs:

Z/, - to be ;3, - to become + Instr. ["+[D,;[ - to be past: =SA + VXQ + =>@ future: =SA + VKDH>S + =>@

IOVADSOSR =>@? 1) Interests and occupation

"!@?

2) The object of the emotional state

present: X*/1 *.%/? - DO7!">'/(.. (there is no verb VXSR) X*/1 07O6 34> (3O/0%.) \=ATA@FD8SA@. - N>@ (."> ((."/!%.) Z!.*/!? - Z!.*/! (."> ((."/!%.) CIO]AD@.

X*(;,"/ <,>E \*(('/'. - N>D@ ,4 7"3*/."%.%? - R 7"3*/."E FT_>T>DDIA@. / R '!D%!%/7.

3. The object / F3^%/;. verbs:

- `>@ ,4 9"!'-"/%.%(5? - R 7"3*/."E (O$O/(5). YOTF@ODSR8: - to be occupied KCQ>=ODSR8: - to be keen on smth. @ (,*3*/0!*% ,7%/-< < 9"!'-"/E(5 FTS>I>8ACODSR8: - to be interested 8GADISA@ / O,>%;"/E(5 @KDYX=AE / '!.%7%(O/E(5 IKD88=AE QFS>IOSKDIAE.

words:

F3^%;. H-*?'*!">5!*6* *.!*L%!'< CA8aFcODSR8: - to be delighted >E3*,"/.5(< =OISFDTAE

CAY@KcODSR8: - to be indignant X4 */$%!5 0*,*/>5!4 \=8=KDI8F>E. QUVACODSR8: - to admire TO8QO_HODSR8: - enjoy, take pleasure HACADQ>T - to be satisfied (with)

7O;*,*0'/.5 IOVADSAE

3) another verbs

17

MEANING

CONSTRUCTION

_!(.7O-%/!. 0>< 0%/1(.,'<

EXAMPLES

`>@ ,4 :'/L'.%?- R :'LO/ IKD]=AE.

4. The instrument of action there is no preposition

5. Place / X%/(.*

prepositions:

X4 %0'/- QAD_=AE ' CFDQ=AE. X4 7%/D%- M>%3 TA_AD@. - `0% 7"(.a. 0%/7%,*? - Q%/7%,* 7"(.a. G>DI>H HAD@A@.

-35 - above

dH>?

c"/-:" ,'('/. TOH CaADHA@. 2)D&)5 e)D65g h3 in front of

between

behind, after

2$D5 - under &[D5$e ; - near to, close by

d*/L;" ('0'/. GAH HFCODTA@. Z:.%/;" !"M*/0'.(< YO KMQAD@. @ ;'!*/ Z!.*/! ('0%/> YO TOD@F. X%.7*/ I:DHA@ 8 HAD@A@.

6. Passive constructions

Nom.

perfect

]SA + 8H>DQOTA + =>@ short past passive participle

Nom.

imperfect

]SA + H>DQO>S8: + =>@ 7. Time / @7%/-<

NAMHOD? ,7%-%!"/ 6*/0" - seasons ,7%/-< (O/.*;

Q*- (.7*/'.(< IOVAD]F@F.

KDSIA@

;ADQT>]TX@ HTi@ -4 9"6*7"/%!" :>
YF@AD C>8TADEE AD8>TRU

HTi@ C>D ]>IA@ TAD]RU

hF@ADE -4 ;"."/%-(< !" >4/D"M.

2)D&)5 - just before

F! >E/3'. 6O>D]>IA@.

F! :*9,*!'/> GIODYHTF=A@.

-!%

G>DI>H

F! :*a. VOD8A@.

8. The means and manner of action

e:*(*3 ' *37"9 0%1(.,'<

J*/,41 .%;(. OD%/ :7*$'/."! C8>D@F 8SKH>DTSO@F.

Q>DSA@

Not long ago from the action

J%9"0*/>6* 0* (*34/.'< 2>DI>H ]>@?

- N>@ !":'/("! H/.*. 7*-"/!? - B/.*. 7*-"/! !":'/("! IKD88=F@ GF8ODS>Q>@.

there is no preposition

NO=?

F!"/ 6*,*7'/. WiGASA@ (SFDaF@ MADQA8A@). X4 :*%/0%- GAD>YHA@ (= !" :*/%90%).

9. Purpose / g%/>5

h3 - for hO]>D@? what for?

F! :*La> , -"6"9'/! YO =TFDMAE ' 8QACOIi@. Acc.

10. Congratulations

W*907",>%/!'<

F! :*La> , -"6"9'/!, ]SADVX ;O:'/.5 ;!'/6O ' (>*,"/75. =

GAYHIOCQ:DSR / GAYHIODCFSR ; - with

W*907",>
; HTi@ IA_H>DTF:! Happy birthday! ; GIODYHTF=A@! holiday, celebration ; &A_H>8SCAD@! Merry Christmas! ; -ADCX@ MADHA@! Happy New Year! ; 2OD8aAE! Happy Easter! *.,%/.: @"( ."/;D%! Same to you!

18

"#$&(&*( +,(-/*-(#1&23 / The Declension of Nouns SINGULAR CASE

m

n

m

h a r d

 1 - Nom inative 5679? / :679?  2 - Genitive 57B79? / :CB79?  3 - Dative 57EF9? / :CEF9?  4 - Accusative

;onsonant

$

+ inan. = Nom.

$

anim. = Gen.

 5 - Instrumental 5C9E? / :C9E?

hard

1 =

(

- Prepositional

hard

2 ?

?

A

A

*

2

*

H

* (

+

H

1H

$=

(= (K=)

*

$/ ?I

AI

inanimate = Nom.

1

(

soft

* A (= (/

no ending

(

anim. = Gen.

(I (KI)

7 579E? /7 :ME?

soft

1

inan. = Nom.

$I

PLURAL

f+m

f

s o f t

?

57B79? / :679?

6

n

animate = Gen.

(

?I*

AI*

?3

A3

N?O(P&2( /$NQ$2 / Questions according to the case CASE

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6

Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Instrumental Prepositional

ANIMATE OBJECT

"-$9? "$U$9? "$I+9? "$U$9? "(9I? $ "$9I?

INANIMATE OBJECT

who? of whom? to whom? whom? by whom? with whom? about whom?

T-$9? T(U$9? T(I+9? T-$9? T(9I? $ TKI?

what? of what? to what? what? by what? with what? about what?

Q$O*-(#1&2= N?O(P I&$P(-/(&&$U$ T*#? / Genitive plural CASE

S1Nom. singular

MASCULINE

;onsonant

=, V

Z79[[\^ :\9;

museum

EFeC9f

FEMININE

1 W, X, :, Y

?-A

^F9i[d ZC9ad

thousand

hour

;\a\679^`f

E`[[`79a b7c^79;

sanatorium

F:`96C[d

question

EC9;gh

teacher

month

j6\9W

E\9[d:`5 boy

6k9;g:\ E`aF96\ c7Z^F9B\

day

(girl)friend

NEUTER

1

$

(

a79b7;6d

g9i[757

E79^C

news

apple

sea

bC9Yd

ZC9[7

c79[C

thing

business

field

aCZC9[g

E\96d

week

mother

floor

7;6\a79b5\

Z79:d

b^\:

stop

daughter

57cC9f5\ ZC9bFX5\

doctor

S2Gen. plural

(/

Z79[[\^7b EFeC9Cb :\;79b ;\a\679^`Cb E`[[`79a7b EC9;ghCb b7c^79;7b E\9[d:`57b

(=

75a79

girl

c`;dE79 letter

6k9;g: E`aF96 c7Z^F9B aCZC9[d 7;6\a79b$5 57cC9(5 ZC9bFX(5 ;C;6K^

j6\WC9f b^\:C9f

unstable vowel (:

no ending

(=

+ unstable vowel $ / (

(=

a7b7;6C9f bCYC9f

g9i[75 ZC9[ ;[79b EC9;6

E7^C9f c7[C9f

E\6(QC9f Z7:(QC9f

1. after sibilants - l, P, T, ,, V 2. instead of 1, =

19

seat

;C;6^\9 + unstable vowel $ / (

^Fi[C9f ZaC9f F:`6C[C9f

word

EC9;67

window

no ending

$/

;[79b7

795$a c`9;(E

Q$O*-(#1&2= N?O(P I&$P(-/(&&$U$ T*#? / Genitive plural

Special case:

! #

feminine neuter

;6\9ah*A - station eZ\9a*( - building

;6\9ah*= eZ\9a*=

%

Exceptions: 1. 2. 3. 4.

;7;C9Z / ;7;C9Z(= - neighbours, Z^F9B / Z^Fe(9= - friends, ;k9a / ;ka7b(9= - sons ZC96` / ZC6(9= - children, ^7Z`96C[` / ^7Z`96C[(= - parents, [m9Z` / [mZ(9= - people :\;k9 / :\;$9/ - watch, 7:5`9 / 7:5$9/ - glasses; ZC9adB` / ZC9a(B - money i^\96 / i^\96d(/ - brothers, ;6F9[ / ;6F9[d(/ - chairs, ZC9^Cb7 / ZC^C9bd(/ - tree

5.

/ [`9;6d(/ - leaves [`9 ^\e;6dg - times, :C[7bC95 - persons; B[\e - B[\e\9 / B[\9e - eyes ;7[Z\96 - ;7[Z\96k / ;7[Z\96 - soldiers, i76`9a75 - i76`9a5` / i76`9a$5 - boots

$$n2( $"$&T?&*A +,(-/*-(#1&23 / NQ(O#$P&$I N?O(P( (O*&-/(&&$U$ T*#?

Spe;ial endings in the Prepositional singular

b [C;+9 - in the wood b c7^6+9 - in the port b \j^7c7^6+9 - in the airport b FB[+9 (579Ea\6k) - in the corner b ;\Z+9 - in the garden b / a\ X5\o+9 - in / on the cupboard a\ iC^CB+9 - on the bank b 2009 B7Z+9 - year

!"#? / Where? a\ E7;6+9 - on the bridge a\ [dZ+9 - on ice a\ / b ;aCB+9 - on / in snow a\ FB[+9 (F9[`hk) - at the corner a\ c7[+9 - on the floor a\ [FB+9 - in the meadow a\ 5^\H9 - on the edge %&!"(*? / When?

b / a\ a7;+9 - in / on the nose b B[\e+9 - in the eye b7 ^6+9 - in the mouth a\ [i+9 - in the forehead b i7H9 - in the battle b ZkE+9 - in smoke b "^kE+9 - in the Crimea

b '(*+-.0 :\;+9 - hour

$$n2( $"$&T?&*A +,(-/*-(#1&23 &? -*= / -*A / -*( b CZ`a;6bCaa7E :`;[C Nouns ending in - *= / - *A / - *( (singular) gender masculine neuter feminine

S 1 - Nominative *= ;\a\679^*= *( eZ\9a*( *A [C95h*A

S 6 - Prepositional ( BZC?) b ;\a\679^** b eZ\9a** ** a\ [C95h**

S 3 - Dative -

[C95h**

$$n2( $"$&T?&*A +,(-/*-(#1&23 I+P"$U$ Q$O? / Q$O*-(#1&$I N?O(P( (O*&-/(&&$U$ T*#?

Spe;ial endings of masculine nouns in the Genitive singular masculine

nouns

;Fc - soup :\f - tea ;\9p\^ - sugar ;k^ - cheese EMZ - honey X757[\9Z - chocolate g9Z - poison b`a7B^\9Z - grapes a\^79Z - people

meaning:

part of the whole

12+(*452 ;F9c+ (-\) - plate of soup 62*752 :\9H (-g) - cup of tea 58:.*5 ;\9p\^+ (-\) - piece of sugar 200 <+2*00(.-) ;k9^+ (-\) =2*>52 EMZ+ (-\) - jar of honey '4?*152 X757[\9Z+ (-\) - bar of chocolate >(0>.*<. g9Z+ (-\) - a little poison 5?4.<+2*00 b`a7B^\9Z+ (-\) 0>.*<. a\^79Z+ (-\) - many people

20

endings

+-H or

?-A

"#$ %'()+-+"/ %01-%2"-(4+$5 / Three types of the declension of nouns Declension I: feminine + masculine nouns ending in A - / (masculine nouns: !#! - father, $%#$')*! - grandfather, $+#$+ - uncle, ,'-./#0! - man, 1#02)! - young man, 4!#)!) SINGULAR case

consonant + A (except7, 8, 9, ;, <, =, >, ?) animate inanimate

consonant + / animate

Acc.

CDFCA - mother CDFC$ CDFCCDFC0

7GIAF - mountain 7GI$F 7GI-F 7GFI0

'DFK/ 'DFK" 'DFK'DFKU

Instr. Prep.

CDFCDF C)V G C-

7GI)F V G 7GI-F

'DF'DF K-V G K-

Nom. Gen. Dat.

@, ', 5 + A

-"/

inanimate

animate

inanimate

LMCO/F - land LMCO"F LMCO-F LMFCOU

PGRDF8A - dog PGRDF8" PGRDF8PGRDF80

8STF7A - book 8STF7" 8STF78STF70

OTFST/ - line OTFST" OTFST" OTFSTU

LMCOXV G LMCO-F

PGRDF 8)V G PGRDF 8-

8STF 7)V G 8STF 7-

OTFOTF ST-V G ST"

PGRD8" PGRD8 PGRD8A\ PGRD8 PGRD8A\" G PGRD8A5

8STF7" 8ST7 8STF7A\ 8STF7" 8STF7A\" G 8STF7A5

OTFST" OTFST[ OTFST/\ OTFST" OTFST/\" G OTFST/5

PLURAL Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Instr. Prep.

CDFC$ CDC CDFCA\ CDC CDFCA\" G CDFCA5

7GFI$ 7GFI 7GIAF\ 7GFI$ 7GIAF\" G 7GIAF5

'DFK" 'DKZ 'DFK/\ 'DKZ 'DFK/\" G 'DFK/5

LMFCO" LMCMFOZ LMFCO/\ LMFCO" LMFCO/\" G LMFCO/5

SINGULAR

^, _, `, 1 + A

case

animate Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Instr. Prep.

a+A

inanimate

vowel (except inanimate animate

animate

") + / inanimate

Kb=A

KcF>A

eGO>TF?A

cFOT?A

fMF/

PKDFKc/

wife’s mother

rain cloud

she-wolf

street

fairy

statue

Kb=" Kb=Kb=0 Kb=-V G Kb=-

KcF>" KcF>KcF>0 KcF>-V G KcF>-

eGO>TF?$ eGO>TF?eGO>TF?0 eGO>TF?-V G eGO>TF?-

cFOT?$ cFOT?cFOT?0 cFOT?-V GR cFOT?-

fMF" fMFfMFU fMF-V G fMF-

PKDFKc" PKDFKcPKDFKcU PKDFKc-V G PKDFKc-

Kb=" Kb= Kb=A\ Kb= Kb=A\" G Kb=A5

KcF>" Kc> KcF>A\ KcF>" KcF>A\" G KcF>A5

eGO>TF?$ eGO>TF? eGO>TF?A\ eGO>TF? eGO>TF?A\" G eGO>TF?A5

fMF" fMF[ fMF/\ fMF[ fMF/\" G fMF/5

PKDFKc" PKDFKc[ PKDFKc/\ PKDFKc" PKDFKc/\" G PKDFKc/5

ending

A-/ $-" 0-U )V - -V (XV) -

PLURAL Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Instr. Prep.

cFOT?$ cFOT? cFOT?A\ cFOT?$ cFOT?A\" GR cFOT?A5

$-" no ending A\ - /\ an. = Gen. / in. = Nom. A\"-/\"

A5 - /5

Declension II: 1) masculine nouns without any ending in the Nominative SINGULAR case

Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Instr. Prep.

consonant (except7, 8, 9, ;, <, =, >, ?) animate inanimate

4 animate

@, ', 5 inanimate

animate

-"V

inanimate

DIKTFPK

PKGFO

c>TFKMOZ

POGeDFIZ

eSc8

gGhPGFOSc9

PDSDKGFIT[

artist

table

teacher

dictionary

grandson

sunflower

sanatorium

DIKTFPK$ DIKTFPK)2 DIKTFPKA\ DIKTFPK)2 DIKTFPKA\" GR DIKTFPKA5

PKGO$F PKGO)F2 PKGOAF\ PKGO$F PKGOAF\" G PKGOAF5

c>TKMO/F c>TKMO-FV c>TKMO/F\ c>TKMO-FV c>TKMO/F\"

eScF8" eScF8)2 eScF8A\ eScF8)2 eScF8A\" G eScF8A5

gGhPGFOSc9" PDSDKGFIT" gGhPGFOSc9)2 PDSDKGFIT-2 gGhPGFOSc9A\ PDSDKGFIT/\

DIKTFPKA DIKTFPK0 DIKTFPKA DIKTFPK)\ GR DIKTFPK-

PKGOAF PKGO0F PKGFO PKGO)F\ G PKGO-F

c>TFKMO/ c>TFKMOU c>TFKMO/ c>TFKMO-\ GR c>TFKMO-

POGeDI/F POGeDIUF POGeDFIZ POGeDIX\ G POGeDI-F

eScF8A eScF80 eScF8A eScF8)\ G eScF8-

gGhPGFOSc9A gGhPGFOSc90 gGhPGFOSc9 gGhPGFOSc9)\ G gGhPGFOSc9-

PDSDKGFIT/ PDSDKGFITU PDSDKGFIT[ PDSDKGFIT-\ G PDSDKGFIT"

PLURAL Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Instr. Prep.

POGeDI"F POGeDI-FV POGeDI/F\ POGeDI"F POGeDI/F\" GR c>TKMO/F5 G POGeDI/F5

21

gGhPGFOSc9" PDSDKGFIT" gGhPGFOSc9A\" G gGhPGFOSc9A5

PDSDKGFIT/\" G PDSDKGFIT/5

SINGULAR

^, _, `, 1

case

animate

i1

KGeDFIT=

Nom.

friend, comrade

i2

KGeDFIT=A

Gen.

i3

KGeDFIT=0

Dat.

i4

KGeDFIT=A

Acc.

i5

KGeDFIT=-\

Instr.

i6

a

inanimate

G KGeDFIT=-

Prep.

animate

inanimate

V (except - T[) animate inanimate

ending

SGF; - knife CDI< - march SG;AF CDFI
gITS?

CMFPj?

7MIGF[

POcF>D[

prince

month

hero

occasion, case

gITFS?A

CMFPj?A

7MIGF/

POcF>D/

gITFS?0

CMFPj?0

7MIGFU

POcF>DU

gITFS?A

CMFPj?

7MIGF/

POcF>D[

gITFS?-\

CMFPj?-\

7MIGF-\

POcF>D-\

)\ - -\ (X\)

G gITFS?-

G CMFPj?-

G 7MIGF-

G POcF>D-

-

SG;"F CDFI<" SG;-FV CDFI<-V SG;AF\ CDFI
gITFS?$

CMFPj?$

7MIGF"

POcF>D"

$ - ", A - /

gITFS?-2

CMFPj?-2

7MIGF-2

POcF>D-2

)2 - -2, -V

gITFS?A\

CMPj?AF\

7MIGF/\

POcF>D/\

gITFS?-2

CMFPj?$

7MIGF-2

POcF>D"

gITFS?A\"

CMPj?AF\"

7MIGF/\"

POcF>D/\"

A\"- /\"

G gITFS?A5

G CMPj?AF5

G 7MIGF/5

G POcF>D/5

A5 -/5

-

A-/ 0-U anim. = Gen. inan. = Nom.

PLURAL

i1

KGeDFIT="

Nom.

i2

KGeDFIT=-V

Gen.

i3

KGeDFIT=A\

Dat.

i4

KGeDFIT=-V

Acc.

i5

KGeDFIT=A\"

Instr.

i6

G KGeDFIT=A5

Prep.

A\ - /\ anim. = Gen. inan. = Nom.

Declension II: 2) neuter nouns ending in ) - - (X) SINGULAR consonant + O

case

consonant + E (except;, <, =, >, ?)

animate Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Instr. Prep.

^, _, 1, `, a + -

inanimate

POGFe) - word POGFeA POGFe0 POGFe) POGFe)\ G POGFe-

CGFI- - sea CGFI/ CGFIU CGFICGFI-\ G CGFI-

POGeAF POGFe POGeAF\ POGeAF POGeAF\" G POGeAF5

CGI/F CGI-FV CGI/F\ CGI/F CGI/F\" G CGI/F5

-"-

ending

animate

>chGFeT=- - monster >chGFeT=A >chGFeT=0 >chGFeT=>chGFeT=-\ G >chGFeT=-

LhDFST- - building LhDFST/ LhDFSTU LhDFSTLhDFST-\ G LhDFST"

)-A-/ 0-U ) - - = Nom. )\ - -\ -

PLURAL Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Instr. Prep.

>chGFeT=A >chGFeT= >chGFeT=A\ >chGFeT=A >chGFeT=A\" G >chGFeT=A5

LhDFST/ LhDFST[ LhDFST/\ LhDFST/ LhDFST/\" G LhDFST/5

A-/ no ending / -V A\ - /\ A - / = Nom. A\" - /\" A5 - /5

Declension III: feminine nouns ending in -4 case

SINGULAR animate

inanimate

i 1 - Nom.

hGF>4, CDK4

KMKIDFh4

daughter, mother

exercise book

i 2 - Gen. i 3 - Dat.

hGF>MI", CDFKMI" hGF>MI", CDFKMI"

KMKIDFh" KMKIDFh"

i 4 - Acc.

hGF>4, CDK4

KMKIDFh4

i 5 - Instr. i 6 - Prep.

hGF>MIZU, CDFKMIZU G hGF>MI", G CDFKMI"

KMKIDFhZU G KMKIDFh"

PLURAL ending

animate

inanimate

4

hGF>MI", CDFKMI"

KMKIDFh"

" " 4 U "

hG>MI-FV, CDKMI-FV hG>MI/F\, CDKMI/F\

KMKIDFh-V KMKIDFh/\

hG>MI-FV, CDKMI-FV

KMKIDFh"

22

hG>MI/F\", CDKMI/F\" KMKIDFh/\" G hG>MI/F5, G CDKMI/F5 G KMKIDFh/5

ending

" -V /\ an. = Gen. in. = Nom.

/\" /5

kDLSGP8OGSjMCmM Pc=MPKeTKMOZSmM / Irregular declension of some nouns case

SINGULAR

PLURAL

= declension III

i 1 - Nom.

masculine

gcK4 - way

SINGULAR

PLURAL

= declension III

= declension II: 2

neuter:

ending - "

i 3 - Dat.

gcK"F gcK"F

gcK"F gcK-FV gcK/F\

eIMFC/ - time eIMFCMS" eIMFCMS"

eIMCMSAF eIMCbS eIMCMSAF\

i 4 - Acc.

gcK4

gcK"F

eIMFC/

eIMCMSAF

i 5 - Ins tr.

gcK#

gcK/F\"

eIMFCMS$

eIMCMSAF\"

i 6 - Prep.

G gcK"F

G gcK/F5

G eIMFCMS"

G eIMCMSAF5

i 2 - Gen.

ending -\/

eIMFCj - time, TFCj - name, LSDFCj - banner, gODFCj - flame gOMFCj - tribe, PMFCj - seed, RIMFCj - burden

+MP8OGSjMCmM Pc=MPKeTKMOZSmM / Indeclinable nouns RnIGF - bureau, office ;nITF - jury TSKMIeZnF - interview 8DfMF - cafe 8TSGF - cinema, movie

CMKIGF - underground, subway gDOZKGF - overcoat gTDSTFSG - piano IDFhTG - radio KD8PTF - taxi

8GFfM - coffee 8cgMF - compartment

9GFRRT - hobby
23

All inanimate nouns are neuter , but the word 8GFfM is masculine .

!#$%! #$&(*%! , (./!(0,20!$3*%4 / Mobile vowels in nouns

6 1 - Nom., singular, masculine

6 2 - Gen., plural, feminine / neuter

nouns ending in:

nouns ending in:

-79(:) /-;9 (-=9) /-;? /-;A: /-7B /-;B /-;A7B /-;C

-9D /-AE /-AD /-BE /-CE /-97 /-G7 /-A7 /-C7 /-C;

H

!

!"$%'( - !"$()' (46%'( - (46()' $"6%'( - $"6()'

call, bell, ring piece sock

+,.!$"' - +,0!2$ !.68"' - !0628 9.,.'!$: - 9.,.!2'$;

<"9)',%( - <"9)',() <.,.4'8%( - <.,.4'8() <"6%'8 - <"68)' ,@64'$%( - ,@64'$() ,.+0$%( - ,.+0$() 6D)$%'( - 6D)$()' 4'A%8 - 4A8)' 4'A%8; - 4A8:' E!.D%'( - E!.D()'

gift lane ambassador drawing baby, child machine(tool) corner coal flower

small girl 9.'!"=() - 9.'!"=2( 9.'!4>() - 9.'!4>2( girl land .?8:' - .?2'8; @A,4'>() - @A,4'>2( toy kopeck ("<.'B() - ("<.'2( ("8;E"' - ("82'E ring armchair (,.'68" - (,.'628 8"'F() - 8"'F2( spoon sheep "!E)' - "!2'E <.'6$: - <.'62$ song letter <@6;?"' - <@'62? <"8"D.'$E. - <"8"D.'$2E towel shirt ,4+)'>() - ,4+)'>2( 6.',9E. - 6.,92'E heart bench 6()?.'B() - 6()?.'2( 6<@'=() - 6<@'=2( match pine (tree) 6"6$)' - 6"'62$ =)'>() - =)'>2( cup

in words of one syllable / J 7KA7L97NAOP L97JEP

92'$; - 9$:' 8%'+ - 8+)' ?%'G - ?G)' ,%'D - ,D)' 6%'$ - 6$)'

day forehead moss mouth sleep, dream

!/R wind !.'D2, - !.'D,) @$"6D,)'$2E - @$"6D,)'$E) foreigner stone ()'?2$; - ()'?$: ("$2'E - ("$E)' end light "A"$I( - "A"$;()' ",I8 - ",8)' eagle singer <.!2'E - <.!E)' <,"9)!2'E - <,"9)!E)' seller, (shop)assistant

! 8I9 - 8J9)' 82'! - 8J!)' ,4=2'B - ,4=J:' 6"8"!2'B - 6"8"!J:' +"2'E - +"LE)'

masculine (nouns ending in -S&)

9.'94>() - 9.'94>2( ?)8;=@'>() - ?)8;=@'>2(

grandfather boy

H (stem ends in - S) ),D@'6D() - ),D@'6D%( artist(e), actress +)'$() - +)'$%( jar, tin, can roll, loaf +4'8() - +4'8%( +4DK'8() - +4DK'8%( bottle branch !.'D() - !.'D%( !@'8() - !@'8%( fork board, plank 9"6()' - 9"6%'( 08() - 08%( fir (tree)

3 ice lion stream nightingale

!

log oar village

T soldier

note )<@'6() - )<@'6%( 8"'9() - 8"'9%( boat stamp ?)',() - ?)',%( "($"' - "'(%$ window stop "6D)$"'!() - "6D)$"'!%( "D(,K'D() - "D(,K'D%( postcard mark, note "D?.'D() - "D?.'D%( 6()'() - 6()'%( fairy tale

24

"#%'(%*,- /*1-24(-**6 7,28% 29:-24(,4-8;*<= Formation of nouns in the plural masculine: * - he

NUMBER

feminine: *%? - she

OHCQ @BC?E table

FCGHC?@ question

SINGULAR

JK?@MN

lesson

GCHBRKES

JY]V?XY

briefcase

car

JOTKU museum

@NKXY?HVU

PLURAL:

week

CQXC?

@BY?XNVM

window

sea

station

_K?EC

GEY?BSK

HO`QY

business

dress

pen

FK?aS

GCECBK?XNK towel

JC?HK

T_Y?XVK building

%

b

[BY? \ floor c , 6, = ;, d 1, e, 7, :

<

,

<

,

%

f

@BCEg? FCGHC?@g JK@MNg

OHCQV GCHBRKEV JOTKV @NKXY?HVV [BY\V?

JY]V?Xg ^YTK?Bg

XK_K?EV @BY?XNVV HO`QV FK?aV

C?QXY _KEY? GCECBK?XNY

JCHM? GEY?BSM T_Y?XVM

consonant

*,? - they

^YTK?BY newspaper

script

month

neuter: *? - it

XK_K?EM

thing

f c , 6, = + % ;



-

b, : + -

@ChgK @EO`YV ChHYTCFYXVM JXC\K@BFKXXC^C `V@EY @OaK@BFVBKESXgi Special cases of formation of nouns in the plural

',=+ - ',=8;f

!"$% - !"$-#&

;,0JM - ;,0!-*% '&,0/$(, - '&,0/$(,%

friend

mother

time

:,"$ - :,"$;f

'(*% - '(*-#&

&JM - &!-*%

brother

daughter

name

2?4 - 2?4(;;f  son (2?4?)

84"JM - 84"!n*%

`KECFKQ - Ek_V

2$=5 - 2$=5;f

HKhlXCQ - _KBV

person - people

'(/$(, - '(/$(,% !"2$0, - !"2$0,% foreman

=*&$05% - =*&$05f

banner

!=. - !=.;f husband (!=.&)

<,(A022(, - <,(A022(,% <(;", - <(;",% cook

+,".'YXVX - citizen +,".'%*/,02$%MXVX - peasant /,02$%f*"4+5&*YXVX - Englishman "4+5&*%*-

teacher

<50JM - <50!-*% +(,(' - +(,('% city tribe

'(! - '(!% house "',02 - "',02%? child - children chair seed <"2<(,$ - <"2<(,$% (,0:f4%) <(08' - <(08'% train 5&2$ - 5&2$;f :0,0+ - :0,0+% shore (5&2$?) leaf (2 $,(; - (2$,(;% island '0,0;( - '0,0;;f /($lXCQ - /($f4% 40:( - 40:-2" ;0* 0, - ;0*0,% evening tree kitten sky +(5(2 - +(5(2% voice @;0$ - @;0$% colour /(5(2 - /(5(2;f ;(5*(4(/ - ;(5*%4% *='( - *='-2" ear (of corn) +5"8 - +5"8% eye wolf-cub miracle 4(!  0, - 4(!0,% number /,?5( - /,?5;f 502 - 502% forest wing 5=+ - 5=+% meadow <0,( - <0,;f 240+ - 240+% snow feather @;0$(/ - @;0$< 9:5(/( - 9:5(/, 6(5(' - 6(5('% cold flower apple ;0/ - ;0/% century 2(,$ - 2(,$% sort /,"U - /,"f edge, land :(/ - :(/% side 20JM - 20!-*%

25

6(89VX - 6(89-(% owner, host

+(2<('VX - +(2<('% gentleman, Mr.

$"$",VX - $"$",< Tatar

:(5+",VX - :(5+",< Bulgarian

2OaK@BFVBKESXgK, VJKkaVK RCHJO BCESQC JXC\K@BFKXXC^C `V@EY Nouns with the plural form only 1) Objects consisting of two or more identical parts

B,0'!0$?, 2(2$(9C&0 &8 ';=6 &5& 402/(5%/&6 ('&4"/(;?6 *"2$0D 2) Some substances and foodstuffs

F0/($(,?0 ;0C02$;" & <,('=/$?

3) F0/($(,?0 Some abstract ideas ":2$,"/$4?0 <(49$&9

XC\XVNg - scissors FK@g - scales C`QV - glasses _KXS^V - money hHkQV - trousers `Y@g - clock, watch BHO@g - shorts, pants ]YiJYBg - chess @EVFQV - cream _OiV - perfume QCX@KHFg - canned goods aV - cabbage soup `KHXVEY - ink FghCHg - elections RVXYX@g - finance GKHK^CFCHg - negotiations GCiCHCXg - funeral @OBQV - twenty-four hour hO_XV  - week days QYXVQOEg - holidays

2OaK@BFVBKESXgK, VJKkaVK RCHJO BCESQC K_VX@BFKXXC^C `V@EY Nouns with the singular form only \KEKTC - iron JK_S - copper YEkJVXVU - aluminium Y@GVHVX  - aspirin JM@C - meat JY@EC - butter

1) Substances and medicines

H0C02$;" & 50/",2$;" 2) Food

B,('=/$?

