Kerala Padanam Fullbook(കേരള പഠനം ‌ശാസ്ത്ര സാഹിത്യപരിഷത്ത്)

tIc-f -]-T\w tIcfw Fßs\ Pohn-°p∂p? tIcfw Fßs\ Nn¥n-°p∂p?

tIc-f -]-T\w tIcfw Fßs\ Pohn-°p∂p? tIcfw Fßs\ Nn¥n-°p∂p?

FUn-‰¿ tUm. sI. ]n. Ac-hn-µ≥

tIcf imkv{X-km-ln-Xy -]-cn-jØv

tIc-f] - T - \w tIcfw Fßs\ Pohn-°p∂p? tIcfw Fßs\ Nn¥n-°p∂p? FUn-‰¿ : tUm. sI. ]n. Ac-hn-µ≥ H∂mw ]Xn∏v: sk]v‰w-_¿ 2006 {]km-[\w, hnX-cWw: tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv, tImgn-t°mSv˛673002 en]n hn\ymkw: bpdo-°, tImgn-t°m-Sv˛- 673002 Ih¿: {iotejv Ipam¿ sI. sI. A®Sn: KoXm-RvPen Hm^vsk‰v {]nt‚gvkv, tImgn-t°mSv hne: 140 cq] KSSP 1309

IE

keralapadanam keralam engane jeevikkunnu? keralam engane chinthikkunnu? editor: dr. k. p. aravindan first edition: september 2006 published and distributed by: kerala sastra sahitya parishad, kozhikode - 673002 typesetting: eureka, kozhikode - 673002 cover: sreelesh kumar k. k. printing geetanjali offset printers, kozhikode price: rs.140

ISBN:81-88033-91-X SEPTEMBER 2006 C 1/4

2K

14000

FT 732/2006

]T\ dnt∏m¿´v Xøm-dm-°n-b-h¿ s{]m^. Sn ]n Ip™n-°-Æ≥ sI sI P\m¿Z-\≥ tUm. B¿ hn Pn tat\m≥ tUm. Sn sI B\µn tUm. hn cma≥Ipń tUm Fw ^ntdmkv sI Sn cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ kn Fw apc-fo-[-c≥ tUm. sI ]n Ac-hn-µ≥

]T-\-hp-ambn kl-I-cn-®-h¿ tIc-f- ]-T\w hnP-bn-∏n-®-Xn¬ \nkvXp-e-amb ]¶phln-®Xv Ht´sd {]bm-k-ßƒ t\cn´v hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Ønb Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v ]cn-jØv {]h¿Ø-I-cm-Wv. Ah-cp-sS-sb√mw t]cp-Iƒ ChnsS tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-sb-∂Xv {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn km[y-a-√. ]T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnhn[ inev]-im-e-I-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-b-h-cpsSbpw ]T\hnh-c-ßƒ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v {][m-\-ambn klm-bn-®-h-cp-sSbpw t]cp-Iƒ am{X-amWv ChnsS tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.

s{]m^. sI ]m∏qń tUm. F≥ sI iin-[-c≥ ]n≈ s{]m^. ]n sI cho-{µ≥, Sn sI tZh-cm-P≥, Sn KwKm-[-c≥ Sn cm[m-aWn, ]n kptcjv, Fw Pn kptcjv Ipam¿ tUm. ]n F≥ F≥ ]njm-cSn, s{]m^. Fw sI {]kmZv F≥ PK-Po-h≥, ]n Fkv cmP-ti-J-c≥ ssh ANyp-X-{]-kmZv, tUm. hn B¿ cLp-\-µ-\≥ B¿ cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, tUm. sI ]n IrjvW≥Ipń s{]m^. sI {io[-c≥, Fw tKm]-Ip-am¿ Sn Fkv APnX, kn ]n hnP-b≥, H Fw i¶-c≥ tUm tPm¨ aØmbn, tUm. B¿ _n cmP-e£van, B¿ kXojv F ]n kc-kzXn, sImS-°mSv {io[-c≥, sI kpZ¿i-\m-`mbv sI Fw Gen-bmkv, hn Pn tKm]n-\m-Y≥, sI ]n chn-{]-Imiv F ]n apc-fo-[-c≥, sI cmtPjv, sI kpPmXIpamcn C hn-em-kn-\n, Sn hn Aw_p-Pm£n, hn _nµp, Fw joP Sn ]n {io[-c≥, Sn ]n kpIp-am-c≥, F ]n t{]am-\µv Fw ]n kn \ºym¿, F≥ A_vZpƒ kemw sI _n P\m¿Z-\≥, ]n sI hnt\mZv DPz¬ tImaØv

hnZKv[ klmbw tUm. sI ]n IÆ≥ tUm. sI cma-N-{µ≥ \mb¿ tUm. sI F≥ lcn-em¬ tUm. sI B¿ X¶-∏≥ tUm. i¶-c-i¿Ω tUm. arZp¬ Cu∏≥ tUm. \h-\oXw sI sI IrjvW-Ip-am¿ (CSES)

tUm. sI F≥ KtWjv tUm. Fw ]n ]c-ta-iz-c≥ tUm. sI hnP-b-Ip-am¿ tUm. _n CIv_m¬ tUm. F ANyp-X≥ tUm. Sn Fw i¶-c≥ kn ]n \mcm-b-W≥ tUm. Fw sI kpIp-am-c≥ \mb¿

{]km-[I-°p-dn∏v ]cn-jØv \S-Ønb tIc-f-]-T-\-Øns‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ N¿®Iƒ°mbn s]mXp- P - \ - ß - f psS ap∂n¬ Ah- X - c n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ - X n¬ Rßƒ°v AXn-bmb kt¥m-j-ap-≠v. tIcf hnI-k-\-hp-ambn _‘s∏´ ]cn-j-Øns‚ CS-s]-S-ep-I-fpsS kzm`m-hn-I-amb XpS¿®bpw hf¿®-bp-amWv Cu ]T-\w. 1976¬ "tIc-f-Øns‚ kºØv' F∂ {it≤-b-amb {KŸ-tØm-sS-bmWv ]cn-jØv hnI-k-\-cw-KØv {i≤ ]Xn-∏n®p XpS-ßn-b-Xv. Cu ]pkvXIØns‚ D≈-S-°sØ Bkv]-Zam°n hym]-I-amb ¢mkp-Ifpw ]cn-j-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S-°pI-bp-≠m-bn. XpS¿∂v {Kma-im-kv{X-k-an-Xn-I-fpsS cq]o-I-c-Ww, ]cn-kc Du¿÷cw-KsØ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ, kºq¿Æ-km-£-cXm {]h¿Ø-\w, hn`-h`q-]S \n¿Ωm-Ww, A[n-Imc hntI-{µo-I-cW cwKsØ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ XpSßn Ht´sd {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]cn-jØv \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Hmtcm Ahk-c-Ønepw \nc-h[n eLp-te-J-Ifpw ]pkvX-I-ßfpw {]kn-≤o-I-cn°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. ¢mkp-Iƒ, N¿®-Iƒ, skan-\m-dp-Iƒ, {]Nm-cW PmYIƒ, Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ, inev]-im-e-Iƒ, {Kma-]m¿e-sa‚p-Iƒ F∂nßs\ sshhn-[y-am¿∂ cq]-ßƒ Cu Bib {]Nm-cW ]cn-]mSnbv°pth≠n D]-tbm-Kn-®p. hnI-k-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v hnhn[ cwK-ß-fnse {]iv\-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-Sp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Ahsb apt∂m´v \bn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb ]T\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw ]cn-jØv Bkq-{XWw sNbvXph∂n-´p-≠v. 1978 se Ip´-\mSv ]T-\w, Nmen-bm¿, I√-S-bm¿, sh≈q¿, sske‚ v hmen XpS-ßnb ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]iv\-ß-fn¬ \S-Ønb ]T\ßƒ, 1984¬ \S-Ønb hnZym-`ymk cwKsØ Agn-a-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\w, 1987 se Btcm-Ky-k¿t∆, 1995 se tIcf hnZym-`ymk IΩo-j≥ XpS-ßnbh C°q-´-Øn¬ FSpØp ]d-tb-≠-h-bm-Wv. Gsd-°m-esØ N¿®-Iƒ°p-ti-j-amWv tIcf kaq-l-Øns‚ D≈-d-I-fn-te°v shfn®w hoip∂ tIc-f-]-T-\-]-cn-]m-Sn°v ]cn-jØv

Xocp-am-\n-®-Xv. ]cn-jØpw AXns‚ ]T-\-ßfpw P\-hn-cp-≤-sa∂v ap{ZIpØn h≥tXm-Xn¬ B{I-an-°s - ∏´ Ime-L´- Ø - n¬ Xs∂-bmWv hn]pe-amb Cu ]T\ ]cn-]m-Sn°v XpS-°-an-´-Xv. Adnhv IpØ-I-h¬°-cn°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Itºm-f-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂ C°m-eØv P\-]-£Øv \n∂p≈ ]T-\-ßƒ°v Gsd {]k-‡n-bp-s≠∂v Rßƒ Icp-Xp-∂p. P\-Io-b-ambn \S∂ Cu ]T\ ]cn-]m-Sn-bn¬ GXm≠v Aøm-bn-cØn-\-SpØv ]cn-jØv {]h¿Ø-Icpw kplr-Øp-°fpw ]¶m-fn-I-fmbn. Ccp-]-Xn-\m-bn-c-tØmfw aWn-°q-dp-Iƒ ]cn-io-e-\-ßƒ°pw k¿t∆ {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ°p-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®X - mbn IW-°m-°mw. ]me°mSv sF B¿ Sn kn bnepw Xncp- h - \ - ¥ - ] pcw sshtem- ∏ n≈n kwkvIrXn `h-\nepw \S-Ønb inev]-im-e-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv tiJ-cn® Um‰ hni-I-e\ hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. tIc-f-Ønse Ht´sd A°m-Z-anIv ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ hnhn[ L´-ß-fn-embn \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬In Rßsf klm-bn-®n-´p-≠v. Ah-cpsS Hmtcm-cp-Øc - p-tSbpw t]cp-Iƒ ChnsS tcJs∏-Sp-Øp-∂n-√. ]T-\-hp-ambn kl-I-cn® F√m-h-tcmSpw kwL-S-\bv°p≈ \µn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Cu Ah-kcw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm At\z-jW hnj-b-Øn\pw Hcp BapJw \evIm≥ am{XamWv ChnsS {ian-®n-´p-≈-Xv. ]cn-j-Øns‚ `mK-Øp-\n-∂p≈ hni-ZoI-c-W-ßtfm hymJym-\-ßtfm A√. Ch-bn-temtcm hnh-c-Øn\pw AXn-ep-sa-{Xtbm IqSp-X¬ hymJym-\-ßfpw At\z-j-W-ßfpw Bhiy-ambn hcpw . Cu hnh-c-ßƒ N¿® sNøp∂ F√m-hcpw hyXykvX ho£W tImWn¬ \n∂v Ah-sb-I≠v Cu At\zj-W-Øn¬ ]¶mfn-I-fm-hWw F∂mWv Rß-fm-{K-ln-°p-∂-Xv. ]T-\-Øns‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ i‡-amb Bi-b-kw-hm-Z-Øn-\pw, IqSp-X¬ Bg-Øn-ep≈ ]T-\-ßƒ°pw \nan-Ø-am-hp-sa∂v Rßƒ {]Xym-in-°p-∂p. tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv

D≈-S°w 1. hnI-k-\-Ønse tIc-f amXrI........13 2. ]T\ coXn .................................................19 3. hoSpw ]cn-k-chpw .................................. 39 4. hchpw sNehpw BkvXn-Ifpw ........ 49 5. sXmgnepw D]Poh-\hpw ..................... 63 6. Zmcn{Zyhpw Ak-aXzhpw ..................... 77 7. kmaqlnI N-e-\m-fl-IX ................... 89 8. hnZym-`ymkw ............................................. 93 9.

BtcmKyw ...............................................107

10. kv{XoI-fpsS Ahÿ ........................ 113 11. kwkvImcw ..............................................129 12. \ne]m-Sp-Iƒ...........................................145 13. hnI-k\w B¿°p-th≠n .................. 171 14. A\p-_‘w ............................................ 181

tIcfw

Fßs\ Pohn-°p-∂p? Fßs\ Nn¥n-°p∂p?

11

A≤ymbw 1

hnI-k\ - Ø - nse tIc-fa - m-XrI hnI-k-\-Ønse tIc-f-am-XrI(Kerala Model of Development) Hcp]mSv N¿®sN-ø-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. -Xm-c-X-tay\ Xmgv∂ hcp-am-\-\n-c°pIƒ \ne-\n¬°p-tºmgpw PohnX-Kp-W-kq-N-I-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ A¤p-X-mh-l-amb t\´-ßƒ ssIh-cn-°m≥ Ign™p F∂-Xm-Wt√m tIc-f-am-XrIbpsS ImX¬.- sk‚¿ t^m¿ sUh-e]vsa‚ v ÃUo-knse Kth-j-I-cmWv CXmZyw temI-{i-≤-bn¬ s]Sp-Ø-nbXv. C¥y-bnse Zmcn-{ZysØ°pdn-®p≈ {]-^.-Z-tWvU-°-dpsS ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ tIc-fØnse sImSnb Zmcn-{ZysØ ]‰n-bp≈ ]cm-a¿ißtfm-Sp≈ sh√p-hn-fn-bm-bn-´mWv Ah¿ CXp {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv.- C-¥y-bpsS a‰p `mKßtf°mƒ Gsd sa®-s∏´ a\p-jy-hn-I-k\ kqN-Iß-fmWv tIc-f-Øn-ep-≈Xv F∂-h¿ Nq≠n°m-ń. kwÿm\-k¿°m¿ t_m[-]q¿hw ]n¥pS¿∂p-h-cp∂ \b-ßfpw \S-]-Sn-Ifp-amWv CXns‚ ]n∂n¬ F∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-bw. tIc-f-Øns‚ a\p-jy-hn-I-k-\-kq-N-I-ßsf ]e-t∏mgpw hnI-knX cmPy-ß-fptSXp-am-bn-´mWv Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≈-Xv.- C{X Ipd™ sNe-hn¬ Ah-cp-tS-Xn-t\mSp InS-]n-Sn--°p∂ Btcm-Ky-kq-Nn-I-Iƒ Fßs\ Xc-s∏-SpØn F∂-XmWv ]e-t∏mgpw Db¿Ø-s∏-Sp∂ tNmZyw. F∂m¬ IqSp-X¬ {]k-‡-amb tNmZyw F¥p-sIm≠v a‰p C¥y≥ kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v tIc-f-Øns‚Xpt]m-ep≈ kmaq-ln-I-˛-km-º-ØnI t\´-ßƒ ssIh-cn-°m\mbn-√ F∂-Xm-Wv. tIc-f-hn-I-k-\m-\p-`-h-Øns‚ khn-tijamb Nme-I-i‡n Xpey-X-bnepw kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-bnepw D≈ i‡-amb Du∂epw {]Xn-_-≤Xbp-amWv. {io\mcm-bW Kpcp-sh-t∏m-ep≈ \thm∞m\ \mb-I¿ cq]w sImSpØ Cu [mcbv°v IΩyqWnÃp ]m¿ń kmº-Øn-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb am\-ßƒ \¬In.- sFIy tIc-f-Ønse H∂mw CS-Xp-]£ k¿°m¿ hnX-c-W-\oXn°v Du∂¬ sImSpØp-sIm≠v `q]-cn-jv°-cWw apX-emb ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v Zo¿Lho-£-W-tØmsS XpS-°w-Ip-dn-®p. AXns‚ XpS¿®-bm-bp-≠mb ka-Xzm-[n-jvTnX \b-ßƒs°Xn-cp-\n¬°m≥ Hcp k¿°m-cn\pw Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.- A-X-{X-am{Xw tIc-f-P-\-X-bpsS at\m-L-S-\sb kzm[o-\n®ncp-∂p.- aq-∂p-\mep Zi-I-ß-tfmf-sa¶nepw tIc-f-cm-jv{So-b-Øn\v Ak-∂nKv≤amb Hcp CS-Xp-]-£-Om-bbp≠mbn-cp∂p-˛-`-cn-°p∂ ]m¿ń GXm-bm-epw. tIcfw


13

tIc-f-am-Xr-I-bpsS t\´-ßƒ Cu \b-ß-fn-eqsS tIcfw t\Snb t\´-ßƒ \nm-c-a-√.- P-\\ \nc°v,-in-ipa- c - W - \ n- c °v,- a m- X r- a - c W\nc°v F∂nh C¥y- b nse at‰- s Xmcp kwÿm\sØ°mƒ Gsd -Ipdhpw hnI-kn-X-cm-Py-ß-fn-te-Xn-t\mSp InS-]n-Sn-°p∂Xpam-Wv. P-\\ \nc°v \mS-Iob-ambnØs∂ Ipd™v GXm-≠v- ÿn-c-\n-e-hm-cØn-se-Øn-bn-cn--°p-∂p.- Ip-ńIfnse t]mj-W°pdhpw hnf¿®bpw C¥y-bn¬ G‰hpw Ipdhv tIc-f-Øn-em-Wv.- k-ºq¿Æ-km-£-c-Xbpw kºq¿Æ kvIqƒ {]th-i-\hpw am{X-a√ B\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Ipń-Iƒ D∂X hnZym-eb-ß-fn¬ t]mIp-∂Xpw tIc-f-Øns‚ t\´-ß-fm-Wv.- G‰hpw sa®-s∏´ tUmIvS¿-˛P-\-kwJym A\p-]m-Xw,- B-ip-]-{X-n°n-S-°-˛-P-\-kwJym A\p-]m-Xw, -G-‰hpw IqSpX¬ tdmUp km{µX F∂n-hbpw tIc-f-Øn-em-Wv.- sa-t{Sm-t]m-fnkp-Iƒ Ign-®m¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ D]-t`m-K-®-c-°p-Iƒ hn‰-gn-°p-∂Xp tIc-f-Øn-em-Wv.- Z-cn-{Z-P-\hn-`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ \n∂v kaq-l-Øns‚ D]-cn-X-e-ß-fn-te-°p-≠mb ta¬K-XnbpsS tXmXpw tami-a-√. ùXnI PohnX KpWm-¶-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ am{X-a√ Pohn-Xssien-bnepw kmwkvIm-cn-I-Po-hn-X-Ønepw hen-b- am-‰-ß-fp-≠m-bn.-hr-Øm-¥-]-{X-ß-fp-sS-bpw- amkn-I-IfpsSbpw hmb-\-bn¬ H∂ma-XmWp tIc-fo-b¿. Iem-km-ln-Xy-cw-K-ß-fnepw DW¿hpw hf¿®bpw D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. kn\n-a-bpw \mS-Ihpw kmln-Xyhpw P\-Io-bam-bn. -A-h-bn¬ ]ptcm-Ka-\-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS kzm[o-\-hpw -{]-I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p. -cmPyØv s]mXpth Akz-ÿ-X-Iƒ ]-S¿∂-t∏mgpw tIc-f-k-aqlw atX-X-c-aq-ey-ß-fpsSbpw kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-bp-sSbpw \ne-]m-Sp-Xd-bn¬ Dd-®p-\n-∂p.- C-¥y-bnse at‰sXmcp kaq-l-tØ-°mƒ IqSp-X-embn ae-bmfn ]g-a-bpsS Nß-e-∏q-´p-Iƒ s]mńs®dn-bp-Ibpw hnim-e-amb temI-tØ°v IS-∂p-sN-√p-Ibpw sNbvXp.\q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn A¥¿ap-J-cm-bn-cp-∂,- am-‰-ßƒ°v ]pdw-Xn-cn™p\n∂ Hcp kaqlw ]pd-ta-\n-∂p≈ Bi-b-ßƒ°mbn hmXn-ep-Iƒ Xpd-∂n-Sp-Ibpw kzbw ]cn-Wm-a-s∏Sp-Ibpw sNøpI-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Zpcm-Nm-c-ß-fpsS \pI-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ tamN-\hpw ]pXnb hnZym`ymkw {]Zm\w sNbvX Bfl-hn-izm-khpw sa®-s∏´ Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-ßƒ tXSn hnZqc Xoc-ßfn¬ hsc sNs∂-Øm≥ Ahsc {]m]vX-cm-°n. tIc-f-am-Xr-I-bpsS {]Xn-k‘n F¨]-Xp-I-tfmsSXs∂ tIc-f-am-XrI Hcp {]Xn-k‘nsb t\cn-Sp-I-bm-sW∂v hy‡-am-bn-cp-∂p. Pohn-X-Kp-W-X-bn¬ ssIh-cn® {it≤-b-amb t\´-ßƒ°\p-krX-ambn kmº-Øn-I-h-f¿®-bn¬ am‰-ß-fp-≠m-bn√. aq∂p Imcy-ßƒ sXfn™p \n¬°p∂p: 1. kmº-Øn-I-h-f¿®-bnse apc-Sn∏v, 2. tami-am-bn-s°m≠ncn-°p∂ [\hy-h-ÿ., 3. sXmgn-e-h-k-c-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xnse ]cm-Pbw. Im¿jn-I-cw-KsØ t]m°v Iotgm-´m-bn-cp-∂p.- hy-mh-km-bn-I-cw-Khpw apc-Sn-∏n¬, kwÿm-\sØ hcp-am-\-Øns‚ hf¿® an°-hmdpw tkh-\-cw-Kß-fn-sem-Xp-ßn. tÃ-‰ns‚ hcp-am-\-°Ωn XpS¿®-bmbn h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw AXp- hn-I-k-\-Øn-\p-th≠n Icp-tX≠ XpI- sIm≠pw hmbv] sIm≠pw \nIØp-Ibpw ]Xn-hm-bn. XXvêambn hnI-k\ \nt£-]-ßƒ \ma-am-{X-am-bn.-km-aq-ln-I- hn-I-k-\-Øns‚ c≠mwX-ea - pd ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°mbn Imcy-ambn bmsXm∂pw \o°n-hb - v°m-\m-hmØ Ahÿ h∂p.-s]m-Xp-P-\m-tcmKy˛hn-Zym-`ymk cwK-ß-fnse BkvXn-I-fpsS Po¿Æ-Xbpw KpW-ta-∑m-\m-ihpw Bbn-cp∂p AXns‚ ]cn-Wn-X- ^-ew. tIcfamXr-Ib - psS KpWw-

14

tIcfw


]‰n Db¿∂p-h∂ a[y-h¿Kw Iq´-tØmsS s]mXp-tk-h-\-ßsf X≈n-°-f-™psIm≠v kzIm-cy-tk-h-\-Zm-Xm-°sf t]m‰n-h-f¿Øm≥ XnSp°w Imń. AtXmsS s]mXp-hy-h-ÿ-Isf ]cn-]m-en°p∂Xnepw AXn-\mbn s]mXp-]Ww \o°n-h-bv°p∂-Xnepw Ah¿°v Xmev]cyw C√m-Xm-bn. sXmgn¬ cwKw Xmdp-am-dm-bn.- _n-cp-Z[m-cn-Iƒ s]cp-In-b-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v Ah¿°v ]‰nb tPmen-Iƒ D≠m-bn-√, -tbm-Ky-Xbv°p tNcmØ sXmgn-se-Sp-t°≠ KXn-tISpw( Underemployment) hf¿∂p.- hn-Zy-m`ym-k-Øns‚ sshIeyw sIm≠m-hmw, Imbn-Im-[zm-\t- Øm-Sp≈ hnc‡n A`y-kvXh - n-Zy-cpsS apJ-ap-{Z-bm-bn. êtam? sXmgnen-√mbva sImSn-IpØn hmgp∂ \mń¬ D≈ ]Wn°v Bsf In´mØ Ahÿ F∂ hntcm-[m-`mkw! BtKmfh¬°-cW \b-ßƒ ]n¥p-S-cp∂ tI{µ k¿°m-cns‚ LS-\m-]-c-amb -{Iao-I-cW \S-]-Sn-Iƒ (structural Adjustment Programme) Iq\n≥ta¬ Ipcp-hmbn. Im¿jnI hnf-I-fpsS hne-Ø-I-¿®bpw s]mXp-hn-X-cW k{º-Zm-bsØ Zp¿_-es∏-Sp-Øn-bXpw DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ. Cu {]Xn-k-‘nsb t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn\p ka-{Khpw {Ia\n_-≤hpamb Hcp kao-]\w CSXp]£-]m¿ń-I-fpsS `mKØp \n∂p t]mepw D≠m-bn-ń-s√∂ hna¿i-\-hp-ap≠v. CSXp ]£Øns‚ ]c-º-cmKX hmZ-ßƒ {][m\-ambpw Bh-iy-Øn-\p≈ tI{µ \nt£]w D≠m-Im-Ø-Xnepw BtKmfhXv°cWØns\-Xn-sc-bp≈ s]mXp hna¿i\-ß-fn-ep-sam-Xp-ßp-∂p. tIcf kºZvhyhÿbpsS Kpcp-X-c-amb {]Xn-k‘nbpsS Bg-ß-fn-te°p IS-°m-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ th≠{X D≠m-bn-ń-√. Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb sXmgn¬ kwkvIm-c-w hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ \ap-°v Ign-™n-ń√. tIcfØns‚ cmjv{Sob AP≠ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xn¬ a≤yh¿§-Øns‚ XmXv]-cy-ßƒ Aan-X-amb kzm[o\w sNep-Øp∂p≠v. CXv ]e-t∏mgpw Zcn-{Z P\hn`m-K-ß-fpsS XmXv]-cy-ßƒ°v FXncmbpw `-hn-°p-∂p. s]mXp-ta-J-ebpsS {]h¿Ø-\sØ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p∂ amt\-Pp-sa‚ns‚ sISp-Im-cyÿX, Ahn-ln-X-am-b- cm-jv{Sob CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ, B¿°p-am¿°pw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-an√mØ Ah-ÿ -F-∂n-hsb ê-{]-Z-ambn t\cn-Sm\pw Ign-bp∂n-√. \h-en-_-d¬ AP-≠ adp-`m-K-Øm-Is´, tIcf amXrI B¥-cn-I-am-bn-Øs∂ hnI-ehpw \ne-\n¬∏n√m-Ø-Xp-am-sW∂ hmZ-amWv heXp]£w apt∂m´p sh°p-∂-Xv. kzX{¥ hn]Wnsb B{i-bn-®p≈ hnI-k-\-amWv Ah-cpsS a{¥w. kmaq-lnI \oXn k¿°mcns‚ Xe-th-Z-\-b√ F∂m-W-h-cpsS ]£w. heXp]£-Øns‚ Cu \h en_d¬ kao-]-\-Øn\v tIcf kaq-l-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ kzoIm-cyX ssIh∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°-bmWv. XXz-Øn-e-s√-¶nepw {]tbm-K-Øn¬ kmaqly\oXn-bn-eq-∂p∂- cm-jv{Sob kao-]-\-ßƒ°p ]Icw hy‡n-KX ]cn-lm-c-ß-fn-te°p \oßp-∂A-cm-jv{So-bXbv°p am\yX ssIh-∂n-cn-°p-∂p. CXv hn]-WnhXvI-c-W-Øn\v km[q-I-c-W-am-Ip∂p. Imip sImSp-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-h¿°p sa®-s∏´ tkh\w e`yam-°p-∂Xn\v "s^kn-en-t‰-‰¿' BIp-I-bmWv k¿°-mdns‚ [¿Ω-sa∂pw, k¿°m¿ tkh\ ZmZm-hm-tI-≠-Xn√ F∂p-ap-≈Xv \hen_-d¬ cmjv{So-b-am-sW∂p t]mepw Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. PnΩpw, FIvkv{]-kv thbpw, kvam¿´v kn‰n-bpw, tjm-∏nwKv amfp-Ifpw, SqdnÃv hnt√-Pp-I-fp-sam-s°-bmWv hnI-k-\-Øns‚ e£-W-ß-sf∂v Ahn-sSßpw FØn-t\m-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h¿ t]mepw hniz-kn®p XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂p. Ch-sb-sbms° FXn¿Øm¬ hnI-k\ hncp-≤-cmbn ap{Z IpØ-s∏-Spsa∂

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15

Ahÿ h∂n-cn-°p-∂p. heXp]£ ho£-W-Øn¬ hnI-k-\-sa-∂Xv cmPy-Øns‚ {]IrXn kº-Øns‚ h¿≤n® Nqj-W-Øn-eqsS kzImcy kºØv Ip∂p-Iq-Sp-∂Xm-Wv. Cu ho£Ww i‡n-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv ASn-ÿm\]c-amb am‰-ßƒ°v XpS°w Ipdn-°m≥ {ian® ]mTy]≤Xn ]cn-jvI-c-Whpw P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-Whpw \o¿Ø-Sm-[n-jvSnX hnI-k-\hpw H∂pw kaq-l-Øn¬ Imcy-amb Ne-\-ßƒ D≠m°m-™-Xv. tdmUpw, tjm∏nwKv tImw]vfIvkpw kna‚pw tIm¨{Io-‰p-amWv hnIk\w F∂ {à-sØ adn IS-°m≥ tIcfkaq-lsØIpdn®v, Bg-Øn-ep≈, hkvXp\n-jvTamb Adnhv Bh-iy-am-Wv.- ]-e-t∏mgpw "km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS' Bhiyw F∂ \ne- b n¬ apt∂m´psh°- s ∏- S p- ∂ Xpw a[yh¿§- Ø ns‚ Bh- i y- ß - f mWv . kzm{ibt°mtf-Pnse ôkp {]iv\w Xs∂ G‰hpw Imen-I-amb DZm-l-cWw. H∂mw ¢mn¬ kvIqfn-se-Øp∂ Ipń-I-fn¬ 20 iX-am-\hpw ]Øn-seØpw apºv sImgn-™p-t]m-Ip-∂p. tijn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]mXn ]Ønse ]co-£-bn¬ Acn-®p-am-‰s∏-Sp-∂p. ]Øn¬ Pbn-°p-∂-h-cn¬Øs∂ ]mXn-am{Xw ]{¥≠p IS-°pIbpw AXnse ]mXn am{Xw F≥{S≥kv ]co£ Fgp-Xm≥ apXn-cpIbpw sNøp∂ Hcp kwhn-[m\ØnemWv kzm{ibt°mtf-Pp-I-fnse ôkv apJy hnZym-`ymk {]iv\ambn sIm≠m-S-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kzm{ibt°mtf-Pnse Agn-aXn XS-tb-≠Xv Bhiyw Xs∂. ]t£ `qcn-]£w t]cpw, ]mh-s∏-´-h¿ GXm≠v apgp-h-\mbpw, ]pd-¥≈s∏-Sp∂ kvIqƒhnZym-`ymkw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xt√ AXn-t\-°mƒ {][m\w? D∂X hnZym-`ymkcwK-Øm-sW-¶n¬ t]mepw apJy-[mcm imkv{X-˛-am-\-hn-I-˛-_n-cpZ hnZym`ym-k-Øns‚ KpW-ta≥a Ft¥ N¿®m-hn-j-b-am-Ip-∂n√?. Chn-sS-sbm-s°-bmWv D]-cn-h-¿§-Øns‚bpw- A-h-cpsS IqsS-sb-Øm≥ shºp∂ a[y h¿§-Øn-s‚bpw Bi-Ifpw Bi-¶-Ifpw s]mXp AP-≠-bmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-s‚ A]ISw shfn-hm-Ip-∂Xv. tIc-f-Øns‚ `mK-t[-b-hp-ambn XmZmflyw {]m]n®, ChnsS Pohn-°m≥ B{K-ln-°p∂ _lp-`qcn]£-Øns‚ XmXv]-cy-ß-sf-°mƒ, Fßns\-sb-¶nepw ChnsS \n∂pw c£-s∏-Sm-\p-g-dp∂, AXn-\p-≈- hn-t£-]W ]oT-ambn am{Xw Chn-SpsØ s]mXp kuI-cy-ßsf ImWp-∂-h-cpsS XmXv]-cy-ßƒ°v ap≥Xq°w In´p-I-bm-Wv AXp-aqew kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xv. CXv Xncp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw tIcf kaq-l-Øns‚ bYm¿∞ Ah-ÿsb°pdn-®p≈ hkvXp\njvTamb Adn-hv IqSntb Xocq. DZm-l-c-W-ambn tIc-f-Ønse Fwtπm-bvsa‚ v FIvkvtN©p-Ifn¬ cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXn-´p-≈-h¿ \m¬∏Xv e£-tØm-f-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Ch-cn¬ ]ecpw IS¬ IS∂-h-tcm, ]e-hn[ Xm¬°m-enI tPmen-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-htcm BsW∂v F√m-h¿°pw hy‡n-]-c-amb A\p-`-h-ß-fn-eqsS Adn-bmw.-A-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ Cu ]d-bp-∂Xp t]mse-bp≈ sXmgn-en-√mbvabn√m-sb∂v ]ecpw kmam\yh¬°-cn-°p-∂p. F√m-hcpw k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-Øn-\p-th≠n ImØncn- ° p- ∂ - X mWv tIc- f - Ø nse {]iv \ w F∂- h ¿ ]d- b p- ∂ p. ]pXp- X mbn cq]w sIm≈p∂ kmt¶-XnI taJ-e-I-fn¬ ""CjvSw t]mse'' Ah-k-cß-fp≠v F∂v Ah¿ ho≠pw kzm\p-`hIY-I-fpsS sXfn-hn¬ Dd-∏n®p ]d-bp-∂p. CXv F{X-am{Xw km[p-hmWv? hf-sc-b-[nIw ZriyX D≈ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ (DZm: Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv aoUnb) bYm¿∞-Øn¬ F{X-am{Xw hym]-I-am-Wv? \Ωp-sS -sXm-gn-en√mbva ]cn-l-cn°m≥ Ah F{X-tØmfw DXIpw? Hcp IW-°p-an-√. AXp-t]m-ep≈ as‰mcp- kzm-\p-`hIYm-I-Y-\-amWv ""tIc-f-Øn¬ bYm¿∞ Zmcn-

16

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{Zy-an-√, Bt]-£nI Zmcn-{Zy-ta-bp≈p'' F-∂Xv. IS-_m-[yXaqew Bfl-lXy sNbvX ]e-cp-sS -ho-Sp-I-fnepw Sohn-bpw, -{^nUvPpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂XpXs∂ sXfnhv. CsX-{X-am{Xw icn-bmWv? Hcp t\cw t]mepw hb¿\n-d-®p-Æm-\n-√m-Øh¿ Bfl-lXy sNøm-Ø-XmtWm Ah-cpsS sX‰v? AXp-sIm-≠m-Wt√m Ah¿ am[y-a-ß-fn¬ sXfn-bm-ØXv! Xosc Xmgv∂ hcp-am\ap≈-h¿°p-t]mepw Hcp amXncn PohnX kpc£ Dd∏p \¬In-bn-cp∂ s]mXp tkh\ kwhn-[m-\-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p tIcf amXrIbpsS hnP-b-c-l-kyw. B kwhn-[m-\-ßsf XI¿°p∂ \h en_d¬ \b-ßƒ Chsc Fß-s\-bmWv _m[n-°p-∂Xv? CXpw ]Tn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tIcf hnI-k\ amXr-I-bpsS ta≥a-sb-bpw, t\´-ß-sfbpw Rßƒ Ipd®p ImWp∂n-√. -]t£ F¨]-Xp-I-tfmsS AXv Hcp Kpcp-X-c-amb {]Xn-k-‘nsb t\cn´p F∂Xv AwKo-I-cnt® Xocq. ]t£ AXn-\p≈ {]Xn-hn[n tIcf amXr-IbpsS ASn-ÿm\ Z¿i-\-am-bn-cp∂ kmaqlnI \oXnsb X≈n-°-f-be-√; kmaqlnI\oXn- D-d-∏m-°n-s°m-≠p≈ kmº-ØnI hnI-k-\-Øn-\p≈ hgn- tX-Sp-I-bmbn-cn-°-Ww. AXn\p klm-bn-°p∂ hn[-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ sXmgn¬ taJebnepw hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bnepw, kmwkvIm-cnI taJ-e-bnepw am‰-ßƒ D≠m-tI≠-Xp-≠v. am‰-ßƒ°m-bp-≈- GXp {ia-ßƒ°pw ASn-ÿm-\-am-tI-≠Xv \ne-hnep≈ Ah-kvY-sb-]-‰n-bp≈ IrXyamb t_m[-am-Wv. AXn-\p≈ Hcp Ffnb {ia-am-bn-´m-Wv "-tI-cfw Fßs\ Pohn-°p∂p? Fßs\ Nn¥n-°p∂p?' F∂ Cu ]T\w hn`m-h-\w -sN-bvXXv. tIc-f-Ønse {]I-S-amb sshcp-≤y-ßƒ a\n-em-°m-\p≈ Hcp {ia-amWv CXv. Af-°m-hp∂ PohnXKpW kqNn-I-I-fn-se√mw ta∑ ImWn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚bpw Po¿Æ-X-bptSbpw Xpcp-Øp-Iƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. Hcp hiØv Akq-bm-hl - a - mb sXmgn¬ kpc£bpw adp-`mKØv cq£-amb Ac-£n-Xm-hÿ b - pw. H - cp hiØv sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw adp-hi - Øv Bh-iy-ap≈ ]WnIƒ°v Bsf In´m-bvIbpw.- Hcp hiØv Kƒ^n¬ \n∂p≈ hºn® ]Ww hchpw adp-hi - Øv hnI-k\ - Ø - n\v hntZ-ih - mbv] IqSntb Xocq F∂ Ah-ÿbpw. ]Ww s]cp-Ip∂ kaq-lhpw ]m∏-cm-Ip∂ k¿°m-cpw. Hcp hiØv kv{XoI-fpsS hnZym-`ymk cwKsØ Akq-bm- h-la - mb ap-t∂‰w, adp-hiØv Ah-cpsS \ne-\n¬°p∂ Akz-X{- ¥-X. Cu sshcp-≤y-ßsf \n¿[m-cWw sNøm-\p-X-Ip∂ Nne ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-ßƒ Cu ]T-\-Øn¬ IqSn Is≠-Øm≥ Ignbpw F∂ {]Xo-£-tbm-sS-bmWv tIcf imkv{XkmlnXy ]cn-jØv Cu DZy-a-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®-Xv.

