KUMPULAN SOAL PATOFISIOLOGI

Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L2 4+ FBFBJ FIKEBJ @KLBC _P]KBGBQB]I DB]GBQI
9+ Q|blig li}`qiq fbfbj fikebj fikebj bn| bn| ligjbi ligjbi mijb n`jb}bk }ik` g`kikfnb| qbgpbi j`mic lb}i
DI\]I ]B\KB L@VI DB]GBQI
Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L= m+ Fjhg`}pj Fjhg`}pjhk`d hk`d}i|iq }i|iq a+ qbj qbj}bk }bk n`gic n`gic mbf mbfq q l+ |ilbn |ilbn n`jbik n`jbikbk bk b|h b|higk igk `+ N`jbik N`jbikbk bk cb|i cb|i 1+ _`ky`m _`ky`mbm bm fbfbj fikebj fikebj bn| bn| ybi| q`mbfbi q`mbfbi m`}in|8 b+ _`ky _`kybn bni| i| |`nbk |`nbkbk bk lb}bc lb}bc }`kl }`klbc bc m+ G`kl`} G`kl`}i| i|b b `kybn `kybni| i| nbkn nbkn`} `} a+ g`kl` g`kl`}i| }i|b b p`k p`kyb ybni| ni| ebk| ebk|kf kf l+ |ilb |ilbn n g`kl`}i| }i|b jp jpq `}i `}i|`gb|h b|hqq qiq|`gin `+ G`kl G`kl`}i `}i|b |b p`kyb p`kybni| ni| cb|i cb|i <+ Fèbjb p`kybni| fbfbj fikebj g`}pbnbk8 g`}pbnbk8 b+ ky`}i ky`}i pikffb pikffbkf kf m+ m`kfn m`kfnbn bn gb|b gb|b a+ l`gbg l+ n`jbik n`jbikbk bk ky` ky`}i }i `+ q`gpb q`gpb m`kb} m`kb} 0+ Limbvbc Limbvbc iki M`}b| M`}b| fikebj q`ni|b}8 b+ 24 24? ? f}b f}bg g m+ 2? 2?? ? f}b f}bg g a+ 2= 2=? ? f}bg f}bg l+ 20? 20? f}b f}bg g `+ 2< 2
22+ Liq` Liq`mb mbmn mnbk bk n}b n}bk k Fjhg Fjhg`} `}jb jb}} dij|}b|ihk dij|}b|ihk }b|` #g`kffbgmb}nb #g`kffbgmb}nbk k nà`pb|bk nà`pb|bk fike fikebj bj g`gm g`gm`} `}qi qicn cnbk bk lb}b lb}bc) c) q`ni q`ni|b |b}} 1? gj(gik blbjbc fbfbj fikebj5 B ]bg ]bg nji nji|| blbj blbjbc bc qbjb qbjbc c qb| qb| 2=+ p`ky`mbm |`}eblikyb fbfbj fikebj bn| B f}bkpjhgb|hq f}bkpjhgb|hqiq iq V`f`k`} V`f`k`} * blbjb blbjbc c 21+ p`ky`mb p`ky`mbm m |`}eblik |`}eblikyb yb n`}qbn n`}qbnbk bk p`gmj p`gmjc c lb}bc li fikebj B 2<+ Cil}hk`d}hqiq blbjb blbjbc c p`ky p`ky`m `mbm bm |`}eblikyb fbfbj fikebj bn| Q@MBM B Blbkyb p`kygmb|bk bji}bk n`gic 20+ Liq` Liq`mb mbmn mnbk bk _`ky _`ky`g `gpi| pi|bk bk pblb pblb b}|`}i |bgb fikebj miqb g`kigmjnbk miqikf #m}pi| ) ybkf bnbk |`}l`kfb} pblb B p`g`}inqbbk l`kfbk q|`|hqnh C@Q\Y _]IQNB B_]IKB DB]GBQI
Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L1 4+ \`}eblikyb \`}eblikyb fbfbj fbfbj fikebj fikebj liq`mbmnbk liq`mbmnbk hj`c m`m`}bpb p`kybni| q`}iq ybkf lil`l}i|b hj`c |mc ybkf gbkb qàb}b p`}jbcbk' jbcbk m`}lbgpbn pblb n`}qbnbk h}fbk fikebj+ Blbpk m`m`}bpb p`kybni| ybkf q`}ikf nbji m`}lbgpbn n`}qbnbk fikebj *nàbji․ b+ Cip`}|`kqi m+ libm`|`q g`jji|q a+ libm`|`q ikqiilpq l+ nbkn`} `+ n`jbikbk b|higk 6+ _`ky`mbm _`ky`mbm fbfbj fbfbj fikebj fikebj bn| ggkyb ggkyb lip`}|igmbkfnbk lbjbg |ifb nb|`fh}i libfkhq|in ybi| 5 b+ fbfb fbfbjj fik fikeb ebjj `nq `nq||}ikq }ikqin in *fbf *fbfbj bj fike fikebj bj ik|}ikqin * buh|`gib m+ buh|`gi b pbqa bqab }`k }`kbj *fb *fbfbj fbj fikebj `nq|}ikqin*buh|`gib }`kbj a+ buh| buh|`g `gib ib*b *buh uh||`gib `gib pbqa pbqab} b}`k `kbj bj** buh|`gib p}b}`kbj l+ fbfb fbfbjf jfik ikeebj ik|} ik|}ik ikqi qin n * fbfb fbfbjj fik fikeb ebjj bn| * fbfbj fikebj n}hkiq `+ buh buh|`gi `gib }b} }b}`k `kbj bj * buh buh|`gi `gib bqab}`kbj *fbfbj fikebj ik|}ikqin 3+ Q|blig pblb fbfbj fikebj bn| ligjbi mijb n`jb}bk }ik` g`kikfnb| qbgpbi j`mic lb}i
b+ C`ghlibjiqb lbk Libjiqiq _`}i|hk`bj m+ c`ghlibjiqb a+ n`gh|c`}bpy l+ libjiqq p}b}`kbj `+ |}bkqpjbk|bqi 21+ |}bkqpjbk|bqi fikebj g`}pbnbk ab}b p`kfhmb|bk fbfbj fikebj + \}bkqpjbk|bqi \}bkqpjbk|bqi fikebj lijbnnbk lijbnnbk l`kfbk ebjbk g`kffbk|i fikebj ybkf }qbn l`kfbk fikebj ybkf mb} l`kfbk |`nckin p`gm`lbcbk+ Ebvbmbk Ebvbmbk 5B 2<+ _`k}kbk ablbkfbk fikebj |`}ebli mijb FD] |}k 0?% lb}i kh}gbj + _`k}kbk FD] |ilbn g`ky`mbmnbk bngjbqi qiqb g`|bmhjia Ebvbmbk 5 B 20+ _`kybni| fbfbj fikebj q|blig bnci} \`}ebli mijb FD] g`kebli n}bkf lb}i 0% lb}i kh}gbj+ Ebvbmbk 5B INCQBK MPLIB]\H DB]GBQI
Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L< `+ M`}j`mickyb nbklkfbk p}h|ìk* nbji nbjig* g* kb|}i kb|}ig g** lbk phqdb phqdb|| li lbjbg lbjbg }ik` 4+ Pei libfkhqiq p`kybni| fbfbj fikebj lbpb| lijbnnbk l`kfbk* nàpbji* nàpbji* + + + + _`g`}inqbbk nigib }ik` b+ m+ Mihpqi a+ Nhkq`k|}bqi ih ihk nb nbjipg l+ \`q dkfqi |mc `+ _`g`}inqbbk }blihjhfi 6+ ]qbnkyb q`j p`kyb}ikf pblb fikebj mbin bnim bnimb| b| p`}bl p`}blbk bkfb fbk k hj`c hj`c ikd`n ikd`nqi qi b|bp b|bpk k lbgpbn lb}i cip`}|`kqi blbjbc* + + + + b+ Fjpg`}pjhk`c}}i|ciq m+ _hji}ib a+ Hjif}ib l+ Fbfbj fikebj n}hkin `+ Ikqdiqi`kqi fikebj 3+ Limb imbvbc iki iki n`jbikb ikbk |jbk jbkf pblb p`ky p`kybn bni| i| fbfb fbfbjj fike fikebj bj bnim bnimb| b| fbkf fbkff fbk bk g`|b g`|bmh mhji jiqg qg` ` gik` gik`}b }bjj lbpb lbpb|| lijb lijbn nnb nbk k p`kfhmb|bk l`kfbk p`gm`}ibk* + + + + b+ Ti|bgik B m+ Ti|bgik L a+ Nhkqgqi nbjqig l+ Fbfbj fikebj n}hkin `+ Kb|}ig Mi Minb}mhkb| 9+ E`ki E`kiq q p`ky p`kybn bni| i| ybkf ybkf m`}l m`}lbg bgpb pbn n pblb pblb n`}qbnbk fikebj blbjbc* + + + + 2+ Ci`}| Ci`}|`kq `kqii =+ Ebk| Ebk|k kf f 1+ Libm`| Libm`|`q `q G`ji|pq G`ji|pq <+ Q|}h Q|}hn n` 2?+ _`}kyb|bbk ybkf |`pb| |`k|bkf fbfbj fikebj blbjbc* + + + 2+ _`kybni| _`kybni| ligbkb ligbkb dpkfqi dpkfqi h}fbk h}fbk fikebj g`kf g`kfbj bjbg bgii `kp `kp}p }pkb kbk k lbjb lbjbg g cbj cbj `kyb}ikfbk `gmpbkfbk `j`n|}hji| |pmpc =+ _`ky _`kybn bni| i| fbfb fbfbjj fike fikebj bj j`mi j`mic c q`}i q`}ikf kf libjbgi hj`c h}bkf l`vbqb 1+ Liq`mb Liq`mbmn mnbk bk nb}`k nb}`kb b `kybn `kybni| i| q`}ipq q`}ipq jbik ybkf lil`}i|b hj`c |pmpc <+ Fbfbj Fbfbj fikebj bn| bn| li|bklbi li|bklbi l`kfbk l`kfbk dkfqi dkfqi fikebj ybkf g`k}k qàb}b p`}jbcbk 22+ _`ky`mbm fbfbj fikebj bn| ggkyb lip`}|igmbkfnbk lbjbg nb|bfh}i libfkhq|ia* ybi|* + + + 2+ Buh|`gib Buh|`gib }b }`kbj =+ Fbfbj Fbfbj fikebj fikebj ik|}i ik|}ikqia kqia 1+ Buh|`gib Buh|`gib bqab bqab }`kbj }`kbj <+ Iqn`g Iqn`gib ib fikebj fikebj 2=+ Gbkid`q|bqi fbfbj fikebj g`jip|i* + + + + 2+ _}h|ì _}h|ìkp} kp}ib ib =+ Bkp}`nqi Bkp}`nqib b kbpq`b kbpq`b 1+ Ci`}b}b Ci`}b}b|i}h |i}hiliqg iliqg` ` <+ L`diqi`kqi L`diqi`kqi Ti|bgik Ti|bgik L 21+ B 5 K`n}hqiq \ \mjb} Bn Bn| #B #B\K) g`}pbnbk j`qi fikebj ybkf q`}ikf g`ky`mbmnbk fbfbj fikebj M 5 B\K |`}ebli bnimb| iqn`gib fikebj ybkf Ebvbmbk 5 B |`}ebli lbjbg vbn| ybkf jbgb Ebvbmbk

2<+ B 5 Fbfbj fikebj bnbk g`ky g`ky`m `mbm bmnb nbk k fèbjb fèbjb'f 'fèb èbjb jb q`}i q`}iq q ybkf ybkf |ilbn m`}cmkfbk fikebj M 5 Cil}h}`d}qiq lbpb| g`ky`mbmnbk fèbjb Ebvbmbk 5 M fbfbj fikebj Ebvbmbk 20+ B 5 _`kfhmb|bk fb fbfbj f fiikebj l lb bpb| limbfi g`kebli |ifb |bcbpbk M 5 \iklbn \iklbnbk bk n`lb n`lb |`}li |`}li}i }i lb}i lb}i |iklbn |iklbnbk bk Ebvbmbk 5 @ nhkq`}tb|id Ebvbmbk

IK\BK DBPUIBC 2+ _`ky _`kybni bni|| ‑ p`ky p`kybni bni|| ybkf ybkf m`}lb m`}lbgp gpbn bn pblb pblb n`}qbnbk fikebj blbjbc․++ b+ Libm`|`q Libm`|`q g`jji|pq g`jji|pq m+ _`kybn _`kybni| i| ebk|kf ebk|kf a+ Bk Bk` `gib l+ Jit Jit`} `+ Gbbfc =+ _`kikfn _`kikfnb|b b|bk k n`jb}bk n`jb}bk }ik` }ik` qbgpbi qbgpbi j`mic lb}i
Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L0 <) Mb| Mb|n n 9+ Libf Libfkh khq| q|in in fbfb fbfbjj fike fikebj bj g`k g`k} }|| g`|h g`|hl` l` mihnigib blbjbc q`mbfbi m`}in|․+ 2) Jbep Dij|}b| Dij|}b| Fjhg`jp}p Fjhg`jp}pq q =) _`g`}inqbbk _`g`}inqbbk ]blihjhfi ]blihjhfi 1) \`q Dpkfqi Dpkfqi \pmpjpq \pmpjpq <) _`g`}inqbbk _`g`}inqbbk Mbn|`}ihjhfin Mbn|`}ihjhfin P}ik` 2?++ 2? _`kf _`kfhm hmb| b|bk bk nhkq nhkq`} `}tb tb|i |idd g`} g`}pb pbnb nbk․ k․++ ++ 2) _`kfb|p}bk li`| nbjipg =) _`kfb|p}bk li`| }h|ìk }h|ìk 1) _`kfb|p}bk li`| abi}bk <) _`kfb|p}bk li`| dhqdb| 22+ ]bgbk c`}mbj k|n p`kybni| fbfbj fikebj* nàbji․+ 2) Lbk nikb nikb li|bgmbc li|bgmbc lbk ngiq naikf+ naikf+ =) \`c \`c }bai }bain n gbcn gbcnh| h|b b l`vb l`vb li|b li|bgm gmbc bc lbpk qbgmijh|h lbk bnb} bjbkf'bjbkf 1) Lbk Lbk mkfb pnj `gpb| `gpb| li|bgmbc li|bgmbc bnb} bjbkf'bjbkf <) Lbpk Lbpk lblb lblb  li|b li|bgm gmbc bc lbpk lbpk ahah ahah} } m`m`n lbk |ifb mpbc }igbkf npkyi|+ 2=+ _blb p`kfhmb|bk fbfbj fikebj q|blig bnci} bnci} #@]QL #@]QL)) p`kfh p`kfhmb mb|b |bk k ybkf ybkf li jbnn jbnnbk bk blbjbc․ 2) Libjiq Libjiqiq iq =) C`ghlibji C`ghlibjiqiq qiq 1) \}bkjbk \}bkjbk|bqi |bqi fikebj fikebj <) _`kfb| _`kfb|}bk }bk li`| dhqdb| dhqdb| 21+ Q|blig p`gjicbk fbfbj fikebj bn| lbpb| m`}jbkfqkf qbgpbi qb| |bck+ Q`jbg Q`jbgb b gbqb gbqb i| bk`g bk`gib ib lbk n`gbg n`gbgp pbk bk p`g`nb p`g`nb|bk |bk fikebj fikebj q`lini| q`lini| l`gi l`gi q`lini| q`lini| bnbk bnbk Ebvbmbk 5 B g`gmbin+ Ebvbmbk 2<+ Fbfbj fikebj n}hkin g`}pbnbk p`}n`gm p`}n`gmbkf bkfbk bk fbfbj fbfbj fikebj fikebj ybkf ybkf p}hf}`q p}hf}`qid id lbk jbgmb|+ Dkfqi fikebj g`k}k qàb}b a`pb| #mibqbkyb lbjbg lbjbg m`m`}b m`m`}bpb pb cb}i) cb}i) ybkf ybkf g`ky g`ky`m `mbm bmnb nbk k bu`|hgib ybkf m`}n`gmbkf a`pb|* jbe dij|}bqi fjhg fjhg`} `}j jq q ybkf ybkf g`k g`k} }k k l`kf l`kfbk bk a`pb a`pb|| g`ky`m g`ky`mbmn bmnbk bk nblb} nblb} n}`b| n}`b|ikik ikik q`}g q`}g lbk nblb nblb}} ki| ki|}hf` }hf`k k }`b }`b lb}b lb}bc c g`ki g`kikf kfn nb|+ b|+ Ebvbmbk Ebvbmbk 5 A 20++ 20 K`n} K`n}h hqiq qiq |m |mjb jb}} bn| bn| #B\K) B\K) g`} g`}p pbnb bnbk j`qi fikebj fikebj ybkf ybkf pbjikf pbjikf q`}ikf q`}ikf g`ky`m g`ky`mbmn bmnbk bk fbfbj fikebj bn| #60%) B\K B\K i| |`}eb |`}ebli li bnimb bnimb|| iqn` iqn`gib gib fikebj fikebj ybkf ybkf |`}e |`}ebl blii lbjb lbjbg g vbn| vbn|  jbgb jbgb bnim bnimb| b| nhkl nhkliq iqii p}b}`k p}b}`kbj bj b|b b|b bnim bnimb| b| p`gb p`gbeb ebkb kbk k |`}cb |`}cblb lbp p Ebvbmbk 5 M k`d}h|hnqik+ Ebvbmbk

6+ LIB]@ I]DBK \BPDIN DBGBQI
l+

Abi}bk lbjbg |mc j`mic lb}i kh}gbj q`cikffb g`kfbnimb|nbk d`q`q g`kebli abi} `+ G`ka}`|'g`ka}`| 1+ Qbjbc qb| p`ky`mbm p`ky`mbm lib}` blbjbc5 b+ Ikd`nqi hj`c mbn|`}i* ti}q* b|b pb}bqi| m+ \`}jbj mbkybn gikg a+ Nblb} bi} lbjbg |mc g`kikfnb| l+ Bj`}fi |`}cblbp gbnbkbk b|b gikgbk `+ _hjb cilp ybkf |ilbn vbeb} <+ Lib}` Lib}` n}hkin n}hkin blbjbc5 blbjbc5 b+ Lib}` ybkf m`}jbkfqkf j`mic lb}i lb gikff m+ Lib}` ybkf m`}jbkfqkf j`mic lb}i |ec cb}i a+ Lib}` ybkf m`}jbkfqkf j`mic lb}i 6= ebg l+ Lib}` ybkf m`}jbkfqkf j`mic lb}i jigb cb}i `+ Lib}` ybkf m`}jbkfqkf j`mic lb}i =< ebg 0+ Lib}` Lib}` pb}bqi pb}bqi|`} |`} blbjb blbjbc5 c5 b+ Lib}` ybkf liq`mbmnbk hj`c pb}bqi| m+ Lib}` ybkf liq`mbmnbk hj`c ti}q a+ Lib}` ybkf liq`mbmnbk hj`c ebg} l+ Lib}` ybkf liq`mbmnbk hj`c mbn|`}i `+ Lib}` ybkf liq`mbmnbk hj`c mbcbk nigib 4+ Qbjbc qb| |bklb |bklb fèbjb fèbjb lib}` blbjbc5 blbjbc5 b+ Mbkf bi} m`qb} abi} lbk m`}lb}bc m+ Mbkf bi} m`qb} liq`}|bi gk|bc a+ N`kaikf m`}lb}bc l+ Mb|n'mb|n `+ \ilbn miqb |il} 6+ M`}in| iki ahk|hc ahk|hc hmb| c`}mbj k|n g`kfhmb|i lib}` blbjbc5 2+ _an lbk ebgm miei =+ \`c pbci| 1+ Nji| l`jigb n`}ikf <+ Jilbc mbyb 3+ Dbn|h} Dbn|h} p`ky`mbm p`ky`mbm lib}` bn| nb}`kb ikd`nqi qbj}bk a`}kb blbjbc5 2+ Ti}q =+ Mbn|`}i 1+ Ebg} <+ Gbnbkbk 9+ _b}bqi|'pb}bq _b}bqi|'pb}bqi| i| p`ky`mbm p`ky`mbm lib}` blbjbc5 2+ @k|bgh`mb ciq|hjy|iab =+ A}y|hqh}ilipg 1+ Ayajhqh}b <+ @k|bgh`mb ahji 2?+ Nblb} bi} pblb qbb| lib}` blbjbc5 2+ =?? f}bg =+ =?? gj( =< ebg 1+ ?*= nijhf}bg <+ =?? gj( 6= ebg 22+ Njbqidinbqi lib}` n}hkin m`}lbqb}nbk p`ky`mbmkyb blbjbc5 2+ Lib}` ikdjbgbqi =+ Lib}` hqgh|in 1+ Lib}` q`n}`|h}i <+ Lib}` bn|

Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L4 2=+ 2+ =+ 1+ <+

\bklb'|bklb f` fèbjb lib}` blbjbc5 Gk|bc L`gbg Ky`}i p`}| qbgpbi n}bg Mb|n'mb|n 21+ Bnimb| lb}i g`gbnbk gbnbkbk ybkf |`}ikd`nqi blbjbc |`}q`}bkf lib}` mbn|`}ibj Q@MBM lbjbg gbnbkbk |`}ikd`nqi |`}lbpb| mbn|`}i p`ky`mbm lib}`+ 2<+ Qbjbc qb| |bklb fèbjb lib}` blbjbc ky`}i p`}| qbgpbi n}bg Q@MBM fèbjb lib}` g`ky`}bkf qbj}bk p`ka`}kbbk+ Nblb} bi} pblb qbb| lib}` blbjbc 20+ =?? f}bg #j`mic lb}i kh}gbj) Q@MBM pblb qbb| lib}` d`q`q g`kebli abi} b|b `ka`}+

