APRILIA PUSPITA NINGRUM 2A/1201100031 KONSEP PERAWATAN PASIEN DENGAN KEMOTERAPI DAN RADIASI 1. Konsep Konsep Dasar Dasar Kemo Kemoera erap! p! "an Ra"!as Ra"!as!! 1.1Konsep Dasar Kemoerap! A. De#n!s! !s! Kemoer emoerap! ap! mer$p mer$pa% a%an an &ara &ara pen'o( pen'o(aa aan n %a %an% n%er er "en'an "en'an )a*an )a*an mem(er!%an +a/o(a ,an' memp$n,a! %-as!a mem($n$- se* %an%er aa$ aa$ men'-a men'-am(a m(a pro* pro*!e !era ras! s! se*se se*se** %a %an% n%er er "an "!(er "!(er!%a !%an n se&ar se&ara a s!sema!%. O(a an! %an%er %an%er ,an' ar!n,a pen'-am(a %er)a se*. Un$% %emo %e moer erap! ap! (!sa (!sa "!'$na "!'$na%a %an n sa$ sa$ )en!s )en!s s!os s!os!% !%a. a. Pa"a se)ara se)ara- aa* aa* pen''$naan %emoerap! "!'$na%an sa$ )en!s s!os!%a nam$n "a*am per%em(a per%em(an'an n'ann,a n,a %!n! $m$mn,a $m$mn,a "!per'$na "!per'$na%an %an %o %om(!na m(!nas! s! s!os!%a s!os!%a aa$ "!se($ "!se($ re'!men re'!men %e %emoe moerap! rap! "a*am "a*am $sa-a $sa-a $n$% men"apa men"apa%a %an n %-as!a *e(!- (esar. . T$)$a $)$an n Mer!n'an%an 'e)a*a Men'onro* per$m($-an se*se* %an%er • •
. Manaa Samp Sampa! a! saa saa !n! !n! !"a !"a% % sem$ sem$a a %a %an% n%er er men" men"ap apa a man manaa aa "ar! "ar! %emoerap!. er!%$ er!%$ !n! r!n&!an r!n&!an (e(erapa (e(erapa manaa manaa %emoerap emoerap!! pa"a (er(a'a! (er(a'a! )en!s %an%er %an%er.. 14 Kemo emoer erap ap!! san' san'a a (er (erman manaa aa 5%ar 5%aren ena a "apa "apa sem( sem($$- aa$ aa$ -!"$p *ama4. a. Pen,a en,a%! %! 6o" 6o"'% '%!n !n (. Non 6o"'% 6o"'%!n !n *!moma *!moma )en!s *ar'e *ar'e se* se* &. Ka Kan% n%er er es es!s !s )en!s )en!s 'er 'erm m se* se* ". Le$%em!a Le$%em!a "an *!moma *!moma pa"a ana% ana% 24 Kemoerap! Kemoerap! (ermanaa (ermanaa 5%ar 5%arena ena "apa "!%en"a*!%an "!%en"a*!%an &$%$p &$%$p *ama *ama %a"an'%a"an' sem($-4 a. Ka Kan% n%er er pa,$ pa,$"a "ara ra (. Ka Kan% n%er er o7ar o7ar!$m !$m &. Ka Kan% n%er er par par$ $ )en!s )en!s sma** sma** se* se* ". L!m L!mom oma a non non 6o"' 6o"'%! %!n n e. M$* M$*!p !p*e *e M!e* M!e*om oma a 34 Kemoerap! Kemoerap! (ermanaa (ermanaa $n$% $n$% pa*!a! 5"apa men'$*an' men'$*an' 'e)a*a4 'e)a*a4 a. Ka Kan% n%er er Naso Nasoa ar! r!n' n' (. Ka Kan% n%er er Pros Prosa a &. Ka Kan% n%er er En" En"om ome er! r!$m $m ". Ka Kan% n%er er Le-e Le-err "an "an Kepa Kepa*a *a e. Kan%e Kan%err Par$ Par$ )en!s non sma** sma** se* se* 84 Kemoera emoerap! p! %a"an'%a %a"an'%a*a *a (ermana (ermanaa a a. Ka Kan% n%er er Naso Nasoa ar! r!n' n' (. Me*an *anoma &. Ka Kan% n%er er $s$s $s$s (esa (esarr