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A≤ymbw 2

]T\ coXn ka-Im-enI tIc-fsØ Adn-bp-I-sb∂ ASn-b-¥-cm-h-iy-Øn¬ \n∂mWv tIcf-]-T\w Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-∂Xv. tIc-f-Ønse P\-Po-hn-X-Ønepw hnI-k\ cwK-ß-fnepw ]pXp-a-bm¿∂ {]iv\-ßƒ D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°-bmWv. Ch-bn¬ an°Xpw efn-Xamb hymJym-\-ß-fn-sem-Xp-ßmØ Kuc-h-ta-dnb cmjv{Sob am\-ß-fp-≈-h-bmWv. CØcw {]iv\-ß-fpsS Imc-W-ßfpw ]c-kv]c _‘-ßfpw Xncn-®-dn-™p-sIm≠v am{Xsa Ah ]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ \S-Øm≥ Ignbq. ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ Ignbm-hp-∂{X imkv{Xo-b-ambn P\-k-a£w Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠p am{Xsa CXv km≤y-amIq. Cu [mc-W-bmWv tIc-f-]-T-\-Øn-∂m-bp≈ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m≥ ]cnj-Øns\ t{]cn-∏n-®Xv. 2003 s^{_p-h-cn-bn¬ IÆq-cnse s]c-f-t»-cn-bn¬ \S∂ hm¿jn-I-amWv Cu Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-ØXv. tIh-e-am-sbmcp A°m-Z-anIv Xm¬]-cyam-bn-cp-∂n√; adn®v tIc-f-Øns‚ Ahÿ a\-n-em°n CS-s]-Sp-I-sb∂ kmaqly ZuXy-amWv tIc-f-]-T-\-Øn-te°v ]cn-j-Øns\ FØn-®Xv. ]›m-Øew tIc-f-Øns‚ ka-Im-enI Ah-ÿ-bpsS D≈-d-I-fn-te°v Hcp P\-Iob At\zjWw \S-Ø-W-sa∂ Bibw Gsd-°m-e-ambn ]cn-jZv thZn-I-fnse N¿®-bm-bncp∂p. tIc-f-Ønse ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-SmØ {]iv\-ßƒ Hcp `mKØv, Chbv°v efnX-amb ]cn-lm-c-an-s√∂ Xncn-®-dnhv adp-`m-KØv. F¶nepw Nne {ia-ß-sf-¶nepw \S-Ø-W-sa∂ Xm¬]cyw˛Ch-sb-√mw-IqSn tN¿∂ hkvXp-\njvT kml-N-cy-amWv Cusbmcp P\-Io-bm-t\z-j-W-Øn\v ]cn-j-Øns\ t{]cn-∏n-®Xv. ""tIc-f-Øns‚ kºØv'' F∂ {KŸw N¿® sNøpI hgn cq]-s∏-´p-h∂ Bib aWvUew, hnhn[ hnI-k\ cwK-ß-fnse CS-s]-S¬ hgn B¿Pn® A-\p-`-h-ßƒ, BtcmKy k¿thbn-eqsS A°m-Z-aob ]T-\-cwKØv ssIh∂ Bflhnizmkw F∂n-h-sbm-s°-bmbn-cp∂p ]cn-j-Øn\v Cu cwKØv ssIap-X-em-bp-≈Xv. Bh-iy-IX kmº-Øn-I-hn-I-k\ kqNn-I-I-fn¬ tZiob icm-i-cn-tb-°mƒ ]n∂m°w \n¬°p-tºmgpw Pohn-X-Kp-W\ne-hm-c-Øn¬ Gsd ap∂n´v \n¬°p∂p F∂-Xv tIc-

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f-hn-Ik - \ - m-\p-`h - Ø - ns‚ {]tXy-IX - b - mbn kqNn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p-ht- √m. ]c-ºc - m-KX kmºØnI coXn-bn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-am-sbmcp A\p-`-h-amWv CsX-∂-Xn-\m¬ Hcp ""tIc-f-hn-I-k\ amXrI'' bmbmWv Cu hnI-k-\m-\p-`-hsØ IW-°m-°n-bXv. F∂m¬, Hs∂m-∂c ]Xn-‰m-≠mbn Cu Ahÿ amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°-bmWv. AXns‚ ê-ambn, kwÿm-\-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI hf¿®m-\n-c°v h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw PohnX KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏´ tXmXn¬ XpS-cp-I-bp-am-sW∂v ]pXnb IW-°p-Iƒ ImWn°p∂p. F∂m¬ t\c-tØ-Xn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn Cu kmº-ØnI hf¿®bpw sa®-s∏´ Pohn-Xhpw P\-ß-fn¬ Hcp sNdnb iX-am-\-Øn\v am{Xsa e`n-°p-∂p≈q F∂v A`n-{]m-b-ap≠v. Cu ÿnXn ]pXnb kmaqly {]iv\-ßƒ°v hgn-sbm-cp°p-sa∂ Bi¶ ]e-`m-KØv \n∂pw Db-cp-∂p-≠v. s]mXp-e-£y-ßƒ tIc-f-]-T-\-Øns‚ s]mXp-e-£y-ßsf C\n ]dbpw {]Imcw kw{K-ln°mw. H∂v, tIc-fob Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw hnI-k-\-ta-J-e-I-sf-°p-dn®pw hn]p-e-amb kwhm-Z-ßfpw \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw hn]p-e-s∏-SpØp-∂-Xn\pw th≠ ""Um‰m-t_kv'' Xøm-dm-°pI. CXn\p th≠ KW-]-chpw (Quantitative) KpW-]-chpw (Qualitative) Bb hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°pI. c≠v, kwÿm-\-Ønse kmº-ØnI, ùXnI, ]mcn-ÿn-XnI Pohn-X-hy-h-lmc-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ sXmgn¬, hcp-am\w, ISw, sNehv, D]-t`mKw F∂nßs\bp≈ KW-]-c-amb hnh-c-ß-fpsS tiJ-cWw. AXp-hgn "tIcfw Fßs\ Pohn-°p∂p' F∂v a\-n-em-°pI. aq∂v, kmaqly cmjv{Sob kmºØnI {]iv\-ß-tfmSv hyXykvX P\-hn-`m-Kß-fpsS {]Xn-I-c-Whpw Ah Dcp-Øn-cn™p hcp∂ kml-N-cy-ßfpw a\nem°p-I. \mev, tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ß-fpsS A]-{K-Y-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kq£vaXe ]T-\-ßƒ \S-tØ≠ khn-tij {]iv\-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-I. A©v, kwÿm-\-Ønse kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI Pohn-X-Øns‚ ]c-kv]c _‘ßfpw sshcp-≤y-ßfpw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂ kwhm-Z-ßƒ°v t{]c-I-amhpI. XpS°w 2002 G{]n-en¬ ]cn-jXv ap≥ssI FSpØv hnhn[ cwK-ß-fnse hnZ-Kv≤sc ]s¶-Sp-∏n®v Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ sk‚¿ t^m¿ Uh-e-∏vsa‚ v ÃUo-kn¬ sh®v \S-Ønb Bi-b-kw-hm-Z-tØm-sS-bmWv "tIc-f-]-T\'Øn\v XpS-°-am-Ip-∂Xv. kwÿm-\-Øns‚ [\-Imcy {]Xn-k-‘n-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ hnhm-Z-ßfpw k¿°m¿ Poh\-°m-cpsS ka-c-Øn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂ {]iv\-ßfpw ]pXnb Ht´sd N¿®-Iƒ Db¿Ønb L´-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p Cu IqSn-t®-c¬ \S-∂Xv. P\-ß-fpsS ImgvN-∏m-SpI-fnse am‰-ßfpw ImgvN-∏mSpw Pohn-Xhpw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c _‘hpw IW°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p≈ hnim-e-am-sbmcp At\z-jWw thW-sa∂v Cu IqSn-t®c¬ \n¿t±-in®p. AXmWv ""tIcfw Fßs\ Pohn-°p∂p, Fßs\ Nn¥n-°p∂p'' F∂ At\z-j-W-Øn-te°v ]cn-j-Øns\ \bn-®Xv. ]T-\-Øns‚ Xøm-sd-Sp-∏p-I-fpsS `mK-ambn \nc-h[n hnZ-Kv≤-cp-ambn N¿®-Iƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS hne-s∏´ A`n-{]mbw tiJ-cn-°p-I-bp-ap-≠mbn. AtXmsSm∏w 2002, 2003 h¿j-ß-fn¬ ]cn-jXv \S-Ønb P\-kw-hm-Z-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fn¬ \n∂v

20

tIcfw


e`n® Adn-hp-Ifpw tIc-f-]-T-\-Øns‚ ]cn-I¬∏-\-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ {][m\ ]¶v hln-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Ch-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {Kq∏v N¿®-Iƒ, in¬∏-ime-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn-eqsS Bbn-c-Øn-e-[nIw {]h¿Ø-I-cpsS \n¿t±-i-ßƒ ]cn-KWn-®p-sIm-≠mWv "tIc-f-]-T\w' ]cn-]mSn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv. C°m-e-b-f-hn¬ tIcf-Ønse \nc-h[n kmaqly imkv{X-⁄-cp-ambn Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \SØn AhcpsS \n¿t±-i-ßƒ IqSn Iqń-t®¿°m\pw {ian-®n-´p≠v. tIc-f-]-T-\-Øns‚ km≤yX-I-tfm-sSm∏w AXns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn®pw ]cn-j-Øn\v t_m[y-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. F∂n-cn-°nepw \nc-h[n ]pXnb At\z-j-W-ßƒ°v Cu DZyaw hgn-sX-fn°pw F∂ {]Xo-£-bmWv ]cn-j-Øn\v Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v Du¿Pw ]I¿∂Xv. {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ F√m L´-ß-fnepw F√m Xe-ß-fnepw P\-Io-bX Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-s°m-≠p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p ]T-\-Øn-ep-S-\ofw \S-∂Xv. tImgn-t°mSv Pn√-bnse t]cm{ºbn¬ \S∂ ]cn-j-Øns‚ kwÿm\ {]h¿ØI Iymºn¬ sh®v (2003 sk]vXw-_¿) {]mY-anI AwKo-Im-cw -\¬Inb tNmZym-hen ]n∂oSv \S∂ {XnXe ]cn-io-e\ Iymºp-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv ]q¿ÆX ssIh-cn-®Xv. a. hoSp-I-fpsS sXc-s™-Sp∏v : tIc-f-]-T-\-Øns‚ hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øns‚ ASnÿm\ bqWn‰v IpSpw-_-ß-fm-Wv. kmwJyI \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®v Hmtcm 1000 hoSn\pw H∂v (AYhm GXm≠v 5500 P\-ßƒ°v Hcp hoSv) F∂ coXn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p sXcs™-Sp∏v. Cu coXn-bn¬ sXc-s™-SpØ 6000 hoSp-I-fn-emWv k¿sh \S-Øm\pt±-in-®Xv. hoSp-I-fpsS FÆw Is≠-Øm-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn® kq{X-hm-Iyhpw \ymboI-c-Whpw Xmsg sImSp-°p∂p. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ {ioNn{X C≥Ãn-‰yq´v t^m¿ saUn-°¬ kb≥kv B‚ v sSIv t \m- f PnbpsS `mK- a m- b p≈ ANyp- X - t a- t \m≥ sk‚¿ t^m¿ sl¬Øv kb≥knse hnZ-Kv≤-cpsS klm-b-tØm-sS-bmWv kmwJyI \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®v IpSpw_-ß-fpsS FÆw Is≠-Øn-bXv. AXn-\mbn Z2 x PQ N = x D L2 F∂ kq{X-hm-Iy-am-bn-cp∂p D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv. ChnsS N = Sample size Z = Confidence limit factor which is 1.96 for 95% level of confidence P = The probability of death due to all reasons; ie. 0.006 for Kerala. Q = The probability of non-occurance ie-0.994 L = The limit of accuracy required, which is 20% of P. ie; 0.0012 D = The correction factor for design effect; i.e. 2 Cu coXn-bn¬ (1.96) 2 x 0.006 x 0.994 N = x 2 = 32,730 t]¿ (0.0012)2 Hcp IpSpw-_-Øn¬ icm-icn 5.5 t]¿ F∂ A\p-am-\-Øn¬ IW-°m-°n-bm¬ 5950 IpSpw-_-ßƒ In´pw. CXv 6000 B°n Db¿Øp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. tIcf kaq-l-Ønse P\-kw-Jysb s]mXp-hn¬ _m[n-°p∂ G‰hpw sNdnb kqN-I-amb s]mXp-a-cW \nc°n(6/1000)s\ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv apI-fn¬ sImSpØ coXn-bn¬ hoSns‚ sXc-s™-Sp∏v \S-Øn-bXv. ""knÃ-am-‰nIv dm≥Uw kmºnfnßv'' F∂ coXnimkv{X-a-\p-k-cn®v thmt´gvkv enÃv D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv

tIcfw


21

k¿sh \S-tØ≠ bYm¿∞ hoSv GXm-sW∂v Is≠-Øn-bXv. b. hnh-c-ti-J-cWw: hnhcw tiJ-cn-°p∂ IpSpw_w Hcp {]tZ-isØ IpSpw_-ß-fpsS {]mXn-\n[y kz`m-h-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂-Xp-sIm≠mWv knÃ-am-‰nIv dm≥Uw- kmºnfnßv coXn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ImcWw. tIc-f-Ønse F√m ]©m-bØp-I-fn-tebpw \K-c-k-`-I-fn-tebpw Ahn--SpsØ P\-kw-Jybv°v B-\p-]m-Xn-I-amb tXmXn¬ hm¿Up-Iƒ sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. {Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-I-fnse sXc-s™-SpØ hm¿Up-I-fn¬ Hmtcm-∂nepw Hcp hoSv F∂ coXn-bn-emWv hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-ØnbXv. tIm¿∏-td-j-\p-I-fn¬ sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ Hcp hm¿Un¬ \n∂v 5 hoSp-Iƒ hoXamWv Is≠-Øn-bXv. Hcp e£-Øn-e-[nIw P\-kw-Jy-bp≈ \K-c-k-`-I-fn¬ (Be∏pg, ]me-°mSv) sXc-s™-SpØ Hcp hm¿Un¬ \n∂v c≠v hoSp-Iƒ hoX-amWv sXc-s™-Sp-ØXv. as‰√m \K-c-k-`-I-fnepw sXc-s™-SpØ hm¿Un¬ \n∂v Hcp hoSv hoX-amWv k¿sh sNbvXXv. tIc-f-Ønse {Kma˛\Kc {]tZ-i-ßsf s]mXp-hn¬ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂-Xn\mepw imkv{Xob sXc-s™-Sp∏v coXn Ah-ew-_n-®-Xn-\mepw tIc-f-]-T-\-Øn-\mbn sXc-s™-SpØ hoSp-Iƒ kwÿm-\-Øns‚ s]mXp-kz-`m-h-ßƒ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂-h-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv ]n∂o-Sp≈ A]-{K-Y-\-ßƒ ImWn-°p-∂Xv. AXmbXv, tIc-f-k-aq-l-Øns‚ Hcp ]cn-t—-Z-am-bn-cp∂p AYhm apgp-h≥ tIc-f-Øns‚ {]Xn-_nw-_-am-bn-cp∂p tIc-f-]-T-\-Øn¬ Dƒs∏´ {]tZ-i-ßfpw IpSpw-_-ßfpw F∂¿∞w. 6000 hoSp-I-sfbpw Is≠Øn ]T\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ Ign-™n-s√-∂Xv tIcf-]-T-\-Øns‚ Hcp ]cn-an-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p. BsI 5696 hoSp-I-fn¬ \n∂v AXm-bXv e£y-an-´-Xns‚ 95% hoSp-I-fn¬ \n∂mWv ]q¿W-ambn hnh-c-ßƒ e`n-®Xv. c. tNmZym-hen : tNmZym-h-en°v c≠v `mK-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Pohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ KWm-flI Imcy-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p∂ H∂mw `mKhpw KpWm-flI Imcyßƒ tiJ-cn-°p∂ c≠mw `mKhpw `mKw H∂v ˛ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ s]mXp-hn-h-c-ßƒ°m-bn-cp∂p Du∂¬. PmXn, aXw, hnZym-`ym-k-tbm-KyX, sXmgn¬, hcp-am\w, hoSv, `q DS-a-ÿX, Irjn, D]t`mKsN-ehv, NnIn-’m-sN-ehv F∂n-ßs\ 37 C\-Øn¬s]´ tNmZy-ßfpw Ahbp-ambn _‘-s∏´ D]-tNm-Zy-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. D]-t`m‡r sNe-hp-Iƒ, Zo¿LIme D]-t`m‡r D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS DS-a-ÿX (22 C\-ßƒ) A{]-Xo-£nX h≥ sNe-hp-Iƒ, NnIn’m sNehv F∂n-h-bpsS hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ tiJ-cn-®n-cp∂p. \mjW¬ kmºnƒ k¿s∆ Hm¿K-ss\-tk-j≥ (NSSO), D]-t`m‡r sNehv \n¿Æ-bn°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ amXr-I-bn-emWv ]n∂n´ Hcp amksØ sNe-hp-Iƒ Is≠Øn-bXv. CXn¬ 32 C\-ßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p. henb sNe-hp-Iƒ Hcp h¿jtØ-°m-bn-cp∂p IW-°m-°n-bXv; NnIn-’m-sN-ehv ]n∂n´ c≠m-gvNsb ASn-ÿm\-am-°nbpw. tcmKm-Xp-cX IW-°m-°p-Ibpw ]T-\-Øns‚ Hcp e£y-am-bn-cp∂p. `mKw c≠v: \ne-]m-Sp-I-fpsS ]c-kv]-c-_‘w a\-n-em-°m-hp∂ coXn-bn-em-bncp∂p tNmZy-ßƒ Xøm-dm-°n-bXv. CXn¬ `£Ww, kwkvImcw, am[yaw, hnZym`ymkw, BtcmKyw, ]cn-ÿnXn, Irjn, BtKm-f-h¬°-cWw, D]-t`mKw, kzm{ibXzw, Kh¨sa‚ v, P\-Io-bm-kq-{XWw, P≥U¿, hnhmlw, {Inan-\-eo-I-cWw,

22

tIcfw


kmaqly ]Z-hn-bnse am‰w F∂o Imcy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw kao]-\-ßfpw e`n-°-Ø-°-hn[w tNmZy-ßfpw D]-tNm-Zy-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. d. ]cn-io-e\w: hn-hn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ ]cn-jØv {]h¿Ø-I-cmbn-cp∂p {][m-\-ambpw hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Øn-bXv. kmaqly {]Xn-_-≤-X-bm-bncp∂p F√m-h-tcbpw CXn-te°v {]tNm-Zn-∏n-®Xv. k¿sh {]h¿Ø-I¿°p≈ kwÿm\˛Pn√m-Xe ]cn-io-e\ Iymºp-Iƒ c≠v ZnhktØ°m-bn-cp∂p kwLSn- ∏ n- ® Xv . tIc- f - ] - T - \ - Ø ns‚ {]m[m\yw, Bh- i y- I X, ]›m- Ø ew F∂nh BapJambn Ah-X-cn-∏n®v N¿® sNbvXp. XpS¿∂v tNmZym-h-en-bpsS {]mY-anI cq]w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw hni-Z-amb {Kq∏v N¿®°v hnt[-b-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. N¿®-I-fn¬ Db¿∂ Imcy-ßƒ IqSn ]cn-K-Wn®v {]h¿Ø-I¿ {Kq∏p-I-fmbn ]cnio-e\ Iymºns‚ kao]Øp≈ hoSp-I-fn¬ tNmZym-hen ""ô¬Uv sSÃv'' \SØn. kwÿm\ ]cn-io-e\-Ønepw XpS¿∂v \S∂ 14 Pn√m ]cn-io-e-\-ß-fnepw Db¿∂ph∂ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-®mWv tNmZym-h-en-bpsS Ah-km-\-cq]w Xøm-dm°n-bXv. tNmZym-hen Pn√m-Xe ]cn-io-e-\-tØmsS ]q¿Øn-bmbn. ]cn-jvI-cn® tNmZymhen D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ ]cn-io-e-\-amWv tªm°v˛ ]©m-bØv Xe-ß-fn¬ \S-∂Xv. Hcp Znh-k-am-bn-cp∂p ]cn-io-e\w. tNmZym-hen kzbw Dƒs°m-≈m\pw ]cn-tim-[n-°m-\p-am-bn-cp∂p Cu Xe-Øn¬ {ian-®Xv. tNmZym-h-en-tbm-sSm∏w k¿sh-bpsS Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßfpw tNmZym-h-en-bpsS D]tbm-Khpw kz`m-hhpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂ ssI∏p-kvX-Ihpw Hmtcm k¿sh Soan∂pw \¬In-bn-cp∂p. k¿sh ka-bØv Is≠-Øp∂ {]tXyI Imcy-ßfpw A\p-`-hßfpw, tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mbn Hmtcm Soan\pw {]tXyI Ub-dnbpw \¬In-bn-cp∂p. e. k¿sh {]{Inb: 2˛3 AwK-ßƒ AS-ßp∂ {Kq∏p-I-fm-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p hoSpIƒ kµ¿in®v hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-®Xv. {Kq∏n¬ Hcp kv{Xosb-¶nepw D≠m-h-Wsa∂v \njvI¿jn-®n-cp∂p. IpSpw-_sØ Hcp bqWn-‰mbn IW-°m°n IpSpw-_mw-Kß-fp-ambn k¿sh Sow \S-Ønb {Kq∏v N¿® F∂ coXn-bn-emWv k¿sh {]{Inb \S-∂Xv. Nne Imcy-ßƒ kv{XoIfpambn {]-tXyIw N¿® sNbvXn-cp-∂p. icm-icn 2 aWn-°q¿ sIm≠mWv k¿s∆ {]h¿Ø\w \S-∂-sX-¶nepw Nne hoSp-I-fn¬ 3˛4 aWn-°q¿ hsc \o≠p-t]m-bn-´p≠v. N¿®-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnh-c-ßƒ {]tXyIw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw ]n∂oSv Sow IqSn-bn-cp∂v tNmZym-hen ]qcn-∏n-°p-Ibp-am-bn-cp∂p. HgnhpZnh-kßfnepw {]hrØn Zn\-ß-fn¬ sshIo-´p-am-bn-cp∂p `h\ kµ¿i\w \S-∂Xv. sXmgn-ens‚ Imcy-Øn¬ {]tXyIw sXmgn¬ tImUp-Iƒ (Hmtcm sXmgn-en\pw hyXykvXw) ssI∏p-kvX-I-Øn¬ A\p-_-‘-ambn \¬Inbn-cp∂p. tNmZym-h-en-bnse tNmZy-ßƒ AtX-]Sn tNmZn-°p-∂Xv Ign-hXpw Hgnhm°n B tNmZy-ßƒ°p≈ DØ-c-ßƒ kzm`m-hn-I-ambn Adn-bp-∂-Xn-\m-bn-cp∂p Soans‚ {iaw. ]qcn-∏n®v XncnsI e`n® tNmZym-h-en-Iƒ kq£va ]cn-tim-[\ \S-Øp-Ibpw A]m-IX D≈h Xncn-®-b®v ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. k¿sh-bpsS kwLm-S\w, Npa-Xe F∂nh kw_-‘n®v C≥sh-Ãn-tK-‰¿, apXn¿∂ ]cn-jXv {]h¿Ø-I¿ F∂n-h¿ sNtø≠ Imcy-ß-fpsS hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ssI∏p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-cp∂p. k¿sh Soans‚ Npa-X-e-Iƒ {]tXyIw hn`-Pn®v \nP-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-

tIcfw


23

cp∂p. CtXm-sSm∏w k¿sh-bn¬ ]men-t°≠ IrXyX, ]q¿ÆX, kXy-k-‘X, ap≥hn-[n-bn-√mbva, kzm`m-hnI A¥-co£ krjvSn, kwhm-Z-coXn F∂n-h-sb-°pdn®pw D≈ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ssI∏p-kvX-I-Ønepw ¢mkp-I-fnepw \¬In-bn-cp∂p. {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ a. {]mY-anI Um‰sb am{Xw B{i-bn-°p∂p C{X-tbsd hn]p-e-am-sbmcp ]T-\-am-sW-¶nepw ]q¿Æ-ambpw {]mY-anI hnh-cßsf am{X-amWv B{i-bn-°p-∂Xv F∂-XmWv tIc-f-]-T-\-Øns‚ FSpØp ]dtb-≠p∂ Hcp {]tXy-IX. 6000 hoSp-Iƒ F∂ henb kmºnfmsW-¶nepw kq£va]-T-\-ß-fpsS kt¶-X-amb {Kq∏v N¿® t]mep≈ coXnIƒ D]-tbm-Ks∏Sp-Øn-bmWv ]T\w \S-Øn-b-Xv. KpW-]-c-amb hnh-c-ßƒ {]tXy-In®pw A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw kao]-\-ßfpw ]T-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn tiJ-cn-®p. IpSpw-_sØ Hcp bqWn-‰mbn IW°m°n N¿® \S-Øp-Ibpw s]mXp-[m-cW-bn-se-Øp∂ Imcy-ßƒ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-ambn IW-°m-°pIbp-amWv sNbvXXv. b. P\-Io-bX ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bpsS P\-Iob kz`m-h-amWv FSpØp ]d-tb-≠p∂ as‰mcp khnti-jX. {]h¿Ø-I-cpsS k∂-≤-Xbpw kmaqly {]Xn-_-≤-X-bp-am-bn-cp∂p CXn¬ {][m\w. F∂m¬ A°m-Z-anIv Im¿°-iy-Øn¬ Hcp ho´p-ho-gvNbv°pw Xøm-dm-bncp-∂n√. hfsc kpL-Sn-Xhpw \nb-{¥n-Xhpw ka-b-_-‘n-X-hp-am-bn-cp∂p tIc-f-]T\Øns‚ {]{Inb. 2004 P\p-hcn apX¬ G{]n¬ hsc-bp≈ ka-b-ØmWv hnh-cti-J-cWw \S-∂Xv. tIc-f-Ønse apgph≥ ]©m-bØv/\K-c-k-`-I-fn-ep-ambn GXm≠v Aøm-bn-ct- Ømfw {]h¿Ø-Ic - mWv Cu ]T-\] - c - n-]m-Snbn¬ ]s¶SpØ-Xv. c. kmº-ØnIw tIc-f-]-T-\-Øn-\p≈ H∂mw-L´ sNe-hp-Iƒ Is≠-Øn-bXv ]q¿Æ-ambpw P\Io-b-am-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p. ]T-\-Øns‚ kzm{i-b-kz-`mhw \ne-\n¿Øm\pw {]h¿Ø-IcpsS k∂-≤X Dd-∏m-°m\pw ]cn-j-Øns‚ Hmtcm AwKhpw kz¥w A[zm-\-tØmsSm∏w 10 cq] kw`m-h-\-bmbn {]tXyIw \¬Im\pw Xocp-am-\n-®n-cp∂p. kwÿm\-X-e-Øn¬ \S∂ samØw {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v 3.43 e£w cq] sNe-hm-bn. CXn\p ]pdsa k¿t∆ kwLm-S-\-Øn\pw bm{X-Iƒ°p-ambn henb XpI {]mtZ-inI {]h¿Ø-I¿ kz¥w ssIbn¬ \n∂v sNe-h-gn-®n-´p-≠v. tIc-f-]-T\w˛hnhn[ L´-ßƒ aq∂v L´-ß-fm-bmWv tIc-f-]-T\w hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv˛ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw, hnhc hni-I-e\w, hnh-csØ Adn-hm°n am‰¬. Cu {]{In-b-bn¬ Du∂¬ \¬Inb Imcy-ßƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bm-bn-cp∂p. l sXmgnepw hcp-am-\hpw PohnX kml-N-cy-ßfpw a\-n-em-°¬ l sXmgn-ens\ am\-Z-fi-am°n hcp-am\ \n¿Æbw, kmaqly Db¿®˛XmgvN-Iƒ a\-n-em-°¬, kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI ]Zhn \n¿Æ-bn-°¬, l kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI X´p-I-fpsS \n¿Æbw l hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS Pohn-X]›m-Øehpw Ah-cpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw XΩnep≈ ]c-kv]c _‘-ßƒ a\-n-em-°¬

24

tIcfw


A]-{K-Y\w tIc-f-]-T-\-Øn-eqsS e`y-amb hnh-c-ßsf tIhew iX-am-\hpw A\p-]m-Xhpw B°n hni-Zo-I-cn-°m\pw ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-a√ {][m-\-ambpw {ian-®Xv. adn®v, hkvXp-X-Ifpw hnh-c-ßfpw Pohn-X-co-Xnbpw Nn¥bpw \ne-]m-Sp-I-fp-sa√mw XΩnep≈ ]c-kv]c _‘-ßƒ Is≠-Øm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ A]-{K-Y-\coXn-bmWv Ah-ew-_n-®-Xv. tIc-f-]-T-\-Øn-\mbn sXc-s™-SpØ hoSp-Iƒ tIc-f-k-aq-l-Øns‚ s]mXpkz-`mhw {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n-®t√m. C°mcyw Dd-∏n-°m-\mbn Nne s]mXp IW-°p-I-fp-ambn ]T-\-Im-cy-ßsf _‘-s∏-SpØn ]cn-tim-[n-®p. P\-kw-Jy-bnse kv{Xo]p-cpj A\p-]mXw, PmXn˛aX A\p-]mXw, {Kma˛\Kc A\p-]mXw F∂n-h-sbm-s°-bmWv CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv. 2001 se sk≥k-kns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ CXp kw_-‘n®v e`n® IW-°p-Ifpw 2004se tIc-f-]-T-\-Ønse kmºnƒ hoSp-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ Is≠-Ø-ep-Ifpw ]ńI 8, 13 F∂nhbn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p. Ch s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp∂Xn\m¬ k¿sh-bnse kmºnƒ hoSp-Iƒ tIc-f-Øns‚ s]mXp ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂Xmbn \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øm-hp-∂-XmWv. kmº-ØnI {Kq∏ns‚ cq]o-I-c-Ww kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI LS-I-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n IpSpw-_-ßsf h¿Ko-Icn-°pI F∂Xv Pohn-X-bm-Ym¿∞y-ßsf IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p≈ coXn-bmWv. ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ PmXn˛ aXm-Sn-ÿm-\-Ønem-bn-cp∂p h¿Ko-I-cWw. tIc-f-Øn-emIs´ hnZym-`ymkw, `q]-cn-jvI-cWw, ]pXnb sXmgn-e-h-k-c-ßƒ, kwh-cWw XpSßnb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ IogvPm-Xn-°m-cpsS kmaqly D∂-a-\-Øn\v CS-bm-°n-b-Xn-\m¬ PmXn ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ hn`-P\w C∂v Gsd {]k-‡-a√. F∂p sh®v PmXn C√m-Xm-Ip-∂n√. Hcp kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ Ak-a-Xz-ßsf hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI LS-I-ß-fmWv G‰hpw A\p-tbmPyw. F∂m¬ CØcw h¿Ko-I-c-W-ßƒ hy‡hpw, efn-Xhpw kaq-l-Øn¬ s]mXp-hmbn {]mtbm-Kn-Iambn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xp-am-hWw. C¥y-sb-t∏m-semcp cmPyØv sXmgnens\ Hcp am\-Z-WvU-am-°p-∂Xv ]e Imc-W-ß-fm¬ {]bm-k-ta-dn-b-XmWv. B¿÷nX kzØv, ]pdw-h-cp-am\w XpSßn Gsd {]k-‡-amb LS-I-ßƒ sXmgnens\ am{Xw B[m-c-am-°n-bm¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-SmsX t]mtb°pw. C°m-cyßƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-ØmWv ]cn-jØv \S-Ønb 1987˛se BtcmKy k¿shbpsS A]-{K-Y\w \S-Øn-bXv. kmaqly kmº-ØnI ÿnXn (Socio Economic Status-SES) A\p-k-cn-®p≈ A∂sØ h¿Ko-I-cWw kaq-lhpw BtcmKyhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ Gsd ê-{]-Z-am-bn-cp-∂p-. hoSns‚ ùXn-I-ÿnXn, {]Xn-io¿jh-cp-am\w, IpSpw-_-Øns‚ `qD-S-a-ÿX, AwK-ß-fpsS hnZym-`ymk tbmKyX F∂n-h- s]mXp-hn¬ IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p-≠m-°nb Hcp Composite Index s‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ IpSpw-_-ßsf \mev kmaq-ly kmº-ØnI hn`m-Kß(SES)fmbn h¿Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. CXv{]-Imcw ]c-a-Z-cn-{Z¿ (14.7%), Zcn-{Z¿ (48.2%) CS-Ø-c-°m¿ (29%) kº-∂¿ 8% F∂n-ß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p hn`Pn®Xv.

tIcfw


25

tIc-f-Øn¬ IpSpw-_-ßsf CtX coXn-bn¬ \membn h¿Ko-I-cn-°p-∂Xv C∂pw {]k-‡-am-W-v. AXn-\m¬ Nne ]cn-jvI-mc-ß-tfmsS Btcm-Ky-k¿shbpsS coXn tIc-f-]-T-\-Ønepw Bh¿Øn-®p. IpSpw-_-Øns‚ ]W-s®-ehpw IpSpw-_-Øn¬ B¿÷n® D]-t`m‡r D¬∏-∂-ßfpw IqSn ChnsS IW-°n-se-Sp-°p∂p. F∂m¬, hnZym-`ym-ksØ Hcp am\-Z-WvU-ambn Cu h¿§o-I-c-W-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-®n-ń-√. ImcWw kmaq-ly-{Kq∏v \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ hnZym-`ymkw Hcp LS-I-am-Ip-tºmƒ Xncn®v hnZym-`ymk \ne-hmcw kmaqly {Kq∏v \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw CS-bm-°p∂p. AXm-bXv hnZym-`ymkw Htc-k-abw Imcyhpw Imc-W-hp-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\m-emWv AXv Hgn-hm-°n-bXv. Cu ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \mev LS-I-ßsf am\-Z-WvU-am°n IpSpw-_-ßsf ASnÿm\ bqWn-‰mbn IW-°m°n sIm≠p≈ h¿Ko-I-c-W-amWv tIc-f-]-T\ A]{K-Y-\-Øn¬ kzoI-cn-®Xv. Ah C{]-Im-c-amWv. 1.

{]Xn-io¿j hcp-am\w (]c-am-h[n 5 kvtIm¿): IpSpw-_-ßsf hcp-am\ ASnÿm-\-Øn¬ A©v Xe-ß-fmbn (Quintiles) hn`-Pn®p. AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬ hcp-am\w Ipd™ XmgsØ 20iX-am-\-Øn¬ s]´-h¿°v Hcp kvtImdpw hcp-am\w IqSnb apI-fn-esØ 20 iX-am-\-Øn¬ s]´-h¿°v 5 kvtImdpw \¬In.

2. {]Xn-io¿j sNehv (]c-am-h[n 10 kvtIm¿): sNe-hns\ 10 Xe-ß-fm-bmWv (Deciles) hn`-Pn-®Xv. kzbw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hcp-am-\-tØ-°mƒ hnizm-kyX kzbw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ sNe-hn-\m-sW-∂-Xn-\m¬ AXn\v IqSp-X¬ {]m[m\yw \¬In-b-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Cu LSI-Øn\v IqSnb kvtIm¿ \¬Ip-∂Xv. sNehv G‰hpw Ipd™ XmgsØ ]Øv iX-am-\-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂-h¿°v Hcp kvtImdpw sNehv IqSnb apI-fn-esØ 10 iX-am-\-°m¿°v 10 kvtImdpw e`n-°p∂p. 3. hoSns‚ s]mXp-ÿnXn (H≥]Xv LS-I-ßƒ˛Hmtcm-∂n∂pw Hmtcm kvtIm¿ hoXw ) a. ta¬°qc˛ Hme/jo‰v ˛1; Hme+ a‰p-≈h ˛2; HmSv ˛3; tIm¨{Io‰v˛4 b. \new ˛ aÆv / NmWIw˛1; aÆv , NmWIw+ kna‚ v ˛2; kna‚ v ˛3; samssk°v˛4; {Kmss\‰v/am¿_nƒ˛5 4. D]-t`m‡r D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS DS-a-ÿX (]Øv {][m\ D¬∏-∂-ßƒ˛ Hmtcm∂ns‚ DS-a-ÿX°v Hmtcm kvtIm¿)˛ tdUntbm, Sn.hn., hmjnßv sajo≥, anIvkn, {^nUvPv, Kymkv Ãuhv, Im¿ / Po∏v, Sqho-e¿, Iºyq-´¿, Fb¿I-≠oj-\¿ {Kq∏p-I-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw apI-fn¬ ]d-™-Xp-t]mse Hmtcm IpSpw-_-Øn\pw D≠m-Im-hp∂ kvtImdpIƒ samØw IW-°m-°p∂p. AXn∂p tijw Cut-off IW-°m°n IpSpw-_-ßsf \membn h¿§o-I-cn-°p∂p. (]-ńI 1 ImWp-I) kvtIm¿ \n¿Æbw Pohn-Xm-\p-`-hsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv \S-Øn-bXv. DZm: Hcp ]ca Zcn{Z IpSpw-_-Øn\v \mw enÃv sNbvX 10 D]-t`mK hkvXp-°-fn¬

26

tIcfw


]ńI 1 hnhn[ kmº-ØnI {Kq∏p-I-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v h¿§o-I-cWw kvtIm¿ EG I 11¬ Ipdhv BPL Zcn-{Z¿ EG II

11-16

APL Zcn-{Z¿

EG III

17-24

Xmgv∂ CS-Ø-c-°m¿

EG IV

24 ¬ IqSp-X¬

Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m¿

]ńI 2 kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ß-fpsS hnX-cWw EG I II III IV

IpSpw_w (%) 14.0 32.2 43.2 10.6

hy‡n-Iƒ (%) 15.1 34.8 41.2 8.8

GXm≠v 2 FÆw t]mepw kz¥-ambn D≠m-Im≥ km≤y-X-bn√. Cß-s\-bp≈ Hcp IpSpw_w IpSpw_ sNe- h ns‚ Imcy- Ø n¬ XmgsØ H∂m- a - s Øtbm c≠m-a-sØtbm Xe-Øntem hcp-am-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ G‰hpw XmgsØ XeØn-ep-tam B-bn-cn°pw. CØcw IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS hoSns‚ s]mXp-ÿn-Xn°v ]cam-h[n 5 kvtImdn¬ IqSp-X¬ hcm≥ km≤y-X-bn√. Ch H∂n®v Iqń-bm¬ (2+2+1+5) 10 kvtIm¿ Bbncn°pw. Cu [mc-W-bn-emWv 11 kvtIm¿ H∂m-asØ 'Cut off' ]cn[n-bmbn IW-°m-°n-bXv. 11¬ Xmsg kvtIm¿ hcp∂ IpSpw-_-sØ kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I Bbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂p. CtX coXn-bn¬ I´v Hm^v \n¿Æ-bn®v II apX¬ IV hsc-bp≈ {Kq∏p-I-sfbpw IW-°m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p (]-ńI 1 ImWp-I). ]ńI 2˛¬ IpSpw-_-ß-fp-tSbpw AXnse P\-ß-fp-tSbpw FÆw \¬In-bn-cn°p∂p. kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v (Economic Group - EG) H∂nepw c≠nepw IpSpw-_-ßfnse AwK-kwJy s]mXp-hn¬ IqSn-b-Xn-\m-emWv hy‡nI-fpsS FÆ-Øns‚ A\p]mXw h¿≤n-°m≥ ImcWw. 1987 se Btcm-Ky-k¿sh-bp-ambn Xmc-Xayw 1987˛¬ ]cn-jØv \S-Ønb BtcmKy k¿sh-bn¬ {]Xn-io¿j hcp-am\w, hnZym`ymk tbmKyX, hoSns‚ s]mXp-ÿnXn, IpSpw-_-Øns‚ ssIh-i-`qan F∂o LSI-ßsf s]mXp-hn¬ IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p≈ Hcp Composite index Bbn-cp∂p D]-tbm-Kn-®-sX∂v kqNn-∏n-®t√m. CXv hgn Xøm-dm-°nb kqNn-I-bm-bn-cp∂p A∂sØ kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI h¿Ko-I-c-W-Øns‚ am\-ZWvUw. 1987¬ kzoI-cn® AtX \mev LS-I-ßsf Xs∂ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ({]Xn-io¿j hcp-am\w, hnZym-`ymk tbmKyX, IpSpw-_-Øns‚ `q DS-a-ÿX, hoSns‚ s]mXpÿnXn) 2004˛se tIcf ]T\ kmºn-fns\ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ 17 h¿j-ßƒ°n-Sbn¬ tIc-f-Ønse kmaq-ly-˛-km-º-ØnI LS-\-bn¬ h∂ am‰ßfpsS GI-tZ-icq]w hy‡-am-Ipw. Hmtcm LS-I-Øn\pw H∂v apX¬ \mev hsc-bp≈ kvtImdp-I-f-\p-k-cn-®mWv

tIcfw


27

C\w kvtIm¿ 1) {]Xn-io¿j hcp-am\w ({]-Xn-am-kw)

2) `qhp-S-a-kvXX

am\-Zfiw <100 cq] 100-˛190 '' 190-˛250 '' >250 ''

1 2 3 4

< 11 sk‚ v 11-˛50 50-˛250 >250

1 2 3 4

Hcm-sf-¶nepw Ggmw-Xcw F∂m¬ B¿°pw ssl kv°qƒ hnZym-`ymkw C√.