3) Sets of persons or objects (collective nouns)

J(;(/=<4(2$% <,0'!0$(; & 5&@ (c(:&,"$05%4?0 <(49$&9)

4) Certain vegetables and berries

F0/($(,?0 (;(C& & 9+('?

5) Certain actions

QV@ECHC_ - oxygen YTCB - nitrogen FC_CHC_  - hydrogen UC_  - iodine HghY - fish @gH - cheese

@YiYH - sugar HV@ - rice JOQY - flour @CES - salt JCECQC - milk C_K\_Y - clothes ChOFS - footwear GC@O_Y  - tableware JKhKES - furniture JCEC_l\S - young people `KECFK`K@BFC - humankind QYHBCRKES (QYHBC]QY) - potatoes QYGO@BY - cabbage JCHQCFS (JCHQCFQY) - carrots EOQ - onions ^CHCi - pea GKBHO]QY - parsley FVXC^HY_  – vine, grapes JYEVXY - raspberries `BKXVK - reading GEYFYXVK - swimming OhCHQY - harvesting / cleaning up CiCBY - hunting hCHShY - struggle EkhCFS - love JCEC_C@BS - youth XKXYFV@BS - hatred BKJXCBY - darkness T_CHCFSK - health HY_VC - radio JKBHC - metro, subway QVXC - cinema ]C@@K - main road GYESBC - coat BYQ@V - taxi QYRK - cafe \kHV - jury JKXk - menu VXBKHFSk - interview

F0/($(,?0 '0D2$;&9

6) Feelings and some abstract ideas

L=;2$;" & 40/($(,?0 ":2$,"/$4?0 <(49$&9 7) Borrowed nouns (neuter, indeclinable)

F02/5(490!?0 c5(;" &4(98?*4(+( <,(&26(.'04&9 (2,0'40+( ,('")

26

"#%'(*,( -(/1% 3#(4568%-,  ,5, "$  3#(456'*6- 3%4('( (9 6) The use of prepositions  and *% in the Prepositional expressing place verbs: !"# - to be, $%')+,-"#.0 - to be situated, 1,"# - to live, 2%)-"%"# - to work, 46,-"#.0 - to study

7480-"# - to walk, )"+!'%-"# - to rest; .")0-"# - to stand, 891%-"# - to lie, .,+9-"# - to sit, ;,.9-"# - to hang verbs of m otion are not used!

1. the position of the subject relating to its surface

B)8)19$,9 B29+A9"% )"$).,"98#$) B);92'$).", 84(? Where? , *% = in / at / on 2. buildings - :;<>?@A

3. events, shows -

BDFG>H@A, ID>J 4. remember exceptions

D%B)-A$,"9 ,.=8L69-$,0

<+9 =$,-7%? - *% .")89- (on the table) /  .")89- (in, inside the table) ."2%$9- - country, 7)-2)+9 - city, +929-;$9 - village, >9-$"29 - center 2%?)-$9 - region, )-8%.", - oblast, region  +)-A9 - house, B)+C9-D+9 - entrance, =;%2",-29 - flat, =)-A$%"9 - room E;2)-B9, G-D,,, G-I2,=9, G;."2%-8,,, GA9-2,=9 open space: 4-8,>9 - street, B8)-J%+, - square, B2).B9-="9 - avenue K)..9- - main road, +)2)-79 - road !  B9294-8=9 - lane *% .9-;929 - north, L-79 - south, ;).")-=9 - east, D%-B%+9 - west M"%19- - floor "9%-"29 - theatre, =,$)- - cinema, A4D9-9 - museum, =84-9 - club =%I9-, 29.")2%-$9 - restaurant, %-29, B%-2=9, )8#$,->9 - hospital  )-I,.9, =)AB%-$,,, K=)-89 - school, 4$,;92.,"9-"9 - university 7).",-$,>9 - hotel, A%7%D,-$9 - shop, %B"9-=9 - pharmacy, %-$=9 - bank .B9="%-=89 - performance, =)$>9-2"9 - concert, ;!-."%;=9 - exhibition *% +,.=)"9-=9 - discotheque, ;9692,-$=9 - party, %89-"9 - ballet 2%)-"9 - work, ;."29-69 - meeting, .)2%-$,, - meeting 42)-=9 - lesson, 89-=>,, - lecture, =)$I929-$>,,, M=.=4-2.,, - excursion ."%+,)-$9 - stadium, 2!-$=9 - market, +%-69 - holiday cottage in the country B)-6"9 - post office, I%-2,=9 - factory, D%;)-+9 - plant *% 2)-+,$9 - homeland, )-."2);9 - island ;)=D%-89 - railway station, ."%-$>,, - station, )."%$)-;=9 - stop !  %-M2)B)2"4- - airport H?BSDQH  =)A%$+,2)-;=9 - business trip, )-"B4.=9 - on holiday

84(? TU4%>? 61TU>4%? inanimate

84(? where? [in, at, on]

TU4%>? where to?

place

0 !8(%) / 4-+4 I was / will be in (at) & 6 - Preposition

al case m  )-I,.( -( f *% 2%)-"( !#$% - at home

R)..,>W

61TU>4%? where from?

direction

from the place

0 OP9-+4 / OP?+4- - I (will) go to 0 9-D+,8 / ')+,-8 - I went to

0 ORT9-'%8 / ORTKU8 I came from

& 4 - Accus

ative case m  )-I,. f *% 2%)-"U -U / - X !$!#' - home

; R)..,>,

& 2 - Genitiv e case

,V )-I,.% / 2%)-""

m -% / - W f -" / - , *+ !#$% - from home

; R)..,-X

,D R)..,-,

animate (person)

U

84(? = U YDMD>? [at]

TU4%>? = T YDLJ>?

& 2 - Genitiv e case

& 3 - Dative case

2%-"% .9."2">

m f

-% / - W -" / - ,

:;NBP - here H[< / B\N>[< - on the right / left [?@:J> - below ?<[NQ]J>, [[NQ]J> - above [SNQN;@> - in front SD:<;@>, B:<>;@ - behind

T

2%-"U .9."2(>

m f

& 2 - Genitiv e case

-U / - X

adverbs BZ;<> - to here HJ;<> - to there ?[D / ?<\N>[D - to the right / left [?@: - down ?<[N>Q], [[N>Q] - up [SNQ_; - forward ?<:<>; - back 27

61TU>4%? = 61 YDMD>? 61

2%-"% .9."2">

m f

-% / - W -" / - ,

DHBZ>;< - from here DHHJ>;< - from there BSQ<>[< / B\N>[< - from the right / left B?@>:J - from below B[N>Q]J - from above BSN>QN;@ - from the front B:<>;@ - from behind

84(? where?

TU4%>? where to? direction 9 4 - Accusative [ 7)2)+ / W).=;Y-

mountain(s)

place 9 6 - Prepositional [ 7)2)+E / W).=;E[ ."2%$E- / R)..,>, ?< .9-;92E / L-7E ?< ;).")-=E / D%-B%+E ?< A)-2E / )-D92E ?< 7)2E- - [ 7)2G-^

village

[

street

?< ?<

9 1 - Nominative 7)2)+ / W).=;%- city 

."2%$%- / R)..,>W f

country

.9-;92 / L-7 ;).")-= / D%-B%+ A)-29 / )-D92) 7)2%- - 7)-2! pl. +929-;$0 4-8,>% B8)-J%+a f B9294-8)= +)A B)+C9-D+ M"%-1 =;%2",-2% =)-A$%"% 7).",-$,>% >9-$"2 K=)-8% 4$,;92.,"9-" A4D9-? "9%-"2, >,2= %..9-?$ =84- B%-2=

north / south



east / west sea / lake

square lane house // home

entrance floor flat room hotel center school university museum theatre, circus swimming pool

club park

wood, garden / + 89pl. guests at sb’s house 7)-..", .%exhibition ;!-."%;=% con.ert =)$>9-2" excursion M=.=4-2.,W f performance .B9="%-=8# party ;9692,-$=% lesson 42)-= I%-2,=%, D%;)-+ factory, plant airport %M2)B)-2" railway station ;)=D%-8 station ."%-$>,W f market 2!-$)= shop A%7%D,-$ drycleaner’s ',A6,-."=% pharmacy %B"9-=% bank %-$= embassy B).)-8#.";) clinic B)8,=8,-$,=% business trip =)A%$+,2)-;=% >9-2=);a f, .))-2 church holiday )-"B4.= work 2%)-"% firm I,-2A% office )-I,. company =)AB%-$,W f meeting ;."29-6% restaurant, pub 29.")2%-$ / %2



+929-;$E 4-8,>E B8)-J%+T [ B9294-8=E [ +)-AE // +)A% [ B)+C9-D+E ?< M"%1E[ =;%2",-2E [ =)-A$%"E [ 7).",-$,>E [ >9-$"2E [ K=)-8E [ 4$,;92.,"9-"E [ A4D9-E [ "9%-"2E, >,-2=E [ %..9-?$E [ =84-E [ B%-2=E 

/ 89.U> 7)."\-^.%+U> ;!-."%;=E =)$>9-2"E M=.=4-2.,, .B9="%-=8E ;9692,-$=E 42)-=E I%-2,=E, D%;)-+E [ %M2)B)2"U> ?< ;)=D%-8E ?< ."%-$>,, ?< 2!-$=E [ A%7%D,-$E [ ',A6,-."=E [ %B"9-=E [ %-$=E [ B).)-8#.";E [ B)8,=8,-$,=E [ =)A%$+,2)-;=E [ >9-2=;T, .))-2E [ )-"B4.=E ?< 2%)-"E ?< / [ I,-2AE [ )-I,.E [ =)AB%-$,, ?< ;."29-6E [ 29.")2%-$E / %-2E



[

."2%$Y- / R)..,-[

61TU>4%? where from? from the place @: @:

.9-;92 / L-7 ;).")-= / D%-B%+ A)-29 / )-D92) ?<> 7)2Y - [ 7)-2! [ +929-;$[ ?< 4-8,>Y ?< B8)-J%+# [ B9294-8)= [ +)A // +)A)? [ B)+C9-D+ ?< M"%-1 [ =;%2",-2Y [ =)-A$%"Y [ 7).",-$,>Y [ >9-$"2 [ K=)-8Y [ 4$,;92.,"9-" [ A4D9-? [ "9%-"2, >,2= [ %..9-?$ [ =84- [ B%-2=

B B B B

/ 897)-..", .%-+ ;!-."%;=Y =)$>9-2" M=.=4-2.,[ .B9="%-=8# ;9692,-$=Y 42)-= I%-2,=Y, D%;)-+ [ %M2)B)-2" ?< ;)=D%-8 ?< ."%-$>,[ ?< 2!-$)= [ A%7%D,-$ [ ',A6,-."=Y [ %B"9-=Y [ %-$= [ B).)-8#.";) [ B)8,=8,-$,=Y [ =)A%$+,2)-;=Y [ >9-2=);#, .))-2 [ )-"B4.= ?< 2%)-"Y ?< / [ I,-2AY [ )-I,. [ =)AB%-$,[ ?< ;."29-6Y [ 29.")2%-$ / %2

?< ?< ?<





@:

B B @: @: @:

B @: @: @: @: @: @: @: @: @: @: @:





/ .%-+G 89.G ` 7)."E;!-."%;=T =)$>9-2"G M=.=4-2.,T BD .B9="%-=8\ B ;9692,-$=T B 42)-=G B I%-2,=T, D%;)-+G @: %M2)B)-2"G B ;)=D%-8G BD ."%-$>,T B 2!-$=G @: A%7%D,-$G @: ',A6,-."=T @: %B"9-=T @: %-$=G @: B).)-8#.";G @: B)8,=8,-$,=T @: =)A%$+,2)-;=T @: >9-2=;T, .))-2G @: )-"B4.=G B 2%)-"Z B / @: I,-2AZ @: )-I,.G @: =)AB%-$,T BD ;."29-6T @: 29.")2%-$G / %-2G

[ [

[ [

@: @:

?< ?< ?< ?< ?< ?< ?<

?< ?< ?< ?< ?< ?< ?<

B B B

28

9 2 - Genitive 7)2)+G / W).=;Z."2%$Z- / R)..,-T .9-;92G / L-7G ;).")-=G / D%-B%+G A)-2\ / )-D92G 7)2Z- - 7)-2 +929-;$T 4-8,>Z B8)-J%+T B9294-8=G +)AG B)+C9-D+G M"%1G=;%2",-2Z =)-A$%"Z 7).",-$,>Z >9-$"2G K=)-8Z 4$,;92.,"9-"G A4D9-\ "9%-"2G, >,-2=G %..9-?$G =84-G B%-2=G

"$"%'( "*"+-.+01 203.4.5(37+'8 / Generic endings of adjectives S I N G U L A R

Stem ending in:

masculine !#%?

:;=>? - new BCEG:>? - red I;J;K;? - young IEJM:OB@? - small PJ;Q;? - bad Q;C;S@? - good G=MT@? - fresh

a hard consonant

, -, .

0 , 1, 2 , 3 a soft consonant

- hot U;CL V@?- common ;WX@? W;JOS;? - big

4 G@:@? - blue

PLURAL

feminine !!(?

+% #,% &% #,%

&%

neuter !#)?

!&)?

:;=EL !( BCEG:EL I;J;KEL IEJM:OBEL !( PJ;QEL Q;C;SEL G=MTEL

:;=;M BCEG:;M I;J;K;M

U;CL VMM ;WXMM W;JOS;M

))

U;CL V@M ;WX@M W;JOS@M

&)

#,)

G@:MM

))

G@:@M

&)

U;CL VEL ;WXEL W;JOSEL

!(

#,% &%

G@:LL

((

IEJM:OB;M

PJ;Q;M Q;C;SMM G=MTMM

:;=>M +) BCEG:>M I;J;K>M IEJM:OB@M &) PJ;Q@M Q;C;S@M G=MT@M

#) #)

C*3"+(+0( *.-(Y5%(++'8 0 "5+"Y05(37+'8 203.4.5(37+'8

The declension of qualitative and relative adjectives 1) Ste m ending

in a hard and soft con

sonant

S I N G U L A R CASE

m

n

m

hard

[1 Nom.

[4 Acc. [2 Gen. [3 Dat. [5 Instr. [6 Prep.

"\] / ']

n soft

"(

hard

0]

((

inanimate = Nom. / animate = Gen.

"4"

(4"

"`^

(`^

PLURAL

feminine soft

hard

.1

11

^_

__

"]

'(

0(

inan. = Nom. anim. = Gen.

'8

08

'`

0`

(]

'`

0`

'`0

0`0

"`

(`

'8

08

= decle nsio n «#4» 2) Stem ending

soft

in

CASE

= de cl en si o n «#4&»

, -, . S I N G U L A R

PLURAL

masculine

neuter

feminine

"\] / 0]

"(

.1

0(

^_

inan. = Nom. anim. = Gen.

[ 1 - Nominative [ 4 - Accusative [ 2 - Genitive [ 3 - Dative [ 5 - Instrumental [ 6 - Prepositional

inanimate = Nom. / animate = Gen.

"4"

08

"`^

0` "]

0`

0`0

"`

08

= decle nsion «#4»

= declensio n «#4&»

29

502' Y*3"+(+01 *.-(Y5%(++'8 0 "5+"Y05(37+'8 203.4.5(37+'8 Types of the declension of qualitative and relative adjectives S I N G U L A R

CASE

masculine !#,%?

neuter !#,)?

m

n

PLURAL

feminine !!,(?

!&,)?

1) Stem ending in a hard consonant

[1 Nom.

[4 Acc.

:;\='] BCE\G:'] I;J;K"\]

:;\="( BCE\G:"( I;J;K"\(

'] "\]

"(

inanimate = Nom. / animate = Gen.

:;\="4" BCE\G:"4" I;J;K"\4" :;\="`^ BCE\G:"`^ I;J;K"\`^ :;\='` BCE\G:'` I;J;K'\` ; :;\="` ; BCE\G:"` ; I;J;K"\`

[2 Gen.

[3 Dat.

[5 Instr.

[6 Prep.

:;\=.1 BCE\G:.1 I;J;K.\1

.1

:;\=^_ BCE\G:^_ I;J;K^\_

^_

"4" "`^

:;\="] BCE\G:"] I;J;K"\]

'`

"]

"`

:;\='( BCE\G:'( I;J;K'\(

'(

inanimate = Nom. animate = Gen.

:;\='8 BCE\G:'8 I;J;K'\8 :;\='` BCE\G:'` I;J;K'\` :;\='`0 BCE\G:'`0 I;J;K'\`0 ; :;\='8 ; BCE\G:'8 ; I;J;K'\8

'8 '` '`0 '8

2) Stem ending in the soft consonant + Nom. Acc. Gen. Dat.

G@\:0]

G@\:((

0]

((

inanimate = Nom. / animate = Gen.

G@\:(4" G@\:(`^ G@\:0` ; G@\:(`

Instr. Prep.

(4" (`^ 0` (`

G@\:11 G@\:__

G@\:(]

11 __

(]

G@\:00

0(

inan. = Nom. / an. = Gen.

G@\:08 G@\:0` G@\:0`0 ; G@\:08

08 0` 0`0 08

U;CL\V0( ;\WX0(

0(

3) Stem ending in the soft consonant -, b

[1 Nom. [4 Acc. [2 Gen. [3 Dat. [5 Instr. [6 Prep.

[1 Nom. [4 Acc. [2 Gen. [3 Dat. [5 Instr. [6 Prep.

U;CL\V0] ;\WX0]

U;CL\V(( ;\WX((

0]

((

inanimate = Nom. / animate = Gen.

U;CL\V(4" ;\WX(4" U;CL\V(`^ ;\WX(`^ U;CL\V0` ;\WX0` ; U;CL\V(` ;W ;\WX(`

U;CL\V.1 ;\WX.1 U;CL\V^_ ;\WX^_

.1 ^_

(4" (`^

U;CL\V(] ;\WX(]

0`

(]

(`

in JM:OB.1 * , 4, 8 IE\JM:OB"(4) Stem 0] ending IE\ "( PJ;Q"\( "\] PJ;Q.\1 IE\JM:OB^_ inanimate = Nom. / animate = Gen. PJ;Q^\_ IE\JM:OB"4" "4" PJ;Q"\4" IE\JM:OB"`^ "`^ IE\JM:OB"] PJ;Q"\`^ PJ;Q"\] IE\JM:OB0` 0` PJ;Q0\` ; IE\JM:OB"` "` ; PJ;Q"\`

IE\JM:OB0] PJ;Q"\]

30

.1 ^_

"]

inanimate = Nom. animate = Gen.

U;CL\V08 ;\WX08 U;CL\V0` ;\WX0` U;CL\V0`0 ;\WX0`0 ; U;CL\V08 ;W ;\WX08 IE\JM:OB0( PJ;Q0\(

08 0` 0`0 08

0(

inanimate = Nom. animate = Gen.

IE\JM:OB08 PJ;Q0\8 IE\JM:OB0` PJ;Q0\` IE\JM:OB0`0 PJ;Q0\`0 ; IE\JM:OB08 ; PJ;Q0\8

08 0` 0`0 08

S I N G U L A R CASE

masculine !#,%?

neuter !#,)?

m

PLURAL feminine !!,(?

n

5) Stem ending in c, d

[1 Nom. [4 Acc. [2 Gen. [3 Dat. [5 Instr. [6 Prep.

[1 Nom. [4 Acc. [2 Gen. [3 Dat. [5 Instr. [6 Prep.

Q;C;\S0] G=M\T0]

Q;C;\S(( G=M\T((

(spell 0, pronounce ')

0]

Q;C;\S.1 G=M\T.1 Q;C;\S^_ G=M\T^_

((

inanimate = Nom. / animate = Gen.

Q;C;\S(4" G=M\T(4" Q;C;\S(`^ G=M\T(`^ Q;C;\S0` G=M\T0` ; Q;C;\S(` ; G=M\T(` W;JOS"\] W;JOS"\( VeT"\] VeT"\(

!&,)?

.1

Q;C;\S(] G=M\T(]

0`

(]

(` "\]

W;JOS.\1 VeT.\1 W;JOS^\_ VeT^\_

"(

inanimate = Nom. / animate = Gen.

W;JOS"\4" VeT"\4" W;JOS"\`^ VeT"\`^ W;JOS0\` VeT0\` ; W;JOS"\` ; VeT"\`

.1

"`^

W;JOS"\] VeT"\]

0`

Q;C;\S08 G=M\T08 Q;C;\S0` G=M\T0` Q;C;\S0`0 G=M\T0`0 ; Q;C;\S08 ; G=M\T08 W;JOS0\( VeT0\(

"]

"`

08 0` 0`0 08 0(

inanimate = Nom. animate = Gen.

^_

"4"

0(

inanimate = Nom. animate = Gen.

^_

(4" (`^

Q;C;\S0( G=M\T0(

W;JOS0\8 VeT0\8 W;JOS0\` VeT0\` W;JOS0\`0 VeT0\`0 ; W;JOS0\8 ; VeT0\8

08 0` 0`0 08

203.4.5(37+'( Y "Y+"%"] +. `14*0] Y"43.Y+'] + Adjectives with the stem in the soft consonant +

G@\:@? - blue ;GM\::@? - autumn g@\I:@? - winter =MGM\::@? - spring JM\h:@? - summer =VMCE\S:@?

P;GJM\K:@? - last - last year’s BCE\?:@? - extreme :;=;U;\K:@? J@\S:@? - superfluous - New Year’s @\GBCM::@? - sincere =M\CQ:@? - upper PLh@JM\h:@? - five-year :@\T:@? - lower hCiQJM\h:@? - yesterday’s PMCM\K:@? - front - three-year GMU;\K:LS:@? - today’s GCM\K:@? - middle =:e\hCM::@? - internal

KE\=:@? - old h;UKE\S:@?

gE\K:@? - rear - tomorrow’s KE\JO:@? - distant e\hCM::@? - morning WJ@\T:@? - near =MVM\C:@? - evening G;GM\K:@? - neighbouring CE\::@? - early KCM\=:@? - ancient P;\gK:@? - late K;IE\S:@? - domestic ceWW;\h:@? - Saturday

CEg:;Gh;C;\::@? - versatile

gE\=hCES:@?

PC;SJ;U;\K:@?

=:M\S:@? - external gKM\S:@?

- of those days

PCM\T:@? - former :>\:MS:@? - present hMPM\CMS:@? - present ;K:;Gh;C;\::@? - unilateral

- of this place, local I:;U;Gh;C;\::@? - multilateral - of that place, local =GMGh;C;\::@? - all-round P;Gh;C;\::@? - outside, extraneous =GMUKE\S:@? - habitual

hE\I;S:@?

31

Y*3"+(+0( 2051d.5(37+'8 203.4.5(37+'8 / The declension of possessive adjectives S I N G U L A R CASE

masculine 2)%?

neuter 267?

m

n

J@\GO(

0]

(

PLURAL feminine 26(?

26&?

1) suffix 0] Nom. Acc. Gen. Dat. Instr. Prep.

J@\G0]

inanimate = Nom. / animate = Gen.

J@\GO(4" J@\GO(`^ J@\GO0` ; J@\GO(`

(4" (`^ 0` (`

J@\GO1 J@\GO_

1 _

J@\GO(]

(]

IE\I@:. IE\I@:^

. ^

J@\GO0

0

inan. = Nom. / an. = Gen.

J@\GO08 J@\GO0` J@\GO0`0 ; J@\GO08

08 0` 0`0 08

IE\I@:'

'

2) suffix 0+ Nom. Acc. Gen. Dat. Instr. Prep.

IE\I@:

IE\I@:" " inanimate = Nom. / animate = Gen. IE\I@:"4" IE\I@:"`^ IE\I@:'` ; IE\I@:"`

"4" "`^ '` "`

IE\I@:"]

inan. = Nom. / an. = Gen.

"]

IE\I@:'8 IE\I@:'` IE\I@:'`0 ; IE\I@:'8

'8 '` '`0 '8

3) suffix "% / (% Nom. Acc. Gen. Dat. Instr. Prep.

;hk;\= ;hk;\=" " inanimate = Nom. / animate = Gen. ;hk;\=. ;hk;\=^ ;hk;\='` ;W ;hk;\="`

. ^ '` "`

;hk;\=. ;hk;\=^ ;hk;\="]

4) Surnames - lEI@\J@@: suffix "% / (%, 0+ mascu line CASE

[1 Nom.

[4 Acc.

[2 Gen.

[3 Dat.

[5 Instr.

[6 Prep.

2MhC;\= YMCUM\M= 0JO@\:

no ending

animate = Genitive

2MhC;\=. YMCUM\M=. 0JO@:.\ 2MhC;\=^ YMCUM\M=^ 0JO@:^\ 2MhC;\='` YMCUM\M='` 0JO@:'\` ; 2MhC;\=( ; YMCUM\M=( ;W 0JO@:(\ suffix 0]

!"$%&', $&)&', +,.!,/&' ;2<26&', >"<"!&' <@;&' "C"46&%&', <@;2%&' >2H2%&'

. ^

;hk;\='

"]

feminine

2MhC;\=. YMCUM\M=. 0JO@:.\ 2MhC;\=^ YMCUM\M=^ 0JO@:^\

2MhC;="\] YMCUM\M="] 0JO@:"\]

'` (

;hk;\='8 '8 ;hk;\='` '` ;hk;\='`0 '`0 ;W ;hk;\='8 '8 plural

.

2MhC;\=' YMCUM\M=' 0JO@:'\

^

animate = Genitive

. ^

'

inan. = Nom. / an. = Gen.

"]

2MhC;\='8 YMCUM\M='8 0JO@:'\8 2MhC;\='` YMCUM\M='` 0JO@:'\` 2MhC;\='`0

'

'8 '`

YMCUM\M='`0

'`0

0JO@:'\`0 ; 2MhC;\='8 ; YMCUM\M='8 ;W 0JO@:'\8

'8

suffix 0+

suffix "% / (%

02425&6, 7"$".&6, 9"$&6 ?2?&6, +2+&6 .,.A5>&6, ;2;A5>&6 .E.&6, 4F4&6 >"5>&6

"4:"! .,."! )$,)2<,! :2<">".&$"! (><">".&$"!@ )$FH@)

32

"#$&(&*( +,(-/*-(#1&23 * 56*#8:8-(#1&23 (;=>@ABD EBFGHIB) The Declension of Nouns and Adjectives (general table)

S I N G U L A R NOUNS CASE + 1 - Nom inative JE>K? / LE>K? + 4 - Accusative J>P>K? / LE>K? + 2 - Genitive J>P>K? / LRP>K? + 3 - Dative J>TUK? / LRTUK? + 5 - Instrumental JRKT? / LRKT? + 6 - Prepositional

> J>KT? / > L[T?

masculine

neuter

A DJ ECTIVES

feminine + masculine

feminine

$-( inan. = Nom. anim.= Gen.

1

feminine !!*?

$KN 2N - *N

$( - ((

8M - MM



inanimate = Nom. animate = Gen.

+ - Q 2- *

8 - M

neuter !#(?



8 - M

consonant

masculine !#%?



+Q - QQ

$:$ - (:$ *

+ - Q

(

$W+ - (W+

$W - (W (YW)

$N - (N (YN)

$N - (N 1Q

2W - *W

*

$W - (W

(

= declensio n «#,»

P L U R A L CASE

ADJ ECTIVES

NOUNS

!&(? 

+ 1 - Nom inative JE>? / LE>? + 2 - Genitive J>P>? / LRP>? + 3 - Dative J>TU? / LRTU? + 4 - Accusative J>P>? / LE>? + 5 - Instrumental JRT? / LRT? + 6 - Prepositional > J>T? / > L[T?

2 - *, 8 - M

2( - *(

no ending, (N, $/ - (/

23 - *3

8W - MW

2W - *W

inanimate = Nom. / animate = Gen.

8W* - MW*

2W* - *W*

83 - M3

23 - *3 = declensio n «#,&»

33

!#!$%& ()+-.#+ /1#!2&2.3 /46&/$-.$H%8, ().#+:+$H%8 . ().$3;+$H%8 <&/$!.<&2.=

Golden Rules of the Declension of Nouns, Adjectives and Possessive Pronouns

I. the DECLENSION of Nouns ( singular) QUESTIONS

? 1 - Nominative ? 2 - Genitive

inanimate

1$!@?

A$!@?

who?

what?

1!:!@?

A&:!@?

of whom?

of what?

to whom?

to what?

1!:!@?

A$!@?

whom?

what?

1!<4@?

? 3 - Dative ? 4 - Acc

animate

usative

?6-P

repositio

nal

(/) A&@
with whom?

with what?

! 1!@
! AS
about whom?

about what?

feminine

!#%

&(&%!C@

2&$

!#*%C

&(&%!E@

F-!2G@

!#*%H

&(&%!I@

!#*%C

&(&%!H@

%(#%!

+,*./0H

.L4@ /

!#*%MO

&(&%!M@Q

:!-!)G@ !

!#*%I

&(&%!I@

#GK#G@

m = Nom.

(/) 1&@
EXAMPLES masculine

B@$!

A&<4@?

m = Ge n.

? 5 - Instrumental

MEANING

II. the DECLENSION of Nouns, Adjectives and Possessive Pronouns EXAMPLES: singular CASE

QUESTIONS

?1

+1*3 (*6EQ 7#!84*&&

+1U@ (*6CU !1*.C

1!:!@? / A&:!@?

+1IVM@ (*6MVM 7#!84*&&C

+1I@Q (*6MQ !1*.E

1!<4@? / A&<4@?

+1IOH@ (*6MOH 7#!84*&&H

+1I@Q (*6MQ !1*.I

animate: 1!:!@? m = Gen.

+1IVM@ (*6MVM 9#!84*&&C

inanimate: A$!@? m = Nom.

+1*3 (*6EQ 7#!84*&&

/ 1&@
& +1R@O (*6EO 7#!84*&&MO

& +1I@Q (*6MQ !1*.MQ

! 1!@
1 +1XO (*6MO 7#!84*&&I

1 +1I@Q (*6MQ !1*.I

?2 Genitive

?3 ?4 Accusative

?5 Instrumental

?6 Prepositional

?4-

+1R@ (*6EI +1R@Y (*6EY +1R@O (*6EO

animate = Gen.

+1R@Y

inanim. = Nom.

+1R@ (*6EI & +1R@OR (*6EOR 1 +1R@Y (*6EY

? 5 - I nstru mental ? 6 - Prepositional

+1W@ (*6HW !1*.H

EXAMPLES: plural

CASE

? 1 - N om inative ? 2 - Genitive ? 3 - Dative Accusative

feminine

1$!@? / A$!@?

Nominative

Dative

masculine

34

7#!84*&&E 7#!84*&&M[ 7#!84*&&CO +#*6;<40M[ =!,.I@Q 7#!84*&&E 7#!84*&&COR 7#!84*&&CY

!1*.E !1*. !1*.CO =(*>1
!#$&'($*,-.0* 1*3$5#1*.#& / Possessive pronouns

1Nominative ,#7.0* 1*3$5#1*.#& Pe rsonal pronou ns

singular

I you he it she we you they

plural

feminine

PLURAL

neuter

!#?

&'?

&(?

&$?

!"$"%&()

*,(./0

23$5!6(

8&/,."()!9

my your his its her

1589 $=589

15&8 $=5&8

15; $=5;

15#8 $=5#8

our your their own

.(@ =(@

.(8@( =(8@(

3=589

3=5&8

whose?

& $0 58. 5.58 5.(8 10 =0 5.#8

SINGULAR masculine

*?58 *; .(8@* =(8@*

.(8@# =(8@#

3=5;

3=5#8

#A

3C,5.*.#* ,#7.0A 1*3$5#1*.#9 # =5D=!($.5?5 1*3$5#1*.#& *!,' The declension of personal pronouns and reflexive pronoun *!,' - 1 - N om .

s i n g u l a r

p l u r a l

I you

& $0

-

me you

- 2 - Gen.