D. Pr!ns!p %er)a %er)a o(a %emoerap! %emoerap! 5s!osa!%a4 5s!osa!%a4 er-a"ap er-a"ap %an%er %an%er..
Se(a'!an (esar o(a %emoerap! 5s!osa!%a4 ,an' "!'$na%an saa !n! (e%er)a er$ama er-a"ap se*se* %an%er ,an' se"an' (erpro*!eras! sema%!n a%! se*se* %an%er erse($ (erpro*!eras! ma%a sema%!n pe%a er-a"ap s!osa!%a -a* !n! "!se($ Kemorespons! se(a*!%n,a sema%!n *am(a pro*!ersa!n,a ma%a %epe%aann,a sema%!n ren"a- -a* !n! "!se($ Kemoresisten . O(a %emoerap! a"a (e(erapa ma&am "!anaran,a a"a*a- 9 14 O(a 'o*on'an A*%,*a!n' a'en p*a!n$m ompo$ns "an An!(!o!% An-ras!%*!n9 o(a 'o*on'an !n! (e%er)a "en'an anara *a!n men'!%a DNA "! !n! se* se-!n''a se*se* erse($ !"a% (!sa me*a%$%an rep*!%as!. 24 O(a 'o*on'an An!mea(o*! (e%er)a *an's$n' pa"a mo*e%$* (asa !n! se* ,an' (era%!(a men'-am(a s!nes!s DNA. 34 O(a 'o*on'an Topo!somerase!n-!(!or :!n&a A*%a*o!" "an Ta;anes (e%er)a pa"a 'an''$an pem(en$%an $($*!n se-!n''a er)a"! -am(aan m!os!s se*. 84 O(a 'o*on'an En+!m seper! LAspara'!nase (e%er)a "en'an men'-am(a s!nes!s proe!n se-!n''a !m($* -am(aan "a*am s!nes!s DNA "an RNA "ar! se*se* %an%er erse($. . Po*a pem(er!an %emoerap! 14 Kemoerap! In"$%s! D!$)$%an $n$% se&epa m$n'%!n men'e&!*%an massa $mor aa$ )$m*a- se* %an%er &ono- pa"a $mor 'anas ,an' (er$%$ran (esar 5$*%, Mass T$mor4 aa$ pa"a %e'anasan "ara- seper! *e$%em!a aa$ *!moma "!se($ )$'a "en'an pen'o(aan pen,e*amaan. 24 Kemoerap! A")$7an !asan,a "!(er!%an ses$"a- pen'o(aan ,an' *a!n seper! pem(e"a-an aa$ ra"!as! $)$ann,a a"a*a- $n$% mem$sna-%an se*se* %an%er ,an' mas!- ers!sa aa$ measase %e&!* ,an' a"a 5m!&ro measas!s4. 34 Kemoerap! Pr!mer D!ma%s$"%an se(a'a! pen'o(aan $ama pa"a $mor 'anas "!(er!%an pa"a %an%er ,an' (ers!a %emosens!! (!asan,a "!(er!%an "a-$*$ se(e*$m pen'o(aan ,an' *a!n m!sa*n,a (e"aaa$ ra"!as!. 84 Kemoerap! NeoA")$7an D!(er!%an men"a-$*$!/se(e*$m pen'o(aan/!n"a%an ,an' *a!n seper! pem(e"a-an aa$ pen,!naran %em$"!an "!*an)$%an "en'an %emoerap! *a'!. T$)$ann,a a"a*a- $n$% men'e&!*%an massa $mor ,an' (esar se-!n''a operas! aa$ ra"!as! a%an *e(!- (er-as!* '$na. D. ara pem(er!an o(a %emoerap! 14 Inra 7ena 5I:4 Ke(an,a%an s!osa!%a "!(er!%an "en'an &ara !n! "apa (er$pa (o*$s I: pe*anpe*an se%!ar 2 men! "apa p$*a per "r!p I: se%!ar 30 < 120 men! aa$ "en'an &on!no$s "r!p se%!ar 28 )am "en'an !n$s!on p$mp $pa,a *e(!- a%$ra eesann,a. 24 Inra e%a* 5IT4