1

v

Hcm- s f- ¶ nepw sslkv I qƒ AXn¬ IqSp-X¬ Bcpw C√

2

v

H∂n-e-[nIw t]¿ sslkvIqtfm, Hcm- s f- ¶ nepw AXn¬ IqSp-Xtem

3

v

H∂n¬ IqSp- X ¬ t]¿ sslkvIqfn¬ IqSp-X¬

v

3) hnZym-`ymk tbmKyX

4) hoSv F. Xd

_n. ta¬°qc

4

< 200 N. ASn. 201-˛500 501-˛1000 >1000

1 2 3 4

]p√v, Hme jo‰v, Bkv_-t‰mkv HmSv tIm¨{Io‰v

1 2 3 4

1987¬ h¿§o-I-cWw \S-Øn-b-Xv. kvtImdp-Ifpw Ah-°p≈ am\-Z-fihpw Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. 1 apX¬ 4 hsc-bp≈ kvtImdns‚ am\-Z-WvUßfn¬ hcp∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ h∂ am‰-amWv ]ńI 3 F apX¬ 3 C hsc \¬In-b-Xv. ChbpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xøm-dm-°nb kmaqly kmº-ØnI ÿnXn (Socio Economic Status, SES) BWv ]ńI 3 F^v ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. 2004 se tIcf ]T\w IW-°p-I-fn¬ \n∂v \K-c-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ \n∂p-≈h Hgn-hm-°n-bmWv Cu IW°v Iq´¬ \S-Øn-b-Xv. hcp-am\Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ \mWys∏cp-∏-Øn∂v A\pkr-X-amb am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. AX-\p-k-cn®v SES 1epw 2epw s]Sp∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS A\p-]mXw 1987s\ At]-£n®v Ipd-™-Xmbn ImWmw. SES 3 epw 4 epw h¿≤-\-hp-≠m-bn-cn-°p∂p.

28

tIcfw


]ńI 3 1987 ambp≈ Xmc-Xayw ({Km-ao-Ww)

kvtIm¿

1987

1 2 3 4

26 18 36 20

1

35

12.1

-66

2

32

22.5

-30

3

10

13.0

30

4

23

52.4

128

1

27

30.2

12

2

32

35.9

12

3

29

25.3

-13

4

12

8.5

-29

1

31

5.0

-84

2

1

4.7

369

3

58

48.6

-16

4

10

40.6

306

1

37

9.8

-73

2

35

32.7

-7

3

20

40.1

101

4

9

17.4

93

2004

am‰w (%)

a) hnZym-`ymk \ne-hmcw 13.6 14.7 46.7 25.0

-48 -19 30 25

b) {]Xn-io¿j hcp-am\w

c) `q DS-a-ÿX

d) ]m¿∏n-Sw-˛t- a¬°qc

e) ]m¿∏n-Sw-˛(- Xd)

SES

f) kmaq-ly-˛k - m-ºØ - nI ÿnXn I

14.7

6.0

-59

II

48.2

24.9

-48

III

29

37.2

28

32.0

295

IV

8.1

(]ńI˛3 F^v) ImWpI. G‰hpw Ipdhv SES 1 s‚ Imcy-Øn-emWv; G‰hpw IqSpX¬ SES 4 epw. CXv ImWn-°p-∂Xv tIc-f-Øn¬ CSØ-c-°m-cpsS FÆ-Øn¬ h∂ h¿≤\bmWv. P\-kw-Jym-L-S\ tIc-f-]-T-\-Ønse kmºnƒ P\-kw-Jy-bpsS {]mb-L-S-\bpw kv{Xo˛-]p-cpj A\p-]m-Xhpw ]ńI 4 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. sk≥kkv IW-°p-I-fn¬ \n∂v henb hyXymkw CX-n\n-√. tIc-f-Øns‚ s]mXp kz`m-hsØ kmºnƒ {]Xn-\n-

tIcfw


29

]ń-I-˛4 P\-kw-Jy-bpsS {]mb-˛-enwK LS\ {]mb {Kq∏v kv{Xo 0 -˛ 4 882 5 ˛ -9 992 10-˛14 1085 15-˛19 1236 20-˛24 1535 25-˛29 1274 30˛-34 1051 35-˛39 1094 40-˛44 949 45-˛49 916 50-˛54 796 55-˛59 674 60-˛64 488 65-˛69 510 70-˛74 318 75-˛79 197 80 + 227 samØw 14236

]pcp-j≥ 892 1018 1109 1271 1385 1303 1109 936 900 828 750 622 493 431 281 196 158 13696

samØw 1774 2010 2194 2507 2920 2577 2160 2030 1849 1744 1546 1296 981 941 599 393 385 27932

kv{Xo % ]pcp-j≥ % samØw % 3.16 3.20 6.36 3.55 3.65 7.20 3.89 3.97 7.86 4.43 4.55 8.98 5.50 4.96 10.46 4.57 4.67 9.23 3.77 3.97 7.74 3.92 3.35 7.27 3.40 3.23 6.63 3.28 2.97 6.25 2.85 2.69 5.54 2.42 2.23 4.64 1.75 1.77 3.52 1.83 1.54 3.37 1.14 1.01 2.15 0.71 0.70 1.41 0.81 0.57 1.38 50.97 49.03 100.00

[o-I-cn-°p∂p F∂v CXv ImWn-°p-∂p. {]mb-L-S-\sb Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p∂ {]mb ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ ImWpI (Nn{Xw 1). C¥y-bpsS ]nc-an-Un¬ \n∂v tIc-f-Øn-t‚Xv BIr-Xn-bn¬ XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. C¥y-bp-tSXv bYm¿∞ ]nc-anUv BIrXn-bn-em-Wv. AXm-bXv {]mbw Ipd-™-hsc {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ Xmsg hoXn IqSnbpw tatem´v ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn hoXn Ipd-™pw. ]nc-anUv F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ _mc¬ BIr-Xn-bmWv tIc-f-Øns‚ Nn{X-Øn\v. 24˛29 hb-p-Imsc Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂n-SØmWv hoXn G‰hpw IqSp-X¬. (C¥y-tb-°mƒ Ata-cn-°bpam-bmWv tIc-fØn\v C°m-cy-Øn¬ kmayw). Nn{Xw 1

C¥y

30

tIcfw

tIcfw


Ata-cn°

P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 70.25 iX-am-\-Øns‚ {]mbw 15 \pw 64 \pw CS-bn-emWv (]-ńI 5). {]mb-h¿[\ thK-Øn¬ \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°-bm-sW-¶nepw C∂sØ \ne-bn¬ \Ωp-tSXv A[zm\-£-a-amb P\-ß-fm-Wv. B{inX P\-kw-Jy-bpsS A\p]mXw Ipd-hm-sW-∂-XmWv CXns‚ adp-h-iw. B{in-X -{]m-b°mcpw sXmgn¬ {]mb°mcpw XΩn-ep≈ A\p-]m-Xa - mWv B{in-XXz A\p-]mXw (Dependency ratio). Ipń-I-fp-sS A\p-]m-Xhpw hr≤-cp-sS A\p-]m-Xhpw IqSn-t®¿∂-XmWv samØw B{in-XXz A\p-]m-Xw.

]ń-I-˛5 {]mb-L-S-\bpw B{in-X-Xzhpw hn`mKw Ipń-Iƒ (0-˛14 hb-v) sXmgn-se-Sp-°p∂ {]mbw 15˛64 hbv hy≤¿ >64

FÆw 5988 19611 2318

% 21.45 70.25 8.30

]ń-I-˛6 B{in-X-Xz A\p-]mXw cmPyw _w•m-tZiv C¥y kzoU≥ Ct¥m-t\jy bp Fkv F {ioe¶ Xmbve‚ v Cd-den P∏m≥ tIcfw

Ipń-Iƒ

hr≤¿

samØw

0.67 0.54 0.30 0.48 0.34 0.39 0.39 0.22 0.23 0.31

0.05 0.08 0.27 0.07 0.19 0.09 0.08 0.23 0.21 0.12

0.72 0.62 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.44 0.42

]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ cmPy-ß-fp-am-bp≈ Xmc-Xayw {i≤n-°pI (]-ńI 6). temIØn¬ B{in-XXz A\p-]mXw G‰hpw Ipd-hp≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv tIc-fw. samØ-Øn¬ C¥y-b-S-°-ap≈ hnI-kzc cmPy-ßsf At]-£n®v _me B{inXXzw hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. AtX kabw hnI-knX cmPy-ßsf At]-£n®v hr≤ B{in-XXzw Ipd-™p-an-cn-°p-∂p. hr≤ B{in-X-Xz-amWv kaq-l-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ sNe-th-dn-bXv F∂pw Adn-tb-≠-Xp≠v. Npcp-°-Øn¬ kmº-ØnI hf¿®°v Gsd A\p-Iq-ea - mb P\-kw-Jym-]c - a - mb kml-Nc - y-ßf - mWv Ct∏mƒ tIc-fØ - n-ep-≈X - v. C¥ysb At]-£n®v a[y-am\ {]mbw (Median age) \mep hbp IqSp-Xe - m-sW¶nepw hnI-knX cmPy-ßsf At]-£n®v ae-bm-fn-Iƒ Ct∏mgpw sNdp-∏a - mWv (Nn{Xw 2). a[y-am\ {]mbw G‰hpw Ipdhv ap…ow kap-Zm-bØ - n-\m-W.v IqSp-X¬ apt∂m° lnµp-°ƒ°pw {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°pw (]-ńI 7). hS-°≥ tIc-fØ - nse Ipd™ {]mbw AhnsS ap…ow kap-Zmbw Xmc-Xt- ay\ IqSp-X¬ D≈-Xp-sIm-≠m-W.v

tIcfw


31

]ń-I˛- 7 {]mb-Øns‚ a[yhpw a[y-am-\hpw hnhn[ hn`mK-ß-fn¬ hn`mKw samØw kv{Xo ]pcp-j≥ {]tZiw sX°≥ tIcfw a[y tIcfw hS-°≥ tIcfw aXw lnµp ap…ow {InkvXy≥ PmXn apt∂m°w ]nt∂m°w ]ń-I-PmXn ]ń-I-h¿§w

32

a[yw

a[y-am\w

32.4 32.8 32.0

29 30 29

34.4 34.0 30.4

32 32 27

34.0 27.9 34.4

32 24 32

35.8 33.7 32.1 32.9

34 31 29 30

tIcfw


P∏m≥

kzoU≥

bp.-F-kv.F

sImdnb

ssN\

Xmbvem‚ v

tIcfw

C¥y

s]dp

atejy

DKm≠

Nn{Xw 2 P\-kw-Jy-bpsS {]mb-Øns‚ a[y-am\w hnhn[ cmPy-ß-fn¬

P\-kw-Jy-bpsS PmXn˛aX LS\ ]ńI 8 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]nt∂m° lnµp-°-fmWv G‰hpw henb hn`mKw. XpS¿∂v ap…oßfpw. Cu c≠p hn`m-Khpw BZn-hm-kn-˛-Z-fnXv kaq-l-ßfpw tN¿∂m¬ P\-kw-Jy-bpsS Adp-]Xp iX-am-\Øn-tesd hcpw. Cu hn`m-K-ß-fnepw sk≥kkv IW-°p-I-fp-ambn tbmPn-°p-∂Xm-Wv tIcf ]T-\-Øns‚ kmºnƒ F∂v ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]ń-I-˛8 P\-kwJy PmXn aX LS\ {]Imcw hn`mKw

tIcf ]T\w 2004 sk≥kkv 2001 (%) (%)

\mb¿ a‰p apt∂m°w samØw apt∂m°w Cugh a‰p ]nt∂m°w samØw ]nt∂m°w ]ń-I-PmXn ]ń-I-h¿§w samØw lnµp ap…ow {InkvXy≥ ad-dp-≈h/hn´p-t]m-bXv

12.88 1.77 14.65 22.91 8.48 31.39 9.07 1.07 54.47 26.88 18.33 0.31

9.80 1.10 56.16 24.70 19.02 0.12

]ń-I-˛9 apt∂m° PmXn-bnse D]-hn-`m-K-ßƒ D]-PmXn \mb¿ {_m“-W¿ Aº-e-hmkn ad-dp-≈h - ¿

apt∂m-°-°m-cpsS lnµp-°-fnse P\-kw-Jy-bpsS (%) (%) (%) 90.30 4.52 2.47 2.72

22.94 1.15 0.63 0.69

12.50 0.62 0.34 0.38

sk≥k-kn¬ e`y-a-√m-Ø-XmWv lnµp kap-Zm-b-Ønse D]-Pm-Xn-I-fpsS IW°p-Iƒ. k¿th-bn¬ \n∂v e`n® hnh-c-ßƒ ]ńI 9 epw 10 epambn ImWm-hp-∂Xm-Wv. \mSm¿ kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ lnµp-°-fmbn aXw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-h¿ am{Xta Dƒs∏-ń-´p-≈q. kaq-l-ßƒ sNdp-Xm-hp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v IW-°p-I-fpsS IrXyX Ipd-bm≥ km≤y-X-bp-s≠-∂Xv {i≤n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. k¿th t^mdw \n¿Ωn-°p∂ L´-Ønse t\m´-∏n-iIp aqew eØo≥ ItØm-en°¿ XpS-ßnb {InkvXym-\n-If - psS CS-bnse ]nt∂m° hn`m-Kß - sf {]tXy-Ia - mbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™n-√. CXv ]T-\Ø - nse Hcp A]m-IX - b - mbn Icp-tX-≠X - m-W.v

tIcfw


33

]ń-I-˛10 ]nt∂m° PmXn-bnse D]hn`m-K-ßƒ D]-PmXn

]nt∂m-°-°m-cpsS lnµp-°-fnse P\-kw-Jy-bpsS (%) (%) (%)

Cugh hniz-I¿Ω ]nt∂m° \mb¿ [ohc¿ \mSm¿(-ln-µp) Fgp-ØO - ≥ IpUpw_n IWn-bm≥ Nmenb a‰p-≈h - ¿

72.98 11.44 2.98 2.64 1.61 1.58 0.85 0.83 0.68 4.41

40.79 6.40 1.67 1.47 0.90 0.88 0.47 0.47 0.38 2.47

22.22 3.48 0.91 0.80 0.49 0.48 0.26 0.25 0.21 1.34

A©p-t]-c-S-ßp∂XmWv tIc-f-Ønse Hcp icm-icn IpSpw-_w. IpSpw-_-Øns‚ hep∏w G‰hpw IqSp-X-ep-≈Xv ap…ow hn`m-K-Øn-emWv (]-ńI 11). G‰hpw Ipdhv apt∂m° lnµp-°-fnepw {InkvXym-\n-I-fn-epw. ]ńI ˛ 11 IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpsS icm-icn FÆw BsI {]tZiw sX°≥ tI-cfw a[y -tI-cfw hS-°≥ tIcfw aXw lnµp ap…ow {InkvXy≥ PmXn \mb¿ a‰p apt∂m°w Cugh a‰p ]nt∂m°w ]ń-I-PmXn ]ń-I-h¿§w

34

4.9 4.4 4.6 5.6 4.6 6.1 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.7

]ń-I-˛12 IpSpw_ cq]w (%) hn`mKw BsI {]tZiw sX°≥ tI-cfw a[y tIcfw hS-°≥ tIcfw aXw lnµp ap…ow IrkvXy≥ PmXn \mb¿ a‰p apt∂m°w Cugh a‰p ]nt∂m°w ]ń-I-PmXn ]ń-I-h¿§w kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v

AWp-Ip-Spw_w Iq´p-Ip-Spw_w 86.2 13.8

I II III IV

tIcfw


92.1 91.0 78.7

7.9 9.0 21.3

86.8 82.2 89.4

13.2 17.8 10.6

91.1 92.9 86.2 86.9 87.3 85.0

8.9 7.1 13.8 13.1 12.7 15.0

83.1 82.4 87.9 94.5

16.9 17.6 12.1 5.5

enwKm-\p-]mXw/Bbn-c-Øn\v

Nn{Xw 3. enwKm-\p-]mXw hnhn[ {]mb {Kq∏p-I-fn¬

{]mb {Kq∏v

AWp-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fmWv _lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw. hS-°≥ tIc-f-Øn-emWv Iq´pIpSpw-_-ßƒ Xmc-X-tay\ IqSp-X¬. ap…ow, BZn-hmkn hn`m-K-ß-fnepw Iq´p-Ip-Spw_-ßƒ a‰p-≈-h-tc-°mƒ IqSp-X-em-Wv. kmº-ØnI ÿnXn Db-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-kcn®v AWp-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fpsS tXmXv IqSn hcp-∂-Xmbpw ImWmw (]-ńI 12). kwÿm-\Øpw hnhn[ Pn√-I-fn-ep-ap≈ enwKm-\p-]mXw (B-bncw ]pcp-j-∑m¿°v F{X kv{XoIƒ) ]ńI 13 ¬ ImWp-I. s]mXp-hn¬ sk≥kkv IW-°p-I-fp-

]ń-I-˛13 enwKm-\p-]mXw hnhn[ Pn√-I-fnepw kwÿm-\Øpw Pn√ tIcf ]T\w 2004 sk≥kkv 2001 Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - pcw 1084 1058 sIm√w 1036 1070 ]Ø\wXn´ 1059 1094 Be-∏pg 1012 1079 tIm´bw 1037 1025 CSp°n 958 999 Fd-Wm-Ipfw 1013 1017 Xr»q¿ 1052 1092 ]me-°mSv 1004 1068 ae-∏pdw 1086 1063 tImgn-t°mSv 1040 1058 hb-\mSv 974 1000 IÆq¿ 1101 1090 Imk-¿-tKmUv 1032 1047 kwÿm\w 1046 1058

tIcfw


35

ambn tN¿∂p t]mIp-∂Xp Xs∂-bm-Wn-Xpw. sNdnb hyXym-k-ßƒ ]pdØp tPmensb-Sp-°p-∂-hsc IW-°m-°p-∂-Xnse hyXy-kvX-X-Iƒ sIm≠m-hmw. {]mbw h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v enwKm-\p-]mXw h¿≤n-°p∂p (Nn{Xw 3). ]pcpj-∑m¿ tPmen°mbn ]pdØp t]mIp-∂Xpw 35 hbp Ign-™p≈ ]pcp-j-∑mcnse Xmc-X-tay\ Db¿∂ acW \nc-°p-amWv CXn\p Imc-W-ßƒ. \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw kao-]-\-ßfpw tIc-f-]-T-\-Øn\v {][m-\-ambn c≠p `mK-ß-fp≠v. kmaqly˛ kmº-ØnI Ahÿ-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ KpWm-flI hnj-b-ß-fpsS At\z-j-W-amWv Hcp `mKw. as‰mcp `mKw P\-ß-fpsS kao-]-\-ßtfbpw \ne-]m-Sp-I-tfbpw kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ At\z-j-W-amWv. KWm-flI hnh-c-ß-fpsS AYhm kmaqly-km-º-ØnI taJ-e-bnse {]h-W-X-I-fpsS IrXy-amb {]Xn-^-e\w Xs∂-bmWv Hc¿∞-Øn¬ KpWm-fl-I-hn-h-c-ßƒ. h¿Ø-am-\-Ime kmaqly kml-N-cy-Øn¬ kwhm-Z-hn-t[-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ {][m\ {]iv\-ß-fn¬ P\-ß-fpsS [mc-WIƒ Fßs\ cq]-s∏-Sp∂p F∂-dn-bm-\p≈ ]cn-an-X-amb Hcp ]cn-{i-a-am-Wn-sX∂p ]dbmw. P\-ß-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ, A`n-{]m-b-ß-fnse am‰-ßƒ,kmam-\y-h-XvIc-W-ßƒ, A`n-{]m-b-ß-sfbpw [mc-W-I-sfbpw kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-ßƒ, Chbvs°√mw B[m-c-amb kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI˛cmjv{Sob ]›m-Ø-e-ß-sf-°p-dn®p≈ At\z-jWw F∂n-h-sb-√m-amWv kmam-\y-ambn Cu ]T-\-`m-K-Øn-epƒs∏Sp-∂Xv. kmaqly kmº-ØnI hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn® hoSp-I-fn¬ \n∂p Xs∂-bmWv kao-]-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-∂-sX-¶nepw, Cu c≠p-Xcw hnh-cß-fp-tSbpw hnizm-ky-X-bp-tSbpw IrXy-X-bp-tSbpw tXmXv hyXy-kvX-amWv. Af∂-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp∂ hkvXp-X-Iƒ t]mse hg-ßp-∂-X√ A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ. F¶nepw A\p-tbm-Py-amb Nne Af-hp-tIm-ep-Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ A`n-{]m-bß-sfbpw Af-°m\pw hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw \ap°p km[n°pw. Cu At\z-j-W-hpambn _‘-s∏´ hnhn[ hnj-b-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS kao-]-\-ß-fnep≈ kmay-ßfpw sshcp-≤y-ßfpw, sXfn-™p-h-cp∂ s]mXp-{]-h-W-X-Ifpw, hniI-e\ hnt[-b-am-°p-tºmƒ KpWm-fl-I-hn-h-c-ß-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw Cu ]T-\-Øns‚ B[n-Im-cn-IX Db¿∂ \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂p-s≠∂p ImWmw. F∂m¬ A`n-{]m-b-ß-sfbpw kao-]-\-ß-sfbpw Ipdn-®p≈ GsXmcp At\zj-W-Øn-\p-ap≈ ]cn-anXn Ah hy‡n-K-Xhpw ap≥hn-[n-I-fpƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-Im\p-ap≈ km≤yX˛Cu ]T-\-Ønepw kw`m-hy-amWv. Cu km[y-X°v th≠{X ]cn-K-W\ \¬In-s°m≠p thWw CXnse \nK-a-\-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥. A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ tIh-e-amb {]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ am{X-a√, Ah hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb Hcp kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI˛ùXnI PohnX ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS Dev]∂w IqSn-bmWv. Aßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ Cu ]T-\-Øns‚ s]mXp \nK-a-\-ßƒ°p-hn-cp-≤-amb Hcp {]h-W-Xbpw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂n√ F∂v FSp-Øp-]-d-tb-≠-Xp≠v. Cu ]T-\-`m-KØn\v {][m-\-ambn A\p-`-h-s∏´ Hcp ]cn-anXn Xmc-X-ay-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb ap≥Ime ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-ß-fpsS (Baseline data) A`m-h-amWv. Cu taJ-e-bn¬ CØcw ]T-\-ßƒ hfsc Zp¿e-`-ambn am{Xta apºv \S-∂n-´p≈q F∂-Xn\mem-WnXv.

36

tIcfw


hni-I-e-\-Øns‚ coXn k{º-Zmbw BZy-`m-KØv kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xp-t]mse IpSpw-_sØ H∂n-®n-cpØn hni-Z-amb Hcp N¿®-bpsS cq]-Øn-emWv Cu ]T\w \S-∂n-´p-≈Xv. IrXy-amb adp-]-Sn-Iƒ°p ]pdta DS≥ {]Xn-I-c-W-ßfpw kqN-\-I-fp-sa√mw ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠mWv A`n{]m-b-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv. IpSpw-_-Øns‚ s]mXp-{]-Xn-I-cWw F∂ \ne-bnemWv Ah ]cn-K-Wn-®n-´p-≈Xv. F∂m¬ Ipń-Iƒ, bphm-°ƒ, kv{XoIƒ F∂n-htcmSv {]tXyIw D∂-bn®v adp-]Sn tXSnb {]iv\-ß-fp-ap≠v. (DZm: thjw, kocnb¬, kn\na, kv{Xo[\w, kv{XoIƒs°-Xn-cmb AXn-{Iaw apX-em-bh) IpSpw-_Øns‚ {]Xn-I-c-W-Øn¬ Krl-\m-Ys‚/apJy-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-®-bm-fpsS ho£-WK-Xn°v {]mapJyw e`n-°m≥ km-[y-X-tb-sd-bp≠v. AXv H´pw Akzm-`m-hn-I-a√ F∂p hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn Xncn-®-dn-™p-sIm≠v \nK-a\-ßsf kzoI-cn-°mt\ CØc-samcp ]T-\-k-{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ km[y-am-hq. hni-Z-amb \nc-h[n ]T-\-ß-fpsS Bhiy-I-X-bn-te°v hnc¬Nq-≠p∂ hnh-c-ß-fmWv e`n-®n-´p-≈Xv F∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu t]mcm-bva-Iƒ `mhn-]-T-\-ß-fn¬ ]cn-l-cn-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp≈p. ]c-kv]c kzm[o-\-ßƒ t\csØ kqNn-∏n® 4 hyXykvX kmº-ØnI {Kq∏p-Iƒ (I ]c-a-Z-cn-{Z-hn`mKw˛14%, II Zcn-{Z-hn-`mKw˛32.2%, III. Xmgv∂ CS-Ø-c-°m¿ ˛ 43.2%. IV. Db¿∂ CSØ-c-°m¿˛10.6% IpSpw-_-ßƒ) Xncn®v A`n-{]m-b-ß-fnepw kao-]-\-ß-fn-ep-ap≈ kmay-ßfpw sshcp-≤yßfpw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv {]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-´p-≈Xv. {][m\ aX-hn-`m-K-ßƒ Xncn®pw hni-I-e-\-ßƒ e`y-amWv. apt∂m-°-PmXn, ]nt∂m°-PmXn, ]ń-I-PmXn, ]ń-I-h¿Kw F∂n-ßs\ Xncn-®p≈ hni-I-e-\-ßƒ {]k‡-amb Ht´sd hnj-b-ß-fp≠v. Cu Hmtcm hn`m-K-Ønepw kmº-ØnI \ne-b-\pk- c n- ® p≈ tNcp- h - I - f psS LS- \ bpw Hmtcm kmº- Ø nI hn`m- K - Ø nepw PmXn˛aX˛{]mtZ-inI tNcp-h-I-fpsS LS-\bpw A`n-{]mbcq]o-I-c-W-Ønepw ioeß-fnepw kmwkvIm-cnI CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn-ep-sa√mw Fßs\ {]Xn-^-en-°p∂p F∂dn-bm-\mWv Cu hni-I-e-\-co-Xn-bn-eqsS {ian-°p-∂Xv. cmjv{Sob B`n-ap-Jyhpw \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘hpw hni-I-e-\-hn-t[b-am-°p-∂p≠v. tIc-f-Ønse {][m-\-s∏´ aq∂v cmjv{Sob tNcn-I-fn¬ (F¬ Un F^v, bp Un F^v, _n sP ]n) AWn-\n-c-∂n-´p-≈-h-cpsS {]Xn-I-cWw F∂ \nebnepw hnj-b-ßsf kao-]n-°p-∂p≠v. 2001˛se \nb-a-k`m sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ thm´p sNbvX-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv cmjv{Sob Nmbvhv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv. k¿t∆-bpsS A\p-`-h-Øn¬ IqSnb kXy-k-‘-X-tbmsS {]Xn-I-cWw e`n® tNmZyam-bn-´mWv CXns\ hne-bn-cp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv. Npcp-°-Øn¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ C\-ß-fn-emWv Cu hni-I-e-\-ßƒ s]mXpth Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≈Xv. 1. kmº-ØnI \ne, 2. cmjv{Sob A\p-`mhw, 3. aXw, PmXn, 4. {]tZiw hnZym-`ymk \ne-hmcw, am[y-a-kzm-[o\w F∂n-hsb B[m-c-am-°n-bp≈ {]k‡-amb Nne hni-I-e-\-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v.

tIcfw


37

38

tIcfw


A≤ymbw 3

hoSpw ]cn-kc - hpw tIc-f-Øns‚ kºZv hyh-ÿsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw F¨]-Xp-I-fpsS ]Ip-Xn°v tij-ap≈Xv hf¿®-bp-tS-Xmb Hcp Ime-L-´-amWv. Zo¿L-Im-esØ kmº-ØnI apc-Sn-∏n\v tijw C°m-e-b-f-hn¬ kwÿm\ kmº-Øn-I-cwKw kmam\yw t`Z-s∏´ hf¿®m-\n-c-°mWv ssIh-cn-®Xv. 1970˛86 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ kw-ÿm-\-Øns‚ B`y-¥-tcm-ev]m-Z\ hf¿®m-\n-c°v tZiob icm-i-cn-tb-°mƒ hfsc Xmsg-bm-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬1987˛ 2002 Ime-b-f-hn-em-Is´ kwÿm\w tZiob icm-i-cnsb XpS¿®-bmbn adn-I-S-∂n-cn-°-bmWv. Nn{Xw˛1 B`y-¥-tcm-ev]mZ\ hf¿®m-\n-c°v˛C¥ybpw tIc-fhpw (1970˛2002)

hf¿®m-\n-c°v iX-am-\-Øn¬

6 5

t

5.03

4

n

4.01

3 2

C¥ n

1.87

t

0.52

y w cf tI

1 0 1970

1986

2002

h¿jw

(Ah-ew_w˛am\h hnI-k\ dnt∏m¿´v (tIc-fw) ˛ CDS 2005)

tIcfw


39

{]Xn-io¿j-h-cp-am\w IW-°m-°p-tºmƒ tIc-fhpw cmPy-Øns‚ CXc {]tZi-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ A¥cw IqSp-X¬ {]IS-amWv. P\-kwJymcwKØv \mw ssIhcn® t\´-ß-fmWv AXn\v {][m\ ImcWw. kwÿm-\-Øns‚ hcp-am\w IW°m-°p-tºmƒ ]pdw-\m-Sp-I-fn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h¿ Ab-°p-∂- ]Ww IqSn ]cnK-Wn-®m¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ hf¿®mtXmXv ho≠pw h¿≤n°p∂p. Cu ]pXp-°nb Btfm-lcn hcp-am\ kqNnI (MPCI -Mean Percapita Income - CXn¬ ]W-Øns‚ ]pdw hchv IqSn Dƒs∏-ń-cn-°p∂p) {]Imcw F¨]-Xp-I-fpsS ]IpXn apX¬ tIcfw 6.86% \nc-°n¬ hf-cp-I-bmWv. GXv am\-ZWvUw sh®v t\m°n-bmepw CXv hfsc Db¿s∂mcp \nc-°mWv. Cu hf¿®m-\n-c°v CtX tXm-Xn¬ \ne\n∂m¬ Hmtcm ]Øp h¿j-Øn-\p-≈nepw Btfm-lcn hcp-am\w GXm≠v Cc-ńbmIpw. F¨]-Xp-I-fpsS c≠mw-]-Ip-Xn-bn¬ Bcw-`n® XpS¿®bmb hf¿®m-\n-c°v tIc-f-Ønse P\-ß-fpsS s]mXp-Po-hnX \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ \∂mbn {]Xn-^-en-°p∂-Xmbn ImWmw. C°m-cy-ßƒ IW-°p-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xs∂ ka¿∞n°m-\m-h-iy-amb k¿t∆ hnh-c-ßƒ ]cn-jØv ]T-\-ß-fn¬ Xs∂bp≠v. 1987˛¬ ]cn-jØv \S-Ønb "Btcm-Ky-k¿t∆' tIc-f-Ønse F√m ]©m-b-Øp-I-fn-epambn 9940 {KmaoW hoSp-I-fnse hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn®v hni-I-e\w sNbvXn-cp∂p (KSSP-1) ]n∂oSv 1996¬ 1987-te-Xns‚ 10% hoSp-Iƒ ho≠pw k¿sh sNbvXv as‰mcp- ]-T-\hpw \SØn. (KSSP-2) Ct∏mƒ \S∂ "tIc-f-]-T\'Ønem-Is´ kwÿm-\Ønse 5696 hoSp-I-fnse hnh-c-ßƒ BWv D≈Xv (KSSP-3). Ch Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. ]m¿∏nSw tIc-f-Ønse 95%Øne[nIw t]cpw C∂v Xma-kn-°p-∂Xv kz¥w hoSp-I-fnemWv. CXv F√m kmº-ØnI hn`m-- K-Øn-¬ s]´h¿°pw _m[-I-am-Wv. CXv km[yam-bXv Fgp-]-Xp-I-fpsS HSp-°-Øn¬ Bcw-`n-®Xpw F¨]-Xp-I-fpsS Ah-km\tØmsS Xzcn-X-s∏-´-Xp-amb `h\ \n¿ΩmW taJ-e-bnse A`n-hr≤n aqe-amWv. Nn{Xw˛2¬ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏´ hoSp-I-fpsS k©-nX hnhcw h¿jm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ sImSpNn{Xw ˛2 \n¿Ωn-°-s∏´ hoSp-I-fpsS k©nX hnhcw˛h¿jm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ 100

100

84 68

80 53

60

38 29

20

7

10 12 55-59

40

<1960

16

20

h¿jw

40

tIcfw


>2000

95-99

90-94

85-89

80-84

75-79

70-74

65-69

0 60-64

BsI hoSp-Iƒ (%)

CXp-hsc \n¿Ωn-°-s∏´

120

]ńI1 hoSns‚ DS-a-ÿX˛kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ kmº-ØnI hn`mKw

kz¥w hoSp-≈-h¿

I II III IV BsI

95.5% 95.6% 94.9% 95.5% 95%

Øn- c n- ° p- ∂ Xv {i≤n- ° pI. Ign™ Ccp-]Xv h¿j-Øn-\nS-bn-emWv samØw hoSp-IfpsS 62%hpw \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-´Xv F∂v ImWmw. ]m¿∏nS cwK-Øp-≠mb Cu h≥ap- t ∂‰w tIhew FÆØns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ am{X-a√. hen-∏-Ønepw KpW-ta-∑-bnepw hoSp- I ƒ C°m- e - b - f - h n¬

Gsd sa®-s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xmbn ImWmw. Krl-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v th≠n-h-cp∂ samØw sNe-hns‚ tXmXv Is≠-Øm≥ ]cn-tim-[n-°m-hp∂ G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb LSIw, AXns‚ ta¬°qc GXv hn[w \n¿Ωn-°-s∏´p F∂-Xm-Wt√m. C°m-cy ]ńI 2 F hoSns‚ ta¬°qc˛hnhn[ kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ ta¬°qc

Hme/]p√v/jo‰v HmSv tIm¨{Io‰v

I

II

III

IV

BsI

31.7 60.4 8.0

11.2 62.1 26.7

3.1 42.1 54.8

-˛ 6.9 93.1

9.4 47.3 43.3

]ńI 2 _n hoSns‚ Xd˛hnhn[ kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ Xd

I

II

III

IV

NmWIw/Nfn kna‚ v/samsskIv ssS¬ am¿_nƒ/{Kmss\‰v

48 52 ˛ ˛

13.3 85.0 1.3 0.4

2 84.3 9 4.7

0.1 55.6 24.8 19.5

BsI

11.9 69.1 9.5 9.5

Øn¬ Hme sIńta™ hoSp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw BZyw HmSn´ hoSp-I-fn-te°pw ]n∂oSv tIm¨{Io‰v ta¬∏p-cbn-te-°p-ap≈ ]cn-Wmaw A\p-kyqXw kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWm≥ Ignbpw. (]ńI ˛2 F ImWpI) Ct∏mƒ samØw hoSp-I-fpsS 43.3%hpw tIm¨{Io‰v hm¿∏n-´-h-bmWv. Hme sIń ta™tXm jo‰n-´tXm Bb hoSp-Iƒ 10% ¬ Xmsg am{X-amWv. 1987˛¬ ÿnXn t\sc Xncn-®m-bn-cp∂p. ta¬°q-c-bp-tS-Xv t]mse hoSp-I-fpsS Xd-bpsS Imcy-Ønepw Cu am‰w {]-I-SamWv. BUw-_c \n¿ΩmW hkvXp-°-fmb {Kmss\‰v, am¿_nƒ, kndm-anIv ssS¬kv F∂n-h-bpsS D]-tbmKw hf-sc-tbsd h¿[n-®n-cn-°p∂p. (]ńI˛2 _n)

tIcfw


41

Nn{Xw ˛3 hoSp-I-fpsS ta¬°qc 1987; 1996; 2004 h¿j-ß-fn¬ 65.0

]p√v / jo‰v HmSv tIm¨{Io‰v

A©n-semt∂mfw hoSp-I-fn¬ Xd \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v Ct∏mƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂Xv CØcw hkvXp-°-fmWv. hyXykvX kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ hnhn[ coXn-I-fn-ep≈ ta¬°qcbpw Xdbpw D≈ hoSp-Iƒ GXv hn[-amWv hn\y-kn-°-s∏´-sX-∂-dn-bm≥ ]ńI 2 F, 2_n F∂nh {i≤n-°pI. AXn Zcn-{Z-cpsS hn`m-K-Øn¬ 31.7% IpSpw-_-ßƒ hoSn\v ta¬°qc \n¿Ωn-°m≥ -C-t∏mgpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv ]p√v, Hme, jo‰v F∂nh-bmWv. Cu hn`m-K-Øns‚ 48 iX-am-\-tØmfw hoSp-I-fn¬ Xd NmWIw sImt≠m Nfn sImt≠m sagp-In-b-h-bmWv. F∂m¬ {Kq∏v 4s‚ Imcy-Øn¬ 93 iX-am\Øne[nIw hoSp-Ifpw tIm¨{Io‰v ta¬°q-c-bp≈hbmWv. Ch-cpsS 44.3% hoSp-I-fn¬ Xdbv°v D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv {Kmss\‰v, am¿_nƒ, ssS¬kv F∂o BUw-_c hkvXp-°-fmWv. samØw hoSp-I-fn¬ hmk-tbm-Ky-am-b ]°-ho-Sp-I-fpsS A\p-]m-X-Øn-epw- Hmtcm hońepw D≈ icm-icn apdn-I-fpsS FÆ-Ønepw henb h¿≤-\-hmWv 1987\v tijw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv (]ńI3) 93.8% hoSp-Iƒ°pw ASp-°f {]tXy-I-am-bp≠v. AJn-te¥ym icm-icn CXv 64% am{X-amWv (2001˛se sk≥kkv {]Imcw). ]ńI 4 kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse 1987\pw 2004\pw CS-bn¬, ]mN-I-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ C‘-\-Øns‚ ImcyØnepw kmc-amb am‰w kw`-hn-®n-´p≠v. {]mY-anI C‘\w F∂ \ne-bn¬ hndIn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ÿm\w Ipd-™p-hcn-I-bmWv. ]Icw Kymkns‚ D]-tbmKw \√ coXn-bn¬ h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p∂p. Z£X IqSnb ASp-∏p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h-cpsS FÆ-Ønepw \√ h¿≤-\hv D≠m-bn-´p≠v. 1987˛¬ tIhew Hcp iX-am\w am{Xam-bn-cp-∂Xv 2004˛¬ ]Øv iX-am-\-ambn Db¿∂n-´p≠v. ]ńI˛3 icm-icn apdn-I-fpsS FÆhpw hmk-tbm-Ky-amb hoSp-I-fpsS A\p-]m-Xhpw (1987˛2004) am\-ZWvUw

icm-icn apdn-I-fpsS FÆw hmk-tbm-Ky-amb ]°hoSp-Iƒ %

42

tIcfw

1987 2.0 38.8


2004 4.5 82.9

]ńI ˛4 ]mN-Im-h-iy-Øn-\m-bp≈ C‘\w (iX-am-\-Øn¬) 1987˛2004 C‘\w / h¿jw hndIv hndIv + Kymkv Kymkv am{Xw asÆÆ a‰p-≈h