GB]IB PJDB DB]GBQI
4+

]bqb ]bqb gbj gbj lbk lbk gk|b gk|bc c lbpb| lbpb| g`kl g`klbc bcj ji i lib}`* cbj iki liq`mbmnbk hj`c + + + b+ \`}jbj mbkybn g`kfnhkqgqi gbnbkbk bqbg m+ Ikd`nqi mbn|`}i a+ N`n} `n}bk bkfb fbk k abi} abi}bk bk lbk lbk `j`n `j`n|} |}hj hji| i| l+ \`}jbj mbkybn g`kfnhkqgqi gbnbkbk ybkf gbkiq `+ Ikd`nqi ti}pq 6+ Lib}` hqgh|ia lbpb| lia`fbc qàb}b q`gp}kb g`jbji + + + b+ _`gm`}ibk bk|imih|in m+ _`gm`}ibk abi}bk ikdq qàb}b m`}nbjb a+ _pbqb l`kfbk g`kf`jigikbqi ik|bn` ik|bn` jb}p|bk jb}p|bk ybkf g`ky`mbm g`ky`mbmnbk nbk lib}` l+ G`kfhk fhkqgqi gb gbnbkb bkbk m` m`}q` }q`}b| }b| `+ _`gm`}ibk hmb| c`}mbj* q`p`}|i nkyi| 3+ Gbqb Gbqb ikn iknmb mbqi qi ti}q ti}q p`ky` p`ky`mb mbm m lib} lib}` ` ybi| ybi| q`jbgb + + + b+ 6 ‑ 2= ebg m+ < ‑ <3 ebg a+ 24 ' 6= ebg l+ 1 ‑ 0 cb}i `+ 2' 1 gikff 9+ N`gh|` N`gh|`}bp` }bp`|i |inb nb k|n k|n |`}bpi |`}bpi nbqbj nbqbj ybkf g`gm g`gm`}b `}bk| k|bq bq mbn| mbn|`}i `}i p`ky` p`ky`mbm mbm lib}` lib}` q`p`}|i bk|imih|inb* qjdhkbgil`* nikhjhk lbk d}buhjilhk* libk|b}bkyb + + +#@) 2+ ]à` ]ààh ah}l }lij ij =+ Jhp` Jhp`}b }bgi gil` l` 1+ Kid Kid}hs }hsbu buil` il` <+ Liha|b Liha|bc`l} c`l}bj bj qgà qgà|i|` |i|` \`}lbpb| m`m`}bpb m`m`}bpb ab}b hmq|ipbkqib hmq|ipbkqib k|n 2?+ \`}lbpb| |`}bpi |`}bpi qig|hg qig|hgb|iq b|iq #g`kfc #g`kfcijbk ijbkfnb fnbk k fèbjb) fèbjb) ybkf lbpb| g`kfc`k|inbk lib}`* libk|b}bkyb + + + 2+ Ub| p`k`nbk p`}iq|bj|ia q`cikffb g`gm`}inbk j`mic mbkybn vbn| k|n }`qh}pqi bi} lbk `j`n|}hji| hj`c gnhqb qq =+ Blq|}ikf`kqib ybkf g`kai|nbk q`jbp| j`kli} qq 1+ Blqh lqh}m`k }m`kq qib ybkf ybkf lbpb lbpb|| g`ky`}bp ub|'ub| m`}bak #|hnqik) ybkf licbqijnbk licbqijnbk hj`c mbn|`}i mbn|`}i lbk lbk m`}bqbj lb}i gbnbkbk #lbkf* inbk)+ <+ Qpbqghji|in Qpbqghji|in ybkf g`}pbnbk g`}pbnbk ub|' ub| ybkf ybkf lbpb| lbpb| g`j` g`j`pbq pbqnb nbk k nèbk nèbkf' f' nèbkf h|h| ybkf q`}ikfnbji g`kfbnimb|nbk ky`}i p`}| pblb lib}` 22+ \gmcbk \gmcbk ybkf lbpb| lifkbnbk lifkbnbk q`mbfbi q`mbfbi hmb| hmb| c`}m c`}mbj bj lbjb lbjbg g p`kf p`kfhm hmbb bb|b |bbk bk lib} lib}` ` ybi| + + +#M) 2+ Lbpk |`c =+ Lbk e`}n qibg 1+ Qbgmijh|h <+ Lbk g`ki}bk 2=+ _`ky`mbm gk |`}eblikyb lib}`* libk|}bkyb + + +#B) 2+ Ikt`nqi hj`c mbn|`}i* ti}pq* b}bqi|

Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L6 =+ Bj`}fi |`} |`}cblb gb gbnbkbk lb lbk hmb| |`}|`k|p 1+ _`gbkiq mpb|bk <+ N`n}bkfbk abi}bk 21+ Hmb| Hmb| c`}mb c`}mbjj ybkf ybkf lbpb| lbpb| liebli lieblinb nbk k hmb| hmb| ‑ hmb|bk |}bliqihkbj libk|b}bkyb pb|inbk n`mh #`pch #`pch}mib }mib ci}|b)* ci}|b)* lbk ebgm ebgm miei* nkyi|* nkyi|* qbgmijh|h #bkl}hf}bpciq pbkiajb|b)* n}hnh| #ph}| #ph}|jbab jbab hj`}ba` hj`}ba`b)* b)* nji| nji| l`jigb* l`jigb* |`c lbk lbk q`klhn+ b+ Q`mbm hmb| |`}q`mp| lbb| g`gijini `d`n q`mbfbi blq|}ikf`k| #`kf`jb|)* bnimb|kyb einb li gikpg lbb| g`kf`} g`kf`}p| p|nbk nbk q`jbp q`jbp|| j`kli} j`kli} pqpq* pqpq* g`kf g`kfp} p}bk bkfi fi `kf `kf`j `jpb pb}b }bk k abi} abi}bk bk lib} lib}`* `* q`}| q`}|b b `d`n `d`n bk|i bk|i}b }blb lbkf kf lbk lbk bk|imbn|`}i+ m+ Q`mbm Q`mbm hmb|'h hmb|'hmb| mb| |`}q`m |`}q`m|| g`kfbk g`kfbklk lkf f q|`}hil* bnimb|kyb einb ligikg qyq|`g n`n`mbjbk |mc q`gbnik g`kikfnb| lbk g`k}knbk }`qinh ikd`nqi a+ Q`mbm Q`mbm hmb|'h hmb|'hmb| mb| |`}q`m |`}q`m|| g`kfbk g`kfbklk lkf f sbk|i sbk|ik* k* bnimb| bnimb|ky kyb b einb einb ligik ligikg g lbpb| lbpb| g`ka`f g`ka`fbc bc |`}ebli |`}eblikyb kyb nbkn`} nbkn`} q`j `pi|`j `pi|`j |`} |`}|b |bgb gb nbkn nbkn`} `} p}hq p}hq|b |b|* |* pb} pb} lbk lbk qbj}bk a`}kb+ l+ Q`mb Q`mbm m hmb| hmb|'h 'hmb mb|| |`}q |`}q`m `m| | g`kf g`kfbk bkl lkf kf sbk|i sbk|ik* k* bnimb bnimb|k |kyb yb einb einb ligik ligikg g qiq qiq|` |`g g n`n`mbjbk n`n`mbjbk |mc g`kikfnb|* g`kikfnb|* g`kf}bkfi g`kf}bkfi p`kf`jb}bk abi}bk lib}`* lbk g`k}knbk }`qinh ikd`nqi `+ Q`mb Q`mbm m hmb| hmb|'h 'hmb mb|| |`}q |`}q`m `m| | g`kf g`kfbk bkl lkf kf q|`}h q|`}hil* il* bnimb bnimb|k |kyb yb einb einb ligik ligikg g lbpb| lbpb| g`kf`}|nbk g`kf`}|nbk q`jbp| j`kli} qq* lbpb| g`kf}bkfi }blinbj m`mbq* lbk g`kffbk|inbk abi}bk }mc ybkf cijbkf 2<+ _blb _blb h}bkf h}bkf l`vbqb l`vbqb*lib *lib}` }` lbpb| liq`mbmn liq`mbmnbk bk hj`c hj`c ikd` ikd`nq nqii mbn| mbn|`} `}i* i* ti} ti}q* q* lbk lbk ikt` ikt`nq nqii nb}`kb p}bqi|+ b+ Q`mbm pb}bqi| g`}pbnbk p`ky`m p`ky`mbm bm |`}q`}ik |`}q`}ikf f lbjbg lbjbg p`kybn p`kybni| i| lib}`* bnimb|ky bnimb|kyb b gbqb gbqb iknmbqi iknmbqi pb}bqi| m`}jbkfqkf q`jbgb 1 ‑ 0 cb}i m+ Q`mbm mbn|`}i g`}pnbk p`ky`mbm |`}q`}ikf lbjbg p`kyni| lib}`* bnimb imb|kyb pblb p`kl`}i l`}i||b lbp lbpb| g`kf g`kfbj bjb bgi }bqb }bqb gbj gbj** ky`} ky`}ii p`} p`}|| qbgpbi n}bg* mbkf bi} m`qb} abi} lbk m`}lb}bc a+ Q`mbm ti}pq g`}pbnbk `ky`mbm |`}q`}ikf lbjbg `kybni| lib} lib}`* `* bnim bnimb| b|ky kyb b blb blb `kl `kl`} `}i| i|b b lbb| lbb| g`kfbjbg g`kfbjbgii mpbkf mpbkf bi} m`qb} m`qb} g`ke g`kebl blii abi} abi}** gpbj gpbj** ky`} ky`}ii `}p `}p|| cikf cikff f n}bg n}bg** l`gb l`gbg* g* lbk lbk |ilb |ilbn n kbdqp gbnbk l+ Q`mbm lib}` bnimb| ikd`nqi ti}q m`}jb m`}jbkf kfq qkf kf qbkf qbkfb| b| jbgb* jbgb* ybi| ybi| 2'1 2'1 gikff bnimb|kyb lib}` nb}`kb mbn|`}i iki linb|bnbk p`ky`mbm |`}q`}ikf pblb lib}` `+ Q`mbm mbn|`}i g`}pbnbbk p`ky p`ky`m `mbm bm |`}q |`}q`}i `}ikf kf lbjbg lbjbg p`ky p`kybn bni| i| lib}`* lib}`* bnimb|k bnimb|kyb yb pblb pblb p`kl`}i| p`kl`}i|b b cb}q cb}q

lim`}inbk bk|imih|in lbjbg p`kfhmb|bkkyb 20+ Qcif`jjb Qcif`jjb q+ q+ g`}p g`}pbn bnbk bk p`ky` p`ky`mbm mbm |bg |bgb b liq`k|}i mbqij`}+ Q`mbm Qcif Qcif`j `jjb jb q+ q+ |`}gbqn b+ n`lbj n`lbjbg bg n`jhg n`jhgph phn n ti}q ti}q * bnimb bnimb|k |kyb yb p`kl`}i|b g`kfbjbgi g`kfbjbgi ky`}i p`}| c`mb|* m`}bn m`}bn ybkf ybkf q`}ik q`}ikf* f* lbk qbni qbni|| l`kfbk l`kfbk thjg` |ikeb q`lini| liq`}|bi j`kli} lbk lb}bc m+ Q`mbm Qcif`jjb Qcif`jjb q+ |`}gbq |`}gbqn n n` lbjb lbjbg g n`jh n`jhgp gphn hn pb}b pb}bqi qi|* |*bn bnim imb| b|ky kyb b g`nbk g`nbkiq iqg` g` ybkf ybkf |`}eb |`}ebli li ybi| ybi| |hnq |hnqik ik g`j` g`j`nb nb|| pblb pblb q`j' q`j'q` q`jj gnh gnhqb qb lbk lbk g`}qbnkyb* lbk bnbk q`gmc l`kfbk q`kli}ikyb |bkpb p`kfhmb|bk Q`mbm Qcif`jjb Qcif`jjb q+ |`}gbq |`}gbqn n n` a+ lbjb lbjbg g n`jh n`jhgp gphn hn mbn| mbn|`} `}i* i* bnim bnimb| b|ky kyb b g`nbkiq g`nbkiqg` g` ybkf |`}ebli |`}ebli ybi| ybi| mbn|`}i mbn|`}i ybkf m`}bq }bqbj lb}i lb}i gbnb bnbkbk ybkf bkf |`}ikd`nqi g`kebli iktbqid lbk g`ky`}m n` lbjbg gnhqb n`glibk g`gp g`gp`}m `}mbky bkybn bn li}i li}i lbk g`gm g`gm`k `k| |n n |hnqik' |hnqik'|hn |hnqik qik ybkf li}`qhp li}`qhpqi qi n` lbjbg lbjbg lb}bc lbk g`kigmjnbk fèbjb c`mb| l+ Q`mbm Qcif`jjb Qcif`jjb q+ |`}gbq |`}gbqn n n` lbjbg n`jhghn mbn|`}i*g`nbkiqg` ybkf |`}ebli ybi| Qcif`jjb q+ g`j`nb| pblb q`j' q`j'q` q`jj gnh gnhqb qb qq qq** ybkf ybkf g`ke g`kebl blii }qb }qbn n q`ci q`cikf kffb fb nbpb nbpbqi qi|b |bq q }`qh }`qh}p }pqi qi g`k}k lbk q`n}`qi bi} lbk `j`n|}hji| g`g`fbkf p`}bkbk) `+ Q`mbm Qcif`jjb q+ |`}gbqpn n` lbjbg n`jhghn mbn|`}i* bnimb|ky bnimb|kyb b g`nbkiqg g`nbkiqg` ` ybkf |`}ebli |`}ebli ybi| ybi|p p mbn| mbn|`} `}ii ybkf ybkf m`}b m`}bqb qbjj lb}i lb}i gbnbk gbnbkbk bk ybkf ybkf |`}ikd |`}ikd`nq `nqii g`keb g`kebli li iktb iktbqi qidd lbk lbk g`ky g`ky`} `}mp mp n` lbjb lbjbg g gpnhqb gpnhqb n`gplibk n`gplibk g`g`}mb g`g`}mbkybn kybn li}i lbk g`gm`k| g`gm`k|pn pn |hnqik'| |hnqik'|hnqik hnqik ybkf li}`qhqi n` lbjbg lb}bc lbk g`kigmpjnbk fèbjb c`mb|

KIB YPJIBKI L@VI DBGBQI
Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L3

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9+

b+ Bjnbjhil m+ D`khj a+ Bgik l+ Ki|}i| `+ @q|`} Li mbvbc iki ybkf g`}p }pbnbk p`ky `ky`mbm lib}` ikdjbgbqi blbjbc 5 b+ iktbqi iktbqi mbn|`}i mbn|`}i lbk qi|h|hnqi qi|h|hnqik k li li nhjhk nhjhk l`kfbk gbkid`q d`q|bqi qikl}hgb liq`k|}i liq`k|}i l`kfbk l`kfbk lib}` ybkf liq`}|bi liq`}|bi j`kli} lbk lb}bc+ m+ Iktb Iktbqi qi ti} ti}q q li nhjk nhjk l`kf l`kfbk bk gbkid gbkid`q `q|b |bqi qi qikl}hgb liq`k|}i a+ `k|`}h `k|`}h|h |hnq nqik ik ybkf g`kfb g`kfbnim nimb| b|nb nbk k lib}` lib}` abi} abi} l`kfbk l`kfbk thjg thjg` ` ybkf ybkf m`qb} m`qb} |bkp |bkpb b j`kli} lbk lb}bc+ l+ blb mbcbk ybkf bkf |ilb ilbn lbp lbpb| liq` iq`}bp g`kikfnb|nbk g`kikfnb|nbk hqghjb}i|bq lbjbg jg`k ybkf ybkf g`kb}in g`kb}in bi} lb}i pjbqgb q`cikffb q`cikffb |`}ebli lib}`+ `+ Bl Blbk bkyb yb fbkf fbkff fb bk |}bk |}bkqp qph h}| `j`n `j`n|} |}hj hji| i| mbin bmqh}m bmqh}mqi qi ybkf ybkf m`}n}bk m`}n}bkf f b|bpk b|bpk q`n}`qi ybkf g`kikfnb|+ _blb _blb ikd` ikd`nq nqii mbnj mbnj|` |`}i }i pbji pbjikf kf |ilb |ilbn n blb blb lb lb g`nbkiqg` ybkf m`n`}eb p`kikfnb|bk q`n}`qi qq lbk p`k}kbk bmqh}mqi li qq+ Q`mbm Ikd`nqi Ikd`nqi mbn|`}i mbn|`}i g`ky`mb g`ky`mbmnb mnbk k ikdjbgbq ikdjbgbqii lbk g`kf g`kf`j `jb}n b}nbk bk |hnq |hnqik ik ybkf ybkf g`ky g`ky`m `mbm bmnb nbk k |`}eblikyb lib}`+ Lib}` Lib}` q`}i q`}ikf kf liq` liq`}|b }|bii l`kfb l`kfbk k l`cil l`cil}bq }bqi+ i+ Q`mbm Gbnbkbk ybkf |ilbn lia`}kb lbk |ilbn liq` liq`}b }b  pqpq pqpq bnbk bnbk g`kb g`kb}i }in n bi} bi} lb}i lb}i lik liklik likf pqpq qpq+ Li jbik jbik ic icbn* blb blb n`bl n`blbb bbk k iki iki }hq }hq`q `q |}bk |}bkqi qi|| li pqpq pqpq g`keb g`kebli li qbkfb| qbkfb| qikfnb qikfnb|| q`cikf q`cikffb fb bi} |ilbn q`gb| liq`}b hj`c pqpq m`qb}+ Npgbk Qcif`jjb epf epfb g`g}hlpnqi |hnqik qcifb ybkf g`kigmpjnbk n`}pqbnbk q`j+ Q`mbm fèbjb fèbjb qiq|`gin qiq|`gin q``}|i q``}|i l`gbg* l`gbg* ky`}i ky`}i `}p|* `}p|* }bqb }bqb j`gbc* j`gbc* lbk lbk fèbjb fèbjb liq`k|}i+ liq`k|}i+ Limbv imbvbc bc iki iki ybkf ybkf g`}p `}pbn bnbk bk g`nbk `nbkiq iqg g` |`}eblikyb lib}` blbjbc5 b+ `k`g`jbk mb mbn|`}i b blb q` q`j `i|`j l`kfbk b|bp |bkb n`}pqbnbk gpnhqb m+ p`k`gp`jbk mbn|`}i pblb q`j `pi|`j l`kfbk b|b |bkpb n`}qbnbk qq cbjq a+ p`k`gp`jbk mbn|`}i pblb q`j `pi| `pi|`j `j l`kf l`kfbk bk b|b b|b |bkp |bkpb b n`} n`}qb qbnb nbk k jbgmkf l+ p`k`gp`jbk ti ti}q pb pblb q` q`j `p `pi|`j l`kfbk b|b |bkpb n`}qbnbk gnhqb `+ p`k`gp`jbk ti ti}q pb pblb q` q`j `p `pi|`j l`kfbk b|b |bkpb n`}qbnbk jbgmkf limb imbvbc iki ybkf g`}p }pbnbk p`ky`mbm lib}` khk ikdjbgbqi blbjbc5 b+ `k|` `k|`}h }h|h |hnq nqik ik ybkf ybkf g`kf g`kfbn bnim imb| b|nb nbk k lib}` abi} l`kfbk thjpg` ybkf m`qb} |bkb j`kli} lbk lb}bc+

m+ Blbk Blbky yb fbk fbkff ffbk |}bk |}bkqp qph h}| `j`n `j`n|} |}hj hji| i| mbin bmqh}mq bmqh}mqii ybkf ybkf m`}n}b m`}n}bkf kf b|bp b|bpk k q`n}`qi ybkf g`kikfnb|+ a+ blb mbcbk ybkf bkf |ilb ilbn lbp lbpb| liq liq`}bp }bp g`kikfnb|nbk g`kikfnb|nbk hqghjb}i|bq hqghjb}i|bq lbjbg jg`k ybkf ybkf g`kb}in g`kb}in bi} lb}i pjbqgb pjbqgb q`cikff q`cikffb b |`}ebli lib}`+ l+ Iktb Iktbqi qi ti} ti}q q li nhjk nhjk l`kf l`kfbk bk gbkid gbkid`q `q|b |bqi qi qikl}hgb liq`k|}i `+ iktb iktbqi qi mbn| mbn|`} `}ii lbk lbk qi|h qi|h|h |hnq nqik ik li nhjh nhjhk k l`kfb l`kfbk k gbkid gbkid`q `q|b |bqi qi qikl}h qikl}hgb gb liq`k liq`k|}i |}i l`kfb l`kfbk k lib}` lib}` ybkf ybkf liq`}| liq`}|bi bi j`kli} j`kli} lbk lb}bc+ 2?+ Limbvbc iki g`}p }pbnbk g`nbkiqg` |`}eblikyb lib}` bn| gbpk n}hkin nàbji5 b+ Hqgh|in m+ Q`n}`|h}in a+ Fbkffpbk g` g`|bmhjiqg` l+ @nqlb|id `+ Fbkffbk gh|iji|bq 22+ M`}bpb jbgbnbc hkq`| lib}` ybkf liq`mbmnbk hj`c lib}` n}hkin blbjbc b+ M`}jbkfqpkf q`jbgb j`mic lb}i 2< cb}i m+ M`}jbkfqkf q `j `jbgb n } }bkf l b} b}i 2< cb}i a+ M`}jbkfqkf q` q`jbgb j` j`mic lb lb}i 6 cb}i l+ M`}jbkfqkf q q` `jbgb n n}bkf lb lb}i 6 cb}i `+ M`}jbkfqkf l`kfbk fèbjb |imb' |imb 2=++ Limbv 2= Limbvbc bc iki g`}p g`}pbn bnbk bk gbkid gbkid`q `q|b |bqi qi njiki njikin n lib}` bn| blbjbc5 2+ Bkp}ib =+ L`kyp| kbli a`b| 1+ \`nbkbk lb lb}bc g` g`kp}pk |i |ilbn |`}pnp} <+ Gk|bc 21++ Limb 21 Limbv vbc iki iki g`} g`}pb pbnb nbk k p`ky p`ky`m `mbm bm lib} lib}` ` blbjbc5 2+ Ikd` Ikd`nq nqii hj`c hj`c mbn| mbn|`} `}i* i* ti}p ti}pq q b|bp b|bp b}bqi|+ b}bqi|+ =+ Bj`} Bj`}fi fi |`} |`}cblb lb gbnbk nbkbk b|b b|bp hmb| |`}|`k|p+ 1+ Ikd` Ikd`nq nqii hj`c hj`c mbn| mbn|`} `}ii b|b b|bp ti}p ti}pq q ybkf g`ky`}|bi `kybni| jbik q`` q``}| }|i5 i5 Abg Abgbn bn** Ikd` Ikd`nq nqii |`jik |`jikfb fb** Ikd`nqi |`kffh}hnbk* Gbjb}ib* ljj+ <+ _`gbkiq _`gbkiq mpb|bk mpb|bk 2<++ 2< Ybkf Ybkf g`} g`}p pbnbk bnbk n}i| n}i|`} `}ib ib njik njikiq iq lib} lib}` ` hqgh|in iki blbjbc q`mbfbi m`}in|5 2+ nhjhk gbqic gbgp g`ky`}b kb|} kb|}ip ipg g nb}` nb}`kb kb kb|} kb|}ip ipg g liq` liq`}b }b  qàb}b bn|id+ =+ Kijbi C C d`q`q g`kebli m` m`}qidb| bqbg bnimb| d`}g`k|bqi nb}mhcil}b| hj`c mbn|`}i 1+ Lib}` m`}c`k|i mijb bqi`k pbqb pbqb <+ Kijbi pC d`q`q bnbk g`kebli m`}qidb| mbqb bnimb| d`}g`k|bqi nb}mhcil}b| hj`c mbn|`}i 20++ Li mbvbc 20 mbvbc iki ybkf ybkf g`}p g`}pbn bnbk bk hmb| hmb| k|n k|n |`}bpi qig|hgb|iq ybkf lbpb| g`kfc`k|inbk lib}` blbjbc5

Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L9 2+ =+ 1+ <+

Ub|'ub| `k`nbk `}iq|bj|in Blqh}m`kqib Qbqghji|inb Blq|}ikf`k Blq|}ikf`kqib qib

KP] INCJBQ DB]GBQI
\`}ebli pblb Ab}aikhil Ab}aikhil |gh} |}bn|q fbq|}hik fbq|}hik|`q |`q|ik |ikbj bj q`mbfbi q`mbfbi qb| qb| Qikl}hg Qikl}hg Ab}aikhil ' Li|bklbi hj`c thjg` d`q`q ybkf m`qb} hj`c nb}`k nb}`kb b bmkh bmkh}g }gbj bji|b i|b abi}b abi}bk k lbk |}bkq |}bkqph ph}| }| `j`n| `j`n|}hj }hji| i| ybkf ybkf |ilbn |ilbn q`jbj q`jbj  m`}c m`}cm mkfb kfbk k l`kfbk gbnbkbk ybkf ligbnbk M`}lb M`}lbqb qb}nb }nbk k p`}ky p`}kyb| b|bb bbk k li b|bq b|bq lib}` lib}` ybkf ybkf ligbnql blbjbc b+ Lib}` q`n}`|h} q`n}`|h}ii m+ Lib}` Lib}` hqg hqgh| h|ia ia a+ Lib}` Lib}` `nq `nqlb lb|id |id l+ Lib}` Lib}` dba dba|i| |i|ib ib `+ Lib}` Lib}` fbkffb fbkffbk k gh|iji| gh|iji|bq bq 6+ _blb g ggkyb p`ky`mbm lib lib}` hqg hqgh|ia blbjbc b+ Gbjbmqh}mqi j`gbn b|bp nb}mhcil}b| nb}mhcil}b| m+ Gbjbmqh Gbjbmqh}mqi }mqi p}h|ìk p}h|ìk a+ Ikd`n Ikd`nqi qi ik|`q| ik|`q|ik ikbj bj l+ _`kffkbbk ybkf qbjbc |`}cblbp jbn|qbk|ib `+ N`jbik N`jbikbk bk ybkf ybkf g`ky g`ky`m `mbm bmnbk nbk p`}m p`}mbc bcbk bk gh|iji|bq ik|`q|ikbj 3+ Nbqq ybkf pbjik jikf q`}ik }ikf g`ky`mbmn bmnbk lib}` fbkffbk gh|iji|bq blbjbc b+ I}}i|bmj` I}}i|bmj` Mhv`j Mhv`j Qykl}h Qykl}hg` g` m+ Gbjbmqh}mqi }ig`} bqbg `g`lp ilihb|in #}ig`}) lb}i Ijjìg |`}gikbj a+ Gbjbmqh}mqi Gbjbmqh}mqi j`gbn b|b nb}mhcil}b| nb}mhcil}b| l+ _`kffkbbk ybkf qbjbc |`}cblbp jbn|qbk|ib `+ _`}mbcbk _`}mbcbk gh|iji|bq gh|iji|bq ik|`q|ikbj ik|`q|ikbj 9+ M`}in M`}in|| iki ybkf ybkf g`kf g`kffb fbgm gmb} b}bk bk |`k|b |`k|bkf kf lib}` `nqlbqi #M) 2+ Ikdj Ikdjbg bgbq bqii bnb bnbk k g`k g`kfb fbni nimb mb|n |nbk bk n`}pqbnbk n`}pqbnbk gpnhqb mbin pqpq cbjpq gbppk pqpq m`qb} =+ G`kfbnimb|nbk vbn| |bkqi| qq g`kebli j`mic a`pb| 1+ Lbb| Lbb| |`}ebli |`}ebli bnimb| bnimb| ikd`nqi ikd`nqi mbn|`}i mbn|`}i b|bp b|bp m`}q m`}qid idb| b| khk khk ikd` ikd`nq nqii q`` q``}| }|ii fjp fjp|`k q`kqi|it` `k|`}hb|cy* ikdjbgb|h}y mhv`j liq`bq` #IML) b|bp bnimb| }blibqi <+ Cbj iki |`}ebli pblb n`blbbk |i}h|hnqinhqiq* qikl qikl}h }hgb gb qq qq i}i| i}i|bm bm`j `j b|b b|b libm libm`| `|`q `q g`jji|q 2?+ Li mbvbc iki iki g`} `}pbnbk g`nb `nbkiqg iqg` |`}eb |`}eblik likyb yb lib}` lib}` ybkf ybkf bn| bn| gbp gbpk k ybkf ybkf n}hkin #@) 2+ hqgh hqgh|i |in* n* =+ q`n}`| q`n}`|h}i h}in n 1+ `nqpl `nqplb|i b|id d <+ fbkffpbk fbkffpbk gh|iji|bq gh|iji|bq Mbn|`}i }i m`}in m`}in| | iki ybkf ybkf g`kf g`kff fkb kbnb nbk k 22+ Mbn|` g`nbkiqg` g`nbkiqg` iktbqi k|n g`gp`}|bcbkn g`gp`}|bcbknbk bk gnhqb qq #M) 2+ Qcif Qcif`jj `jjb b =+ @+ ahji ahji 1+ Qbjgh Qbjghk`j k`jjb jb <+ T+ ach achj` j`}b }b 2=+ Li mbvbc iki g`}pbnbk m`m`}bpb cbj ybkf lbpb| g`k`mbmnbk lib}` blbjbc #@) 2+ G`kp}pkk G`kp}pkkyb yb bmqh}mq bmqh}mq kh}gbj kh}gbj jb}p|bk lbjbg bi}*

'

Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L2? =+ G`kik `kikf fnb| nb|kyb q`n}` `n}`qi qi `j`n j`n|}hj |}hji| i| n`lbjbg jpg`k ik|`q|ikbj* 1+ Blbky Blbkyb b bmqh} bmqh}mqi mqi ybkf mp}pn mp}pn qàb}b qàb}b hqghqiq jb}p|bk bn|id li jpg`k pqpq <+ G`kikfnb|kyb G`kikfnb|kyb gh|iji|bq ik|`q|ikbj 21++ _`ky 21 _`kybn bni| i| K`} K`}hj hjhf hfii q`}i q`}ikf kf lic licm mkf kfnb nbk k l`kfbk lib}` Q@MBM Blbk Bl bkyb yb p`}m p`}mbc bcbk bk nhk| nhk|}hj }hj h|hk h|hkhg hg lb}i lb}i dkfqi dkfqi l`d`nbq l`d`nbqii pblb pblb bnci}kyb bnci}kyb lib}` lib}` ybkf ybkf mbkybn lbk iknhk|ik`k q`}ikf |`}ebli pblb pbqi pbqi`k `k Libm Libm`| `|`q `q |ip` |ip` I ybkf ybkf licim licimkfn kfnbk bk l`kf l`kfbk bk k`} k`}hp hpb| b|ii m`}b m`}b|* |* k`d} k`d}hp hpb| b|ii lbk lbk Ebvbmbk 5 B `}|ikhpb|i Ebvbmbk Lib}` Dba|i| Dba|i|ib ib #Dba|i| #Dba|i|ih ihq q Lib}}c`b Lib}}c`b)) ybkf ybkf 2<+ Lib}` |`}ebli |`}ebli pblb pbqi`k ybkf ybkf lilfb lilfb g`gijin g`gijinii }ivb }ivbyb yb|| p`ky p`kybn bni| i| pqin pqinib ib|} |}in in b|b b|b |bkp |bkpb b }ivbyb| p`kybni| lib}` q`m`jgkyb Q@MBM Nèblibk iki |`}ebli pblb q`ni|b} 20 % pbqi`k Ebvbmbk 5 M lib}` n}hkin Ebvbmbk 20+ Lib}` hqgh|ia lbpb| lia`fbc qàb}b q`gp}kb g`jbji pbqb Q@MBM L`kfb L`kfbk k m`}p m`}pbq bqb b ik|bn` ik|bn` jb} jb}|b |bk k ybkf ybkf g`ky` `ky`mb mbmn mnbk bk lib} lib}` ` bnbk bnbk li`j li`jig igik ikbq bqii q`cikffb nhjhk |ilbn lbpb| g`gp`}| g`gp`}|bcb bcbknb knbk k f}bli`k f}bli`k bi}* nhkq`k nhkq`k|}bq |}bqii Kb|} Kb|}i ig g lbk lbk Nbji Nbjig g bnbk bnbk |} |}k k l`kf l`kfbk bk blbk lbkyb jb} jb}||bk bn|id n|id qàb}b hqgh|ia Ebvbmbk 5 B bmkh}gbj Ebvbmbk 3+ NBKN@] BLBG LUPJDBRIC BG]Y 2+ Nbkn`} |jbkf ybkf }`jb|it` gg m`}n`gmbkf li lbjbg |jbkf ybi|5 b+ Jygpchgb+ m+ Gj|ipj` Gj|ipj` gy`jhg gy`jhgb b a+ @vikf&q qb}ahgb l+ Achkl}h Achkl}hqb} qb}ahg ahgb b `+ b lbk lbk m m`kb m`kb} } =+ Qbjbc qb| qb| |gh} |gh} eikbn pblb pblb |jbkf blbjbc5 b+ GDC m+ @vikf’q @vikf’q qb}ahg qb}ahgb b a+ Achkl} Achkl}hq hqb}a b}ahg hgb b l+ Hq|` Hq|`hq hqb}a b}ahg hgb b `+ q`gpb q`gpb qbjbc qbjbc 1+ Qbjbc qb| e`kiq e`kiq nbkn`} nbkn`} |jbkf |jbkf blbjbc5 blbjbc5 b+ Ach} Ach}lh lhgb gb m+ Bpp`k Bpp`klia liai|i i|iq q a+ Niq|b l+ J`n J`nig igib ib `+ C`pb C`pb|i |i|i |iq q <+ Limbvbc iki p`kfhmb|bk nbkn`} |jbkf ybkf |ilbn g`gijini `d`n qbgpikf blbjbc5 b+ Hp`} Hp`}bq bqii m+ N`gh N`gh|` |`}bp }bpii a+ ]bli ]blibq bqii l+ q`g q`gb b m`kb} m`kb} `+ q`gpb q`gpb qbjbc qbjbc 0+ Ybkf g`}pbnbk g`}pbnbk `d`n `d`n qbgpikf qbgpikf lb}i p`kfhmb|bk }blibqi #pblb nbkn`} |jbkf) blbjbc5 b+ N`j` N`j`jb jbcb cbk k m+ N`cijbk N`cijbkfbk fbk kbdq kbdq  gbnbk gbnbk

a+ N`}qbn N`}qbnbk bk pblb pblb nji| l+ N`}qbnbk N`}qbnbk eb}ikfbk'eb}ikfbk eb}ikfbk'eb}ikfbk jkbn q`n`jijikf nji| `+ q`gpb q`gpb m`kb} m`kb} 4+ _`}bvb|bk _`}bvb|bk pblb nbkn`} |jbkf blbjbc5 b+ N`gh N`gh|` |`}bp }bpii m+ Li`| a+ Hp`}bqi l+ b lbk lbk a m`kb} m`kb} `+ b lbk lbk a qbjb qbjbc c 6+ Nbkn`} |jbkf liq`mbmnbk liq`mbmnbk hj`c5 b+ Hjbc }bfb |`}b|} |`}b|} m+ Hm`q Hm`qi| i|bq bq a+ G`ka G`kabk bkfn fnj j l+ _`}qhbjbk l`kfbk q`j'q`j ybkf ybkf g`gm`k|pn |pjbkf `+ Li`| 3+ Ybkf liq`m| liq`m| l`kfbk l`kfbk ab}|ijbf` ab}|ijbf` a`jjq a`jjq blbjbc5 blbjbc5 b+ Q`j'q`j Q`j'q`j |pjbkf |pjbkf }bvbk }bvbk m+ \jbk \jbkf f m`jbnb m`jbnbkf kf a+ Q`kl Q`klii |j |jbk bkf f l+ Nhjhg Nhjhg |jbk |jbkf f m`jbnbk m`jbnbkf f `+ Q`j'q Q`j'q`j `j |g |gh} h} 9+ Limbvbc iki p`}kyb|bbk ybkf m`kb} |`k|bkf GDC blbjbc5 b+ Gbjifkbk| Gbjifkbk| dim}hq ciq|ihay|hgb ciq|ihay|hgb m+ Mibqbkyb Mibqbkyb |`}ebli |`}ebli pblb pblb h}bkf'h h}bkf'h}bkf }bkf m`}g} 0?'4? |bck a+ G`gp`kfb}ci G`gp`kfb}ci eb}ikfbk'eb}ikf eb}ikfbk'eb}ikfbk bk jkbn |`gbqn h|h|'h|h|* jifbg`k'jifbg`k* |`klhk'|`klhk* lbk j`gbn l+ Bkfnb n`jbkfqkfbk n`jbkfqkfbk cilp n`q`j} n`q`j}cbk cbk blbjbc ni}b'ni}b 10%'4?%+ `+ Q`gpb Q`gpb m`kb} m`kb} 2?++ 2? @d`n @d`n qbgpi bgpikf kf pblb pblb p`}b p`}bvb vb||bk nbkn nbkn`} `} |jbkf l`kfbk n`gh|`}bpi blbjbc5 b+ gbj lbk gk|bc m+ n`cijbkf n`cijbkfbk bk }bgm| }bgm| a+ ikd ikd`nq `nqi l+ fb|bj' fb|bj'fb| fb|bj bj `+ b*m lbk lbk a m`kb m`kb} } 22+ Q`gb |gh} blbjbc nbkn`} nb}`kb |gh} blbjbc ngpjbk q`j bmkh}gbj lin`jhgphnnbk m`}qbgb'qbgb b+ p`}kyb|bbk lbk bjbqbk m`kb} lbk m`}cmkfbk m+ p`}kyb|bbk lbk bjbqbk m`kb} |`|bi |ilbn m`}cmkfbk a+ p`}kyb|bbk p`}kyb|bbk m`kb}* |`|bpi bjbqbk qbjbc l+ `}kyb|bbk qbjbc* |`|bi bjbqbk m`kb} `+ p`}kyb| p`}kyb|bbk bbk lbk lbk bjbqbk bjbqbk qbjbc qbjbc 2=+ Nbkn`} ybkf ligjbi li |jbkf anp jbkfnb nb}`kb |ilbn jbuig mbfi nbkn`} k|n g`ky`mb} n` |jbkf lb}i mbfibk jbik lb}i |mc+ b+ p`}kyb|bbk lbk bjbqbk m`kb} lbk m`}cmkfbk m+ `}kyb|bbk lbk bjbqbk m`kb} |`|bi |`|bi |ilbn m`}cpmpkfbk a+ p`}kyb|bbk p`}kyb|bbk m`kb}* |`|bpi bjbqbk qbjbc l+ p`}kyb|bbk p`}kyb|bbk qbjbc* |`|bpi bjbqbk m`kb} `+ p`}kyb| p`}kyb|bbk bbk lbk lbk bjbqbk bjbqbk qbjbc qbjbc 21+ _`kfhmb|bk k|n nbkn`} ybkf |`jbc g`ky`mb} n` |jbkf |`}fbk|kf pblb |`gpb| nbkn`} gjbi lbk qèbc gbkb

Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L22 p`ky`mb}bkkyb nb}`kb g`gijini kbgb ybkf m`}m`lb l`kfbk kbgb bqjikyb b+ p`}kyb|bbk lbk bjbqbk m`kb} lbk m`}cmkfbk m+ p`}kyb|bbk lbk bjbqbk m`kb} |`|bi |ilbn m`}cmkfbk a+ p`}kyb|bbk p`}kyb|bbk m`kb}* |`|bpi bjbqbk qbjbc l+ `}kyb|bbk qbjbc* |`|bi bjbqbk m`kb} `+ p`}kyb| p`}kyb|bbk bbk lbk lbk bjbqbk bjbqbk qbjbc qbjbc 2<++ 2< Achk Achkl} l}hq hqb} b}ah ahgb gb g`} g`}pb pbnb nbk k m`k| m`k|n n e`ki e`kiq q |gh} pblb b+ |pjbkf |pjbkf }bvbk }bvbk m+ miq` iq`p a+ i}iq l+ ebk| ebk|k kf f `+ jifbg jifbg`k `k'j 'jifb ifbg` g`k k Ach}lhgb pbjikf gg g`gp`kfb}ci 20+ b+ |pjbkf |pjbkf m`jbnbkf m`jbnbkf m+ h|h| h|h|'h 'h|h |h|| a+ eb}ikf eb}ikfbk bk jkbn jkbn l+ gb|b `+ pb} pb}''pb} pb}

BL@ DI\C]H\IKKBLCI]HC 2+ p`kf`}|ibk lb}i nbkn`} nji|* nàpbji 5 A b+ p`kybni| ybkf li|bklbi l`kfbk p`}| p`}|g gm mcb cbk k q`j' q`j'q` q`jj nji nji|| ybkf ybkf |ilb |ilbn n |`}n`klbji m+ p`}| p`}|g gm mcb cbk k q`j' q`j'q` q`jj nji nji|| ybkf ybkf |ilbn ilbn |`}n |`}n`k `klb lbji ji** lbpb lbpb|| g`} g`}qb qbn n eb}i eb}ikf kfbk bk li q`ni|b}kyb a+ `}|pg `}|pgmp mpcb cbk k q`j'q`j q`j'q`j npji| npji| ybkf ybkf |ilbn |ilbn |`}n`k |`}n`klbj lbji* i* ybkf ybkf |ilbn |ilbn g`ky` g`ky`mb mb} } n` mbfibk |pmpc ybkf jbik l+ p`kybni| ligbkb nji| n`cijbkfbk n`gb n`gbgp gpb bkk kkyb yb k| k|n n }`f` }`f`k` k`}b }bqi qi lbk lbk |gmc qàb}b kh}gbj+ =+ limbvbc iki ybkf g`}pbnbk e`kiq'e`kiq nbn`} A nji| nàbji5 b+ nb}qikh nb}qikhgb gb q`j q`j mbqbj mbqbj #NQM)* #NQM)* m+ nb}qikhgb nb}qikhgb q`j q`j qnbghqb qnbghqb #NQQ) a+ nb}qikhg nb}qikhgb b q`j q`j gbjifk gbjifkb b l+ g`jbkhg g`jbkhgb b gbjifkb gbjifkb #GG)+ #GG)+ `+ g`jbkhg g`jbkhgb b q`j q`j mbqb mbqbjj p`kybni| nbkn`} nbkn`} nji| nji| ybkf ybkf pbjikf mbkybn 1+ E`kiq p`kybni| lil`}i|b blbjbc 5 B b+ nb}qikhg nb}qikhgb b q`j mbqbj mbqbj #NQM)* #NQM)* m+ nb}qikhgb nb}qikhgb q`j q`j qnbghqb qnbghqb #NQQ) a+ g`jbkhg g`jbkhgb b gbjifk gbjifkb b #GG)+ #GG)+ l+ nb}qikh nb}qikhgb gb q`j q`j gbjifkb gbjifkb `+ g`jbkhg g`jbkhgb b q`j q`j mbqb mbqbjj <+ Mbfibk |mc ybkf mibqbkyb |`}q`}bkf nbkn`} q`j mbqbj* nàpbji 5 A b+ vbeb vbebc* c* m+ j`c j`c`} a+ |bkf bkfbk l+ nji| nji| n`pb n`pbjb+ jb+ `+ nji nji|| nbn nbnii 0+ E`kiq p`kybni| nbkn`} nji| ybkf j`mic mbkybn lil` lil`}i }i|b |b p}ib p}ib |`} |`}|b |bgb gb nbg nbg jbke jbke| | qib qib #jbk jbkqib) q`}| `}|b ybkf pbjik jikf fbk fbkbq lbk m`}ph|` m`}ph|`kqi kqi g`gb|in g`gb|inbk* bk* limbvbc limbvbc iki q`mbfbi q`mbfbi M m`}in|5 b+ nb}qikh nb}qikhgb gb q`j q`j mbqbj mbqbj #NQM)* #NQM)* m+ nb}qikhgb q`j qnpbghqb qnpbghqb #NQQ)

a+ g`jbkhg g`jbkhgb b gbjifk gbjifkb b #GG)+ #GG)+ l+ nb}qikh nb}qikhgb gb q`j q`j gbjifk gbjifkb b `+ g`jbkhg g`jbkhgb b q`j q`j mbqb mbqbjj 4+ Nbkn`} ybkf liai}inbk l`kfbk BMAL* ybi| B7 Bqig Bqig`| `|}i }in* n* m`k| m`k|n nky kyb b |bn |bn m`}b m`}b| |}b }bk+ k+ M7 Mh}l`} b|b pikffi}bkkyb efb |ilbn }b|b+ A7 Ahjh Ahjh}} b|b b|b vb}kb vb}kbky kyb b ybkf ybkf m`}tb m`}tb}ib }ibqi qi L7 Libg Libg`| `|`} `}ky kyb b j`mic j`mic m`qb m`qb}} lb}i lb}i 4 gg* gg* e`kiq e`kiq nbkn`} q`mbfbi m`}in|5 M b+ nb}qikhgb nb}qikhgb q`j mbqbj #NQM)* m+ g`jbkhgb g`jbkhgb gbjifk gbjifkb b #GG)+ a+ nb}qikhgb nb}qikhgb q`j qnbghqb qnbghqb #NQQ) l+ nb}qikh nb}qikhgb gb q`j q`j gbjifk gbjifkb b `+ g`jbkhg g`jbkhgb b q`j q`j mbqb mbqbjj 6+ G`jbkhgb |ikfnb| T Ajb}n #liq|bk| g`|bq|bqiq) g`k` g`k`gm gmq q n`lb n`lbjb jbg g eb}i eb}ikf kfbk bk qm qm n|i n|iq+ q+ N`gk `gkfn fnik ikbk bk q`gm q`gmc c m`}n m`}niq iqb b} 9'20 '20%+ @ G`}pbnbk q|blig |ikfnb|5 b+ q|bl q|bli ig gI m+ q|bl q|bli ig g II II a+ q|bl q|bli ig g III III l+ q|bl q|bli ig g IT IT `+ q|blip q|blipg gT 3+ ybkf ybkf g`}pbn g`}pbnbk bk ai}i'ai}i ai}i'ai}i gg lb}i nbkn`} nbkn`} @ nji|5 2+ N`jbikbk N`jbikbk blb blb npji| l`kfbk l`kfbk jpnb b|bp `}lb}bcbk =+ N`jbikbk blb npji| liq`}|bi `}pmbcbk pnp}bk* m`k|pn b|bp vb}kb #`}pmbcbk npji|) 1+ _ifg _ifg`k `k|b |bqi qi b|bp b|bp vb}k vb}kb b ybkf ybkf |ilb |ilbn n g`}b|b blb j`qi npji| <+ \`i ybkf |ilbn m`}b|p}bk(|il m`}b|p}bk(|ilbn bn }b|b 9+ \bklb'|bklb \bklb'|bklb lb}i p`kybni| p`kybni| nbkn`} e`kiq nb}qikhgb q`j mbqbj blbjbc B b+ m`kehj m`kehjbk bk ybkf ybkf bfbn bfbn m`}ni m`}nijb| jb| bl blb b npji|* m+ n`g`}bcbk l`kfbk ikffi} g`ki g`kikf kffi fi ybkf ybkf m`}v m`}vb} b}kb kb bfbn bfbn n`ci|bgbk blb npji|* a+ jpnb jpnb ybkf |ilbn |ilbn q`gmp q`gmpc' c'q` q`gm gmpc pc blb npji|+ l+ \bci \bci jbjb| jbjb| |`}nbl |`}nblbk bkf f |`}bqb |`}bqb fb|bj fb|bj lbk mijb lifb}n g`kf`jb}nbk lb}bc+ 2?+ _`ky`mbm |bgb nbkn`} nji| ybi| nb}` nb}`kb kb }bli }blibq bqii qikb qikb}} gb|b gb|bcb cb}i }i lbk lbk ub| nb}qikh nb}qikhf`k f`kin in ybkf ybkf g`ky`m g`ky`mbmn bmnbk bk |`}eblik |`}eblikyb yb n`}q n`}qbn bnbk bk LKB LKB lbk m`}n` m`}n`gm gmbk bkf f g`keb g`kebli li hknhf`k+ Q@MBM Nb}`kb blbkyb hknhf`k hknhf`k pblb q`j* q`cikffb |gmc q`j'q`j nbkn`} nji| ybkf q`jbke|kyb g`kf g`kfbj bjbg bgii p}hq p}hq`q `q ikiq ikiqib ibqi qi** p}hg p}hghq hqii lbk lbk p}hf}`qi qbgpbi bnci}kyb m`}g`|bq|bqiq m`}g`|bq|bqiq n` h}fbk jbik+ B 22+ _`kybni| Nbkn`} Nji| ji| blbj lbjbc qb| b| p`kybni| ybkf li|bklbi l`kfbk p`}|gmcbk q`j'q`j nji| ybkf |ilbn |`}n`klbji+ Q@MBM \ilbn lbpb| g`}qbn eb}ikfbk li q`ni|b}kyb q`ni|b}kyb lbk |ilbn g`ky`mb} n` mbfibk |mc ybkf jbik A

Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L2= 2=+ _`gi 2=+ _`giji jin n gb|b gb|b vb}k vb}kb b a`}b a`}bc c efb efb j`mi j`mic c m`}`qinh m`}`qinh g`kfbj g`kfbjbgi bgi nbkn`} nbkn`} nji| lb}ipblb lb}ipblb h}bkf'h}bkf nji| ci|bg+ Q@MBM H}bkf ybkf m`}nji| ci|bg g`gijini mbkybn pifg`k nji|kyb+ B

21+

\`}bpi nbkn`} nji| lbpb| lijbnnbk lijbnnbk l`kfbk ab}b limbvbc iki* nàpbji5 nàpbji5 A b+ |`}bp |`}bpii mihjh mihjhfiq fiq m+ Nc`g Nc`gh| h|`}b `}bpi pi a+ |`}bi |`}bi dh|hdi dh|hdiqin qin l+ |`}bpi |`}bpi dh|hli dh|hlikbg kbgin in `+ \`}bp \`}bpii }blib }blibqi qi lifkbnbk q`mbfbi q`mbfbi hmb| 2<+ Ybkf lbpb| lifkbnbk c`}mbj k|n nbkn`} nji| limbvbc iki q`mbfbi M m`}in| 5 2+ |bkbgbk `fbfbk =+ nki} p|ic 1+ nbdìk <+ }`mqbk qbgmijh|h 20+ G`jbkhgb gbjifkb q|blig I g`}pbnbk g`jbkhgb 5 b+ G`jbkhgb |ikfnb| T Ajb}n #liq liq|bk| g`|bq|bqiq) m+ G`jbk jbkhgb |ik |ikfnb fnb| IT Ajb}n jb}n #}`f }`fihk ihkbj g`|bq|bqiq) a+ G`jbk jbkhgb |ik |ikfnb| fnb| III III Ajb Ajb}n #cifc cifc }iq }iqn g`jbkhgb) l+ G`jb G`jbkh khgb gb |ikf |ikfnb nb|| I Ajb} Ajb}n n #G`j #G`jbk bkhg hgb b ik qi|) `+ G`jb G`jbkh khgb gb |ikf |ikfnb nb|| II Ajb} Ajb}n n #iktb #iktbqi qit` t` g`jbkhgb)

BE@KF BYP D@M]IBKI 2+ Qb| |`}bpi ybkf g`ky`mbmnbk nàbab|bk lbk |ilbn g`gp`}mbini n`|bcbkbk cilp blbjbc+++ B b+ _`gm`l _`gm`lbcb bcbk k m+ ]blih ]blih|` |`}b }bpi pi a+ Nc`g Nc`gh| h|`} `}bp bpii l+ ]`cbm ]`cbmiji iji|b |bqi qi =+ Limbvbc iki blbjbc gbabg'gbabg nbkn`} h|bn m`kifkb* nàbji +++ A b+ Qacvb Qacvbkk kkhg hgb b m+ Bl Bl`k `khg hgb b a+ Hjifhl Hjifhl`kl `kl}hf }hfjih jihgb gb l+ c`gbkfi c`gbkfihmj hmjbq| bq|hg hgb b 1+ Hmb| c`}mbj k|n nbkn`} h|bn blbjbc +++ B b+ @j`p|c`}ik` bg`}iabkb g`}} #bpmj) m+ Ab|cb}bk|cpq Ab|cb}bk|cpq }hq`pq( }hq`pq( Tikab Tikab }hq`b }hq`b a+ M}hnhji l+ \bkbgb \bkbgbk k p`fbfbk p`fbfbk <+ Nbkn`} h|bn ybkf m`}bqbj lb}i h}fbk jbik ybkf liq`mb}nbk g`jbji p`gmjc lb}bc likbgbnbk li mbvbc iki+++ L b+ Nbkn`} Nbkn`} h|bn h|bn g`kik g`kikfih fihgb gb m+ Nbkn`} h|bn c`gbkfihmjbq| c`gbkfihmjbq|hgb hgb a+ Nbkn`} Nbkn`} h|bn bl`khgb bl`khgb l+ Nbkn`} Nbkn`} h|bn h|bn g`|bq| g`|bq|bqi bqiq q 0+ Q`libbk lb}i ch}ghk bl}`khnh}|inbj ybkf lbpb| lifkbnbk lbjbg ch}gh|`}bpi* blbjbc q`mbfbi m`}in| +++ M 2+ Cil}hn Cil}hnh}| h}|iqh iqhk k

=+ Nh}|i Nh}|inh nhq| q|`}h `}hil il 1+ L`nqb L`nqbg`| g`|bqh bqhk k <+ _}hnb _}hnb}m }mbu buik ik 4+ G`k}| Vh}jl C`bj|c H}fbkiub|ihk* nbkn`} bq|}hqi|hgb |`}mbfi g`kebli < q|blig* libk|b}bkyb q`mbfbi m`}in|+++ M 2+ Bq|}hqi|h Bq|}hqi|hgb gb ijhqi|i ijhqi|in n =+ Bq| Bq|}hqi }hqi|hg |hgb b Bl`khgb Bl`khgb 1+ Bq|}hqi|h Bq|}hqi|hgb gb bkbjbq|i bkbjbq|in n <+ Bq|}hqi|hgb Bq|}hqi|hgb hjifhl`kl}hfjih hjifhl`kl}hfjihgb gb 6+ Q`kybvb nigib m`}mbcbyb ybkf lbpb| g`gia |`}eblikyb nbkn`} h|bn blbjbc +++ B b+ Ki|}hq Ki|}hqbgi bgik k m+ Nb}m Nb}mhk hk a+ Cbj Cbjhf`k l+ P}`b 3+ Ti}q ybkf lbpb| g`ky`mbmnbk |`}eblikyb nbkn`} h|bn blbjbc +++ B b+ Bl`kh Bl`khti} ti}pq pq m+ C_T a+ S`kh|}hpia S`kh|}hpia G}ik` G}ik` ]`jb|`l Ti}q #SG]T) #SG]T) l+ Bk Bk|c |c}b }bs s 9+ Q|}hn` blbjbc qbjbc qb| qb| fèbjb fèbjb pblb nbkn`} nbkn`} h|bn Q`mbm @ q|}hn` liq`mbmnbk p}hjid`}bqi q`j qàb}b bmkh}gbj ybkf |`}ebli pblb h|bn |`}gbqn nbkn`} nbkn`} h|bn h|bn gbjifkb gbjifkb 2?+ Ybkf |`}gbqn blbjbc +++ B b+ Fjihmjbq Fjihmjbq|hg |hgb b gj|idh}giq gj|idh}giq m+ N}bkihd N}bkihdb}ik b}ikfih fihgb gb a+ G`ki G`kikf kfih ihgb gb l+ Hq|` Hq|`hg hgb b Pkq} b|b q`kybvb nigib ybkf lbpb| 22+ g`ky`mbmnbk nbkn`} blbjbc+++ B b+ Nb}mh }mhk m+ _jg _jgm mg g a+ Bgik l+ Ki|} Ki|}hf hf`k `k 2=+ Li mbvbc iki g`}pbnbk |bkbgbk ybkf lbpb| lifkbnbk k|n g`kfhmb|i nbkn`} h|bn* nàbji+++ A 2+ _`fb _`fbfb fbk k =+ Mbvbk Mbvbkf f Lbyb Lbybn n 1+ Nky Nkyi| i| <+ Fbk Fbkeb 21++ 21 Fjih Fjihmj mjbq bq|h |hgb gb gj| gj|id idh} h}g` g` blbj blbjbc bc nbkn nbkn`} `} h|bn bq|}hqi|hgb q|blig III L Q`mbm Fjihmjbq|hgb gj|idh}g` blbjbc e`kiq nbkn`} h|bn ybkf pbjikf fbkbq limbklikfnbk ybkf jbik 2<++ 2< Qbjb Qbjbc c qb| qb| p`ka p`ka`f `fbc bcbk bk nbkn nbkn`} `} h|bn h|bn blbjbc l`kfbk |ilbn g`kfnhkqgqi gbnbkbk ybkf libqbp gbpk limbnb} Q`mbm B _blb gbnbkbk ybkf limbnb} gbpk ybkf libqbp g`kfbklkf kq} nb}mhk ybkf g`}pbnbk mbcbk nb}qikhf`k 20++ 20 G]I #Gbfk Gbfk`| `|ia ia ]`qh ]`qhk kbka` bka` Igbf Igbfik ikf) f) blbjbc bjb| pbjikf abkffic ybkf lbpb| lifkbnbk k|n libfkhqb nbkn`} h|bn Q`mbm M Q`mbm qbgpbi qbb| iki m`jg li|`gnbk hmb| ybkf lbpb| g`ky`gmcnbk nbkn`} h|bn

Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L21 MBYIKBC 2+ F`k p`ky`mbm nbkn`} p}hq|b| blbjbc ․+B b+ M]AB2 lbk M]AB= m+ GQC= lbk GQC4 a+ @\G2 lbk @\G= l+ CMB2 lbk CMB= =+ Ti}q ybkf lia}ifbi p`ky`mbm nbkn`} p}hq|b| blbjbc +B b+ SG]T m+ C_T a+ _}hq|tba'TD l+ @pq|ìk'Mb}} Ti}q 1+ Q`kybvb ybkfm |`}lbpb| pblb |hgb| q`mbfbi bk|inbkn`} q`mbfbi m`}in|․++M b+ Qjdh}bpcbk` m+ Jinh`k a+ Iqhdjbthk l+ Jifkbk <+ Libfkhqb ybkf lijbnnbk k|n g`kf`|bci q|blig lb}i nbkn`} p}hq|b| limbvbc iki․L b+ Lifi|bj }à|bj `sbgikb|ihk m+ \`q _AB1 a+ \`q _QB l+ G]I lbk A\ qabk 0+ _`kfhmb|bk ybkf lijbnnbk k|n nbkn`} p}hq|b| blbjbc․+B 2) _}hq|b|`n|hgi }b }blinbj =) H}ni`n|hgi 1) _`kabkfnhnbk mp|i}bk yhlipg* `gbq* lbk i}ilipg }blihbn|id <) Lifi|bj }à|bj `sbgikb|ihk 4+ Hmb|'hmb|bk ybkf g`}pbnbk lifkbnbk k|n g`kfhmb|i nbkn`} p}hq|b|․+@ 2) Gi|hsbk| Gi|hsbk|}hs }hs =) _baji| _baji|bs` bs`jj 1) _}`lki _}`lkiqhk qhk <) Lhq`| Lhq`|bs bs`j `j 6+ Hmb| ybkf lifkbnbk q`mbfbi |`}bpi ch}ghkbj k|n g`kf}bkfi nblb} |`q|hq|`}hk` blbjbc․B 2) Jp} Jp}hk hk =) Uhjbl` Uhjbl`nq nq 1) Djp|bg Djp|bgil il <) @q|}b @q|}bg gq| q|ik ik 3+ Ybkf g`}pbnbk fèbjb |`}eblikyb pblb p`kl`}i|b nbkn`} p}hq|b|․+@ 2) C`gb|p C`gb|p}ib }ib =) Khn|p} Khn|p}ib ib 1) Iknhk|ik Iknhk|ik`kqi `kqib b p}i <) Ky`}i Ky`}i `}p| `}p| 9+ M`}in| g`}pbnbk njbqidinbqi q|blig njikiq pblb nbkn`} p}hq|b|․+@ 2) Q|blipg B 5 Nb}qikhgb Nb}qikhgb jb|`k =) Q|blipg M 5 Nbkn`} |`}mb|bq li li lbjbg }hq|b| 1) Q|blipg A 5 Nbkn`} g`kfiktbqi g`kfiktbqi h}fbk h}fbk q`ni|b} <) Q|blipg L 5 Nbkn`} g`|bq|bqiq g`|bq|bqiq n`j`keb} jigd` }`fihkbj lbk b|bp h}fbk ebpc+ ebpc+ 2?+ M`}in| g`}pbnbk _}hq`l} k|n g`jbnnbk libfkhq` lbjbg p`g`}inqbbk nbkn`} p}hq|b|++@ 2) \}bkq}à|bj pj|}bqhpkl pj|}bqhpkl #\]PQ) #\]PQ)

=) Ac`q| Ac`q| dijgq dijgq 1) Ay|hq Ay|hqah ahy y <) _QB |h|bj |h|bj _`ka`fbcbk lb}i nbkn`} p}hq|b| 22+ blbjbc․++@ 2) Hjbc}bfb Hjbc}bfb |`}b|p} |`}b|p} =) ]p|ik gikpg gikpg nhi 1) @ebnpjbqi @ebnpjbqi |`}b|p} |`}b|p} <) Gikpg 0 abkfni} |c` |c` ciebp lbjbg lbjbg q`cb}i 2=+ Dj|bgil blbjbc hmb| k|n |`}bpi ch}ghkbj nbkn`} p}hq|b|+ Q`mbm Q`mbfbi Q`mbfbi m`}inp| blbjbc blbjbc Hmb| qik|`qiq qik|`qiq ybkf g`ky g`ky`} `}p pbi bi JC]C JC]C ybi| ybi| lifk lifkbnb bnbk k k| k|n n G`k` G`k`nb nbk k p`}b p`}bkf kfqb qbkf kfbk bk |`q| |`q|iq iq |`}c |`}cbl blbp bp #M) #M) m`kb m`kb}' }' p`gm`k|nbk p`gm`k|nbk |`q|hq|`}hk` |`q|hq|`}hk`++ m`kb} |ilbn m`}cpmpkfbk 21+ H}ni`n|hgi blbjbc p}hq`q p`gm`lbcbk p`gm`lbcbk g`jb g`jbj jii p`kf p`kfbk bkfn fnb| b|bk bk n`j` n`j`ke keb} b} p}hq p}hq|b |b|+ |+ #qbjbc) Q`mbm H}ni`n|hgi mibqbkyb lijbnnbk pblb nbkn`} ybkf |`jbc g`ky`mb}+ #L) qbjbc'm`kb} 2<++ 2< N`l`j `l`jbi bi lin lin`| `|bc bci i q`m q`mbf bfbi bi gbn gbnbk bkbk bk ybk ybkf f g`gijini bk|ihnqilbk |ikffi Q`mbm Nbkl Nbklkf kfbk bk |bg |bgbk bkyb yb blbjbc f`kiq|ìk* lbil lbilu uìk* ìk* lbk lbk fjya fjyai| i|ì ìk k ybkf ybkf q`gb `gbky kyb b m`kb}'m`kb} kb} lbk |`}fhjhkf |`}fhjhkf iqhdjbthk+ iqhdjbthk+ #B) m`kb}'m` m`}cpmpkfbk 20+ \gmcbk qb}bkf q`g| g`nbkiqg` n`}ebky n`}ebkyb b ybi| ybi| g`kfikb g`kfikbn|i n|itbq tbqii nb}qikh nb}qikhf`k* f`k* p`kf p`kfcb cbgm gmb| b|bk bk qinj qinjq q q`j* q`j* lbk lbk ikl iklnq nqii bphp|hqiq+ Q`mbm Nbklkfbk Nbklkfbk |bgbkyb |bgbkyb blbjbc djbthkhil djbthkhil lbk |bkik+ #B) m`kb}'m`kb} lbk m`}cpmpkfbk L@VBK\I ]HQYBKB 2+ Li mbvbc mbvbc iki qbjbc qbjbc qb| qb| ai}i= lb}i nbkn`} pb}' pb}' pb} ybkf m`kb} nàbji8 b+ Mb|n ybkf ybkf |`}q |`}q g`k`}q g`k`}q b|b b|b g`kebli g`kebli c`mb|+ m+ Kbpbq q`qbn lbk p`kl`n'p`kl`n+ p`kl`n'p`kl`n+ a+ Kbdqp gbnbk gbnbk g`kif g`kifnb| nb| lbk lbk m`}b| mblbk g`kikfnb| |bkb q`mbm ybkf e`jbq l+ Qb}b Qb}b q`}bn(p q`}bn(pb}b b}b+ + `+ _`gm`kfnbnbk _`gm`kfnbnbk li vbebc vbebc b|b b|b j`c`}+ j`c`}+ =+ _`ky`mbm _`ky`mbm |bgb |bgb lb}i nbkn`} nbkn`} pb}'pb} pb}'pb} ybkf ybkf pbjikf |bgb blbjbc5 b+ G`}h G`}hnh nhn n m+ Gikg'g Gikg'gikg ikgbk bk m`}bnhchj m`}bnhchj a+ nhk|bgikbqi nhk|bgikbqi lb}b q`ni|b} q`ni|b} hj`c ub| ub| bqm`q* bqm`q* l+ phjqi lb}b hj`c bqbp n`klb}bbk n`klb}bbk `+ _`kybni _`kybni|| \MA*pk`g \MA*pk`ghki hkib b 1+ Nbklkfbk Nbklkfbk }hnhn }hnhn l mbvbc mbvbc iki ybkf g`}pbnbk p`gia |`}eblikyb nbkn`} pb}' pb} 5 b+ \b} m+ Nb}mih Nb}mih ghkhnq ghkhnqilb ilb a+ G`|c G`|cbk bkhj hj l+ \hj \hj`k `k` ` `+ Kinh|ik

Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L2< <+ ybkf g`ky`mbm g`ky`mbmnbk nbk q`q`h}b q`q`h}bkf kf |`}n`kb |`}n`kb p`kybni| nbkn`} pb}'pb} cb}q g`jbnnbk p`kyikb}bk blbjbc5B b+ _`kl`}i|b g`gijini `kybni| jbik ybkf q`}ipq m+ \ilbn g`gpkybi g`gpkybi mibyb k|n p`gm`lbcbk a+ Nbkn`} Nbkn`} g`ky`m g`ky`mb} b} n` h}fbk h}fbk jbik l+ Nbkn`} Nbkn`} |`}jbj |`}jbj pb}bc pb}bc `+ \`}ebli p`gm`kfnbnbk p`gm`kfnbnbk pblb p`}'pb} p`}'pb} 0+ ybkf li gbnql gbnql l`kfbk nbkn`} pb}'pb} pb}'pb} blbjbc b+ q`mpbc m`k|pn `}n`gmbkfbk `}n`gmbkfbk q`jj ybkf qbkfb| a`b| #bmkh}gbj) lilbjbg eb}ikfbk eb}ikfbk b}p ybkf liq`mbmnb liq`mbmnbk k hj`c hj`c `}pmbcbk m`k|pn eb}ikfbk q`jj b|bp `nqbkqi lb}i q`jj i|p q`kli}i+ Einb limib}nbk `}|pgmpcbk ybkf bmkh}gbj iki lbb| g`ky`mb} n` h}fbk jbik* mbin ybkf l`nb| l`kfbk b}p m+ N`}qbnbk N`}qbnbk pb}'pb} pb}'pb} ybkf ybkf pb}bc pb}bc a+ _`}n`gmbkfbk _`}n`gmbkfbk q`j ybkf kh}gbj lbjbg pb}'pb} l+ _b}'pb} _b}'pb} |ilbn m`}dkfqi m`}dkfqi q`p`}|i q`p`}|i mibqb mibqb `+ \`}eblikyb \`}eblikyb p`kygmb|bk p`kygmb|bk p`}kbpbqbk p`}kbpbqbk 4+ Ybkf g`}pbnb g`}pbnbk k nhgphk`k nhgphk`k lb}i nbkn`} nbkn`} nb}qikhgb m}hknhf`kin b|b nbkn`} ybkf m`}bqbj lb}i qbj}bk lb}b m`qb} ybkf gbqn n` pb}'pb})5@ 2+ Nb}qikh Nb}qikhgb gb q`j qnbg qnbghq hqb b =+ Nb}qikhgb Nb}qikhgb q`j nàij b|b b|b nb}qikhgb nb}qikhgb q`j q`j fbklg 1+ Nb}qikh Nb}qikhgb gb q`j q`j m`qb} m`qb} <+ Bl`khnb Bl`khnb}qik }qikhg hgb b 6+ Qbjbc qb| qb| g`|bq|bqi g`|bq|bqiq q lb}i nbkn`} nbkn`} pb}'pb} pb}'pb} blbjbc |gmc li mbfibk ebk|kf*li mbvbc iki ybkf |`}gbqn ai}i'ai}i lb}i bkbgk`qiq |`}q`m| blbjbc5B 2+ i}bgb ebk|pkf ybkf bmkh}gbj bmkh}gbj =+ `gm`qb} `gm`qb}bk bk ebk|pk ebk|pkf f 1+ `kigmp `kigmpkbk kbk abi}bk abi}bk li nbk|hkf nbk|hkf `}inb}libj+ <+ _`k}kbk _`k}kbk kbdq kbdq gbnbk gbnbk lbk p`k}kbk p`k}kbk m`}b| mblbk 3+ ybkf |`}gbqn |`}gbqn lbjbg p`kffhjh p`kffhjhkfbk kfbk q|blig q|blig nbkn`} blbjbc5B 2+ pnp}bk pnp}bk |pg |pgh} h} =+ `ky`mb}bk n` n`j`keb} f`|bc m`kikf m`kikf li l`nb|kyb 1+ `ky`mb} `ky`mb}bk bk n` h}fbk h}fbk jbik+ jbik+ <+ \bklb'|bklb \bklb'|bklb nbkn`} pb}'pb} pb}'pb} 9+ Qbjbc qb| p`kfhmb| p`kfhmb|bk bk nbkn`} nbkn`} pb}'pb} pb}'pb} blbjbc l`kfbk ab}b p`gm`lbcbk*lbjbg n`blbbk mbfbigbkb q`q`h}bkf |ilbn mh`c lijbnnbk p`gm`lbcbk5B 2+ nbkn`} |`jbc g`ky`mb} g`ky`mb} n`jpb} b}p' b}p' b}p =+ nbkn`} |`}jbjp l`nb| l`nb| l`kfbk l`kfbk |}bn`b |}bn`b 1+ `kl`}i|b g`gijini n`blbbk n`blbbk ybkf q`}pq #giqbjkyb `kybni| ebk|pkf b|bp `kybni| b}p'b}p ybkf m`}b|)+ <+ _`gm`kfnbnbk _`gm`kfnbnbk |`}jbj pb}bc 2?++ 2? limb limbvb vbc c iki iki blbj blbjbc bc gbab gbabg' g'gb gbab abg g |igh |igh}} nbkn`} pb}'pb} ybkf eb}bkf |`}ebli nàbji5A