APRILIA PUSPITA NINGRUM 2A/1201100031 D!(er!%an %e "a*am &ana*!s me"$**a sp!na*!s $n$% mem$sna-%an $mor "a*am &a!ran oa% 5*!=$or &ere(rosp!na*!s4 anara *a!n MT> Ara.. 34 Ra"!osens!!+er ,a!$ )en!s %emoerap! ,an' "!(er!%an se(e*$m ra"!as! $)$ann,a $n$% memper%$a ee% ra"!as! )en!s o(a $n$% %emoerap! !n! anara *a!n ?*$or$ora&!* !sp*as!n Ta;o* Ta;oere 6,"rea. 84 Ora* Pem(er!an per ora* (!asan,a a"a*a- o(a Le$%eran A*%eran M,*eran Na$*an P$r!neo* 6,"rea Te'a$r >e*o"a G*ee7e&. @4 S$(%$an "an !nram$s&$*ar Pem(er!an s$(%$an s$"a- san'a )aran' "!*a%$%an (!asan,a a"a*a- LAspara'!nase -a* !n! ser!n' "!-!n"ar! %arena res!%o s,o% ana#*a%s!s. Pem(er!an per IM )$'a s$"a- )aran' "!*a%$%an (!asan,a pem(er!an *eom,&!n. 4 Top!%a* B4 Inra arer!a* C4 Inra&a7!, 4 Inraper!onea*/Inrap*e$ra* Inraper!onea* "!(er!%an (!*a pro"$%s! &a!ran a&!es -emora'!s ,an' (an,a% pa"a %an%er 'anas !nraa("omen anara *a!n !sp*as!n. Pem(er!an !nrap*e$ra* ,a!$ "!(er!%an %e"a*am &a7$m p*e$ra*!s $n$% mem$sna-%an se*se* %an%er "a*am &a!ran p*e$ra aa$ $n$% men'-en!%an pro"$%s! e$s! p*e$ra -emora'!s ,an' ama (an,a% &ono-n,a *eo&!n. E. S,ara pem(er!an o(a %emoerap! Se(e*$m pen'o(aan "!m$*a! (e(erapa %on"!s! pas!en -ar$s "!pen$-! ,a!$ 9 14 Kea"aan $m$m -ar$s &$%$p (a!%. 24 Pen"er!a men'er! pen'o(aan "an men'ea-$! ee% samp!n' ,an' a%an er)a"! 34 ?aa* '!n)a* 5%a"ar $re$m 80 m' F "an %a"ar %rea!n!n 1@ m' F4 "an aa* -a! (a!%. 84 D!a'nos!s -!spao*o'!% "!%ea-$!. @4 en!s %an%er "!%ea-$! sens!! er-a"ap %emoerap!. 4 6emo'*o(!n H 10 'r F. B4 Le$%os! H @000/m*. C4 Trom(os! H 100.000/m*. ?. Prose"$r Pe*a%sanaan Kemoerap! 14 Pers!apan a. Se(e*$m "!(er!%an %emoerap! ma%a -ar$s "!pers!ap%an $%$ran T *$as (a"an "ara- *en'%ap $n's! '!n)a* $n's! *!7er '$*a "ara- $r!n *en'%ap EKG oo -ora; AP/*aera* E%o%ar"!o'ra# MP. (. Per!%sa proo%o* "an pro'ram erap! ,an' "!'$na%an sera a%$ pem(er!an o(a se(e*$mn,a. &. Per!%sa nama pas!en "os!s o(a )en!s o(a &ara pem(er!an o(a. ". Per!%sa a"an,a !norm &on&ern (a!% "ar! pen"er!a ma$p$n %e*$ar'a. e. S!ap%an o(a s!osa!%a.
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S!ap%an &a!ran Na* 0 F D@F aa$ !nra*!. Pen'a*as p*as!% "en'an %eras a(sor(s! aa$ %a!n "!aasn,a. Ga$n *en'an pan)an' mas%er op! %a&a maa sar$n' an'an sepa$. !. Sp$! "!spos!(*e @&& 10&& 20 && @0 &&. ). In$s se "an 7ena %aeer %e&!*. %. A*%o-o* B0 F "en'an %apas ser!*. *. a% sp$! (esar. m. La(e* o(a. n. P*as!% empa pem($an'an (e%as. o. Kar"e; 5&aaan %-$s$s4. 24 ara Ker)a Pen&$ran O(a Sem$a o(a "!&$r o*e- sa armas! ,an' a-*! "!(a'!an armas! "en'an mema%a! a*a (!osae, *am!nar, a!rJo %em$"!an "!%!r!m %e (an'sa* peraaan "a*am empa %-$s$s er$$p. D!er!ma o*e- peraa "en'an &aaan nama pas!en )en!s o(a "os!s o(a "an )am pen&$ran. !