:<>@( F
- 3 - Dat.

(/&) :><(

F
- 4 - Acc.

- 5 - I ns tr.

:<>@( F
(*&) :>6(B

F6H6(B

&E& :><( & F;1

5. 5.58

him

*?58

*1E8

*?58

#1

it

it

(, >"I&()

(/ >".,()

(J >"I&()

she

5.(8

her

we

10

you they

he

- 6 - Prep.


*9


(, >"N)

(/ >"(O)

(J >"N)

(* >K.) "(O)

us

>0Q

>0:

>0Q

>0(:C

& >0(Q

=0

you

S0Q

S0:

S0Q

S0(:C

& S0(Q

5.#8

them

& >#8A

#A

#1

#A

#81#

(, >K(U)

(/ >K(.)

(J >K(U)

(* >K(.K)

3*F&8 - oneself

Q
Q
Q6H6(B

35

& ><(B

& Q
3C,5.*.#* !#$&'($*,-.0A 1*3$5#1*.#9 / The declension of possessive pronouns CASE

 1 - Nominative

 2 - Genitive

 3 - Dative

 5 - Instrumental

 6 - Prepositional

 4 - Accusative

SINGULAR

mascu line

neuter

GH8J, LMH8J GHT, LMHT GHW8, LMHW8 NOQ, MOQ, RMH8J NO8QV, MO8QV, RMHT NO8QO, MO8QO, RMHW8 :6 FS6 >0(W S0(W QS6 :6 FS6 >0(W S0(W QS6 :6 FS6 >0(W S0(W QS6 :6 FS6 6 QS6 >0(W S0(W

PLURAL

feminine

GHK8, LMHK8 NO8QK, MO8QK, RMHK8 :6 FS6 >0(W S0(W QS6 :6 FS6 >0(W S0(W QS6 :6 FS6 >0(W S0(W QS6 :6 FS6 6 >0(W S0(W QS6

+ *?58

+ *1E8

:6 FS6 >0(W + *89 S0(W QS6

+ #81

+ ;1 + *1

:6 FS6 + X8 QS6 >0(W S0(W + E

animate = Gen. / inanimate = Nom. = declensio n «.0»

+ #8A

+ #81

+

#81#

+ #8A

animate = Gen. / inanimate = Nom. = declension « .0$»

!2.3- his

all cases

!( - her

$4 - their

3C,5.*.#* EC(D($*,-.0A 1*3$5#1*.#9 / The declension of demonstrative pronouns ( 676.3#? )

 1 - Nominative m: Y8$5$ / $58$ n: Y8$5 / $58 f: Y8$( / $( pl: Y8$# / $*8 this / that 4 - Accusative animate = Gen. / inanimate = Nom. an. = Gen. / in. = Nom. these / those X(FZ / FZ  2 - Genitive X(F6[6 / F6[6( X(FC\ / F<(\  3 - Dative X(F6:Z / F6:Z( X( FC: / F<(: X(F6B / F6(B  5 - Instrumental X(FC: / F<(: X(FC:C / F<(:C  6 - Prepositional &E X(F6: / & F6(: &E X(FC\ / & F<(\ 3C,5.*.#* =5!53#$*,-.0A 1*3$5#1*.#9 / The declension of interrogative pronouns 1 - Nominative m: 7*8 n: 7-;  9 / inanimate  4 - Accusative animate = Gen. = Nom.  2 - Genitive ^_<[6(  3 - Dative ^_<:Z(  5 - Instrumental ^_C(:  6 - Prepositional & ^_L:

 1 - Nominative

m: C(C589 C5$58!09

n: C(C58* C5$58!5*

f:^_P( 7-&8

^_<(B f: C(C(8& C5$5!(&

 4 - Accusative animate = Gen. / inanimate = Nom.  2 - Genitive `0`6([6 / `6F6(a6[6  3 - Dative `0`6(:Z / `6F6(a6:Z  5 - Instrumental `0`C(: / `6F6(a9:  6 - Prepositional & `0`6(: / & `6F6(a6:

`0`Z(P `0`6(B `6F6(a6B

36

pl: 7-#8 an. = Gen. / in. = Nom.

^_C(\ ^_C(: ^_C(:C & ^_C(\ pl: C(C#8*

C5$58!0* an. = Gen. / in. = Nom. `0`C(\ / `6F6(a9\ `0`C(: / `6F6(a9: `0`C(:C / `6F6(a9:C & `0`C(\ / & `6F6(a9\

whose?

what? which?

3C,5.*.#* 5!*Z*,#$*,-.0A 1*3$5#1*.#9 / The declension of determinative pronouns

 1 - Nominative  4 - Accusative  2 - Genitive  3 - Dative  5 - Instrumental  6 - Prepositional

f: =3&8

pl: =3*8

animate = Gen. / inanimate = Nom.

m: =*83-

SQP(

an. = Gen. / in. = Nom.

SQ<[6( SQ<:Z( SQ<(: &E& SQL:

SQ<(B

SQ<(\ SQ<(: SQ<(:C &E& SQ<(\

m: 3(1

 1 - Nominative  4 - Accusative  2 - Genitive

n: =3;

n: 3(158

animate = Gen. / inanimate = Nom.

f: 3(1(8

pl: 3(81#

myself

Q0:Z(

an. = Gen. / in. = Nom.

yourself himself

Q0:6[6(

Q0:C(\

Q0:6:Z( Q0:C(: & Q0:6(:

 35 -- Dative  Instrumental  6 - Prepositional

all

Q0:6(B

Q0:C(::C Q0:C( & Q0:C(\

ourselves …

3C,5.*.#* .*5!*Z*,;..5?5 1*3$5#1*.#& / The declension of indefinite pronoun

 1 - Nominative  2 - Genitive  3 - Dative  4 - Accusative  5 - Instrumental  6 - Prepositional

.*83C5,-C5 - several, a few ><(Q`6c_`C\ ><(Q`6c_`C: animate = Gen. / inanimate = Nom.

><(Q`6c_`C:C & ><(Q`6c_`C\

5[\O^HMONKV MH_\HRKLV`aNbc, HL\KeOLV`aNbc K NVH_\VfV`TNNbc GVRLHKGVNKJ Formation of interrogative, negative and indefinite pronouns Interrogative gLH8?

.#gLH8

Negative

.*8gHhH

gLH8-$5

Indefinite

who?

nobody

)"! Nom.

somebody

iLH8?

.#iLH8

.*8iVhH

iLH8-$5

what?

nothing

)"! Nom.

something

iV8J?

.#iV8J

iV8J-$5

whose?

nobody’s

anyone’s

gOgH8J?

.#gOgH8J

gOgH8J-$5

what? which?

none, whatever

any, some

gLH8-.#FEZgLH8-,#F5 iLH8-.#FEZiLH8-,#F5 iV8J-.#FEZiV8J-,#F5 gOgH8J-.#FEZgOgH8J-,#F5

gHLH8\bJ?

C58*-gLH8

.*8gLH

C58*-iLH8

.*8iLH

C58*-iV8J C58*-gOgH8J .*8gHLH\bJ

which?

some

RgH8`agH?

.#RgH8`agH

how much?

(not) at all

RgH8`agH-$5 RgH8`agH-.#FEZsome

.*8RgH`agH several, a few

37

"$&'")"*+-" ."02$4."45 6 7'"945 / Indefinite Pronouns and Adverbs

pronouns

adverbs

-4:;<)= // -*4<:$ !"$-%&'(*+ 1!"$-%&'(*+ 4"$6-%&'(*+ 1,$6-%&'(*+ ."$8+"-%&'(*+ 9*,$-%&'(*+ (*4$-%&'(*+ "!($*4-%&'(*+

"9*4$-%&'(*+ :41,$0-%&'(*+ ;"1,0($-%&'(*+ 4$-%&'(*+

-2$

>$<"-

!"$-!" 1!"$-!" 4"$6-!" 1,$6-!" ."$8+"-!" 9*,$-!" (*4$-!" "!($*4-!" "9*4$-!" :41,$0-!" ;"1,0($-!" 4$-!"

-4:;<)= (-*4<:$)

"$,-!"$ someone, somebody "$,-1!"$ something "$,-4"$6 any, some "$,-1,$6 anyone’s some "$,-9*,$ somewhere "$,-(*4$ to somewhere from somewhere

2) ?IXDI<@:

FO@IYV
with prepositions

. ,$0-!" " 120-%&'(*+ "$, . ,$0 "$, " 120 ("$0)

ever, one day for some reason

once

meaning 1) ?@B DF?HI<, HK ?F
meaning

for some reason or other

"$,-4

somehow examples

<%, MNI<-H6OPRS :>"%&$8? (?.2 A4>%"$, !".) C E"1($ ;".">,$!">4!+.G @ MK40 UK%"$, 1,0.) I46 0%, ;"1&!4$!+ MFMP%"$, 4($J.) C E"1($ 8,$!"0 MPRF<-H6OPRS ;",$E4!+. (?.2 A4>%"$ (*4$, K$!" %,"%A,$!%", 0,$.!".) M*, 0N >.!A,$!&0.G? - WRK<-H6OPRS "$"8" !,4$!A4. ON MI[I<-H6OPRS Q*2R+? - S,!, ;A"$.!" "!*NE4$J. (M">"AG$U,0( %,&:>,$.!%", Q*2! &$8& %,!.) ?N 1&!4$8& MFM64?

3) TI
W$%%4 ;8"$E" >N$98G*&!, %4>,$A%",, ( %,2 UNI<-H6OPRS .8(1&$8".+.

O\
O,',$ MNI<-NI :>"%&$8. (S" G %, :%4$J, !" K$!" 'N8.) <"6 *A(9 UNI<-NI 9">"A&$8 "' K$!"0. (S" G .,614$. %, ;"$0%J, 1!" "% 9">"A&$8.) H!" ;A&%2. K$!" ;&.+0"$? - >FMI<]-NI 0(Q1&$%4. (C %, :%4$J, !" K$!" 'N8.) ? "$0%4!, 8,Q&$! US_-NI %&$94. >NI<-NI &: .!(*,$%!"> :4'N$8 ,2.

-2$

. , %" 0%, "%"$ %, &:>,$.!%".) W%!"$% 8,$ MPRF<-NI ,$:0,$ *&8 (Y$!"0 " "%A,!%", .!" ON %, :%4$,R+, 9*, .!"&$! .8">4$A+? - WRK<-NI :*,.+.

ZHF$<"-

?1,A4$ G >.!A,$!&8 MI"&$E *A(:,$6. C E"1($ A4..4:4$!+ !,',$ MI%&04$!,8+%"! >I,$.!%", %" G %, E"1($ 9">"A&$!+ " %20.)

38

$2'4b72"*=-" ."02$4."45 6 7'"945 0 97024b"c 4? MIH@NDPMd6_`, P@6Y6?FVe6` ZHFUKH6K $2'4b745 Negative Pronouns and Adverbs with the particle 4Intensifying the Negative Constructions

Double negation: 1) particle " + verb - to express the negative constructions 2) particle 4 - to intensify the negative constructions particle 4 negative pronouns

negative adverbs

construction

examples

4MNI< - nobody 4UNI< (4UK[I<) - nothing 4MFMI<] - none, whatever 4UK<] - nobody’s

preposition + pronoun

H6 @ MK
4MI[RF< - never 4MF
_% H6MI[RF< %, 'N8 > <".>,$. C H6MPRF< %, ,$:*&8 8,$!"0.

4 DF
conjunction

adverbs of degree

O,',$ (>40) H6MNI< %, :>"%&$8. C H6UK[I< %, :%4$8 "' K$!"0. _% H6 @ MK,$!">48.G. "A&$8&. C >1,A4$ H6 P MI[I< %,$ 'N8. C H6 P MI[I< %, 0"$9 (:%4$!+ >4R 4$*A,..

C H6 DF&$*,8 0"$AG. C H6 DF K$!"0 9"$A"*,. ? 4$.., %,! H6 IRHI[I< '&8,$!4.

4 ..., 4 ... - neither ... nor ...

6 ? 6V
@I?@K
completely absolutely

4@MI
not at all

C @I?KDfK&8.G %"$>N6 ]&8+0. _% H6@MI"8%($,!.G.

39

$2'4b72"*=-" ."02$4."45 4 7'"945 0 97024b"c "Negative Pronouns and Adverbs with the particle "Meaning: there is no person / object / time / place / reason to do smth. pronouns

adverbs

2 -

3 -

4 -

5 -

6 -

Gen.

Dat.

Acc.

Instr.

Prep.

Sd$,0 Sd$1,0 Sd$ @ ,0

Sd$ I "0 Sd$ I 1,0 Sd$ ? 1,0

"<[RK "
nowhere

Sd$ ? "9" Sd$ ZF 1!"

Sd$ @ 1,0

Sd$ HF 1,0

"
there is no time, busy

"
Sd$ RY_ 1,9"

Sd$ M 1,0(

subject = e 3 Dat. direct object = e 2 Gen.

impersonal sentence e 3 Dat. ("0($)

HK
examples

HK<[RK HK
no where to from no where there’s no reason to do

+ inf.

meaning

<%, HK .40"82!,, G :4'N$8 HKN IOgK:G!+ %&$9(. = C %, 0"$9 1&!4$!+, ;"!"0($ 1!" HK< O\YI MH6<[6. <%, HK E"8"*&$8+%&, HKN XDIRP 0494:&$% :4 ;A"*($!40& HKN @POgK 0494:&$%. <,%G$ HK.!A,$!&!+, ;"!"0($ 1!" = KN UKYI?K.!A,$!&!+. - 0 MK"A&$!+ "' K$!"0? = KN UKYI?K"$A&!+ - H ."Q48,$%&J, HK< @ MKT. "' K$!"0. = KN UKYI?K,$!">4!+.G. <%, HK< @ MKT ;".">,$!">4!+.G. - ; MI[I<-H6OPRS 0"$Q%" (:%4$!+ "' K$!"0? - S,!, HK< P MI[I. <%, HK
= KN UKYI?K
0"9($ ;&.4$!+, ;"!"0($ 1!" ( 0,%G$ HKN DP
d6 HK< ? UKT 'N$8" ;"6!&$ %4 '48.

f %,2 HK< O\YI XYF
O,',$ HK< I UKT ',.;""$&!+.G (>"8%">4$!+.G).

= O,',$ %, %4*"$ ',.;""$&!+.G, *8G K$!"9" HKN XD6U6
?40 HK< ZF UNI %4 %4. "'&Q4$!+.G, 0N %, >&%">4$!N.

= ?N %, *"8Q%N$ "'&Q4$!+.G, *8G K$!"9" HKN XD6U6
C %, ;"6*($ > &%"$, 0%, HK
=f

<%, HK
=

=

0,%G$ HKN ?DK
S40 HK
C %, 0"9($ ;"8"Q&$!+ K$!& %&$9&, ;"!"0($ 1!" HKN TK<@NF. = f %4. HKN TK<@NF, (*4$ 0"$Q%" ;"6!&$.

d0( HK<[RK Q&!+.

=f

%,9"$ HKN RINE"*%"$6, >40 HK "$]&., HKN XD6U6&:&$!4, !4$ 4 "$]&. %, A4'"$!4,!. ,$E4!+ > "$]&.. Compare:

_% H6UK[I< HK *,$84,!. d0($ HK
e 1 Nom. + H6UK[I< + HK + verb e 3 Dat. + HK
40

He doesn’t do anything. He doesn’t have anything to do.

!"$!%'$)*,' / NUMERALS -

1

"A R D I N A L .0134501? m

1?93@

m

A<3BD,E

f

"#F3 "#I3 "#!3

f

$%'(*FH $%'(*I' $%'(*,'

n pl

2

O R D I N A L (= adjective) 060138? (-6; / -1< / -><)

m/n f

n pl

?DF "*'3

C OLLECTIVE .0134501?

DL1BI3E

?D13<

3

LB9

LB<3L!E / +(%'+5H / +(%'+5' / +(%'+5!

LB13<

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

M3 A;3L5 B< P<3.L5 .<3Q5 D13.
,%+*-(/ $1'+,E ,E 2%3+I3E 3%"56I3E *356I3E "%*1'+,E "%31'+,E

,%' 'NI $1'++*'NI 2%'3+'NI 3%'6'NI

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

"7'#*FRSF%) "*%*F3RSF%) +(7*F3RSF%) ,%+;'(*FRSF%) $1+*F3RSF%) 2%3+*F3RSF%) 3%6*F3RSF%) *3%6*F3RSF%)

"7'##8":8+,E "*%#8'":8+,E +(7#8'":8+,E ,%+;'(#8":8+,E -*FRSF%) $1+#8'":8+,E 2%3+#8'":8+,E 3%6#8'":8+,E *3%6#8'":8+,E

"%*1+*F3RSF%) "*8'RSF%) -RSF%) "*8'":8+5 "7'# +(7'RSF%) 40 .13B10 50 $1+5R'"H3% 60 2%3+5R'"H3% -R'"H% 70 3%'65R'"H% 80 *'3%65R'"H% 90 "%*1#'"%I -"%I 100 "%I3 200 "*%'"%! -"%! 300 +(7'"%F -"%F 400 ,%+;'(%"%F 500 $1+5"I3% 600 2%3+5"I3% -"I% 700 3%65"I3% 800 *3%65"I3% 900 "%*1+5"I3% 1000 ("#8') +;'31,F G 1 Nom. G 2 Gen. sing 2, 3, 4 000 "*%' +;'31,! G 2 Gen. pl $1+5 +;'31, 5 - 20 000 ("7'#) 67JJ7'# G 1 Nom. 1 000 000 G 2 Gen. sing 2, 3, 4 000 000 "*8 67JJ7'#F 19 20 21 30

5 - 20 000 000

$1+5 67JJ7'#IT

1 000 000 000

67JJ78'("

"%*1+#8'":8+,E "*8":8'+,E "*8'":8+5 $%'(*;< +(7":8'+,E 3(>?AI3E $1+7"%31'+,E 2%3+7"%31'+,E 3%67"%31'+,E *3567"%31'+,E "%*1#'3+,E 3'+,E "*CE3'+,E +(-E3+,E ,%+;(-E3+,E $1+73'+,E 2%3+73'+,E 3%673'+,E *35673'+,E "%*1+73'+,E +;'31,H>8 67JJ7'#H>8

G 2 Gen. pl

67JJ78'("H>8

41

13K6 13K<

m f

-'NI

+ a nimate noun

s

G 2 Gen. pl: "(CK%'<, "%+%'< >JJ%'L

1 / 21, 31 …

Nom. 2, 3, 4 / 22, 43 … Gen. sing Gen. pl 5 – 20, Q@13X1

rouble

dollar

BV3K45

?13446B

kopeck

year

day

01A<380F X13? ?<3@5

hour

person

time

M63.

M<41D<30

B6Y

(CMJN' "'JJ8(P >$%'<>R L'"P "#N' ,83P' ,%J*%'>P (8'KP (CMJS'U "'JJ8(?A >$%'S> J%'+ "#S'U ,83?'A M<41D<30 B6Y <3DB1 - indeclinable

exceptions

"0134501 .L139L ?13Q / 0@93X6? G 1 Nom. - How much does the house / the book cost? 1 / 21, 31 …

2, 3, 4

Acc. + Acc. + Gen. pl

?13Q .L139L

("#V')

("7'#)

- 4 Acc. + - 4 Acc.

f m n

?638L< Q@<3 give me

Acc. + Gen. pl + Gen. pl

"*S' +;'31,R (CMJS'U

"%'31+5 +;'31, (CMJS'U

"*P 67JJ7' #P "'sing JJ8(?A Acc. + Gen.

(CMJ5 / "'JJ8(

21 ("*8'":8+5 "#V') >$%'<>V

("#V') >#7'LV ("7'#) WC(#8'J ("#?') $7'*O / $7356X

5 – 20 / 30, 40 … Q@13X1, Q6341, (@<3).0134501

Acc. + Gen. sing + Gen. pl

+;'31,V (CMJS'U

("7#) 67JJ7# "JJ8(?A Acc. + Acc.

0@93X6 .L139L

/ 22, 43 …

7

"*P (CMJN' / "'JJ8(P

67JJ7' "'Jpl J8(?A Acc.#?A + Gen.

5 (CMJS'U / "'JJ8(?A 50 >$%'S>

22 ("*8'":8+5 "*S') >$%'<>R

- 4 Acc. + - 2 Gen. sing

- 4 Acc. + - 2 Gen. pl

"*S' >#7LR "*P WC(#8'JP "*P $7'*P / $7356P'

5 >#7'L 6 WC(#8'J?A 7 $7'3S6

pl

ZF%'ZF%!3'"\!' R'3E"%T!H / Mathematical operations

^

A4]3. / $(7M8'*7+5 Q93@V. / *;',%3+5 VQ@13`9L5 @6

15 + 23 = 38 578 – 34 = 544 6 E 7 = 42

: =

B6Y?<493L5 @6 B6D@13 / KV3?
81 : 9 = 9 15 E 5 : 3 = 25

+ -

aNI"%,3' RNI3b! / FRACTIONS The numerator (,73J7'+%J5) The denominator (K#86%#8'+%J5) f

f, Nom. sing

1- 1?@63

*+(8'1 = 1/2 +(%'+51 = 1/3

f

a cardinal numeral an ordinal numeral

Gen. pl

*+(;'E = 2/2 2- ?D<3 +(%'+57E = 2/3

G 1 Nom. G 2 Gen. pl

Nom. 3 and higher

Gen. pl

+(7 $1'+5

$1'+;E = 3/5 *356;'E = 5/8

R'"H%!3*,' RNI3b! / DECIMALS

1 - 1?@63 0 - @1345 2 - ?D<3 3…

c<346;

f

?<.;3L6; .13L6; c<34>^ ?<.;3L>^ .13L>^

Nom. sing

A141D93@6 = 1/2 LB<3L5 = 1/3 M<3LD
Gen. pl

" + - 5 Instr. + - 2 Gen. sing

1,6 = "#8' :%'J81 7 2%3+5 "%31'+;E 3,1 = +(7 :%'J;E 7 "#8' "%31'+81 4, 61 = ,%+;'(% :%'J;E 7 2%3+5"%31'+ "#8' 3'+81 0,3 = #J5 :%'J;E 7 +(7 "%31'+;E 2,5 = "*% :%'J;E 7 $1+5 "%31'+;E 7,34 = 3%'65 :%'J;E 7 +(7'":8+5 ,%+;'(% 3'+;E 2,5 = 2 Z = "*8 . A141D93@IE $J*7'#8 1'MJ>P; $'J,83P'

+(%'+5 +'(+P ,%'+*%(+5 J73+P'; ,%'+*%(+5 $1'+?[? (= 16 ,83'* 15 67#C'+) $J+(8' ,83P', "#N, 6%'31:P, L'"P $J+(;' #%"%'JR, +;'31,R 42

"#$&(&*( +*#*,(#.&/0 / The declension of numerals I. 23467697 2439:7;=>766?@ :9;39=73B6?@ / The declension of cardinal numerals 1) 4C9D6, 4C6ED, 4C64D, 4C69D = "#$#, "#&, "#$, "#( CASE

G 1 - Nom inative G 4 - Accusative G 2 - Genitive G 3 - Dative

SINGULAR masculine

neuter

$H*D&

feminine

$H&$D

animate = Gen. / inanimate = Nom.

$H&$L$D $H&$MKD

5 - Instru mental G G 6 - P reposition al

$H&ID $H&KD $H&$DP

$H&*D MM $O $H&$D

PLURAL

$H&*D an. = Gen. / in. = Nom.

$H&*D0 $H&*DM $H&*D M*0 $O $H&*D

2) 2, 3, 4

G 1 - Nom inative HRI m HR(D f animate = Gen. / inanimate = Nom. G 4 - Accusative G 2 - Genitive HRK0 G 3 - Dative HRKM G 5 - Instru mental HRKMXD G 6 - P reposition al $ HRKD0

,T*

+(,/DT(

animate = Gen. / inanimate = Nom.

,TV0 ,TVM ,T(MXD $ ,TV0

+(,/TV0 +(,/TVM +(,/T.MXD $ +(,/TV0

3) 5 - 30 = #)#+&"-. 50 - 80 = both parts decline like the noun =7=YEDCB ($/) 0&1#( 134$567#16 3&3 =7=YEDCB) 5 - 10

CASE

G 1 - Nom inative G 4 - Accusative G 2 - Genitive G 3 - Dative G 6 - P reposition al G 5 - Instru mental

11 - 20, 30

50 - 80

]XD,.

R$D(M.

(6E -C[E=B) $H*D&&IH^I,.

(6E -C7;\=) ]X,.H(XD,

]X,*D

R$.M*D

$H*D&&IH^I,*

]X,*DH(X,*

]X,._D

R$(M._D

$H*D&&IH^I,._

]X,._DH(X,._

4) 40, 90, 100

G 1 - Nom inative G 4 - Accusative G 2 - Genitive G 3 - Dative G 5 - Instru mental G 6 - P reposition al

$DT$"

H(RX&$D,$

,$D

$T$"ID

H(RX&$D,I

,I

5) 200, 300, 400 = the first part of these numerals declines like C>7D, =Y9, :7=?DY7 (8)+9&6 0&1#. 134$56)#16 3&3 C>7D, =Y9, :7=?DY7) 500 - 900 = both parts decline, the first part of these numerals declines like `\=B (134$567#16 $/) 0&1#(, 8)+9&6 0&1#. 134$56)#16 3&3 `\=B) 500 - 900 (6E -;4=)

G 1 - Nom inative G 4 - Accusative G 2 - Genitive G 3 - Dative G 5 - Instru mental G 6 - P reposition al

HR(D,* HRK0$D, HRKM,IDM HRKMXD,IDM* $ HRK0,ID0

,T*D,I ,TV0$, ,TVM,IM ,T(MXD,IDM* $ ,TV0,I0

43

+(,/DT(,I +(,/TV0$, +(,/TVM,IM

]X,.$D,

]X,*$D, ]X,*,IDM +(,/T.MXD,IDM* ]X,._,IDM* $ +(,/TV0,I0 $ ]X,*,ID0

6) =?D;\:E (f) = 35(":&

a93394D6 ( a9339EDYC (m) = 1#$4 7) In complex cardinal numerals each part declines separately.

K ;4;=E>6?@ 2439:7;=>766?@ :9;39=73B6?@ 3&;-&6 0&1#. 134$56)#16 $#-)4.5$.

<+("/=4 1&>$4?# ; =Y7a\D;=EDa9 ;4Y42ED `\=BbD 8&11&;("+&>(. 345 = A 5 Instr. II. 23467697 `4Y\C24>?@ :9;39=73B6?@ / The declension of ordinal numerals 1) Ordinal numerals = adjectives with the hard stem ( 3+&"15=B, >$4$-$"B) exception: =Y7D=9c = 4("1(B, 0)"B CASE

SINGULAR masculine

`7DY>/P >=4Y$DP =Y7D=*P

G1 Nominative

G4 Accusative

neuter

`7DY>$( >=4Y$D( =Y7D=B(

animate = Gen. / inanimate = Nom.

G2 Genitive

G3 Dative

G5 Instrumental

G6 Prepositional

PLURAL

feminine

`7DY>$L$ >=4Y$DL$ =Y7D=B(L$ `7DY>$MK >=4Y$DMK =Y7D=B(MK `7DY>/M >=4Y/DM =Y7D=B*M 4 `7DY>$M 4 >=4Y$DM 4 =Y7D=B(M

`7DY>IX >=4YIDX =Y7D=BX `7DY>K_ >=4YKD_ =Y7D=B_

`7DY>/( >=4Y/D( =Y7D=B* animate = Gen. inanimate = Nom.

`7DY>/0 >=4Y/D0 =Y7D=B*0 `7DY>/M >=4Y/DM =Y7D=B*M `7DY>/M* >=4Y/DM* =Y7D=B*M* 4 `7DY>/0 4 >=4Y/D0 4 =Y7D=B*0

`7DY>$P >=4Y$DP =Y7D=B(P

2) In complex ordinal numerals only the final word has the form of an ordinal numeral. We decline the final word only.

R ;4;=E>6?@ `4Y\C24>?@ :9;39=73B6?@ D$+>E 8$+6-3$9$:$ 0(14(#)4.5$:$ (>))# #$4.3$ 8$14)-5)) 14$9$. <+( 134$5)5(( (G>)56)#16 #$4.3$ 8$14)-5)) 14$9$. Prep.

H 2009-o> :$-E" (9 -9)" #="160( C7>\D=4a :$-E"). Gen.

Gen.

25-o:$ >&"6 1978-o:$ :$"-& (-9&"-J&#. `\D=4d4 >&"6 #="160& -)96#.1$"# 1)">.-)16# >4;Ba4Dd4 :$"-&).

III. 23467697 ;4e9YE=73B6?@ :9;39=73B6?@ / The declension of collective numerals Collective numerals = adjective plural

G 1 - Nom inative G 4 - Accusative G 2 - Genitive G 3 - Dative G 5 - Instru mental G 6 - P reposition al

2, 3

4-7

HR$D(

+(D,R(T$

both

$DOI m

$DO( f

animate = Gen. / inanimate = Nom.

HR$*D0 HR$*DM HR$*DM* $ HR$*D0

+(,R(T/D0 +(,R(T/DM +(,R(T/DM* $ +(,R(T/D0

44

$O$D*0 $O$D*M $O$D*M* $O $O$D*0

$O(D*0 $O(D*M $O(D*M* $O $O(D*0

IV. 23467697 `Y4;=?@ CY4e7c / The declension of fractions In fractions, both parts decline: the numerator and the denominator. The numerator = cardinal numeral The denominator = a hard-stem adjective

R CY4e6?@ :9;39=73B6?@ 134$567#16 $/) 0&1#(: 0(14(#)4. ( G5&>)5&#)4.. +9;39D=73B = 3$4(0)1#9)55$) 0(14(#)4.5$) f6Ea76ED=73B = 8+(4&:&#)4.5$) 1 #9?+-$B $15$9$B 1/2

G 1 - Nom inative G 4 - Accusative G 2 - Genitive G 3 - Dative G 5 - Instru mental G 6 - P reposition al

2/5

3/8

$H&ID $H&KD

R,$TIDX R,$TKD_

HR(D

]XD,/0

,T*

R$.M/D0

$H&$DP

R,$T$DP

HRK0 HRKM HRKMXD $ HRKD0

]XD,/0 ]XD,/M ]XD,/M* ]XD,/0

,TV0 ,TVM ,T(MXD $ ,TV0

R$.M/D0 R$.M/DM R$.M/DM* R$.M/D0

V. 23467697 C7;\=9:6?@ CY4e7c / The declension of decimals

1,..

2,..

4C6ED

C>7D and higher

[7D3E\ C7;\D=E\ G 1 - Nom inative G 4 - Accusative G 2 - Genitive G 3 - Dative G 5 - Instru mental G 6 - P reposition al

$H&ID $H&KD $H&$DP

0,..

[7D3?@ C7;\D=?@ ;4D=E\

;4D=?@

^(D#IDDX ^(D#KDD_

HR(D

^(D#/0

&$D#.

^(D#$DDP

HRK0 HRKM HRKMXD $ HRKD0

^(D#/0 ^(D#/M ^(D#/M* ^(D#/0

&$#XD &$#_D &$#VM $ &$#(D

Gen. pl

+ [7D3/0

- `434>9D6E = 35(":& - =Y7D=B / :7D=>7Y=B (f) = #)#+&"-.