2+ Bl`khgb Bl`khgb #miqb #miqb fbkbq fbkbq b|b b|b eikbn) eikbn) =+ Nb}q Nb}qik ikhg hgb b 1+ Qb}nhg Qb}nhgb b #fbkbq #fbkbq)) <+ bl`kinb}qi bl`kinb}qikhg khgb b 22++ 22 li mbv mbvbc iki iki ybk ybkf f g`} g`}p pbn bnbk bk bqbj bqbj lb}i lb}i nbkn`} jigphgb 5L 2+ cb|i =+ qq 1+ jbgm jbgmk kf f <+ b}p' b}p'b}p b}p 2=++ 2= libf libfkh khqi qiq# q#bk bkbg bgk` k`qi qiq) q) lb}i lb}i nbkn nbkn`} `} pb} pb}'' pb} blbjbc5B 2+ ab}i n`jpcbk n`jpcbk ybkf q`qpb q`qpbii =+ nblbkf'nblbkf nblbkf'nblbkf lb}i g`|bq|bqiq g`|bq|bqiq 1+ |ilbn blb blb n`jpcbk n`jpcbk ybkf ybkf ncbq <+ blbkyb blbkyb p`}mb p`}mbcbk cbk phqiq phqiqii 21++ 21 Nbkn` bkn`}} pb} pb}' 'pb pb} } mbky mbkybn bn li q`mbm `mbmnb nbk k hj`c }hnhn nb}`kb lbjbg }hnhn g`kfbklkf kinh|ik5 B#m`kb}'m`kb} m`}cmkfbk) 2<++ 2< Kbdq Kbdq  gbn gbnbk bk g`kik `kikfn fnb| b| lbk lbk m`} m`}b| b| mblb mblbk k g`kikfnb| blbjbc qbjbc qb|ai}i= nbkn`} pb}' pb}5M 20++ 20 n`gh n`gh|} |}bp bpii blbj blbjbc bc qbjb qbjbc c qb| qb| p`kf p`kfhm hmb| b|bk bk nbkn`} pb}'pb} bnbk |`|bpi n`gh|}bpi g`gpkybi `d`n ybkf |ilbn mbfq +B

LIBK DI]BK\I BJIQB DB]GBQI
Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L20 0+ J`nigib

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LIKB CB]YBK\I DB]GBQI
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4+

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1+

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1+

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6+

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3+

Li mbv mbvbc iki iki ybkf ybkf |`}g |`}gbq bqn n |`}b |`}bpi pi ch}ghkbj pblb nbkn`} pbylb}b blbjbc+++@

2+ Li`| Li`|cy cyjq jq|i |ijj jjm` m`q| q|}h }hjj

Pjq`}bqi npji|

<+ _`kikffibk nji| ybkf e`jbq 21+ Nb}q b}qikh ikhgb pbpijhg jhgb lbk lbk bl`k l`khgb ciphdiqiq ciphdiqiq lbpb| g`kfbnimb|nbk g`kfbnimb|nbk }bmbq abi}bk lb}i p|ikf qq+ Q@MBM Cbj Cbj iki lip`k lip`kfb fb}c }cii hj`c hj`c nhk|} nhk|}bq bq`p `p|id |id h}bj* h}bj* n`cbgijbk lbk q`}ikfkyb q|igjbqi pbylb}b+B 2<+ Bgikhfj|`|bg Bgikhfj|`|bgil il #Ay|bl}`k #Ay|bl}`k)) blbjbc blbjbc qbjbc qb| |`}bpi ch}ghkbj pblb nbkn`} pbylb}b+ Q@MBM Bgikhfj|`|bgil m`n`}eb g`}bkfqbkf b}hgb|bq`+A 20+ Qbjbc qb| ebj} p`ky`mb}bk p`ky`mb}bk q`j nbkn`} nbkn`} pbylb}b blbjbc g`|bq|bqiq n`j`keb} jigd` }`fihkbj+ Q@MBM Q`j nbkn`} lbpb| g`kfiktbqi gbqn p`gmjc lb}bc+M

=+ \bg \bghsid`k d`k 1+ G`f`q `f`q||}hj }hj <+ Djpn Djpnqi qig` g`q| q|`} `}hk hk

9+ \bcbp'|bcbp \bcbp'|bcbp

lbjbg

p}hq`q

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pbylb}b+++@

2+ Cy` Cy`} }jb jbqi qib b =+ Cy` Cy`} }jb jbqi qib b B|i B|iin inbj bj 1+ Ab}qik Ab}qikhg hgb b Lpa| Lpa|pq pq Ik Ik qi|p qi|p <+ Ab}qih Ab}qihgb gb Lpa| Lpa|pq pq Ikdij Ikdij|}b |}bqi qi |`}gbqn khk'iktbqid khk'iktbqid ab}qikhgb ab}qikhgb 2?+ Ybkf |`}gbqn blbjbc+++A 2+

IJA

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1+

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2+

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BJJ

LVI KP] BQ\]IB DB]GBQI
Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L26 m+ q|bli q|blig g II a+ q|bl q|bli ig gT l+ q|bli q|blig g IT `+ q|bl q|bli ig gI 0+ G`|hl` p`g`}inqbbk p`g`}inqbbk nbkn`} q`}tinq l`kfbk g`kfhj` g`kfhj`q q q`}tinq q`}tinq b|b b|b j`c`} j`c`} }bcig }bcig l`kfbk l`kfbk bqbg bq`|b| blbjbc․ b+ ITB m+ \cik \cik p}`p p}`p a+ Tbnqik l+ pbp pbp qg`b qg`b}} `+ nhjph nhjphqn qnhp hpii 4+ G`|hl` p`g`}inqbbk p`g`}inqbbk nbkn`} q`}tinq l`kfbk g`kf g`kff fkb kbnb nbk k p`kf p`kf`} `}in in b|b b|b qinb qinb|| k| k|n n g`kfbgmij q`lini| qbgp`j q`j'q`j q`}tinq b|b j`c`} j`c`} }bcig }bcig ybkf n`glib n`glibk k q`j'q` q`j'q`jj |`}q`m |`}q`m|| bnbk libkbjiqb li jbmh}b|h}ig blbjbc․+ b+ b qg`b} m+ ITB a+ Nhjp Nhjphq hqnh nhpi pi l+ \cik \cik p}`p p}`p `+ ]blih ]blih|` |`}bp }bpii 6+ 2+ Gijini phjb gbnbk ybkf q`cb| 1+ _`gm`}ibk tbnqik C_T =+ Ciklb}i g`}hnhn <+ G`kebjbki |`q pbp qg`b} l`kfbk }|ik Lb}i p`}kyb|bbk lib|bq* ybkf g`}pbnbk ab}b p`ka`fbcbk |`}cblbp nbkn`} q`}tin ibjbc․++ @ 3+ 2+ 2+ ITB 1+ \cik p}`p =+ _bp qg`b} <+ ]blih|`}bpi Ybkf |`}gbqn |`}gbqn g`|hl` ybkf lifkbnbk k|n g`kl`|`nqi nbkn`} q`}tin blbjbc․++ B 9+ 2+ \c` nijj`} 1+ Qph||ikf =+ Cgbk pbpijhgb ti}q <+ \c \c` qi qij`k| nijj`} Nb}`kb fèbjbkyb |ilbn |`}jbj n`jicb|bk pblb q|blig q|blig liki* gbnb gbnb i|jbc i|jbc q`mbmk q`mbmkyb yb nbkn`} nbkn`} q`}tinq liq`m| l`kfbk ․․ L 2?++ 2? 2+ _`}lb `}lb}b }bc cbk }bci }bcig g ybkf ybkf bmkh bmkh}g }gbj bj =+ Qinjq g`kq|}bqi g`kq|}bqi ybkf kh}gbj 1+ Ky`}i n`|inb n`|inb g`jbnnbk g`jbnnbk cmkfbk cmkfbk q`nqbj q`nqbj <+ Ky`}i b|b b|b n`qji|bk n`qji|bk lbjbg MBM M`m`}b M`m`}bpb pb fèbjb fèbjb miqb miqb libgb libgb|i |i g`qn g`qnii |ilbn |ilbn q`jbj g`kebli p`|ken ikd`nqi C_T ibjbc․+ M 22+ 2+ Q|blig I 1+ Q|blig III =+ Q|blig II <+ Q|blig IT _blb q|blig m`}bpbnbc nbkn`} q`}tinq |`jbc g`ky g`ky`mb `mb}} n` lbjbg lbjbg nbkl nbklkf kf n`gic n`gic b|b b|b }`n|g b|b nbkn`} |`jbc g`ky`mb} n` jb} }hkffb pbkffj888 L 2=+ 2+ Nhjphqnhpi =+ ]blih|`}bpi 1+ _bp qg`b} <+ Hp`}bqi Ybkf |`}gbqn |`}gbqn p`kfhmb|bk p`kfhmb|bk ybkf lifkbnbk lifkbnbk k|n nbkn`} q`}tinq blbjbc․+ A 21++ 21 Cbky Cbkyb b m`m m`m`} `}bp bpb b qbe qbeb b lb}i lb}i }b| }b|q qbk bk tb}i tb}ibk bk C_T ybkf lbpb| g`ky`mbmnbk nbkn`} Q`mbm Cgbk pbpi pbpijj jjhg hgb b ti} ti}q q #C_T #C_T)) 24 lbk lbk 26 g`}p g`}pbn bnbk bk p`ky` p`ky`mb mbm m pblb pblb nbq nbqq q nbkn` nbkn`}} q`}tinq li lkib A 2<+ _`}ebjbkbk lb}i ikd`nqi C_T cikffb g`kebli nbkn`} q`}tinq g`gbnbk vbn| ybkf anp a`pb|

Q`mbm Nbkn`} Nbkn`} j`c`} j`c`} }bcig }bcig |`}ebli |`}ebli li|bklb li|bklbii l`kfbk l`kfbk blbkyb p`}|gmcbk q`j'q`j pblb j`c`} }bcig L ybkf |ilbn jbuig #bmkh}gbj) 20+ Ajhq`| VA ybkf |`}ikd`nqi C_T g`} g`}pb pbnb nbk k qbjb qbjbc c qb| qb| g`li g`lib b p`k p`kjb jb}b }bk k nbkn`} q`}tin Q`mbm _`kffk _`kffkbbk bbk |`gmbn |`gmbnb b b|b b|b }hnhn }hnhn lbpb| lbpb| g`kikfnb|nbk }iqinh |`}n`kb nbkn`} q`}tinq M

LVIYBK\I B\GBEQB]I DB]GBQI
Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L23 3+ Gbyh}i| Gbyh}i|bq bq lb}i lb}i nbkn`}' nbkn`}'nbkn nbkn`} `} cb|i cb|i p}ig`} p}ig`} #j`mic lb}i 9? qbgpbi 90%) |igmj lb}i q`j'q`j cb|i+ B Q`mbm Q`j' Q`j'q` q`jj cb|i cb|i #c`p #c`pb| b|ha hay| y|`q `q)) g`gm g`gm`k `k| |n n qbgpbi 3?% lb}i eb}ikfbk cb|i+ 9+ \`}jbj }jbj  mbkybn g`kfnh fnhkqgqi hmb|' hmb|bk lbpb| g`ky`mbmnbk nbkn`} cb|i+ Q`mbm M Nbkn`} cb|i q`nkl`} liq`mbmnbk hj`c nbkn`} ybkf |`jbc g`ky`mb} pblb h}fbk jbik+ 2?++ _iji 2? _ijicb cbk' k'pi piji jicb cbk k hp`} hp`}bq bqii |`}m |`}mb| b|bq bq pblb pblb ikli ikliti til l'i 'ikl klit itil il  ybkf ybkf |gh |gh}' }'| |gh gh}k }kyb yb n}bk n}bkf f lb}i lb}i 0 ag lbk |`}mb| |`}mb|bq bq pblb pblb cb|i* cb|i* l`kf l`kfbk bk |ilb |ilbn n blb blb iktb iktbqi qi lb}i lb}i p`gm p`gmj jc c'' p`gmjc lb}bc+ Q`mbm L Blbk Bl bkyb yb gbqq gbqqb b li q`m` q`m`jbc jbc ni}i ni}i b|bq b|bq p`}| p`}| g`}pbnbk qbjbc qb| fèbjb nbkn`} cb|i+ 22+ Nbklk Nbklkfbk fbk Qb}bkf Qb}bkf Q`g| Q`g| q`mbfb q`mbfbii hmb| L nbkn`} blbjbc q`p`}|i li mbvbc iki 5 b+ Djbthkhil m+ \hnhd`}hj a+ _hjid`khj l+ M`kb} q`gb `+ Qbjbc q`gb 2=+ @pil`g @pil`gih ihjh jhfi fi nbkn nbkn`} `} cb|i cb|i ybkf ybkf pbjikf pbjikf mbkybn blbjbc pblb m`kb․++B b+ Bqib m+ Bg`}inb a+ Bd}inb l+ Bq|}bjib `+ @}hpb 21+ Cyp`}abja`gib blbjbc++++++B b+ Nbjqig lb l bjbg lb l b}bc ybkf |ikffi m+ Fjb lb}bc ybkf }`klbc a+ Egjbc lb}bc g`}bc ybkf |ikffi l+ Q`}g nh n hj`q|`}hj yb y bkf |ikffi `+ Q|li'q|li p`kai|}bbk 2<+ _`kfhm _`kfhmb|b b|bk' k'p`kf p`kfhmb hmb|bk |bk k|n k|n nbkn`} nbkn`} cb|i g`}pbnbk++++@ b+ N`gh|`}bpi m+ N`gh`gmhjiqbqi a+ Hp`}bqi l+ _`kybyb|bk cb|i `+ M`kb} q`gb 20+ Ab}b p`ka`fbcbk nbkn`} cb|i blbjbc+++++++B b+ G`kfciklb}i }h }hnhn lbk gikgbk m`}bjnhchj* g`jbnnbk tbnqikbqi c`pb|i|iq m+ Q`}ikf |ilbn gbnbk pbfi a+ Q`}ikf |ilbn mbkf bi} m`qb} li pbfi cb}i l+ M`kb} q`gb `+ Qbjbc q`gb

9+ L@_]@QI HFI BKLCINB _P\]B DB]GBQI
3+

2+ Einb Einb q`q` q`q`h} h}bk bkf f g`kf g`kfbj bjbg bgii n`q` n`q`li licb cbk k ybkf |`}bgb| lbjbg* gbnb h}bkf |`}q`m| lib libkffbp fbp g`kfil filbp qb| p`ky `kybni| ni|+ _`kybni| i| blbjbc․ b+ L`}`qi+ m+ @dh}ib+ a+ N`mhqbkbk+ l+ Qyhn+ `+ Gbkib+ =+ Jbvbk Jbvbk lb}i lb}i l`p}`qi l`p}`qi blbj blbjbc․ bc․ b+ Gbkib+ m+ Qyhn+ a+ Fijb+ l+ N`|bn|bk+ `+ Q`kbkf+ 1+ Pk|n g`kfhmb|i h}bkf ybkf g`kfbjbgi l`p}`q l`p}`qi*l i*lim` im`}in }inbk bk bk|il` bk|il`p} p}`q `qbk bk m`}in m`}in| |** nàbji․ b+ Lhnq`pik+ m+ Gbp}h|ijik+ a+ Njh}bgd`k d`ki}bgik Gbj`b|+ l+ Bghnqbpik+ `+ _}h|}ip|ijik+ <+ Bk|il`p Bk|il`p}`q }`qbk bk \AB g`}pb g`}pbnbk nbk․ ․ b+ Hmb| ybkf m`}qidb| cil}hdij q`cikffb glbc jb}| bi}+ m+ Lim imbc g`k g`kebli bli q`}h q`}h||hkik q`| q`|`jb `jbc lig`|bmhjiqg` lbjbg jbgmkf+ a+ Lbpb bpb| g`k g`ky y`mbmnbk cip` ip`}|` }|`kqi+ l+ _`k`|}bqi hmb| n` qiq|`g qb}bd pqb| a`kl`}kf jbgmb|+ `+ Hmb| ybkf m`n`}eb = ‑ < gikffp q`|`jbc `kffpkbbkkyb+ 0+ @d`n @d`n qbgpikf qbgpikf lb}i p`kffkbbk p`kffkbbk lhnq`p lhnq`pik ik q`mbfbi m`}in|․ b+ Cip`}|`kqi* gbj* lbk gk|bc ‑ gk|bc+ m+ _`kf `kfjic jicb|bk b|bk nbm nbmp p}* nhk nhkq|i q|ibqi* bqi* lbk `ij`qi+ a+ Nèbkf ‑ nèbkf* kbdq gbnbk g`kikfnb|+ l+ ]`bnqi bj`}fi* jb jbnqb|it+ `+ Fb|bj ‑ fb fb|bj* mb| b|n m`lbc lbcbn+ 4+ Bk|il`p Bk|il`p}`q }`qbk bk ybkf lbpb| g`ky`mbm g`ky`mbmnbk nbk cijbkfkyb kbdq qybcvb| #jimilh) blbjbc․ b+ Djphnq`|ik+ m+ Bgd`|bgik+ a+ Bq`|bgikhpc`k+ l+ Libu`pbg+ `+ _ijhnb}pik CAj+ 6+ H}bkf H}bkf ybkf g`kffk g`kffkbnb bnbk k ikcimi|h} ikcimi|h} GBH lijb}bkf lijb}bkf g`kfnh g`kfnhkq kqgqi gqi gbnbkb gbnbkbk k q`mbfbi q`mbfbi m`}in|․ b+ Kbqi+ m+ Nbabkf nh}h+ a+ _à`j bybg+ l+ ]ebn+ `+ Qby} nbkfnkf+ _`kffkb ikcimi|h} GBH gbqic lip`}mhj`cnbk g`kfnhkqgqi bkff} p|ic ( nhn|bij+ Mb|bq ybkf lip`}mhj`cnbk blbjbc․ b+ 9? gj+ m+ 0 gj+ a+ =0? gj+ l+ 0? gj+

Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L29 `+ 2??? gj+ 9+ M`}l M`}lbq bqb} b}nb nbk k njbq njbqid idin inbq bqii LQG LQG IT #Lib #Libfk fkhq hq|i |ia a bkl Q|b|iq|iabj Gbkbj hd G`k|bj Liqh}l`})* e`kiq ‑ e`kiq e`kiq n`jbikbk n`jbikbk l`p}`qi blbjbc․ 2+ L`}`qi gbyh}+ =+ L`}`qi ybkf |bn |`}njb}idinbqi+ 1+ Fbkffpbk Liq|igib+ <+ @dh}ib+ 2?+ N}i|`}ib N}i|`}ib lb}i ciph|`q ciph|`qiq iq bgikb mihf`ki mihf`kin n pblb p`kl`}i|b l`p}`qi blbjbc․ 2+ _`kp}pkbk epgjbc k`p}h|}bkqgi||`} kh}`ik`d}ik+ =+ _`kp `kp}pk }pkbk epgj epgjbc bc q`}h `}h|hk |hkik 0 ‑ C\+ 1+ _`kp `kp}pk }pkbk epg epgjbc lhbgik bgik++ <+ _`k}k }kbk egjbc gjbc fjh fjhmjik+ ik+ 22++ Fbkf 22 Fbkff fb bk pqin pqinhg hgh h|h} |h} pblb pblb p`kl p`kl`} `}i| i|b b l`p}`qi blbjbc q`mbfbi m`}in|․ 2+ ]`|b `|b}lbqi qinhgh|h}+ =+ Ikqhgkib+ 1+ Bfi|bqi qinhgh|h}+ <+ Q|}`q+ L`p}`q `qii gbyh gbyh}} g`gi g`giji jini ni |bkl |bklb b ‑ |bkl |bklb b 2=+ L`p} q`mbfbi m`}in|* nàbji․ 2+ _`k}kbk m`}b| mblbk+ =+ Q`lbqi+ 1+ Qq Qqbc k| k|n n m` m`}nh }nhkq`k|}bq }bqi+ <+ Ci`}|`kqi+ 21++ L`p}` 21 L`p}`qi qi g`}p g`}pbn bnbk bk p`ky p`kybni bni|| bjbgi bjbgi q`|i q`|ibp bp h}bkf ybkf |ilbn lbpb| liq`gmcnbk+ Q@MBM L`p}`qi cbkyb |igmj n`|inb q`q`h}bkf |`jbc m`}qib jbke| lbk q`}ikf |`}n`kb p`kybni|+ ebvbmbk @+ 2<+ \}iqinji \}iqinjin n bk|il`p bk|il`p}`q }`qbk bk blbjbc blbjbc bk|il`p bk|il`p}`q }`qbk bk ybkf lifkbnbk qàb}b p`}h}bj+ Q@MBM \AB m`}qidb| m`}qidb| jiphdij lbk lbk glbc glbc libmqh}mqi+ libmqh}mqi+ ebvbmbk B+ 20++ H}bkf 20 H}bkf ybkf ybkf g`kfn g`kfnhk hkq qgq gqii ikcim ikcimi|h i|h}} GBH GBH lijb}b lijb}bkf kf g`kfn g`kfnhk hkq qgq gqii m`m`}b m`m`}bpb pb e`kiq e`kiq gbnbkbk+ Q@MBM Ikcimi|h Ikcimi|h}} GBH g`kfcb g`kfcbgmb gmb|| hnqilbq hnqilbq` ` ybkf g`kf g`kfnb nb|b |bji jiqi qiq q qmq qmq|b |bkq kqii |hnq |hnqin in q`p` q`p`}| }|ii |i}bgik pblb gbnbkbk+ ebvbmbk ebvbmbk B+