*a !"a% memp$n,a! (!osae, *am!nar, a!rJo ma%a pen&$ran "!*a%$%an "!r$an'an %-$s$s ,an' er$$p "en'an &ara 9 a. Me)a "!a*as! "en'an pen'a*as p*as!% "!aasn,a a"a %eras pen,erap aa$ %a!n. (. Pa%a! 'a$n *en'an pan)an' op! mas%er %a&a maa sepa$. &. Am(!* o(a s!osa!%a ses$a! pro'ram *ar$%an "en'an Na* 0F D@F aa$ !nra*!. ". Ke*$ar%an $"ara ,an' mas!- (era"a "a*am sp$! "en'an men$$p%an %apas aa$ %asa ser!* "!$)$n' )ar$m sp$!. e. Mas$%%an per*a-an*a-an o(a %e"a*am Ja(o Na* 0 F aa$ D@F "en'an 7o*$me &a!ran ,an' e*a- "!en$%an. . an'an $mpa- saa men&$r men,!ap%an "an saa memas$%%an o(a %e"a*am Ja(o aa$ (oo* !n$s. '. $a *a(e* nama pas!en )en!s o(a an''a* )am pem(er!an sera a%-!r pem(er!an aa$ "en'an s,r!n'e p$mp. -. Mas$%%an %e"a*am %ona!ner ,an' e*a- "!se"!a%an. !. Mas$%%an sampa- *an's$n' %e %anon' p*as!% !%a "an (er! an"a aa$ )ar$m (e%as "!mas$%%an %e "a*am empa %-$s$s $n$% men'-!n"ar! $s$%an. 34 ara Pem(er!an Kemoerap! a. Per!%sa pas!en )en!s o(a "os!s o(a )en!s &a!ran 7o*$me &a!ran &ara pem(er!an a%$ pem(er!an "an a%-!r pem(er!an. (. Pa%a! proe%s! 9 'a$n *en'an pan)an' op! mas%er %a&a maa sar$n' an'an "an sepa$. &. La%$%an e-n!% asep!% "an an!sep!&. ". Pasan' pen'a*as p*as!% ,an' "!*ap!s! %eras a(sor(s! "!(aa- "aera- $s$%an !n$se. e. er!%an an! m$a* )am se(e*$m pem(er!an an! neop*as!% 5pr!mperan +oran %!r!* se&ara !nra 7ena4. . La%$%an asp!ras! "en'an Na* 0 F.
APRILIA PUSPITA NINGRUM 2A/1201100031 '.
er! o(a %an%er se&ara per*a-an*a-an 5%a*a$ per*$ "en'an s,r!n'e p$mp4 ses$a! pro'ram. -. !*a se*esa! (!*as %em(a*! "en'an Na* 0F !. Sem$a a*a ,an' s$"a- "!pa%a! "!mas$%%an %e"a*am %anon' p*as!% "an "!!%a sera "!(er! e!%e. ). $%a 'a$n op! as%er %a&a maa %em$"!an ren"am "en'an "eer)en. !*a "!spos!(*e mas$%%%an "a*am %anon' p*asr!% %em$"!an "!!%a "an "!(er! e!%e %!r!m %e !n&!neraor/(a%aran. %. aa sem$a prose"$r Aas! %ea"aan $m$m pas!en mon!or ens! na"! RR !ap seen'a- )am "an aas! a"an,a an"aan"a e%sra7asas! 1.2Konsep Dasar Ra"!as! A. De#n!s! Ra"!oerap! Ra"!oerap! a"a*a- !n"a%an me"!s ,an' "!*a%$%an pa"a pas!en "en'an men''$na%an ra"!as! pen'!on $n$% mema!%an se* %an%er se(an,a% m$n'%!n "en'an %er$sa%an pa"a se* norma* se%e&!* m$n'%!n. T!n"a%an erap! !n! men''$na%an s$m(er ra"!as! er$$p. Ra"!as! pen'!on a"a*a- (er%as pan&aran ener'! aa$ par!%e* ,an' (!*a men'ena! se($a- aom a%an men,e(a(%an erpena*n,a e*e%ron %e*$ar "ar! or(! e*e%ron erse($. Pan&aran ener'! (er$pa 'e*om(an' e*e%roma'ne!% ,an' "apa (er$pa s!nar 'amma "an s!nar >. A%!