= 1,5

G 1 - Nom inative G 4 - Accusative G 2 - Genitive G 3 - Dative G 5 - Instru mental G 6 - P reposition al

]$#,$TID m

= 150

]$#,$T/D f

]$#KD,$TI

45

]$#,$TID,I ]$#KD,$TI,I

O!#%&(#)*+ -/+0+)+1 -!#()+)*3 4#5+-/(+))67 0!*9#:#/+9;)67 * )#!+5*1 &!#%# <+1-/(*3

Formation of degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives and adverbs of manner

adjective + noun

COMPARATIVE DEGREE

SUPERLATIVE DEGREE

=?ACEGHJLMEAN =HJOJEM

O?JCP=RPTEAN =HJOJEM

SIMPLE

COMPLEX

COMPLEX

COMPLEX

1) stem of adjective + suffix: JJ (JU) J (after , !, ", $, %)

WPLJJ - more XJEJJ - less

simple comparative degree of adjective

-#[Z61 (-&( / -)+ / --+)

+ adjective

+ C=J[R

the most

of all

VJ

[5+Z - than]

+ adjective

2) prefix OP

4!#-*[(-61 adverb + verb

:)8;++ / <+8=++

3&5789++ 95+"

3&5789-> WP[LJJ - more XJ[EJJ - less

1) stem of adverb + suffix JJ

is used seldom quickly

(2)):-5$3+[+

SUFFIX

interchange of consonants

]-^ T-^

_-` -J

=H - a

H-` R-V C - CL

drop suffix -_, -P_

b-^ =-V T-^ -

-VJ drop suffix -_, -]

-

5&8<-> 3&578 9->

EAG

3&578 9+1\*1 )#* 3&578 9+1\*1

+ C=J[R - animate

C=J]P[ - inanimate in all

:)8;++ 7=$+3+85=) <+8=++ @%)8:=)

-JJ / -JU

-J

AUV (after ., /, 0, 1)

simple comparative degree of adverb

+ some adverbs

2) prefix OP

6[-/!-&

JUV

2) prefix

(2))3&5789++

beautiful

SIMPLE

1) suffix:

:-5$3+8+ 95+8" / 95+!)8 EXAMPLES

59+8$;--> - 59+$;B8B bright, light %)8:3--> - %):3B8B kind 578;D=--> - 57;D=B8B (BE) strong 9+5G;--> - 9+5+;B8B cheerful expensive %)3)I)8> - %)3)8J-B -B strict 5$3)8 I7>>- -5$3)8 JJ -B young <);)K)8 <);)8 $9G3K-> - $9G3J-B solid, hard loud !3)8 - !3)8 - )3)8M-B short light, easy ;G!L7> - ;+8!M-B (83L7> - (83M-B bright .&83L7> - .&83M-B hot soft <(8!L7> - <(8!M-B 3+82L7> - 3+82M-B strong clean 078NP-> - 078R-B 0&8NP) - 0&8R-B often thick, fat $)8;NP-> - $)8;R-B !@NP)8> - !@8R-B dense, thick simple, easy, ordinary 23)NP)8> - 23)8R-B :)!&8P-> - :)!&8M-B rich steep, dry sharp 3@P)8 3@8 5@S)8>>- -5@8 UM -B-B $78S-7> - $78U-B quiet cheap %+/GV-> - %+/+8VX-B @8YL7> - @8J-B narrow close :;78YL7> - :;78J-B =78YL7> - =78J-B low high 9-5Z8L7> - 9-8U-B 3+8%L7> - 3+8J-B rare wide, extensive /73Z8L7> - /783-B %&;G-L-7> - %&8;D-UB distant, far-off thin $)8=-L-7> - $)8=D-UB %)8;-I-7> - %)8;D-UB long

46

P=PWcJ =Ld`AG PW?AbPCAEGN =HJOJEJU =?ACEJEGN O?GLA]AHJLMEcR G EA?J`GU Special cases of formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs comparative degree

superlative degree

simple

adjective

adverb

com plex / simple

7&!&[\*1

9e[5\+

good

better

09&7&[1

7e[g+

bad

worse

Z#[9+);4*1

Z+[);\+

small

smaller

&9;\&[1

&[9;\+

big, large

bigger, larger

0&[%<)*1

0&%<)+[+ / 0&[%g+

late

later

:9e&[4*1

:9e[g+

-#[Z61 ;@80/7> (")3)8/7>)

!;@8:.+ (-+[7

-#[Z61 !;@:)87>

5;&81+ (-+[7

-#[Z61 5;&8%7>

the best

-#[Z61 "@8%/7> (2;)")8>) the worst

-#[Z61 <&8;+=D7> the smallest

-#[Z61 :);D/)8> the biggest, the largest

-#[Z61 2)8Y%=7> the latest

deep

deeper

-9#[<4*1

-9#[h+

the deepest

sweet

sweeter

7&!&\&[

9e[5\+

well

better

the best

09&[7&

7e[g+

"@8.+ (-+[7 ((-+:&[)

;@80/+ (-+[7 ((-+:&[)

badly

worse

the worst

Z#[9&

Z+[);\+

<+8=D/+ (-+[7 ((-+:&[)

little, not much

less

the least

Z)&[:&

&[9;\+

:)8;D/+ (-+[7 ((-+:&[)

many, much

more

the most

!#[)&

!#[);\+

3&8=D/+ (-+[7 ((-+:&[)

early

com plex

;@80/+ (-+7, )#*;@80/7> "@8.+ (-+[7, )#*"@8%/7> <+8=D/+ (-+[7, )#*<+8=D/7> :)8;D/+ (-+[7, )#*:)8;D/7> 2)8Y.+ (-+[7

earlier

the earliest

+ noun simple comparative degree of adjective - simple comparative degree of adjective - complex comparative degree of adjective - comparison of two infinitives

Gen. i 2

N):&8& :)8;D/+ )8/7.

5+Z - than

L)8/& <+8=D/+, 5+Z 5):&8&. X+8$=7> %+8=D :)8;++ %;78==->, 5+Z Y78<=7> %+8=D. X+$+8$D =& 5&<);G$+ :-5$3+8+, 5+Z +8"&$D =& 2)8+Y%+.

Nom. i 1

only Complex Comparative Degree of adjectives

2) 9@85@: taste

5);G=-> - salted !)83D7> - bitter .&83+=-> - fried 9&3G=-> - boiled

3&8==7> - early !)83%-> - proud @5$&8;-> - tired %3@8.+57> - friendly

)20G=-> - smoked

%+;)9)8> - efficient, businesslike

WP[LJJ, XJ[EJJ + adjective

Simple Superlative Degree of adjectives suffix -JUV 578;D=-> - 57;D=+8>/7> strong (hard) 5$&83-> - 5$&3+8>/7> old simple, easy / ordinary 23)5$)8> - 23)5$+8>/7> :)!&8$-> - :)!&$+8>/7> rich kind %)8:3-> - %):3+8>/7> =)89-> - =)9+8>/7> new $3@8%=-> - $3@%=+8>/7> difficult 9@85=-> - 9@5=+8>/7> tasty, delicious

suffix -

_-` ]-^ b-^ R-V 47

AUV 9-5)8L7> - 9-5)M&8>/7> high, tall 9+;78L7> - 9+;7M&8>/7> great thin, slender $)8=L7> - $)=M&8>/7> 3+8%L7> - 3+%M&8>/7> rare light, easy ;G!L7> - ;+!M&8>/7> 5$3)8I7> - 5$3)J&8>/7> strict :;78\L7> - :;7J&8>/7> close $78S7> - $7U&8>/7> quiet

!#%'( *!'+#,#%(+-.0( ' !#%'( 1%!#3#%(+-.0( *!'4#1%'5 Short-form adjectives and short-form passive participles 1) they are not declined 2) they agree with the noun (the subject) in gender and number 3) in a sentence, they may be used only as a predicate after the auxiliary verb 6789 (the auxiliary verb is omitted in the present tense):

"$ %&()&+ (67:, 6;=>?8) ,-/%+"( ABDFH=I. 1,/()2 (67:D=, 6;=>?8) J8AB7=8D.

L6BDNJIDOH? ABD8AJP RJBS7 ADT?F8I?OO7U WBH:DXD8?:9O7U H F8BD>D8?:9O7U WBHTDF8HP WBJY?>Y?XJ IB?S?OH Formation of short-form of qualitative adjectives and past passive participles SHORT-FO

SINGULAR masculine feminine

COMPLETE-FORM

3)"-4(,56 - beautiful ,9-&(376 - tall, high >"?4(-">>56 - written &@3)9(@56 - open

3)"-4(, ,9-&(3 >"?4(-"> &@3)9(@

RM

neuter

PLURAL

#

L

0-'

3)"-4(,: ,9-&3:( >"?4(-">: &@3)9(@:

3)"-4(,< ,9-&3<( >"?4(-">< &@3)9(@<

3)"-4(,5 ,9-&37( >"?4(-">5 &@3)9(@5

Words we use often:

A"3)9(@ ?)"(, )"+ -B"(-@C4, +&,&(C/> A"(>D@ -,&E&(+/> A+&)&(, E&(C/> -&%C"(-/> %&@&(, +&(CF/>

A"3)9(@: ?)",:( )"(+: -B"(-@C4,: +&,&(C2>: A">D@:( -,&E&(+>: A+&)&(,: E&C2>:( -&%C"(->: %&@&(,: +&CF>:(

pl: -0 n: -O A"3)9(@5 A"3)9(@< close to be right ?)"(,5 )"(+5 glad -B"(-@C4,5 happy enjoyed +&,&(C2>5 A"(>D@5 A"(>D@< busy free -,&E&(+>5 -,&E&(+>< A+&)&(,5 healthy E&C2>5( E&C2><( ill, sick -&%C"(->5 agree ready %&@&(,5 %&@&(,< +&CF>5( +&CF><( must, have to

G,/( )/> ?&I&( F A>"3&(K

G,/( )/>: ?&I&( F: A>"3&(K:

G,/( )/>5 ?&I&( F7 A>"3&(K5

m

f: -A

sure, confident ?&I&(F< to besimilar, he looks like his brother A>"3&(K< familiar (with)

Some present participles passive have a short-form (bookish language):

:Z6H=89 - to love ;ID[D=89 - to respect \?OH=89 - to value UBDOH=89 - to keep S;=TH89 - to torture ;XO?8D=89 - to oppress

:Z6H=S (-", -&, -9) ;ID[D=?S \?OH=S UBDOH=S S;=THS ;XO?8D=?S

48

L1L]0( 1+^4#' L]!#_L`#.'5 !#%Lb cL!d0 *!'+#,#%(+-.0f Special cases of formation of short-form of adjectives 1. Mobile vowel (6?=X:Dh X:D=FODh)

L+

L

(/k+.

( ( ( complete form ends in

-?OO7P -?OOHP -HOO7P -JOO7P -DOO7P (stressed)

masculine

6:H=NAHP (near) - 6:H=NJA OH=NAHP (low) - OH=NJA AB?=WAHP (strong) - AB?=WJA :iXAHP (easy) - :iXJA 8J=OAHP (thin) - 8J=OJA >J=:XHP (long) - >J=:JX WJ=:O7P (full) - WJ=:JO 6?=>O7P (poor) - 6?=>?O

AJBJ=8AHP (short) - AJ=BJ8JA ABD=8AHP (short, brief) - ABD=8JA ;=NAHP (narrow) - ;=NJA :J=IAHP (adroit) - :J=IJA F:D=>AHP (sweet) - F:D=>JA FS?YOJ=P (funny) - FS?YJ=O N:J=P (wicked, evil) - NJ=: IB?=>O7P (harmful) - IB?=>?O

(difficult) 8B;=>O7P 8B;=>?O 6J:9OJ= P (sick) - 6J=- :?O O?=[O7P (gentle) - O?=[?O 6:?=>O7P (pale) - 6:?=>?O XBh=NO7P (dirty) - XBh=N?O XJ=B9AHP (bitter) - XJ=B?A 6J=PAHP (sharp) - 6J=?A F8J=PAHP (staunch) - F8J=?A J=F8B7P (sharp) - JF8iB UH=8B7P (sly) - UH8iB FI?=8:7P (light) - FI?=8?:

(clever) - ;SiO ;=SO7P WJ:?= NO7P (useful) - WJ:?=N?O TiBO7P (black)- TiB?O O;=[O7P (necessary) - O;=[?O cH=:9O7P (strong) - FH:iO

J8ABJI?=OO7P (frank) - J8ABJI?=O?O H=FAB?OOHP (sincere) - H=FAB?O?O :?XAJS7=F:?OO7P (light-headed) - :?XAJS7=F:?O JXBDOH=T?OO7P (limited) - JXBDOH=T?O J67AOJI?=OO7P (ordinary) - J67AOJI?=O?O O?HNS?=OO7P (invariable) - O?HNS?=O?O (long) - >:H= >:H= OO7P(valuable) \?= OO7P - \?=O?O O?O FA:J=OO7P (inclined, disposed) - FA:J=O?O FJIB?S?=OO7P (modern) - FJIB?S?=O?O WJF8Jh=OO7P (constant) - WJF8Jh=O?O

&!

;I?=B?OO7P (sure) - ;I?=B?O J8>D:iOO7P (remote) - J8>D:iO IJFWH=8DOO7P (well-bred) - IJFWH=8DO F>?=B[DOO7P (reserved) - F>?=B[DO

2. The adjectives 6J:9YJ=P and SD=:?O9AHP have no short forms. in their place, we use the short forms 6J:9YJ=P, I?:H=AHP - I?:H=A (-"(, -&(, -4() of the adjectives I?:H=AHP and SD=:7P SD=:?O9AHP, SD=:7P - SD: (-"(, -&(, -9() 3. The adjectives which have no short-form ending in -FAHP -JIJP, -?IJP -O7P, -OJP, -OHP colours prefix *!(- / !#_-

*!(>J=6B7P, *!(SH=:7P, !#1WB?ABD=FO7P 4. The adjectives used only in the short-form

BD=>, BD=>#, BD=>0 - be glad >J=:[?O, >J:[O#=, >J:[O0= - must J6h=NDO, J6h=NDO#, J6h=NDO0 - obliged IHOJID=8, IHOJID=8#, IHOJID=80 - responsible, guilty, to blame

4+4&(K9

- 6BD=8FAHP, >B;=[?FAHP, 8JID=BHl?FAHP - >?:JIJ=P, 6J?IJ=P, IJ:?IJ=P, W?B?>JIJ=P - X:D=IO7P, WJ=N>OHP, :H=YOHP JBD=O[?I7P, AJBH=TO?I7P, XJ:;6J=P, :H:J=I7P, BJ=NJI7P, RHJ:?=8JI7P, FHB?=O?I7P, YJAJ:D=>O7P, AJR?=PO7P

<> BD> ?&+"()3G. <> >J=:[?O L(@& -+/(C"@2. N J6h=NDO ?)4P@4( A"(,@)" >" )"E&(@G. Q@& IHOJID=8 , @&(K, B@& -CGB4(C&-2? EG(+2@/ +&E)9( (CRE/(A>9), EG(+2@/ &-@&)&(F>9, EG(+2@/ A+&)&(,9 >4 F4, >4 KS)@, (&@ -@)"(I"), -&(,/-@2 K&D( B4-@"( +&()&% 3"(F+9P B"(-, )G(34 3&()&@34, ,&?)&(- D(-/>

49

!#%' ()*(!)* / Verb forms INFINITIVE -,. after vowels

1234637 - to read 89;9<2637 - to speak <2>9;4637 - to draw / paint >@AC637DF - to laugh

-,/ after consonants

VERB FORMS PRESENT TENSE

change in person and number singular

What will you do tomorrow?

plural

C !"#$ 3N !$"%)* 9G/4 !$"%+

@N !$"%' ;N !$"%+% 9G2 !$"#+

Q/D*6(+*) + ) / )* / )/ !-/$1 !-/$13 !-/$15

C, 3N, !L C, 3N, !L*6 @N, ;N, !L/6

m f pl

L*Q/D*6(+*) + ) / )* / )/ 2/!-/$1 2/!-/$13 2/!-/$15

COMPOUND: R',. + inf.

SIMPLE

verb KN37 has the I st conjugation

verbs have a >onjugation (I and II)

FUTURE TENSE

039 ;N KS6HA3A HA6J437 U46;3<4?

PERFECTIVE L*I2>46ASPECT 37

verbs have a >onjugation (I and II):

PAST TENSE

039 ;N HA6J4J2 ;1A<46? What did you do yesterday?

@9617 - to be able to do I9@9617 - to help JA617 - to lie down KA
IMPERFECTIVE I2>4637ASPECT

039 ;N HA6J4A3A >AO146>? What are you doing now?

-0. after vowels (a few)

GA>326 - to carry 2H326 - to go <4>326 - to grow ;A>326 - to lead / drive

singular

C 3N 9G/4

67$9# 67$9%)* 67$9%+

@N ;N 9G2

67$9%' 67$9%+% 67$9#+

singular

!-/$:;

plural

C 2/!"#$ @N 2/!$"%' 3N 2/!$"%)* ;N 2/!$"%+% 9G/4 2/!$"%+ 9G2 2/!$"#+

plural

!-/$:; past tense + R'

THE CONDITIONAL MOOD

9G 9G4 9G2

!-/$1 6< !-/$13 6< !-/$15 6<

2/!-/$1 6< 2/!-/$13 6< 2/!-/$15 6< consonant + / / vowel + V

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD singular

plural (+ ,W)

singular

plural (+ ,W)

!"/6 =!:/$V

!"5$,W =!:/$>,W

2/!"/6 @B=!:/$V

2/!$"5,W @B=!:/$>,W

50

"#%&')+' ,-.,0-. / The conjugation of verbs

NUMBER

I CONJUGATION:

II CONJUGATION:

inf. in

inf. in -+24

PERSON

-.24, -%24, -'24, -05.24, -)724, -2+, -84

SINGULAR

PLURAL

% 2P 0) (-., -0) TP 5P 0)+@

I you he / she / it we you they

9;=>@A.AB, CDF%@AB =>F'@AB, 9GH05.@24 >AJ>K)7@24, GJ2+@, M>@84 7-O 'Q4 - RQ4 '2 - R2 'T - RT '2' - R2' 72 - O2 O, O2 - after vowels 7, 72 - after consonants 'Q4, '2, '2' - unstressed RQ4, R2, R2' - stressed

C>N>9+@24

7-O +Q4 +2 +T +2' .2 - %2 O, %2 - after vowels and soft consonants

7, .2 - after V, W, X, Y

infinitive

9;=>@A.24

CDF%@24

=>F'@24

9GH05.@24

>AJ>K)7@24

GJ2+@

M>@84

to work

to walk

to be ill

to draw, paint (drop 05. + 7)

to rest

to go

can

% 2P

"$%'(") "$%'("/:;

*+-.') *+-.'/:;

$%-/') $%-/'/:;

124') 124'/:;

%(5%68+' %(5%68<:;

15+' 15<:;

9%*+' 9%'>/:;

0)/. TP 5P 0)+@

"$%'("/( "$%'("/9 "$%'("/(/ "$%'(")(

*+-.'/( *+-.'/9 *+-.'/(/ *+-.')(

$%-/'/( $%-/'/9 $%-/'/(/ $%-/')(

124'/( 124'/9 124'/(/ 124')(

%(5%68<( %(5%68<9 %(5%68<(/ %(5%68+'(

15<( 15<9 15<(/ 15+'(

9%'>/( 9%'>/9 9%'>/(/ 9%'*+(

infinitive

C>N>9+@24

DX+@24-%

J;5.@AB

NHA;5.@AB

to speak

to study

to give

to get up

consonant + % vowel + 4

% 2P 0)/. TP 5P 0)+@

*%?%)' *%?%1':; *%?%1'( *%?%1'9 *%?%1'(/ *%?%.'(

+@+'AC +'@1:;AD +'@1(AD +'@19AD +'@1(/AC +'@"(AD

8/( 5. 5")' 5"<:; 5"<( 5"<9 5"<(/ 5")'(

?2(")' ?2("<:; ?2("<( ?2("<9 ?2("<(/ ?2(")'(

EXCEPTIONS: Verbs ending in -'24 and -.24, -%24 II conjugation

Verbs ending in -+24 I conjugation

cM>A9Z@AB - to look, NG@JZAB - to see, \Z\;NG@JZAB - to hate

];NGHZ@AB - to depend, >=G@JZAB - to offend AZ9^Z@AB - to suffer, NZ9AZ@AB - to turn round C\;AB - to drive, HADX;@AB - to knock _9GX;@AB - to shout, M>FX;@AB - to be silent, cF`@W;AB - to hear J`W;@AB - to breathe, JZ9V;@AB - to hold H^;AB - to sleep, FZAZ@AB - to fly HGJZ@AB - to sit, FZV;@AB - to lie, HA>a@AB - to stand

51

VGAB - to live =9GAB - to shave WGAB - to sew ^GAB - to drink =GAB - to beat FGAB - to pour

!#!%&(*,.! /&12*/,34 ( &/,&(! 12*1&2* ( ,*/6&89!: (#!:!,. Consonant interchange in verb stems in the present tense

1-< %-< @-<

/-= 4-=

>- 6-

6-9 /6 - 9 /> - 9

? - ?2 ( - (2 : - :2 A - A2

I conjugation infinitive

BC/DF GH to write

BIDF to >DGH cry

JLFto@DGH cut to slice

interchange

8 63 &,/* :3 (3 &,.F

/-=

>-

!"#% !%",78 !%",9 !%",3 !%",9, !%"#9

&'%)# &'%),78 &'%),9 &'%),3 &'%),9, &'%)#9

C/>DF to look GH for to search for

@-< *,%.# *,%.,78

*,%.,9 *,%.,3 *,%.,9, *,%.#9

NPD@DF GH to speak to say, to tell

/> - 9

QRF T to can to be able to do

@-<

!/#% !%/,78 !%/,9 !%/,3 !%/,9, !%/#9

BRQRF T to help

1-<

02'.#% 02'%.,78 02'%.,9 02'%.,3 02'%.,9, 02'%.#9

1-<

346#% 34%.,78 34%.,9 34%.,3 34%.,9, 34%6#9

4346#% 434%.,78 434%.,9 434%.,3 434%.,9, 434%6#9

II conjugation infinitive interchange

8 63 &,/* :3 (3 &,.F

LFU%CGH

VCF%LGH

BLJLVR%CFGH

IW?CFGH

XRGRF(CGH

IL6LFGH

YR%CFGH

to go (by transport)

to see

to translate

to love

to prepare

to fly

to go (on foot)

%-<

,%:.# ,%:C!78 ,%:C!9 ,%:C!3 ,%:C!9, ,%:CE9

%-<

;!%.# ;!%C!78 ;!%C!9 ;!%C!3 ;!%C!9, ;!%CE9

%-<

,*,;4.#% ,*,;4%C!78 ,*,;4%C!9 ,*,;4%C!3 ,*,;4%C!9, ,*,;4%CE9

? - ?2

&<=><% &<%D!78 &<%D!9 &<%D!3 &<%D!9, &<%DE9

( - (2

6494%?>< 6494%;!78 6494%;!9 6494%;!3 6494%;!9, 6494%;E9

6-

&,)#% &,9!%78 &,9!%9 &,9!%3 &,9!%9, &,9E%9

%-<

A4.#% A4%C!78 A4%C!9 A4%C!3 A4%C!9, A4%CE9

II conjugation infinitive interchange

BJR/CFGH

NC%LFGH

BID6CFGH

[CF/6CGH

PRJ:CFGH

GLJALFGH

\R/CFGH

to ask

to sit

to pay

to clean

to feed

to suffer to tolerate

to carry to wear

/-=

%-<

6-

/6 - 9

: - :2

A - A2

/-=

8

*4"#%

0!.#%

&')#%

F!%/#

24*G><%

9,*I><%

J4"#%

63 &,/* :3 (3 &,.F

*4% *4%00!78 !9 *4%0!3 *4%0!9, *4%0E9

0!C!% 0!C!%7 98 0!C!%3 0!C!%9, 0!CE%9

&'% &'%99!78 !9 &'%9!3 &'%9!9, &'%9E9

F!% F!%009!78 9!9 F!%09!3 F!%09!9, F!%09E9

24% 24%* *3!78 3!9 24%*3!3 24%*3!9, 24%*3E9

9,% 9,%* *!78 !9 9,%*!3 9,%*!9, 9,%*E9

J4% J4%00!78 !9 J4%0!3 J4%0!9, J4%0E9

52

&NR]^L NI_[DC NBJabL\Ca C R]JDURVD\Ca BJRcLdcLXR VJLQL\C XIDXRIRV (\LBJDVCIH\^L XIDXRI^ ) Special cases of verb conjugation and past tense formation (irregular verbs) PRESENT TENSE (imperfective) VERBS

8 DLJ#%

]JDGH

or FUTURE TENSE (perfective)

SINGULAR

63 DL*K78

PLURAL

&,(*) DL*K9

:3 DL*K3

(3 DL*K9,

&,.F DL*#%9

PAST TENSE (R\, R\DF, R\CF)

to take

VUaFGH

perf.

;R:83#%

;R:83K78 ;R:83K9 ;R:83K3

;R:83K9, ;R:83#%9

to take

]^GH to be bCGH

D_Fd# M!V#%

D_Fd,78 M!VK78

D_Fd,9 M!VK9

D_Fd,3 M!VK3

D_Fd,9, M!VK9,

D_Fd#9 M!V#%9

C'Q

C'78

C'NG

C'd!%3

C'd!%9,

C'd#%9

,%Q

,%78

,%NG

,d!%3

,d!%9,

,dE%9

H<

HK78

HK9

HK3

HK9,

H<%9

R<%

RK78

RK9

RK3

RK9,

R<%9

,%d#

,%d,78

,%d,9

,%d,3

,%d,9,

,%d#9

!C#%

!CK78

!CK9

!CK3

!CK9,

!C#%9

ceI, cID, cIC

J,0#%

J,0K78

J,0K9

J,0K3

J,0K9,

J,0#%9

D,X#%

D,M!%78

D,M!%9

D,M!%3

D,M!%9,

D,6_F9

\eN, \LNIDF, \LNICF

&aFX#

&E%b,78

&E%b,9

&E%b,3

&E%b,9,

&aFX#9

0aFd#

0aFd,78

0aFd,9

0aFd,3

0aFd,9,

0aFd#9

34X#%

34%b,78

34%b,9

34%b,3

34%b,9,

34%X#9

to live

dDGH

perf.

to give

LFNGH

LFI, LFID, LFIC

to eat

BCGH to drink

BLFGH to sing

LFYDGH to go / drive

CdGCF to go

\LNGCF to carry

]LbDFGH to run

ILF[H

perf.

to lie down

NLFNGH

perf.

IeX, ILXIDF, ILXICF NLFI, NLFID, NLFIC

to sit

QRF[H to be able to do

BRQRF[H

perf.

434X#%

434%b,78 434%b,9 434%b,3 434%b,9, 434%X#9 BRQRFX, BRQRXIDF,

perf.

4gQ#%

4gQK78

4gQK9

4gQK3

4gQK9,

4gQ#%9

A4[#%

A4%[,78

A4%[,9

A4G!%3

A4G!%9,

A4GE%9

2&'d#%

2&'dK78

2&'dK9

2&'dK3

2&'dK9,

2&'d#%9

PIDI, PIDIDF,

#3*#%

#3*K78

#3*K9

#3*K3

#3*K9,

#3*#%9

PIDFIC _FQLJ, _QLJIDF, _FQLJIC

MC#

MCK78

MCK9

MCK3

MCK9,

MC#9

3RF<

3RF,78

3RF,9

3RF,3

3RF,9,

3RF<9

*'09#%

*'09K78

*'09K9

*'09K3

*'09K9,

*'09#%9

BRQRXICF

to help

BR\aFGH

QRFX, QRXIDF, QRXICF

to understand

YRGLFGH to want

PIDNGH to put

_QLJLFGH

perf.

to die

bdDGH to wait

Q^GH to wash

JDNGCF to grow

53

JRFN, JRNIDF, JRNICF

"#$ %&'%)&' / Aspects of the verb )+,'.)'/"1 "#) %&'%)&' / Formation of the aspectual pairs

imperfective aspect

perfective aspect

1. without a prefix

prefix

the verb with prefix and without it must have the same meaning otherwise it is not an aspectual pair

!"#%"& ,!-#%"& 3!-57#%"&

'(*!"#%"& /1,!-#%"& /13!-57#%"&

589%<;#"& #"& ;9% ,9%"& !?3#%"& 3#-"!%

'*589% ;#"& =;9% <#"& =,9%"& =@?3#%"& AC%3#-"!

2. suffix -$' / -"'

,939,!%-CA1"& D#,!%-CA1"& D#E#%DCA1"& D#E#%FGA1"& 3. suffix -'

;#A1%"& ,939;#A1%"& 7-"#A1%"& 4. suffix -'

to have lunch to do to sing to play to grow

without the suffix -$' / -"'

,939,!-#%"& D#,!-#%"& D#E#D#%"& D#E5%F!"&

to rewrite, to copy to write down, to record to order, to book to finish

without the suffix -'

;#"& ,939;#%"& 7-"#%"&

39H1%"& !DI1%"& E5F1%"& 7E
to read to write to draw

to give to pass to stand up, to get up

suffix -"

39HG%"& !DIG%"& E5%FG"& 7E
5. suffix -'

E3!1%"& 5";@M1%"&

suffix -/3

E3!%E/L"& 5";5M/L%"&

6. "4 / "/ in the root

F#G/#%"&(-O) ,5FGP#%"& D#FGP#%"&-O ,5;FGP#%"&(-O)

to decide, to solve to study to end, finish to turn on to answer

to cry, to shout to rest

without "4 / "/ in the root to start, begin F##%"&(-O) ,5FO%"& to understand to occupy, to have a lesson D#FO%"&-O ,5;FO%"&(-O) to pick up, to lift, to go up

7. different words

?5753!%"& 83#%"& 6)EI,#%"& E<#%-"& -#;!%"&-O <5R!%"&-O !-E#%"& <57!%"& 79%H#"& 75D73#V#%"& ,5753#%!7#"&

-E#D#%"& 7DO%"& EI,!%"& ,5<5R!%"& -9%-"& <9%& F#S"!% ,5SU#%"& ,579%-!"& 793FI%"& ,5793FI%"& 54

to speak, to say, to tell to take, to borrow to buy to put to sit down, to set to lie down, to go to bed to look for - to find to catch to hang (up) to return, to give back to turn

"#$ %&'%)&' / ASPECTS OF THE VERB imperfective: The action is (will be) named only, the result is unimportant.

"$%"&'() +)&,.0%(1, ') %"&2'3 567 8)$:7<0"&0 (7( ')0. 1. Find a fact: the action in general [the general fact]. =3'.0"0"&>(1 ?"&@0": +)&,.0%() %335A)&, % B8(&'>(B) [3&5A)?"@0(&C).@3) $'"C)&'()]. 1) +,- +)&7")0) / +)&7"7( / 5:&+)0) +)&7"0
present - !" $% !#$%!'! &(*+,.&? - / ()'%#* 123.45.

What did you do yesterday? What were you doing?

past - !" $% !#$%$) $+(7,.? - 9+(7,. ; ()'%#$ 123.45. 2)

What will you do tomorrow? What are you going to do?

compound future - !" $% +,#!'! !#$%'. <,.$!7,? - =,.$!7, ; +,#, ()'%#'. 123.45.

)&.0< / 567 / 5:&+)0 /02, (&7( 34,?

Are you doing something or not?

Was there any action or not?

Will there be any action or not?

present

past

compound future - =,.$!7, $% +,#!'! ()'%#'. 123.45? - @,, (;) +,#, (()'%#'. 123.45). / - A(!, (;) /! +,#, (()'%#'. 123.45).

- 9% &(*+,.& ()'%#!'! >.!5 123.45? - @,, ()'%#*. / A(!, /! ()'%#*.

- 9% $+(7,. ()'%#$) 123.45? - @,, ()'%#$. / A(!, /! ()'%#$.

2. The specification of the details of the action (as a fact, person, place, time), which had already been or it will be [the individual fact]. D03C')&'() +)0"&7), +)&,.0%(1 (@"@ ?"&@0", 7(>"&, E)&.0", %8)&E)'(), @303&83) :2)& 56&73 (&7( 5:&+)0 [C"&.0'3?"@0(&C).@3) $'"C)&'()]. ($ C1".D() 0'1

()'%#$ 123.43 E5.C132,? / 0%3)#! 123.43 E5.C132, $% ()'%#$)? / 014%# $% ()'%#$) E5.C132,?

imperfective: 67,08,9

perfective: :;-67,08,9

1. The action continued (will continue) for some time. The process.

The action is (will be) completed and finished.