1987

2004

96 ˛ 3 1 ˛

48 35 14 2 1

84.8% hoSp-Ifpw sshZyp-Xo-I-cn-®-h-bmWv. (CXn¬ 81.1% knwKnƒt^kpw 3.7% {Xot^-kp-amWv) hb-\mSv (63%), CSp°n (76.1%), ]me-°mSv (78.3%) ae-∏pdw (79%) F∂o Pn√-I-fn¬ am{X-amWv F¨]Xp iX-am-\-Øn¬ Xmsg hoSp-I-fn¬ sshZypXo-I-cWw \S-∂Xv. 2001˛se sk≥kkv {]Imcw sshZyp-Xo-I-c-W-Øns‚ tZiob icm-icn 55.8% BWv-F∂ hkvXpX IqSn \mw Hm¿°Ww. 1990 Ifn¬ Krl-\n¿ΩmW cwK-Øp-≠mb apt∂‰w kmº-ØnI hf¿®-bnepw kzm[o-\-ap-≠m°n. 1970˛86 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ \n¿Ωm-W-apƒs∏´ ZznXob taJ-e-bpsS hf¿®m-\n-c°v 2.36% Bbn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ 1987˛2002 Ime-b-f-hn¬ CXv 6.13% \nc°n-te-°p-b¿∂v CXc C¥y≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fp-tS-Xn\v H∏-saØn. hymh-km-bn-I-cw-KØv \ne-\n¬°p∂ amµyw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ, ZznXob taJe-bpsS Cu hf¿®m-\n-c-°ns‚ apJyImcWw \n¿Ωm-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS h¿[\hm-sW∂v hy‡-amWv. hymh-km-bn-I-cw-KsØ B`y-¥-tcm¬]m-Z\w ÿnc-hne-bn¬ IW-°m-°n-bm¬ 1998˛99¬ 3504 tImSn cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2002˛03 Bbt∏mƒ 3067 tImSn cq]-bmbn Ipd-bp-I-bmWv sNbvXXv (AXm-bXv hm¿jnI hf¿®m\n-c°v˛2.5%). AtX-k-abw \n¿Ωm-W-ta-J-e-bp-tSXv 2522 tImSn cq]-bn¬ \n∂v 3512 tImSn cq]-bmbn Db¿∂p (hm¿jnI hf¿®m-\n-c°v 7.9%)˛Ah-ew_w˛F°tWm-anIv sdhyq 2004) tIc-f-]-T-\-Ønse hnh-c-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv \n¿Ωm-WsØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ samØw sXmgn¬ tk\-bpsS 10.9% hcp-sa-∂mWv. tIc-f-Ønse IpSpw-_-h-cp-am-\-Øn¬ 9.2 iX-am-\hpw e`y-am-hp-∂Xv \n¿Ωm-W-sØm-gn-ep-I-fn¬ \n∂mWv. AtX-k-abw hymh-km-bnI taJ-e-bpsS C°m-cy-Ønse kqNn-I-Iƒ bYm-{Iaw 7.9 iX-am-\hpw 8.1 iX-am-\-hp-amWv. Ch- kq-Nn-∏n-°p∂ {][m\ Imcyw tIc-f-Øns‚ kºZvLS\ C∂v \n¿ΩmWtaJ-esb Gsd B{i-bn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw AhnsS kw`-hn-°p∂ GXv ]nt∂m-´-Snbpw tIcf kºZvLS-\-sb kmc-ambn _m[n°p-sa-∂p-am-Wv. IpSn-sh≈w kpc-£n-X-amb IpSn-sh≈w e`y-am-Ip∂ Imcy-Ønepw 1987˛2004 Ime-L´w KWy-amb ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-®n-´p≠v (]ńI˛5). kpc-£n-X-a-√mØ t{kmX-pI-fn¬ \n∂v IpSn-sh≈w tiJ-cn-°p∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS FÆw (CXn¬ InW¿ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-ń√) 34.1%Øn¬ \n∂v 16.3% Bbn Xmgv∂p. {it≤-b-amb t\´w ssIh-cn-®Xv hoSn-\p-≈n¬ ss]∏v sh≈w e`y-am-Ip∂ Imcy-Øn-emWv. Bdv aSßn-tesd h¿≤-\-hmWv C°m-cy-Øn¬ D≠m-bn´p≈-Xv.

tIcfw


43

]ńI 5 IpSn-sh≈ t{kmXv 1987-˛2004 iX-am-\-Øn¬ t{kmXv (i-X-am-\-Øn¬) kz¥w InW¿ ss]∏v sh≈w s]mXp-Sm∏v kpc-£n-X-a-√mØ t{kmX-p-Iƒ

1987

1996

2004

53.8 3.6 8.5

65.1 4.2 7.5

51.5 22.8 9.3

34.1

27.3

16.3

ipNnXzw Ign™ c≠v Zi-I-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ G‰hpw {it≤-b-amb t\´-sa∂v ]d-bm-hp∂Xv ipNn-Xz-Øns‚ ImcyØn-emWv. hoSp-I-fn¬ I°qkv \n¿Ωn-°p∂ ImcyØn¬ Hcp hnP-b-KmY Xs∂ tIcfw cNn®p F∂v ]dbmw. 1987˛¬ 48.3 iX-am-\am-bn-cp∂p I°q-kp≈ hoSp-I-fpsS FÆw. F∂m¬ 2004˛¬ 91.9% hoSp-I-fnepw I°qkv D≠v (]ńI 6). Krl-\n¿Ωm-W-cw-KØv D≠mb h≥ap-t∂‰w krjvSn® s]mXp kml-Ncyw I°qkv hym]-\-Øn\v klm-b-I-amb Hcp LS-I-amWv. F∂m¬ AXv am{X-a√, C°m-cy-Øn¬ D≠mb kmaq-ly-C-S-s]-S¬, hnti-jn®v P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-W-Øns‚ L´-Øn¬ {]mtZ-inI `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ \S-∏n-em°nb ipNnXz ]≤-Xn-I-fmbncn°mw Cu Hcp {it≤-b-amb t\´-Øn\v If-sam-cp°n-bXv. Cu apt∂‰w G‰hpw {][m-\-ambn kzm[o-\n-®Xv Btcm-Ky-cw-K-ØmWv. ]ńI ˛ 6 I°q-kp-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw 1987-˛2004 (%)

C\w I°qkv shfn-{]-tZiw a‰v coXn-Iƒ

1987

1996

2004

48.3 51.4 0.3

69.9 27.6 2.5

91.9 6.5 1.6

Hcn- ° ¬ inip˛_me ac- W - ß ƒ°v apJy- I m- c - W - ß - f n- s em- ∂ m- b n- c p∂ O¿±y-Xn-km-c-Øns‚ hym]\w KWy-ambn Ipd-™Xv I°qkv D]-tbm-K-Øn-ep≠mb h¿≤-\-hn\v B\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn Xs∂-bmWv. Jc-am-en\y kwkvI-c-Whpw aen-\-Pew Hgp-°epw I°q-kp-]-tbm-K-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ D≠m-°m≥ Ign™ t\´w, Km¿lnI amen\y-ßƒ kwkvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ D≠m-°m≥ km[n-®n-ń√. Jc-am-en\y kwkvI-cWw {][m-\-s∏´ Hcp {]iv\-ambn Ah-ti-jn-°p-I-bmWv. C°m-cy-Øn¬ Ah-ew-_n°p∂ hnhn[ coXn-Iƒ F{]-Im-c-sa∂v ]ńI 7 kqNn-∏n-°p∂p. 44.7% hoSp-I-fnepw amen-\y-kw-kvI-c-W-Øn\v {]tXyI coXn-Iƒ H∂pw Ahew-_n-°msX N∏p-N-h-dp-Iƒ shdpsX hen-s®-dn-bp-I-bmW.v 1987˛se 70% F∂ ÿnXn-bn¬ \n∂v Ipsd apt∂m´v t]mIm≥ Ign™p F∂-sXmcp hkvXp-X-bmWv.

44

tIcfw


]ńI˛8 Xr]vXn-I-c-a-√mØ coXn-bn-ep≈ amen-\y-kw-kvI-cWw

]ńI 7 hoSp-I-fnse Jc-am-en\y kwkvI-cWw

apJy-coXn Ipgn IØn-°¬ ItºmÃv tiJ-cn-°-s∏-S¬ a‰v coXn-Iƒ {]tXyI am¿§an√

hoSp-Iƒ (%) 10.1 38.9 2.6 2.6 12.0 44.7

kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ßƒ

iX-am\w

I

63.2

II

50.8

III

39.0

IV

22.9

kz¥-am-bp≈ ]pc-bnS hnkvXo¿Æw

iX-am\w

F∂m¬ sImXpIpw Cu®bpw ]c-Øp∂ <10 sk‚ v 47.7 tcmK-ß-fpsS FÆ-Øn¬ kao-]-Im-eØv 10˛30 sk‚ v 43.4 D≠m- b n- c n- ° p∂ h¿≤- \ hv ]cn- K - W n- ° p30˛100 sk‚ v 44.4 tºmƒ CsXmcp Kuc-h-X-c-amb {]iv\-ambn Ah-ti-jn-°p∂p. N∏p-N-h-dp-Iƒ hen-s®>100 sk‚ v 42.9 dn-bp∂ coXn Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂-Xn¬, Hmtcm IpSpw-_-Øn-s‚bpw ssIh-i-ap≈ ]pc-bnS hnkvXo¿Æ-hp-ambn bmsXmcp _‘hpw ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂n√. AtX-k-abw kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ GsX-∂-Xns\ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn _‘w Zriy-hp-amWv (]-ńI 8). CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv kuIcy-ß-fpsS e`y-X-sb°mƒ kmaq-lyhpw hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-hp-amb LS-I-ß-fmWv amen-\y-kw-kvIc - Ww GXp-hn[w thW-sa∂v \n›-bn-°p-∂X - v. C°m-cy-Øn¬ {]mtZinI `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ hnZym-`ymk t_m[-h¬°-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ A\n-hm-cyam-Wv. hoSn\v Np‰pw aen-\-Pew sIń-\n¬°p∂ {]iv\w 13.3% IpSpw-_-ßƒ t\cn-Sp∂p≠v. sImXp-Ip-Iƒ s]cp-Ip-∂-Xn\pw U¶n-∏\n t]mep≈ ]pXnb tcmK-ßƒ D≠mIp-∂-Xn\pw CXv \nan-Øam-Ip∂p. 1987˛ se k¿th hnh-c-ß-fnepw e`yamb IW°v 13 iX-am\w F∂-Xm-sW-∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂Xn¬ H´pw aptºm´v t]mbn-ń√ F∂Xv hy‡-amWv. sImXpIv ieyw kwÿm-\-Øns‚ F√m `mKØpw sImXpIv ieyw Gsd-°psd cq£-amb Hcp {]iv\-amWv. 77 iX-am\w hoSp-I-fn¬ sImXpIv Hcp {][m-\- {]-iv\-ambn dnt∏m¿´v sNø-s∏´p. sImXp-Ins\Xnsc hnhn-[-ß-fmb am¿K-ß-fmWv Ah-ew-_n°p-∂Xv (]-ńI 9). CXn¬ \men-sem∂p IpSpw-_-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv {Iow, am‰v, enIznUv th∏¿, Xncn XpSßn hnhn[ Iº-\n-Iƒ D≠m-°p∂ hmWnPy D¬]-∂-ßfmWv. CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv CØcw Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS Hcp henb Itºmf-ambn tIcfw amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂mWv. aq∂n-sem-∂n\p aosX t]¿ sImXp-Ins\ Xnsc {]tXyI coXn-sbm∂pw ssIs°m-≈p∂n√.

tIcfw


45

]ńI 9 sImXp-Ip-\n-hm-cW am¿§-ßƒ (%) 3.0 0.7 18.2 6.4 15.1 13.3 5.6 37.5

coXn sImXpIv he {Iow am‰v/th∏¿ sImXpIv Xncn ]c-º-cm-KX coXn-Iƒ ^m≥ a‰v am¿§-ßƒ H∂pw sNøm-dn√

46

tIcfw

89.2 90.7 91.6 90.0 94.5 86.3 97.1 94.4 83.7 93.8 94.9 90.2 92.7 82.4

40.2 54.9 38.1 58.1 42.7 44.8 40.5 38.2 56.7 47.6 43.0 37.7 36.6 43.3


13.0 11.8 7.8 29.6 11.3 3.6 18.0 17.7 6.6 10.6 14.2 3.3 11.5 10.7

sImXpIv ieyw

27.8 23.9 23.3 22.4 22.3 35.4 38.1 25.4 14.0 17.8 17.4 16.1 11.8 19.0

sh≈w sIń-\n-¬-°¬

Jc-am-en\y kwkv°cWw Xr]vXn-I-c-a-√m-ØXv

12.9 13.4 12.0 17.3 22.0 30.8 7.2 14.8 26.3 14.2 18.2 32.3 14.3 21.8

I°qkv

85.6 85.4 88.9 85.4 89.1 76.1 94.8 91.6 78.3 79.0 83.0 63.1 82.3 81.9

IpSn-sh≈w kpc-£n-Xa - √ - m-ØXv

71.0 79.5 89.5 83.4 81.3 48.2 91.3 90.3 84.2 88.7 87.3 60.5 82.9 82.7

ss]∏v sh≈w

Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - pcw sIm√w ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Be-∏pg tIm´bw CSp°n Fd-Wm-Ipfw Xr»q¿ ]me-°mSv ae-∏pdw tImgn-t°mSv hb-\mSv IÆq¿ Imk¿tKmUv

sshZyp-Xo-I-cWw

Pn√

hmk-tbmKy hoSp-Iƒ

]ńI 10 hoSpw ]cn-k-c-ip-Nn-Xzhpw ˛ {]mtZ-inI A¥cw

84.9 83.8 79.8 90.1 80.1 80.3 83.9 78.5 75.8 74.8 58.7 68.0 66.0 65.6

{]mtZ-inI A¥-c-ßƒ hoSpw ]cn-k-chpw Bbn _‘-s∏-SpØn apI-fn¬ N¿® sNbvX Imcy-ß-fn¬ ]e-Xnepw {]mtZ-in-I-amb A¥cw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. Ch-bn¬ NneXv ]ńI 10˛¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂p. hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm Pn√-bp-sSbpw ÿnXn \nco-£n-°ptºmƒ Hcp Imcyw hy‡-amWv. t\´hpw tIm´hpw c≠p Imcy-ß-sf-bmWv {][m\ambpw B{ibn°p-∂Xv; kmº-ØnI hnI-k-\hpw, ]mcn-ÿn-XnI Np‰p-]mSpw (]-ńI 11). ]ńI 11 `h-\-kw-_-‘n-bmb LS-I-ß-fn¬ anI-®Xpw tami-hp-amb Pn√-Iƒ

LS-I-ßƒ hmk-tbm-Ky-ho-Sp-Iƒ sshZyp-Xo-I-cWw IpSn-sh≈w (kpc-£n-X-a-√m-ØXv) ss]∏v sh≈w I°qkv Jc-am-en\y kwkvI-cWw sh≈s°ń-√m-ØXv sImXpIv iey°pdhv

anI-®Xv

tamiw

Fd-Wm-Ipfw, Xr»q¿ Fd-Wm-Ipfw, Xr»q¿

CSp°n, hb-\mSv hb-\mSv, CSp°n

Fd-Wm-Ipfw, ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Fd-Wm-Ipfw, CSp°n Fd-Wm-Ipfw, tImgn-t°mSv hb-\mSv, IÆq¿ hb-\mSv, CSp°n tImgn-t°mSv, Imk¿tKmUv

CSp°n, hb-\mSv IÆq¿, ]me-°mSv Imk¿tKmUv, ]me-°mSv ]me-°mSv, Be-∏pg Be-∏pg,Fd-Wm-Ipfw Be- ∏ pg, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

hmk-tbm-Ky-ho-Sp-Iƒ, sshZyp-Xo-I-cWw, I°qkv, IpSn-sh≈w XpS-ßnb taJ-eI-fnse t\´w kmº-ØnI hnI-k-\-Øn-\m-\p-]m-Xn-I-am-Wv. A√msX, C°m-cyß-fnse√mw Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√ G‰hpw apºn¬ hcm\pw CSp°n, hb-\mSv, ]me°mSv Pn√-Iƒ ]nt∂m-´p-t]m-Im\pw as‰mcp Imc-W-an√. AXp-t]mse sh≈w sIń \n¬°epw sImXpIv ieyhpw Be-∏pg Pn√-bn¬ cq£-am-Im≥ ImcWw B Pn√-bpsS khn-ti-j-amb ]mcn-ÿn-XnI Np‰p-]m-SmWv. hoSpw ]cn-k-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnhn[ Imcy-ßƒ kmaqly kmº-ØnI LS-\-bp-ambn Fßs\ _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p F∂p kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv ]ńI 12. CXn¬ \n∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂Xv F√m Imcyß-fnepw G‰hpw kzm[o\w sNep-Øp∂Xv kmº-ØnI ÿnXn-bm-sW-∂mWv. c≠m-asØ LSIw PmXn-bmWv. CXns‚bpw ASn-ÿm\ ImcWw ]ń-I-PmXn ]ń-I-h¿K hn`mK-ßƒ Gsdbpw ]ca Zcn-{Z-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂p F∂-XmWv. AtX-k-abw ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]iv\ß- f mb sh≈- s °- ´ n- s ‚bpw sImXpIv iey- Ø n- s ‚bpw Imcy- Ø n¬ kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI ÿnXn henb kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-∂n√. {]mtZ-in-I-amb hy-Xym-k-amWv C°m-cy-Øn¬ henb ]¶v hln-°p-∂Xv.

tIcfw


47

apdn-I-fpsS FÆw

I°qkv

IpSn-sh≈w kpc-£n-Xa - √ - m-ØXv

ss]∏v sh≈w

sshZyp-Xo-I-cWw

sh≈w sIń-\n-¬-°¬

sImXpIv ieyw

I II III IV {]tZiw

39.9 79.5 95.2 99.8

3.2 4.0 4.9 6.0

77.2 90.4 96.4 98.6

36.1 21.2 9.3 2.7

8.7 12.8 28.1 51.8

52.7 79.7 95.5 100.0

13.6 15.2 12.9 8.7

73.9 76.9 77.4 80.0

{Kmaw \Kcw aXw

81.8 89.9

4.4 4.7

91.3 95.4

36.1 21.2

19.0 46.8

83.3 94.2

12.9 16.9

75.2 88.4

lnµp

80.1

4.3

90.4

18.7

20.1

83.1

14.5

77.1

ap…ow {InkvXy≥ PmXn

89.7 83.6

4.8 4.5

93.8 94.0

11.5 15.0

23.8 29.6

87.6 86.6

12.8 10.9

76.5 77.5

]nt∂m°w apt∂m°w ]ń-I-PmXn ]ń-I-h¿Kw

82.9 86.8 64.7 41.7

4.4 4.8 3.5 3.5

92.2 93.4 82.1 61.0

18.1 9.7 30.9 50.0

20.3 25.7 12.7 1.7

84.1 89.8 71.9 44.1

15.7 10.9 15.1 11.7

76.3 76.6 78.1 72.9

LS-I-ßƒ

hmk-tbmKy hoSp-Iƒ

]ń-I 12Km¿lnI kuI-cy-ß-fn¬ kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI LS-I-ß-fpsS kzm[o\w

48

tIcfw


A - ≤ymbw 4

hchpw sNehpw BkvXn-Ifpw hnhn[ t{kmX-p-I-fn¬ \n∂m-bp≈ IpSpw-_-h-cp-am\w IW-°m-°m\pw tIcf-]-T\w {ian-°pI-bp≠mbn. sXmgn-en¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am\w IqSmsX s]≥j≥, Irjn, arK-k-º-Øv, `qan, a‰v BkvXn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am-\hpw A\y kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw hntZ-iØpw tPmen sNøp-∂-h¿ Ab-°p∂ hcp-am-\hpw IW-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂p. CXn¬ Xs∂ Kƒ^v cmPy-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am\w {]tXyIw Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. hcp-am\w k¿t∆ sNbvX IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS Pn√-Xn-cn-®p≈ B`y-¥c amk hcp-am-\hpw ]pdØp \n∂p e`n-°p∂ amk hcp-am-\hpw ]ńI 1 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]ń-IbpsS Ah-km\ tImf-Øn¬ samØw a[y-am\ hcp-am-\hpw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. a[yam\ hcp-am\w KWy-amb tXmXn¬ icm-i-cn-tb-°mƒ Ipd-™n-cn-°p-∂Xp {i≤n°p-I. hfsc Ak-¥p-en-X-amb hnX-c-W-am-WnXp kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. apIƒXńse IpSpw-_ß - ƒ°v {Iam-Xo-Xa - mb tXmXn¬ IqSp-X¬ hcp-am-\a - p-≈XpsIm≠mWn-Xv. B`y-¥c hcp-am-\-Øns‚ icm-icn G‰hpw IqSp-X-ep≈ Pn√-Iƒ {Ia-Øn¬ IÆq¿, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, tImgn-t°mSv F∂n-hbpw ]pdw hcp-am\w IqSp-X-ep-≈h Xr»q¿, ae-∏p-dw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw F∂n-h-bp-am-Wv. samØw hcp-am\ icm-icn IÆq¿, Xr»q¿, FdWm- I pfw F∂ {Ia- Ø n- e m- W v . a[y- a m\ hcp- a m- \ - a mWv bmYm¿∞y-ßsf IqSp-X¬ {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂ kqNn-I. CXv G‰-hp-a-[nIw FdWm-Ip-fw, IÆq¿, Xr»q¿ F∂ {Ia-Ønepw G‰hpw Ipdhv ]me-°m-Sv, Imk-dtKm-Uv, hb-\mSv F∂ {Ia-Øn-ep-am-Wv. kwÿm\Øns‚ hm¿jnI Btfm-lcn hcp-am\w (]pdw hcp-am\w Iqń) 18603 cq]bpw a[y-am\w 11250 cq]-bp-am-Wv. B`y-¥c D¬∏m-Z-\sØ Bkv]-Z-am°n πm\nßv t_m¿Uv IW-°m-°n-bn-´p≈ Btfm-lcn hm¿jnI hcp-am\w 24053 cq]bmWv (Economic Review 2004). CØ-c-Øn¬ IW-°m-°p∂ hcp-am\w IpSpw-_h-cp-am-\-Øn¬ ]q¿Æ-ambn {]Xn-^-en-°p-∂n-√. am{X-a-√, Pn√-Iƒ Xncn-®p≈ IW°p-I-fnepw Imcy-amb hyXym-k-ß-fp-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Rß-fpsS IW-°n¬ tIcfw


49

]ńI˛1 IpSpw-_-Øns‚ B`y-¥c hcp-am-\hpw ]pdw hcp-am-\hpw Pn√ Xncn®v (cq]/amkw) Pn√ Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - pcw sIm√w ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Be-∏pg tIm´bw CSp°n Fd-Wm-Ipfw Xr»q¿ ]me-°mSv ae-∏pdw tImgn-t°mSv hb-\mSv IÆq¿ Imk-¿tKmUv kwÿm\w

icm-icn a[y-am\w B`y-¥c hcp- ]pdw hcp-am\w samØw hcp- samØw hcpam\w am\w am\w 4912 1114 6026 4000 4919 789 5708 3500 5658 1002 6660 4000 4696 587 5284 3400 5985 598 6584 4000 5438 211 5649 3500 6568 579 7147 4800 5724 1815 7539 4500 4163 476 4639 3000 4994 1535 6529 4500 6019 812 6831 4350 5054 726 5780 3192 6781 1095 7876 4550 4884 587 5471 3100 5483 947 6430 4000

Btfm-lcn icm-i-cn-bp-tSbpw a[y-am-\-Øn-t‚bpw Imcy-Øn¬ ]Ømw ÿm\ØmWv CSp-°n (]-ńI 2). πm\nßv t_m¿Uns‚ IW°p {]Imcw CSp°n c≠mw ÿm\-Øm-Wv. CXp Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚ IW-°p-I-fp-ambn HØp t]mIp-∂-h-b-√. ]pdw hcp-am-\a - p≈ IpSpw-_ß - f - psS Btfm-lcn Cß-s\-b√ - m-Øh - b - psS Cc-ńtbm-fa - p-≠v. \K-cß - f - n¬ {Kma-ßsf At]-£n®v hcp-am\w IqSp-Xe - m-Wv (]-ńI 3). ]pdw hcp-am\w kwÿm-\sØ 15.8% IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ Hcmsf¶nepw ]pdØp ]Wn-sb-SpØv hoń-te°v ]W-a-b-°p-∂p-≠v. ae-∏pdw Pn√-bn-emWv G‰-hp-a-[nIw (29.3%). sXm´p ]pd-In¬ IÆq¿, Xr»q¿ Pn√-I-fm-Wv. (]-ńI 4). hcp-am-\-Øns‚ tXmXnepw {]mtZinI G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-I-fp-≠v. Xr»q-cnse icm-icn ]pdw hchv ae-∏p-d-Øns‚ GXm≠v Cc-ń-bm-Wv. sXmgn-em-fn-Isf At]-£n®v a‰p-≈-h¿ IqSp-X-ep-s≠-∂XmWv Imc-Ww. ap…ow hn`m-K-Øn¬ aq∂n¬ Ht∂mfw hoSp-I-fn¬ ]pdØp tPmen-sb-Sp-°p-∂h-cp-≠v. Zfn-X¿, BZn-hmknIƒ F∂n-h-cn¬ hfsc Ipd®p t]¿ am{Xsa Cß-s\bp-≈-h-cm-bn-´p-≈q. {InkvXy≥ hn`m-K-Øn-emWv icm-icn ]pdw hchv IqSp-X¬ (]-ńI 5). ]pdØp ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h-cpsS A\p-]mXw kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw IqSpX¬ kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v 3, 4 F∂n-h-bn-em-Wv. ]pdw ]Wn-bp≈ hoSp-Iƒ Cu {Kq∏p-I-fn¬ FØn-t®-cm-\p≈ Db¿∂ km≤yX IqsS-bmWv CXp ImWn-°p-∂Xv. kmº-ØnI {Kq∏p-Iƒ XΩn¬ icmicn ]pdw hc-hn¬ henb A¥-chpw ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. sXmgn-ep-I-fnse hyXym-k-ßƒ Xs∂-bmWv CXn\p Imc-Ww.

50

tIcfw


]ńI˛2 Btfm-lcn hm¿jnI hcp-am\w Pn√ Xncn®v (cq-]) Btfm-lcn Btfm-lcn dm¶v Pn√ hcp-am\w hcp-am\w (a-[y-am\w) (i-cm-i-cn) Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - pcw 18502 6 12000 sIm√w 17734 8 11100 ]Ø-\w-Xn´ 21085 3 12000 Be-∏pg 16353 9 10800 tIm´bw 21038 4 12171 CSp°n 15767 10 10000 Fd-Wm-Ipfw 22565 2 14000 Xr»q¿ 23980 1 12000 ]me-°mSv 13284 14 8700 ae-∏pdw 14961 12 9643 tImgn-t°mSv 18146 7 11000 hb-\mSv 14878 13 8450 IÆq¿ 20100 5 10500 Imk-¿tKmUv 15599 11 9000 kwÿm\w 18603 11250

dm¶v 5 6 4 8 2 10 1 3 13 11 7 14 9 12

]ńI˛3 Btfm-lcn hm¿jnI hcp-am\w hnhn[ hn`m-K-ßƒ Xncn®v (cq-]) Btfm-lcn hcp-am\w Btfm-lcn hcp-am\w hn`mKw (i-cm-i-cn) (a-[y-am-\w) kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I 5056 4500 II 9009 8000 III 20164 15000 IV 57496 39000 aXw lnµp 17762 11400 ap…ow 17538 9600 {InkvXy≥ 21897 12656 PmXn ]nt∂m°w 17558 11151 apt∂m°w 22503 14400 ]ń-I-PmXn 12317 9000 ]ń-I-h¿§w 9022 7200 ]pdw hcp-am\w ]pdw hcp-am-\-ap≈ IpSpw-_-ßƒ 16094 10000 ]pdw hcp-am-\-an-√mØ IpSpw-_-ßƒ 30771 18000 {Kmaw/\Kcw {Kmaw 17678 10800 \Kcw 24238 15000

tIcfw


51

]ńI ˛ 4 ]pdw hcp-am\w e`n-°p∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS A\p-]m-Xhpw (%) icm-icn amkw e`n-°p∂ XpIbpw (cq-]) Pn√ Xncn®v Pn√ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw sIm√w ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Be-∏pg tIm´bw CSp°n Fd-Wm-Ipfw Xr»q¿ ]me-°mSv ae-∏pdw tImgn-t°mSv hb\mSv IÆq¿ Imk¿tKmUv kwÿm\w

IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS A\p-]mXw 13.6 15.0 14.7 13.3 7.6 5.1 8.0 17.0 16.3 29.3 16.8 10.4 23.0 13.9 15.8

XpI 8204 5269 6797 4428 7924 4180 7231 10697 2914 5232 4841 6977 4756 4227 5979

]ńI ˛ 5 ]pdw hcp-am\w e`n-°p∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS A\p-]m-Xhpw (%) icm-icn amkw e`n-°p∂ XpIbpw (cq-]) hn`mKw Xncn®v hn`mKw kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v

IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS A\p-]mXw

I II III IV

aXw lnµp ap…nw {InkvXy≥ PmXn ]nt∂m°w apt∂m°w ]ń-I-PmXn ]ń-I-h¿§w {Kmaw/\Kcw {Kmaw \Kcw

52

tIcfw

XpI

4.8 13.0 20.9 20.4

1753 2958 5522 15224

10.4 34.3 11.6

4522 6709 7350

11.4 14.5 3.3 1.7

4573 4996 3066 4000

16.0 14.6

5969 6051


]pdw tPmen-°m-cn¬ 70 iX-am-\hpw Kƒ^v cmPy-ß-fn-em-Wv. \men-sem-t∂mfw C¥y-bnse a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. Kƒ^v CXc cmPyß-fn¬ hfsc Ipd®p t]¿ am{X-ta-bp-≈q. ]t£ Cu cmPy-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ icm-icn ]pdw hchv Kƒ^v cmPy-ß-fp-tS-Xns‚ GXm≠v Cc-ń-bm-Wv. samØw ]pdw hcp-am-\-Øns‚ 78.4% Kƒ^n¬ \n∂p Xs∂-bmWv (]-ńI 6) ]ńI ˛ 6 ]pdw hcp-am\w t{kmXpw XpIbpw t{kmXv a‰p kwÿm\w Kƒ^v cmPy-ßƒ a‰p cmPy-ßƒ

tPmen-sb-Sp°p-∂-h-cpsS % 26.2 70.0 3.8

icm-icn amkw Ab-°p∂ XpI (cq-]) 2247 5205 10962

samØw ]pdw hcp-am-\-Øns‚ % 12.7 78.4 9.0

]ńI ˛ 7 ]pdw hcp-am\w ˛ sXmgn¬ Xncn®v t{kmXv sXmgn-emfn sh≈-t°m-f¿ _nkn-\v s{]m^-j-W¬ a‰p-≈h - ¿

tPmen-sb-Sp°p-∂-h-cpsS % 51.9 6.4 9.0 12.6 20.1

icm-icn amkw Ab-°p∂ XpI (cq-]) 3727 4970 5470 9697 5408

samØw ]pdw hcp-am-\-Øns‚ % 38.3 6.3 9.7 24.2 21.5

]pdØp ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h-cn¬ ]Ip-Xn-bn-tesd sXmgn-em-fn-I-fm-Wv. s{]m^j-\-ep-Isf At]-£n®v hfsc Ipd®p am{Xta Ah¿°v \mń-te°v ]Ww Ab°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p-≈q (]-ńI 7). F∂n-cn-°nepw samØw ]pdw hc-hns‚ G‰hpw henb ]¶v sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-tS-XmWv (38.3%). `qan icm-icn 82.8 sk‚ v `qan-bmWv Hcp IpSpw-_-Øn\v ssIh-i-ap-≈-Xv. hnhn[ kmaqly kmº-ØnI Xcw-Xn-cnhp-Iƒ {]Im-c-ap≈ ssIh-i-`qan ]ńI 8 ¬ \¬Inbn-cn-°p-∂p. ]ń-I- 8¬ G‰hpw henb A¥-cw k-mº-ØnI {Kq∏p-Iƒ XΩn-em-Wv. G-‰hpw kº-∂-cmb {Kq∏v IV Im¿°v G‰hpw Zcn-{Z-cmb {Kq∏v I Imtc-°mƒ A©ncń ssIhi `qan Ds≠∂p ImWmw. {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v lnµp ap…ow hn`m-K-ß-tf°mƒ `qan Ds≠-∂Xv Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ Irjn sNøp-∂-h¿ IqSp-X¬ Ds≠-∂-Xns‚ {]Xn-^-e-\-am-Imw. ]nt∂m° PmXn-°m-tc-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ `qan Ct∏mgpw apt∂m°-°m-¿°m-Wv. G‰hpw Ipdhv ssIhi `qan ]ńI PmXn-bn¬ s]-´-h¿°m-Wv. AtX kabw G‰-hp-a-[nIw `qan ]ń-I-h¿§-Øn¬ s]´-h¿°m-sW∂ ]T-\-êw apJ-hn-e-bvs°-Sp-°m≥ {]bm-k-ap-≠v. G‰hpw Zcn-{Z-cmb Ch¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂

tIcfw


53

`qan-bpsS G-dnb ]¶pw Ir-jn-tbm-Ky-a-√m]ńI 8 ØtXm A\ym-[o-\s-- ∏-´tXm Bbn-cn-°m-\p≈ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ icm-icn ssIhi `qan km[yX X≈n-°-f-bm-hp-∂-X-√. ]T\ kmºnfn¬ ]ńI-h¿K-°m-cpsS FÆw hfsc Ipd- kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v sk‚n¬ hm-bn-cp∂p F∂Xpw Hm¿t°-≠-Xp-≠v. I 38.2 II 55.5 D]-t`m-‡r-h-kvXp-°-fpsS DS-a-ÿX III 93.9 hnhn[ kmº- Ø nI {Kq∏p- I - f n¬ s]´- IV 189.1 h¿°v GsX√mw D]-t`m‡r hkvXp-°ƒ BsI 82.8 Ds≠-∂Xv iX-am-\-°-W-°n¬ ]ńI 9 ¬ aXw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Xmc-X-ay-Øn-\mbn Ch69.1 bn¬ Nne-Xns‚ 2001 sk≥k-knse AJn- lnµp ap…ow 77.1 te¥ym tXmXp-Ifpw ]ń-I-bn¬ ImWmw. {InkvXy≥ 126.4 D]-t`m‡r D-ev]-∂-ß-fpsS {][m\ hn]Wn-bmbn tIcfw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F¥p-sIm- PmXn 62.6 s≠∂v hy‡w. GXm≠v aq∂n¬ c≠p hoSp- ]nt∂m°w 105.2 I-fn¬ sSen-hn-j\pw ]Ip-Xn-bn-tesd hoSp-I- apt∂m°w 27.0 fn¬ anIvknbpw Kymkv IW-Ivj-\p-ap-≠v. ]ń-I-PmXn 138.7 aq∂n¬ H∂v hoSp-I-fn¬ sd{^n-P-td-‰¿ D≠v. ]ń-I-h¿§w ]ńI 9 D]-t`m‡r hkvXp-°-fpsS DS-a-ÿX kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v A\p-k-cn®v (%) kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v D]-t`m‡r hkvXp-°ƒ I II III IV F√mw C¥y 2001 tdUntbm 46 60 70 84 66 35 Sn hn 12 42 78 99 61 32 CkvXn-cns∏ń 12 36 73 98 57 ˛ anIvkn/ss{K≥U¿ 3 27 72 96 52 ˛ ]mN-I-hm-XIw 4 24 71 98 51 ˛ Xo≥tai 5 25 64 94 47 ˛ t^m¨ 3 17 58 96 42 9 ]ºvsk‰v 4 18 52 86 39 ˛ d{^n-Pt- d-‰¿ 0 6 43 96 32 ˛ ssk°nƒ 14 23 32 38 28 44 Xø¬ sajo≥ 9 16 26 47 23 ˛ tkm^msk‰v 1 6 28 77 23 ˛ hn kn B¿ 1 8 28 62 22 ˛ Ccp-N-{I-hm-l\w 0 4 23 62 18 12 Ae-°p-b{¥w 0 1 11 64 12 ˛ samss_¬ t^m¨ 0 2 10 38 10 ˛ Imad 0 2 10 39 9 ˛ Im¿/Po∏v 0 1 6 41 7 3 Iºyq-´¿ 0 0 2 24 4 ˛ Fb¿I-≠o-jW - ¿ 0 0 0 8 1 ˛

54

tIcfw


Nn{Xw 1 Hcp D]-t`m-K-hkvXpthm AXn¬ Ipdthm am{X-ap≈ IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS A\p-]mXw (km-º-ØnI {Kq∏v)

ssk°nƒ HgnsI as‰√m hkvXp-°-fp-tSbpw DS-a-ÿXm tXmXv C¥y≥ icm-icn-tb-°mƒ hfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv. F√m D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS ImcyØnepw kwÿm\ icm-icn C¥y≥ icm-i-cn-tb°mƒ Db¿∂-Xm-sW∂v {]tXyIw ]d-tb-≠-Xn-√t√m. t\csØ BUw-_-c-ambn IW-°m-°n-bn-cp∂ ]e D¬∏-∂-ßfpw C∂sØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ssZ\w-Zn\ PohnX-Øn¬ t]mepw AXym-h-iy-ß-fmbn amdn-bn-cn-°p∂p. F∂n´pw Ch-bpsS DS-aÿm-h-Im-i-Øn¬ hnhn[ kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bnse A¥cw {i≤nt°≠-XmWv. Nn{Xw H∂v C°mcyw hy‡-am-°p∂p. Hmtcm hn`m-K-Ønepw apIfn¬ ]d™ 21 C\-ß-fn¬ Xosc C√m-ØtXm HscÆw am{X-ap-≈tXm Bb IpSpw-_ß-fpsS A\p-]mXw ImWn-°p∂p. D]-t`m‡r sNehv IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS {]Xn-amk sNehv \mev kmº-ØnI {Kq∏pIƒ°pw hyh-tOZn-®p-sIm≠v ]ńI˛10 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p. CtXm-sSm∏w sNe-hns‚ hyXn-bm-\Øns‚ kqNn- I bpw sImSp- ° p∂p. {Kq∏v IV Dw {Kq∏v I Dw XΩn¬ Hmtcm C\Ønes‚bpw sNe-hns‚ A\p-]m-X-am-bmWv Cu kqNnI IW-°m-°n-bXv. CXns‚ aqeyw Ht∂m H∂n-\-SptØm BsW-¶n¬ hmßp∂ D¬∏-∂-Øns‚ AXymh-iyI-X ImWn-°p∂p. aqeyw IqSp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v hkvXp-hns‚ BUw_-c kz`mhw IqSn-h-cp∂p. ]ńI 3 A\p-k-cn®v {]Xn-amk IpSpw-_-sN-ehv 4481 cq]bmWv. EG It‚Xv 2385 cq]bpw, EG \men-t‚Xv 9158 cq]bpw. H∂m-asØ {Kq∏nse IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ AwKßƒ s]mXp-hn¬ IqSp-X-em-b-Xn-\m¬ bYm¿∞-Øn-ep≈ {]Xn-amk sNe-hns‚ A\p-]mXw \mem-a-sØ-Xns\ At]-£n®v ]ns∂bpw Ipd-bm-\mWv km≤yX. hchns\ At]-£n®v IpSpw-_-s®e-hns‚ G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-bncn-°pw. F∂m¬ t]mepw am‰w hcm-\p≈ km[yX Ipd-hmWv. EG H∂nse Hcp IpSpw-_-Øn-s‚-Xn-t\-°mƒ 3.8 Cc-ń-bmWv \mem-asØ {Kq∏nse Hcp IpSpw-_Øns‚ icm-icn sNehv. `£y-]-Zm¿∞-ß-fn¬ Cu A-¥cw G‰hpw {]I-S-am-bn´p-≈Xv ]m¬, a’yw, amwkw, ap´, ]gw, t_°dn km[-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS ImcyØn-emWv. AXym-hiy t]mj-I-h-kvXp-°-fm-sW-¶n¬t∏mepw ]®-°dn, ]b¿ D¬∏∂-ßƒ F∂n-ht]mepw Zcn-{Z¿ hfsc Ipd®v am{Xsa hmßp-∂p≈p. \memw

tIcfw


55

{Kq∏nse Hcp icm-icn IpSpw-_-Øns‚ t^m¨_n¬, hnt\mZw, Zo¿L-ÿmbnbmb D]-t`m‡r D¬∏∂w F∂n-h-bn-ep≈ sNehv hfsc IqSp-X-emWv. \memw {Kq∏nse Hcp IpSpw_w hnZym-`ymk Bh-iy-Øn-\mbn Zcn{Z IpSpw-_-ß-fp-tS-Xnt\-°mƒ 19.3 Ccń sNe-hm-°p∂p. sXm´-SpØ aq∂mw {Kq∏nse Hcp IpSpw_w hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\mbn icm-icn sNe-hm-°p-∂-Xns‚ \men-c-ń-bn-e-[nIw \memw {Kq∏nse Hcp IpSpw_w icm-icn sNe-hm-°p∂p≠v. F∂m¬ F√m hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