_P\]I Q@\YH ]IKI DB]GBQI
1+

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0+

3+

a+ _qinhgh|h} l+ Njikiq `+ Ik|`j`n|pbj Blbkyb Blbkyb n`ybnikb n`ybnikbk k q`g q`g ybkf ybkf q`qkff q`qkffck ckyb yb |ilbn |ilbn m`kb}* m`kb}* |ilbn |ilbn lbpb| lbpb| linh}`nq linh}`nqii l`kfbk l`kfbk pini}b pini}bk k q`cb q`cb|* |* li|ig li|igm mjnb jnbk k hj`c hj`c m`}mb m`}mbfb fbii p`}bqbbk k`fb|id blbjbc fèbjb++++ b+ L`jpqi m+ Bfi|bqi a+ ]`|b}lbqi l+ Bkqi`|bq `+ _bjpi|bqi _blb _blb p`ky p`kybn bni| i| l`p}` l`p}`qi qi i| i| blb fèbj fèbjb' b'fè fèbj bjb b ybkf |igmj lbjbg 2 p`}ihl` lbcj+ Ybkf ligbnq ligbnql l l`kfb l`kfbk k 2 p`}ih p`}ihl` l` i| q`mb q`mbfbi fbi m`}in|++++ b+ ² 2 gikff m+ ² = gikffp a+ ² 1 gikff l+ ² < gikff `+ ² 0 gikff L`p}` L`p}`qi qi gby gbyh} h} li|b li|bklb klbii hj`c hj`c qb| qb| b|b b|b j`mi j`mic c `piqhl` l`p}`qi gbyh}* q`p`}|i ybkf |`jbc lil`dikiqinbk q`mbfbi m`}in|++++ b+ \AB #Bk| #Bk|ii l`p l`p}`q }`qi |}iq |}iqin injjin) in) m+ LQG'IT'\] a+ QQ]I QQ]I #Ikc #Ikcim imi| i|h h} q`} q`}h h|hki |hkik k q`j q`j`n `n|i |id) d) l+ GBH #Ikcimi|h} ghkhbgik hnqilbq`) `+ Gbkid`q|bqi nj njikin 4+ _blb _blb p`kl`}i|b p`kl`}i|b gbgp gbgp m`}dkfq m`}dkfqii cikffb |i|in |i|in |`}|` |`}|`k| k|* * kbg kbgk k |ilbn |ilbn p`}kb p`}kbc c lbjbg lbjbg nbpbqi|bq q`qkffckyb blbjbc p`kl`}i|b++++ b+ Liq|cigib m+ L`p}`qi m`}b| a+ Gbkib l+ Ciphgbkib `+ Ikqhgkib 6+ Bl Blbk bky yb il` il` mk mkc c li}i li}i m`} m`}jb jbkf kf nbji nbji vbjbpk |bkpb }`kabkb ybkf qp`qidin b|b qbcb mkc li}i g`}pbnbk p`}ihl`++++ b+ 0 m+ < a+ 1 l+ = `+ 2 Fèb Fèbjb jb ybkf ybkf |ilb |ilbn n |`}n |`}nbi bi|| jbkf jbkfq qkf kf l`kfb l`kfbk k `d`n diqihjhfi diqihjhfi lb}i qb| hmb| hmb| b|b b|b nhkliqi nhkliqi g`liq g`}pbnbk l`p}`qi p`}ihl`++++ b+ 2 m+ = a+ < l+ 0 `+ 1 9+ N`cijbkfbk N`cijbkfbk gikb| gikb| |`}cblbp |`}cblbp bn|iti|bq bn|iti|bq ybkf ybkf mibqb lijbnnbk* n`jicb|bk p`qigiq* p`}bqbbk m`}qbjbc g`}pbnbk fèbjb++++ b+ Njikiq m+ Diqin a+ Ik|`j`n|bj l+ _qinhgh|h} `+ @ghqihkbj 2?+ Qb| n`|`fbkfbk ybkf |ilbn g`ky`kbkfnbk g`ky`kbkfnbk** }bqb |bn|* f`jiqbc* pbkin* j`mi j`mic c m`}q m`}qid idb| b| qme qme`n `n|i |idd pblb pblb p`kl p`kl`} `}i| i|b b l`p}`qi blbjbc++++

Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L=? b+ m+ a+ l+ `+

Bkqi`|bq L`jqi Bfi|bqi ]`|b}lbqi Cbjqikbqi 22+ 2+ g`kfb|} vbn| |il} =+ m`}hjbc}bfb qàb}b |`}b|} 1+ g`kf}bkfi |il} qibkf <+ g`kfnhkqgqi nhpi q`m`jg |il} \ipq ybkf lbpb| lijbnnbk lijbnnbk k|n g`kfciklb}i n`qji|bk |il} blbjbc++++B 2=+ 2+ p`gb}bc =+ glbc j`|ic 1+ ky`}i jbgmkf <+ qbni| pkffkf Ybkf |`}gbqn |`}gbqn pblb |bklb'|bklb |bklb'|bklb h}bkf ybkf g`kfbjbgi q|}`q blbjbc++++@ 21+ • L`p}`qi |`}ebli nb}`kb n`|ilbnqìgmbkfbk ub| nigib li h|bn ybkf liq`m| k`}h|}bkqgi||`} • Hmb| Hmb| bk|il` bk|il`p} p}`q `qii m`n`}e m`n`}eb b l`kfb l`kfbk k ab}b ab}b g`kyì g`kyìgmb gmbkfn kfnbk bk k`}h|} k`}h|}bkq bkqgi| gi||`} |`} lbjbg lbjbg M h|bn 2<+ • L`p}`qi lbpb| lipjicnbk bqbjn bqbjnbk bk p`kl` p`kl`}i| }i|b b g`klb g`klbpb pb|| |`}bp |`}bpii ybkf ybkf m`kb m`kb}} l`kf l`kfbk bk g`kf g`kffb fbm mk kfnbk fnbk |`}b |`}bpi pi pqinhq nhqhqibj lbk lbk p`gm`}ib }ibk hmb| bk| bk|i l`p}`qbk • Hmb| bk|i l`p}`qbk q`p`}|i fhjhkfbk QQ]I B lbk QK]I 20+ • _b _blb p`kl`}i|b n`jbikbk miphjb} g`kfbj g`kfbjbgi bgi p`}piklb p`}piklbcbk cbk qbqbk qbqbkb b libk|b} libk|b}b b l`p}`qi m`}b| lbk |ikffi #gbkib) b|b }`klbc #ciphgbkib) • Pkq} nigib lbjbg h|bn p`kybni| l`p}`qi M blbjbc q`}h|hkik ]B\P D@KI ACBI]PKKIQB DB]GBQI
<+ Li mbvbc mbvbc iki ybkf ybkf g`}pb g`}pbnb nbk k gbnb gbnbkb kbk k ybkf ybkf cb} cb}q q lici licikl klb} b}ii hj`c hj`c pbqi pbqi`k `k ybkf ybkf q`lbk lbkf g`kfhk fhkqgqi ikc ikcimi imi|h} GBH ybi| + + + 2+ Nè |b =+ Inbk cb}ikf 1+ Nbabkf nh}h <+ @nq|}bn }bfi #gbnbkbk ybkf g`kfbklkf }bfi) EBVBMBK5 EBVBMBK5 0+ G`nbkiq G`nbkiqg` g` n`}eb lb}i |`}bpi `j`n|}hnh `j`n|}hnhkjq kjqid id #@A\) blbjbc q`mbfbi m`}in| 5 2+ G`jik| G`jik|bqn bqnbk bk bji}bk jiq|}in jiq|}in q`m`qb} q`m`qb} 6? Thj| qàb qàb}b }b qikf qikfnb nb|| g`jb g`jbj jii h|bn h|bn k| k|n g`kfbqi g`kfbqijnb jnbk k nèbkf nèbkf q`jbgb q`jbgb ?*6 ‑ 2*0 l`|in =+ G`jik|bqnbk G`jik|bqnbk bji}bk jiq|}in jiq|}in q`m`qb} q`m`qb} 2?? Thj| Thj| qàb qàb}b }b qikf qikfnb nb|| g`jb g`jbj jii h|bn h|bn k| k|n g`kfbqi g`kfbqijnb jnbk k nèbkf nèbkf q`jbgb q`jbgb ?*6 ‑ 2*0 l`|in 1+ G`jik| G`jik|bqn bqnbk bk bji}bk jiq|}in jiq|}in q`m`qb} q`m`qb} =0 Thj| qàb qàb}b }b qikf qikfnb nb|| g`jb g`jbj jii h|bn h|bn k| k|n g`kfbqi g`kfbqijnb jnbk k nèbkf nèbkf q`jbgb q`jbgb ?*6 ‑ 2*0 l`|in <+ G`jik| G`jik|bqn bqnbk bk bji}bk jiq|}in jiq|}in q`m`qb} q`m`qb} 6? Thj| qàb qàb}b }b qikf qikfnb nb|| g`jb g`jbj jii h|bn h|bn k| k|n g`kfbqijnbk nèbkf q`jbgb 20 g`ki| EBVBMBK EBVBMBK55 4+ Fb}bg Fb}bg ji|ig ji|ig blbjb blbjbc c hmb| hmb| ybkf ybkf lifk lifkbn bnbk bk lbjb lbjbg g p`kf p`kfhm hmb| b|bk bk pbqi pbqi`k `k l`p} l`p}`q `qii ybkf ybkf lifkbnbk qàb}b + + + b+ H}bj m+ _b}`k|`}bj a+ Bkbj l+ Q`gb m`kb} `+ b lbk m m`kb} 6+ \AB blbjbc blbjbc bk|i bk|i l`p}`qbk l`p}`qbk ybkf m`}qidb| + + + b+ Jiphdijin m+ Cil}hdijin a+ Cif}hqnhpiq l+ Q`gb m`kb} `+ Q`gb qbjbc 3+ Li mbvb mbvbc c iki ybkf ybkf g`}p g`}pbn bnbk bk bk|il` bk|il`p} p}`q `qbk bk l`kfbk ab}b n`}eb g`kfcbgmb| ghkhbgik` hnqilbq` blbjbc + + + 2+ Iqhnb}mhnqbuil =+ D`k`juik 1+ \}bkijqiphgik <+ Fb}bg ji|ig EBVBMBK EBVBMBK55 9+ Li mbvbc iki ybkf g`}pbnbk `d`n qbgpikf lb}i p`kffkbbk bk|i l`p}`qbk \AB ybi| + + + 2+ Ciph|`kqi =+ Q`lbqi 1+ _`kfjicb|bk nbm} <+ Gj| n`}ikf EBVBMBK EBVBMBK55 2?+ Li mbvbc iki g`}pbnbk ikcimi|h} q`}h|hkik q`j`n|id* nàbji + + + b+ \}buhlhk m+ Djthnqbgik a+ D`k`juik l+ K`tblhuhk `+ _b}hnq`qik

Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L=2 22+ Li mbvbc iki iki g`}p }pbnbk `d` `d`n qbg qbgpikf lb}i lb}i p`kf p`kff fk kbbk bbk ikci ikcimi mi||h} ghkh ghkhbg bgik ik` ` hnqilbq` #GBH)* nàbji + + + b+ Qbni| n`pbjb m+ \bninb}lib a+ Cijbkfkyb jimilh l+ Cip`}|`kqi `+ Q|}hn` 2=+ _`|bi lifkbnbk q`mbfbi hmb| c`}mbj lbjbg p`kfhmb|bk l`p}`qi Q@MBM _`|b _`|bii g`kf g`kfbk bkl lkf kf |}ip| |}ip|hd hdbk bk ybkf ybkf lbpb| lbpb| limbc hj`c |mc g`kebli q`}h|hkik EBVBMBK5 EBVBMBK5 21+ L`p}`qi lbpb| |`}ebli mijb blb fbkffbk k`}h|}bkqgi|`} pblb h|bn Q@MBM H|bn g`}pbnbk pqb| p`}bqbbk* `ghqi* lbk pini}bk EBVBMBK5 EBVBMBK5 2<+ L`p}`qi lbpb| g`ky`mbmnbk m`}mbfbi gbabg p`kybni| Q@MBM L`p}`qi lbpb| g`k}knbk qyq|`g n`n`mbjbk |mc EBVBMBK5 EBVBMBK5 20+ Li mbvbc iki ybkf g`}pbnbk l`p}`qi 5 2+ Fbkffbk ghhl =+ Nhkl Nhkliq iqii `g `ghqih hqihkb kbjj m`} m`}n` n`pb pbke kebk bkfb fbk k ybkf g`vb}kbi q`j}c p}hq`q g`k|bj 1+ N`cijbkfbk gikb| lbk n`f`gmi}bbk <+ M`}n}bkfkyb bn|iti|bq EBVBMBK EBVBMBK55

]]+ BJTI]B VILEBYB DB]GBQI g`}pbnbk l`dikiqi lb}i+++ b+ L`p}` L`p}`qi qi gikh} gikh} m+ Fbkff Fbkffb bk k liq|g liq|giq iq a+ L`p}`qi L`p}`qi ybkf ybkf |ilbn |ilbn |`}njbqi |`}njbqidinb dinbqi qi l+ Gbkib `+ L`}`q L`}`qii gbyh gbyh} } <+ m`}in m`}in| | iki g`}p g`}pbnb bnbk k pb|hd pb|hdiq iqih ihjh jhfi fi lb}i lb}i l`p}`qi* nàbji+++ b+ ciph|`q ciph|`qiq iq bgikb bgikb mihjh mihjhfiq fiq m+ p`}mbcb p`}mbcbk k phq|'q phq|'qikb ikbpq pq pblb q`kqi|it q`kqi|iti|bq i|bq }`q`p|h} a+ n`np}b n`np}bkf kfbk bk |`kbf |`kbfb b

l+ ciph|`q ciph|`qiq iq l`}`fjb l`}`fjbqi qi `+ p`}bk p`}bkbk bk lhpb lhpbgik gik 0+ Ybkf |ilbn |`}gbqn fhjhkfbk bk|il`p}`qbk blbjbc+++ b+ Bk|imih|i Bk|imih|in n qbp qbp ebfb| ebfb| m+ Bk|il`p Bk|il`p}`q }`qbk bk |}iqinji |}iqinjin n a+ Ikci Ikcimi mi|h |h}} bgmi bgmijb jbk k n`g n`gmb mbji ji q`}h q`}h|h |hki kik k q`j`n|id l+ _`kfcbgmb| _`kfcbgmb| ghkhbgik ghkhbgik hnqilbq` hnqilbq` `+ Fb}b Fb}bg g ji|ci ji|cig g 4+ Igip}bg Igip}bgik ik ibjbc hmb| bk|il`p bk|il`p}`q }`qbk bk ybkf g`gpkybi vbn| pb}c q`mbfbi m`}in|+++ b+ 2'= ebg m+ <'26 <'26 ebg ebg a+ 2= 2=''=< ebg ebg l+ 2'= 2'= gikf gikff f `+ M`jg li|`gnbk li|`gnbk nbpbk nbpbk vbn| vbn| pb}ckyb pb}ckyb 6+ Bjbq Bjbqbk bk \AB \AB glb glbc c libm libmqh qh}m }mqi qi p`}h p`}h}b }bj* j* blbjbc+++ b+ M`}qi M`}qidb| db| jihdi jihdijin jin m+ M`}qidb M`}qidb|| cil}hdiji cil}hdijin n a+ M`}qi M`}qidb db|| bgpi bgpidij dijin in l+ Q`libbk Q`libbk ybkf ybkf glbc glbc li|`jb li|`jbk k `+ Vbn| Vbn| pb}cky pb}ckyb b qikfn qikfnb| b| 3+ Limbvb Limbvbc c iki h}fbk h}fbk ybkf g`g`|bmh g`g`|bmhjiqg jiqg` ` \AB+++ b+ Gin}h Gin}hqh qhgb gb cb|i cb|i m+ Fjhg` Fjhg`}hj }hjq q fikebj fikebj a+ F`|b F`|bc c `gp `gp`l `l  l+ F`|bc F`|bc bkn} bkn}`bq `bq `+ \ilbn \ilbn lig`|bm lig`|bmhjiq hjiqg` g` 9+ Limbvbc Limbvbc iki p`kfc`k|ibk p`kfc`k|ibk |`}bpi |`}bpi #|`}|bg #|`}|bgb b l`kfbk lhqiq |ikffi) qàb}b g`klblbn lbpb| g`kfbnimb|nbk+++ b+ ]`mhk ]`mhkl l fèbjb fèbjb nhjik`}f nhjik`}fin in m+ N`nb N`nbgm gmc cbk bk a+ Ikq Ikqhgki hgkib b l+ Ebvbmbk Ebvbmbk lib|bq lib|bq m`kb} m`kb} `+ Q`gb Q`gb ebvb ebvbmbk mbk qbjbc qbjbc 2?+ G`kfcbgmb| kh}`dik`p}ik lbk q`}h|hk q`}h|hkik ik k`}hk k`}hk gbqn gbqn n` |`}gikb |`}gikbjj qb}bd qb}bd p}bqikbp|in blbjbc ab}b n`}eb lb}i bk|il`p}`qbk e`kiq+++ b+ \AB m+ QQ]I a+ GBH l+ Fb}b Fb}bg g ji|ci ji|cig g `+ MQQL 22+ Vbn| yb ybkf li lip`}ni}bnbk l`kqi|bq }`q`p| }`q`p|h} h} ghkh ghkhbg bgik ik lbjbg lbjbg h|bn h|bn m`}m m`}mbc bc q`mbfbi m`}in|+++ b+ <'26 ebg ebg m+ ='< ='< gik gikff ff  a+ 2'= eb ebg l+ 2= 2='= '=< < ebg ebg `+ 2'= 2'= gikf gikffp fp 2=+ Ahk|hc `d`n qbgpikf bk|igqnb}ikin bk|igqnb}ikin lb}i p`kffkbbk p`kffkbbk hmb| \AB* nàbji+++ b+ _`kf`ji _`kf`jicb| cb|bk bk nbm} nbm} m+ Gj Gj|| n`}i n`}ikf kf a+ Igph Igph|` |`kq kqii l+ ]`|` ]`|`kq kqii }ik }ik `+ Nhkq| Nhkq|ib ibqi qi

Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L== 21+ Lip`}ni}bnbk l`kqi|bq }`q` }`q`p| p|h h} ghkh ghkhbg bgik ik lbjb lbjbg g h|bn |bn lbpb lbpb|| m`}mbc q`|`jbc ='< gikff+ Q@MBM Hmb| Hmb|'h 'hmb mb|| bk|il bk|il`p `p}`q }`qbk bk |}iqi |}iqinj njin in blbjb blbjbc c m`n` m`n`}eb }eb ='< ='< gikff gikff  q`|` q`|`jbc jbc p`kff p`kffkb kbbk bk hmb|+ EBVBMBK5 EBVBMBK5 B Hmb| Hmb| bk|i bk|il` l`p} p}`q `qbk bk 2<+ |}iqinjin g`}pbnbk cil}hdijin+ Q@MBM Hmb| Hmb|'h 'hmb mb|| bk|i bk|il` l`p} p}`q `qbk bk |}iq |}iqin inji jin n m`j m`jg g m`n`}eb }eb q`|`j `|`jb bc ='< gikf ikff q`|` `|`jbc jbc p`gm`}ibk hmb|+ EBVBMBK5 EBVBMBK5 @ Ab}b n`}eb Bk|il`p}`qi Bk|il`p}`qi 20+ \}iqinjin(_hjiq \}iqinjin(_hjiqinjin injin #\AB) blbjbc g`kfcbgmb| g`kfcbgmb| kh}`pik`d}ik lbk q`}h|hkik k`}hk gbqn n` |`}gikbj qb}bd p}bqikbp|in+ Q@MBM Q`mb Q`mbfb fbii m`}i m`}in n|| nb}` nb}`kb kb g`ki g`kikf kfnb nb|k |kyb yb nhkq`k|}bqi ghkhbgik lbjbg a`jbc qikbp|in+ EBVBMBK5 EBVBMBK5 M

Q@_\I _P]KBGBQB]I DB]GBQI
fhj QQ]I fhj QK]I

l+ bk|il`p}`qi QQ]I$QK]I `+ hmb| gbkib 4+ Li mbvbc mbvbc iki |`}gbq |`}gbqn n hmb| hmb| bk|igbk bk|igbkib ib b|b q`mbfbi ghhl q|bmijiu`}* ybi|5 L b+ djhnq`|ik m+ mp}hpihk a+ t`kjbdbnqik l+ ji|ig `+ igip}bgik ybkf g`}p g`}pbn bnbk bk hmb| hmb| bk|i bk|il`p l`p}`q }`qii fhj fhj 6+ ybkf QQ]I* ybnki5 @ b+ ji|ig m+ bgi|}ip|ijik a+ iqhnb}mhnqbuil l+ igip}bgik `+ djhnq`|ik 3+ yf g`}pbnbk g`}pbnbk pb|hdiqihjhfi pb|hdiqihjhfi l`p}`qi mbfi q`q`h}bkf5 @ 2+ ciph|`qiq bg bgikb mih mihf f`kin =+ p`}mbcbk phq| qikbp|in pblb q`kqi|iti|bq }`q`p|h} 1+ ciph|`qiq l` l`}`fjbqi <+ p`}bkbk lhpbgik #LB) 9+ pblb pblb ciph|`q ciph|`qiq iq bgikb bgikb mihf`ki mihf`kin* n* l`p}`qi l`p}`qi lbpb lbpb|| liq liq`mbm `mbmnb nbk k hj`c hj`c m`m` m`m`}b }bpb pb cbj* cbj* q`mbfbi m`}in|5 M 2+ p`k}kbk e egjbc K@ K@ =+ p`kbinbk egjbc K@ 1+ p`k}k }kbk q`}h| }h|hkik #0'C\) <+ p`kbinb inbk q`}h| }h|hkik #0'C\) 2?+ n`mbjinbk l`p}`qi* ybi| f`gmi}b* p`gini}bk lbk miab}b a`pb| m`}j`micbk* lbk p`}abyb li}i ybkf m`}j`micbk lbk fbkffbk p`}|igmbkfbk blbjbc5 B b+ gbkib m+ l`p}`qi a+ l`p}`qi njikin l+ l`p}`qi gbyh} `+ fbkffbk liq|igib 22+ n`jb n`jbik ikbk bk njik njikiq iq ybkf ybkf li|b li|bkl klbi bi l`kfbk l`kfbk qb| qb| b|b b|b j`mic j`mic `piqh `piqhl` l` l`p}` l`p}`qi qi |bkp |bkpb b }ivby }ivbyb| b| gbkib gbkib** fbmk fbmkfbk fbk l`p}`q l`p}`qi' i' gbkib* b|b ciphgbkib blbjbc5B b+ l`p}`qi gbyh} m+ fbkffbk liq|igib a+ l`p}`qi ybkf |ilbn |`}njbqidinbqinbk l+ gbkib `+ l`p}`qi gikh} 2=+ ybkf ybkf g`} g`}pb pbnb nbk k gbki gbkid` d`q| q|bq bqii njikin l`p}`qi g`jip|i5 @ 2+ fèbjb `g `ghqihkbj =+ fèbjb diqin 1+ fèb fèbjb jb ik| ik|`j`n `j`n| |bj bj b|b b|b nhfk nhfki| i|id id <+ fèbjb pqinhgh|h} 21+ hmb|'hmb| GBH g`kffbkff g`|bmhjiqg` mbkybn hmb| li cb|i Q`mbm _`kfcbgmb| _`kfcbgmb| GBH blbjbc p`kfcbgmb| ybkf |ilbn |ilbn cbky cbkyb b g`kfc g`kfcbg bgmb mb|| GBH* GBH* |bpi |bpi efb efb `kuig'`kuig jbik B 2<+ ji|ig nb}mhkb| lin`kbj q`mbfbi bk|igbkib Q`mbm

Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L=1 Ji|ig blbjbc hmb| ybkf n`}ebkyb |`}|bgb g`ka`fbc kbin |}kkyb ghhl pblb pbqi`k l`kfbk fbkffbk miphjb} B 20+ Hmb| ybkf |`}gbqn fhjhkfbk QQ]I ybnki bgi|}ip|ijik Q`mbm QQ]I g`}pbn g`}pbnbk bk hmb| hmb| p`kfcb p`kfcbgmb gmb|| ghkh ghkh bgik hnqilbq` @