@D3.!(DG2"( H(.*&!$3(. E7"I(.&&.

=,1".2+(22"&!G, <,$(7CJ22"&!G H(.*&!$3;. L(<5DG!,.!.

E7"I(.&& HD3.D&; "N7(H(DJ22"( $7(.O;.

L(<5DG!,.! H"&!3.425! <, "N7(H(DJ22"( $7(.O;.

The process went on for (in)definite time: 5 4 Acc.

The result is achieved within some definite time: A' + F 4 Acc. – within

6!#7. !#/. - all day / 9!#$:; 6!#(!< - whole evening /!!#$* - during a week 2 (%7%# - hours / 3 /># - days / 4 41#% - years =-8>?- + past, future - for a long time = =0@3-8 + present (%6/1# + past - a long time ago / /!%#6/1 - recently) - 9% H,$2". ()'%#!'! >.!5 123.45? / present - P1".DG1" $7(.O(23 $% ()'%#!'! >.!5 123.45?

The result (limit) of the action.

BCD8? GH + BCD8 – already JL + DFG + J + verb – yet

there is no present tense

How long ...?

- / ()'%#* >.!5 123.45 (5R(.) H,$2". / 3 H2;.. - 9% H".D4" ()'%#$) >.!5 123.45? / past - P1".DG1" $7(.O(23 $% ()'%#$) >.!5 123.45? - / ()'%#$ 123.45 $(.&G $(.+(7.

- 9% (5R(.) ?<1()'%#$) 123.45? past - @,, ; (5R(.) ?<1()'%#$ 123.45 $+(7,.. / - A(!, ; ((SJ) /! ?<1()'%#$ 123.45.

- A(!, ; (SJ ()'%#*. present JL + DFG + verb – still

- @% &1".DG1" $7(.O(23 $% ?<1()'%#$) >.!5 123.45? - / ?<1()'%#$ 123.45 <, 2 H2;.. past

- 9% H".D4" +,#!'! ()'%#'. >.!5 123.45? / - P1".DG1" $7(.O(23 $% +,#!'! ()'%#'. >.!5 123.45? - / +,#, ()'%#'. >.!5 123.45 2 H2;..

- T"4H,. $% ?<1()'%#!'! >.!5 123.45? simple future - / ?<1()'%#* >.!5 123.45 <,.$!7, / U%.&!7" / $ +(!$(.74.

compound future

- @% &1".DG1" $7(.O(23 $% ?<1()'%#!'! >.!5 123.45? - / ?<1()'%#* >.!5 123.45 A% 3 H2;.. simple future

55

imperfective: 67,08,9

perfective: :;-67,08,9

2. The action was (will be) repeated many times. E"$!"7;.(O"&!G H(.*&!$3;, "U%.+2"&!G (H(.*&!$3( N7"3&V"H3.D" I3-8?- ;0J).

The action is single, not repeated.

-KL863- - usually @M4?=08 - always 73-?=08 - sometimes 608M,- - often ;48=2- - seldom 372-?=08 34 - never I3-8?- ;0J - many times

M4?-8=3R / @64;08 / J08@,;0 T8,;-I / =3VI / @4864;-I / 3-869W

XH2"17,.!2"&!G, (H323.+2"&!G H(.*&!$3; (H(.*&!$3( N7"3&V"H3.D" -=783 ;0J).

-=783 ;0J

208O=LP ;0J (=439) - every time (day) :- @-M2;4M4839RI - every Sunday ;0839S4 - previously, used to

@ @-M2;4M48394

- !" $% "U%.+2" !#$%!'! $ $"&17(&(.2G(? present - 9 $"&17(&(.2G( ; "U%.+2" ()'%#* 123.45. - !" $% "U%.+2" !#$%$) N" $"&17(&(.2G;O, 1"4H,. R3.D3 $ Z.24D33. - XU%.+2" ; ()'%#$ 123.45. past

9 $"&17(&(.2G( ; ?<1()'%#$ 123.45 E5.C132,. past

- !" $% +,#!'! !#$%'. N" $"&17(&(.2G;O <3O".*? - E" $"&17(&(.2G;O ; +,#, ()'%#'. 123.45. compound future

9 >.!" $"&17(&(.2G( ; ?<1()'%#* 123.45 E5.C132,.

T,.RH"( 5.!7" "2 67'%6%#$ (to get up) 7,.2". past

P(4".H2; "2 67'%$ N".
3. Both actions took place simultaneously. XH2"$7(O(.22%( H(.*&!$3;.

One action which produced a result took place after another, which was also completed with a result. E"&D(.H"$,!(DG2%( H(.*&!$3;.

simple future

9(.+(7"O ; ()'%#* 123.45, , U7,! 7$,#B%!' present O5.<%15. T"4H,. ; ()'%#$ 123.45, U7,! 7$,#B%$ O5.<%15.

9+(7,. ; ?<1()'%#$ 123.45 3 past

1'%#$ (J H75.45. past ?1BC$ $ 132"..

=,.$!7, ; +,#, ()'%#'. 123.45, , U7,! +,#!' T"4H,. ; ?<1()'%#* 123.45, ; 1'%#E (J H75.45. 7$,#B%'. O5.<%15. ?1;,# $ 132".. compound future

simple future

67,08,9 M>T8S0,9

[ +,#, 1':F%#'. ]

imperfect - compound future finish

1

2

:;-67,08,9 -,=08,9 - to return :-P,78

=3N+"& 1 67,08> @'(&N:, :-J@-378> E3&, +8:N.

4. imperfect

67,08,9 perfect - :-J@-378,9 to call

past

The action which began and finished while the other action was taken place has perfective aspect.

@(.*&!$3(, 1"!".7"( 2,+,D".&G 3 <,1".2+3D"&G, N"1,. N7"!(1,.D" H754".( H(.*&!$3(, 3O(.(! P9.

56

imperfective

perfective

5. The result of the action is no longer valid at the moment of speech. (past) H'':7(&83%"''3.0< 8)$:7<0"&0" +)&,.0%(1, ').3O8"')&'() )N3& @ E3E)&'0: 8)&C(.

The result of the action is still valid at the moment of speech. (past)

Q3O8"')&'() 8)$:7<0"&0" +)&,.0%(1 % E3E)&'0 8)&C(.

verbs: 1) verbs of motion with prefixes XY"-, B-, $+ 7=,78 / [-=78,9, 48[0,9 / 48J=7,9 34M,78 / 3-M78,9, @4J,78 / @-J78,9 2) K;08,9 / @JR8,9 - to take =0@08,9 / =08,9 - to give

-,2;L@08,9 / -,2;L8,9 - to open J02;L@08,9 / J02;L8,9 - to close @2>W608,9 / @2>W678,9 - to turn on @L2>W608,9 / @L82>W67,9 - to turn off 30=4@08,9 / 30=48,9 - to put on M37I08,9 / M3R8,9 - to take off M,08@7,9 / :-M,08@7,9 - to put 2>08M,9 / :->-O78,9 - to put TK7;08,9 / TK;08,9 - to tidy 3) (:-)>WK78,9 - to love, (:-)3;08@7,9MR - to like -

S3C)E:& % @3&E'"0) O3&73+'3? T -,2;L@08> 3@'3&. (= 30@86&7 + $"@86&7)

WC)8"& @3 E') :;74JO08> 58"0. (= 567 : E)'1& +3&E", " .),C"&. )N3& ')0; B8()&O"7 + :)&O"7)

V"C)&E 06 -,2;L8> 3@'3&? (= 30@86&7 3@'3&, ( .),C"&. 3'3& 30@86&03) WC)8"& @3 E')& :;748[0> 58"0. (= .),C"&. 3' : E)'1& +3&E")

6.

IN THE NEGATIVE

The absolute absence of an action (no action at all).

The action was (will be), but there is no result of the action.

S3&7'3) 308(>"&'() +)&,.0%(1: =48PM,@7R 34, (348 KL>-, 34 KT8=4,).

G)&,.0%() 56&73 (5:&+)0), '3 34, ;4JT>9,08,0 =48PM,@7R.

= he did not do smth. / won’t do smth.

= he couldn’t do it / will not be able to do it

-3 34 =48>0> / 34 KT8=4, =48>0,9

-3 34 MI-8? M=48>0,9 / 34 MI-8O4, M=48>0,9

T 34 67,08W. (T 34 2T;W8.) present T ('(@3N+"&) 34 67,08> Y&0: @'(&N:. past

T 34 :;-67,08> Y&0: @'(&N: %C)8"&. past

T 34 KT8=T 67,08,9 Y&0: @'(&N:.

T 34 :;-67,08W Y&0: @'(&N: $" 2 +'1&. compound future

simple future

imperfective

perfective

+"]'8]_

XY)+"]'8]_

present past compound future: KL,9 + inf.

past simple future

57

`@-=30R ,0K>7b0 J306437P @7=-@ ?>0?->0 The use of the ASPECTS OF THE VERB (general table) imperfect

perfect

1. /02,:

___

1) 6,- +)&7"7( / 2) 567 /

5:&+)0) +)&7"0
5:&+)0 ?"@0 (&7( ')0 (=0 – 34,)

3) +)0"&7< ?"&@0" (2,-? 202-8P?) 2. :;-b48MM:

=-8>?-, 2 C"."& .@3&7<@3 %8)&E)'(? 3. I3-8?- ;0J:

;4JT>9,08,: TO48, 4cV 348 VH .@3&7<@3 %8)&E)'(? -=783 ;0J

356&C'3, C"&.03, 8)&+@3 ('3N+"&, %.)N+"&, '(@3N+"& ') 4. =@0 /082,0 @ -=3-8 @;48IR:

-=783 /02, :-8M>4 =;T?-8?- /082,0: perfect

_________ _________

+ (im)perfect

1

2 finish

past: perfect + perfect future: 1) perfect + perfect 2) perfect + imperfect

IMPERATIVE: positive – perfect negative – imperfect

d)]D]_ + INFINITIVE – perfect fD d)]D]_ + INFINITIVE – imperfect

58

"#$ %&'%)&'  "+-"+"."0 The use of aspects of the verb in the infinitive form modal word / verb + inf. to express the necessity, desire, possibility, intention or advice !"$&$'(* +(,./,12'3,4*6, &(7$'+2(, ,83,'&+,4*6, +$3('"(+2(, 4,('* modal words

+'2#), +324+) - it is necessary, need #)2&40+ - must, have to 8)24+) - it is possible / may? +0&7@A2 - it is impossible / it is not allowed

imperfective 1. The action without indication of its limit. By the meaning it is near the general fact.

verbs

5).02.7 - to want 8)2:7 - to be able to do / can ;<)>"2.7 - to ask >)02.)'.7 - to advise <0B)80+#)'2.7 - to recommend perfective 1. The main thing is the result of the action. C0#E!2 8!,-;F)0#) :!#$')*%3.

!#$')*%! +!, -/0,0#2%3 20 !45# 78!:!#;. <5 '=>';- +;%,/5 / 5+?!@0/)%A!'/5=- ,20A!2%B.

9 "$%' ()%$*',- ";'44=2> ?8!'=.

9 "$%' ()%$(',- ";'44=2> ?8!'=.

@(B,'1+? 3+( .*'/" 0(1*',- ,*CD*.

@(B,'1+? ('C(",3 ? /"'345. 0"/7","'8(,-19 = 4*"('C(, .*0(1*',- ,*CD*.

2. The action as a process / :!#$')*%! /0/ 785G!#'' @(B,'1+? (46 ('C(" 3+( .%'4." 7","'8(,-19 = 4*"('C(. 3. The repetition of the action. <5*)583#B?!!'3 :!#$')*%!.

2. A single, non-repeated action.

9 "$%' =$'&1!> 1(+6 1:",;5',- *(7(2'8,".

9 "$%' 0"1:",;5',- +,'!> K2763.

L$3 .%'4." 81,;5$*',-19 C$'J(.

9 :"7%' 81,;5',(,-19 4 $'32 4(B,'1+? ('C(",3.

F12+2'C+,(, ,1+,="$'*+,( 1('>4*2( (+(H,*,"?'IJ((4?).

="85',%? $3 (&(1+('+, $(,*',- B$8('*!. ="85',%? $3 0;"$(,*',- N'*; =+2'B;. @%'4." "(B;7?'"+, ",B;C8*',- ,=+,', 0;"85',;(8*,- @*'/" ",B;C',- ,=+,',  =,'3+$*( 1;'R+,. it’s stuffy to air =,'3+$*;. P$3 .*'/" =$'&1!> 1(+6 7"8";(',- H,-";'44=2. 4. Start of the action with the meaning “it’s time to do smth.”

<8%#')-7 / :!#$')*%B '5 ,20A!#2%!=
DEGI' - it’s time to @I'KE, @L'M@E - it is necessary, need NE'M@E - it is possible D";*' 10*,-. @(36 C$4,'! @*'/" (0";*') 81,*8*',-! P4(' H"2R72'. N"'4." (0";*') .*$(.*',-!

N"'4." 8"P,('? May I come in?

5. After verbs expressing:

3. After perfective verbs:

1) The beginning, continuation or the end of action. N0A0#;5, 785:5;E!#2%!, /52!#G :!#$')*%3.

%105',- - to have enough time / to be (make) it in time )*RC',- - to forget %/*',-19 (3+( %/*3"'1-, %/*'1,19) - to manage, succeed "1,*',-19 (3+( "1,*'3"1-, "1,*'.5,19) - to be left

.*$(.*',- - .*$*',- - to begin, to start 1,*,- (= +$C$'*6) - to begin 0;"/"34*',- - 0;"/"'34(,- - to continue B".$*',- - B"'.$(,- - to finish )*B*'.$(8*,- - )*B"'.$(,- - to finish 05;51,*8*',- - 05;51,*',- - to stop 0;5B;*Q*',- - 0;5B;*,(',- - to stop R;"1*',- - R;"'1(,- - to give up doing S+ .*'$*3 7","'8(,- H"(8(+*$'U2I.

S+ )*RC'3 0")8".(',- (>. 9 .5 %105'3 B%0(',- H",1;'=*!. V+( "1,*'3"1- 0;"$(,*',- +('4=,76=, 4*"$+2'U. F3;' %/*3"'1- B%0(',- .27('*!.

59

imperfective 5. After verbs expressing: 2) The ability, the skill, the habit and the practice to realization of action. @H,4,'.+,4*6, ;3('+2(, H"2!'C=$, +$'!= ,4;J(4*7('+2? 1('>4*2?.

%:5',- - to be able / to know how to do (.*)%$(',-19 - to learn 0;(8CB*',- - 0;(8C'B.%,- - to get into the habit of doing

S+ %:5'5, (7;*',- +$ H2$+2'+,.

3) Feelings / P-#*')*0

(0")3?R(',- - to love / (0").;*'8(,-19 - to like .5.*8('/5,- - to hate

9 3?R3?' H(*6. / V+( .;*'8(,19 *$+U($'*6.

4) The exhaustion or the negative attitude to an action. X*,37('+2( 2'72 ,*"2U$'*(76+,( ,*+,R('+2( = 1('>4*2I.

%1,*8*',- - %1,*',- - to get tired %,":39',-19 - %,":(',-19 - to get tired .*/"5/*',- - .*/"5'1,- - to bore (3+( .*/"5'3", .*/"5'1, - to be fed up) ()R57*',- - to avoid ;*)3?R(',- - love no longer (stop loving)

9 %1,*'3 4/*,- *(.?'. ;*1",5',- - to no longer want to do ;*)/%':*,- - to decide not to do 05;5/%':*,- - to change one’s mind ;*)%$(',-19 - to forget how to do ",8CB*',- - ",8C'B.%,- - to grow out of the habit of ",7"8";(',-, ",1"85',"8*,- - to dissuade

6. With the words meaning the general permission, the right for action: Q5 ';5*0#=%, 5+5,20A0#B?%=% 5#+?!! 80,8!S!#2%!, 780#*5 20 :!#$')*%!.

;*);5S*',- - ;*);5S(',- - to be allowed :"'4." - may (:5',- 0;*'8" - to have the right (to) "R9')*.."1,- - duty (responsibility)

Y,'=*," ;*);5S('3 Z+*,'+; 8C"/(',- +$ ;'72U;. \1(46 :"'4." B%;(',-. @*;1('+*! (:5'?, 0;*'8" "/(',-  N'*; .2.72,*('=;.

infinitive in the negative: with the word +0&7@A (“it is impossible, it is not allowed”) and without it

imperfective

perfective

The action is not allowed, not recommended or not Physical impossibility to fulfill an action. necessary to do. ]282'C(4=$? +(,83,'&+,4*6 !'H,7+2*6 1('>4*2(. Y('>4*2( 8$H"(J$'(*4?, +( "(=,3(+1;'(*4? 2'72 +( +;'&+, !H,7+?'*6 (+(+;'&+,4*6 1('>4*2?).

P =7$44 .53-)9' 8"/(',-, *$3 21D* 7('=U2?. @5 .*'/" 0"B%0*',- N'*; "!'.;, ,+$' +(4('&$?. @5 1"85',%? $3 1:",;5',- N'*,* K2763. @5 1,"'(, $(,*',- N'*,* ",3$'+, ,+ +(2+*("('4+!>. V+( .5 "'$5,19 0;(5)4*',- = $3 8$'*"$. "$%&'( = CD CF2HI, CD KMD2HNDP, CD KPI2QP

P =$"*2'"; .53-)9' 8"P,(', 1("6 8$="!'*$. 9 .5 :"7%' B%0(',- N'*; 3$R2'+;, ; 3(+?' +(* 1('+(B. 9 .5 :"'7% 0"1:",;5',- K2763, *$= =$= *(7(2'8," +( "$.,'*$(*. 9 .5 :"7%' 0;"$(,*',- *(=4*, *$3 3+,'B, +,'!/ 47,'. 9 .5 (1):"7%' 0;(5'*,- 8$'*"$, ; 3(+?' 3+,'B, "$.,'*!. "$%&'(

= CDRISTI2UCI, CDP RISTI2UCIKPQ,

CD TIVN2

after words:

= it is impossible

.5 .*'/" / .5 .%'4." - need not (one should not) .5 135'/%5, - should not, ought not /.5')*$5: is not worth / .5 8;5':9 - it’s not time .5 (,,-53-." .5 1,"' "R9)*' - not necessarily R510"35')." - it is useless / 8;5'/." - it is harmful .5 (:5'5, 1:C'13* - it makes no sense .5 /"'345. - one must not / .5 "R9')*. - one ought not .5 1"85',%? - I don’t suggest you (3+() .5 "'$5,19 - to have no wish ? .5 ",5'3(*) RC - I would not like SFWXDZF2P[ - SFWXDPQ2P[, SFWXDZDCI2 not be allowed, to forbid F3;' )*0;5,('3( B%;(',-. HIRI2M[CI / HIKPF2PI\CI / ]RF2PQP - it is enough T8*',(, 7"8";(',- ,. N'*,3.

60

"#$ %&'%)&'  "+-.0'2". The use of the aspects of the verb in the imperative Imperative forms may express: a request to do something, advice, a recommendation, an inducement to an action, a command, a demand, an invitation. (!#%&()*, &#,-%/, !-0#1-23*%456, #)793-%25- &#)-&-%3250* 0 3-%:&/,5;, !50*%<, /!-%)#,*25-, !5=>*?-%25-)

imperfective

perfective

1. The speaker’s attention is centered on the 1. The main thing is the result of the action. action itself, on the process: how? @*%9-2 !-<7>(/*%/ 3-%:&/,56.

@251*%25- =#,#!6%B-=# 2*!*%,>-2# 2* &*1#% 3-%:&/,5-, @ 1*=*<5%2-: 2* !#4-%&& (3-%:&/,5- , -=#% !#4-%&&-): !? - 3.05'()*, #9*%>7:&/*, 7 ,*& -&/( &>#,*%!(? - 6".05'()*, #9*%>7:&/*. "$"%'()*, #9*%>7:&/*, 1-%3>-22# / =!#%1C-. ,).%/$0(2)* 3,-%!( #&/#!#%92#.

70(2)*, #9*%>7:&/*, !7%C07.

2. The action was repeated; expresses recommendations.

2. The action is single, not repeated; expresses a request to do something, a demand, a command or advice. D#,/#!6%;B--&6 3-%:&/,5-. @F!*9*%-/ !-0#1-23*%455. J3525%C2#-, 2-#,/#!6%;B--&6 3-%:&/,5-. G ,!*C*% - At the doctor’s: @F!*9*%-/ !#%&()7, /!-%)#,*25-, !50*%<, &#,-%/. H#%>(?- ")8/90(2)*, ;<>?(2)* , *%!0-, *(@A)* #%,#B5 6"B"$*()<2)* , #9*%>7:&/*, L#!#%?5: !-&/#!*%2. 5 I!7%0/F.

D$"E'()* !#35%/->61 C*%B-.

6"I$"E'()* 12-, #9*%>7:&/*, ,-%C-!#1. (request)

6".(0# &,-%95- !#37%0/F.

M
N*% 2#C( ").%/$0(2)* #02#%.

,).%"(2)* / I0.%"(2)*, #9*%>7:&/*, #02#%. (request)

3. An inducement to an action. D#)793-%25- 0 3-%:&/,5;.

6"BK")%'()* U%/#/ I5>(1, #2 #%C-2( 52/-!-%&2F:. 6"$)"%'()* -BW !*<, #9*%>7:&/*.

1) The invitation to make an action. D!5=>*?-%25- &#,-!?5%/( 3-%:&/,5-.

6*%*$*8'()* U%/# &>#%,#.

6%'9"8'()* 0 2*1 , =#%&/5!

P#%&/5 !5?>5% - Having visitors: - G9"8'()*, %0I8*$0(2)*BA, F%"9"8'()* , #9*%>7:&/*, , 0#%12*/7; B08'()*BA 2* 35,*%2, <;"J0(2)*BA. 2) The permission to make an action. Q*
6"K";'()* 12-, #9*%>7:&/*. (command) @ #%I5&-: - 6"8;")"($A)*, #9*%>7:&/*, #/CW/. - 6%'@>'()* 12- I*0& / &##)B-%25-. - D0.05'()* )5>-%/F 2* &*1#>W/. - 6"BL')0(2)*, &0#%>(0# U%/# )7%3-/ &/#%5/(. - ,NO?BE'()* &5/7*%45; 2* !F%20-.

Y#%1* - At home: - PN*%'(()*), #9*%>7:&/*, 0,*!/5%!7. - G/(K"2()*) #&7%37. - M
D!-3>#9-%25- 2-1-%3>-22# ( F%?(K" B*2L0(B ) 2*C*%/( 5%>5 !#3#%>95/( 3-%:&/,5-. GB)0$0(2()*), 79-% #%<32#.

GB)0(EA()*) <*%,/!* !*%2#.

Q0BB.0(I/$02)* (;"$"%'()*), 1F ,*& &>7%?*-1.

Q0BB.05'()*, 0*0 ,F !#,->5% #%/7&0.

S')0(2)*, #9*%>7:&/*, /-0&/.

6%"L')0(2)* !#1*%2 H7>=*%0#,* «S*%&/-! 5 S*!=*!5%/*».

6'@'()* 2#%,7; I!*%<7.

T0F'@'()* 12- 5&(1#%. D0F'@'()* *%3!-&.

61

IMPERATIVE IN THE NEGATIVE imperfective perfective as a rule – imperfective The exception: the situations when the speaker The request not to make an action or the is afraid that an undesirable action may occur. prohibition to make an action. A2#*BC7'6)7: $%7;D$%7F;7'6)7 + 67F7*!':7*46+2:) ;7'<2:()@. !# $%!'()*+ -/.

1%+'245! 67 2+(7%9!':4 >!$%7?7'6)7 ;7'<2:()@.

;7'<2:()7

)'*)

+ words: >LE>8>AOI>, LP>E8BA - look out!

46 8:<=>@:A8B@:C(E6)! - Don’t talk!

46 <:QJARN(E6)! - Don’t forget!

46 >EF8G@:AC(E6) +#6+'! - Don’t open the window!

G2:+%+'F6+, I6 LH>P:AC(E6)! - Don’t break! I6 8:D!

46 @>HIJACE6LN! - Don’t worry!

IK+:%)', I6 JS:RBA! - Don’t fall down! 46 S8>LEJRBALN, 27L+';6@ M+'*+;6+. Don’t catch a cold!

46 <:Q>H6AC A (E6)! - Don’t get sick! 46 >S>E68TAC(E6) #*BC)'! - Don’t lose the keys! 46 <:LIBAE6 >! %D*OK, (Q +'C764 D2:!'*)! Don’t fall asleep!

62

"#%'"%() +,-+,( Verbs which have no aspectual counterpart

1) imperfective aspect

!"#

$%&'"#

(&*+'"#

-./"#

1/3'"/"#

3"$&5/'"#(6

to be

to love

to sit

to call

to work

to be different from

7/83*&'"#(6

1/'*3./"#(6

("36'"#

7/-!./'"#(6

:5&'"#(6

("3'&"#

to be situated

to be glad

to stand

to be called

to study

to cost

&<+'"#

(=:5/'"#

$+>/'"#

73(&'"# &'<6

($:>&'"#

.+'(&"#

to have

to be bored

to lie

to have a name

to serve

to weight

3$/*/' "# to possess

?1:("&' "# 1/("&' . (/*:' to feel very sad to grow

@1+@3*/./' "# to teach

@1&7/*$+>/'"#

"3(=3./'"#

=3
to belong to

to miss

to command

6.$6'"#(6

83"+'"#

to be

to want

2) perfective aspect 1. The starting point of an action

A/5/$3 *+C(".&6 verbs of motion (group I): prefix /-

@3C"&' @3+'8/"#

to start

@3$+"+'"# @3$%&'"# @35:'.(".3./"# @371/'.&"#(6 @3$&'"#(6 @3*:'"#

prefix 0-= 1242567 895;267 to begin to do

prefix <->- (... -@B)

to start walking to start driving to start flying to fall in love to feel to like to start pouring to blow

verbs of motion (group II): -/83*&'"# = 7/5/'"# 83*&'"#

-/+'?/"# -/?3.31&'"# -/@+'"# -/E:<+'"# -/=1&5/'"# -/<3$5/'"# -/(<+6'"#(6 -/@$/'=/"# -/3$+'"# -/?1:("&'"# -/&7"+1+(3./'"#(6 -/1/3'"/"# 1/((+1*&'"#(6 1/(@$/'=/"#(6 1/((<+6'"#(6

to begin to walk; to pace the room to begin bustle to begin to speak to begin to sing to begin rustling to begin shouting to stop talking to begin laughing to begin weeping to fall ill to become / grow sad to become interested to begin to work / start working to get angry to burst into tears to start laughing

63

2. The actions of short duration (the actions are limited in time)

F?1/7&5+773("# *+C(".&6 7+3$#E&< 3"1+-=3< .1+<+7& verbs of motion (group II):

@383*&'"# @3+'?/"# @3$+"/'"# @3@$/'./"# @3?:$6'"# @3(@/'"# @3(&*+'"# @3$+>/'"#

prefix /= 19C1D5FD / 198D5;FD for a short while

@3("36'"# @3&?1/' @35&"/'"# @3?3.31&'"# @3E:<+'"# @3<3$5/'"# @3!'"# @3?3("&'"#

to walk to run about to fly to swim to go for a (short) walk to sleep to sit to lie to stand to play to read have a talk/ talk a little/ talk for a while make a bit of a noise to keep silent to stay (for a short time) to stay (for a while)

3. A certain period of time was taken up with the action

F@1+*+$H77!C @+1&3* .1+<+7& !$ -/76" *+C(".&+< verbs of motion (group II):

prefix /<for a certain time:

8D5;FD - for a long time G95@7 8917 - all day H95;IJ G9549M - whole evening 2 42@25 - hours / 3 81B - days 4 FD582 - years 19895;O - during a week 8D G9549M2 - until evening

@1383*&'"# @13+'?/"# @13@$/'./"# @13>&'"# @13!'"#

to spend the time in walking / to walk to run about to be swimming / to be sailing to spend / to run through to stay / to remain

to speak / to talk to spend the time sitting / to sit to spend the time lying / to lie to spend the time working / to work to spend the time reading / to read to sleep to be ill 4. Single actions, actions, performed on one occasion only

@13?3.31&'"# @13(&*+'"# @13$+>/'"# @131/3'"/"# @135&"/'"# @13(@/'"# @133$+'"#

J+C(".&+ (3.+1E/+"(6 3*&7 1/-,
D8K51 M2Q - once

@1!'?7:"#
to jump to wave to cry / to shout to knock / to bang 5. The result (limit) of the action

K+-:$#"/" (@1+*+$) *+C(".&6 prefix "to finish

*35&"/'"# *3@&(/'"# *3&?1/'"# *3>/'1&"# *3+'("# *3@&'"# *3=:1&'"#

to finish reading to finish writing to finish playing to fry to eat up to drink up to smoke

64

"#%'(%*,- ,/1-#%2,(% / Formation of the I mperative

I. SECOND PERSON singular

plural

24

(4 (polite form) + 2stem of the verb (*,) ending in: VOWEL

CONSONANT form of the verb ( 7)

5 !"#%-"& - !"'%-)" !"#%4("7) to read

2 CONSONANTS

, *+%-.-!"& - *+%/1-3" *+%-.5("7) to remember

accent in the ending

accent in the stem

, *!9#%-"& - *!%;-<" - *!>-<% *!>5%("7) to write

8 ?9"#%-"& - ?9"#%1-<" - ?9"#%.-< ?9"#%.@("7) to get up

Special cases / 9;=>? 9ABDEG singular

plural

1) H% / I2% / '*% + suffix -(%

A#(%KC ?9"#(%KC
A#(%KC"7 ?9"#(%KC"7
D,"& - D8)% / to beat E,"& - E8)% / to pour *,"& - *8)% / to drink >,"& - >8)% / to sew 3) -KI28 - 7- / to eat 4) L-KM8 - E3%F< / to lie 5) verb -KN%28 with prefixes

D-KC E-KC *-KC >-KC 7%>& E3%F

D-KC"7 E-KC"7 *-KC"7 >-KC"7 7%>&"7 E3%F"7

17%G#"& / 1#,7%G#"& / Q7%G#"&

*+?RSEKC / *I!?RSEKC /
*+?RSEKC"7 / *I!?RSEKC"7 /
6) (4KC"! - ?K%CA-< / to go out (4K<!"& - ?K%<-< / to study

+,

?K%CA5 ?K%<5

?K%CA5LN ?K%<5LN

! (4K.<"& - ?K%.-< / to take out

+8

?K.@

?K%.@LN

A#(%K"& - A#)% / to give ?9"#(%K"& - ?9"#)% / to get up
from the stem --'P%K28

after consonant -I7 after vowel -I8

+A7%"&9T - +A7%.-<"93 - +A7%.-<9& I#BA7?#%"&9T - I#BA7?#%-)"93 <!%"&9T - <%-#"93 - <-<%9& <-K%"&9T - <-+%-)"93

+A7%.&9T / to get dressed I#BA7?#%C9T / to get undressed <!%9U / to study <-+%C9T / to wash

+A7%.&"79U I#BA7?#%C"79U <!%"79U <-+%C"79U

no imperative verbs:

____

?!%A7"&, G+"7%"&, -+%&, 9EK%>#"&

65

____

II. Joint action: the speaker invites one or several persons to do something together I;VW?K9XY;? Z?K[9XVG?: \;V;]TK_G[ `]?ZAE\EK?X Z]B\;KWB AGaBK (Z]B\GKW AGKaEW) 9;V?]bGKXU VW?K9X? 9 YGW cEc;K?-YG=BZU Z?K[9XVG? singular: 24

forms 1)

plural: (4

imperfect - inf.

H%(%K5 - let’s P#?#%C AI
H%(%K52P#?#%C"7 (.7 D
perfect - verb /4, future

P#?#%C (.7) *+CAS- ? U!.+%!

P#?#%C"7 (.7) *+CAS- ? U!.+%!