56

kmº-ØnI hn`mKw

C\w I [m\yw 391 Ingßv 41 ]b-dp-h¿§w 34 ]®°dn 93 ]m¬ 46 `£y FÆ 89 ao≥/Cd®n/ap´ 133 ]g-ßƒ 24 ]©-kmc 61 D∏v 10 ]e-hy-RvP\ - ß - ƒ 94 t_°dn ]e-lmcw 31 tlm´¬ `£Ww 31 aZyw 51 ]pI-bne/B¬°-tlmƒ 75 tkm∏v apX-em-bh 61 C‘\w 56 sshZypXn 34 hnt\mZw 6 hmSI 4 ]{Xw 11 t^m¨ 7 ]£n-Iƒ/arK-ßƒ 12 XpWn 130 ]mZ-c£ 41 hoSv dn∏-b¿ 42 D]-t`m‡r Dev]∂w 17 hnZym-`ymkw 71 BtcmKyw 690 BsI 2385

tIcfw

II 484 57 57 135 112 126 221 49 76 11 140 59 60 60 111 85 123 78 24 14 27 39 26 173 64 57 42 106 583 3199

III 523 65 79 194 224 163 332 100 78 11 200 100 126 84 139 115 216 170 63 38 75 199 74 259 85 118 107 337 706 4981


IV 484 58 109 271 383 205 535 200 84 13 285 194 135 115 134 168 326 383 143 98 162 622 101 435 135 500 404 1369 1107 9158

F√mw 488 58 69 169 180 145 290 84 75 11 175 87 92 75 120 103 175 144 51 32 60 165 52 232 77 130 104 334 702 4481

hyXn-bm\ kqNnI

\º¿

]ńI 10 {]Xn-amk D]-t`mK sNehv cq]-bn¬ (kmº-ØnI hn`mKw A\p-k-cn®v)

1.2 1.4 3.2 2.9 8.3 2.3 4.0 8.3 1.4 1.3 3.0 6.3 4.4 2.3 1.8 2.8 5.8 11.3 23.8 24.5 14.7 88.9 8.4 3.3 3.3 11.9 23.8 19.3 1.6 3.8

S- b nepw BtcmKys®e- h p- I - f psS A\p- ] m- X - Ø n¬ Imcy- a mb am‰- a n√. BtcmKys®ehv Hcp AXym-h-iy-ambn \ne-\n¬°p-tºmƒ h¿Ø-am\ tIcf kaql-Øn¬ hnZym-`ymk sNe-hp-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ "BUw-_-c'-am-bn- amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. {]Xn-io¿j D]-t`m‡r sNe-hns‚ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ NSSO IW-°p-I-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXp-sIm≠v ]ńI˛11 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p. ]ńI 11 {]Xn-amk D]-t`mK sNehv˛C¥y tIcfw Xmakÿew {Kmaw \Kcw BsI

KSSP 2004 1059.2 1397.1 1105.7

NSSO 2002tIcfw 881.0 1267.0 ˛-

NSSO 2002 C¥y 554.0 1052.0 ˛-

]ńI 12 D]-t`m-K Zmcn-{Zyhpw kº-∂X - bpw NSSO-2002 Dambn Xmc-Xayw C¥y (%) tIcfw (%) am\-Zfiw MPCE<300 {Kmaw 13.0 8.0 MPCE<470 {Kmaw 50.0 24.7 MPCE>500 \Kcw 80.0 85.9 MPCE>1500 \Kcw 16.0 27.7 MPCE = {]Xn-io¿j- D]-t`mKsNehv ({]-Xn-am-kw) ]ńI˛13 {]Xn-io¿j(-am-k) -D-]-t`mK sNehv (Pn√ Xncn®v) Pn√ Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - pcw sIm√w ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Be-∏pg tIm´bw CSp°n FdWm-Ipfw Xriq¿ ]me-°mSv ae-∏pdw tImgn-t°mSv hb-\mSv IÆq¿ Imk¿tKmUv

sNe-hv(-cq]) 1314.7 1121.4 1323.7 960.1 1174.2 1013.6 1359.7 1320.8 752.5 946.9 943.5 915.3 1076.5 913.5

tIcfw

]ńI˛14 hnhn[ hn`m- K - ß ƒ A\p- k - c n®v {]Xn-io¿j {]Xn-amk -D-]-t`mK sNehv hn`mKw I II III IV BsI Xma-k-ÿew {Kmaw \Kcw aXw lnµp ap…ow {InkvXy≥ PmXn ]nt∂m°w apt∂m°w ]ńI-PmXn ]ń-I-h¿§w Fßs\ Pohn-°p-∂p? Fßs\ Nn¥n-°p∂p?

sNe-hv(-cq]) 480 663 1245 2731 1106 1059 1397 1064 964 1371 1036 1293 873 623

57

sNehv \n¿Æ-bn® Ime-b-f-hn¬ Nne hyXym-k-ßfps≠-¶nepw tIc-f-Øns‚ D]-t`m‡r IW-°p-Iƒ c≠v t{kmX-p-I-fnepw Xpey-amWv. AXv C¥y≥ icmi-cn-sb-°mƒ hfsc IqSp-X-emWv, {Kma-X-e-Øn¬ GXm≠v Cc-ń-bmWv. P\-kwJy-bn¬ \s√mcp `mKw {KmaoWcmWt√m. CXns‚ ImcWw Zcn-{Z-cpsS FÆØn¬ D≠mb Ipdhv am{X-a√; Hcp-]s£ AXn-t\-°mƒ {][m-\-ambn, kº∂ hn`m-K-Øns‚ h¿≤-\-hmWv. ]ńI 12 ImWpI. {]Xn-amk {]Xn-io¿j D]-t`m-Ks®-ehv Pn√-Xncn®pw hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Ønepw bYm-{Iaw ]ńI 13 epw 14 epw \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p. ]ńI 14 A\p-k-cn®v {]Xn-io¿j D]-t`mK sNe-hns‚ icm-i-cn-bn¬ Xmsg am{Xw sNe-hm-°p-∂-h-cmWv EG I, II hn`m-Kßƒ; {Kmao-W¿, lnµp˛ ap…nw hn`m-K°m¿, ]nt∂m° PmXn-°m¿, ]ń-I-PmXn/h¿§w F∂n-h¿. icm-i-cn-sb-°mƒ ap∂nep-≈-h¿ EG III, IV, \K-c-hm-kn-Iƒ, {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ, lnµp-a-X-Ønse apt∂m-°°m¿ F∂n-h-cmWv. D]-t`mKw IqS--p-Xe -- p-≈-h¿ IqSp-X-embn Xma-kn-°p-∂Xv FdWm-Ipfw, ]Ø-\w-Xn´, Xr»q¿, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw, tIm´bw, sIm√w Pn√-I-fn-emWv. a‰v Pn√-I-fn-se√mw icm-i-cn-sb-°mƒ Ipd-hmWv D]-t`m‡r sNehv; G‰hpw Ipdhv ]me-°mSv Pn√-bnepw. Zpc¥ sNe-hp-Iƒ km[m-c-W-bmbn IS-Øn¬ Ah-km-\n-°p∂ c≠v {][m\ Xcw sNe-hp-Iƒ hnhm-lØnt‚Xpw NnIn’bptSXp-amWv. ]n∂n´ A©v h¿jsØ hnhml sNehv kw_-‘n®v k¿sh-bn-eqsS e`y-amb IW-°p-Iƒ sh®v tIc-f-Ønse samØw hnhml sNehv s{]mPIvSv sNbvXm¬ AXv {]Xn-h¿jw GXm≠v 6787 tImSn cq] hcpw. CXv kwÿm-\sØ Hmtcm IpSpw-_-Øn∂pw 11,311 cq]-bpsS _m≤yX D≠m-°p-∂-Xmbn IW-°m°mw; AXm-bXv Hcp IpSpw-_-Øns‚ samØw hcp-am\-Øns‚ 14.7%. hnhmlw \S∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw ]ńI˛15 XpI CXn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X-em-bnicm-icn hnhml sNehv (km-aq-ly-km-ºcn°pw. ]ńI 15 ¬ C°m-cy-ßƒ ØnI LS-I-ßƒ°-\pkrX-am-bn) hni-Z-ambn \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p. LS-I-ßƒ XpI (cq]) ]ń-Ih¿§-°m¿ HgnsI F√m I 81409 hn`m-K-°mcpw hnhm-l-Øn-\mbn II 103290 h≥ XpI sNe- h - g n- ° p∂p. EG III 155492 H∂n¬s∏´ IpSpw-_-ßƒ t]mepw Hcp hnhm-l-Øn-∂mbn icm-icn IV 251149 81,409 cq] sNe-hm-°p∂p. \memBsI 138976 asØ {Kq∏n¬ CXv icm-icn c≠c aXw e£- a mWv. h¿≤n- ® p- h - c p∂ lnµp 120176 kv{Xo[-\m-hiyhpw, kz¿Æw IqSpap…ow 166643 X-embn hmtß-≠n-hcp∂Xp-amWv {InkvXy≥ 149253 hnhml sNe-hns‚ h¿≤-\-hn\v PmXn {][m\ ImcWw. ]ńI 16 ¬ ]nt∂m°w 129021 CXns‚ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ \¬In-bnapt∂m°w 134471 cn-°p∂p. ]ńI-PmXn 74342 ]ń-I-h¿§-°m-cmWv Ipd™ ]ń-I-h¿§w 18911 tXmXn¬ kv{Xo[\w hmßp-∂Xpw

58

tIcfw


]ńI˛16 kv{Xo[-\, -kz¿Æ kzm[o\w hyXykvX hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ LS-I-ßƒ

kv{Xo[-\w %

I II III IV icm-icn aXw lnµp ap…ow {InkvXy≥ PmXn ]nt∂m°w apt∂m°w ]ńI-PmXn ]ń-I-h¿§w

74 69 66 59 67

hmßnb kz¿Æw (]-h≥) 15 20 30 64 28

57 76 80

26 33 24

62 47 66 22

28 33 13 10

kz¿Æw D]-tbmKn-°p-∂-Xpw. kv{Xo[\w IqSp-X¬ {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°n-S-bn-emWv; Hcp-]s£ CXv \ne--hn¬ XpS¿∂p-h-cp∂ IpSpw-_-kz-Øns‚ ]n¥p-S¿®m-h-Im-iØns‚ `mK-am-tb°mw. F∂m¬, kv{Xo[-\-Øn-s∂-Xnsc aX-]-c-amb hne-°p-Iƒ \ne-\n¬°p-tºmgpw ap…o-ßƒ°nS-bn¬ Cu k{º-Zmbw hfsc IqSp-X-em-sW∂v ImWp∂p. NnIn’m sNehv Bip]-{Xn-bnse InSØn NnIn-’m-sN-ehv tIc-f-Øn¬ hfsc IqSp-X-emWv; Hcp {]mh-iy-tØ°v GXm≠v 10,000 cq]. k¿sh IW-°p-Iƒ s{]mPIvSv sNbvXm¬ tIc-f-Ønse Bkv]-{Xn-bn¬ InSØn NnIn- ’ m- s N- e hv ]ńI˛17 {]Xni o¿j Bip]{Xn InSØn NnIn’m sNehv Xs∂ h¿j-Øn¬ GXm≠v 2800 tImSn cq] hcp-∂p≠v. kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v XpI (-cq]) ]ńI 17 ImWpI. I 6698.8 Zpc¥ sNe- h p- I - f mWv {][m-\-ambpw ISw h¿≤n-∏n°p-∂X - v (]-ńI 18). IS-Øns‚ a‰v Imc-W-ßƒ hoSv \n¿am-

II III IV icm-icn

tIcfw


7040.3 11699.3 17177.7 9680.8

59

kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I II III IV icm-icn

]ńI˛18 Ign™ 5 h¿j-°m-esØ hmbv] hmbv] FSp-Ø icm-icn IpSpw_ hcp-am-\IpSpw-_ß - ƒ(%) hmbv] XpI Øns‚ A\p-]mXw 60 66 61 50 61

14496 26449 53289 105897 44310

13 13 15 12 13

]ńI˛19 hmbv] Imc-W-ßƒ (%) IpSpw-_-Øns‚ icm-icn hmbv] (5 h¿jtØ°v ˛%) Imc-W-ßƒ iX-am\w icm-icn XpI (cq]) hnhmlw 20 79017 hoSv\n¿amWw 18 106539 NnIn’m sNehv 12 34642 hoSvdn-∏b - ¿ 10 36635 tPmen°v 10 101586 hml\w hmßp-∂-Xn\v 5 111380 `qan- hm-ßm≥ 4 106558 D]-t`mKw 2 24352 hnhn-[ -Im-c-W-ßƒ 1 188098 a‰p-≈h 19 55018

Wtam hml\w hmßn-°tem BWv. CXns‚ hnh-c-ßƒ ]ńI 19 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn°p∂p. hmbv] FSp-°p∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS A\p-]m-Xhpw, hmbv]bpw hcp-am-\hpw XΩnep≈ A\p-]m-Xhpw hnhn[ {Kq∏p-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ GXm≠v Xpey-amWv. hcp-am\w IqSp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v hmbv]m XpIbpw IqSn hcp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. hmbv]-bpsS Imc-W-ßƒ ]ńI 19 ¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂p. hnhm-l-amWv Imc-W-ß-fn¬ {][m\w. ]ń-I19 ¬ sImSpØ Imc-W-ßsf s]mXp-hn¬ c≠mbn Xncn°mw˛ BkvXn D≠m-°p-∂-hbpw ssZ\y-X -aq-e-ap-≈-h-bpw. `h\ \n¿amWw, hml\w hmß¬, tPmen kºm-Zn-°¬ F∂n-h-sbms° BkvXn kw`-c-W-amWv. F∂m¬ hnhmlw, NnIn’ XpS-ßn-bh ssZ\y-Xbp≠m-°p-∂-hbpw. C°m-cy-ßsf ]c-kv]cw _‘n∏n-°p-tºmƒ hyXykvX kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]e-Xcw _‘-ßƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xpw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw ImWmw. ]ńI 20 ImWpI t\c-sØ-Xs∂ I≠-Xp-t]mse, kº-∂¿ hmbv] hmßp-∂Xpw BkvXn h¿≤n∏n-°m-\mWv. F∂m¬, Zcn-{Z-cm-Is´ ssZ\y-X I - m-cW - a - mb sNe-hp-Iƒ°pw. IpSpw_

60

tIcfw


]ńI˛20 BkvXn, ZpcnX coXn-bn¬ hmbv]-bpsS hn`-P\w kmº-ØnI BkvXn ssZ\yX BkvXn/ssZ\yX A\p-]mXw {Kq∏v (i-cm-i-cn- XpI cq]bn¬) I 3416 6049 0.6 II 6883 11017 0.6 III 20759 14461 1.4 IV 53328 10554 5.1

hmbv]-bpsS {][m\ t{kmXv kl-I-cW _m¶p-I-fmWv. Nn{Xw 2 ImWpI. Nn{Xw 2 hmbv]-bpsS t{kmXkv % a‰p-≈h hnhn[ t{kmX-kp-Iƒ h¿[n® ]eni (tªUv Iº-\n-Iƒ) kzImcy _m¶p-Iƒ \mS≥ ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Im¿ s]mXp-ta-Jem _m¶p-Iƒ kl-Ic - W ÿm]-\ß - ƒ

]ńI 21 hmbv]m t{kmX-p-Iƒ t{kmXv

B-kvXn

ssZ\y-X

kl-I-cW ÿm]-\-ßƒ s]mXp-ta-Jem _m¶p-Iƒ \mS≥ ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Im¿ kzImcy _m¶p-Iƒ AanX ]en-i- (tªUv Iº\nIƒ)

27 33 22 42 22

32 18 43 23 35

tIcfw


B-kvXn/ssZ\y-X A\p-]mXw 0.8 1.9 0.5 1.8 0.6

61

]ńI 22 hmbv]m t{kmXv kmº-ØnI {Kq∏p-Ifn¬ ISw hmßn-bXv Fhn-sS -\n∂v kl-I-cW ÿm]-\-ßƒ s]mXp-ta-Jem _m¶p-Iƒ \mS≥ ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Im¿ kzImcy _m¶p-Iƒ h¿[n® ]en-i- (tªUv Iº\nIƒ)

I II 39.0 41.9 14.3 14.8 17.0 10.4 3.6 3.5 2.7 3.8

III 40.6 19.0 7.4 5.4 2.5

IV 28.3 33.7 2.9 12.0 1.1

kl-I-cW _m¶p-Iƒ Zcn-{Z¿°mbn \¬Ip∂ hmbv]-I-fn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw Zpcn-X]q¿Æ-amb Bh-iy-ßƒ \nd--th-‰m\mWv. F∂m¬ h≥InS _m¶p-Iƒ (kzImcyhpw s]mXp-ta-J-ebpw) BkvXn D≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn ]W-°m¿°v ISw IqSpX¬ \¬Im-\mWv Xm¬]cyw ImWn-°p-∂Xv. ]ńI 21, 22 ImWpI.

62

tIcfw


A≤ymbw 5

sXmgnepw D]-Po-h\hpw

""tIcfw Fßs\ Pohn-°p∂p''î F∂p Is≠-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p tIcf ]T-\Øns‚ {][m\ e£yßfn-sem∂v. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ sXmgn¬ cwKw Cu ]T-\]-≤-Xn-bpsS khn-tij {i≤bv°p hnt[-b-am-bn. ]c-º-cm-KX sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-ambn XmXvIm-en-Ihpw A\n-bX kz`m-h-ap-≈-Xp-amb ]e D]-Po-h-\am¿§-ßfpw hym]-I-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ C∂sØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬, t\cn-´p≈ tNmZy-ßƒ°p ]pdsa IpSpw-_mw-Kß - f - p-am-bp≈ N¿®-bn-eq-sS-bmWv apXn-¿∂ IpSpw_mw-K-ß-fpsS hcp-am\ am¿§-ßƒ a\-n-em-°m≥ {ian-®-Xv. Cu coXn-bn-eqsS, ÿnc-amb hcp-am-\-ap≈ sXmgn-en-s√-¶nepw as‰-s¥-¶nepw ]Wn-sNbvXp Pohn°p-∂-h-cpsS sXmgn-ep-Ifpw k¿t∆-bpsS ]cn-[n-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm≥ Ign-™p. F∂m¬ AØcw ]Wn-Iƒ t]mepw (Iq-en-∏-Wn, tem´dn Sn°‰p hnev]-\, Xc-Iv AYhm IΩo-j≥) C√m-Ø-h-sc-bmWv ë ]Wn-bn-√m-Ø-h¿í (Unemployed) F∂ hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Inńb samØ sXmgn-¬ ]¶m-fnØ \n-c°v (work participation rate) 2001 sk≥k-knse hnh-c-ß-fp-ambn HØp t]mIp∂p≠v (]-ńI˛1). ]-ń-I-˛1 samØw P\-kw-Jy-bnse sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw ]cn-jØ - ˛-v 2004 sk≥k-k˛-v 2001 B¨ 53.5% 50.4% s]¨ 13.1% 15.3% samØw 32.7% 32.3% sXmgn¬ taJ-e-Ifpw hcp-am-\hpw

sXmgn¬ cwKØv 52.6% t]¿°p ]Wn \¬Ip∂ XrXob (tk-h-\) taJ-ebmWv ap∂n¬. F¶nepw hen-sbmcp hn`mKw P\-ßƒ (28.6%) Ct∏mgpw Im¿jnI AYhm {]mY-anI taJ-e-sb-Ø-s∂-bmWv sXmgn-en-\mbn B{i-bn-°p-∂Xv F∂v ]T\w ImWn-°p-∂p (]-ń-I-˛2).

tIcfw


63

]-ń-I-˛2 hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fnse sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fn-Øhpw hcp-am-\hpw B taJ-e-bpsS taJe sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw (%) samØw hcp-am\w (%) {]mY-anIw 28.6 19.2 ZznXobw 18.8 17.3 XrXobw 52.6 63.5

{]mY-anI taJ-e-bn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h-cpsS icm-icn hcp-am\w a‰p c≠p taJ-e-bn¬ D≈-h-cp-tS-Xn-t\-°mƒ Ipd-hm-Wv. AXn¬Øs∂ kv{Xo sXmgn-em-fnI-fpsS hcp-am\w KWy-am-b- tXm-Xn¬ ]n∂n-em-Wv. Cu hnth-N\w IqSp-X-ep-≈Xv {]mY-anI taJ-e-bnepw \n¿am-W-∏-Wn-bpƒs∏-Sp∂ ZznXob taJ-e-bn-ep-am-Wv. C°mcy-Ønepw XrXo-b-ta-J-e-bmWp Xmc-X-tay\ t`Zw. ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS icm-icn Iqen {]mY-anI taJ-esb At]-£n®v ZznXob taJ-e-bn¬ IqSp-X-em-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ kv{XoI-fp-tSXv Ipd-bp-I-bm-sW-∂Xv IuXp-I-I-c-am-Wv. CXv Htc-Xcw tPmen-bn¬ Xs∂ D≈ thX\ hnth-N\w sImt≠m Xmc-X-tay\ sshZ-Kv≤yhpw thX-\hpw D≈ tPmen- I ƒ Ah¿°v In´m- Ø - X p- s Imt≠m c≠pw sIm≠ptam BImw. (]ńI 3) ]ńI 3 sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fn-Ø-Ønse enwK-]-Zhn Hcp sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS icm-icn hcp-am\w (cq]) taJe s]¨ B¨ samØw {]mY-anIw 1185 2560 2307 ZznXobw 1146 3510 3016 XrXobw 3570 4216 4078 ]ńI ˛ 4 sXmgn¬ tk\-bpsS LS-\-bn¬ h∂ am‰w Ign™ Xe-ap-d-bnse Cu Xe-ap-d-bnse taJe ]¶m-fnØw (%) ]¶m-fnØw (%) {]mY-anIw 62.5 28.6 ZznXobw 12.6 18.8 XrXobw 25.0 52.6

{]mY-anI taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂p XrXob taJ-e-bn-te-°p≈ sXmgn¬ am‰w Ign™ Hcp Xe-ap-d-°m-eØp kw`-hn® Hcp {]Xn`mkam-sW∂v ]ń-I-˛4 hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Im¿jnI taJ-e-bnse sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw 62.5% ¬ \n∂v 28.6% Bbn Ipd-™-t∏mƒ tkh\ taJ-e-bnepw hy-h-km-b taJ-e-bnepw KWy-amb h¿≤-\hv D≠m-bn. Hc¿∞-Øn¬ CXv tIcf kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bpsS B[p-\o-I-c-W-Øns‚ kqN-\bmbn IW-°m-°msa∂v Nne kmº-ØnI hnZ-Kv≤¿ hmZn-°p∂p. ë hnI-k\wí F∂-Xp-Xs∂ {]mY-an-Im-h-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰m-\p≈ A[zm\Øn¬ \n∂v IqSpX¬ ùXnI kuI-cy-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw e`y-am-°m-\p≈ A[zm-\-Øn-te-°p≈ am‰-ambn hymJym-\n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-W-t√m. ]t£ tIc-f-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ hnI-

64

tIcfw


]ńI ˛ 5 G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Bfp-Iƒ G¿s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ sXmgn-ep-Ifpw AXn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am-\hpw sXmgn¬

I¿j-I-sØm-gn-emfn I¿j-I¿ IS/I®-hSw Ahn-ZKv[ \n¿amW sXmgn-emfn ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-kmb sXmgn-emfn ss{Uh¿ IS-I-fnse klmbn kvIqƒ A[ym-]-I¿ Hmôkv Kpa-kvX¿ hnZ-Kv[-\n¿am-W-sØm-gn-emfn Hmt´m-dn£m ss{Uh¿ ]yq¨ B[p-\n-Ih - y-hk - mb sXmgn-emfn Xp∂¬°m-c≥ ho´p-tPm-en-°m¿ Ce-Iv{So-jy≥ I¨kv{S-Ivj≥ kq∏¿ssh-k¿ Im¿s]‚¿ Hmô-k¿ h¿°vtjm∏v sXmgn-emfn arK-]c - n-]m-e\w a’y-_-‘\w s]bn‚¿ F©n-\o-b¿ \gvkv ]mcm-sa-Un-°¬ {Sm≥kvt]m¿´v DSa Npa-´p-sXm-gn-emfn Hmô-kv-˛-ô¬Uv h¿°v _kv I≠-IvS¿ a’y-hn-ev]\ apdp-°m≥ IS tjm∏v-˛-I-W-s°-gpØv a‰v A[ym-]-I¿

kwÿm\ Hcp sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS k¿t∆-bn¬ P\-kwJybnse icm-icn amk Inńb FÆw IW-°m-°-s∏´ hcp-am\w (cq) FÆw (e-£w)

1557 842 630

18.86 10.20 7.63

1576 3599 4408

577

6.99

2233

499 343 315 299 275 261 170 140

6.05 4.16 3.82 3.62 3.33 3.16 2.06 1.70

1443 3063 2639 6269 6089 3183 2116 3291

139 136 129 126 105 91 88 82 76 76 70 67 65 63 63 61 59 57 57 56 50 49

1.68 1.65 1.56 1.53 1.27 1.10 1.07 0.99 0.92 0.92 0.85 0.81 0.79 0.76 0.76 0.74 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.61 0.59

4471 1856 907 2561 2743 3266 11672 2789 3094 2336 2202 12483 5019 5157 4402 2759 3866 4103 2471 2507 2843 1843

tIcfw


65

kz-c-amb Cu tkh-\-ta-J-esb Xmßn-\n¿Øp-∂Xv B¥cnI kº-Øp-Xv]m-Z-\a-s√∂pw ]pd-sa-\n-∂p≈ ]W-a-Shv BsW-∂pap-≈Xv DXvI-WvTbv°p hI-\¬Ip∂p (CXv ]n∂mse hcp∂ hnh-c-ßƒ hy‡-am-°pw). sXmgn¬ taJ-e-Iƒ kwÿm-\Øv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Bfp-Iƒ°p ]Wn-\¬Ip∂ sXmgn¬ XpdIƒ ]ńI A©n¬ ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. k¿t∆-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kwÿm\Øp samØw Cu taJ-e-bn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h-cpsS FÆhpw Ah-cpsS icmicn amk-h-cp-am-\hpw IqSn Cu ]ń-I-bn¬ sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v. CX-\p-k-cn®v G‰hpw A[nIw Bfp-Iƒ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂Xv I¿j-I-sØm-gnem-fn-I-fm-bn-´m-Wv, 18.86 e£w. Irjn-°m¿ 10.2 e£w hcpw. hnZKv[ \n¿amW sXmgn-em-fn-I-fmbn 3.1 e£w t]cpw kq∏¿ssh-k¿ (ta-kvXn-cn)-am-cmbn 1.27 e£w t]cpw Ahn-Z-Kv[sØmgnem-fn-I-fmbn 6.99 e£w t]cpw ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p∂ \n¿amW taJe Irjn-I-gn-™m¬ ASpØ G‰hpw henb sXmgn¬ta-J-e-b-s{X. CXp-c≠pw Ign-™m¬ sNdp-InS I®-h-S-°m-cmWv ASp-Ø-Xv, 7.63 e£w (I-SI-fn¬ FSpØp sImSp-°p-∂-hcpw a‰p klm-bn-I-fp-ambn CXn-\p-]p-dsa 3.81 e£w t]cpw FgpØp ]Wn-Iƒ sNøp-∂-h-cmbn 0.60 e£w t]cpw IqSn Cu taJ-ebn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂p-≠v. samØw 12 e£-tØmfw t]¿). \n¿amW taJe 11.36 e£w t]scbpw ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-km-b-ßƒ 6.04 e£w t]scbpw Dƒs°m≈p∂p. ss{Uh¿am-cmbn 4.15 e£w t]cpw I≠-IvS¿am-cmbn 0.69 e£w t]cpw Hmt´m ss{Uh¿am-cmbn 2.05 e£w t]cpw ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p∂ KXm-K-X-ta-Je as‰mcp {][m\ sXmgn¬ZmXm-hm-Wv. k¿°mcpw Fbn-UUpw kzIm-cyhpw kam-¥-chpamb ÿm]-\-ß-fnse A[ym-]-I¿ samØw 3.6 e£-tØmfw hcpw. Hmôkp Kpa-ÿ∑m¿ 3.3 e£w. ]yq¨ apX-em-b-h¿ 1.69 e£w. B[p-\nI hyh-km-b-ß-fn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h¿ 1.68 e£-w- am{Xsa D≈q. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Bfp-Iƒ°p sXmgn¬ \¬Ip-∂Xv ta¬∏d™ taJ-e-I-fmsW-¶n¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ hcp-am-\-ap≈ ]Wn-Iƒ tUmIvS¿ (tam-tU¨ saUnkn≥), hyh-km-bn-Iƒ, tImtfPv A[ym-]-I¿, F≥Pn-\o-b¿am¿, Hmôkv FIvknIyq-ó-hp-Iƒ apX-embhbmWv (]-ń-I-˛6).

]-ń-I-˛6 G‰hpw hcp-am-\-ap≈ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ sXmgn¬

tUmIvS¿ (B-[p-\n-Is - sh-Zyw) hyh-kmb DSa tImtf-P[ - ym-]I - ¿ (πkvSq Dƒs∏-sS) F©n-\o-b¿ Hmô-k¿ hyh-kmb amt\-P¿ Hmôkv kq∏¿ssh-k¿

66

k¿t∆-bnse kwÿm-\Øp samØw icm-icn amk FÆw IW-°m-°-s∏´ FÆw hcp-am\w (cq-])

16 42 39

19,400 50,900 47,300

22400 18676 12627

67 88 17 41

81,200 1,06,600 20,600 49,700

12483 11672 10250 9384

tIcfw


]ńI ˛ 7 G‰hpw Ipdhp hcp-am-\-ap≈ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ sXmgn¬

ho´p-tPmen Ae°v \gvkdn/A¶-Wh - mSn So®¿ h\-hn-`h - t- i-Jc - Ww ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-kmb sXmgn-emfn ¢o\¿ (h-≠n) STD _qØv I¿j-Is - Øm-gn-emfn aX-t_m-[\w ¢o\¿ (tjm-∏v) Bcm-[-\m-eb ]Wn-Iƒ Xp∂¬ Ccp-ºp-]Wn ]mc-e¬ tImtfPv A[ym-]I - ¿ Ip°v (ÿm-]\ - ß - ƒ) hgn-hm-Wn`w Hmt´m-ss{U-h¿

k¿t∆-bnse kwÿm-\Øp samØw icm-icn amk FÆw IW-°m-°-s∏´ FÆw hcp-am\w (cq-])

129 9

1,56,300 10,900

907 1000

42 4

50,900 4,800

1141 1260

499 40 15 1557 31 25 35 136 16

6,04,600 48,500 18,200 18,86,500 37,600 30,300 42,400 1,64,800 19,400

1443 1471 1523 1576 1645 1733 1801 1856 1931

31 35 39 170

37,600 42,400 47,300 2,06,000

1998 2041 2046 2116

at‰ A‰Øv ho´p-tPm-en-°m¿, Ae-°p-Im¿, \gvkdn So®¿am¿, h\-hn-`-h-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-h¿, ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-kmb sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ XpSßn G‰hpw Ipdhp hcp-am-\-ap≈ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ ]ń-I-˛7 ¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. {it≤b-amb hkvXpX Ch-bn¬ an°-hbpw {]mtbW kv{XoIƒ G¿s∏-Sp∂ sXmgn-ep-I-fm-sW-∂-Xm-Wv. BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS D]-Po-h-\-am¿K-amb h\-hn-`h tiJc-Ww, ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-kmb sXmgn-ep-Iƒ, Im¿jnI taJ-e-bnse Iqen-∏Wn XpSßn Zp¿_-e-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS B{i-b-amb ]Wn-I-fmWv Xp—-th-X\w e`n-°p∂ a‰p sXmgn-ep-Iƒ. sXmgn¬ taJ-e-bnse GXm≠v 85% t]cpw 5000 cq]bv°p Xmsg amk-h-cp-am-\-ap≈ sXmgnep-I-fn-emWv G¿s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Db¿∂ hcp-am-\-ap≈ an° sXmgn-ep-Ifpw D∂X hnZym-`ymk tbmKyX (hn-tijn®pw s{]m^-j-W¬ _ncp-Zw) Bh-iy-ap-≈-h-bm-sW-∂Xpw {it≤-b-am-Wv. \mep hn`m-K-ßƒ tIcf ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Inńb hnh-c-ßƒ A\p-k-cn®v hcp-am-\w, sNe-hv, hoSns‚ kz`m-hw, a‰v BkvXn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tIc-f-Ønse IpSpw-_ßsf ]ca Zcn{Z¿, Zcn-{Z¿, Xmgv∂ CS-Ø-c-°m¿, Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m¿ (C-h-cn¬ Ipd®v [\n-Icpw s]Spw) F∂n-ßs\ \membn Xcw Xncn°mw F∂v ap≥ A≤ymb-Øn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠-t√m.

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67

]-ń-I-˛8 \mev kmaq-ly-˛k - m-ºØ - nI hn`m-Kß - fpsS B`y-¥c hcp-am\w hn`mKw

IpSpw-_ß - ƒ %

hy‡n-Iƒ %

icm-icn icm-icn {]Xn-amk {]Xn-io¿j IpSpw_ amk-hc - p-am\w(cq) hcp-am\w (cq)

I

14

15

363

1922

II

32

35

633

3279

III

43

41

1344

6050

IV

11

9

3822

14928

]ńI ˛ 9 kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v \men¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂h-cpsS sXmgn¬ hnh-c-ßƒ sXmgn¬

k¿t∆-bnse Cu hn`m-K-Ønse B sXmgn¬ sNøp∂ FÆw Ah-cpsS iX-am\w hcn¬ F{X iX-am\w t]¿ Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Sp∂p

Hmôkv tPmen-°m¿ s]≥j≥Im¿ kvIqƒ A[ym-]-I¿ _nkn-\-p-Im¿ I¿j-I¿ ]pdw ]Ww B{i-bn-°p-∂h - ¿ F©n-\o-b¿ ho´Ω tImtf-P-[ym-]-I¿ tUmIvS¿ (B-[p-\n-Iw) B[p-\nI hyh-km-b -sXm-gn-emfn hyh-kmb DSa Kƒ^v aS-°-°m¿ hyh-kmb amt\-P¿

107 79 61 49 41

18.7 13.7 10.6 8.6 7.2

37.7 27.7 35.9 13.5 8.7

21 19 17 14 11

3.7 3.3 3.0 2.4 1.9

3.9 59.4 9.9 56.0 91.7

11 10 9 8

1.9 1.7 1.6 1.4

20.4 35.7 27.3 72.7

Db¿∂ a[y-h¿K-°m-cn¬ (\memw hn`m-Kw) Hcp \√ ]¶v (10.6%) kvIqƒ A[ym]-I-c-mWv. (A-°q-´-cn¬ 35.9% Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Spw). ASp-ØXv _nkn-\-p-ImcmWv (8.6%). Hmôkv Kpa-kvX-∑m¿ (8.2%) Hmô-k¿am¿ (7.2%) Ir-jn-°m¿ (7.2%) s]≥j≥Im¿ (13.7%) F∂n-h-cmWv Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Sp∂ a‰p {][m\ Iq´¿. _nkn-\-p-Im-cn¬ 8.6% hpw Hmôkv Kpa-kvX-cn¬ 29.4% hpw Hmô-k¿am-cn¬ 65.1% hpws]≥j≥Im-cn¬ 27.7% hpw BWv \memw {Kq∏n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂-h¿. AtXk-a-bw, tUmIvS¿am-cn¬ 91.7% hpw hyh-kmb amt\-P¿am-cn¬ 72.7% hpw a‰p sshZy∑m-cn¬ 66.7% hpw F≥Pn-\o-b¿am-cn¬ 59.4% hpw tImtf-P-[ym-]-I-cn¬ 56% hpw Cu hn`m-K-Øn-em-Wv. s]mXpth ]d-™m¬ Cu sXmgn-ep-Im-sc√mw Xs∂ kaql-Ønse Xmgv∂tXm Db¿∂tXm Bb a[y-h¿K-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂h - c - m-Wv (]-ń-I˛- 9)

68

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BcmWv ]c-a-Z-cn-{Z¿? H∂mw hn`m-K-Ønse (AXmbXv ]caZcn{Z¿) G‰hpw henb kwLw I¿j-IsØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ Xs∂-bmWv (30.4%), I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fn¬ 35.5% hpw ]c-aZ-cn-{Z-cm-Wv. F∂m¬ h\-hn-`-h-tiJ-cWw sXmgn-em-°n-b-h-cn¬ 66.7% t]cpw ]c-aZ-cn-{Z-c-s{X. ]t£ Ah¿ FÆ-Øn¬ Ipd-hm-I-bm¬ A°q-´¿ ]c-a-Z-cn-{Zcnse 0.3 iX-am-\ta hcq. FÆ-Øn¬ c≠mw ÿm\Øp \n¬°p-∂Xv (13.4%) A¤p-X-I-csa∂p Xs∂ ]d-b-s´, ]pdsa \n∂p≈ ]Ww hc-hns\ B{i-bn®p Ign-bp∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fm-Wv. A°q-´-cn¬ 19.1 %hpw ]c-a-Z-cn-{Z-cn¬s]Spw! \s√mcp ]¶v ho´ptPm-en-°m¿ (34.8%), \n¿am-W-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ (19.8%) takvXn-cn-am¿ (22.7%) Hmt´m ss{Uh¿am¿ (18.8%) XmXvIm-enI tPmen-°m¿ (29.4%) aX-t_m-[\w \SØn Pohn°p-∂-h¿ (42.1%) ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-km-b-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ (14.9%) XpS-ßn-b-hcpw Cu hn`mKØnemWv (]ń-I-˛10). ]-ń-I-˛10 H∂mw-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ (]-c-a-Z-cn-{Z¿) s]´-h-cpsS sXmgn¬ hnh-c-ßƒ sXmgn¬

I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ ]pdw-]-W-h-c-hns\ B{i-bn-°p-∂h - ¿ Ahn-ZKv[ \n¿amW sXmgn-emfn I¿j-I¿ ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-kmb sXmgn-emfn hnZ-Kv[-\n¿amW sXmgn-emfn Hcp ]Wn-bp-an-√m-Ø-h¿ _nkn-\v Bt´m ss{Uh¿ skbn¬kv/klmbn ss{Uh¿ XmXvIm-enI tPmen-°m¿ \n¿amWw takvXncn sXmgn-em-fn-s∏≥j≥ aX-t_m[\w ho´p-tPmen

k¿t∆-bnse ]c-a-Z-cn-{Z-cnse B sXmgn¬ sNøp∂ FÆw Ah-cpsS iX-am\w hcn¬ F{Xt]¿ ]ca Zcn-{Z-cmWv (%)

232

30.4

35.5

102

13.4

19.1

60 57

7.9 7.5

19.8 12.1

24 19 16 15 13 13 11 10 10 9 8 8

3.1 2.5 2.1 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.0

14.9 13.2 28.6 4.1 18.8 11.5 5.8 29.4 22.7 13.2 42.1 34.8

sXmgn-en-√mbva 18-\pw 60 \pw CSbv°p {]mb-ap-≈, sXmgn-se-Sp-°m≥ Xøm-dp-≈-h-cpsS CS-bnse sXmgn-en-√mbva 15.1 iX-am-\-am-Wv.kaq-l-Ønse F√m hn`mKßfp-sS-bn-S-bnepw sXmgn-en-√mbva GXm≠v Hcp-t]m-se-bm-Wv F∂v ]T\w ImWn-°p∂p: (]-ń-I-˛11). PmXnbpw aXhpw Xncn-®p≈ {Kq∏p-I-fnepw Gsd-°psd CtX tXmXn-emWv sXmgnen-√m-bva-bpsS IW-°v.