(a "ar! "!s!ne'ras! !n! erse($ a%an er(en$% sa$ pan&aran ener'! (er$pa s!nar 'amma "an 2 pan&aran par!%e* ,a!$ pan&aran e*e%ron "!se($ s!nar (ea "an pan&aran !n! -e*!$m "!se($ s!nar a*a. . en!s Ra"!oerap! a4 Ra"!as! e%serna/ s!nar *$ar a"a*a- (en$% pen'o(aan ra"!as! "en'an s$m(er ra"!as! memp$n,a! )ara% "en'an ar'e ,an' "!$)$ aa$ (era"a "!*$ar $($-. S$m(er ,an' "!pa%a! a"a*a- s!nar > aa$ p-oon ,an' mer$pa%an pan&aran 'e*om(an' e*e%roma'ne!% ,an' "!%e*$ar%an o*e- pesaa *!ner a%se*eraor 5LINA4. (4 ra%-!erap! a"a*a(en$% pen'o(aan ra"!as! "en'an men"e%a%an s$m(er ra"!as! %esasaran ,an' "!$)$. S$m(er ra"!as! ,an' $m$m "!'$na%an anara *a!n I12@ Ra22 ,an' "!%emas "a*am (en$% )ar$m (!)! se(esar (eras aa$ %aa "an "apa "!*ea%%an "a*am ron''a $($- 5!nra&a7!ar,4. . T$)$an Terap! Ra"!as! Terap! ra"!as! "!an''ap se(a'a! pen'o(aan *o%a* %arena -an,a se* "! "a*am "an "!se%!ar %an%er ,an' "!$)$. 6a* !n! !"a% (e'!$ (ermanaa me*aan %an%er ,an' s$"a- men,e(ar %arena erap! ra"!as! $m$mn,a !"a% "!($a $n$% men)an'%a$ se*$r$- (a'!an $($-. Ra"!as! (er'$na $n$% (e(erapa $)$an anara *a!n9 a.4 Men,em($-%an aa$ men'e&!*%an %an%er pa"a sa"!$m "!n! Ra"!as! "!'$na%an $n$% mem($a %an%er men'e&!* aa$ -!*an' sama se%a*!. Un$% %as$s %an%er *a!n (!sa "!'$na%an $n$% men'e&!*%an $mor se(e*$m operas! 5preopera!7e -erap,4 aa$
see*a- operas! ,an' $)$ann,a $n$% men)a'a a'ar %an%er !"a% %am($- 5a")$7an -erap,4. Terap! !n! "apa )$'a "!*a%$%an (ersamaan "en'an %emoerap!. (.4 Men&e'a- a'ar %an%er !"a% m$n&$* "! area *a!n Apa(!*a s$a$ )en!s %an%er "!%ea-$! men,e(ar %e area eren$ %em$n'%!nan a%an "!*a%$%an reamen $n$% men&e'a- a'ar se* erse($ !"a% (er$(a- men)a"! $mor. Se(a'a! &ono- pas!en "en'an (e(erapa ,pe %an%er par$par$ m$n'%!n a%an mener!ma prop-,*a&!& 5pre7en!7e4 ra"!as! "! %epa*a se(a( !pe %an%er !n! ser!n' men,e(ar %e oa%. &.4 Men'o(a! 'e)a*a'e)a*a pa"a %an%er sa"!$m *an)$ e(erapa %an%er m$n'%!n e*a- men,e(ar )a$- "ar! per%!raan pen'o(aan. Teap! -a* !n! ($%an (erar! %an%er erse($ !"a% (!sa "!o(a! a'ar pas!en merasa *e(!- (a!%. Ra"!as! (!sa $n$% mem(e(as%an "ar! rasa sa%! masa*a- pa"a pemas$%%an ma%anan (ernaas aa$ pa"a $s$s (esar ,an' sem$a !$ "!se(a(%an o*e- %an%er ,an' s$"a- pa"a sa"!$m *an)$. ara !n! (!asa "!nama%an pa**!a!7e ra"!a!on. D. Pr!ns!p Pen''$naan Ra"!as! Da*am pen''$naan ra"!as! $n$% (er(a'a! %eper*$an a"a %een$an ,an' -ar$s "!pa$-! $n$% men&e'a- pener!maan "os!s ,an' !"a% se-ar$sn,a er-a"ap seseoran'. A"a 3 pr!ns!p ,an' e*a"!re%omen"as!