2) verbs of motion (group I): verb /4, present

!ASD7Q!%E7"!%-

!AS-"7 -

3) verb /4, future, perfect

U<%*!9KFI#%7*+CAS-

-

(I7AU+) 4) verbs with the meaning “to start, to begin”: verb *,, past

-

*+CAS-"7 1#%#E!! V+7%G#E!! V+>E!% A+-+%C!

____

III. 3rd PERSON: a command or permission is addressed to some third person `]GcEKR GKAG ]ER]?b?KYG? DX;K-YG=BZU 9Z?KAEXU EZ]?9BK?X9T X]?KXU?WB AGaBK 1)

1QKI28 - let him, her, them + verb: imperfect - present perfect - simple future 1QId%K5 (I#BF+?+%I.KC 9"!E&) *(%) V<9"& +. (.#)*!%>7" +"S".

*,K V<9"& +.!% (.#)*!%><" +"S".

V<9"& '."+%. (9)A7%E#7" W%"< I#D+%"<. V<9"& '."+%. ! '%..# ( 9)A7%E#)" W%"< I#D+%"<.

2) appeals and congratulations (*I!BK%? / "+IQ7%9"?7..+7 *+Q7E#%.!7)

H% P# BAI#%?9"?<7" -!I!

is used in journalistic writings

Long live to peace!

(? *
66

!"$!& '(*+,.*0 1,2 34*68"($: / Verbs of motion without prefixes Group I Verbs of unidirectional motion

Group II Verbs of non-directed or variously directed motion

imperfective

;<>?A;B ?CD?D? CHKLIADKM

;<>?A;B DID? / F? CHKLIADKM

*'8*A

O$'*A8Q

,AO"8Q

,A2'*8Q

1,+"A8Q

1,A"8Q

to run

!,8,A8Q

!,8"A8Q

to fly

3!&A8Q

3!"A("8Q

to swim, to sail

.,68*A

.$6*A8Q

to carry (in one’s hands)

(,28*A

($2*A8Q

to carry (in a vehicle)

(,68*A

($'*A8Q

to lead; to drive

14,68*A

14$'*A8Q

to roam, to wander

!,A28Q

!"A2*8Q

to climb (into)

3$!28*A

3$A!2"8Q

to crawl

8"R*A8Q

8"6:"A8Q

to carry, to drag

."8Q

$.0A8Q

to drive

:"8*A8Q

:"8"A8Q

to roll, drive

to go, to walk (!#$%'( - on foot) to go, to drive ()* ,-*')/%-,! - by vehicle)

to skate, to go for a ride

:"8"A8Q60 (for pleasure)

D< 12'3*4 - to ski )* $%)6$*'4 - to skate )* 7!1%/8!'9! - to cycle 1%'#*98 to ride go for a drive )* (*#8' )! -- to )* 1%'9$! - to boat, to go sailing

67

S3$84,1!,.*, !"$!$( '(*+,.*0 / The use of the Verbs of mot ion past

present

future

group I: *'8*A - ,AO"8Q (verbs of unidirectional motion) imperfective

:?>CC%',<, : H[WFIAWK;(<) (perfect) 9-<';*. - was going movem ent in one direction while the oth er action takes place (2 a ctions at the same tim e) - 6e?A;`e? HFIAaIDK 72 IAT<;K / X;K 7 %D8/? How long did it take you to get to …? - A IAT<;(<) / XY; 7 %'D8/ 20 aKD^AW. period of time

A KC^A / IAC^ 7 (*;*C8') [IcV
- 6e?A;`e? HFIAaIDK 72 (%>2'E)%) IACIWI / KCYWI 7 %'D8/? - A IAC^ / KC^A 7 %'D8/ 25 aKD^AW.

:?>CC81!',2 7 $*'//!. mov ement in one direction wh ile the other action takes place (2 a ctions at the same tim e) - 6e?A;`e? HFIAaIDK 72 ]^ACIWI IAT
period of time

period of time

group II: O$'*A8Q - ,A2'*8Q (verbs of non-directed or variously directed motion) imperfective

4C. repe ate d mov ement there and back A T?CKA;(<) / IANCK;(<) 7 %'D8/ HVIF
and back:

!#$&? direction - Acc. - went = A ]B;(<) 7 %'D8/! HVIF
A T?L^A / IANL^ 7 %'D8/ eCCC
repea ted m ovement there a nd b ack

repe ate d mov ement there and back

(VIF
2
round: the non -dir ecte d action

(differe nt directions

A ]^AC^ T?CKAW` / INACKW` 7 %'D8/ e
the non -dir ecte d action (differe nt directions )

)

group I: 3$h8*A - 3$,AO"8Q (start of motion) perfective - CI %) ([IcV*)$.

2
subject ,, -/ [past verb ]

A HBAEK;(<) $%'D! 8 E?XY; (E?X;
'? [HKC
A HBAE`b $%'D! 8 E?cC^A / E?IAC^ 7 %'D8/. - will go

2 a ction s: on e a fter a no ther (re sult - perfect + star t of mo tion)

in speech start of motion in a minu

2 actions: on e afte r another (re sult - perfect + start of mo tion)

start of motion +

()+$? - set off

H)*E*'1* (2 >2'18 7 (*;*C8')!, * %,%'( E?X;KA 7 -!/,%-*').

I am (we are) leaving By e! I ’m o ff.

te:

intention to go somewhere

.

beginning of a new stage of movement

group I: 34*h8*A - 34*,AO"8Q (to come, to arrive) perfective

(VIF
2
group II: 34*O$'*A8Q - 34*,2+"A8Q (to come, to arrive) imperfective 2

4
$]BAVD? : EFKT?L^A / EFKINL
K% /!'?E*/ !;%' C9!/6 )!,.

68

F) e
S3$84,1!,.*, !"$!$( '(*+,.*0 / The use of the Verbs of mot ion group II

F) 4%-%#%' E;
M!>O)%$ <3!' T?ACKW. Q,8'R2 ;IW2 E;
Ability, skill, usual means of locomotion.

Movement as a person’s permanent occupation.

INFINITIVE

T)! DF
;b]KAW`, DF
IMPERATIVE

*CKAWI / (E?)INL
positive: Go! - group I negative: Don’t go! - group II

?DK]

[past verb: [future verb:

aB]

Let’s go! now; We are off. suggestion: Let’s go somewhere together. invitation: Come to see me!

Figurative meaning (!-!)%'/)%! C)*E!')8!): X-!'(: KCYW (]ILKAW, ;IWKAW). Z)8 ]I>^AW (;IWMAW). [%'92 ;IWMAW (KC^AW). \8C)6 KCYW. ]*/2' KC^AW. T%8' E*/2' 4%-%#%' (1%'4%) T?ACMW. F>1*$*' E;BH^AW. Z%'396 (/)!;, 92() KCYW.

(,68*A to behave M!>O)%$ HICYW [I]MA 1%'4%.

/%>-*')8! - meeting, C*/!9*')8! - session <-%'$, C*):',8! - lesson to conduct -*>%',<, 8//1!'9%7*)8: - research to monitor )*>1J9!')8: - observation to hold -*C;%7%'- - conversation, /%'- - debate to have !-!;%7%'-2 - negotiations, 98*1%'; to run 9!1*' - business, 4%C:'?/,7% - house to chair

K*# %'!C9 (*7,%'>-*')8!). Q!-!;%7%'-2 KC^AW. `*( KCYW 7%?)*'. Q-!%9*7*',!16 HICYW <-%'$. bEO)2? HICYW 8//1!'9%7*)8:. F) 8'C)!/).

to wage 7%?)<' - war to carry on -%*;*')9<, $*(*')8J - campaign to keep 9)!7)8'$ - diary, C*'8/8 - notes correspond

!-!8'/$< - correspondence

.$6*A8Q F) (*) D?A[KW 938')/2 (%E$8'). to wear = F)(*) T?ACKW 7 938')/*4 (7 %E$*'4). (3$)(,28*A Dat. present HINYW past to be lucky ()!, 7*( (E?)HIN;?A !(<, !? future E?HINYW

69

!#%' ()*(!)!, .,/013/5 / TENSE AND MOOD FORMS OF THE VERBS OF MOTION

infinitive

I

II

I

/.6/8 (-96/)

;!./86=

18;*6=

to go on foot present:

 !# $&( () *# ,# $&./ past:

$& $&(/ $&./

imperative: !# / ,#

II

18>./6= ?#/1>0*86= ?#/96/8 (-1>0*86=)

to go by transport

to arrive

im perfect ; /.

.6 / .

@AB8 @ASUV @ASW @ASX @ASWH @AB8W USZ UZO UZ@ @A@8 @A@8WH

DF0B8 DF8A@UV DF8A@W DF8A@X DF8A@WH DF8AYW DFA@8Z DFA@8ZO DFA@8Z@ DFA@8 DFA@8WH

I

I

H8J0B H8JA@UV H8JA@W H8JA@X H8JA@WH H8JAYW H8JA@Z H8JA@ZO H8JA@Z@ H8JA@ H8JA@WH

KL@HJNO8Q KL@HJNO8HUV KL@HJNO8HW KL@HJNO8HX KL@HJNO8HWH KL@HJNO8QW KL@HJNO8Z KL@HJNO8ZO KL@HJNO8Z@ KL@HJNO8R KL@HJNO8RWH

II

I

[10*86= [18(*6= )16186= )16*86= to fly

KL@AB8

KFRAB8

KL@ASUV KFRASUV

KL@ASW KL@ASX KL@ASWH KL@AB8W KL@USZ KL@UZO8 KL@UZ@8 KL@A@8 KL@A@8WH

KFRASW KFRASX KFRASWH KFRAB8W KFUSZ KFUZO8 KFUZ@8 KFRA@8 KFRA@8WH

II

?)'6=

?)*8,*6= ?#/?)',*86= (-?)',*86=)

infinitive to run

to go, set off

perfect future:

H8AB H8AHUV H8AHW H8AHX H8AHWH H8ABW H8DOZ H8DOZO H8DOZ@ KFHJNO8R KFHJNO8RWH

II

to come

imp erfect

?!96/8

arrival by swimming

to swim, to sail

imperfect

imperfect

present:

 !# $&( () *# ,# $&./ past:

$& $&(/ $&./

imperative: !# / ,#

infinitive present:

 !# $&( () *# ,# $&./ past:

$& $&(/ $&./

imperative: !# / ,#

\H(B8 \HN@8UV \HN@8W \HN@8X \HN@8WH \H(B8W \HNO8Z \HNO8ZO \HNO8Z@ \H(@8 \H(@8WH

\H8]OQ

ZH^B8

ZHWO8Q ZHWO8HUV ZHWO8HW ZHWO8HX ZHWO8HWH ZHWO8QW ZHWO8Z ZHWO8ZO ZHWO8Z@ ZHWO8R ZHWO8RWH

\H8]OHUV ZHW@8UV

\H8]OHW \H8]OHX \H8]OHWH \H8]OQW \H8]OZ \H8]OZO \H8]OZ@ \H8]OR \H8]ORWH

ZHW@8W ZHW@8X ZHW@8WH ZHWY8W ZHWH8Z ZHWH8ZO ZHWH8Z@ ZHW@8 ZHW@8WH

KZ_,B8 KZ_`SUV KZ_`SW KZ_`SX KZ_`SWH KZ_`B8W KZ_8Z KZ_ZO8 KZ_8Z@ KZ_`@8 KZ_`@8WH

KZO8`OQ KZO8`OHUV KZO8`OHW KZO8`OHX KZO8`OHWH KZO8`OQW KZO8`OZ KZO8`OZO KZO8`OZ@ KZO8`OR KZO8`ORWH

KL@KZ_`O8Q KL@KZ_`O8HUV KL@KZ_`O8HW KL@KZ_`O8HX KL@KZ_`O8HWH KL@KZ_`O8QW KL@KZ_`O8Z KL@KZ_`O8ZO KL@KZ_`O8Z@ KL@KZ_`O8R KL@KZ_`O8RWH

I

II

I

II

I

II

31a6/8

3!a/86=

,1>6/8

,!>/86=

,1a6/8

,!./86=

to carry in (one’s) hands

imperfect >6 / >

a6 / a

cHdB8 cHdSUV cHdSW cHdSX cHdSWH cHdB8W cSa cHdZO8 cHdZ@8 cHd@8 cHd@8WH

to carry in a vehicle

cFfB8 cF8d@UV cF8d@W cF8d@X cF8d@WH cF8dYW cFd@8Z cFd@8ZO cFd@8Z@ cFd@8 cFd@8WH

`HJB8 `HJSUV `HJSW `HJSX `HJSWH `HJB8W `S> `HJZO8 `HJZ@8 `HJ@8 `HJ@8WH

`F0B8 `F8J@UV `F8J@W `F8J@X `F8J@WH `F8JYW `FJ@8Z `FJ@8ZO `FJ@8Z@ `FJ@8 `FJ@8WH 70

to lead; to drive

a6 / .

`HAB8 `HASUV `HASW `HASX `HASWH `HAB8W `S) `HZO8 `HZ@8 `HA@8 `HA@8WH

`F0B8 `F8A@UV `F8A@W `F8A@X `F8A@WH `F8AYW `FA@8Z `FA@8ZO `FA@8Z@ `FA@8 `FA@8WH

I

II

)18>6=

)*8>/6= (-)1>*86=)

infinitive

to climb

,)1>*86=

I

II

?!)>6/8

?!8)>*6=

to climb into

I

II

[#1a6/8 [#!./86=

to crawl

to roam, to wander

imperfect present:

 !# $&( () *# ,# $&./ past:

$& $&(/ $&./

imperative: !# / ,#

ZH8JB ZH8JHUV ZH8JHW ZH8JHX ZH8JHWH ZH8JBW ZH8J ZH8JZO ZH8JZ@ ZH8JV ZH8JVWH

ZO8NB ZO8J@UV ZO8J@W ZO8J@X ZO8J@WH ZO8JYW ZO8J@Z ZO8J@ZO ZO8J@Z@ ZO8JOR ZO8JORWH

I

`ZHJO8Q `ZHJO8HUV `ZHJO8HW `ZHJO8HX `ZHJO8HWH `ZHJO8QW `ZHJO8Z `ZHJO8ZO `ZHJO8Z@ `ZHJO8R `ZHJO8RWH

KFZJB8 KFZJSUV KFZJSW KFZJSX KFZJSWH KFZJB8W KF8ZJ KFZJZO8 KFZJZ@8 KFZJ@8 KFZJ@8WH

II

I

6*ah*86= ,6*8ah/,*6= (-WO8di@`OWV)

6*g/86= infinitive

KF8ZJOQ KF8ZJOHUV KF8ZJOHW KF8ZJOHX KF8ZJOHWH KF8ZJOQW KF8ZJOZ KF8ZJOZO KF8ZJOZ@ KF8ZJOR KF8ZJORWH

to carry, to drag

\LFNB8 \LF8A@UV \LF8A@W \LF8A@X \LF8A@WH \LF8AYW \LFA@8Z \LFA@8ZO \LFA@8Z@ \LFA@8 \LFA@8WH

I

II

II

(3*6=

to drag in(to)

\LHAB8 \LHASUV \LHASW \LHASX \LHASWH \LHAB8W \LSZ \LHZO8 \LHZ@8 \LHA@8 \LHA@8WH

(!3586= h*6/86= h*6*86=/dY (-iO8W_`OWV)

to drive

to roll, to drive / to skate

imperfect present:

 !# $&( () *# ,# $&./ past:

$& $&(/ $&./

imperative: !# / ,#

WOjB8 WO8j@UV WO8j@W WO8j@X WO8j@WH WO8jOW WOj@8Z WOj@8ZO WOj@8Z@ WOj@8 WOj@8WH

future imperfect:

WOdiO8Q WOdiO8HUV WOdiO8HWH WOdiO8HX WOdiO8HWH WOdiO8QW WOdiO8Z WOdiO8ZO WOdiO8Z@ WOdiO8R WOdiO8RWH

`WO8di@`OQ

]FcQ8 ]F8c@UV `WO8di@`OHW ]F8c@W `WO8di@`OHX ]F8c@X `WO8di@`OHWH ]F8c@WH `WO8di@`OQW ]F8cYW `WO8di@`OZ ]cOZ `WO8di@`OZO ]cOZO8 `WO8di@`OZ@ ]cO8Z@ `WO8di@`OR ]Fc@8 `WO8di@`ORWH ]Fc@8WH `WO8di@`OHUV

]FcY8Q ]FcY8HUV ]FcY8HW ]FcY8HX ]FcY8HWH ]FcY8QW ]FcY8Z ]FcY8ZO ]FcY8Z@ ]FcY8R ]FcY8RWH

iOkB8 iO8W@UV iO8W@W iO8W@X iO8W@WH iO8WYW iOW@8Z iOW@8ZO iOW@8Z@ iOW@8 iOW@8WH

\_WV + infinitive

tense

present ,&(0)

past ,&(0)

group I:

group II:

@AW@8 + cHdW@8 @AW@8 + `HdW@8 H8DOWV + `HJW@8

DFA@8WV + cFd@8WV DFA@8WV + `FA@8WV H8JA@WV + `FJ@8WV

!"% + &'("%

*,.!% + &,.(%

!"% + /'!"%

*,.!% + /,.!%

'.!'% + /'2"%

'.2!% + /,.2%

3"4 (340) + &"( (&'(40.)

*,!.4(0) + &,(.4(0)

3"4 (340) + /"4 (/'40.)

*,!.4(0) + /,!.4(0)

'.*04(0) + /"2 (/'240.)

'.2!4(0) + /,2.4(0)

71

iOWO8Q/dV iOWO8HUV/dY iOWO8HW/dY iOWO8HX/dY iOWO8HWH/dV iOWO8QW/dY iOWO8Z/dY iOWO8ZO/dV iOWO8Z@/dV iOWO8R/dY iOWO8RWH/dV

!"$!& '(*+,.*0 1 34*16"(8"9* 34$164".16(,..$$ ;."<,.*0 Verbs of motion with prefixes indicating spatial relations prefix

((($-) !#$&? (&-

meaning

examples

'()*+-)+ (-!./1. to enter 2$44.68-)+ 6. (96#$ -+;6<1=6+.

>.@!&#$? !#$&?

Acc.

=IGE>H - exit B/$D$& -+., 6- =IG@JD, E6#6*#)&.+.

J/);H.)+ -$ A+4.6 -$K-$D+-)8.

!#$&? different areas / /$K-6+ E/64./$-4.(6: >.@!#$?

Y-

He came into the room.

>- =IG@JD KL #6&A$ / MN ;$<@6&-.

Arrival.

m

=>@AD = @6&A-$.!. =E>GH - entrance Gen.

Movement from within: - for not a long distance - for a short while.

>.@!&#$? !#$&? >.4!.4.()+, !#$<+-)+: - -$ -+;6<1=6+ /$44.68-)+ - -$ @6/6.@6+ (/+A8.

34*-

Acc.

Movement into smth. The distance is not far from the entrance.>-

m

Acc.

FH PQKJGENDK = F64@(!&. Acc.

PQKSUKG = 6&I)4 / V (/$D!&

Gen. Gen. Departure: for a long distance / for a long time. WSUKG KL 6&I)4$ / >U (/$D$& It’s not necessary to say the purpose of the Acc. movement. R/$&.$ -+., 6- W@AD (MN /$;6&.!).

$6($6$-)

N(.6&;!4 P>H>@AD V 64.$-6&(@+.

m

E/6D).$&< @-)&P! ) >UMAZ +Y

B6K(/$W+-)+ E/+#A+.$ +P6 (<$#+<1X! (-$ ( ;);<)6.+&@!. + MJZUKG, =JLUKG E/+*-++ A+4.6). = >UHNGU\

!#$&?  @6A!&?

to leave the office / the doctor’s My brother is not in, he has left to work.

I came (up) to the cash desk and bought a ticket. The teacher blackboard.

approached

the

The bus approached the bus stop.

The bus went away from the bus stop.

The moment of departure of a means of J6&+K# ($(.6&;!4) >UE>GHKU ( 19 The train (the bus) leaves at 7 transport. o’clock p.m. D$46&(. B/+A8 6.E/$(<+-)8 ./$-4E6/.$. I took my clock to be repaired. Taking an object to the required place. L >UMAZ / >U=AL D$4H& ( /+A6&-.. (on foot / by transport) '64.$(<+-)+ 6;S+@.$ ( -!*-6+ A+4.6. + MJZUKG, =JLUKG Return of the object to its former position. N-.6&-

;"-

I came from England.

Gen. Moving away from an object for a short distance. J/+E6#$($&.+<1 >U>@AD >U #64@)&. The teacher stepped aside from the blackboard.

V#$<+-)+ -$ @6/6.@6+ /$44.68-)+ 6. N(.6&;!4 >U>@AD >U 64.$-6&(@). >.@!&#$? 6;S+@.$.

!#$&?

to come to the office / to the doctor’s

Dat.

@6.6/HT L P>H>@AD V @$&44+ ) @!E)&< ;)<+&.. -$96#).48 -$ 6#-6T .+//).6/)) 4 4!;[email protected] (;<)K@6). J/+E6#$($&.+<1 P>H>@AD V #64@+&. same area / +#)-6+ E/64./$-4.(6:

m

We came to Moscow.

Gen.

L PQKJGEND KL N&-P<)).

Approaching (near, close by). (3$'$-) J/);<)*+-)+ @ 6;S+@.!,

!#$&?

The doctor is not in, he is out, wait for him please.

Dat.

>.4!.4.()+, !#$<+-)+: -$ ;6<1=6+ /$44.68-)+ / -$ #6
3$'-

He went out of the house / to the balcony.

A short visit to smb. (some place).

FH LN@DKG @ ($A -$ A)-!&.@!.

Movement performed while on the way somewhere. FH

Anton finished the book and returned it to the library. (on foot)

We called on you for a moment.

Acc.

LN@DKG = A$P$K)&- E6 #6/6&P+

J/);H.)+ -$ @6/6.@6+ (/+A8 )<) E6 E!.) ( #6A6&T. #/!P6+ A+4.6.

We popped (dropped) into a shop on the way home.

Instr.

L LN@AD LN #/!&P6A () AH (A+&4.+ E6=<)& P!<8&.1).

I fetched my friend (and we left together).

Dat.

L LN@AD V #/!&P! () !=Y< 6#)&-). Movement behind smth. '()*+-)+ K$ E/+#A+.. Movement deep into upwards / downwards).

I called on my friend (and left alone).

Acc.

>- LN@AD LNG !P6< #6&A$.

'()*+-)+ (#$<1 / (P
He turned the corner of the house.

Acc.

smth. (inside,

LNSUKG #$<+@6& = <+4

to walk far into the wood

LNDJGLU\ MN #+&/+(6 / P>H =@$&I

to climb a tree / to get under the cupboard

LN=JZUKG @6P6&-<);6 = ;6<6&.6

to lead somebody into a swamp

72

34$-

Gen.

Movement past smth.

'()*+-)+ A)A6 6;S+@.$.

FH PQ>@DKG ]KG]> @)-6.+$&./$ /

We walked past the cinema.

Acc.

@)-6.+$&./. Acc.

Movement through smth.

'()*+-)+ D+/+K (4@(6K1) D.6-<);6. Movement over a definite distance.

J/6T.) / E/6+9$.1 6E/+#+
3,4,-

FH PQ>@DKG (^JGQJL) <+4.

We went through the forest.

PQ>JGENU\ (ZV=>GL\) .!--+&<1

to drive through a tunnel

FH PQ>JGENDK 15 @)<6A+&./6(.

We drove 15 kilometres.

Acc.

Movement across smth.

'()*+-)+ 6. 6#-6T P/$-)XH D+P6-<);6 @ #/!P6T.

FH PJQJ@DKG (^JGQJL) !&<)X! /

We crossed the street.

MN #/!P!&[ 4.6&/6-!. PJQJE>GH - crossing Acc.

Movement from one place to another.

'()*+-)+ )K 6#-6P6 A+4.$ (*).+<14.($) ( F6T #/!P PJQJJGEND = J+.+/;!&/P / My friend moved to another city / to a new flat. MN -6&&(![ @($/.)&/!. #/!P6+. PJQJJGLH - move

'$-

Gen.

Movement up to a definite place or object. = Reaching a limit. FH

'64.)*+-)+ @6-+D-6T X+<) #()*+-)8.

H>@DKG 64.$-6()&<)41.

Characterisation of the manner in which FH the distance was covered.

H>

.+$&./$

)

H>JGENDK H> .+$&./$ -$ A$=)&-+

`E646; #64.)*+-)8 X+<) #()*+-)8 (D$4.6 - $@ H>JGENU\ H> .+$&./$? ./$-4E6/.). - \$ A+./6&.

Indicationof the time needed to cover it.

We reached the theatre by car. How is it possible to reach the theatre? - On the underground.

- $@ (H H>JGENDK? - ^6/6=6&.

- Did you reach us (by car) alright? - Fine

$@ ((H) H>DJUJGDK?

How was your flight?

>- H>JGEND H> !P<$& !&<)XH ) E6(+/-!&< -$<+&(6.

He reached (by car) the corner of

V@$K$-)+ -$ (/+A8, -+6;96#)A6+ #<8 FH H>@DKG H> #6&A$ LN E6&
We reached (walked as far as) the theatre and stopped.

the street and turned left. We reached (on foot) our home in half an hour.

Gen.

FH >_>@DKG =>VQWG` .+$&./$.

Acc. Movement round an object obstructing the way. >_aJGENU\ P6&/!

We walked round the theatre. to drive round the mountain

'()*+-)+ (6@/!P 6;S+@.$, A+=$[W+P6 #()*+-)[. Movement over the whole of the object or over all the places. >_>SUKG =ZJ

Acc.

A$P$K)&-H

to tour all the shops

'()*+-)+ D+/+K (4+ #$--H+ 6;[email protected].

((;((;$-) (1!#$&? 1(1$-) >.@!&#$?

Acc.

Upwards movement.

'()*+-)+ ((+/9.

Downwards movement.

'()*+-)+ (-)K.

=aJGENU\ MNG P6/!

to drive uphill

=L>SUKG MN (.6/6&T b.$&*

to go up to the second floor

=L_JcNGU\ MN <+&4.-)X! Gen. ZaJGENU\ Z P6/H&

to run upstairs

Z>SUKG Z> (.6/6&P6 b.$*$&

to come down from the second floor

Z_JcNGU\ Z <+&4.-)XH (ZPWZUKGU\Zd Z <+&4.-)XH)

to run downstairs

4";($)- Diverging movement. QNL>SUKGZ\ (QNZE>HKGU\Zd) 4"1'()*+-)+ )K 6#-6P6 A+4.$ ( /$K-H9 QNL_JcNGU\Zd (QNL_J`NGU\Zd) + particle -$E/$(<+-)89. E6 #6A$&A / ( /$&K-H+ 4.6&/6-H - " Converging movement. 1($)Z>SUKGZ\ (ZE>HKGU\Zd) + particle Z_JcNGU\Zd (Z_J`NGU\Zd) '()*+-)+ )K /$K-H9 A+4. ( 6#-6 A+4.6. - "

!#$&?

( 6#-6& A+&4.6

73

to drive downhill

to go, to run to one’s respective homes / in different directions to come, to run to one place

!"$!& '(*+,.*0 1 34*16"(8"9* .,34$164".16(,..$$ ;."<,.*0 Verbs of motion with non-spatial prefixes (perfective) prefix

MEANING

The start of motion. It’s necessary to say the purpose of the movement.

"$"%&' )*+,-%/+0. 1-&2 )*+,-%/+0 35"%67*"82 '906"%8-&2/'. group I - JKLJM

EXAMPLES

:/8'%/ =>@AD E 5+/'% FG <'%$83 I *="$3% )'?'%@.

Acc. Dat.

3$An intention to do smth.

E N>PQM =>SLJM * 5+/'%.

(future tense)

,-&"%/+-, /"?-%=-/+- B'*-=D+%82 )-%@B8*+(!#$!%&& ()&##+,)

;"-

The start of motion

/"$"&' )*+,-%/+0 3$-

The movements are limited in time. = FUWF>MX>

G"%*8=" '/ =>UMKUL * H-8-=93%=I. Dat.

J/ *)=3I VGN>KJMD => 5'%?/"8-. He began pacing the room. Dat.

L-%8+ /-?/'%I' =>YUMXGDJ => )*'=3%.

JI="/+$-//'B82 )*+,-/+0 *' *=-?-/+ (/-)&+8-&2/'-'I="/+$-//'- )*+,-/+-).

34$-

A certain period of time was completely taken up with movement.

L*" $"B"% '/"% =_>N>KJMDG => ?"I"6+%/"?. Dat.

J<=-)-&M//7@ '8=-6'5 *=-?-/+ 97& 6"<'&/-/ )*+,-/+-? ()&+8-&2/'-'I="/+$-//'- )*+,-/+-).

O-%B2 )-%/2 '/ =_>UMVKJD => I'%=')3.

K>MDX> - for a long time EUMZ\ KUF\ - all day ]UMD^S EUMPU_ - whole evening FUKUMDa - during the week 2 PGZGM - 2 hours

group II - N>KJML\

1-

A single brief movement there and back

J)/'5="8/'- 5="85'*=-?-//'- )*+,-%/+83)"% + '9="%8/'. Instr.

1) With the purpose to get (to receive) J/" ZN>KJMDG VG U&-%9'?. smth. "%)' ZN>KJML\ * ?"I"6+%/.

Q S-%&2T *6082 $8'%-&+9'.

Acc.

2) With the purpose to be somewhere.

Q S-%&2T <=-97*"%/+0 I)-%-&+9'.

W-%8'? ?7 ZbUMVKJW E X'B5*3%. - 8GI ZN>KJMD (ZbUMVKJD)? - Z'='D'%.

4";- The achieving of the intensity of motion L-%8+ _GVYUMXGDJZ\, ="BD3?-%&+B2 (... - Zc)

= dPUF\ ZJMD\F>

* 5&"%BB-.

L'B8+,-/+- +/8-/B+*/'B8+ )*+,-/+0.

H=+B8"*5+ 34$, 1, ;", 4"; ?'I38 9782 <='B8="/B8*-//'I' + /-<='B8="/B8*-//'I' 6/"$-/+0. The prefixes 34$, 1, ;", 4"; may have spatial or non-spatial meanings.

74

"#$ %&'%)&) #"+,."0 1 346178:;8<6 34=1748?17:@??=B= C?8D@?6E ASPECTS OF THE VERBS OF MOTION with prefixes indicating spatial relations

FG" - I /  - $ / F)# - )J / L - M / G'L (...1E) - M (...1E) / F,G, / L' / )O) / #) / FG) imperfective: The action is (will be) named only, the result is unimportant.

"$%"&'() +)&,.0%(1, ') %"&2'3 567 8)$:7<0"&0 (&7( ')0. 1. Find a fact: the action in general [the general fact].

=3'.0"0"&>(1 ?"&@0": +)&,.0%() %335A)&, % B8(&'>(B) [3&5A)?"@0(C).@3) $'"C)&'()]. D6&73 / 5:&+)0 +)&,.0%() (&7( ')0? Was there any action or not? past - E6 %C)8"& :PQ=S6TU6 ($ +3&G"?

Will there be any action or not? compound future - E6 VWTS@7@ $"&%08" :PQ=S6T7Y ($ +3&G"?

- H", :PQ=S6TU. / )0, ?@ :PQ=S6TU.

- H", (1) VWTSW (:PQ=S6T7Y ($ +3&G"). / - )0, (1) ?@ VWTSW (:PQ=S6T7Y ($ +3&G").

2. The specification of the details of the action (as a fact, person, place, time), which had already been or will be [the individual fact]. I03C')&'() +)0"&7), +)&,.0%(1 (@"@ ?"&@0", 7(>"&, G)&.0", %8)&G)'(), @303&83) :2)& 56&73 (&7( 5:&+)0 [C"&.0'3?"@0(&C).@3) $'"C)&'()]. - =3J+"& ."G37K0 WU@78T@7 / 346U@78T@7 % M)0)85:&8J? - N"&%08" % 15 C".3&%. present future - O6 G3&2)G %.08)&0(0<.1 % C)0%)&8J? - )0, 1 W@CZ8T[ % @3G"'+(83&%@:.

perfective: The action in a definite situation [the definite / concrete fact].