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69

sXmgn-en-√mbva %

IV

]nt∂m°w

III

apt∂m°w

II

ap…ow

I

{InkvXy≥

hn`mKw

lnµp

]-ń-I-˛11 sXmgn-en-√mbva hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ SC

ST

15.5 14.9 15.4 13.1 14.3 14.6 17.0 14.8 14.3 13.1 14.6

]-ń-I-˛12 sXmgn-en-√m-bva-bpsS hI-t`-Z-ßƒ P\-kw-Jy-bnse aXn∏p hn`mKw iX-am\w IW°v (e-£w) Hcn-°epw sXmgn¬ In´m-Ø-h¿ 85.6 10.58 h√-t∏mgpw sXmgn¬ In´p-∂-h¿ 10.2 1.26 te Hm^v, hn.-B¿.-F-kv 1.4 0.17 Kƒ^v aS-°-°m¿ 2.8 0.34 samØw 100 12.37 ]ń-I-˛13 sXmgn-en-√m-bva-bpsS {]mb-t`Zw kv{XoI-fnepw ]pcp-j∑m-cnepw (%) {]mb-{Kq∏v s]¨ B¨ samØw 18˛25 38.8 20.4 30.0 26˛30 30.6 10.0 19.9 31˛35 22.8 6.3 14.6 36˛40 10.5 4.8 7.9 41˛45 2.1 4.0 3.0 46˛50 2.3 4.6 3.3 51˛55 1.2 9.1 5.3 56˛60 2.2 13.7 7.6 samØw 19.2 10.7 15.1

sXmgn-en-√m-Ø-h-cn¬ an°-hcpw (85.6%) Hcn-°epw sXmgn-¬ Inń-bnń√m-Ø-hcm-Wv. CS-bv°nsS Fs¥-¶nepw ]Wn-In-´p-∂-h¿ 10.2 %hpw te Hm^v, kzbw ]ncn™-h¿ 1.4% hpw hcpw. 2.8% t]¿ Kƒ^v aS-°-°m-cmWv (]-ń-I-˛12). samØw ]Wn-bn-√m-Ø-h-cpsS FÆw 12.37 e£-am-Wv. CXv Fwtπm-bvsa‚ v FIvkvtN-©n¬ t]cv cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXn-´p≈ 40 e£-Øn-t\-°mƒ Xptemw Ipd-hmsW¶nepw CXp-Xs∂ kzoIm-cy-ambXnt\°mƒ hfsc Db¿∂ A\p-]m-X-amWv F∂Xp {it≤-b-am-Wv. ]ń-I-˛13 sXmgn-en-√m-Ø-h-cpsS {]mb-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ hn`-P\w sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂p. 26 hb-n\p Xmsg-bp-≈-h-cn¬ 30 iX-am-\hpw ]Wn-bn-√m-Ø-hc-s{X.-kv{XoI-fn¬ CXv 38.8% BWv. ap∏Xp hb-m-Ip-tºmtg°pw ]Wn-bn-√mØ ]pcp-j-∑mcn¬ ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw t]¿ Fs¥-¶nepw sXmgn¬ I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂p≠v. ]t£ kv{XoIfn¬ 30.6% t]¿ At∏mgpw sXmgn¬c-ln-X-cm-Wv.

70

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k¿°m¿ DtZymKw P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 3.1% BWv k¿°m¿ s]mXp-ta-Jem tPmen-°m-cpsS A\p-]mXw. (sXmgn¬ tk\-bpsS 9.7%). k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿ-cn¬ Gdnb ]¶pw (85.9%) Xmgv∂tXm Db¿∂tXm Bb a[y-h¿K-°m-cm-Wv. (]-ń-I-˛14). ]ńI ˛ 14 hnhn[ kmºØnI hn`mKßfn¬ k¿°m¿˛s]mXptaJem tPmen°mcpsS ]¶v hn`mKw

Cu hn`mKØn¬ P\kwJybn¬ k¿°m¿/s]mXptaJem Cu hn`mKØns‚ tPmen°mcpsS % iXam\w

I

0.5

15.1

k¿°m¿/s]mXptaJe tPmen°mcn¬ Cu hn`mK Øn¬s]Sp∂hcpsS % 2.6

II

1.0

34.8

11.5

III

4.2

41.2

54.8

IV

11.0

8.8

31.1

-]-ń-I-˛15 k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-Ønse B\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-\n[yw hn`mKw

{InkvXy≥ ap…ow \mb¿ a‰p apt∂m-°-lnµp Cug-h¿ a‰p ]nt∂m-°-°m¿ ]ń-IP - mXn ]ń-Ih - ¿Kw

P\-kw-Jy-bnse % (a)

18.3 26.9 12.5 1.3 22.2 8.2 9.0 1.2

k¿°m¿ DtZymK ÿ-cnse % (b)

20.6 11.4 21.0 3.1 22.7 5.8 7.6 0.8

B\p-]m-Xn-Ia - mb Ipdhv/IqSp-X¬ ( b-a )100 b

+11.0 ˛136.0 +40.5 +56.5 0.02 ˛41.0 ˛22.6 ˛ 49.5

B\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn k¿°m¿ DZym-K-ÿ-cpsS FÆw Db¿∂ a[y-h¿K-°m-cpsS CS-bn¬ (\memw {Kq∏n¬) aq∂c Cc-ń-tbmfw A[n-I-am-sW∂p ImWmw. PmXn, aX ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ t\m°n-bm¬ kh¿Æ lnµp aX-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ s]´-h¿°pw {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°pw P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn A¿l-X-s∏-´-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSpX¬ ]¶p In´p-∂p-≠v (]-ń-I-˛15) Cug-h-cpsS {]mXn-\n[yw GXm≠v ka-Xp-en-X-am-Wv. a‰p- ]nt∂m° hn`m-KßfptSXv Gsd ]n∂n-em-Wv. ap…o-ß-fpsS Ahÿ P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn IW-°m-°n-bm¬ ]ń-Ih - ¿§-°m-cp-tS-Xn-t\-°mƒ ]nt∂m-°a - m-Wv. k¿°m¿ DtZymKw F∂Xv kmaq-ly-˛-km-º-ØnI Ahÿ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Hcp kp{]-[m\ LSI-am-bn-cn-°p∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Cu Ak-¥p-en-Xm-hÿ ASn-b-¥nc {i≤ A¿ln°p-∂p.

tIcfw


71

sXmgn-ens‚ kz`mhw k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ßƒ (s]mXp taJem ÿm]-\-ßƒ Dƒs∏-sS) h≥InS kzImcy ÿm]-\ß - ƒ F∂nh Hgn-®m¬ a‰psXmgn-ep-Iƒ an°-hbpw ÿnc-Xb - n-√mØ-hbpw s]≥j≥, s{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠v, BtcmKy tkh\w apX-emb kmaqly kpc£m {Iao-Ic - W - ß - ƒ H∂pw Xs∂ C√m-Øh - b - p-am-Wv. am{X-a√ \ne-hn¬ Chsbms° \¬-Ip∂ BZyw kqNn-∏n® taJ-eI - f - n¬ t]mepw ÿncw tPmen-°m¿°v ]Icw Xm¬°m-en-I° - m-scbpw Icm-dp-Im-scbpw sIm≠v Imcy-ßƒ \S-Øn-s°m≠p t]mIp∂ coXn°v {]Nmcw h¿≤n-°p-∂p. Cu kml-Nc - y-Øn¬ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw G¿s∏ń-cn-°p∂ sXmgn-ens‚ kz`mhw Cu k¿t∆-bn¬ ]d-bp-Ib - p-≠m-bn. sXmgn-se-Sp-°p-∂-hcn¬ _lp-`q-cn-]-£-Øn\pw bmsXm-cp-hn[ kmaq-lnI kpc£bpw C√mØ Ah-ÿ-bmWv F∂p-≈-XmWv \ΩpsS sXmgn¬ cwKsØ Hcp {][m\ {]iv\w. Cu Npa-Xe Hcp ImeØv sXmgn¬ DS-a-bpsS _m[y-X-bm-bn-cp∂p. AXn¬ \n∂v Ah¿ IpX-dn-am-dp-I-bm-Wv (k¿°m¿ Dƒs∏sS). ka-{K-amb Hcp kmaqly kpc£m ]≤Xn sIm≠p-h-cn-Ibpw AXns‚ `mcw Db¿∂ hcp-am\-°m-scbpw tIm¿∏-td-‰p-I-sfbpw sIm≠v Gs‰Sp∏n°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-bmWv CXp kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. hnZym-`ym-khpw sXmgnepw AY-hm hnZym-`ym-khpw sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw 18 apX¬ 60 hb-p-h-sc-bp-≈-h-cpsS hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-chpw Ah-cpsS amkh-cp-am-\hpw Ah-cp-sS-bn-S-bnse sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw XΩn¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ IW°v ]ń-I-˛16 ¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-chpw hcp-am-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ t\¿_‘w XnI®pw {]Xo£n-Xhpw kzm`m-hn-I-hp-am-Wv. ]t£ kaq-l-Ønse hyXykvX sXmgn¬ taJ-eI-fnse thX-\-ßƒ XΩn¬ C{X-tbsd A¥cw (C-cp-]Xp aS-ßv) apX-em-fnØ cmPy-ß-fn¬ t]mepw ImWm-dn√ F∂Xv {it≤-b-am-Wv. Cu ]ń-I-bn¬ \n∂p shfn-hm-Ip∂ as‰mcp _‘w hnZym-`ym-khpw sXmgn-en√m-bvabpw XΩn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv. \nc-£-c-cnepw {]mY-anI hnZym-`ymkw am{Xw e`n-®h-cnepw sXmgn-en-√mbva Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-Wv (6%). Ah-cpsS hcp-am-\-am-Is´ ]ń-I-˛16 18-˛60 hb-n-\n-S-bn-ep-≈-h-cpsS hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-chpw sXmgnepw hcp-am-\hpw hnZym-`ymk \ne-hmcw

\nc-£c - ¿ tIhe km£-cX {]mYanI hnZym-`ymkw sk°‚dn lb¿ sk°‚dn sSIv\n-°¬ ]cn-io-e\w _ncpZw _ncp-Zm-\-¥cw s{]m^-jW - ¬

72

P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ Ah-cpsS iX-am\w

4.6 2.3 28.8 37.4 10.9 3.7 9.0 1.9 1.5

tIcfw

Ah-cp-sS-bn-Sb - nse sXmgn-en-√mbva %

6.5 6.5 6.1 12.4 33.7 16.3 26.2 24.7 12.0 Fßs\ Pohn-°p-∂p? Fßs\ Nn¥n-°p∂p?

icm-icn amk hcp-am\w (cq)

352 596 1067 1462 1607 2966 2370 4274 7085

Xptemw XpO-hpw. sXmgn-en-√m-bva G‰hpw cq£-am-bn-´p-≈Xv lb¿sk-°‚dn ]mm-b-h-cn-emWv (33.7%). _ncp-Z-[m-cn-I-fp-sSbpw _ncp-Zm-\¥-c- _ncpZ[m-cn-I-fpsSbpw Ahÿ Gsd -sa-®-sam-∂p-a-√. F∂m¬ kmt¶-XnI ]cn-io-e\w t\Sn-b-hcpsS Imcyw kzev]w t`Z-amWv (16.3%). s{]m^-j-W¬ _ncpZw t\Sn-b-h-cpsS CSbn¬ t]mepw 12% sXmgn-en-√mbvabp≠v. hnZym-`ymk \ne-hmcw Db-cp-t¥m-dpw, ]Wn-In-ń-bm¬, \√ hcp-am\w D≠m-Im\p≈ km[yX sa®-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv F¥p-hn-e-sIm-SpØpw s{]m^j-W¬ _ncpZw Ic-ÿ-am-°m≥ a[y-h¿K-°m¿ Xøm-dm-Ip-∂Xv. as‰mcp coXn-bn¬ t\m°n-bm¬ \ΩpsS kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ A]-cym]vX-X-bmWv Cu ]T-\-êw sXfn-bn-°p-∂-Xv. \nc-£-ccpw kvIqfn¬ \n∂p sImgn™p t]mb-hcpw hcp-am\w Ipd-™Xpw Imbn-Im-[zm\w IqSp-X¬ Bh-iyap-≈-Xp-amb ]Wn-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ Xøm-dm-b-Xp-sIm-t≠m, KXn-tI-Sp-sIm≠v AXn\p \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-Ip-∂-Xp-sImt≠m, Bbn-cn°mw Ah-cp-sS-bn-S-bnse sXmgnen-√mbva Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ ]Ømw ¢mtm ]{¥≠mw ¢mtm ]mmbn-°-gn-™m¬ AØcw ]Wn-I-fn-te°p Xncn-bm≥ ]e-t∏mgpw \ΩpsS kmaqly Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√. AtX-k-abw Ah¿°p Inńb hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\p tbmPn® ]Wn-Iƒ Bh-iy-a-\p-k-cn®v D≠m-Ip-∂p-an-√. F∂m¬ GsX-¶nepw {]tXyI taJ-e-bn¬ ss\]pWn t\Sn-bm¬ ]Wn-In-´m-\p≈ km[yX sa®-s∏Sp∂p F∂v sSIv\n-°¬ ]cn-io-e\w Inń-b-h-cpsS A\p-`hw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. GsX¶nepw sXmgnseSp-°m-\p≈ Ignhp h¿≤n-°p-∂n√ F∂Xp Xs∂-bmWv _ncp-Z[m-cn-I-fpsS CS-bnse Db¿∂ sXmgn-en-√m-bvabv°p Imc-Ww. hnZym-`ymk ]cnjvIm-c-ßsf∏‰n Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ ]cn-K-Wn-t°≠ hkvXp-X-IfmWv Ch. A`ykvX-hn-Zy-cm-b-h¿°p IqSn BI¿j-I-am-Ip∂ coXn-bn¬ \ΩpsS ]c-º-cm-KX sXmgnep-Isf ]cn-jvI-cn-t°-≠p-∂-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-bn-te°pw CXp hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂p. hnZym-`ym-khpw enwK-\o-Xnbpw hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ kv{Xo-]p-cpj t`Z-ßƒ Imcy-ambn C√ F∂v ]ńI 17 hy‡-am-°p-∂p. _ncp-Z˛_ncp-Zm-\-¥-c Xe-ß-fn¬ kv{XoI-fmWv ap∂n¬. F∂m¬ s{]m-^j -- W¬ ˛ sSIv\n-°¬ taJ-e-I-fn¬ kv{XoIƒ ]n∂n¬ Xs∂-bm-Wv. k¿h-I-em-im-em-]-T-\-Øn¬ s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ t\Sp∂ ta¬ss° Ah-cpsS sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fn-Ø-Øn¬ {]Xn-^-en-°p-∂n√ F∂Xv {i≤m-]q¿∆w ]Tn-t°≠ {]iv\-am-Wv. ]ńI ˛ 17 hnZym-`ymkt\´-ß-fnse kv{Xo]p-cpj hyXymkw hnZym-`ymk Xew kv{Xo % ]pcp-j≥ % \nc-£c - ¿ 6.7 2.4 tIhe-km-£c - ¿ 2.8 1.7 {]mY-anIw 29.7 27.8 sk°‚dn 34.9 39.9 lb¿sk-°‚dn 11.4 10.5 kmt¶-XnI ]cn-io-e\w 2.3 5.1 _ncpZw 9.1 8.9 _ncp-Zm-\-¥cw 2.1 1.7 s{]m^-jW - ¬ 1.0 1.9

tIcfw


73

]ń-I-˛18 18 \pw 25 \pw CSbv°v {]mb-ap≈ bph-Xo-bp-hm-°-ƒ F¥p-sN-øp∂p? kv{Xo/]p.

kv{Xo ]pcpj≥

tImtf-Pn¬

a‰p-]T - \w

16.2 14.7

7.4 11.7

sXmgn-en-√m-Ø-h¿ sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-h¿

63.7 21.1

12.6 52.4

hnZym-`ym-khpw ta¬K-Xnbpw ]mh-s∏-´, anSp-°-cm-b, Ipń-Iƒ°v kaq-l-Øn-ep-b-cm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ Hcp {][m\ LS-I-amWv hnZym-`ymkw F∂p ]cs° AwKo-Icn°s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. D∂X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-kcw Inń-b-h¿°mWv Db¿∂ kmaq-ly-˛-km-º-ØnI Xe-ß-fn-te°v IS-∂p-I-b-dm-\p≈ km[yX IqSp-X-ep-≈-sX∂v ]ńI 19 ImWn°p-∂p. \memw hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cn¬ 58.6% t]cpw D∂X hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn-b-h-cmsW-¶n¬ H∂mw hn`m-K-Øn¬ AXv 3.5% am{X-am-Wv. F¥p XymKw kln®pw XßfpsS Ipń-Iƒ°v sa®-s∏´ hnZym-`ymkw \¬Im≥ ae-bmfn c£m-I¿Øm-°ƒ shºp-∂Xv shdp-sX-b-√. ]t£ ]e Imc-W-ßƒ sIm≠pw D∂X hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-kcw kmaqlyhpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-ambn ]nt∂m°w \nev°p-∂-h¿°v (H∂pw c≠pw hn`m-KØn¬ s]´-h¿°v) \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-sW∂v ]ńI 20 kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. 18 \pw 25 \pw CSbv°p {]mb-ap≈ sNdp-∏-°m¿ F¥mWp sNøp-∂Xv F∂p ImWn-°p∂ Cu IW-°-\p-k-cn®v ta¬Ø-ń-ep≈ 54.2% bphm-°fpw D]-cn-]-T-\Øn¬ G¿s∏-ń-cn-°p-tºmƒ Iogv-Ø-ń-ep≈ 13.7% t]¿°p am{Xta AXn\p Ignbp-∂p-≈q. Ah-cn¬ 54.3% t]cpw sXmgn-en-√m-Ø-h-cmWv F∂Xv DXvI-WvT-bpW¿Øp∂ as‰mcp hnh-c-am-Wv. c≠mw hn`m-K-Øn¬t∏mepw D∂-X-]-T-\m-h-kcw 16.1% t]¿°p am{Xta In´p-∂p-≈q. hnZy-t\Sn c£ {]m]n-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw t]mepw Zcn-{Z¿°p \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Kpcp-X-c-amb `hn-jy-Øp-Iƒ°n-S-bm-°p-sa-∂-Xn¬ ]ńI ˛ 19 D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw t\Sn-b-h¿, hnhn[ hn`mK-ß-fn¬ (%) hn`mKw I II III IV

sSIv\n-°¬ 0.7 1.8 4.8 9.7

tImtfPv 2.6 5.1 14.9 40.5

s{]m^-jW - ¬ 0.2 0.1 1.4 8.4

]ń-I-˛ 20 18-˛25 {]mb-ap≈ Hmtcm hn`m-K-Øn-sebpw bphm-°ƒ F¥p sNøp∂p? sXmgn¬ hn`mKw tImtfPv a‰v ]T\w samØw ]T\w sNøp-∂h - ¿ I 7.5 6.2 13.7 31.9 II 9.4 6.7 16.1 35.0 III 19.4 11.5 30.9 31.1 IV 36.8 17.4 54.2 31.0

74

tIcfw


samØw 3.5 7.0 21.1 58.6

sXmgn¬ cln-X¿ 54.3 48.9 37.9 34.8

hn`mKw I II III IV

]ń-I-˛21 s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fnepw A¨ FbvUUv hnZym-e-b-ß-fnepw ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿ (%) k¿°m¿ FbvUUv A¨- F-bvUUv 47.0 49.6 3.4 40.3 49.4 10.3 30.9 39.0 30.1 14.2 30.2 55.5

kwi-b-an-√. am^n-bm-h-XvI-c-Whpw Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßfpw s]cp-Ip∂ Hcp kaq-l-Øn¬ Cu hn`m-K-Øn-ep≈ sNdp-∏-°m¿ hgn-]n-g-®p-t]m-Im-\p≈ km[yX GsdbmWv. ]c-a-Z-cn-{Z-˛-Z-cn{Z hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ë D∂Xí hnZym`ymk-Øn\v Ah-kcw e`n°p∂ bphm-°ƒ°p In´p∂ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ kz`m-hhpw KpW-ta-∑bpw IqSn ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ am{Xta Cu Nn{Xw ]q¿Øn-bm-Iq. D∂X hnZym-`ymk cwKsØ, hnti-jn®v kzm{i-b-t°m-tf-Pp-I-fnse, sImgn-™p-t]m°pw tXm¬hnbpw AhK-Wn-°m-\m-hmØ hn[w h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂p F∂ ]T-\-^-e-ßfpw Iqńt®¿Øp hmbn°p-tºmƒ hfsc Akzm-ÿy-P-\-I-amb \nK-a-\-ß-fnte \ap-s°-Øn-t®-cm≥ ]‰q. A¨ FbvUUv hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ sa®-s∏´ hnZym-`ym-k-amtWm \S-°p-∂-sX∂ Imcy-Øn¬ X¿°-ap-≠v. ]t£ AhnsS ]Tn-°p∂ Ipń-I-fmWv an°-t∏mgpw a’c]co-£-I-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ am¿°p hmßp-Ibpw sa®-s∏´ D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ {]th-i\w t\Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xv. AØcw hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ ]Tn°p-∂Xv sa®-s∏´ kmaq-ly-˛-km-º-ØnI ]›mØ-eap≈ IpSpw-_-ß-fnse IpńI-fm-bn-cn°pw F∂Xpw kzm`m-hnIw am{Xw. ]ńI 21 CXp hy‡-am-°p-∂p. k¿°m¿-˛-F-bvUUv hnZym-e-b-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w sa®-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠p am{Xta Zcn-{Z-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS Ipń-Iƒ°v \√-hn-Zym-`ymkw e`n-°p∂p F∂p-d-∏p-hcp-Øm≥ Ignbq F∂v Cu IW°pw \sΩ t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ]c-a-Z-cn-{Z-cpsS 96.6% IpńIfpw Zcn-{Z-cpsS 89.7% Ipń-Ifpw Ahn-sS-bmWp ]Tn-°p-∂-Xv. hnZym-`ym-k-Ønse PmXn-˛-a-X-t`-Z-ßƒ D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ ap…o-ßƒ Ct∏mgpw ]nt∂m-°-am-sW∂v ]ńI 22 Hm¿a-an-∏n-°p-∂p. ]ńI ˛ 22 18-˛25 {]mb-ap≈ hnhn[ PmXn-aX hn`m-K-ß-fnse bphm-°ƒ F¥p sNøp-∂p? hn`mKw

lnµp ap…ow {InkvXy≥ apt∂m-°-˛-lnµp ]nt∂m° lnµp ]ń-I-PmXn ]ń-I-h¿Kw

tImtf-Pn¬

18.7 8.1 20.5 28.1 16.7 10.30 11.8

a‰p ]T\w%

9.9 6.2 14.9 11.6 10.2 6.6 5.9

tIcfw

samØw ]T\w %

28.6 14.3 35.4 39.7 26.9 16.9 17.7


sXmgn¬ sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-h¿ cln-X¿

32.3 30.5 32.7 24.1 33.0 42.2 37.3

39.1 55.2 31.9 36.3 40.2 40.9 45.1

75

sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw ap…ow bphm-°fnemWp IqSp-X¬. lnµp-°-fnse PmXn-Xncn-®p≈ IW°p t\m°n-bm¬ kh¿Æ¿ {InkvXym-\n-Iƒs°m-∏-am-Wv. ]nt∂m° PmXn-°m¿ hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-ambpw ]nt∂m°w Xs∂. ]ń-I-PmXn/h¿K-°m¿ ap…oß-sft∏mse Xs∂ AXnt\°mƒ Gsd ]n∂n-em-Wv. ap…ow kap-Zm-b-Ønse bphm-°-fpsS hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-amb ]nt∂m-°m-h-ÿbmWv kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw Ah-cpsS DtZym-K-e-_v[n-bnepw k¿°m¿ k¿∆o-knse {]th-i\ - Ø - nepw ]n∂oSv {]Xn-ê - n-°p-∂X - v. Ah-cpsS CS-bnse sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw G‰hpw IqSp-X-em-Wv. kmaq-ly-˛-km-º-ØnI am‰-ß-fpsS XpS°w hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KØp \n∂p Xs∂ BtI≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-bn-te-°mWv CXp {i≤ £Wn-°p-∂-Xv. hnZym-`ymkw am{Xw t]mcm, e£y-t_m-[-ap-≈Xpw ê-{]-Z-hp-amb hnZym-`ymkw Xs∂ \¬IWw F∂pw Cu ]T-\^ - e - ß - ƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

76

tIcfw


A≤ymbw 6

Zmcn-{Zyhpw Ak-aX - zhpw

Zmcn-{Zy-sa-∂Xv _lp-Xe-kv]¿in-bmb Hcp Ahÿ-bmWv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Zmcn{Zyw IW-°m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿§-ßfpw ]e-X-c-Øn-ep-≈-h-bmWv. Zmcn{Zyw IW-°m-°m≥ hcp-am\w, ASn-ÿm-\m-hiyßƒ \nd-th-‰¬, hnhn-[-Xcw tijnIƒ B¿Pn-°¬ As√-¶n¬ Ch-sb√mw IqSn-t®¿∂ coXn F∂n-h-sbms° D]tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. km[m-c-W-bmbn GsX-¶nepw Hcp LS-IsØ B{i-bn°mdmWv ]Xnhv. GXv coXn F∂Xv _‘-s∏´ hnh-c-ß-fpsS e`yX, \nK-a-\-ßfnse ÿmbnXzw F∂n-h-sb-sbms° ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xv. tZiobmSn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Zmcn{Zy \n¿Æb coXn-bn¬ hcp-am-\sØ ASn-ÿm-\am-°n-bp≈ am¿§-ßƒ°mWv ap≥Xq°w. 1970IfpsS XpS°w apX¬s° "Zmcn-{Zy-tcJ' F∂ kw⁄sb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n-bmWv Zmcn{Zyw IW-°m-°p-∂Xv. CXv tZiob kmºnƒ k¿sh (NSS) hgn IW-°m-°p∂ {]Xn-amk D]-t`mK sNe-hns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv. {Kma-ß-fnem-sW-¶n¬ 2400 Item-dnbpw \K-c-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ 2100 Item-dnbpw Du¿PamWv Hcmƒ°v Hcp Znhkw e`n-t°-≠-Xv. CXv IW-°nse-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v \n¿W-bn-°p∂ samØw sNe-hns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Zmcn{ZytcJ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv. C¥y≥ saUn-°¬ Kth-jW Iu¨knen(ICMR)s‚ ip]m¿i-Iƒ°-\p-kr-X-am-bmWv Cu t]mjW \ne-hmcw IW-°m-°n-bXv. hcp-am-\-Øn\v ]I-cw D]-t`mK sNe-hns\ B[m-cam°p∂ coXn-bmWv C¥y-bnse Zmcn{Zy \n¿Æb ]T-\-ß-fn¬ s]mXpsh kzoI-cn-®p-hc - p-∂Xv. "Zmcn-{Zy-tc-J'- bp-sS- ]cn-[n-bmbn IW-°m-°n-bX - n-s\-°mƒ Ipdhv hcp-am-\-ap≈ P\-ß-fpsS P\-kwJym A\p-]m-XsØ Xe-sb-Æ¬ A\p-]mXw ""slUv Iu≠v tdtjym'' (HCR) F∂mWv ]d-bmdv. {]Xn-io¿j sNehpw HCR Dw kw_-‘n® F≥- F-kv -F-kn-s‚bpw ]cn-jØn-s‚bpw IW-°p-Iƒ ]-ńI H∂nepw c≠nepw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]ńI 1 ¬ F≥-.F-kv-.F-kn-s‚ IW°v 2002-teXpw tIc-f-]-T-\-Ønt‚Xv 2004-teXp-am-Wv. ]ńI c≠n¬ 1999-˛2000-Ønse F≥-F-kv-F-kv 55-˛maXv du≠v IW-s°-Sp-∏ns‚ hnh-c-ß-fmWv \¬In-b-Xv. ]cn-j-Øn-t‚Xv 2004 teXpw. h¿j-Øn-ep≈ Cu

tIcfw


77

]ńI 1 {]Xn-io¿j amk sNehv

]ńI 2

Zmcn{Zyw (HCR)

(NSS 2002 and KSSP 2004)

IW°v NSS 2002 KSSP 2004

{Kmaw

\Kcw

881 1059

1267 1397

(NSS 1999-2000 and KSSP 2004)

H∂n®v 1106

IW°v NSS 1999-2000 KSSP 2004

{Kmaw

\Kcw

9.4 22.9

20.3 20.8

H∂n®v 12.7 22.6

hyXymkw IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v Zmcn{Zy tcJm \n¿W-b-Øn¬ A\p-tbm-Pyamb am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CXn-∂mbn I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-tSbpw hyhkmb sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-tSbpw D]-t`m‡r hne kqNn-I-bn¬ 2000 apX¬ 2004 hsc D≠mb am‰-ß-fmWv ]cn-K-Wn-®Xv. NSS (1999-2000)s‚ ASn-ÿm\w {Kma˛ \K-cX-e-ß-fn¬ bYm-{Iaw 375 cq]-bpw. 477 cq]-bp-amWv (I´v Hm^v eh¬). tIc-f-]-T\-(2004)Øn¬ Ch bYm-{Iaw 439 cq]bpw, 558 cq]-bp-ambn IW-°m-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p. NSS s‚ 50˛maXpw 55˛maXpw du≠v IW-°p-Iƒ XΩn¬ henb hyXymkap≠v. Cu hyXym-kw ]q¿Æ-ambn {]I-S-am-Ip-∂Xv {KmaXe Zmcn{Zy IW-°p-I-fn-emWv. tIc-f-]-T-\-Ønse {Kma-Xe Xe-sb-Æ¬ A\p-]mXw NSS s‚ Cc-ń-bn¬ A[n-IamWv. NSSs‚ {Kma-Xe IW-°p-Iƒ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imc-W-ß-fm¬ hniz-k-\ob-a-s√-∂mWv Rß-fpsS A`n-{]mbw. 1. NSSs‚ 50˛mwh´ IW-s°-S-p∏n¬ (1993˛94) {KmaoW Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚ -A-\p]mXw (25.8) \Kc Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚ A\p-]mX (24.6) tØ°mƒ IqSp-X-emWv. ]n∂oSp≈ A©v h¿j-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ (1999) {KmaoW Zmcn-{Zy-Øn¬ C{Xbpw Ipdhv D≠m-I-Ø° kw`-h-ß-sfm∂pw tIc-f-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-ń√. 2. AtX-k-abw hcp-am\w, ]m¿∏n-Sm-hÿ, ssIhi D¬∏-∂-ßƒ, hnZym-`ymkw XpS-ßnb F√m LS-I-ß-fpw ImWn°p-∂Xv \K-c-ß-fnse sa®-s∏´ AhkvYbmWv. F∂n´pw \Kc Zmcn{ZyØn¬ {Kma-Øn-te-Xp-t]m-ep≈ Ipdhv D≠m-bn-ń√. ]ńI 3 Zmcn{Zyw (HCR) Pn√ Xncn®v

Pn√ ]me-°mSv ae-∏pdw Imk¿tKmUv hb-\mSv tImgn-t°mSv IÆq¿ tIm´bw Be-∏pg CSp°n sIm√w Xr»q¿ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw Fd-Wm-Ipfw ]Ø-\w-Xn´

78

Zmcn{Zyw (%) 42.5 34.4 31.3 25.7 24.6 21.2 21.1 20.4 19.3 16.6 16.1 12.7 12.4 11.8

tIcfw

]ńI 4

Zmcn{Zyw (HCR) {]tZiw HCR 15.5 16.3 30.5

-{]tZiw sX°v a[yw hS°v

]ńI 5

Zmcn{Zyw (HCR) {][m\ kmaq-ly -km-º-ØnI hn`m-K-ß-fn¬

{Kq∏v ]nt∂m-°P - mXn apt∂m-°P - mXn ]ń-IP - mXn ]ń-Ih - ¿§w lnµp ap…ow {InkvXy≥ Fßs\ Pohn-°p-∂p? Fßs\ Nn¥n-°p∂p?

HCR 21.4 14.2 38.0 38.7 22.6 28.7 14.0

Pn√-I-fn¬ Xe-sb-Æ¬ A\p-]mXw IqSp-X¬ ]me-°mSv BWv; ASp-ØXv ae-∏p-dhpw. G‰hpw Ipdhv ]Ø-\w-Xn-´bpw AXn∂p ]nd-In¬ Fd-Wm-Ip-f-hp-amWv. ]ńI 3 ImWpI. kwÿm-\Øv hS-°≥ Pn√-IfnemWv a‰v -{]-tZ-i-ßsf At]£n®v Zcn-{Z¿ IqSp-X¬. ]ńI 4 ImWpI. hnhn[ PmXn˛aX {Kq∏p-I-fpsS Zmcn{Zy A\p-]m-X-amWv ]ńI 5¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv. ]ńIh¿§-°m¿°n-S-bnepw ]ń-IPm-Xn-°m¿°n-S-bn-ep-amWv Zmcn-{Zym-\p-]mXw IqSp-X¬. ]n∂oSv hcp-∂Xv ap…o-ßfmWv; apt∂m° lnµp-°fnepw {InkvXym-\n-I-fnep-amWv Zmcn-{Zym-\p-]mXw Ipdhm-bn-´p-≈Xv; ]nt∂m° hn`mKw lnµp-°-fnse Zmcn-{Zym-\p-]mXw kwÿm\ icmi-cn°v GXm≠v Xpey-amWv. Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚ Xo{hX IW-°m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ as‰mcp am\-Z-WvU-amWv Zmcn{Zy hnShv A\p-]mXw (Poverty Gap Ratio-PGR). Zmcn-{Zy-tc-JbpsS Xe-Ønepff D]t`m-K-Øns‚ Afhpw AXn\v Xmsg bYm¿∞-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ D]-t`m-K-Øns‚ Afhpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-amWv PGR \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂Xv. NSSs‚ 55˛maXv IWs°-Sp-∏n-s‚bpw tIc-f-]-T-\-Øns‚ A]-{K-Y-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw e`n-°p∂ PGR, ]ńI 6 ¬ \¬In-bn-´p≠v. Ch hfsc kam-\-amb Af-hp-I-fmWv ImWn-°p-∂Xv. CXn\¿∞w C¥y-bnse Zcn-{Z-sc-°mƒ tIc-f-Ønse Zcn-{Z-cpsS ÿnXn sa®-s∏-´-X√; adn®pw A√ F∂-XmWv (]-ńI 6) Zmcn-{Zy-tcJm coXn-bpsS {]iv\-ßƒ Zmcn-{Zy-tcJm IW-s°-Sp-∏n\v sXm´v ap≥]sØ 30 Znh-ksØ D]-t`mK sNehmWv B[m-c-am-°p-∂Xv. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ D¬∏∂ hne-I-fnse {]mtZ-inI am‰-ßƒ Cu hnh-c-ßsf Imcy-ambn kzm[o-\n°pw.s]mXp-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ hgn kuP-\y-ambn e`n-°p∂ BtcmKyw, hnZym-`ymkw F∂nh CØcw IW-s°-Sp∏ns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂n√. NnIn’m sNehv Hgn-hm-°m-\m-hmØ Zpcn-X-]q¿Æ-amb Hcp sNe-hmWv. DZml-c-W-Øn\v k¿sh ImeØv 5000 cq] hcp-am-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp A©wK IpSpw_-Øns‚ Imcy-sa-Sp°mw. Ch-cpsS {]Xn-amk {]Xn-io¿j hcp-am\w 1000 cq] hcpw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Zcn-{Z-cpsS ]ń-I-bn¬ hcp-∂n√. F∂m¬, Hcmsf Bkv]{Xn-bn¬ InSØn NnIn-’n® hIbn¬ 4000 cq] sNe-hmbn F∂n-cn-°s´. Cu XpI bYm¿∞ amk-h-cp-am-\-Øn¬ \n∂v Ingn-®m¬ {]Xn-io¿j amk-h-cp-am\w 200 cq] am{X-am-bn-cn°pw. CXm-Is´, ]ńI 6 Zmcn-{Zy-tcJm \ne-hm-c-tØ-°mƒ IpdZmcn{Zy hnShv A\p-]mXw (C-¥y-˛tIc-fw) hm-WvXm\pw. (NSS 1999-00 and KSSP 2004) C¥y-bnse CXc kwÿm-\-ß-fptIcfw C¥y tIcfw C¥y ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ tIc-f{Kmaw {Kmaw \Kcw \Kcw Ønse NnIn- ’ m- s N- e hv G‰hpw 5.1 4.8 Db¿∂-Xm-sW∂v ImWmw. (]ńI 7 NSS 1999-00 KSSP 2004 5.7 4.6 ImWpI). ]ńI 7 NnIn-’m-sN-ehv IqSn IW-°n-se{]Xnio¿j {]Xnamk NnIn-’mSp-°p-tºmƒ Ct∏m-gsØ Zmcn-{Zym-\psNe hv (NSS 2002 and KSSP 2004) ]mX \nc°v Xs∂ Ipd- h m- s W∂v ImWmw. samØw sNe- h n¬ \n∂v tIcfw C¥y tIcfw C¥y NnIn’m sNehv Ipd-bv°p-I-bm-sW{Kmaw {Kmaw \Kcw \Kcw ¶n¬ (AXm-bn-cn°pw IqSp-X¬ icn- NSS 2002 83.0 35.9 122.1 58.3 bmb coXn) tIc-f-Ønse Zmcn-{Zym-\p- KSSP 2004 153.0 - 137.7 -

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79

]mXw Rß-fpsS IW°p {]Imcw 22.6 ¬ \n∂v 27 iX-am-\-ambn h¿≤n-°p∂p. hchv sNehv IW-°p-Isf am{Xw ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ C∂sØ Zmcn{Zy IW-°p-I-fpsS as‰mcp {]iv\w Ah hfsc Xm¬°m-en-I-am-sW-∂-XmWv. Zmcn{Zy-Øns‚ samØw IW-°p-Iƒt°m, icm-icn hcp-am\w, icm-icn sNehv F∂nh sh®p-sIm-≠p≈ IW-°p-Iƒt°m CXv Ipsd-sbms° icn-bm-tb°mw. F¥mbmepw IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS kmº-ØnI h¿§o-I-c-W-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp am\Z-WvU-a√ CXv. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ hnhn[ kmaqly hn`m-K-ßsf Xmc-Xayw sNøp∂-Xn\pw CXv A\p-tbm-Py-a√. ÿmbnXz kz`m-h-ap≈ a‰v LS-I-ßƒ (]m¿∏nSw, Zo¿L-Ime D]-t`m‡r D¬∏-∂-ßƒ F∂n-ßs\) IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-®m¬ Zmcn{Zy IW-°p-I-fpsS \yq\X Ipd-s®ms° ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Ign-t™°pw. C°m-c-W-ØmemWv c≠m-asØ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ I≠-Xp-t]mse IpSpw-_-ßsf hnhn[ kmºØnI {Kq∏p-I-fm°n h¿§o-I-cn-°p∂ coXn kzoI-cn-®-Xv. Zmcn{Zy kqNnI t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]mse (A≤ymbw 2 ]ńI 2) IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ 46%hpw hy‡n-I-fn¬ 50%hpw Zcn-{Z-cmWv({Kq∏v I, II). ITn-\-amb Zmcn{Zyw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-h¿ am{X-amWv Zmcn{Zy tcJbv°v Xmsg-bp≈Xv. Ch¿ am{X-a√ \mńse Zcn-{Z¿. kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v \n¿ΩnXn {]Imcw {Kq∏v I, II F∂n-h-bn¬ s]´-hcpw Z-cn-{Z-cm-Wv. Zcn-{Z-cp-tSbpw Zcn-{Z-c-√m-Ø-h-cp-tSbpw A\p]mXw (EG I + EG II) /(EG III + EG IV) samØw Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚ Af-hmbn Rßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Cu Zmcn{Zy kqNn-I-(Poverty Index)Iƒ Xmsg-bp≈ ]ń-I-I-fn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu ]ń-I-I-sf√mw Zmcn-{Zy-tc-J-bpsS coXn Xs∂-bmWv Ah-ew-_n°p∂Xv. F∂m¬ Hcp {]tZ-i-sØtbm hn`m-K-Øn-tetbm Zmcn-{Zy-Øn-s‚ Xo{hXbpw kº∂-X-bpsS B[n-Iyhpw Cu ]ń-I-Iƒ FSpØv ImWn-°p∂p. ]ńI 8 kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v (% hy‡n-Iƒ) Pn√ Xncn®v Pn√ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw sIm√w ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Be-∏pg tIm´bw CSp°n Fd-Wm-Ipfw Xr»q¿ ]me-°mSv ae-∏pdw tImgn-t°mSv hb-\mSv IÆq¿ Imk¿tKmUv

80

I

II

7.4 12.4 9.4 13.6 14.6 24.2 6.7 9.7 23.9 22.5 16.5 27.5 13.6 22.3

31.0 33.1 27.3 37.4 27.6 38.6 25.9 32.7 48.1 42.4 36.1 39.3 33.5 32.7

tIcfw

III

IV

50.9 46.1 49.3 40.4 46.0 31.3 52.2 43.7 24.9 30.2 40.8 29.7 44.7 40.3

10.7 8.3 14.0 8.7 11.8 5.8 15.2 13.9 3.1 4.9 6.6 3.5 8.2 4.8


Zmcn{Zy kqNnI 0.6 0.8 0.6 1.0 0.7 1.7 0.5 0.7 2.6 1.9 1.1 2..0 0.9 1.2

]ńI 9 kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v (EG) (% hy‡n-Iƒ) {]tZiw Xncn®v {]tZiw

I

II

III

IV

Zmcn{Zy kqNnI

sX°v a[yw hS°v

10.6 11.4 19.9

32.5 30.0 39.2

46.8 45.6 35.3

10.1 12.9 5.6

0.8 0.7 1.4

]ńI 10 Zmcn{Zy kqNnI ({Kma˛-\-K-cw) {]tZiw {Kmaw \Kcw

I 16.4 7.3

II 36.8 22.6

III 39.6 51.2

IV 7.2 18.9

ZmcnZykq-NnI 1.1 0.4

]ńI 11 Zmcn{Zy kqNnI (PmXn aX-ßƒ) kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v ]nt∂m°w apt∂m°w ]ńI-PmXn ]ń-I-h¿§w lnµp ap…ow {InkvXy≥

I

II

III

IV

ZmcnZy kq-NnI

14.0 8.0 29.5 37.5 15.5 16.6 12.0

36.9 26.5 45.4 52.3 35.6 38.2 27.8

41.6 51.8 23.6 10.2 41.0 38.3 46.3

7.5 13.8 1.5 0.0 8.0 6.9 13.9

1.0 0.5 3.0 8.8 1.0 1.2 0.7

kwÿm-\Øv {Kq∏v 1 Dw 2 epw Bbn 50% t]cpw {Kq∏v 3epw 4epw Bbn 50% hpw Ds≠∂v \mw t\csØ I≠p. AXm-bXv Zmcn-{Zy-kqNnI = 1 hnhn[ Pn√-Ifnse Zmcn{Zy kqNnI ]ńI 9 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Zmcn{Zy kqN-Im-¶-Øns‚ aqeyw H∂n¬ IqSp-X-em-hp-∂Xv tIhe Zmcn-{Zy-Øn-s‚bpw aqeyw H∂n¬ Ipd-hmIp-∂Xv kº-∂-X-bptSbpw e£-W-ambn IW-°m-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]me-°mSv (2.6), hb-\mSv (2.0) F∂o Pn√-I-fn-emWv Zmcn{Zy kqNnI G‰hpw IqSp-X-embn D≈Xv. Cu Pn√-I-fn-emWv bYm{Iaw ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°mcpw ]ń-I-h¿§°mcpw G‰hpw IqSp-X-ep-≈Xv. Fd-Wm-Ipfw (0.5), ]Ø-\w-Xn´ (0.6) F∂o Pn√I-fn-emWv Zmcn{Zy kqNnI G‰hpw Ipdhv. ]ńI 8˛¬ ImWn-®-Xp-t]mse ]ń-Ih¿§-°m-cn-sebpw (8.8) ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°m-cn-tebpw (3.0) Zmcn{Zy kqNnI C∂pw h≥tXm-Xn¬ Xs∂-bmWv. samØ-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ, DØ-c-tI-c-f-Ønse Zmcn-{Zy-kq-NnI a≤y-tI-c-f-tØ-Xn-t\-°mƒ c≠n-c-ń-bmWv. kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI {Kq∏p-I-fn¬ apt∂m° lnµp-°fnepw, {InkvXym-\n-I-fn-ep-amWv Zmcn{Zy kqNnI G‰hpw Ipdhv; IqSp-XemIs´ ]ń-I-PmXn˛h¿§-°m-cnepw. ]nt∂m° lnµp-°fpw ap…n-ßfpw apI-fn¬ ]d™ hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ hcp∂p.