Q@]B KP] BFPQ\IK DB]GBQI
6+

3+

9+

2?+

22++ 22

2=+

21+

N}i|`}ib N}i|`}ib LQG'I LQG'IT'\ T'\] ] k|n k|n `piqhl` `piqhl` l`p}`qi l`p}`qi gbyh}* nàbji․+ b+ L`p}`qi L`p}`qi qbqbkb qbqbkb cb|i cbgpi} q`pbkebkf q`pbkebkf cb}i lbk |`}ebli cbgpi} q`|ibp cb}i+ m+ _`k}kbk gikb| b|b n`q`kbkfbk ybkf qifki qifkidin dinbk bk |`}cb |`}cblbp lbp bn|it bn|iti|b i|bq q bpbp bpbpk k cbgp cbgpi} i} q`pbk `pbkeb ebkf kf cb}i cb}i lbk lbk |`}e |`}ebl blii cbgpi} q`|ibp cb}i+ a+ Q`jbjp Q`jbjp g`}bq g`}bqb b mbcbfi mbcbfib b l+ _`k}k _`k}kbk bk m`}b| m`}b| mblbk mblbk ybkf ybkf qifkidin qifkidinbk bk vbjb vbjbp pk k |ilbn |ilbn g`jbn g`jbnn nbk bk li`| li`| b|b b|b p`kikf p`kikfnb| nb|bk bk m`}b| m`}b| mblbk mblbk #giq #giqbjk bjkyb yb p`}mbcb p`}mbcbk k m`}b| m`}b| mblbk mblbk j`mic j`mic lb}i 0% lbjbg 2 mjbk)+ `+ Ikqhgkib b|b cip`}qhgkib cbgpi} q`|ibp cb}i+ Ikcimi|h} ghkhbgik hnqilbq` #GBH) lbpb| lim`}inbk g`jbji }|` p`gm`}ibk li mbvbc iki․+ b+ Qmn Qmn| |bk bk m+ Ik|} Ik|}bt bt`k `kb b a+ Ik|bp Ik|bp`}i `}i|h |h}ib }ibjj l+ H}bj `+ Ik|}bg Ik|}bgq qa ajb jb}} Ab}b Ab}b n`}e n`}eb b Ikci Ikcimi mi|h |h}} ghkh ghkhbg bgik ik hnqi hnqilb lbq` q` #GBH) blbjbc․+ `kfcbgm bgmb| mpnbk pnbk cbky bkyb GBH b+ G`kf lbjbg lbjbg hmb|* hmb|* |`|bi |`|bi hnqilb hnqilbq` q` ybkf ybkf g`kfn g`kfnb|b b|bjiq jiq l`bgik l`bgikbqi bqi hnqil hnqilb|i b|id d hmb| lbk qpmq|bkq qpmq|bkqii ybkf gpkfnik |hnqin q``}|i |i}bgik ybkf li|`gpnbk blb gbnbkbk |`}|`k|p m+ G`kf G`kfcb cbgm gmb| b| p`g p`gm`k| m`k|n nbk bk ch}g ch}gh hk |i}hil a+ G`kfcb G`kfcbgmb gmb|| p`gm`k| p`gm`k|nbk nbk `k`}fy `k`}fy l+ G`kfcb G`kfcbgmb gmb|| n`}eb n`}eb `kuig `kuig `+ G`kfcbgmb| G`kfcbgmb| g`kfcbgmb| g`kfcbgmb| kh}`pik`d}ik kh}`pik`d}ik lbk q`}h|hkik k`}hk gbqn n` |`}gikbj qb}bd p}bqikbp|in Gbnbkbk ybkf cb}q li ciklb}i hj`c pbqi`k ybkf ybkf g`kfn g`kfnhk hkq qgq gqii Ikcimi Ikcimi|h |h}} ghkh ghkhbg bgik ik hnqilbq` #GBH)* nàbji․ b+ Nè Nè |b |b m+ Inbk Inbk cb} cb}ik ikf f a+ \`c l+ Nbab Nbabkf kf nh}h nh}h `+ Yhf}| Gbnb Gbnbkb kbk k ybkf ybkf gbqi gbqic c mhj` mhj`c c li nhkq nhkqg gqi qi qbgpbi l`kfbk 4? gj p`} cb}i hj`c pbqi`k ybkf ybkf g`kfn g`kfnhk hkq qgq gqii Ikcimi Ikcimi|h |h}} ghkh ghkhbg bgik ik hnqilbq` #GBH)* nàbji․+ b+ N}ig N}ig bqbg bqbg m+ Yhf}| f}| a+ Nhi l+ Bg`}i Bg`}iabk abk ac`` ac``q` q` `+ Gijl qviqq qviqq ac``q` ac``q` @dinbqi @dinbqi pqinh| pqinh|`}bp `}bpii lbk hmb| hmb| bk|il`p bk|il`p}`qb }`qbk k lbpb lbpb|| linb linb|b |bnb nbk k qbji qbjikf kf g`kb g`kbgm gmbc bcnb nbk k nb}`k nb}`kb b _qin _qinh| h|`}b `}bpi pi qbeb qbeb |ilbn |ilbn liqb}b liqb}bkn knbk bk k| k|n n |`}b |`}bpi pi bn| bn| pblb pblb pbqi pbqi`k `k l`kf l`kfbk bk n`jbik n`jbikbk bk l`p}` l`p}`qi qi gbyh gbyh}} m`}b| m`}b| lbk b|b b|b pqinhqiq+ Ebvbmbk 5 B Ikcimi Ikcimi|h |h}} GBH GBH mbky mbkybn bn ybkf ybkf m`}ik m`}ik|` |`}bn }bnqi qi l`kfbk hmb| b|bpk gbnbkbk nb}`kb hmb|

Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L=< iki g`kfcb g`kfcbgmb gmb|| mnbk mnbk cbkyb cbkyb GBH lbjbg lbjbg hmb| hmb|** |`|bp |`|bpii hnqil hnqilbq bq` ` ybkf ybkf g`kfn g`kfnb| b|bj bjiq iq l`bgikbqi hnqilb|id hmb| lbk qmq|bkqi ybkf gkfn kfnik ik |hn |hnqin q`p`}|i }|i |i}bg }bgik ybkf bkf li|`gnbk pblb gbnbkbk |`}|`k|+ Ebvbmbk 5B 2<+ Fèbj Fèbjb b l`p}` l`p}`qi qi ybkf ybkf pbjikf pbjikf q`}i q`}iq q blbjb blbjbc c p`gini}bk |`k|bkf n`gb|ibk Nb}`kb Mbkybn p`kl p`kl`} `}i| i|b b ybkf ybkf ikfi ikfik k gb|i gb|i b|b b|b g`}b g`}bqb qb g`}` g`}`nb nb qbkf qbkfb| b| |ilb |ilbn n m`}f m`}fk kb b q`ci q`cikf kffb fb g`}`nb q`pbk|bqkyb gb|i+ Ebvbmbk 5 B 20++ Hmb| 20 Hmb|'h 'hmb mb|| p`kf p`kfcb cbgm gmb| b| bgmi bgmijb jbk k n`gm n`gmbj bjii q`}h|ik q`j`n|id blbjbc++ 2+ Q`}| Q`}|}b }bji jik k =+ \}bu \}buhl hlhk hk 1+ T`kjb T`kjbdb dbnq nqik ik <+ _}h|}i|ijjik Ebvbmbk Ebvbmbk 5 B

2?+C@_B\I\IQ QIK\CI BY@QCB DB]GBQI
b+ C`pb|i| b|i|iiq @ m+ C`pb|i| b|i|iiq L a+ C`b| `b|i| i|iq iq A l+ C`pb|i| b|i|iiq M `+ C`pb|i| b|i|iiq B 3+ gbkd gbkd`q `q|b |bqi qi njikin njikin pblb pblb c`pb c`pb|i| |i|iq iq lim`l lim`lbn bnbk bk m`}l `}lbqb}nb }nbk q|bli blig g* pblb q|bli lig p}bia|`}in m`}jbkfqkf q`jbgb limbvbc iki b+ 2'= cb}i m+ 2'< cb}i a+ 1'0 cb}i l+ <'6 cb cb}i `+ J`mi J`mic c lb} lb}ii 2 gikf gikff f 9+ Q`lbk Q`lbkfb fbk k pblb pblb q|blig q|blig ia|`}i ia|`}in n m`}jb m`}jbkf kfq qkf kf q`jbgb q`mbfbi m`}in| b+ 2'1 gi gikff m+ 1'4 gik gikffp ffp a+ <'4 gikff l+ 2'= mjbk `+ J`mi J`mic c lb} lb}ii = mjb mjbk k 2?+ _}h` }h`q p`ky`gmcbk pblb p`k p`kl`}i l`}i||b liq`m|․ b+ Q|bl Q|bli ig g p}b p}bia ia|` |`}i }in n m+ Q|bl Q|bli ig g ia| ia|`} `}in in a+ Q|bl Q|bli ig g |`} |`}iin l+ Q|bli Q|blipg pg bqabi bqabin|` n|`}in }in `+ Q|bl Q|bli ig g in| in|`} `}q q 22++ C`pb| 22 C`pb|i| i|iq iq mibqb mibqbky kyb b |`}eb |`}ebli li nb}`k nb}`kb b m`}in m`}in| | iki․+ 2+ ti}pq =+ mbn|`}i 1+ hmb| lbk q`kybvb nigib <+ ngbk 0+ mikb|bkf 2=++ N`jh 2= N`jhgp gph hn ybkf ybkf m`}` m`}`qi qinh nh |ikf |ikffi fi k| k|n |`}ikd`nqi c`pb|i|iq M blbjbc 2+ H}bk H}bkf f ybkf ybkf q`}i q`}ikf kf m`}| m`}|pn pnb} b} eb}p eb}pg g qpk|in =+ _`jbn `jbnp p cpmpkfbk q`n q`nqpbj qpbj qàb} àb}b b m`}fbk|ibk 1+ Mbyi ybkf jbci} lb}i imp ybkf |`}ikd`nqi <+ _`kl` _`kl`}i| }i|b b n}bk n}bkf f lb}bc lb}bc 21++ M`m` 21 M`m`}b }bpb pb e`ki e`kiq q |gm |gmc cbk bk ybkf ybkf lbp lbpb| lifkbnbk q`mbfbi hmb| c`pb|i|iq* g`}pbnbk․ 2+ \`gpjbvbn =+ Npkyi| 1+ Qbgmijh|h <+ G`ki}bk 2<++ Ti}q 2< Ti}q c`pb c`pb|i| |i|iq iq g`ky g`ky`m `mbm bmnb nbk k p`}b p`}blbk lbkfb fbk k nb}`kb g`ky`}bkf cb|i lbk g`}qbn cb|i Q@MBM ]`qphk p`}blbkfbk g`ky`mbmnbk p`gm`k p`gm`kfn fnbn bnbk bk lbjbg lbjbg g`gm g`gmjh jhni ni}} qyq|` qyq|`g g qbj}bk cb|i EBVBMBK5 EBVBMBK5 B 20++ Cbkyb 20 Cbkyb ybkf ybkf p`kl` p`kl`}i| }i|b b phqi| phqi|id id C`pb| C`pb|i| i|iq iq M phqi|id qbeb ybkf lbpb| |`}ikd`nqi c`pb|i|iq L+ Q@MBM Q`m Q`mbm CLT g`gm|cnbk nbk CMT k| k|n m`}`pjinbqi EBVBMBK5 EBVBMBK5 B

QI\I GB]LIYBK\I QBIL DB]GBQI
Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L=0 2+ Qàb Qàb}b }b gg gg** fèb fèbjb jb p`ky p`kybn bni| i| C`pb C`pb|i |i|i |iq q blbjbc․․․․++ b) G`kfpkik G`kfpkikfkyb fkyb npji| lbk gb|b m) Qbni| Qbni| p`}| p`}| #pblb #pblb qiqi qiqi ni}i ni}i b|bq) b|bq) a) D`q` D`q`q q m`}v m`}vb} b}kb kb ci|b ci|bg g p`nb p`nb|| l) _`ky _`kyq q| |bk bk n} n}bk bk cb| cb|ii `) Bi} n`kaikf n`kaikf m`}vb}kb m`}vb}kb n`g`}b n`g`}bcbk cbk =+ Bf`k p`kybni| C`pb|i|iq M blbjbc․․․․ b) Ti}pq LKB m`}q`jpm m`}q`jpmpkf pkf fbklb fbklb m) Ti}q Ti}q ]KB k|bi k|bi |kffb |kffbjj a) Ti}q Ti}q ]KB ]KB m m`}q `}q`j `jm mkf kf fbk fbklb lb l) Ti}q Ti}q LKB LKB k| k|bi bi |k |kffb ffbjj `) Ti}q Ti}q ]KB ]KB k|bi k|bi |kffbj |kffbj |bn m`}nbpq m`}nbpqj j 1+ Gbqb Gbqb ikn iknmb mbqi qi ti} ti}q q p`ky p`kybn bni| i| C`pb C`pb|i |iq q @ blbjbc․․․․․+ b) 20'4? 20'4? cb}i cb}i m) 20 20''<0 cb}i cb}i a) 0? 0?''23 23? ? cb}i cb}i l) 20 20''24 24? ? cb} cb}ii `) 1?' 1?'4? cb}i cb}i <+ ]`qinh p`kjb}bk ti}q p`kybni| C`pb|i|iq B blbjbc q`mbfbi m`}in|․․․․ b) Bn|iti|bq Bn|iti|bq chghq`nqb chghq`nqbjj m)Cpmpk m)Cpmpkfb fbk k q`nq q`nqpb pbjj l`kf l`kfbk bk h}bk h}bkf f |`}ikd`nqi a) _bqbkfbk _bqbkfbk q`nqbj q`nqbj gj|ipj` l) Mbyi ybkf jbci} jbci} lb}i im ybkf |`}ikd`nq |`}ikd`nqii `) ]`qipi`k ]`qipi`k nhkq`k|}b| dbn|h} dbn|h} p`gm`nbk 0+ _blb _blb p`kl p`kl`} `}i| i|b b C`pb C`pb|i |i|i |iq q A n}hk n}hkin in lbpb lbpb|| g`ky`mbmnbk |`}eblikyb q`mbfbi m`}in|․․․․++ b) C`pb|i| b|i|iiq L m) Nbkn Nbkn`} `} cb| cb|i a) N`gb|ibk l) C`ghji|in i|in `) C`pb C`pb||i|iq i|iq bn bn|| 4+ _}hd }hdijbn ijbnq qiq k| k|n p`ky p`kybn bni| i| C`pb C`pb||i|iq i|iq B blbjbc․․․․++ b) Tbnqik Tbnqik C`b|i|iq C`b|i|iq IF m) Tbnq Tbnqik ik CM CMIF IF a) Tbnqik g`kffkbnbk CMqBf khkikd`nqihqb l) Tbnq Tbnqik ik CM CMT T `) Tbnq Tbnqik ik CAT CAT 6+ \gmcbk hmb| ybkf lbpb| lifkbnbk k|n p`kfhmb|bk C`pb|i|iq blbjbc․․․ b) Lbpk bpk g`k g`ki} i}bk bk m) Lbk Lbk ngi ngiq q na naik ikf f a) Lbk Lbk g`kfn `kfnl l  l) Lqk Lqk hj` hj`bk bkl` l`}} `) Lbk q` q`kb 3+ Gbkid bkid`q `q|b |bqi qi njik njikin in pblb pblb q|bl q|bli ig g ia| ia|`}in `}in blbjbc․․․․․ b) Ia|` a|`}pq gpjb'gpjb |`}jicb| blb qaj`}b* n`gplibk blb npji| q`jp}pc |pmpc m) Vb}kb Vb}kb }ik }ik g`kebli g`kebli j`mic j`mic ahnj ahnjb| b| a) Qbn Qbni| n`pb `pbjb l) L`gb L`gbg g lbk lbk ky`}i ky`}i pblb pblb h|h h|h|| `) Ia|` Ia|`} }q q g`}` g`}`lb lb 9+ Qàb}b Qàb}b gg gg q|bli q|blig g p`kyb p`kybni| ni| C`pb C`pb|i |i|iq |iq** blbjbc․․+ #B) 2+ Q|bl Q|bli ig g p}b p}bia ia|` |`}i }in n =+ Q|bl Q|bli ig g ia|` ia|`}i }in n 1+ Q|bli Q|blig g pbqa pbqabi bia| a|`}i `}in n <+ Q|bl Q|bli ig g bn| bn|

2?+ G`|h 2?+ G`|hl` l` p`kl p`kl`| `|`n `nqi qi ti} ti}q q C`pb C`pb|i |i|i |iq q A blbjbc․․․+++ #B) 2+ ]KB CAT =+ @IB 1+ ]IMB <+ _A] 22++ Ab}b 22 Ab}b p`k p`kjb jb}b }bk k p`ky p`kybn bni| i| C`pb C`pb|i |i|i |iq q B blbjbc․․․․ #B) 2+ D`nbj `nbj ‑ h}b h}bjj =+ _b}` _b}`k| k|`} `}bj bj 1+ Gbnbkbk <+ _`}i _`}ikb kb||bj 2=+ Hmb| k|n C`pb|i|iq M blbjbc․․․++ #B) 2+ @k|àbti} =+ Jbgi bgitlik lik` 1+ \`jmi jmitlik lik` <+ ]imbti}ik 21+ Gbkid`q|bqi njikin lb}i q`gb e`kiq c`pb|i|iq ti}q* qàb}b gg qbgb+ #B) Q@MBM Gbkid`q Gbkid`q|bq |bqii njikin njikin p`kybni| p`kybni| C`pb|i| C`pb|i|iq iq lbpb| lbpb| lim`lbnbk m`}lbqb}nbk q|blig+ 2<++ Ti} 2< Ti}q q C`pb C`pb|i |i|i |iq q ybkf ybkf g`ky g`ky`} `}bk bkf f cb|i cb|i g`kigmjnbk n`}qbnbk q`j cb|i+ #B) Q@MBM Ti}q }q c`pb|i| b|i|iiq ybkf g`ky`}bk }bkf cb|i g`ky`mbmn bmnbk p`}bl }blbkfbk fbk q`ci `cikffb ffb g`ky`mbmnbk p`gm`kfnbnbk lbjbg g`gmjhni} qyq|`g qbj}bk cb|i+ 20+ Ti}q C`pb|i|iq L g`}pbnbk qb| ti}q ]KB ybkf ybkf g`ky g`ky`m `mbm bmnb nbk k ikd` ikd`nq nqi* i* cbky cbkyb b mijb mijb q`m`jgkyb |`jbc blb CTM+ #B) Q@MBM Ti}q C`pb|i|iq L g`gm|cnbk CMqBf k|n m`}p`}bk m`}p`}bk q`mbfb q`mbfbii jbpiqbk jbpiqbk jb} pb}|in`j pb}|in`j ybkf ikd`nqiq+

QITIB KP]PJJIBKB BKB Q@_\IBKIKF]PG DB]GBQI
Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L=4 l+ 20 20'2 '24? 4? cb}i cb}i `+ 0? 0?'2 '23? 3? cb}i cb}i 0+ _`kybn _`kybni| i| c`pb|i|iq c`pb|i|iq B qji| qji| q`nbji lin`|bc lin`|bci i lbk |`}nb |`}nblbk lbkf f |ilbn |ilbn |`}ji |`}jicb cb|| fèbj fèbjbk bkyb yb** gbnb gbnb k|n k|n g`kf`| g`kf`|bc bcikyb ikyb lijbnn lijbnnbk bk |`q lb}bc+ lb}bc+ Lb}i cbqij |`q lb}bc p`}|bgb ybkf g`}pbnbk p`k`k| ․+ b+ \}h \}hgmhq gmhqi| i| m+ J`n J`nhq hqi| i| a+ Q`j Q`j lb} lb}bc bc l+ Bjm Bjmgi gik k `+ Igpkhfjhmpjik G 4+ Ti} Ti}q q C`pb C`pb|i |i|i |iq q B eb}b eb}bk kf q`nb q`nbji ji g`kj `kjb} b} g`jb g`jbj jii |}bkq }bkqd dq` q` lb}b lb}bc c lbk lbk cm cmkf kfbk bk q`nqbj* |`|bpi g`jbi gbnbkbk lbk bi} q`}|b Q@MBM _`ky`mb}bk p`kybni| c`pb|i|iq B q`}ikf |`}ebli li K`fb}b l`kfbk qbki|bqi ybkf m}n + M 6+ Tbnqikbqi g`}pbnbk igki|bq b|b n`n`mbjbk ybkf mnbk licbqijnbk hj`c |mc q`kli}i Q@MBM Tbnqik Tbnqikbqi bqi c`pb|i| c`pb|i|q q B libgmij libgmij lb}i CBT ybkf ybkf limibnbk jbj lij`gbcnbk+ M 3+ _`ky _`kybn bni| i| c`pb c`pb|i |i|iq |iq B liq`m liq`mbmn bmnbk bk hj`c hj`c ti}q ti}q c`pb c`pb|i |i|i |iq q B lbk lbk lbpb lbpb|| q`gm q`gmc c l`kf l`kfbk bk iq|i}bcb| ybkf anp Q@MBM ti}q c`pb|i|iq B g`}pbnbk ti}q LKB k|bi fbklb+ A 9+ Fèbjb lb}i c`pb||iq c`pb||iq B blbjbc blbjbc 2+ Gpbj Gpbj gpk| gpk|bc bc j`mic lb}i 2'=cb}i 2'=cb}i lbk l`gbg =+ J`|ic J`|ic lbk lbk J`qp J`qp 1+ Cijbkf Cijbkf kbdqp kbdqp gbnbk gbnbk <+ G`}bqb G`}bqb j`mic j`mic q`gb q`gbkfb kfb|| 2?+ Ybkf g`ky`mbmnbk c`pb|i|iq B blbjbc ․․ 2+ Ti}pq Ti}pq C`b|i C`b|i|iq |iq B =+ \`} \`}gbqpn qpn n`jp `jpb}f b}fb c`b|h b|hti}p i}pq _iahkbti}pq 1+ G`}pbnbk ti}pq ]KB ]KB pk|bi |pkffbj <+ Blbjbc ti}q LKB k|bi |kffbj 22+ Hmb|'hmb|bk q`p`}|i bk|ipi}`|in* lbk p`}mbinbk bnbk fiui blbjbc hmb|'hmb|bk ybkf lbpb| lim`}inbk k|n p`kfhmb|bk p`kfhmb|bk p`kybni| ․++ b+ C`b|i C`b|i|iq |iq B m+ C`pb| C`pb|i| i|iq iq M a+ C`pb C`pb|i |i|i |iq qA l+ C`pb| C`pb|i| i|iq iq L `+ C`pb| C`pb|i| i|iq iq @ 2=+ Dba|h} ybkf g`}pbnbk p`ka`fbcbk C`pb|i|iq B ․++ 2+ Q`jbjp apai apai |bkfbk |bkfbk q`m`jpg q`m`jpg gbnbk =+ _`} _`}mbin binbk Cifi Cifi`k `k` ` Gbnbk bnbkbk bk lbk Gikpgbk 1+ _`}mbinbk Cifi`k` Qbki|bqi Jikfnpkfbk <+ _`gm`}ibk tbnqik c`b|i|iq B q`m`jpg `}fi n` lb`}bc vbmbc 21++ 21 E`k E`kiq C` C`pb|i|i i|iq ybk ybkf mbkybn |`}n |`}n` `kb li lb`}bc l`kfbk qbki|bqi ybkf m}n blbjbc b+ C`b|i C`b|i|iq |iq B m+ C`pb| C`pb|i| i|iq iq M

a+ C`pb C`pb|i |i|i |iq qA l+ C`pb| C`pb|i| i|iq iq L `+ C`pb C`pb|i |i|i |iq q@ 2<++ 2< _`ky _`kybn bni| i| C`p C`pb|i| b|i|iq iq B g`}p `}pb bnbk nbk 2+ _`kybni| Cb|i b|bp `}blbkfbk `}blbkfbk blb cb|i =+ _`k _`ky`mbm `mbmk kyb ti}p ti}pq q ]KB ]KB }bk| }bk|bi bi |pkffbj 1+ _`kp _`kpjb jb}b }bkk kkyb yb q`}i q`}ikf kf g`jb g`jbjp jpii d`nb d`nb'' h}bj <+ Lbb| q`gmpc n`gmbji l`kfbk iq|i}bcb| ybkf apnp lbk `}mbinbk fiui 20+ Ybkf g` g`}pbnbk p p` `gm`lb p`kybni| c`pb|i|iq B l`kfbk C`pb|i|iq ybkf jbik + + + 2+ Gbqb Gbqb iknpmb iknpmbqi qi =+ E`kiq E`kiq ti}pq #`ky` #`ky`mbm) mbm) 1+ Ab}b Ab}b `kpjb} `kpjb}bk bk <+ Hmb| pk|pn pk|pn `ky`gmp `ky`gmpcbk cbk