%an o*e- Inerna!ona* omm!ss!on Ra"!o*o'!&a* Proe&!on 5IRP4 $n$% "!pa$-! ,a!$ 9 a.4 $s!#%as! Se!ap pema%a!an +a ra"!oa%! aa$ s$m(er *a!nn,a -ar$s "!"asar%an pa"a a+as manaa. S$a$ %e'!aan ,an' men&a%$p paparan aa$ poens! paparan -an,a "!se$)$! )!%a %e'!aan !$ a%an men'-as!*%an %e$n$n'an ,an' *e(!- (esar (a'! !n"!7!"$ aa$ mas,ara%a "!(an"!n'%an "en'an %er$'!an aa$ (a-a,a ,an' !m($* er-a"ap %ese-aan. (.4 L!m!as! Dos!s e%$!7a*en ,an' "!er!ma pe%er)a ra"!as! aa$ mas,ara%a !"a% (o*e- me*ampa$! N!*a! aas Dos!s 5ND4 ,an' e*a"!eap%an. aas "os!s (a'! pe%er)a ra"!as! "!ma%s$"%an $n$% men&e'a- m$n&$*n,a ee% "eerm!n!s!% 5non so%as!%4 "an men'$ran'! pe*$an' er)a"!n,a ee% so%as!%. &.4 Op!mas! Sem$a pen,!naran -ar$s "!$sa-a%an seren"a-ren"a-n,a 5as *o as reasona(*, a&-!e7ea(*e ALARA4 "en'an memper!m(an'%an a%or e%onom! "an sos!a*. Ke'!aan pemanaaan ena'a n$%*!r -ar$s "!ren&ana%an "an s$m(er ra"!as! -ar$s "!ran&an' "an "!operas!%an $n$% men)am!n a'ar paparan ra"!as! ,an' er)a"! "apa "!e%an seren"a-ren"a-n,a. Dera)a ee% ra"!as! er'an$n' pa"a (e(erapa a%or ,a!$ )en!s ra"!as! *aman,a pen,!naran )ara% s$m(er "en'an $($"an a"a !"a%n,a pen'-a*an' 5s-!e*"-!n'4 anara s$m(er ra"!as! "en'an o()e%. Ee% (!o*o'!s ra"!as! pen'!on er'an$n' pa"a
APRILIA PUSPITA NINGRUM 2A/1201100031 or'an/ (a'!an $($- "an po*a ranser er%ena ra"!as! %$a*!as ra"!as! "an po*a ranser ener'! ,an' er)a"! "! "a*am $($- "an a%or mo"!#%as! *a!nn,a m!sa*%an (esarn,a "os!s ra%s!nas! "os!s "an "!sr!($s! +a ra"!oa%! "! "a*am $($-. Parameer $ama ,an' -ar$s "!per-a!%an "a*am pen'o(aan men''$na%an e%n!% ra"!as! a"a*a- 9 Ke"a*aman Lapan'an ra"!as! SSD aa$ SAD Ener'! oon • • • •
E. Ee% Samp!n' Ra"!as! a. K$*! 5ra"!as! *$ar49 *e&e %emera-an %e-!aman G$na%an sa($n *em($ Ker!n'%an %$*! "en'an *em($ ANGAN DIGOSOK e"a% aa$ *o!on -ar$s "en'an se!)!n "o%er G$na%an (a)$ ,an' *on''ar men,erap %er!n'a 6!n"ar! s!nar maa-ar! *an's$n' (. D!n"!n' m$*$9 sar!aan/*$%a n,er! *!$r (er%$ran' &. Pen&ernaan9 m$a*/m$na- "!are per"ara-an ". Pne$mon!!s Ra"!as! 13 ($*an see*a- erap! o$'- e7er O(a • • • • •
• • •
?. Pen&e'a-an Ee% Samp!n' Ra"!as! Radiasi daerah leher dan kepala 9 Men)a'a %e(ers!-an m$*$ "an '!'! !"a% m!n$m aa$ ma%an er*a*$ panas ma$p$n "!n'!n men'-!n"ar! (er%er!n'a men'-!n"ar! s!nar maa-ar! *an's$n' mener!ma as$pan '!+! ,an' &$%$p. Daerah dada9 Men'-!n"ar! (er%er!n'a "! "aera- %e!a% !"a% (er'era% saa proses ra"!oerap! "!*a%$%an mener!ma as$pan '!+! ,an' &$%$p. Daerah perut dan panggul 9 Men'ons$ms! ma%anan *$na% ,an' m$"a- "!