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81

kmº-ØnI {Kq∏ns‚ \n¿anXnbn¬ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ kzm[o\w tIc-f-]-T\w A]-{K-Y-\-Øn-\mbn Xøm-dm-°nb hnhn[ kmº-ØnI {Kq∏pIfpw AhbpsS cq]o-I-c-W-sØ kzm[o-\n® hnhn[ LS-I-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c _‘w {]tXyIw ]cn-tim-[n-°pI-bp-≠m-bn. CXn-\mbn eo\n-b¿ dn{K-j≥, aƒń∏nƒ dn{K-j≥ F∂o kmwJyI coXn-IfmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. c≠v LSI(N-c)ßƒ XΩn- e p≈ ]c- k v ] c _‘w a\- n- e m- ° p- ∂ - X n\v G‰hpw A\p- t bm- P y- a mb kmwJyI coXn-bmWv dn{K-j≥. kmºØnI {Kq∏p-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ kzm[o-\n® LSIw GXm-sW∂v Is≠-Øm-\mWv {ian-®-Xv. CXn-∂mbn kmº-ØnI {Kq∏p-Isf B{i-nX-N-c-ambpw (dependent variable) aXw, PmXn, {Kma˛\Kc Xmakw, k¿°m¿ tPmen, hntZ-i-∏Ww, hnZym-`ymk \ne-hmcw F∂n-hsb kzX{¥ Nc-ß-fp-(Independent Variables)ambn IW-°m°n. B{in-X-Ncw ˛ EG I=1, EG II = 2, EGIII=3, EG IV=4 kzX-{¥-Ncw ˛ aXw (ap…nw˛1, lnµp˛2, {InkvXy≥˛3) ˛ PmXn (SC/ST = 1, ]nt∂m°w 2, apt∂m°w 3) {]tZiw (hS°v = 1, sX°v =2, a[yw =3) {Kma˛\Kcw ({Kmaw=1, \Kcw=2) k¿°m¿ tPmen (Cs√-¶n¬ =1, Ds≠-¶n¬ =2) hntZ-i-∏Ww (Cs√-¶n¬ =1, Ds≠-¶n¬ =2) hnZym-`ymkw (\nc-£-c¿ = 1, Hu]-Nm-cnI km£-cX =2, {]mYanIw=3, sk°-≠dn =4, πkv 2 = 5, kmt¶XnI Untπma =6, _ncpZw=7, PG=8, s{]m^-j-W¬ Un{Kn =9) CX-\p-kc - n-®v IW-°m-°nb eo\n-b¿ dn{K-j≥ aqey-ßƒ (R2)Xmsg-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p. ]ńI 12 eo\n-b¿ dn{K-j≥ kzX-{¥-Ncw dn{K-j≥ aqeyw (R2) hnZym-`ymkw 0.227 PmXn 0.089 k¿°m¿ tPmen 0.088 {Kma˛\Kcw 0.040 {]tZiw 0.028 hntZ-i-∏Ww 0.022 aXw 0.010

CXv ImWn-°p-∂Xv aXw(0.010), hntZ-i-]Ww(0.022) XpS-ßn-bp≈ LS-I-ß-tf°mƒ hnZym-`ym-k-(0.227)tbmKy-X-bmWv kmº-ØnI {Kq∏ns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-hp-ambn IqSp-X¬ _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂m-Wv. Cu hkvXpX tIcf ]T-\-Øns‚ Hcp {][m\ shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-em-bn-cn-°pw.

82

tIcfw


Ak-a-Xz-Øns‚ hym]vXnbpw Ah-ÿbpw C¥y-bnse P\-ß-fpsS ]Øn-sem∂v hoXw (Deciles) hn`m-K-ß-fpsSbpw D]t`m-K-sN-ehv A\p-]m-Xhpw (i-X-am-\-Øn¬; NSS 1999-2000) tIc-f-Ønse sNehv A\p-]m-Xhpw (KSSP-2004) D]-t`mK sNe-hns‚ Kn\n KpW-Im¶hpw -]-ń-I- 13 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p. ]ńI 13 P\-kw-Jy-bpsS ]Øn-sem∂v hn`m-K-ß-fpsS D]-t`mK sNehv ]Øn-sem∂v C¥y tIcfw C¥y tIc-fw P\-kwJy ({Kmaw)NSS ({Kmaw)KSSP (-\Kcw)NSS (-\-Kcw)KSSP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Kn\n KpW-Im¶w

4.4 5.7 6.6 7.4 8.2 9.1 10.2 11.7 14.1 22.6 0.26

2.3 3.7 4.6 5.5 6.4 7.6 9.0 11.0 14.6 35.3 0.42

3.4 4.6 5.4 6.3 7.3 8.4 9.9 11.8 15 27.9 0.34

2.3 3.8 4.6 5.5 6.6 7.7 9.5 12.0 16.0 32.0 0.40

NSS IW-°p-Iƒ A\p-k-cn®v 1990Iƒ apX¬t° tIc-f-Ønse D]-t`m‡r sNe-hns‚ Kn\n KpW-Im¶w Db¿∂XmWv. NSS 55˛maXv du≠v A\p-k-cn®v {KmaoW tIc-f-Øn¬ CXv 0.32 Dw tIc-fØnse \K-c-ß-fn¬ CXv 0.34 Dw BWv. KSSP IW-°p-Iƒ CXn-t\-°mƒ Db¿∂ aqey-amWv ImWn-°p-∂Xv. tIc-f-Øn\v samØw hcp∂ Kn\n KpW-Im¶aqeyw 0.41 BWv. CXns‚ {][m\ ImcWw G‰hpw kº-∂-cmb apI-fnse 10% P\-ßfpsS h¿≤n® kzm[o-\-amWv. Cu 10% sØ am‰n-\n¿Øn-bm¬ am{Xw Kn\n KpW-Im¶w 0.289 Bbn Ipdbpw. kº∂cmb 10%sØ Iqń-t®¿Øpw A√m-sXbpw hc°p∂ temd≥kv h{I-ßƒ (Ak-aXzw Af-°p∂ as‰mcp coXn) Xmsg Nn{Xw 1, 2 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p. H∂m-asØ Nn{X-Ønse h{I-Øns‚ {]I-S-amb apI-fn-ep≈ HSnhv c≠m-asØ Nn{X-Øn¬ Zriy-a√. tIc-f-Ønse hcp-am\ hnX-c-W-Ønse Ak-aXzw, {]Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse sNe-hn-te-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-Xepw kº-∂-cmb 10%\v IqSp-X¬ A\p-Iq-e-ambXpamWv. CXns‚ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ Nn{Xw 3,4¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p. CX-\p-k-cn®v hcpam-\-Ønse Kn\n KpW-Im¶w kº-∂-cmb 10%sØ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ 0.502 Dw Chsc Iqń-t®¿°msX 0.359 Dw BWv. hcp-am\w, D]-t`m-K-sN-ehv, `qD-S-a-ÿX, tImtfPv hnZym-`ymkw F∂n-hbpw Ahbv°v kmº-ØnI {Kq∏p-I-fn-ep≈ B\p-]m-XnI kzm[o\hpw ]ńI 14 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p. Hmtcm LS-I-Øn-t‚bpw kqNnI (Share index) IW-°m°n AXn-\p≈ kzm[o\w Xn´-s∏-Sp-Ønbn-cn-°-bmWv. Hcp {Kq∏n\v Hcp {]tXyI LS-

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83

Nn{Xw 1, 2 D]-t`mK sNe-hns‚ temd≥kv h{Iw G‰hpw Db¿∂ sUssk¬ tN¿Øpw tN¿°m-sXbpw

sNe-hns‚ temd≥kv h{Iw Kn\n = 0.41

sNe-hns‚ temd≥kv h{Iw Db¿∂ sUssk¬ C√msX = 0.289

I-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ hnln-Xhpw B {Kq∏ns‚ P\-kwJym hnln-Xhpw XΩn-ep≈ A\p-]m-X-am-Wv hnlnX kqNnI (Share index). hcp-am\w sNe-hns\ At]-£n®v hfsc Ak-¥p-en-X-amWv. D]-t`mK sNehn\v Hcp ]cn[n Ds≠-∂-XmWv CXn\v {][m\ ImcWw. tImtfPv hnZym-`ym-k-

84

tIcfw


Nn{Xw 3,4 hcp-am-\-Øns‚ temd≥kv h{Iw Db¿∂ sUssk¬ tN¿Øpw tN¿°m-sXbpw

hcp-am-\-Øns‚ temd≥kv h{Iw Kn\n = 0.502

hcp-am-\-Øns‚ temd≥kv h{Iw Db¿∂ sUssk¬ C√msX. Kn\n = 0.359

hcp-am-\-Øns‚ temd≥kv h{Iw Db¿∂ sUssk¬ C√m-sX. Kn\n = 0.359

Øns‚ ÿnXnbpw GXm≠v CtX coXn-bn¬ Xs∂ Gsd Ak-¥p-en-X-amWv. tImtfPv hnZym-`ymkØns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Db¿∂ {Kq∏n-ep-≈-h¿ Ah¿°v A¿ln°p-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ aq∂c Ccń kºØv IqSpX¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p. Zcn-{Z-cmb H∂masØ {Kq∏p-Im¿°v Ah¿°v A¿l-am-b-Xns‚ A©n-sem∂v am{Xsa D]-tbm-Kn°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p≈p.

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85

]ńI 14 hcp-am-\w, D]-t`m-Kw, `q DS-a-ÿ-X, tImtfPv hnZym-`ym-kw F∂n-h-bn¬ kmaqly {Kq∏pIfnse A\p-]mXw EG I II III IV

hcp-am\w

D]-t`mKw

`q DS-a-ÿ-X

0.3 0.5 1.2 3.3

0.4 0.6 1.2 2.6

0.4 0.6 1.2 2.7

tImtfPv hnZym-`ym-kw 0.2 0.4 1.3 3.5

Nn{Xw 5. `q DS-a-ÿ-X-bpsS temd≥kv h{Iw

`qD-S-a-ÿXm coXn D]-t`mK sNe-hn\v GXm≠v Xpey-amWv. hcp-am\w, \ne-hnep≈ tImtfPv hnZym-`ymkw F∂n-h-bnse Ak-a-Xz-sØ-°mƒ Ipd-hmWv `qD-S-aÿ-X-bn-teXv. `q DS-a-ÿ-X-bpsS temd≥kv h{Ihpw Kn\n KpW-Im-¶hpw Nn{Xw A©n¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p. `qan-bpsS hnX-c-W-Øn¬ ImWp∂ Db¿∂ k¥p-en-Xm-hÿ Ign-™-Ime `q]-cn-jvI-cW \S-]-Sn-I-fpsS ê-am-bp-≈-XmWv. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Cu cwKØpw ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°-bm-sW∂v Icp-Xm≥ [mcmfw A\p-`-h-ßƒ D≠m-Ip∂p≠v. tIc-f-]-T-\-ØneqsS Ign™ A©v h¿j-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ \S∂ `qan ssIam-‰-Øns‚ IW-°p-Iƒ tiJ-cn-®n-cp∂p. samØ-Øn¬ ]T-\-Øn¬ Dƒs∏´ 5696 IpSpw-_-ßƒ°nS-bn¬ 8.9 tImSn cq]bpsS `q hn¬∏-\bpw 8.6 tImSn cq]bpsS hmßepw \S-∂n-cn-°p∂p. kmºnƒ IW-°n¬ hmßnb `qan-bp-tSbpw hn‰ `qan-bptSbpw aqeyw GXm≠v Xpey-ambn hcp-∂Xv hnizm-kyX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p. kmºØnI {Kq∏p-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ `qan ssIam-‰-Øn-ep-≠mb em`-\jvS IW°v ]ńI 15¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p. ]ńI 15 ImWn-°p-∂Xv G‰hpw kº∂ {Kq∏nep≈-h¿°v (P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 8.8% hcp-∂-h¿) a‰v aq∂v {Kq∏n-t‚bpw (P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 91.2%) sNe-hn¬ IqSp-

86

tIcfw


X¬ `qan ssIh-∂n-cn-°p∂p F∂mWv. CXv kzmX]ńI 15 {¥ym-\-¥c tIc-f-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-h∂ `qan-bpsS `qan-bpsS A‰-e` - yX \oXn- ] q¿h- a mb hnX- c - W - Ø n¬ Du∂nb \b(5 h¿j-Øn¬) Øns‚ FXn¿ Zni-bmWv ImWn-°p-∂Xv. `qhn¬∏-\-bpsS Imc-W-ßfpw {it≤-b-amWv. kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v `q-e`- yX ]ńI 16 ImWpI. hnhmlw, ISw Xncn-®-S-°¬, I -275.8 NnIn-’m-sN-ehv F∂n-h- \nd-th-‰m\mWv Zcn-{Z¿ II -2110.0 `qan hn¬°p-∂Xv. III -3681.5 hnhn[ kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-´-h¿ ISw IV 33023.5 FSp-°p-∂Xv ]cn-tim-[n-®mepw kam-\-amb Nn{Xw Xs∂-bmWv shfn-hm-Ip-∂Xv. IS-Øns‚ BhiysØ ]ńI 17 ¬ h¿§o-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p. IpSpw-_-Øns‚ hcp-am-\hpw sNehpw AXp-h-gn-bp≈ IΩnbpw IqSn ]cn-tim[n-°p-tºmƒ kmº-ØnI {Kq∏p-Iƒ°n-S-bnse A¥cw IqSp-X¬ hy‡-amIpw. CXv [\n-I-cpsS kº-∂-X-bp-tSbpw Zcn-{Z-cpsS ]m∏-co-I-c-W-Øn-t‚bpw Nn{X-amWv hc®v ImWn-°p-∂Xv. ]ńI 18 ImWpI. ]ńI 16 `qan hn¬∏\-bpsS Imc-W-ßƒ Bhiyw

I

hnhmlw ISw ho´¬ NnIn’m sNehv sXmgn¬ e`n-°¬ a‰p-≈h

II

41.5 20.0 12.3 0.0 26.2

39.6 30.5 7.1 4.5 18.2

III

IV

samØw

33.1 20.6 7.4 6.2 32.7

15.1 20.5 2.7 2.7 58.9

34.0 24.1 7.2 4.9 31.7

]ńI 17 ssZ\yX Bh-iy-Øn\pw BkvXn Bh-iy-Øn-\p-ap≈ IS-Øns‚ icm-icn kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v

BkvXn

ssZ\yX

3416 6883 20759 53328

6049 11017 14461 10554

I II III IV

BkvXn/ssZ\yX A\p-]mXw 0.6 0.6 1.4 5.1

]ńI 18 {Kq∏pIƒ°n-S-bnse icm-icn IpSpw-_-h-cp-am-\hpw sNehpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I II III IV

hc-hn¬ \n∂v sNehv Ipd-®Xv -490.0 278.4 1726.2 7524.9

F√mw

1631.5

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87

Gini coefficient Ak-aXzw Af-°p-∂X - n\v hym]-Ia - mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Hcp D]m-[n-bm-WnXv. C‰-en-°m-c-\mb kmwJyI hnZ-Kv≤≥ sImtdmtUm Kn\n (Corrodo Gini) BWv Cu Afhv BZy-ambn Xøm-dm-°n-b-sX-∂-Xn-\m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn-t\msSm∏w Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. 1912 se Hcp {]_-‘-ØnemWv Kn\n Xs‚ Is≠Ø¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv. Kn\n kqNn-I-bpsS Afhv km[m-c-W-bmbn H∂n\pw ]qPy-Øn\pw CS-bnem-bn-cn-°pw. ]qPy-amWv aqey-sa-¶n¬ Ak-aXzw Xosc Cs√-∂-XmWv. H∂mWv aqey-sa-¶n¬ ]q¿Æ Ak-a-Xz-am-Wv. hcp-am-\-Ønse Ak-aXzw IW-°m-°m\mWv Kn\n Afhv km[m-c-W-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dv. temd≥kv h{Iw F∂ as‰mcp Af-hns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv km[mcW Kn\n Afhv IW-°m-°m-dv. XmgsØ Nn{X-Øn¬ ka-Xp-enX tcJ-bptSbpw temd≥kv h{I-Øn-t‚bpw CS-bn-ep≈ Af-hpw, temd≥kv h{I-Øns‚ Xmsg _m°n hcp∂ Afhpw XΩn-ep≈ A\p-]m-XsØ ASn-ÿm-\a - m-°n-bmWv Kn\n Afhv I≠v ]nSn-°p-∂X - v. BZy-tØXv A bpw c≠m-at- ØXv B bpw BsW-∂n-cn°-s´. F¶n¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kq{X-hm-Iy-amWv CXn-∂mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - v. A (A+B)

]q¿Æ ka-Xp-enX tcJ

A

temd≥kv h{Iw

YbpsS hcp-a-\w

G.C. =

B

X s‚ hcp-am\w

temd≥kv h{Iw(Lorenz curve) hcp-am-\w, kzØv F∂n-h-bnse Ak-aXzw IW-°m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ PymanXo-b-amb Hcp coXn-bmWv temd≥kv h{Iw. amIvkv H temd≥kv (Max O Lorenz) F∂ kmwJyI hnZKv≤\mWv Cu am¿§w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. c≠v cmPy-ßfnse/c≠v {]tZ-i-sØ/c≠v hy‡nIfpsS hcp-am\ hnX-c-W-Øns‚ k©nX iX-am\sØ (Cumulative Percentage) ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv temd≥kv h{Iw Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xv. Nn{X-Øn¬ ImWn-®-Xp-t]mse ]q¿Æ-ka-XpenX-tcJbn¬ \n∂p≈ hyXn-N-e-\-Øns‚ h{I cq]-sØ-bmWv temd≥kv h{Iw F∂p ]dbp-∂-Xv.

88

tIcfw


A≤ymbw 7

kmaq-lnI Ne-\m-flI - X F√m kaq-l-ßfpw t{iWn-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. kmº-ØnI ÿnXn, sXmgn¬, hnZym-`ymkw F∂n-hbv°p ]pdta C¥y-bn¬ PmXnbpw kmaq-lnI t{iWn-Iƒ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ {][m-\-am-Wv. Hcp kaq-lhpw AN©e-a-√. hy‡nIfpw D]-k-aq-l-ßfpw Ime-Øns‚ Hgp-°n¬ t{iWn-bpsS Xmtgmt´m tatemt´m t]msb-∂p-h-cmw. Cu kmaq-lnI Ne-\m-fl-IX Gdnbpw Ipd™pw F√m kaq-lß-fn-ep-ap-≠v. ITn-\-amb PmXn hyh-ÿtbm ASn-a-Øtam \ne \n¬°p∂ kaql-ß-fn¬ hfsc Ipd™ tXmXnepw hnπh Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬ IqSnb tXmXn-epsa∂ co-Xn-bn¬. tIc-f-]-T-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn tIcf kaq-l-Øns‚ Ne-\m-fl-I-Xbpw (Social mobility) hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ CXn-ep-≠mb G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-I-fp-sams° Af-°phm≥ {ian-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Hmtcm IpSpw_Ønepw Ct∏m-gsØ apJy hcp-am-\-°m-c≥/Imcn-bpsS sXmgnepw Ah-cpsS A—s‚ sXmgnepw XΩn-ep≈ Xmc-Xayw hgn-bmWv CXv \n¿∆-ln-®-Xv. {][m\ hcp-am-\-°m-cpsS A—-\-Ω-am-cpsS (Po-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂tXm acn®p t]mb-htcm) sXmgn-en\pw hnZym-`ym-k-tbm-Ky-Xbv°pw IrXy-amb tImUv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn. Hmtcm sXmgnen\pw kaqlw AXn\p \¬Ip∂ am\y-Xbv°pw hcp-am-\-Øn\pw A\p-kr-X-ambn 1 apX¬ 4 hsc-bp≈ kvtImdpIƒ \¬In. {]mY-anI taJ-ebnse Ahn-ZKv≤ Iqen-∏-Wn, ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-kmb sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ, ho´p-tPmen t]mep≈ hcp-am\w hfsc Ipd™ Akw-L-SnX sXmgn-ep-Iƒ F∂n-h-bvs°ms°-bmWv kvtIm¿ 1 \¬InbXv. hyh-kmb sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ, sshZ-Kv≤y-ap≈ kzbw sXmgn-ep-Iƒ (B-im-cn, Ce-Iv{So-jy≥ apX-em-b-h). apdp-°m≥ IS t]mep≈ sNdnb _nkn-\-p-Im¿ F∂n-h¿s°ms° 2 kvtIm¿ \¬In. sh≈-t°m-f¿ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ, CS-Øcw _nkn-\-p-Iƒ, CS-Øcw Irjn-°m¿ F∂n-h¿°v 3 kvtImdpw s{]m^-j-W-ep-Iƒ, amt\-Po-cn-b¬ tPmen-Iƒ, henb _nkn-\-v, h≥ `qhp-S-a-Iƒ F∂n-h¿°v 4 kvtImdpw IW-°m-°n. Hmtcm IpSpw-_-Ønepw c≠p Xe-ap-d-Iƒ XΩn¬ sXmgn¬ am\yX kvtImdn\v ]c-am-h[n aq∂p t]mbn‚ v hyXymkw hcmw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v A—≥ I¿j-IsXm-gn-em-fnbpw (kvtIm¿ 1) aI≥ tImtfPv A[ym-]-I\p (kvtIm¿ 4) amsW¶n¬ +3 hyXymkw. tImtfPv A[ym-]-Is‚ aI≥ I¿j-I-sXm-gn-em-fn-bm-sb-¶n¬

tIcfw


89

CXv ˛3 Bbn-cn-°pw. Cu hyXymkw iX-am-\-°-W-°n-em-°p-∂-Xm-Wv "kmaq-lnI Ne\ kqNnI' (Social Mobility Index). AXm-b-Xv, kmaq-lnI Ne\ kqNnI = ((aIs‚ sXmgn¬ kvtIm¿ ˛ A—s‚ sXmgn¬ kvtIm¿)/3) x 100

CtX-t]mse Xs∂ hnZym-`ymk Ne\ kqNn-Ibpw IW-°m°mw. hnZym-`ym-kØn\v \nc-£-c¿ apX¬ s{]m^-j-W¬ hnZym-`ymkw hsc 9 kvtImdp-I-fmWv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hnZym-`ymk Ne\ kqNnI = ((a-Is‚ hnZym-`ymk kvtIm¿ ˛ A—s‚ hnZym-`ymk kvtIm¿) /8) x 100

Ct∏m-gsØ apJy hcp-am-\° - m-cn¬ 12.3% kv{XoI-fp-w 87.7% ]pcp-j∑ - m-cp-am-Wv. apJy hcp-am-\° - m-cn¬ 72.1% ap∏-Øn-H∂ - n\pw Adp-]X - n\pw CS°v {]mb-ap-≈h - c - mWv. 13.7% t]¿°v CXn\p Xmsgbpw 14.2% Øn\v Adp-]X - n\p tasebpw {]mb-ap-≠v. ap≥ Xe-ap-dsb At]-£n®v Ct∏m-gsØ apJy hcp-am-\-°m-cpsS Xe-ap-d-bn¬ KWy-amb tXmXn¬ apI-fn-tem-´p≈ kmaq-lnI Ne-\m-flIX D≠m-bn-´p-s≠-∂mWv ]T-\-^-e-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Nn{Xw 1 ¬ ImWp-∂-Xp-t]mse CXns‚ {][m\ ImcWw sXmgn¬ kvtIm¿ 1 D≈ tPmen-I-fn¬ \n∂v Db¿∂ ]Zhn D≈ tPmen-Ifn-te-°p≈ am‰-am-Wv. G‰hpw ]Zhn Ipd™ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ 39.7 iX-am-\-Øn¬ \n∂v 20.8 iX-am-\ambn Ipd-™n-cn-°p-∂p. ]Zhn 3 Dw 4 Dw D≈ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ 18.5%¬ \n∂v 30.2% Bbn h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. I¿jI sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS a°ƒ henb tXmXn¬ a‰p sXmgn-ep-I-fn-te°v amdn-b-Xns‚ kqN-\-bm-Wn-Xv. {]mY-anI taJ-e-bn¬ Iqen-∏Wn sNbvXn-cp-∂-h-cpsS a°-fn¬ 42.9% am{X-amWv B taJ-e-bn¬ Xs∂ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂Xv (]-ńI 1). hnZym-`ymk Ne\ kqNnI G‰hpw Ipd-hp-≈-h-cm-Wn-h¿ F∂Xp {i≤n-°p-I. \n¿Ωm-W-ta-J-e-bn-te°pw KXmKX taJ-e-bn-te-°p-amWv Hgp-°v G‰-hp-a-[nIw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]Øp iX-am\-tØmfw t]¿ Hmôkv / s{]m^-j-W¬ taJ-e-I-fn¬ FØn-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. G‰hpw Db¿∂ kmaq-lnI Ne\ kqNn-I-Iƒ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw C°q-´¿°m-Wv. CXmIs´ Ch-cpsS Db¿∂ hnZym-`ymk Ne\ kqNn-I-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p F∂v ]ń-I-bn¬ \n∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂p.

sXmgn¬ am\yXm kvtIm¿

90

tIcfw


]ńI ˛ 1 {]mYanI taJ-e-bnse Iqen-∏-Wn-°m-cpsS a°ƒ sXmgn¬ sNøp∂ taJ-ebpw Ah-cpsS kmaq-lnI Ne\ kqNn-Ibpw (SMI) hnZym-`ymk Ne\ kqNn-Ibpw (EMI) a°-fpsS sXmgn¬ taJe {]mY-anI taJe hyh-kmbw KXm-KXw \n¿amWw Hmôkv tPmen s{]m^-j-W-ep-Iƒ hnZKv≤ kzbw sXmgn¬ hym]mcw

% 42.9 6.3 8.6 11.9 5.7 4.2 5.1 12.0

SMI (%) 8.1 22.9 36.7 34.2 50.2 57.2 33.3 37.3

EMI (%) 15.3 18.9 18.9 19.4 31.9 40.6 19.8 17.8

ap≥ Xe-ap-dsb At]-£n®v Ct∏m-gsØ apJy hcp-am-\-°m-cpsS icm-icn kmaqlnI Ne\ kqNn-Ibpw hnZym-`ymk Ne\ kqNn-Ibpw ]ńI 2 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p. F√m hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-´-hcpw apI-fn-tem´p Xs∂-bmWv \oßn-b-sX-∂Xv NmcnXm¿∞y-P-\-I-am-Wv. F∂m¬ am‰-Øns‚ tXmXn¬ KWy-amb hyXym-k-ß-fp-≠v. {]mtZ-in-I-ambn kqNn-I-I-fn¬ Imcy-amb hyXym-k-ß-fn-√. PmXn-˛-aX hn`m-Kß-fn¬ ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°m-cmWv Ccp kqNn-I-I-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw ap∂n-´p-\n¬°p-∂Xv. Ign™ Xe-ap-d-bn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw \nc-£-c-cmb sXmgn-em-fn-I-fm-bn-cp∂ Ch¿ Imcy-amb ]ptcm-KXn t\Sn-sb-∂Xv Ign™ Zi-I-ß-fn¬ tIcf kaq-l-Øn¬ h∂ am‰-ß-fpsS {]Xn-^-e-\-am-Wv. `q]-cn-jv°-c-Whpw kwh-c-W-hp-sa√mw Cu ]ptcm-K-Xn°p ]n∂n-ep-≠v. BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ kam-\-amb ]ptcm-KXn t\Sn-bn-s√-∂Xpw {it≤-b-am-Ip-∂p. a‰p apt∂m° kap-Zm-b-ß-tfm-sSm∏w G‰hpw Ipdhv kmaq-lnI Ne-\m-fl-IX Ch-cn-em-Wv. hnZym-`ymk Ne-\m-fl-I-Xbpw G‰hpw Ipdhv Ch-cn¬ Xs∂. {_m“-W¿ AS-°-ap≈ a‰p apt∂m-°-°m¿ Ign™ Xe-ap-d-bn¬ Xs∂ Db¿∂ Xe-Øn¬ Bbn-cp-∂-XmImw Ah-cpsS kmaq-lnI Ne\ kqNnI XmWncn-°m≥ Imc-Ww. Fkv.kn hn`m-K-Øn\p ]pdsa G‰hpw tatem-´p≈ kmaq-lnI Ne-\-ap-≈Xv Cug-h¿°mWv. Cug-hsc At]-£n®v a‰p ]nt∂m-°-°m¿°pw \mb¿ kap-ZmbsØ At]-£n®v a‰p apt∂m-°-Im¿°pw tatem-´p≈ kmaq-lnI Ne-\hpw kmaq-lnI/hnZym-`ymk Ne\ kqNn-I-Ifpw Ipd-hm-sW-∂Xpw {it≤-b-am-Wv. ap…ow, {InkvXy≥ kap-Zm-b-ßfpw kmaq-lnI Ne-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ \mb¿ ˛ Cugh kap-Zm-b-ßƒs°m-∏-am-Wv. Xmc-X-tay\ hepXpw IqSp-X¬ kwL-Sn-X-cpamb kap-Zm-b-ßƒ°v (\m-b¿, Cug-h, {InkvXy≥, ap…ow, Fkv kn) sNdpXpw kwL-S\m _ew Ipdhpw D≈ kaq-l-ß-tf-°mƒ (B-Zn-hm-kn, a‰p ]nt∂m-°w, a‰p apt∂m-°w) Db¿∂ tXmXn-ep≈ kmaq-lnI Ne\w Ds≠∂ s]mXp \nK-a-\Øn¬ FØm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ign™ Xe-ap-d-bn¬ Xs∂ apt∂m°w \n∂n-cp∂ \mb¿ ˛ {InkvXy≥ kap-Zm-b-ßƒ Ah-cpsS hnZym-`ym-k-]-chpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb hf¿®bpsS thKX Ct∏mgpw \ne \n¿Øp∂p F∂Xpw {]kvXm-hy-am-Wv. F¬ Un F^v ˛ bp Un F^v thm´¿amsc At]-£n®v kmaq-lnI Ne\ kqNnI Ipd-hp-≈-h-cmWv _n sP ]n thm´¿am¿. Bt]-£n-I-ambn apI-fn-tem-

tIcfw


91

]ńI 2 kmaq-lnI Ne\ kqNn-Ibpw hnZym-`ymk Ne\ kqNn-Ibpw hnhn[ kmaqly˛km-º-ØnI th¿Xn-cn-hp-Iƒ {]Imcw kmaq-lnI Ne\w

a.

b.

c.

Xmtgm´v AtX- tatem´v % % \ne %

{]tZiw sX°≥ tIcfw 12.0 49.2 38.8 a[y-tI-cfw 14.1 47.0 38.8 hS-°≥ tIcfw 12.9 48.0 39.1 PmXn/aXw Cugh 14.0 43.5 42.5 a‰p ]nt∂m°w 11.8 57.9 30.3 \mb¿ 15.4 45.9 38.7 a‰p apt∂m°w 18.5 53.8 27.7 Fkv.-kn. 7.3 51.8 40.9 Fkv.-Sn. 13.3 60.0 26.7 ap…nw 15.5 46.3 38.2 {InkvXy≥ 12.0 49.2 38.8 cmjv{Sob Nmbvhv† F¬.-Un.F^v. 12.2 47.6 40.2 bp.-Un.-F-^v. 13.5 48.5 38.0 _n.-sP.-]n. 19.8 47.7 32.4 IpSpw-_-Øns‚ Ct∏m-gsØ kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I II III IV

11.9 13.6 13.4 10.8

58.8 52.7 44.1 36.8

kqNn-I-Iƒ

29.3 33.7 42.5 52.5

c-a

SMI

EMI

26.8 24.7 26.2

10.6 10.7 11.0

17.3 17.1 16.8

28.6 18.4 23.4 9.2 33.6 13.3 22.7 26.9

11.6 7.8 10.2 4.6 13.3 5.9 9.8 11.2

17.0 15.4 18.5 17.0 19.3 15.3 16.2 16.5

28.0 24.5 12.6

11.5 10.4 4.8

16.9 16.2 13.3

17.4 20.1 29.1 41.7

6.1 7.5 12.6 19.8

13.2 14.6 17.1 27.7

´p≈ kmaq-lnI Ne\w Ipdhpw Xmtgm´p≈Xv IqSp-X-ep-ap≈ lnµp-°ƒ°n-S-bn¬ _n sP ]n Bi-b-ßƒ°v thtcm-´-ap-s≠∂v Icp-tX-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. IpSpw-_-Øns‚ Ct∏m-gsØ kmº-ØnI {Kq∏pw kmaq-lnI / hnZym-`ymk Ne-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘hpw ]ń-I-bn¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v \n¿W-bn-°p-∂Xv IpSpw-_-Øns‚ samØw hchv sNehv, BkvXn-Iƒ F∂n-hsbm-s°-bm-Wv. kmaq-lnI Ne-\-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xm-Is´ apJy hcp-am-\°m-cs‚ sXmgn-ens‚ ]Z-hn-bpw. G‰hpw kº-∂-cmb \memw {Kq∏ns‚ kmaqlnI Ne\ kqNn-I a‰p-≈-hsc At]-£n®v hfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv. Cu {Kq∏n¬ 52.5% hpw Cu Xe-ap-d-bn¬ kmaq-lnI apt∂‰w \SØnbh-cm-Wv. H∂p-ap-X¬ aq∂p-h-sc-bp≈ {Kq∏p-I-fn¬ CXv bYm-{Iaw 29.3%, 33.7%, 42.5% F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv. Db¿∂ kmº-ØnI {Kq∏p-I-fpsS hnZym-`ymk Ne\ kqNn-Ibpw hfsc Db¿∂ tXmXn-em-Wv. ka-Im-eo\ kaq-l-Øn¬ kmº-ØnI h¿§ cq]o-I-c-W-Øns‚ apJy Nme-I-i‡n hnZym-`ym-khpw AXp-hgn t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p∂ sXmgn-ep-I-fp-amWv F∂Xv IqSp-X¬ hy‡-am-°p-∂-XmWv Cu IW-°p-Iƒ.