H)&,.0%() % @3'@8)&0'3, .(0:"&>(( [@3'@8)&0'3-?"@0(&C).@3) $'"C)&'()]. - )7;WTS8 %6 346@TQ8U6? - Q 346@TQ8U ($ O3.@%6&. past - \=BS8T %6 %C)8"& 346]U6T '" 8"53&0:? - Q 346]^U '" 8"53&0: % 9 C".3&%. imperfective: group II

perfective: group I

`)#"TJb / ,TL#"Jb + prefix $Q=S6T7Y / FG"Q=S6T7Y / IQ=S6T7Y FG"@CZ8T7Y / I@CZ8T7Y

"#J"T / ,T`'Jb + prefix $Tc76 / FG"c76T / Ic76T FG"@TQ87Y / I@TQ87Y

1. The action continued (will continue) for some time. The process. H7(&0)7<'3) +)&,.0%() (+)&,.0%() +7(&73.< @"@3&)03 %8)&G1). M83>)&...

The action is (will be) completed and finished. The result (limit) of the action. N"@3&'C)''3.0<, $"%)8SK''3.0< +)&,.0%(1. T)$:7<0"&0.

I+,T? / HV + I+,T - already / XZ + ,ef + (X) - yet, still - E6 :2)& WQ=TS67@? present - H", 1 (:2)&) WQ=ZWT. / )0, 1 )AK ?@ WQ=ZWT.

2. The action was (will be) repeated many times. M3%0381&)G3.0< +)&,.0%(1, 356&C'3.0< (+)&,.0%() B83(._3+(&73
- \+) V'03&'? - ]' 567 '" 8"53&0), '3 :2)& W]^U. past - V 06 +3&7J3 5:&+)S< $+).
=VPTD?= - usually / :1@BS8T - always - sometimes 6?=BS8T D8T17= - often / 4@TS;= - seldom
E O3.@%:& C"&.03 346@CZ8T[7 0:8(&.06.

present

]56&C'3 1 :PQ=ZWT ($ +3&G" % 7 C".3&%.

present

-

=3J+"& 1 :C(&7.1 % :'(%)8.(0)&0), 1 @"&2+3) :&083 EC)8"& 3' :PT]@U ($ +3&G" % 8 C".3&%. :PQ=S6TU ($ +3&G" % 9 C".3&%. past

past

=3J+"& 1 5:&+: 8"53&0"0< '" ?(&8G), 1 VWTSW N"&%08" 3' :PTcS@7 ($ +3&G" % 9 C".3&%. simple future :PQ=S6T7Y ($ +3&G" % 8 C".3&%. compound future 75

imperfective: group II

perfective: group I

`)#"TJb / ,TL#"Jb + prefix

"#J"T / ,T`'Jb + prefix

3. Both actions take place simultaneously.

One action which produced a result took place after another, which was also completed with a result.

]+'3%8)G)&''6) +)&,.0%(1.

=3J+"& W@CZ8T[ '" 8"53&0:, 1 C8;4P:8T[ +%)8< '" M3.7)&+3%"0)7<'6) +)&,.0%(1. @7aC. present 1 2

3

V&''" :PT]U8 ($ +3&G", 1@TU8 '" "%03&5:. ( 3=@TQ8U8 '" 8"53&0:. past

:)$2"&a $"@86%"&a

1

2

3

finish

=3J+"& V&''" :PQ=S6TU8 ($ +3&G",

4.

3'"& :174@T76U8 B3+8:&J:. past

=3J+"& VWTS@7@ WQ=S6TT7Y ($ @"5(')&0", C8;4=Tc7@ 3&@'". imperative compound future imperfect perfect

The action which began and finished while the other action was taking place has perfective aspect.

:PQ=S6TU8 / VWTS@7@ WQ=S6T7Y :174@T76U8 / C8;4=Tc7@

H)&,.0%(), @303&83) '"C"73&.< ( $"@3&'C(73.<, B3@"& B830)@"&73 +8:J3&) +)&,.0%(), (G)&)0 bE. 5. The result of the action is no longer valid at the moment of speech. (past)

V'':7(&83%"''3.0< 8)$:7<0"&0" ').3_8"')&'() )J3& @ G3G)&'0: 8)&C(.

The result of the action is still valid at the moment of speech. (past)

+)&,.0%(1, b3_8"')&'() 8)$:7<0"&0" +)&,.0%(1 % G3G)&'0 8)&C(.

FG"-, I-, $- + 6S76T - Q=S6T7Y, @TQ87Y - @TCS67Y ?@176T - ?=16T7Y, :@C76T - :=C6T7Y (B8()& EC)8"& G')& 346@CZ8T U 58"0..)J3& (= 567 @3 : G)'1& +3&G", " .),C"& ')0_)"7 + :)&_"7)

EC)8"& @3.G') (= .),C"& 3' :346@T G)'1&Q8U +3&G58"0 ") .

- Z6 %).< +)'< 567 +3&G"? - )0, 1 WQ=S6TU % 3&?(., " % 6 C".3&% B8(SK7. 6.

IN THE NEGATIVE / M )JG"g'T.",h

The absolute absence of an action.

1. Physical impossibility to fulfill an action.

M3&7'3) 308(>"&'() +)&,.0%(1: +)&,.0%(1 ')& 5673 (')& 5:+)0).

d($(&C).@"1 +)&,.0%().

= =? ?@ S@TU8U (past)

?@ <=BWT + inf.

Q '(@:+"& ?@ :PQ=S6TU, 567 +3&G".

Q ?@ <=BWT :PTc76 ($ +3&G", : G)'1& ')0 @7aC"&.

')%3$G3&2'3.0<

%6&B37'(0<

e)&03G 1 '(@:+"& ?@ W@CZ8TU, 567 % J3&83+). 2. The absence of the result of an action.

)0 8)$:7<0"&0" +)&,.0%(1. Q 2+"7 +8:$)&,, '3 3'(& ?@ 346]U6T. M8(.0"%@" FG" ') (G))0 $'"C)'(1 B83>).." +),.0%(1. Prefix FG" does not have the meaning of the process of an action.

76

)OG'L)'.", "#)$` F'G %&'%)&) #"+,."0 Formation of the aspectual pairs of the Verbs of motion

imperfective: group II (Q=S6T7Y) + prefix

perfective: group I (6S76T) + prefix

(+0(& - _3+(&0< / 7)0)&0< - 7)0"&0< / ').0(& - '3.(&0< / %).0(& - %3+(&0< / %)$0(& - %3$(&0< / J'"0< - J3'1&0< MTf_3+(&0< MTf7)0"&0< MTf'3.(&0< MTf%3+(&0< MTf%3$(&0< MTfJ3'1&0<

MTf,0(& MTf7)0)&0< MTf').0(& MTf%).0(& MTf%)$0(& MTfJ'"&0<

)&_"0< - )&$+(0< / 5)2"&0< - 5)&J"0< / B760< - B7"&%"0< / B37$0(& - B3&7$"0< / 7)&$0< - 7"&$(0< 0"A(&0< - 0".@"&0< / @"0(&0< - @"0"&0< + suffixes -', -"' / -$' MTf)$2V&0< MTf5)JV&0< MTfB7gEV&0< MTfB37$V&0< E7)$V&0< E0"&.@fEV0< E@"&0gEV0<

MTf)&_"0< MTf5)2"&0< MTfB76&0< MTfB37$0(& E7)&$0< E0"A(&0< E@"0(&0<

imperfective

perfective

imperfective

perfective

group II + prefix

group I + prefix

group II + prefix

group I + prefix

$`)#"TJb

$TjJ"

FG",L+'TJb

FG",T`'Jb

present

present

E 7P =?/8

%6_32:& %6_3&+(S< %6_3&+(0 %6_3&+(G %6_3&+(0) %6_3&+10

=? =?8 =?6

%6_3+(&e %6_3+(&eV %6_3+(&ef

E 7P =?/8

B8()$2"&a B8()$2"&)S< B8()$2"&)0 B8()$2"&)G B8()$2"&)0) B8()$2"&a0

=? =?8 =?6

B8()$2"&e B8()$2"&eV B8()$2"&ef

past

past

%6&S)e %6&SeV %6&Sef future

compound:

E 7P =?/8

future

VP7Y + inf

5:&+: 5:&+)S<

5:&+)0 5:&+)G 5:&+)0) 5:&+:0

%6_3+(&0<

B8()&_"e B8()&_"eV B8()&_"7f

simple

E 7P =?/8

compound:

%6&,+:

E 7P =?/8

%6&,+)S< %6&,+)0 %6&,+)G %6&,+)0) %6&,+:0

77

VP7Y + inf

5:&+: 5:&+)S<

5:&+)0 5:&+)G 5:&+)0) 5:&+:0

B8()$2"&0<

simple

E 7P =?/8

B8()&+: B8()&+)S<

B8()&+)0 B8()&+)G B8()&+)0) B8()&+:0

!"$!& ' )"'*,-.0 - "

/

Verbs with the particle - "

All these verbs are intransitive: they are never followed by an Accusative noun or pronoun without a preposition.

"$ &() *+,*.+0 2353638:<2=3: 1."+$ 2)3 2$ 51.(7$9+:$(": "5;$"(<)($+=2.$ (>$"(.)>$2)$) < )2)($+=2.> 1,?$@$ (A 4) 9$B 17$?+.*,. MEANING

VERBS

EXAMPLES

1. Truly reflexive verbs. ':>?AB322: B:CB6DA2=3 FGDF:G=.

(5:)K=JAL?M - to wash (oneself) I,K+=L)H :<3BDJ3A?M NK=BDJAL?M / NK=JAL?M - to wash (hands and face) (= .?$<,K$( "$9:K).

The action is directed at the agent (it reflects on the subject).

PN5DJAL?M - to bathe (5:)>6QJAL?M - to shave B=AQ6DJAL?M / B=JA363AL?M - to dry oneself

C$K<.LH, NK=BDJ3A?M (= 5>0<,K$( "$9:K).

C$D"(<)$ 2,17,<+$2. 2, ?$D"(<5F;$$ 56QRS?=BDAL?M / 56QR3?DJAL?M - to comb one’s hair MK22, 56QRS?=BD3A?M +)G. (<.B<7,;,$(": H 2$>5). (= 17)LO"0<,$( "$9:K). :<3BDJAL?M / :<3JAL?M - to dress Q(5?$K 2(0 F:A:JBMA?M 6DC<3BDJAL?M / 6DC<3JAL?M - to undress subject = object H &HB,K>$2,>. (56Q)F:A:JBQAL?M - to prepare -'H = '.IHJ (myself, himself ...) ?:>Q6DJAL?M / ?:>6DJAL?M - to get ready to do; M2(.K2 ?:>Q6DJ3A?M 2, to assemble, gather 7,9.K(5.

CDUQUDJAL?M / CDUQAQJAL?M - to defend oneself S.K"() ?:>Q6DJVA?M. 2. Reciprocal-reflexive verbs. WCDQK2:-B:CB6DA2=3 FGDF:G=.

(5:)C2DP:JKQAL?M - to introduce, make the acquaintance W.?75K*) L,K"(. B?A63RDJVA?M. B?A63RDJAL?M / B?A63JAQAL?M - to meet

(N)BQJ<3AL?M - to meet, see each other

One action is being done by two or 6D??ADBDJAL?M / 6D??ADJAL?M - to part several persons together, with each person being the agent and at the (5:)C<:6:JBDAL?M - to greet same time the object of action.

(5:)56:UDJAL?M - to say good bye (to)

(=

I,KV, <"(7$L,K$( MK225, MK22, <"(7$L,KK$( I,KKV5.)

C75B=:K 53635QJ?=BDVA?M. (= M2(.K2 1)KV$( MK22$, MK22, 1)KV$( M2(.K25.)

T?2. ) (. @$ ?$D"(<)$ ".<$7V,$(": :>2QKDJAL?M / :>2MJAL?M - to embrace . W7) (5:)Y3G:BDJAL?M - to kiss ?<5>:H,@?.$ )+) 2$"H.+=H)>) +)G,>) &(.> +)G. ".<$7V,$( ?$D"(<)$ ) 17)2)>,$( 2, "$9: ?$D"(<)$. 53635QJ?=BDAL?M - to correspond

(5:)?:B3JA:BDAL?M - to consult

' P3K? A 5 Instr.

Z35ADJAL?M - to whisper (5:)??:J6QAL?M - to quarrel (5:)6NFDJAL?M - to swear (5:)KQ6QJAL?M - to be reconciled, make up <:F:BDJ6QBDAL?M / <:F:B:6QJAL?M - to arrange matters

<:F:B:6QJGQ?L? - agreed? >:6:JAL?M - to fight ?:63B2:BDJAL?M - to compete A:6F:BDJAL?M - to trade, haggle :>[3[3
<6N\QJAL - to be friends A5 Instr. 6DCF:BDJ6QBDAL - to speak ? P3K? >3?3J<:BDAL - to talk with somebody - to argue ?5:J 6QAL 2$ <"$ *+,*.+0 ". B2,L$2)$> 2."() )>$F( L,"()G5 -QX C2DAL - to know A 4 Acc. GV>QJAL - to love <6NF <6NJFD 232DBQJ<3AL - to hate each other NBD\DJAL - to respect some verbs with the meaning of reciprocity do particle -CH

not

have

MK22, <6NJ\QA " I,KV$D.

the

<:B36MJAL - to trust 5:K:FDJAL - to help K3ZDJAL - to disturb 5Q?DJAL - to write

78

A 3 Dat.

<6NF <6NJFN

MK22, ) I,KV, 3.7.V.K C2DJVA ?75* ?75K*,.

C75B=:K 5:K:FDJVA ?75* ?75K*5.

3. Generally reflexive verbs.

$>U3B:CB6DA2=3 FGDF:G=. The particle -QX, while making the verb intransitive, does not change its principal meaning.

Z,"()G, -QX, ?$+,: *+,*.+ 2$1$7$3.?20>, 2$ >$2:$( $*. ."2.<2.*. B2,L$2):.

1) Various changes in motion,
]DCGQR2=3 QCK3232QM B
5:<2QKDJAL?M / 5:<2MJAL?M - to rise ?5N?PDJAL?M / ?5N?AQJAL?M - to descend, go down 56QC3KGMJAL?M / 56QC3KGQJAL?M - to land :AP6=BDJAL?M / :AP6=JAL?M - to open CDP6=BDJAL?M / CDP6=JAL?M - to close, shut B:CB6DUDJAL?M / B362NJAL?M - to return 5:B:6DJRQBDAL?M / 5:B362NJAL?M - to turn :FGMJ<=BDAL?M / :FGM2NJAL?M - to turn to look at smth. 2DFQ>DJAL?M / 2DF2NJAL?M - to bend NB3GQJRQBDAL?M / NB3GQJRQAL?M - to increase NK32LZDJAL?M / NK3J2LZQAL?M - to decrease ?:P6DUDJAL?M / ?:P6DAQJAL?M - to shorten, reduce N?QJGQBDAL?M / N?QJGQAL?M - to gain strength :?GD>GMJAL?M / :?GDJ>QAL?M - to weaken NGNRZDJAL?M / NGNJRZQAL?M - to improve N8N
Involuntary actions, which take 56:?AN\DJAL?M / 56:?AN
a$17.)B<.+=20$ ?$D"(<):, H.(.70$ :>\QFDJAL?M / :>\3JRL?M - to burn oneself 17.)"3.?:( 1.? <+):2)$> <2$V2)3 6DC>QBDJAL?M / 6DC>QJAL?M - to break 17)L)2. (5:)6BDJAL?M - to break, burst, tear

.nly animate subject

B3?3GQJAL?M - to have a good time (:>)6DJ<:BDAL?M - to be glad / happy :F:6RDJAL?M / :F:6RQJAL?M - to be pained, to grieve 53RDJGQAL?M - to be sad ?KNUDJAL?M / ?KNAQJAL?M - to be confused, to be embarrassed

B:G2:BDJAL?M - to be worried >3?5:P:JQAL?M - to worry A63B:J\QAL?M - to get anxious N?5:PDJQBDAL?M / N?5:P:JQAL?M - to calm down N
P:2RDJAL?M / P:J2RQAL?M - to end _DRDJG:, 56:<:G\3J2Q3 Q P:23JY CDPDJ2RQBDAL?M / CDP:J2RQAL?M - to finish <3Ja?ABQM. 563P6DUDJAL?M / 563P6DAQJAL?M - to stop CDB36ZDJAL?M / CDB36ZQJAL?M - to conclude

79

[,H")K :?AD2:BQJG:?L 1$K7$? *."()K2)G$D. M1($KH, :AP6=BDJ3A?M < 9 L,".K<. I0 5:<2MGQJ?L 1:K(0D &(,K@.

2,

L$7,K >0 B362NJGQ?L ?.>.KD 1.KB?2.. ]2^+:KG): NB3GQJRQGD?L 2, 5 17.G$K2(.<.

_,"3.K?0 (B,(7,K(0) / ?.3.K?0 ?:P6DAQJGQ?L. expense / income

Q)(5,KG): 2, 70K2H$ NGNJRZQGD?L. M2(.K2 56:?ANQJGD?L. c,7,2?,KV ?G:KDJG?M. W+,K(=$ 5:6BDG:J?L. MK22, :>6DJ<:BDGD?L 1.?,K7H5. C75* N$2.>. W.?75K*, ?3J6$2:K. "$ B:?8QUDJVA?M (,+,K2(.> 1$<)KG0. X Q2A363?NV?L 75K""H.D +)($7,(5K7.D. Q(5?$K2( 3.7.V.K NJRQA?M. d7.KH 2DRQ2DJ3A?M < 10 L,".K<. c.2G$K7( 56:<:G\DJ3A?M 5@$K 2 L,",K. e)+=> P:J2RQG?M < 7 L,".K<.

3) Permanent characteristic of an object.

b:?A:M22:3 ?B:a?AB: 563
4. Verbs that are never used without -'H.

GDF:JG=, P:A:J6=3 23 N5:A63>GMJVA?M >3C -'H.

PN?DJAL?M - to bite YD6DJ5DAL?M - to scratch F2NJAL?M - to bend P:G:JAL?M - to prick, sting NG=>DJAL?M / NG=>2NJAL?M - to smile at (5:)?K3MJAL?M - to laugh GV>:BDJAL?M - to admire BGV>GMJAL?M / BGV>QJAL?M - to fall in love

MBGMJAL?M - to be 5:MBGMJAL?M / 5:MBQJAL?M - to appear ?AD2:BQJAL?M - to become - to need

AL?M (2N\:J AQAL?M - to take care

5.

Impersonal verbs denoting condition that does not depend on any person.

:A2:?QJAL?M - to treat (5:)2D<3JMAL?M (2D) - to hope (for) F:6:MJAL?M - to be afraid (5:)?AD6DJAL?M - to try (5:)5=ADJAL?M - to try ?A63KQJAL?M - to strive CD2QKDJAL?M / CD2MJAL?M - to be occupied A6N
A I3CGQR2=3 FGDF:G=: .9.B2,L,F( "."(.:2)$, 2$ B,<)":;$$ .( +)G,.
3 Dat.:

8:JR3A?M - want, would like (5:)26DJBQA?M - to like

Q.9,KH, PN?DJ3A?M. c.KVH, YD6DJ5D3A?M. C$K7$<. F2SA?M. c,KH(5" P:JG3A?M. T2 <$K"$+. ?K3SA?M. < >5B$K$: C$K<5VH, "(.:K+, GV>:BDJGD?L H,7()K2.D. M2(.K2 <7,L,K.

>:QJA?M

)

B592.K*.

T90KL2. : G:\NJ?L "1,(= < 12 L,".K<. I,(= CD>:JAQA?M . ?$K(:3.

I2$ (23) 8:JR3A?M $"(=. ("ompare: X 23 8:RNJ $"(= "51, 8:RNJ (.7(.) I,K+=L)H5 23C<:6:JBQA?M. I2$ 23 ?5QJA?M. I can’t sleep.

f.7.V.K ?5QJA?M 1.? 5K(7.. Sleep is sound toward the morning.

23C<:6:JBQA?M - he feels unwell (23) 6D>:JAD3A?M

("ompare: X $;O 23 ?5GV, : ">.(7FKK ($+$<)KBK .7.)

Q$*.K?2: 3.7.V.K 6D>:JAD3A?M.

(23) ?5QJA?M

Work is going well today.

23 ?Q
hD 23 6D>:JADG:?L. She did not feel like working.

h>5K 23 ?Q,. He hates staying at home.

h>5K 23 ?Q$K"($. He can’t stay long in one place.

6. Imperfective verbs with passive Nom. meaning.

GDF:G= _W ?: ?A6D
Instr.

RA: + <3JGD3A?M + P3K

?ANRDJAL?M - to knock Y3JGQAL?M - to aim (at) F6:CQJAL?M (H.>5K?) - to threaten ,2A32?QB2:?AL <3a?ABQM ?N>[3PAD, B?KDJA6QBDAL?M / B?K:A63JAL?M RD?A: ? PDP:a-A: Y3GLV. 7. Intensity of subject’s action, often taking place with some aim.

- to scrutinize, to take a good look

CD
80

C.> ?A6:JQA?M 7,9.KL)>). c.K">." QCNRDJ3A?M 5LO20>).

c(.K-(. ?ANRQJA?M < ?<$7=. Q1.7(">$K2 Y3JGQA?M < >)V$K2=.

T2 ?.K+*. B?KDJA6QBDG?M < +)G.K 2$B2,H.K>G,. MK22, CD
!#$%'(*#, / PARTICIPLE (bookish construction) !#%&? - adjective: gender, number, case / verb: time (present - past), aspect (perfect - imperfect), active - passive

- it expresses some temporary quality of an object linked with a certain action  1 Nom.

Active Participle = ./1/'245 (-!# / -$& / -(&) + verb 8619'1; - 8619'<1 - to read present - imperfect ?!@$-2 )A$C&-++$A? )*+!-./ - )*-01. - to write verb [IK#] D @8!++ F$0G8 )A$C&-++$A, 4!5*6!-./+# - 4!5*6!-7.+# - to have a lesson 8619'@A65 (= @$.$-A(2 I*.!-&.) suffix >= / <= - I conjugation 89:*-./ - 89-:;. - to love BC'.E66 F/ B61C291G'2C. +8(-0!./ - +8(-0=. - to hear %= / ?= - II conjugation JI*-./+# - J-I=.+# - to study past - (im)perfect ?!@*-& +.JM&-5.(? (F2/)8619'1; - (F2/)8619'M - to read verb [IK]: D J5*F&A+*.&-.& J-I!.+# +.JM&-5.(, 4!5*6!-./+# - 4!5*6!-L+# F26C'Q9ST6C (= @$.$-A(& )A*&-N!8*) -M - suffix NP J6&A&-./ - J-6&A - to die 6U 29'UV4Q W129V. ! ( )A*)0G8 - to come 5&. -M - suffix P

8619'<=65 )*-0>=*2 4!5*6!-<=*2+#

89-:?=*2 +8(-0%=*2 JI%'=*2+# (F2/)8619'NP65

4!5*6!-NP*2+#

J6&-AP*2 )A*0&-YP*2

 4 Acc.

Passive Participle = ./1/245 + verb (transitive) ?!@$-2 !A.*-+.? D C*-8/6& *PA!-8 !A.*-+., B@\6']45 S/ SW^] ]6'2C

present - imperfect

8619'1; - 8619',Z - to read 8619',Z45

verb [Z`] suffix ,Z - I conjugation

(= @$.$-A$P$ 89-:#. F$ F+G6 6*-A&).

?!@!-# @!A.*-5!?

past - perfect suffix KK, ,KK, *

R5& 5A!-Fb'*.+# @!A.*5!, V9F6' W9VV9a 16] QGY/' cV6./] (= @$.$-AJ9 5!)*+!-8 T-.$. NJM$-V5*@). Instr.

person, who is doing smth.

verb [IK]:

9M - suffix !KK CM / 6M - suffix ,KK

*-$ *-= *-d d-e d - ed f-e Interchange of consonants:

(-P (-= (g - = h - hM  - M N - NM i - iM Z - ZM

drop IN% / ,N% + > verbs with roots Y9 / W19 / UV9: drop N%

89:*-./ - 89-:QR - to love 89:#'Z(2

#Z - II conjugation F2/8619'1; - F2/8619'M F2/86'19KK45 JF*-M&./ - JF*-M&L - to see JF*-M,KK(2 4!@$-5I*./ - 4!@$--5toI*L finish $.@A(-./ - to open 4!@A(-./ - to close J:*-./ - to kill 4!:(-./ - to forget 5!I!-./ - to start F4#./ - to take

F+.A&-W*./ - F+.A&-Y&55(2 F$4FA!W*-./ - F$4FA!ZG55(2 5!2W*- - 5!-2[&55(2 to find $:*-[&./ - $:*-\&55(2 )$:&[*-./ - )$:&\[G55(2 $+F$:$[*-./ - $+F$:$\[G55(2 *4$:A!]*-./ - *4$:A!\G55(2

4!@$-5I,KK(2 $.@A(-*(2 4!@A(-*(2 J:*-*(2 4!:(-*(2 5!-I!*(2 F4#-*(2 to meet to return to hurt, offend to win to liberate, vacate to depict, portray

to invite )A*P8!^*/ - )A*P8!`G55(2 :A$-^*./ -.:A$`&55(2 to throw to lower $)J^W*-./ $)J-Z&55(2 *^?!-./ - *-ZJa*2 to look for J)$.A&b*-./ - J)$.A&bLG55(2 to use to buy @Jc*-./ - @J-cL&55(2 )$+.!-D*./ - )$+.!-DL&55(2 to put to leave $+.!-D*./ - $+.!-DL&55(2 A!4PA!d*-./ - A!4PA!dLG55(2 to rule in columns to crush A!4PA$R*-./ - A!4PA$-RL&55(2

to paint - A*+eD=-./ - 26W>'@A65, to dance - .!5ghD=-./ - 19VE>'@A65 to sell - )A$M!D=-./ - F2/Y9@'A65, to get up - F+.!D=-./ - SW19@'A65

81

!!#$&'(*+-&! / VERBAL ADVERB - adverb: does not change for gender, number and case; has no tenses / verb: aspects - predicate (verb) – the principal action, verbal adverb – the action of secondary importance - predicate and verbal adverb relate to one and the same agent

/1$(2/3(5&! !!#$&'(+-&7 / Formation of the verbal adverb the RULE stem of present: verb [/5&]

verbal adverb imperfect

suffix @ suffix ( - after

1, 2, 3, 4

suffix @57 / (57 - verb with 58

9:;<*@ "&#@

- to go "#'"& "#--*&',-& ,-&.-/'( .-/' - to hear :';$=/&'() - :';$=/&->')

"# @*.( ,-& :';$=/&@+A BCE9:;<*3 ?/@"/*3 @A,AC"&3 D/E$)&3G&+A

BCE9:;<*-;> - to read ?/@"/&-'( - to write @A,AC"&-'( - to put D/E$)&-'() - to start laughing

stem of inf. perfect

verbal adverb perfect

9:;<*;> - 9:;<*-?; - to read "#$&'( - "#-)&' - to sit

suffix 3 suffix 3G&57 – verb with 58

EXCEPTIONS verbal adverb perfect verbs of motion with prefixes: :H;:*, IJL;:*, NJL;:*, NJO;:* verb PQ;>

@;"F'"& - @;"#-*&' - @;"#@* @$;$:$'"& - @$;$:$#-*&' - @$;$:$#@* *?$'"& - *?$-*&' - *?$@* PR*HR9: - being + H 5 Instr. (IKA?AE"&'AE) :';$&'"'() - :';$&'"3G&+A - :';$&'@+A *:"&#$'( - *:"&#$3 - *:"&#@ to see *,-&./'( - *,-&./3 - *,-&.( to hear

stem of future:

verb [/5&] suffix @

2 forms of verbal adverb perfect verbs imperfect:

there is no verbal adverb

B:L<*;>, BJ;>, B:;>, TH<;>, PJT<*;> verbs with roots (-, +-(-, 25(and suffix -3(

suffix 3( +

#/3(*'( - #/3(*) to give *D?/3(*'( - *D?/3(*) to find out, to learn :'/3(*'( - :'/3(*) to get up $&L/'( - $&L/3 $&D#"'( - $&D#@, $&D#"3 "#'"& - "#@* LA#"&'( - LA#@*, LA#"&3

@

imperfect verbs J*U<;> - JOH:*;> :H;:* - UEH:*;>

1) TIME (WEXH
MEANING:

verbal adverb imperfect + verb imperfect verbal adverb imperfect + verb perfect 1

&OR9<*Y "?A';/&??-F )D-&K, E- ROI #AEA&F, ) NL;CJ*;:^ :A$NA& #;*&N/.

2 finish

verbal adverb perfect + verb perfect EH:*I C. \IE*XE C
2) Cause (BE9J\R?) = #/-/`b* '-/ 3) Condition = !*+d& 4) Despite the fact that = e/-@* 5) W
cJ^<*Y LWECJ*J RJ*U<;>, A? 'A;A@"&,) D/KA&?="'( ;/OA&'*. = P? 'A;A@"&,) D/KA&?="'( ;/OA&'*, ; LJC>ZOIE, A? EA&C$' '/'( LA;A&."E @$R"/,"&'AE. = P? EA&C$' '/'( LA;A&."E @$R"/,"&'AE, J*L^: O*&#$' $;(SD?A D/?"E/&'(). 2I<*Y ;J^JgE*I LNEJXE* HCR*X<, ) ?$ @AD:A?"&, $E*&. = eE;Y* ) D?/, '$,$UA&? :A$NA& #;*&N/, ) ?$ @AD:A?"&, $E*&. P? NA:A;"&,, NE^IR*YL>.

82

!##%&(*+ -.(#024-5%% / PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS

Active construction

6 1 Nom. (subject) 6 4 Acc. (object)

Passive construction

6 5 Instr. (person, who is doing smth.) 6 1 Nom. (subject)

1. Nom.

verb imperfect

Instr.

C
;<>?@<8#B

E;< C9E;@>

Nom.

Acc.

"$%'()* F8H9>J8 ,%-.

Nom.

Instr.

.%- F8H9>K8FJ /"$%'()-).

2. Nom.

short past passive participle

Instr.

789

(ML>?9 / MN>;<8) F;<>?@(9

C

perfect verb [.(] + suffix -( / -+( (-" /-% /-3)

Acc.

1*'/234 /6'88:)4 6;)2*/8)<*'< 98CHL>?K 2 =%8:2*'. Nom.

1*'/234 /6'88:)4 6;)2*/8)<*'< ML? 98CHL>8 2 =%8:2*'. Acc.

Nom.

1*'/234 /6'88:)4 6;)2*/8)<*'< 9FP9Q@>? ?%-%;%'8%2. Nom.

Instr.

1*'/234 /6'88:)4 6;)2*/8)<*'< 9FP9>Q@P ?%-%;%'8%23-.

(+.2+R+ST((.-S%V(*+ 2+RS.W+(%B / Indefinite Personal Constructions

1. no subject 2. verb – form 9PK

KPX9HD@>YKJ Z.&.2B>0, (<% … - they say, it is said H@FFC@>[LQ@\8 (H@FFC@>[LQ@?K), (<% …

2 @"A*'<"B ]KF@>?K (]K>^N8), (<% … 2 D;<*/;*'<* … 1E /"',)% ]?K (]8), (<% … - it was reported on the radio 1E <*G*2)'A%/6 F99M_K>?K (F99M_@>\8), (<% … - it was reported on TV + H 3 Dat. =IK FC@[@>?K, (<% … - I was told that + :%-6? H 3 Dat. =KIM' F]H9FK>?K … - I was asked + :%@%? H 4 Acc. @,*? + H 6 Prep. O,*8P F8H9>J8 ,%-. Q S'<%- -"@"A)';* ]H9;@\>8 :;)'@). Q :%/),%'/* H@[E9Q@>HKQ@\8.