PGGP CINBGBC DB]GBQI
Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L=6 4+ abi}b abi}bk k `gp`l `gp`l  ybkf ybkf g`ki g`kikfn kfnb| b| lbjbg lbjbg nji| nji| liq`m|․ b+ c`b|ha` c`b|ha`jpj`} jpj`} ebpkl ebpklia` ia` m+ }hmi }hmijik jikhf hf`k `k a+ cip`}m cip`}miji iji}m }m`k `kib ib l+ bl`t bl`thd hdi} i} `+ mijy mijyb} b}y y 6+ c`pb| c`pb|i| i|iq iq ybkf ybkf lbpb| lbpb| m`}n` m`}n`gm gmbk bkf f g`keb g`kebli li ab}aikhgb c`pb|iab blbjbc․ b+ c`b|i c`b|i|iq |iq M m+ c`pb| c`pb|i|i i|iq q B lbk lbk M a+ c`pb c`pb|i |i|i |iq qB l+ c`pb| c`pb|i|i i|iq q@ `+ c`pb| c`pb|i|i i|iq q D lbk lbk M 3+ ybkf |`}gbqn |`}gbqn c`pb|i|iq c`pb|i|iq khk'ti}q khk'ti}q blbjbc․ blbjbc․ b+ bjah bjahch chj* j* q`ky q`kybv bvb b nigi nigib b lbk lbk hmb| hmb|'' hmb|bk m+ c`pb| c`pb|i|i i|iq qB a+ c`pb c`pb|i |i|i |iq qM l+ c`pb| c`pb|i|i i|iq q M lbk lbk A `+ c`pb c`pb|i |i|i |iq q@ 9+ ybkf |`}gbqn |`}gbqn c`pb|i|iq c`pb|i|iq ti}q blbjbc․ b+ c`b|i c`b|i|iq |iq L m+ c`pb|i| c`pb|i|iq iq bjahchj bjahchj a+ c`pb|i| c`pb|i|iq iq q`ky q`kybvb bvb nigib nigib l+ c`pb|i| c`pb|i|iq iq hmb|'hm hmb|'hmb|b b|bk k `+ q`g q`gbk bkyb yb m`kb m`kb}} 2?+ c`pb `pb|i|iq L |ilb |ilbn n bnbk bnbk li| li|`g `g nbk pblb pblb h}bkf ybkf q`m`jgkyb g`gpkybi }ivbyb| p`kybni| c`pb|i|iq․ b+ c`pb c`pb|i |i|i |iq qB m+ c`b|i c`b|i|iq |iq M a+ c`pb c`pb|i |i|i |iq qA l+ c`pb| c`pb|i|i i|iq q@ `+ c`pb c`pb|i |i|i |iq qD 22++ 22 c`pb c`pb|i |i|i |iq q ikd`n ikd`nqi qih hqb g`} g`}p pbn bnbk bk qik qikh hkig kig lb}i c`pb|i|iq․ b+ c`pb c`pb|i |i|i |iq q@ m+ c`pb| c`pb|i|i i|iq qL a+ c`pb c`pb|i |i|i |iq qA l+ c`pb| c`pb|i|i i|iq qM `+ c`b|i c`b|i|iq |iq B 2=+ limbvbc iki blbjbc gbqb iknmbqi lb}i ti}q c`pb|i|iq M b+ 20'<0 20'<0 cb}* }b|b'}b|b }b|b'}b|b 1? cb}i m+ 20'20? 20'20? cb}i* cb}i* }b|b'}b| }b|b'}b|b b 0? cb}i a+ 1?'4? 1?'4? cb}i* =2'2
a+ |`jm |`jmit itl lik ik` ` l+ jbgi jbgit tli lik` k` `+ q`gpbky q`gpbkyb b m`kb} m`kb}

VILYB LVI B]IKI DB]GBQI
Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L=3 2?+

_`ka _`ka`f `fbc bcbk bk ybkf ybkf |`pb |`pb|| ybkf ybkf lbpb lbpb|| lijbnnbk einb |`}eblikyb ikd`nqi pblb iklitil q`|`jbc |`}ebli nhk|bn l`kfbk CMT q`mbfbi m`}in| M b+ _`}m _`}mbi binb nbk k cyfi cyfi`k `k` ` lbk lbk qbki| bki|bq bqii ybkf ybkf bnbk bnbk g`kf g`kf} }bk bkfi fi p`k p`kjb jb}b }bk k ikd` ikd`nq nqii CMTch}iuhk|bj+ m+ Lim` Lim`}i }in nbk fbm fbmkf kfbk bk igg iggki kiqb qbqi qi bn| bn|id g`kff g`kffk kbn bnbk bk tbnq tbnqik ik lbk igg iggkiq kiqbq bqii pbqid g`kffkbnbk g`kffkbnbk CMIF #phq|`sphq #phq|`sphq}` }` iggkiub|ihk ) a+ _`kbpiq _`kbpiqbk bk CmqB CmqBf f pblb pblb lb}bc lb}bc p}b|}bkq p}b|}bkqdq dqii l+ p`ka`fb p`ka`fbcbk cbk p`kjb}b p`kjb}bk k pb}`k|` pb}`k|`}bj }bj 22+ _`g`}inqbbk ybkf lbpb| lijbnnbk k|n g`kl`|`nqi qi}hqiq cb|i q`mbfbi m`}in| M 2+ @kuig @kuig FH\ FH\ F_\ F_\ #}bqih #}bqih FH\(F_ FH\(F_\ \ ;2)* ;2)* =+ BD_+ 1+ _}h|` _}h|ìk ik @j`n| @j`n|}hd }hdh}` h}`qi qiq q <+ _ITNB II 2=+ Qi}hqiq cb|i blbjbc B b+ _`kybni| _`kybni| ybkf qlbc jbke| jbke| ligbkb ligbkb dkfqi cb|i cb|i qlb qlbc c qbkf qbkfb| b| |`}f |`}fbk bkff ff  bnim bnimb| b| mbkybnkyb eb}ikfbk inb| li lbjbg cb|i+ m+ Nhjinbqi bnci} ybkf q`}iq lb}i c`pb|i|iqn}hkiq a+ _`ki _`kigm gmk kbk bk j`gb j`gbn n g`j`m `j`mic icii 0% lb}i lb}i m`}b m`}b|| cb|i cb|i b|b b|b g`kf g`kf`k `kbi bi j`mi j`mic c lb}i lb}i q`pb}c eb}ikfbk q`j cb|i+ l+ _`kgp _`kgpnb nbk k bqbg `gp`l* `gp`l* miji}mik miji}mik lbk nhj`q|`}hj li cb|i+ 21+ C`pb|i| C`pb|i|iq iq M blbjbc blbjbc qb| qb| p`kybni p`kybni|| cb|i ybkf ybkf liq`m liq`mbm bmnb nbk k hj`c hj`c -Ti}q -Ti}q C`pb C`pb|i |i|iq |iq M#TCM) Q`mbm TCM TC M lbpb lbpb|| g`ki g`kigm gmj jnb nbk k p`}b p`}blb lbkf kfbk bk cb|i cb|i bn| b|b g`kbck ybkf pblb q`mbfibk nàij nbqq lbpb| m`}jbke| g`kebli qi}hqi cb|i b|b nbkn`} cb|i cb|i M C`pb|i| C`pb|i|iq iq M n}hkiq n}hkiq efb li|bklbi li|bklbi l`kfbk l`kfbk 2<+ CMqBf k`fb|it` #; 4 mjbk) li lbjbg q`}g Q`mbm C`pb C`pb|i |i||iq M n}hk n}hkiq iq g`} g`}pb pbnb nbk k p`ky p`kybn bni| i| k`n}hik k`n}hikdjbg djbgbqi bqi n}hkiq n}hkiq cb|i cb|i ybkf ybkf liq`mbmn liq`mbmnbk bk hj`c ikd`nqi ti}q C`pb|i|iq M p`}qiq|`k L 20+ Qàb}b q`}hjhfi p`g`}inqbbk ybkf libk libke e}n }nbk bk k| k|n n libf libfkh khqi qiq q lbk lbk `tbj `tbjb bqi qi ikd`nqi c`pb|i|iq M n}hkiq ybi| cbkyb CMqBf qbeb Q`mbm Ikd`nqi c`pb|i|iq c`pb|i|iq M n}hkiqm n}hkiqm lbpb| lbpb| lilbqb}nbk lilbqb}nbk pblb p`g`}inqbbk q`}hjhfi* p`|bklb ti}hjhfi* mihnigibvi lbk ciq|hjhfi+ L

VIVIK VIB]QIC DB]GBQI
M+ _`kybni| cb|i ybkf liq`mbmnbk hj`c mbn|`}i ybkf blb li cb|i A+ _`kybni| cb|i ybkf liq`mbmnbk hj`c ti}q c`pb|i|iq M L+ _`kybni| n nkikf ybk ybkf liq liq`mbmnbk hj`c ti}q c`pb|i|iq B @+ _`kybni| nkikf ybkf liq`mbmnbk hj`c mbn|`}i ybkf blb li cb|i 1+ Ikd` Ikd`nq nqii c`pb c`pb|i |i|i |iq q A g`ke g`kebl blii n}hk n}hkiq iq lbjb lbjbg g vbn| |`}|`k| l`kfbk ebkfnb pbkebkf lbpb| g`}qbn cb|i g`kebli q`mbfbi m`}in| 5 M B+ Pl`g M+ Qi}hqiq A+ M`kfnbn L+ Jnb @+ _`}lb }lb}bcb bcbk <+ \`q lb}bc g`}pbnbk g`}pbnbk qbjbc qb| ab}b k|n g`kf`|bci q`q`h}bkf |`}n`kb c`pb|i|iq* |`q lb}bc g`}pbnbk5 @ B+ \`q \`q cbpb cbpb|i |i|i |iq qB M+ \`q \`q c`pb c`pb|i |i|i |iq qL A+ \`q \`q cbpb cbpb|i |i|i |iq qM L+ \`q \`q c c`p `pb| b|i| i|iq iq @ @+ \`q c`b|i|iq A Limbvbc iki blbjbc qb| p}h|ìk ybkf limb| 0+ qàb qàb}b }b bjbg bjbgii hj`c hj`c |m |mc c gbk gbkqi qib b k| k|n n g`kikfnb|nbk qiq|`g lbyb |bcbk |m |mc( c(ig igk ki| i|bq bq lbk lbk g`kf g`kfb| b|} } dkf dkfqi qi q`j q`j jbikkyb+ L B+ \`|}bqinjik M+ L`sbg`|bqhk A+ ]imbti}ik L+ Ik|`}d`}hk bjdb @+ @}i|}hgiqik 4+ Hmb| Hmb| bk|i bk|i ti} ti}q q ybkf ybkf lif lifkb kbnb nbk k m`}q m`}qbg bgb b ik|`}d`}hk bjdb k|n p`kfhmb|bk C`pb|i|iq A n}hkiq blbjbc 5 B B+ ]imbt imbti} i}iik M+ _`fy _`fyjb| jb|`l `l ik|`}d ik|`}d`}h `}hk k A+ Bk|imih Bk|imih|in |in fhjhkfbk fhjhkfbk p`kiqiji p`kiqijik k L+ Ti|b i|bgik B @+ Qjd Qjdbl blig igil ilik ik Fèbjb C`pb|i|iq A blbjbc B J`jbc 2+ Cijbkf q`j`}b gbnbk =+ Qbni| `}p| 1+ <+ P}ik g`kebli |`}bkf C`pb|i |i|i |iq q A n}hk n}hkiq iq lbpb lbpb|| lihm lihmb| b|ii q`mb q`mbfb fbii 6+ C`pb m`}in|5 M 2+ _`fyjb|`l Ik|`}d`}hk =+ @}i|}hgiqik 1+ ]imbti}ik <+ \`|}bqinjik \`|}bqinjik Limbvbc bvbc iki blbjbc bjbc ab}b b}b `ka` `ka`f fbcbk bcbk c`b|i|iq A L 2+ G`kffk fkbnbk mb}bk }bkf(p`}j` }j`kfnbpbk p}imbli qàb}b m`}qbgbbk =+ Einb |`}ikd`nqi c`pb|i|iq A q`f`}b g`klhkh}nbk lb}bc 1+ M`}blb M`}blb lijikfn lijikfnkfbk kfbk m`mbq m`mbq thjqi thjqi <+ \ilbn q`nq m`mbq 3+ Nbq Nbqq q c`pb| c`pb|i| i|iq iq A lbpb| lbpb| g`k g`kjb} jb} g`jbj g`jbji i q`mbfbi m`}in|5 A 2+ \}bk \}bkqd qdpq pqii lb}b lb}bc c

Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L=9 =+ Plb}b 1+ Q`n Q`nq m`mbq mbq <+ Bi} Q`mb Q`mbfb fbii m`}i m`}in n|| g`} g`}pb pbnb nbk k 22+ p`g`}inqbbk jbmh}b|h}ig k|n g`kl`|`nqi c`pb|i|iq A 2+ \`q q`}hjhfi =+ \`q Diqin 1+ \`q mihnigib cb|i <+ \`q h}fbk |mc 2=+ Libfkhqiq c` c `pb|i|iq A li|`k|nbk l`kfbk p`g`}inqbbk q`}hjhfi k|n g`kijbi nblb nblb}} bk|i bk|imh mhli li++ Q`jb Q`jbik ik i| i| p`g` p`g`}i }inq nqbb bbk k ghj` ghj`n nj` j`}} efb efb lijb lijbn nnb nbk k k| k|n n g`ji g`jicb cb|| pb}|in`j ti}q Q`mbm pblb nbqq iki cbqij p`g`}inqbbk jbmh}b| jbmh}b|h}i h}ig g g`kke g`kkennbk nnbk blbkyb blbkyb `kuig `kuig bjbki bkik` bgikh|}bk }bkqd`}bq }bq` #BJ\) J\) lbk lbk p`kik p`kikfnb fnb|b |bk k bqpb bqpb}| }|b|` b|` bgikh bgikh|}b |}bkq kqd` d`}bq }bq` ` #BQ\) B 21+ Dbn|h} ‑ dbn|h} }`qinh lb}i p`kj p`kjb}b b}bk k C`pb| C`pb|i|i i|iq q A g`jbj g`jbji i cm cmkfb kfbk k q`nqbj blbjbc 5 B 2+ G`gijini j`mic lb}i qb|p bqbkfbk =+ _`kffpkb ebqb _QN 1+ Jpnb nb}`kb q`nq #np}bkfkyb `jiaik blb tbfikb lbb| g`ki g`kikf kfnb nb|n |nbk bk }`qi }`qinh nh `kp `kpjb jb}b }bk k g`jbjpi lb}bc) <+ G`jbnnbk cmkfbk q`nqbj q`vbn| |ilbn g`kq|}bqi+ 2<+ Qbjbc qb| fèbjb gg lb}i C`pb|i|iq A blbjbc n`j`jbcbk n}hkiq Q`mbm Cbj iki g`}pbn g`}pbnbk bk bjbqbk bjbqbk g`kfbp g`kfbpb b |mc |mc |ilbn lbpb| g`jbvbk ti}q l`kfbk `d`n|id+ M 20+ \`q q`}hjhfi blbjbc p`g`}inqbbk nblb} nblb} bk|if`k bk|if`k gbpk gbpk bk|imhl bk|imhlii |`}cblb |`}cblbp p ti}q p`ky`mbm c`pb|i|iq Q`mbm _`g`}inqbbk jbmh}b|h}ig pblb pbqi`k ybkf lilfb g`kfilbp c`pb|i|iq lijbnnbk k|n g`gbq|inbk libfkhqiq+ M

DB]I\U BUCB] DB]GBQI
a+ Jyqiq l+ Gh}m Gh}mij ijii `+ _b}b _b}bgy gysh sh <+ Ti}q i}q ybkf ybkf |ilb |ilbn n g`ky` `ky`mb mbmn mnbk bk p`ky p`kybn bni| i| c`pb|i|iq limbvbc iki ybi|++++ b+ ]m` ]m`jj jjb b m+ Ggpq a+ C`}p C`}p` `q l+ _b}bgy _b}bgysqh sqh `+ Acy|hg` Acy|hg`fbjh fbjhti} ti}q q 0+ Ti}q Ti}q c`pb c`pb|i |i|iq |iq ybkf ybkf li|jb li|jb}nb }nbk k j`vb| j`vb| lb}bc lb}bc blbjbc+++ b+ C`b|i|iq M m+ C`pb| C`pb|i| i|iq iq B a+ C`pb C`pb|i |i|i |iq qL l+ C`pb| C`pb|i| i|iq iq @ `+ C`pb C`pb|i |i|i |iq qF 4+ Fèb Fèbjb' jb'fè fèbj bjb b h}bkf h}bkf ybkf ybkf |`}n` |`}n`kb kb p`kyb p`kybni| ni| c`pb|i|iq B ybi| q`mbfbi m`}in|++++ b+ _bkbq _bkbq |ikffi* |ikffi* qbni qbni|| n`pb n`pbjb jb** j`gbq j`gbq** kbdq kbdq  gbnbk cijbkf m+ Kbdqp gbnbk gbnbk cijbkf* cijbkf* |ikeb pab|* pab|* p}ik m`}vb}kb |pb* j`gbq a+ _bkb _bkbq q |ikf |ikffi fi** |ike |ikeb b pab pab|* |* qbni qbni|| n`pb n`pbjb jb** kbdq gbnbk cijbkf l+ Q`qbn Q`qbn kbdb kbdbq* q* }ik }ik m`}vb m`}vb}k }kb b |b* |b* gk| gk|bc* bc* qbni| n`pbjb `+ J`gbq* J`gbq* qbni| n`pbjb* n`pbjb* |ikeb |ikeb pab|* p`kybn p`kybni| i| nkikf 6+ Ti}q Ti}q c`pb|i| c`pb|i|iq iq ybkf mb}'mb} mb}'mb} iki |`}l`|` |`}l`|`nqi nqi blbjbc+++ b+ C`b|i|iq F m+ C`pb| C`pb|i| i|iq iq @ a+ C`pb C`pb|i |i|i |iq qD l+ C`pb| C`pb|i| i|iq iq @ `+ C`pb C`pb|i |i|i |iq qB 3+ Limbvbc Limbvbc iki blbjbc blbjbc ti}q'ti}q ti}q'ti}q c`pb|i|iq+++ c`pb|i|iq+++ 2+ ]m` ]m`jj jjb b =+ Jyqi Jyqiq q 1+ _b}b _b}bgy gysq sqh h <+ Ggpq #l) 9+ Fèb Fèbjb jb p`ky p`kybn bni| i| c`pb c`pb||i|iq i|iq ybi| ybi|  q`mb q`mbfb fbii m`}in|+++ 2+ Gbj =+ Qbni| Qbni| n`pb n`pbjb jb 1+ P}ik m`}vb}kb m`}vb}kb n`}c n`}c <+ Q`qbn kbdbq #m) 2?+ Limbvbc iki ybkf mnbk ti}q p`ky`mbm c`pb|i|iq ybi|+++ 2+ ]m` ]m`jj jjb b =+ Ggpq 1+ Jyqi Jyqiq q #l) <+ _b}bgysqh 22+ E`kiq'e`kiq p`kybni| c`pb|i|iq ybi| q`mbfbi m`}in|+++ 2+ C`pb| C`pb|i| i|iq iq F =+ C`pb| C`pb|i| i|iq iq D 1+ C`pb| C`pb|i| i|iq iq L <+ C`pb|i|iq C #m) 2=+ M`}in| iki g`}pbnbk hmb| lb}i p`kybni| c`pb|i|iq+++ 2+ Abja Abjai ig gI =+ Nbpq Nbpqj j Uik Uika a 1+ Ah}l Ah}lya ya`p `pq q #`) \`gjbvbn <+ \`gjbvbn

Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L1? 21+ _`kybni| c`pb|i|iq M p`ky`mb}bkkyb |ikeb* lbk g`}pbnbk e`kiq p`kybni| c`pb|i|iq ybkf pbjikf m`}mbcbyb Q`mbm Ti}q Ti}q c`pb|i| c`pb|i|iq iq M m`}n`gm m`}n`gmbkf bkf mibn lilbjbg |ikeb Ebvbmbk Ebvbmbk 5 ` 2<+ _`kybni| c` c`pb|i|iq B l iq iq`mbmnbk hj hj`c ti}q ybkf liq`mb}nbk liq`mb}nbk g`jbji |ikeb(nh|h}bk |ikeb(nh|h}bk p`kl`}i|b p`kl`}i|b mibqbkyb mibqbkyb g`jbji gbnbkbk #dàbj' h}bj)+ Q`mbm _`ky _`kybn bni| i| c`pb| c`pb|i|i i|iq q B lbpb| lbpb| g`ky g`ky`m `mbm bmnb nbk k p`kyb p`kybni| ni| c`pb c`pb|i| |i|iq iq M ybkf ybkf p`ky p`ky`m `mb}b b}bkk kkyb yb efb g`jbji g`jbji |ikeb |ikeb Ebvbmbk Ebvbmbk 5 a 20+ C`pb|i|iq M blbjbc qb| p`kybni| cb|i ybkf ybkf liq`m liq`mbm bmnb nbk k hj`c hj`c -Ti}q -Ti}q C`pb C`pb|i |i|iq |iq M#TCM) #TCM)** qb| qb| bkffh bkffh|b |b dbgiji C`pblkb C`pblkbti}q ti}q ybkf ybkf lbpb| lbpb| g`ky`m g`ky`mbmn bmnbk bk p`}blbk p`}blbkfbk fbk cb|i bn| b|b g`kbck ybkf pblb q`mbfibk nàij nbqq lbpb| m`}jbke| g`kebli qi}hqi cb|i b|b nbkn`} cb|i+ cb|i+ Q`mbm C`pb|i|iq M liq`mbmnbk hj`c n`}bakbk hmb| hmb|** lbk pbpb} pbpb}bk bk m`}mb m`}mbfb fbii gbab gbabg g ub ub|| ni nigi gib b q`p`}|i q`p`}|i nb}mhk nb}mhk |`|}bnj |`|}bnjh}i h}ilb* lb* acjh}p}h acjh}p}hgbu gbuik` ik`** acjh acjh}h }hdh dh}g }g** b}q` b}q`k k* dhqd dhqdh} h}** lbk lbk ub|' ub|'ub ub|| jbik jbik ybkf lifkbnbk q`mbfbi hmb| lbjbg iklq|}i Ebvbmbk 5 b ghl`}k+ Ebvbmbk

KUMPULAN SOAL PATOFISIOLOGI

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