&erna mener!ma as$pan '!+! ,an' &$%$p men)a'a "aera*!paan pa-a "an se%!ar "$($r a'ar eap %er!n'. 5a,$ Ma!ra4 G. Prose"$r Pem(er!an Ra"!oerap! In7es!'as! a. Anamnes!s/aan&ara enan' 9 I"en!as9 Nama $s!a pe%er)aan a*ama "s( R!a,a pen,a%!. Pemer!%saan aa$ pen'o(aan ,an' perna- "!"apa. (. Pemer!%saan9 Pemer!%saan #s!%. Pemer!%saan *a(oraor!$m. Pemer!%saan Ra"!o*o'! Pao*o'! Anaom! Meneap%an9 a. D!a'nos!s (. Sa"!$m
&. In"!%as! pen'o(aan9 a"a/!"a% a"a ". T$)$an pen'o(aan ra"!as!9 %$ra!/pa*!a! e. :o*$me "os!s ,an' a%an "!(er!%an Mem($a Peren&anaan Ra"!as!. a. Pem($aan Mas%er (. S!m$*as! &. TS&an $n$% peren&anaan ". Treamen P*ann!n' S,sem 5TPS4 / peren&anaan ra"!as! "en'an %omp$er!sas! Pe*a%sanaan Ra"!as! Ra"!as! -ar$s "!(er!%an ses$a! "en'an peren&anaan ,an' e*a"!($a se(e*$mn,a (a!% me*a*$! s!m$*as! T p*ann!n' ra"!as! "an "!sr!($s! "os!s ,an' "!($a se&ara %omp$er!sas! se-!n''a -ar$s epa "os!s sasaran "an a%$ ra"!as! Mon!or/?o**o$p Se!ap pas!en ,an' men"apa ra"!as! -ar$s "!mon!or/o**o$p (a!% "a*am pen'o(aan ma$p$n see*a- pen'o(aan ra"!as! se*esa!. Dar! "aa mon!or pas!en ,an' men"apa pen'o(aan "en'an ra"!as! ma%a a%an "apa p$*a "!e7a*$as! -as!*-as!* pen'o(aan ra"!as! (a!% respon $mor sen"!r! ma$p$n ee% samp!n' ,an' !m($*. E7a*$as! See*a- pas!en "!n,aa%an se*esa! men)a*an! erap! ra"!as! ma%a "!*a%$%an e7a*$as! men,e*$r$- er-a"ap pe*a%sanaan ra"!as! ,an' "!(er!%an. E7a*$as! "apa me*!p$!9 Respon pen'o(aan To*erans! pas!en Ee% samp!n' "an a%$ *am(a "**
2. ara Ker)a Kemoerap! Se(a'!an (esar o(a %emoerap! memas$%! a*!ran "ara- "an per)a*anan %e se*$r$- $($- $n$% men&apa! se*se* %an%er pa"a (er(a'a! or'an "an )ar!n'an. Kemoerap! s!an,a s!sem!% (a!% se* %an%er "an (e(erapa se* norma* )$'a erpen'ar$-. Ke!%a se*se* norma* ,an' r$sa% ma%a a%an men,e(a(%an ee% samp!n'. Se*se* %an%er !"a% m$"a"!per(a!%! se-!n''a mere%a p$*!- *e(!- *am(a "!(an"!n'%an se* norma*. Pa"a saa pen'o(aan (er!%$n,a "!m$*a! se*se* norma* $($- e*a- p$*!- eap! se*se* %an%er !"a%. In! (erar! (a-a se*se* %an%er *e(!"!-an&$r%an "en'an se!ap pen'o(aan. e(erapa %emoerap! *e(!- ser!n' *an's$n' men$)$ sasaran se* %an%er/$mor "ar!pa"a me*a*$! a*!ran "ara-. ono-n,a %emoerap! $n$% %an%er oa% "an %an%er -a!. 3. Gan''$an Pas&a Kemoerap! Ee% samp!n' "apa m$n&$* %e!%a se"an' "!*a%$%an pen'o(aan aa$ (e(erapa a%$ see*a- pen'o(aan. Ee% samp!n' ,an' (!sa !m($* a"a*a-9 84 Lemas Ee% samp!n' ,an' $m$m !m($*. T!m($*n,a "apa men"a"a% aa$ per*a-an. T!"a% *an's$n' men'-!*an' "en'an !s!ra-a %a"an' (er*an's$n' -!n''a a%-!r pen'o(aan.