83

!#%')+,-.. /)1,31#. / Constructions of time ( 5789,? - When?) hour Nom. – Acc. Gen. singular Gen. plural

1 2, 3, 4 5 - 20,

>@5,75

minute "%&$ >?@A,CD "%($ >?@A,C+

"#$% ;9< ")* ;9
day

"), >?@A,CQ

"#$% 8F@H ")* 8@J

>?@A,C

8@1,R

week "%&$ @F8F,IJ "%($ @F8F,IK

month

year

time

"), @F8F,I.

"#$% >F,F,
"#$% 75,8 ")* 75,8D

"#$% N9P ")* N9,P9

@F8F,IH

>F,
IFC

N9P exception

nouns - 1 2 Gen. - “of” nouns - 1 1 Nom.

time:

1) 5C5, ) VNF,>F@?? %T5,IHT5
adverbs:

5789,? - in

What time is it now?

2) /5 L? At what time?

2$45 ",%8 ),$.,5 %$.8

morning afternoon evening night

(/)

at 1 - 12

245&$ 4 - 11 12 - 4 "%9 ),$.,5& 5 - 11 12 - 3 %$.A

.*/ .*/&$ .*/=$?

a.m. p.m.

2$457 in the morning in the daytime "%;7 ),$.,57 in the evening %$.8B at night

%T5,IHT5 (F@?? What time is it now? informal style: 1 - 12 Nom. + >?@A,C + ordinal numeral (Gen.) X1Y + Gen. + Nom. 16.05

16.10

CD48

",$/D48

16.15 16.20 CD4%*$"E*48 ")*$"E*48 (.,$4),548) 16.30 = [5I()#$%*) CD$4F

>?@A,C CD$4F

ZFP

16.55

16.50

CD4#$

",/D4#$

16.45 CD4%*$"E*4# (.,$4),54#)

16.40 ")*"E*4#$

[LCH

ordinal numerals (neuter)

1 1 Nom. fact:

1 2 Gen.

9T!,1
event:

5789,? = 9T!,\! ;?
What date is it today?

On what date?

C,$5)!1, )45$,, 45,$481, .,4);54,, CD$4,, G,/4$,, /,"87$,, )/87$,, ",)D$4,, ",/D$4,, "#$%%*"E*4,, "),%*$"E*4,, 45#%*$"E*4,, .,4H$5%*"E*4,, CD4%*$"E*4,, G,/4%*$"E*4,, /,7%*$"E*4,, )/,7%*$"E*4,, ",)D4%*$"E*4,, ")*"E*$4,, ")*$"E*48 C,$5),, 45#"E*$4,, 45#$"E*48 C,$5),

fact:

C,$5)!\!, )45$F, 45,$481\!, .,4);54F, CD$4F, G,/4$F, /,"87$F, )/87$F, ",)D$4F, ",/D$4F, "#$%%*"E*4F, "),%*$"E*4F, 45#%*$"E*4F, .,4H$5%*"E*4F, CD4%*$"E*4F, G,/4%*$"E*4F, /,7%*$"E*4F, )/,7%*$"E*4F, ",)D4%*$"E*4F, ")*"E*$4F, ")*$"E*48 C,$5)F, 45#"E*$4F, 45#$"E*48 C,$5)F / 2014 -575 F$"D

1 1 Nom. 9T5,U >F,
1 2 Gen.: “of” 9T5,F ;?
What month is it? January February March April May June July August September October November December

9T5,75D%)*59$ ;?
D%)*$58 K,)5*$L8 7*$54 *C5,$L8 7*$M #B$%8 #B$L8 *$)F2/4 /,%4D$O58 P4D$O58 %D$O58 ",P*$O58

date + 1 - 31

K,)5*L9$ 7*$54& *C5,$L9 7*$9 #B$%9 #B$L9 *$)F2/4& /,%4DO59$ P4DO59$ %DO59$ ",P*O59$

84

1 6 Prep.: in 5789,? =

event:

/ T9T5,D%)*5I$ > >F,
/ in

K,)5*LI$ 7*$54I *C5,$LI 7*$I #B$%I #B$LI *$)F2/4I /,%4DO5I$ P4DO5I$ %DO5I$ ",P*O5I$

adverbs 5789,? - in

fact:

nouns - 1 1 Nom. 9T5,F VNF,>L 75,89?

event:

/ T9T5,F VNF,>L 75,89?

What season is it? autumn $/,%8 winter Q#7*$ ),/%*$ spring summer L,$4

In which season? in autumn in winter in spring in summer

$/,%8B Q#7$M ),/%$M L,$47

/ T9T!3 … ? In which …? /

event:

5789,?

1 6 Prep. / 1 5 Instr.

] 6 Prep.

m

^, C!3 [N5, _I!3
758+, >F,
(#D)

^, C!R [N5_I!R
f

@F8F,I1 5,5,U VF<@5,U

fact: - 1 1 Nom. 9T5,U
event: 5789,? - 1 4 Acc. / T9T5,U 8F@H @F8F,I?? - on

What day (of the week) is it today? Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday day(s) off - week-end

On which day of the week? [f] C%,",$L8%#P [va] )4$5%#P [f] /5,$"( [f] .,4),$5F [f] CD$4%#E( [f] /2OO$4( [v] )/P5,/,$%8I [v] )HR"%=$T - )HR"%U$I

C%,",$L8%#P )4$5%#P /5,$"& .,4),$5F CD$4%#E& /2OO$4& )/P5,/,$%8I )HR"%=$T - )HR"%U$I this

last

/(!) on

this last next future

/ T9T5,U 8F@H? - 1 4 Acc.

next

^,C5C [N5,_IQR
m f n pl

all

whole

VF
MF,IQR MF,I+K MF,I!1 MF,IQ1

every

T9,d8QR T9,d8+K T9,d8!1 T9,d8Q1

without a preposition

- 1 4 Acc.

;9<, 8F@H, >F,+, VF<@+, VL // V5
prepositions

in, within after just before before till, until during from ... to

within: result for: to stay

7#%2$4( / .*/ / ",%8 / %,",$LV / 7,$/DE / F" Q*$)45*P& / 25$P& / P%E,$54& / 5*O$4U / GP$LU C5*$Q"%#P=W / O,$"=W / 5*O$4=T / Y$4AW O,$"& / 5*O$4U ")2R .*/=$? / L,$4& /! /)1,3J + 1 2 Gen. 5*O$4U / $4C2/P& [ C%,",$L8%#P& ]= /2OO$4U / [ 245&$ ]= ),$.,5& % + Gen. ... k! + Gen. [ ",/D4#$ (.*/$)) ]= "),%*$"E*4# ;9,?,, V5?,, 8FVLC?,, 8F
85

!#$%# ' ()+-.00%# !.12 / Direct and Indirect Speech type of the sentence

DIRECT speech

INDIRECT speech conjunction

Affirmative sentence

Question with a question word

"#$&" ')*,*&- .$/02&45: «7 .$,9$":& #5;5& 95&<50$=». Direct Question

Indirect Question conjunctive words:

+9!%:;'-%82 / +9!)+':82 - to ask? !#!$? + A 4 Acc.

(8), 18), 1.<, (%():<, (%( ()>?%:, >?., (@?%:, )8(@:?% 9)1.$@:, B%1.:$, +():C2()

)8-.1%:82 / )8-.:8'82 - to answer !%&$? + A 3 Dat.

346

"#$&" ')*,*&- .$/02&45, 18) $" .$,9$">&# 5? 95&<50$=.

"#$&" '.0$'>&- =5"B&: «D@?%: #C .$5&/5DE 9 $&#.2')?»

Question without a question word

"#$&" '.0$'>&- =5"B&, (@?%: B .$5&/2 9 $&#.2'). particle EF - whether The word containing the question takes the initial position. C' is placed The particle immediately after that word (verb).

alternative: 2 answers - ?% or 0.8

7 '.0$'>&- /02&4*: «FC '=$#05&- "$&9C? H>-E=?»

7 '.0$'>&- /02&4*, '=$#05&- C' $" "$&9C? H>-E=. (= '=$#05&- ':C' or "5#)

I" '.0$'>&- &""2: «FC <*&'#$ K$&/>DE 9 )>"$&?»

I" '.0$'>&- &""2, <*&'#$ C' $"*& K$&/># 9 )>"$&.

): I"*& -* 9(=5"B& «FC '.0$'>& .$?/MDE )>"$&?»

, I"*& )>"$&. '.0$'>&-* .$?/2& C' B 9 doubt, uncertainty: - 7 0. B0%:G, .$?/2& C' B 9 )>"$&.

0.C2B#: +(%B%:82: 7 "5 ,"*&:, .:+C' B .$?/2&. - F08.!.:+0), .$?/M# C' $" 9 )>"$&. Request / Advice / Command

conjunction

predicate - imperative

346:HI

predicate - past tense (2 subjects)

7 ')*,*&- (.$'$95&#$9*-) /02&42: «O$'=$#0>& "$&9C? H>-E=».

7 ')*,*&- /02&42, 18):JK $" .$'=$#05&- "$&9C? H>-E=.

7 .$.0$'>&- 54$&: «P2.>& ="5 '-$9*&0E».

7 .$.0$'>&- 54$&, 18):JK $" )2.>&="5 '-$9*&0E.

O05.$/*9*-E ')*,*&-: «O0$<>#*&? Q&#$# #5)'#».

O05.$/*9*-E ')*,*&-, 18):JK B .0$<>#*&- Q&#$# #5)'#.

verb >)-)!':82 / +(%B%:82

(9))+)-.:8)-%82 to advise smb to do

(9))9!)+':82

+ inf

to ask to do

9!'(%:BK-%82 / 9!'(%B%:82 to order smb to do

O05.$/*9*-E .$'$95&#$9*- ="5 (.$.0$'>&- =5"B&) .0$<>#*&#E Q&#$# #5)'#.

'-$9*&: ?% / 0.8 / 9)L%:C@<+8%

86

words are dropped

"#%&() +,)."#%)&/0  #1235/ / COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH CONJUNCTIONS meaning

conjunction

78:8;<> ?:8 - because

78?@;<>? - why?

pre position + post position

result

78G>:8;< - therefore

:B>D DBD - since @>HJK ..., (:8) - if … then

condition:

1) real

7LK DBD8>; NKK?

@>HJK OP, … OP 2) unreal

- on what condition?

examples

post position

cause

despite the fact that T@H;8:LS> TB ?:8>? - in spite of what?

+ future / present

+ past

(T8> - but) (Q8:S> Q8:S>-Kalthough, - even though)

T@H;8:LS> TB :8> ?:8> - in spite of, despite the fact that words which intensify the construction:

NHW LBNT8> / NHW-:BDK / NHW Y@

" "# %&()+ ", .,0&123, 78:8;<> ?:8 5,0&+#1+. result + cause EB>D DBD &" 5,0&+#1+, &" "# %&()+ ", .,0&123. cause + result " 5,0&+#1+ 6 78G>:8;< "# %&()+ ", .,0&123. cause + result )>HJK 5,172., 0318#2 9&.&1(,; %&<&18,, (2&) => %#= ", 8,1?3. )>HJK OP 3 =#";1 OPJ 7,( 2#+#@&1", ; OP %&57&"61+ 7,=. U8:S> ", 31+6A# 0>1+& 9&1+&8"&, (T8>) => %&(+61 <3+;12B. &@H;8:LS> TB :8> ?:8> 0>1+& %&158"&, <&1C26 "# 39&861+6. U8:S> E12&2 @6+B= &1?#"B C2,1.>G, ; NHW:BDK +I0+I1 C=&2.#12B #<&1.

- still, all the same, nevertheless

time

1)

Z8[\B> ; #19,+ 7 =#2.&1, ; ?62,1+ J"61<3.

D8[\B>? - when?

2)

Z8[\B> ; #19,+ 7 =#2.&1, ; 7C2.#126+ 8.31<,.

D8[\B> - when

3) 1

2

78DB> - while 78DB> T@ - until before:

\8L@\ :8[8>:@>DBD 7@> ; DBD 7L@>Y\@ ?@; 78>HJ@ :8[8> DBD - after DBD :8>J]D8 - as soon as purpose

?:8>OP + infinitive

^B?@>;? - what for? \JS ?@[8>? H DBD8>_ a@>J]b?

?:8>OP + past

in the indirect speech (instead of imperative): - a wish - a request - a command - a demand - advice - necessity

verbs: (^B)Q8:@>:] - to want (78)7L8HK>:] - to ask, to request 7LKDB>^PNB:]/ 7LKDB^B>:] - to order [8N8LK>:] / HDB^B>:] - to tell (78):L@>O8NB:] - to demand (78)H8N@>:8NB:] - to advise TB>\8 / T<>YT8 - need, necessary

information: speech, thoughts, knowledge, emotions

8 ?W;? / ?:8? - about what?

- in order to 1 subject

- so that 2 different subjects

I want smb. to do smth.

predicate + (:8) , ?:8 that

what

verbs: [8N8LK>:] / HDB^B>:] - to say 8:N@?B>:] / 8:N@>:K:] - to answer (<)^TB>:] - to know, find out (78)\<>;B:] - to think (^B)78>;TK:] - to remember (78)?<>NH:N8NB:] - to feel (<)NK>\@:] - to see 78TK;B>:] / 78TS>:] - to understand

87

Z8[\B> ; %.6#19,+ 8&=&1G, ; %.6<&2&176+ 31K6". +8DB> K#",1 <&2&176+, 31K6", &" C=&2.#1+ 2#+#7615&.. " C68#1+ 8&1=,, 78DB> T@ %.6(+61 #<&1 8.35B;1. .8 :8[8> DBD ; ",1?,+ .,0&12,2B 7 L&CJ7#1, ; K6+ 7 N&1"8&"#. +@> :@; DBD %.6#19,2B, 8.3< %&57&"61+ ="#L@\ . +L@>Y\@ ?@; 39&8612B 65 8&1=,, 7>1J+I?62# C7#2 6 <,5. O ",?"31 %#.#7&8612B 2#1JC2 78>HJ@ :8[8>, DBD %.&?62,1I #<&1. ZBD :8>J]D8 C&1+"A# C#1+&, C2,1+& 9&1+&8"&. Q1"", %&(+,1 7 =,<,561", (?:8>OP) J3%612B %.&831J2>. Q"2&1" %&()+ 7 .#C2&.,1", ?:8>OP T@ &0#18,2B 8&1=,. O 9&?31, ?:8>OP 7> C8#1+,+6 E123 .,0&123. O %.6()+ J 8.31<3, ?:8>OP &" %&=&1< ="#. Q"2&1" %&%.&C61+ 86.#1J2&.,, ?:8>OP &" 8,+ #=31 &12%3CJ. = Q"2&1" 787L8HK>J 86.#1J2&., \B:] #=31 &12%3CJ. O C&7#123I, ?:8>OP 2> (&") %&C=&2.#1+ E12&2 @6+B=. = O H8N@>::] E12&2 @6+B=. O 5",1I, ?:8 &" %.6#18#2 7 10 ?,C&17. S.#%&8,7,12#+B CJ,5,1+ (& 2&1=), ?:8 3.&1J 0318#2 7 C.#183. L"# J,1K#2C;, ?:8 5,172., 0318#2 2#%+&1. it seems to me

question with a question word explanation + attribute

D:8, ?:8, ?@_, DBD8>_ [\@, D<\B>, 8:D<>\B D8[\B>, 78?@;<>, DBD :8>, ?:8 that - what inanimate

:8>:, D:8 that - who animate

attribute

DBD8>_? - what?

m - D8:8>L(c - which / who f - D8:8>L30 n - D8:8>L#) pl - D8:8>L() gender / number

case

noun, J&2&1.>G verb

1) indirect question without a question word alternative: 2 answers - \B or T@: The word containing the question takes the initial position. The particle JK is placed immediately after that word (verb).

particle

JK - whether

= K>JK - or

@>HJK is impossible to use

2) doubt, uncertainty [degree of comparison of adj. / adv]

comparison

?@; - than :BD Y@, DBD - as

T> ("#) 5",1#2#, D:8 E12&2 ?#+&7#1J? / DBD #<&1 5&7312? / [\@ &" K67)2? / D8[\B> &" %.6#18#2? / D<\B> &" %,+? O %.6")C 7,= :8>, ?:8 &0#V,1+. O J3%61+ :8>, ?:8 9&2#1+. S.6()+ :8>:, D8[8> => K8,1+6. W12& =&G \L<[, - J&2&1.YZ K67)2 7 L&CJ7#1 - J&2&1.\ 7?#.,1 "#1 0>+& ", .,0&12# - J&2&1.L] ; ?,1C2& 57&"I1 - J&2&1.\ ; "# 7618#+ 2 <&18, - C J&2&1.YL ; 3?611+C; 7 (J&1+# - & J&2&1.L ; .,CCJ,15>7,+ 7,=. W12& =&;1 78\L<>[B, - J&2&1.QO K67)2 7 L&CJ7#1 - J&2&1.Z 7?#.,1 "#1 0>+& ", .,0&12# - J&2&1.Z ; ?,1C2& 57&"I1 - J&2&1.]^ ; "# 7618#+ 2 <&18, - C J&2&1.Z ; 3?61+C; 7 (J&1+# - & J&2&1.Z ; .,CCJ,15>7,+ 2#0#1. W12& ^\B>TK@, - J&2&1._ ",9&1862C; 7 A#1"2.# <&1.&8, - C2.&612#+BC27& J&2&1.\ 5,J&1"?6+6 "#8,17"& - J&2&1.L] 2&1+BJ& 3 <&18, - J&2&1._ %&C2.&16+6 3 <&18, ",5,18 - .;18&= C J&2&1.YL ",9&1862C; =,<,561" - 7 J&2&1.L K67312 =&61 .&8612#+6. W12& =&61 \L<^]S>, - J&2&1.Y_ %.6#19,+6 65 S#2#.031.<, - 3 J&2&1.Ya ; 0>+ 7?#.,1 7 <&C2;19 - J J&2&1.YL ; 9&861+ 7?#.,1 7 <&1C26 - J&2&1.Ya ; 7C2.#126+ "#8,17"& 7 J+310# - C J&2&1.YL[ ; %&5",J&1=6+C; 7 L&CJ7#1 - & J&2&1.Ya ; .,CCJ,15>7,+ 2#0#1. 1) O C%.&C61+ 8.31<,: «c> C=&2.#1+ "&17>G @6+B=?» O C%.&C61+ 8.31<,, C=&2.#1+ JK &" "&17>G @6+B=. (= C=&2.#1+ K>JK "#2)

" C%.&C61+ Q1""3: «c> ?,1C2& 9&186(B 7 J6"&1?» " C%.&C61+ Q1""3, ?,1C2& JK &",1 9&1862 7 J6"&1. (= ?,1C2& K>JK .#18J&) 2) O T@ ^TB>b, %&G831 JK ; 7 J6"&1. = O "# 5",1I, %&G831 ; 7 J6"&1 K>JK "#2. T@J]^S> HDB^B>:]: O "# 5",1I, @>HJK ; %&G831. /T:@L@>HT8, %&G8)2 JK &" 7 J6"&1. " 3="#1#, ?@; ; 831=,+. N#2#12B ", C,=&+)2# 0>C2.#1#, ?@; #19,2B ", %&1#58#. e#<&18"; :B>D Y@ 9&1+&8"&, DBD 7?#.,1.

to join / CV"612B 1) simultaneous actions - 1subject

&8"&7.#=#1""&C2B

2) consecutive actions

1) " &28>9,1#2 K C=&12.62 2#+#7615&..

K - and

2) ]12.&= ; 7C2,I1, 5,172.,J,I K 6831 ", .,0&123.

%&C+#18&7,2#+B"&C2B

3) " 5,0&+#1+ K %&()+ J 7.,?31. T?#.,1 %&<&18, 0>+,1 9&.&1(,;, K => <3+;1+6.

3) cause + consequence %.6?61", + C+#18C276#

to contrast - %.&267&%&C2,1762B (II part - unexpected result)

T8> - but

to juxtapose (compare) C&%&C2,1762B 7 &8"&1= 6 2&1= K# %+,1"#

a - but

to join two sentences: “A” begins a question

a - and

T?#.,1 %&<&18, 0>+,1 9&.&1(,;, T8> => "# <3+;1+6.

O &28>9,1I, B 0.,2 .,0&12,#2. T?#.,1 %&<&18, 0>+,1 9&.&1(,;, B C#<&18"; 68)2 8&1K8B.

g,J 8#+,1? – 3 3 7,C?

T@ :8>J]D8, T8> K

" T@ :8>J]D8 .,0&12,+, T8 K 3?61+C;.

- not only … but also

L> 0318#= 58#CB K62B T@ :8>J]D8 +#12&=, T8> K 56=&1G.

88

"$&$() +$,.)$/0 12)456& / The main meanings of prepositions preposition

&

meaning place: in, at location of an object: in time: 9!< / ;01-=> / &0/ in time: <0#D #0<014% - on direction of movement: to clothes game place: in, at

$,

location of an object: on direction of movement: to transport: by

case

examples

789? where?

question

 6 Prep.

789? where?

 6 Prep.

;<78>@? when?

 6 Prep.

;<78>@? when? ;A8>@? where to?

 4 Acc.  4 Acc.

!# $%&'* & +!-/&01 !# 234 & *051*70 /#%195 & -*!401 /!1:/5 & ;5:%1#0 & ?7!1:4!; / & 2008-!; 9!<@1 & -0#*=2701 / & BBI-!; &01/0 & ?!#0<014D#%/ / -701<@ !# %<'* & *051*7 !# 01<0* & +!-/&@1

C DEG? H7I>@KL C< DK<@? 789? where?

 6 Prep.  4 Acc.  6 Prep.

789? where?

 6 Prep.

;A8>@? where to?

 4 Acc.

9@M>KL O> DEG? / ;>;?

 6 Prep.

to go by what? / how?

time: #0<014= a certain period of time (to stay some time): for musical instrument starting point

/+ /+-+,

of movement: from starting point of movement: from behind bad cause: because of starting point of movement is a person: from

V

V...4

moving away from an object for a short distance:

from cause (not under control): because of a part of the way: from … to

;<78>@? when?

 6 Prep.

O> P;<@RL;< CI9@G9OH?

 4 Acc.

= ?7%01I54 & +!-/&@1 #5 2 9!1<5

H7I>@KL O> DEG? ? where from?

 6 Prep.  2 Gen.

? where from?

 2 Gen.

HU-U> D97<@? why?

 2 Gen.

? where from?

 2 Gen.

%9751*D #5 9%*5170 (?%5#%1#!) !# ?7%01I54 %P +!-/&31 !# ?7%:'4 %P 251#/5 !# &07#@14-= %P-P5 7I>OH@ST !#% ?7%01I54% %P-P51 7 #0 ?!M*%1 9@4=1*D %P-P5
=

? where from?

 2 Gen.


 2 Gen.

P;<@RL;< ;HR
 2 Gen.


together with: 1) joint action

P ;9G? with whom?

2) emotional state

;>;? how?

" ;>;<@X (->Z, -<9)?

.K< P C>@GH / K<[<@X?

health of a person

89

?!10P< !*!:'4 !* ?45*G!17;3 5&*!12@- !*!:'4 !* !-*5#!1&/%

@E%1*04D !*!:'4 !*
!# 234 #5 /!#>017*0 - ?!<7@19!M  5 Instr.

3) - appearance - food - architecture of building - content 4) question about the

& E'7#!; /!-*F1;0 (?451*D0) %9751*D & G@*2!14 (*01##%-) !# $%&'* #5 @14%>0 H01I!&5 !# 234 #5 /!#>017*0 /#%195 #5 -*!401 /!1:/5 #5 ;5:%1#0 !# 01<0* #5 752!1*@ !# %<'* #5 /!#>017* 01I5*D #5 ;5:%1#0 (5&*!12@-0) 40*01*D #5 -5;!4'*0 #5 K1*!M / ?7!1:4!M #0<0140 #5 -401<@FO0M #0<0140

!# E%*514 *0/-* - *7@
9!4@231;% 945P51;%

- /!1G0 - ;!4!/!1; - /&57*%175 - 254/!1#!; - -@1;/5 - /#%195;% - H*! - &51;%? - R ;0#=1 2!4%1* 9!4!&51.

" (") " ... 4

starting point of movement: from

time: from ... to time: within

.)@2)+

movement across smth. movement through smth.

"\&+]

movement through smth.

 @^()

object of speech or thought: about time: in verb perfect place: 1) behind

 2 Gen.

? where from?

;<78>@? when? C ;>;<@9 CI9@GZ?

 2 Gen.

;<78>@? when? ;A8>@? where to? D9@I9U DK
 4 Acc.  4 Acc.

< ;<@G? < DEG? about whom / what?

 6 Prep.

U> ;>;<@9 CI9@GZ?

 4 Acc.

 4 Acc.  4 Acc.

direction of movement:

;A8>@? where to?

 4 Acc. 1) ?!&07#@1*D P51 @9!4
2) out (of)

2) &31M*% P5 <&07D

3) at

3) -01-*D P5 -*!14

%<*%1 P5 #%;

@01I5*D P51 9!7!< (975#%1>@)

at

place: by, near possessor of smth. absence: without

450

purpose: for

@\5

place: near

U> DK<@?

 4 Acc.

P5?45*%1*D P5 /&57*%17@

U> D9@G? what for?

 5 Instr.

-?5-%1 2! P5 E5M (!201 <) I4012!; !# ?!:'4 & ;595P%1 # P5 !# ?!01I54 P5 2%401*5;%

789? where? = A ;<7<@? at whom? 789? where?

 2 Gen.

!# 234 @ <7@195 (&75E51, -0-*731)

 2 Gen.

A ;<7<@? [9U ;<7<@ / D97<@? ;>;<@X? 8RZ ;<7<@ / D97<@?

 2 Gen.  2 Gen.

-*!4 -*!%1* @ !/#51 $%*D @ ;!17= @ ;0#=1 0-*D 275* / #0* -0-*731 E5M 20P -51I575 /!G0 20P ;!4!/51 >&0*31 <4= ?!<7@19% =1O%/ <4= ?%1-0; !1/!4!
 2 Gen.

what for?

direction of movement is a person: to

approaching: to (same area) motion along a surface

1

;3 9!&!7%1 4%S1!#752!1 !# <@1 ;54 !2 #0 *0 ?!-*7!1%*D
1) behind

place (person):

\

?070M*%1 (E0170P) @14%>@ ?07020$51*D (E0170P) 0

1) 5?*01/5 #5I!1<%*-= P5 @94!1; -*!=1*D P5 <&017DF (P5 ;#!1M) 2) $%*D P51 9!7!0M) 3) -%<01*D P5 -*!4!1;

purpose of motion (to bring, receive smth.): for

^)+

E0170P <0#D (#0<014F, ;01-=>, 9!<)

 5 Instr.

789? where?

cause: for

_

-?@-/51*D-= - 401-*#%>3 &-*5*D -! -*@145 752!1*5*D - <0&=*%1
P5 ;%#@1*@ / E5- / <0#D / ;01-=> / 9!<

U> P;<@RL;< CI9@G9OH?

2) outside 3) at

+,

!# ?7%01I54 - /!#>017*5 (752!1*3)

attributes formed from the subjects of education

789? where? <@;@? where to? ; ;@? where to?

 2 Gen.

789? where?

 3 Dat.

;>;<@X? `< D9GA@?

 3 Dat.

 3 Dat.  3 Dat.

noun + noun

 3 Dat.

means (way) of communication: by, on

90

5&*!12@- ?!
9@4=1*D ?! 9!17!<@ (?517/@) %<*%1 ?! @14%>0 (%=, K/P51;0# `< 7@1--/!;@ =P3/@1 (?! %-*!17%%) ?!-3451*D ?! ?!1E*0, e-mail -;!*701*D ?! *040&%1P!7@ ?! %#*07#01*@ P&!#%1*D ?! *040G!1#@ -4@1:5*D ?! 751<%!

time: before

4

movement: to reach to

;<78>@? when? ;>; 8<9@M>KL 8
 2 Gen.  2 Gen.


how to reach (get) to?

1)@2)4

time: just before

;<78>@? when?

 5 Instr.

?!P&!#%1*D ?0170< ?751P<#%/!; &-*701*%*D-= ?0170< 752!1*!M

place: in front of

 5 Instr.

?0170<
 2 Gen.

&! &701;= 752!1*3 (@7!1/5) ;3 &-*701*%;-= ?!1-40 752!1*3 ?!1-40 !201<5 2@1<0* -!2751#%0 /517*5 &%-%1* #5< -*!4!1;

& &2)@a0

time: during

789? where? `9@I98 D9@G? ;<78>@? when?

1@"5)

time: after

;<78>@? when?

 2 Gen.

place: above

789? where?

 5 Instr.

place: under // near

789? where?

 5 Instr.

;A8>@? where to?

 4 Acc.

?

 2 Gen.

$,4 14

direction of movement

(:/5G, +!-/&51)

/+-14

a)@c4_ 20@4a " &\2_@6

starting point of movement:

where from?

from near, from under

(:/5G, +!-/&51, -#09) place: between

/!1:/5 -%<%1* ?!< <%&51#!; //

!*<3I51*D ?!< +!-/&!1M (9!17!<)

01I5*D !*<3I51*D ?!< +!-/&@1 /!1:/5 P5401P45 ?!< :/51G ?7%01I5*D %P-?!< +!-/&31 /!1:/5 &3140P45 %P-?!< :/51G5 %P-?!< -#0195 &%<#51 *75&51

789? where?

 5 Instr.

place: near to, close by

789? where?

 5 Instr.

;01$<@ #51;% (-*!451;%) ;01$<@ -*!4!1; % -*@14!; !1G%- 7=1
place: around

789? where?

 2 Gen.

&!/7@19 &0*31

<[KL C<;IA@7 D97<@?

 2 Gen.

movement around smth.

"12,@&, V "5)@&, V

place: to the right (left) of

789? where?

 2 Gen.

!2!M*%1 &!/7@19 *051*75 -?751&5 !*
$,12@V/&

place: opposite

789? where?

 2 Gen.

#5?7!1*%& !1G%-5 #5I!1<%*-= /5G01

O98>R9;<@
place: not far from

789? where?

 2 Gen.

$%*D #0<540/!1 !* >01#*75

^5/@+\ V

place: near, close to

789? where?

 2 Gen.

;595P%1# 24%1P/! !* 9!-*%1#%>3

&1)2)4/@

place: in front of

789? where?

 2 Gen.

&?070<%1 ;0#=1

"+,@4/ 1+,4/@ 1"2)4/@

place: behind

789? where?

 2 Gen.

&?070<%1 ;5:%1#3 01<0* 5&*!12@?!P5<%1
place: in the middle of

789? where?

 2 Gen.

?!-70<%1 ?4!1O5<% -*!%1* ?51;=*#%/

a/@a

movement past smth.

GH@G< D97<@?

 2 Gen.

?7!M*%1 ;%1;! ;595P%1#5

&4@5]

place of motion: along

C8<@RL D97<@?

 2 Gen.

01I5*D &3 (2017095)

O9PG

despite the fact that

O9PG DK<@?

 4 Acc.

C
comparison: unlike

V0-;!*7=1 #5 ?!1P<#%M &01E07 9!1-*% #0 @I!<%14%. X !*4%1E%0 !* ;0#=1 ;!M 275* 4F12%* G@*2!14.

[R>7<8>IZ@

good cause: thanks to

`

"2)4/@

in spite of what?

 2 Gen. C 7<8>IZ@ (why?)  3 Dat. 2459!<57=1 *0201 (2751*@, -0-*701) 2459!<57=1 &51:0M ?!1;!O% ;
91

Учебное издание

Kuzmina Natalia RUSSIAN GRAMMAR IN TABLES __________________________________ Кузьмина Наталья Витальевна РУССКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА В ТАБЛИЦАХ Учебное пособие

Please contact the author with any comments and questions by e-mail at [email protected] www.russianforeveryday.ru Отзывы и предложения просьба направлять по e-mail: [email protected] www.russianforeveryday.ru

Special thanks to Wendy Soucy.

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