APRILIA PUSPITA NINGRUM 2A/1201100031 @4
M$a* "an M$naA"a (e(erapa o(a %emoerap! ,an' *e(!- mem($a m$a* "an m$na-. Se*a!n !$ a"a (e(erapa oran' ,an' san'a renan er-a"ap m$a* "an m$na-. 4 Gan''$an Pen&ernaan e(erapa )en!s o(a %emoerap! (eree% "!are. a-%an a"a ,an' men)a"! "!are "!sera! "e-!"ras! (era ,an' -ar$s "!raa. Sem(e*! %a"an' (!sa er)a"!. B4 Sar!aan e(erapa o(a %emoerap! men!m($*%an pen,a%! m$*$ seper! erasa e(a* aa$ !ne%s!. Kon"!s! m$*$ ,an' se-a san'a pen!n' "a*am %emoerap!. C4 Ram($ Rono% Kerono%an ram($ (ers!a semenara (!asan,a er)a"! "$a aa$ !'a m!n''$ see*a- %emoerap! "!m$*a!. Dapa )$'a men,e(a(%an ram($ paa- "! "e%a %$*! %epa*a. Dapa er)a"! see*a- (e(erapa m!n''$ erap!. Ram($ "apa $m($- *a'! see*a- %emoerap! se*esa!. 4 Oo "an Sara e(erapa o(a %emoerap! men,e(a(%an %esem$an "an ma! rasa pa"a )ar! an'an aa$ %a%! sera %e*ema-an pa"a oo %a%!. Se(a'!an (!sa er)a"! sa%! pa"a oo. 104 Ee% pa"a Darae(erapa )en!s o(a %emoerap! "apa mempen'ar$-! %er)a s$ms$m $*an' ,an' mer$pa%an pa(r!% pem($a se* "ara- se-!n''a )$m*a- se* "ara- men$r$n. an' pa*!n' ser!n' a"a*apen$r$nan se* "ara- p$!- 5*eo%os!4. Pen$r$nan se* "ara- er)a"! pa"a se!ap %emoerap! "an es "ara- a%an "!*a%sana%an se(e*$m %emoerap! (er!%$n,a $n$% memas!%an )$m*a- se* "ara- e*a%em(a*! norma*. Pen$r$nan )$m*a- se* "ara- "apa men'a%!(a%an9 a. M$"a- er%ena !ne%s! 6a* !n! "!se(a(%an o*e- Karena )$m*a- *eo%os! $r$n %arena *eo%os! a"a*a- se* "ara- ,an' (er$n's! $n$% per*!n"$n'an er-a"ap !ne%s!. A"a (e(erapa o(a ,an' (!sa men!n'%a%an )$m*a- *e$%os!. (. Per"ara-an Kep!n' "ara- 5rom(os!4 (erperan pa"a proses pem(e%$an "ara-. Pen$r$nan )$m*arom(os! men'a%!(a%an per"ara-an s$*! (er-en! *e(am (er&a% mera- "! %$*!. &. Anem!a Anem!a a"a*a- pen$r$nan )$m*a- se* "ara- mera- ,an' "!an"a! o*e- pen$r$nan 6( 5-emo'*o(!n4. Karena 6( *ea%n,a "! "a*am se* "ara- mera-. A%!(a anem!a a"a*aseoran' men)a"! merasa *ema- m$"a- *e*a- "an ampa% p$&a. 114 K$*! "apa men)a"! %er!n' "an (er$(a- arna a. Le(!- sens!! er-a"ap maa-ar!. (. K$%$ $m($- *e(!- *am(a "an er"apa 'ar!s p$!me*!nan'.
DAFTAR RUJUKAN
14 Sar! N. 2013. T!n"a%an Kemoerap! 5-p9//7,a(are-a10.(*o'spo.&om/2013/03/!n"a%an%emoerap!.-m*4 "!a%ses pa"a 2 No7em(er 2013. 24 Anon!m. Kemoerap! 5-p9//masa*a-%ese-aan.&om/%emoerap!/4 "!a%ses pa"a 2 No7em(er 2013. 34 P$ra 6.P. 2010. As$-an Keperaaan pa"a Pas!en Kemoerap! 5-p9//n$rs!n'or$n!7erse.(*o'spo.&om/2010/02/as$-an%eperaaanpa"a pas!en0.-m*4 "!a%ses pa"a 2 No7em(er 2013. 84 Anon!m. 2011. Ra"!oerap! 5-p9//)anna-me"!&a*p-,s!&s.(*o'spo.&om/2011/0@/ra"!oerap!1.-m*4 "!a%ses pa"a 2 No7em(er 2013. @4 Anon!m . Ra"!as! 5-p9//."-arma!s.&o.!"/!n"e;.p-p/ra"!as!.-m* 4 "!a%ses pa"a 2 No7em(er 2013. 4 Anon!m. Ra"!oerap! Ee% Samp!n' "an Pen&e'a-ann,a 5-p9//.rea"ers"!'es.&o.!"/se-a/!no.me"!s/ra"!oerap!.ee%.samp!n'."a n.pen&e'a-ann,a/00@/001/1@4 "!a%ses pa"a 2 No7em(er 2013.