92

tIcfw


A≤ymbw 8

hnZym-`ymkw tIc-f-]-T-\-Øns‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fn¬ G‰hpw {][m-\-amb H∂mWv hnZym-`ymk-tbm-Ky-Xbpw hcp-am-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w (Nn{Xw 1) Nn{Xw 1 hnZym-`ymk tbmKy-Xbpw hcp-am-\hpw s{]m^-j-W¬ _ncp-Zm-\-¥cw _ncpZw kmt¶-XnIw(Untπm-a) πkvSp sk°‚dn ss{]adn tIhe hnZym-`ymkw \nc-£c - ¿ 0

7085 4274 2370 2966 1603 1462 1067 596 352

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

s{]m^-j-W¬ hnZym-`ymkw t\Sp-∂-hc-- psS hcp-am\w \nc-£-c-cpsS Ccp-]Xv Cc-ńbpw ss{]a-dn -am{Xw ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-h-cpsS Bdn-c-ń-bn-e-[n-I-hp-amWv. IpńI-fpsS hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈ s\t´m´w CXp sIm≠p Xs∂-bm-sW∂v A\p-am-\n-t°≠nbncn-°p-∂p. kmº-ØnI h¿§ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ hnhn[ LS-Ißƒ hln- ° p∂ kzm[o- \ - Ø ns‚ Af- h mb dn{K- j ≥ aqeyw (Correlation coefficient) Nn{Xw 2 ¬ ImWmw. (C-Xns‚ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ A≤ymbw 6¬ ]ńI 12t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®v \¬In-bXv ImWp-I). PmXn, aXw, {]tZiw XpS-ßnb ]c-º-cm-KX LS-I-ß-tf-°mƒ hf-sc-tbsd i‡-amb kzm[o\w C∂v hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\m-sW∂p ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. (a-X-amWv G‰hpw Zp¿_ew F∂Xv h¿Ko-b-X-bpsS s]m≈-Øcw shfn-hm-°p-∂p.)

tIcfw


93

kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ hnhn[ LS-I-ß-fpsS kzm[o\w 0.227

0.028

0.022 ]pdw hcp-am\w

0.01 aXw

0.04

{]tZiw

0.088

\Kc˛{Kmaw

PmXn

hnZym-`ymkw

0.089

k¿°m¿ tPmen

0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0

F∂m¬ CXn-\¿∞w \mw ]c-º-cm-KX Ak-a-Xz-ßƒ C√m-Xm°n Hcp sacnt‰m-{Ikn (F√m-h¿°pw Ign-hn-\-\p-k-cn®v hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-eqsS Db¿∂p hcm≥ Ah-kcw \¬Ip∂ kaq-lw) Bbn F∂mtWm? kmº-ØnI {Kq∏p-Iƒ XΩn¬ D∂X hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn-b-h-cpsS FÆ-Øn-ep≈ Ak-a-Xz-ßƒ AX√ ImWn°p-∂-Xv. (]-ńI 19˛ A≤ymbw 5) Cu òa-amb hyXym-k-ßƒ h¿j-ß-fmbn D≠m-b-Xm-sW∂v hmZn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. CXp Ipd-bp-I-sb-∂Xv GXp kaq-l-Ønepw A`n-Imayw am{X-a√ Bhiyw IqSn-bmWv. F∂m¬ C∂sØ ÿnXn H´pw hyXy-kvX-a-√. 18 apX¬ 25 hb-phsc {]mb-ap-≈-h-cpsS CS-bn¬ tImtf-Pn¬ t]mIp-∂-h-cpsS FÆw ]cn-tim-[n®m¬ kwKXn hy‡-am-Ipw. (]-ńI 1) ]ń-I-˛ 1 \mev kmº-ØnI {Kq∏-pI-fn¬ 18-˛25 hb-p-Im-cn¬ tImtf-Pn¬ t]mIp-∂-h-cpsS FÆw (%) {Kq∏v iX-am\w I 7.5 II 9.4 III 19.4 IV 36.8 ]ń-I-˛ 2 \mev kmº-ØnI {Kq∏p-If - n¬ 18-˛25 hb-p-Im-cn¬ kzm{ib tImgvkp-Iƒ°v tN¿∂-hc - psS FÆw (%) {Kq∏v iX-am\w I 1.8 II 3.8 III 8.5 IV 20.2

94

tIcfw


hnZym-`ymkw hgn Ht´sd t]¿ kmaq-lnI ]ptcm-KXn t\Snb kwÿm-\-amWv tIc-fw. AXpsIm≠m-Wt√m Hcp ImeØv C¥y-bnse G‰hpw Zcn-{Z-cmb Hcp P\X C∂v cmPysØ G‰hpw Db¿∂ Pohn-X-\n-e-hm-c-Øn¬ FØn \n¬°p-∂Xv. hnZym-`ym-k-Ønse Ah-kc ka-Xz-Øn-eqsS t\Sn-sb-Sp-Ø-XmWv Cu t\´ßƒ. ]s£, t\´-ap-≠m-°n-b-h¿ C∂v a‰p-≈-h¿°v Ah-k-c-ßƒ \ntj-[n-°p-IbmtWm? kzm{ib hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ IW°p t\m°q. (]-ńI 2) tIc-f-Ønse P\-ß-fpsS samØ hnZym-`ym-k-tbm-KyX ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ Hcp Imcyw hy‡-am-Ipw. _lp-`q-cn-]£w P\-ßfpw sk°≥Udn hnZym-`ym-ktam AXn¬ Ipdthm D≈-hc - mWv (Nn-{Xw 3) Ah-cpsS hcp-am-\hpw hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. Ch-cn¬ Gdnb ]¶pw H∂pw c≠pw kmº-ØnI{Kq∏p-If - n-em-Wv. A¨-Fb - vUUv kvIqfp-Ifpw kzm{i-bh - n-Zym-`ym-kh - p-sam∂pw Ah-cpsS {]iv\ß - ƒ°v ]cn-lm-ca - √ - . Nn{Xw 3 ]Xn-s\-ń\p apI-fn¬ {]mb-ap-≈-h-cpsS hnZym-`ymk tbmKyX 37.4 28.8

1.9

1.5

s{]m^-j-W¬

9.0

_ncp-Zm-\µ - c- _ - n-cpZw

πkvSp

sk°-≠dn

ss{]adn

kmt¶-XnI Untπma

3.7

_ncpZw

10.9 2.3

tIhe hnZym-`ymkw

\nc-£-c¿

40 -00 35 0 30 0 25 0 20 0 15 0 10 0 4.6 5 0

IqSp-X¬ hcp-am\w e`n-°m-hp∂ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ°v th≠{X ""kmt¶-XnI Ignhp-Iƒ'' (skills) Ah¿°n√ F∂-XmWv hkvXp-X. sk°≥Udn hsc-bp≈ hnZym`ymkw IW-°nepw `mj-bnepw Iºyq-´¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xnepw ]pØ≥ Im¿jnI-co-Xn-I-fnepw eLp-hy-h-km-b-Ønepw a‰p-ap-≈, hcp-am\w IqSp-X¬ In´m≥ klmbn-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ Ign-hp-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂n-√. CXns‚ as‰mcp hiw, P\-X-bpsS C∂p≈ skill levels D]-tbm-Kn®v kºZvLS\sb B[p-\nI coXn-bn¬ ]p\:kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]cn-an-Xn-bm-Wv. ssN\bpsS hºn® kmº-ØnI apt∂-‰-Øn\p ]nd-In¬ P\-X-bpsS samØw kmt¶XnI Ign-hp-I-fpsS h¿≤\ hln® ]¶v Ipd-®p-I-≠p-Iq-Sm. DXv∏m-Z-\-ta-J-e-bv°m-h-iy-amb Ign-hp-Iƒ kn≤n-°msX kvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw ]q¿Øn-bm-°p∂ Zcn{Z hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]´ sNdp-∏-°m-cpsS {]Xn-k‘n cq£-amWv. sslkvIqƒ hsc ]Tn®p F∂ Imc-W-Øm¬ Ah¿ A—-\-Ω-am¿ sNbvXp t]m∂ Iqen-∏-Wn°p t]mIp-∂n-√. ]e A—-\-Ω-amcpw AXv B{K-ln-°p-∂p-an-√. F∂m¬ th≠{X kmt¶-XnI Ign-hp-Iƒ C√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ a‰p tPmen-Iƒ In´p∂p-an-√. hnhn[ kmº-ØnI X´p-I-fn-ep≈ 18-˛25 hb-p-Im¿ F¥p sNøp∂p F∂v A≤ym-bw 5se ]ńI 20 hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

tIcfw


95

kvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ ]c-a-{]m-[m\yw CXn¬ \n∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. F√mh¿°pw Hcp t]mep≈, hcp-am\w IqSp-X¬ t\Sm≥ Ahsc i‡-cm-°p∂ \√ \ne-hm-chpw aqey-ß-fp-a-S-ßnb kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-amWv \ap-°m-h-iyw. CXn\v h≥ tXmXn¬ k¿°m¿ apX¬ap-S°v Bh-iy-am-Wv. {]mK-¤y-ap≈ A≤ym-]-Icpw Ah¿°v \nc-¥-camb ]cn-io-e-\hpw th≠-Xm-bp-≠v. C∂p-≈-Xm-Is´ c≠p Xcw hnZym-`ym-k-am-Wv. \ho-I-c-WØn\v th≠{X ]Ww apS-°msX ]mh-s∏-´-h¿°m-bp≈ s]mXp kvIqfp-Iƒ, ]ns∂ Db¿∂ ôkv \¬Im≥ Ign-hp-≈-h¿°mbn kuI-cy-ßƒ IqSp-Xep≈ kzImcy kvIqfp-Iƒ. kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-sØ°pdn-®p≈ GXm\pw ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-ßƒ Xmsg 3, 4, 5 ]ńIIfn-embn \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. k¿t∆ sNbvX hoSp-I-fnse kvIqƒ hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ 21.9 iX-am\w A¨-FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂p. ÿnc-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ k¿°m¿ IW°p-I-fn¬ CXv tIhew 5 iX-am\w am{X-amWv (Economic review 2002). kn.-_n.F-kv.C. kne-_kv ]n≥Xp-S-cp∂ kvIqfp-Iƒ k¿°m¿ IW-°p-I-fn¬ s]Sm-ØXmWv Cu hyXym-kØ - n-\p≈ {][m\ ImcWw F∂v Icp-tX-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. k¿th ]ńI 3 hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS A\p-]mXw hnhn[ Xcw amt\-Pvsa‚p-Iƒ {]Imcw (%) hn`mKw k¿°m¿ FbvUUv A¨-F-bvUUv BsI 35.0 43.1 21.9 kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I 47.0 49.6 3.4 II 40.3 49.4 10.3 III 30.9 39.0 30.1 IV 14.2 30.2 55.5 {]tZiw sX°≥ tIcfw 42.1 34.5 23.4 a[y tIcfw 25.4 48.3 26.2 hS-°≥ tIcfw 36.9 45.1 18.0 aXw lnµp 37.5 42.0 20.5 ap…ow 40.0 39.3 20.8 {InkvXy≥ 21.9 5.09 27.2 PmXn ]nt∂m°w 35.3 44.8 19.9 apt∂m°w 34.3 35.3 30.4 ]ń-I-PmXn 46.6 41.7 11.7 ]ń-I-h¿§w 60.7 39.3 0.0 cmjv{Sob B`n-apJyw F¬ Un F^v 39.8 44.3 15.9 bp Un F^v 31.1 43.9 25.0 _n sP ]n 26.5 39.2 34.3

96

tIcfw


]ńI ˛ 4 hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS A\p-]mXw kne-_kv {]Imcw (%) hn`mKw tIcf kn _n Fkv C a‰p-≈h BsI 82.0 14.9 3.1 kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I 96.2 2.3 1.5 II 91.5 5.8 2.6 III 77.0 19.3 3.7 IV 50.0 45.0 5.0 {]tZiw sX°≥ tIcfw 81.1 15.4 3.4 a[y tIcfw 77.1 19.7 3.2 hS-°≥ tIcfw 85.7 11.4 2.9 aXw lnµp 83.3 13.9 2.9 ap…ow 84.1 13.3 2.6 {InkvXy≥ 75.9 19.8 4.3 PmXn ]nt∂m°w 83.8 13.3 2.8 apt∂m°w 76.1 20.4 3.5 ]ń-I-PmXn 90.9 5.7 3.4 ]ń-I-h¿§w 100.0 0.0 0.0 cmjv{Sob B`n-apJyw F¬ Un F^v 87.0 10.7 2.3 bp Un F^v 80.4 16.1 3.5 _n sP ]n 71.7 26.3 2.0

hoSp-I-fn¬ 14.9% Ipń-Iƒ kn.-_n.-F-kv.-C. kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. Ipń-Ifn¬ 29.2 iX-am\w t]cpsS ]T-\-`mj Cw•ojv BWv. s]mXp-hn¬ A¨ FbvUUv kvIqfp-Iƒ, kn.-_n.-F-kv.-C. kne-_kv, Cw•ojv aoUnbw F∂nh H∂n®p t]mIp-∂-h-bm-Wv. (Nn{Xw 4, 5) k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-Ifpw FbvUUv kvIqfp-Ifpw _lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw ae-bm-fØn¬ tIcf kne-_kv ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. A¨-F-bvUUv kvIqfp-I-fn¬ BIs´ 87 iX-am\w Cw•ojv aoUn-bhpw 55 iX-am\w kn.-_n.-F-kv.-C. kne_kv ]n≥Xp-S-cp-∂-h-bp-am-Wv. 10.6 iX-am\w sF.-kn.-F-kv.-C. t]mep≈ a‰v kne_-kp-Iƒ \S-∏m-°p-∂-hbpw. Ipń-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ kvIqfp-Iƒ, kne-_-kv, A[y-b\ `mj F∂nh \n¿Æ-bn°p-∂-Xn¬ ]c-a-{]-[m\ LSIw kmº-ØnI ÿnXn BsW∂v ]ń-I-Iƒ 3, 4, 5 hy‡-am-°p-∂p. AXn-Z-cn-{Z-cn¬ ({Kq∏v 1) 3.4% am{Xw A¨-F-bvUUv kvIqfp-I-fnepw, 2.3% kn.-_n.-F-kv.-C kne-_kv {]Im-chpw 5.7% amXr`mjm am[y-a-Ønepw ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ {Kq∏v 4˛¬ CXv bYm-{Iaw 55.5%, 45%, 72% F∂n-ß-s\-bm-Wv. A¨ FbvUUv kvIqƒ, kn.-_n.-F-kv.-C. kne-_-kv, Cw•ojv aoUn-bw F∂nh-bn-sems° samØw icm-i-cn-tb-°mƒ Db¿∂ tXmXv kmº-ØnI {Kq∏p-Iƒ 3,

tIcfw


97

]ńI 5 hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS A\p-]mXw `mjm am[yaw {]Imcw (%) Cw•ojv amXr-`mj BsI 29.2 70.8 kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I 5.7 94.3 II 15.0 85.0 III 38.4 61.6 IV 72.0 28.0 {]tZiw sX°≥ tIcfw 33.9 66.1 a[y tIcfw 37.1 62.9 hS-°≥ tIcfw 21.1 78.9 aXw lnµp 28.2 71.8 ap…ow 22.7 77.3 {InkvXy≥ 40.3 59.7 PmXn ]nt∂m°w 27.7 77.3 apt∂m°w 38.8 61.2 ]ń-I-PmXn 15.2 84.8 ]ń-I-h¿§w 8.7 91.3 cmjv{Sob B`n-apJyw F¬ Un F^v 22.3 77.7 bp Un F^v 30.6 69.4 _n sP ]n 36.8 63.2

4, sX°≥ / a[y tIcfw, {InkvXy≥ aX hn`m-Kw, apt∂m° PmXn-°m¿, bp.-Un.F-^v./_n.-sP.-]n. thm´¿am¿ F∂n-h-cn-em-Wv. icm-i-cn-tb-°mƒ Ipdhv kmº-ØnI {Kq∏p-Iƒ 1, 2 hS-°≥ tIc-fw, lnµp/ap…nw aX-hn-`m-K-ßƒ, ]nt∂m°/Fkv.kn./Fkv.-‰n. PmXn-°m¿, F¬.-Un.-F-^v. thm´¿am¿ F∂n-h-cn-epw. kmº-ØnI {Kq∏p-Iƒ Hgn®v a‰p-≈-h-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ CXv {][m-\-ambpw {]kvXpX hn`m-K-ß-fpsS kmº-ØnI ÿnXn-bpsS {]Xn-^-e\w am{X-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Db¿∂ {Kq∏p-Isf am{X-sa-SpØv ]cn-tim-[n-®mepw (]-ńI 6) Nne hyXym-k-ßƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. apkvenw, Fkv.-kn. hn`m-K-ßƒ°v ae-bmfw aoUnb-tØmSpw {InkvXy≥, apt∂m° lnµp hn`m-K-ßƒ°v Cw•ojv aoUn-b-tØmSpw A¨-F-bvUUv kvIqfp-I-tfmSpw D≈ {]nbw ]ń-I-bn¬ \n∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. cmjv{Sob Nmbvhpw C°m-cy-Øn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. kmºØnI ÿnXn-°-Xo-X-ambn F¬.-Un.-F-^v. thm´¿am¿ s]mXp kvIqfp-I-sfbpw aebm-f-sØbpw A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ _n.-sP.-]n. thm´¿am-cn¬ A¨-FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-tfmSpw Cw•ojv aoUn-b-tØm-Sp-amWv {]nbw. k¿th sNbvX hoSp-I-fn¬ kvIqƒ {]mb-Øn-ep≈ Ipń-Iƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ Ah¿ ]Tn-°p∂ kvIqfp-Isf ]‰nbp≈ A`n-{]mbw tXSn-bXv ]ńI 7 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-

98

tIcfw


Nn{Xw 4 A[y-b\ `mj hnhn-[-Xcw kvIqfp-I-fn¬

100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

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87.0

14.5

k¿°m¿

FbvUUv

A¨FbvUUv

A[y-b\ `mj 12 Cw•ojv 12 12 amXr- ` mj

Nn{Xw 5 kne-_kv hnhn-[X - cw kvIqfp-If - n¬

100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

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1.0 1234567893.0 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 96.0 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789

k¿°m¿

10.6

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FbvUUv

A¨FbvUUv

55.0

kne-_kv 12 12 tIcf 12

kn._n.-Fkv.kn

a‰p-≈h

°p-∂p. kvIqƒ tami-am-sW∂v A`n-{]m-b-ap-≈-h¿ ]Øv iX-am-\-Øn¬ Xmsg am{Xta D≈p. k¿°m¿, FbvU-Uv,. A¨-F-bvUUv kvIqfp-Iƒ XΩn¬ C°m-cyØn¬ {]I-S-amb hyXym-k-ß-fn-√. AXp-t]mse hyXykvX kne-_kpw A[yb\ `mjbpw ]n≥Xp-S-cp∂ kvIqfp-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-khpw {]I-S-a-√. kvIqfp-Iƒ "Ipg-∏-an√' F∂ A`n-{]m-bsØ At]-£n®v "\√-Xm-sW∂' A`n{]m-b-ap-≈-h¿ A¨ FbvUUv kvIqfp-Iƒ, kn _n Fkv C kne-_-kv, Cw•ojv aoUnbw F∂n-h-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Xmc-X-tay\ IqSp-X-em-Wv. ]s£ CXpw hfsc henb tXmXn-ep≈ hyXym-k-a-√.

tIcfw


99

]ńI 6 Db¿∂ kmº-ØnI {Kq∏p-I-fn¬ (3,4) s]´-h-cn¬ A¨ FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-fp-tSbpw Cw•ojv A[y-b\ `mj-bp-tSbpw \nc°v hn`mKw

aXw lnµp ap…ow {InkvXy≥ PmXn ]nt∂m°w apt∂m°w Fkv kn cmjv{Sob Nmbvhv F¬ Un F^v bp Un F^v _n sP ]n

A¨-F-bvUUv kvIqƒ icm-i-cn-bn¬ % \n∂p≈ hyXymkw (%)

Cw•ojv aoUnbw icm-ic - n-bn¬ % \n∂p≈ hyXymkw (%)

33.0 35.6 38.5

˛-5.8 1.8 10.1

45.8 35.3 54.1

0.8 ˛22.3 19.2

31.6 40.0 29.9

˛9.8 ˛14.3 14.7

43.8 52.2 35.3

˛3.5 15.1 ˛22.3

26.8 39.6 47.4

˛23.5 13.2 35.5

36.5 46.7 57.4

˛19.5 2.9 26.4

]ńI 7 hońse Ipń-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ kvIqfns\ ]‰n-bp≈ A`n-{]mbw hnhn-[-Xcw kvIqfp-Iƒ Xncn®v (%) tamiw \√Xv Ipg-∏-an√ BsI 7.5 48.5 44.0 amt\-Pvsa‚ v k¿°m¿ 8.8 43.0 48.1 F-bvUUv 7.2 46.8 45.9 A¨-F-bvUUv 5.5 59.8 34.8 kne-_kv tIcfm kne-_kv 7.9 45.9 46.2 kn _n Fkv C 4.7 61.1 34.2 a‰p-≈h 6.3 51.0 42.7 am[yaw amXr-`mj 7.5 44.2 48.2 Cw•ojv 6.9 58.9 34.2

kvIqƒ tami-sa∂ A`n-{]m-b-ap-≈-h¿ F√m kmº-ØnI {Kq∏p-I-fnepw kam\-amb coXn-bn-em-Wp-f-fXv (]-ńI 8). F√m-Xcw kvIqfp-I-fnepw A[ym-]-\-amWv kvIqƒ tami-sa-∂v A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sm-\p≈ {][m\ Imc-Ww. CXm-Is´ k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-I-fn¬ Xmc-X-tay\ IqSp-X-em-Wv (]-ń-I 9). k¿°m¿/FbvUUv kvIqfp-Ifn¬ A®-S-°-amWv c≠m-asØ Imc-W-ambn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂X -- v.

100

tIcfw


]ńI 8 kvIqƒ tami-sa∂v A`n-{]m-b-ap-≈-h¿ kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v {]Imcw (%) kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v amt\-Pvsa‚ v k¿°m¿ FbvUUv A¨-F-bvUUv kne-_kv tIcf kn _n Fkv C am[yaw amXr-`mj Cw•ojv

I

II

III

IV

BsI

7.4 6.1 0.0

8.4 8.3 2.7

10.7 7.3 6.3

4.3 4.0 6.0

8.8 7.2 5.5

6.9 0.0

7.7 6.7

8.6 4.1

7.2 4.1

7.9 4.7

6.7 11.5

7.7 5.4

8.4 7.0

4.5 6.5

7.5 6.9

]ńI 9 kvIqƒ tami-sa∂v A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sm-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ (%) ImcWw k¿°m¿ FbvUUv A¨-F-bvUUv kne-_kv 5.9 7.9 11.7 A®-S°w 16.2 14.6 6.7 ASn-ÿm-\-ku-Icyw 9.6 7.9 5.0 A[ym-]\w 47.1 39.7 33.3 a‰p-≈h 8.1 13.9 21.7 H∂n-e-[nIw Imc-W-ßƒ 13.2 15.9 21.7

G‰hpw \√ kvIqfp-Iƒ GsX∂ s]mXp tNmZy-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ t]¿ k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-Iƒ F∂mWv adp-]Sn \¬In-b-Xv. (]-ńI 10) {Kq∏v IV HgnsI a‰p aq∂v {Kq∏p-I-fnepw k¿°m¿, FbvUUv, A¨ FbvUUv F∂ {Ia-Øn-emWv kvIqfpI-sf hne-bn-cp-Øn-b-Xv. {Kq∏v IV¬ A¨ FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-fmWv sa®w F∂ A`n-{]m-b-amWv `qcn-]-£-Øn-\pw. A¨ FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-fn¬ Ipń-Isf Ab°p-∂-h-cn¬ t]mepw 22.5% k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-I-fmWv sa®w F∂v A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. adn®v k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-I-fn¬ Ipń-Iƒ ]Tn-°p-∂-h-cn¬ 12.2% am{Xta A¨ FbvUUv kvIqfp-Iƒ BWv \√Xv F∂v hniz-kn-°p-∂p-≈p. A[ym-]-I-cpsS tbmKy-X-bmWv k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-I-fpsS {][m\ KpW-ambn hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. C°m-cy-Øn¬ k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-Iƒ a‰p-≈-h-tb-°mƒ _lp-Zqcw ap∂n-emWv (]-ńI 11). A[ym-]-I-cpsS Bflm¿∞XbpsS Imcy-Øn¬ FbvUUv kvIqfp-Ifpw A®-S-°-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ A¨-F-bvUUv kvIqfp-Ifpw sa®-am-sW∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-Iƒ A®-S-°-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ hfsc ]n∂n-em-sW∂mWv A`n-{]mbw. \√ kne-_kv A¨ FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-fpsS KpW-ambn 11.9 iX-am\w IcpXp-∂p. CØcw kvIqfp-I-fn¬ `qcn-]£w kn _n Fkv C kne-_kv D≈-h-bmsW-∂-Xm-bn-cn°mw Imc-Ww.

tIcfw


101

]ńI 10 G‰hpw \√ kvIqfpIƒ GXv F∂-Xns‚ A`n-{]mbw (%) k¿°m¿ FbvUUv BsI kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I II III IV kvIqƒ amt\-Pvsa‚ v k¿°m¿ FbvUUv A¨-F-bvUUv

A¨-F-bvUUv

Adn-bn√/ A`n-{]m-ba - n√ 10.3

40.3

26.9

22.5

50.5 45.3 36.9 23.3

22.2 28.5 28.4 24.2

9.2 16.7 27.2 42.5

18.2 9.5 7.5 10.0

64.3 29.7 22.5

13.9 44.2 15.6

12.2 15.2 51.9

9.6 10.9 10.0

]ńI 11 G‰hpw \√ kvIqƒ GXv F∂-Xns‚ ImcWw (%) G‰hpw \√ kvIqƒ ImcWw k¿°m¿ FbvUUv A¨-F-bvUUv A[ym-]-I-cpsS Bflm¿∞X 22.3 39.1 29.4 \√- kn-e-_kv 3.8 3.6 11.9 A[ym-]-I-cpsS tbmKyX 35.7 8.4 2.8 ]n Sn F CS-s]-S¬ 3.3 2.9 1.5 am[yaw 3.0 0.7 2.8 A®-S°w 1.7 14.5 15.2 a‰p-≈h/H∂n-e[ - nIw 30.2 30.9 36.4

amXr-`mj A[y-b\ `mj-bm-hp-∂XmWv \√-sX∂v Icp-Xp-∂-h-cmWv _lp-`qcn-]-£hpw (]-ńI 12). kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v IV ¬ am{X-amWv adn-®p≈ A`n-{]m-bØn\v t\cnb `qcn-]-£w. Cw•ojv aoUnbw kvIqfp-I-fn¬ Ipń-Isf Ab-°p-∂-hcn¬ t]mepw 44.6% hniz-kn-°p-∂Xv amXr-`m-j-bmWv \√-sX-∂m-Wv. Ipń°v a\-n-em-hp-∂p-sh-∂Xpw A—-\-Ω-am¿°v klm-bn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p-sh∂-Xp-amWv amXr-`m-j-bpsS KpW-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. sXmgn¬ km[yX, a’c ]co-£-I-fnse hnP-b-km-[y-X, ]pdw cmPy-ß-fn-te°v t]mIm-\p≈ Ahk-c-ßƒ F∂nh Cw•ojns‚ Icp-Ømbn Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. (]-ńI 13) kvIqƒ Ipń-I-fn¬ aq∂n-sem-t∂mfw t]¿°v {]tXyI Syqj≥ D≠v (]-ńI 14). Syqj≥ \nc°v kmº-ØnI ÿnXn A\p-k-cn®v Db-cp-∂p. Cw•ojv aoUnbw kvIqfp-I-fn¬ amXr-`mjm kvIqfp-I-tf-°mƒ CXp IqSp-X-em-Wv. KWnXØn\pw Cw•o-jn-\p-amWv A[nIw t]¿°pw Syqj-\p≈Xv. (]-ńI 15)

102

tIcfw


]ńI 12 A[yb\ `mj GXm-Wv \√Xv F∂-Xns‚ A`n-{]mbw (%) BsI kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I II III IV kvIqfnse A[y-b\ am[yaw ae-bmfw aoUn-b-Øn¬ Ipń-Isf tN¿Ø-h¿ Cw•ojv aoUn-b-Øn¬ Ipń-Isf tN¿Ø-h¿

amXr-`mj 72.8

Cw•ojv 27.2

85.3 81.2 67.6 47.1

14.7 18.8 32.4 52.9

83.6 44.6

16.4 55.4

]ńI 13 \√ A[y-b\ `mj GXv F∂-Xns‚ ImcWw (%) A[y-b\ `mj ImcWw amXr-`mj Cw•ojv Ipń°v a\-n-em-hp∂p 61.5 2.9 A—-\Ω - a - m¿°v klm-bn-°m≥ Ignbp∂p 14.0 1.1 sXmgn¬ km[yX 0.9 23.3 a’c ]co-£-I-fnse hnPbkm[yX 0.7 17.4 ]pdw cmPy-ß-fn-te°v t]mIm-\p≈ Ah-kcw 0.7 30.7 a‰p-≈h/H∂n-e[ - nIw 22.4 24.6 ]ńI ˛ 14 {]tXyI Syqj≥ D≈ Ipń-IfpsS A\p-]mXw (%) BsI kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I II III IV amt\-Pvsa‚ v k¿°m¿ FbvUUv A¨-F-bvUUv kne-_kv tIcf kn _n Fkv C am[yaw amXr-`mj Cw•ojv

32.8 16.3 26.3 40.8 44.5 31.5 31.8 34.9 32.6 35.3 29.4 40.4

tIcfw


103

]ńI ˛ 15 Syqj≥ t\Sp-∂-h¿ GXp hnj-b-Øn¬ (%) IW°v Cw•ojv kb≥kv F√m hnj-bhpw

95.4 87.4 73.7 63.7

]ńI 16 ]pXnb ]mTy-]-≤-Xnsb ]‰n-bp≈ A`n-{]mbw (%) BsI kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I II III IV amt\-Pvsa‚ v k¿°m¿ FbvUUv A¨-F-bvUUv am[yaw amXr-`mj Cw•ojv

Bhiyw A\mhiyw 43.6 16.3

Adn-bn√ 13.5

A`n-{]m-ba - n√ 26.6

38.7 44.4 43.4 47.7

11.6 16.1 18.0 17.6

14.1 12.1 13.6 15.0

35.7 27.4 24.9 19.8

49.3 51.8 38.2

16.3 17.1 20.3

13.7 12.5 15.0

20.6 18.5 26.5

50.9 41.7

16.9 20.5

12.8 15.1

19.4 22.8

am[y-a-ß-fn-eqsS Ht´sd hna¿i-\-ßƒ t\cn-´-XmWv 1996¬ Bcw-`n® {]h¿Ø\m-[n-jvTnX ]mTy-]-≤Xn. F∂m¬ CXn-s\-∏‰n s]mXp-hn¬ \√ A`n-{]m-b-amWv amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°p-≈-Xv. (]-ńI 16). 43.6% CXv Bh-iy-am-sW∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ 16.3% t]¿°p am{Xta adn®v A`n-{]m-b-ap-≈q. F√m kmº-ØnI {Kq∏p-Iƒ°n-Sbnepw CXp Xs∂-bmWv ÿnXn. Cw•o-jv aoUnbw, amXr-`mjm aoUnbw kvIqfpI-fnepw hyXykvX amt\-Pvsa‚p-Iƒ \S-Øp∂ kvIqfp-I-fn-ep-sams° ]pXnb ]mTy-]-≤-Xn°v A\p-Iq-e-amb A`n-{]m-b-Øn\p Xs∂-bmWv ap≥Xq-°w. kzm{ib hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ Bh-iy-amtWm F∂Xv Hcp Zi-I-Øn-e[n-I-ambn tIcf kaq-l-Øn¬ N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. tIc-f-Øns‚ ]Ww ]pdtØ°v Hgp-Ip-∂Xp sIm≠pw k¿°m-dn\v D∂X hnZym-`ymk cwKØv ]Ww apS°m≥ C√m-ØXp sIm≠pw Ch IqSntb Xocp F∂ i‡-amb {]N-cWw am[y-aßfpw cmjv{Sob t\Xm-°-fp-sams° \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ Cu {]N-c-W-ßƒ km[m-cW P\-ßsf Imcy-ambn kzm[o-\n-®n√ F∂p thWw Icp-Xm≥. PmXn aX cmjv{Sob t`Z-at\y CØcw ÿm]-\-ßƒ A\m-h-iy-am-sW-∂mWv `qcn-]£m-`n-{]mbw (]ńI 17). kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v IV ¬ t]mepw kzm{ib hnZym-e-bßƒ A\n-hm-cy-amWv F∂v 26.3% t]tc A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-≈p. Cu hn`m-K-Ønse 59.5 iX-am-\-Øns‚ A`n-{]mbw CØcw ÿm]-\-ßƒ Hgn-hm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv F∂pX-s∂-bm-Wv.

104

tIcfw


]ńI 17 kzm{ib hnZym-`ym-ksØ°pdn®p≈ A`n-{]mbw samØw kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I II III IV aXw lnµp ap…ow {InkvXy≥ PmXn ]nt∂m°w apt∂m°w ]ń-I-PmXn ]ń-I-h¿§w cmjv{Sob B`n-apJyw F¬ Un F^v bp Un F^v _n sP ]n

A\n-hmcyw 12.7

Hgn-hm-t°-≠Xv A`n-{]m-b-an√ 65.2 22.1

5.6 8.4 15.0 26.3

56.3 65.5 69.3 59.5

38.1 26.1 15.7 14.2

10.2 12.9 19.3

69.1 60.6 59.7

20.7 26.5 21.0

10.3 13.5 4.5 9.4

70.4 69.7 68.2 54.7

19.3 16.8 27.4 35.8

8.5 17.3 17.6

72.2 60.3 64.2

19.3 22.4 18.2

]ńI 18 Ipń-Isf s{]m^-j-W¬ tImgvkp-Iƒ°v Ab-°m-\p≈ B{K-lhpw kzm{ib tImgv-kp-I-fn-te°v Ab-°m-\p≈ k∂-≤-Xbpw (%) s{]m^-j-W¬ kzm{ibw BsI 49.0 17.2 kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I 27.2 4.9 II 40.1 11.1 III 57.9 21.8 IV 71.8 36.0 amt\-Pvsa‚ v k¿°m¿ 41.3 10.4 FbvUUv 48.4 15.7 A¨-F-bvUUv 62.9 31.6 kne-_kv tIcf 46.1 13.5 kn _n Fkv C 67.4 34.4 am[yaw amXr-`mj 42.2 12.8

tIcfw


105

49% c£n-Xm-°ƒ Ah-cpsS Ipń-Isf s{]m^-j-W¬ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v Ab°m≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂p-≠v. kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn´pw CXv kmº-ØnI ÿnXn°v A\pkr-X-ambn Db-cp-∂p≠v ˛ {Kq∏v I ¬ 27.2% hpw {Kq∏v IV ¬ 71% hpw (]-ńI 18). A¨-˛-F-bvUUv ˛ Cw•ojv aoUnbw ˛ kn _n Fkv C kvIqfp-I-fn¬ Ipń-Isf ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-h¿°n-S-bn¬ Cu B{Klw a‰p-≈-hsc At]-£n®v IqSp-X-em-Wv. s{]m^-j-W¬ hnZym-`ymkw B{K-ln-°p-∂-h-cn¬ Xs∂ Hcp \yq\-]£w (17.2%) am{Xta kzm{ib hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ Ipń-Isf Ab-°m≥ k∂-≤X {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂p-≈p. kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v IV ¬ t]mepw shdpw 36 iX-am\w am{Xw. ]ńI 19 kzm{ib tImgvkp-If - n¬ tN¿°m≥ k∂-≤a - √ - m-ØX - ns‚ ImcWw ImcWw ]W-an√ tbmPn-∏n√ a‰p-Im-c-W-ßƒBsI 69.3 19.1 8.7 kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I 83.6 8.9 7.1 II 75.5 14.7 7.1 III 65.6 22.4 8.3 IV 35.1 40.8 19.0

k∂-≤-X-bn-√m-Ø-h-cn¬ AXn-\p≈ {][m\ Imc-W-ambn ]d-bp-∂Xv CXn-\p≈ ]W-an√ F∂-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. Db¿∂ a[y-h¿§-Øn¬ s]´-h-cn¬ t]mepw 35.1 iX-am\w Cu A`n-{]m-b-°m-cm-Wv. (]-ńI 19). ]pXnb kzm{ib ÿm]-\-ßƒ Hcp sNdp \yq\-]-£-Øn-\p -th-≠n-bp-≈-Xm-sW∂ Bt£-]-Øn¬ Ig-ºp-s≠∂v CXp ImWn-°p-∂p.

106

tIcfw


A[ymbw 9

BtcmKyw tIcf]T-\-Øns‚ apJy-hn-jbw BtcmKyam-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ AtX-]‰n tNmZym-h-en-bn¬ ]cn-an-X-amb tNmZy-ßtf AS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p-≈p, F¶n¬ t]mepw kwÿm-\-Øns‚ samØ-Øn-ep≈ Btcm-Ky-\n-e-hm-c-sØ-°p-dn®pw Btcm-Ky-ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS Ah-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®pw P\-ß-fpsS Btcm-Ky-io-e-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw {][m\-s∏´ kqN-\-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. GXp kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw Btcm-Ky-\n-e-hm-csØ samØ-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv ac-Ww, tcmKw, BXp-c-ip-{iq-j-bpsS e`yX F∂nh-bm-Wv. Cu aq∂nepw Cu ]T-\-Øn¬ \n∂p In´p-∂Xv Bibv°pw Bi-¶bv°pw Hcp-t]mse hgn-h-bv°p∂ Nne kqN-\-I-fm-Wv. Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bn¬ imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv ap≥]p \S-Ønb ]T-\-ßfnse hnh-c-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ tcmKm-Xp-cX samØ-Øn¬ Ipd™n-´p≠v (]-ńI 1). ]ńI˛1 tcmKm-Xp-c-Xbpw NnIn’m sNehpw 1987˛2004 C\w

1987

tcmKm-Xp-cX (B-bncw t]cn¬/ 2 BgvN-bn¬) Hcp Xh-WsØ sNehv (cq) Btfm-lcn hm¿jnI NnIn’m sNehv (cq)

1996

2004

hyXymkw 1987˛2004(%)

206.3 16.6

121.9 165.2

79.2 830.7

-˛61.6 4916.4

89

549

1722

1836.6

Cu CSnhv icn-bmb Ah-ÿsb {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂-XmtWm AtXm kmt¶Xn-I-amb hyXym-k-ß-fpsS ê-amtWm F∂Xv ]cn-K-Wn-t°≠ Imcy-am-Wv. tcmKmXp-c-X-bn¬ kwÿm-\Øv Imcy-amb Ipd-hp-≠m-bn-´p≠v F∂p Icp-Xp-hm≥ \sΩ t{]cn-∏n-°p∂ kml-N-cy-ßƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

tIcfw


107

1. 1987 apX-ep≈ ]cn-jØv ]T-\-ß-fn¬ ImWp∂ tcmKm-Xp-c-X-bpsS {Ia-amb CSn-hv. 2. Bip-]-{Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw a‰pw hcp∂ a‰p IW-°p-Iƒ. ]e kmw{I-anI tcmK-ßfpw C√m-Xm-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xpw hmIvkn≥ aqew {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Ipń-I-fpsS tcmK-ß-fpsS Xntcm-[m-\-hpw, I°q-kp-IfpsS hym]-\sØ XpS¿∂v hb-dn-f° tcmK-ß-fn¬ h∂ KWy-amb Ipd-hp-sams° CXn\p Imc-W-am-bn-´p-≠m-hmw. F¶nepw \mw {i≤n-t°≠ Hcp Imcyw Hcn-°¬ {]Xn-tcm-[n® ate-dnb t]mep≈ ]e tcmK-ßfpw ]e-bn-S-Ømbn Xncn-®p-h-cp∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. kwÿm-\Øv A]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp∂ sU¶n-∏-\n, se]vt‰m-kvss]-tdmknkv XpS-ßnb kmw{I-anI tcmK-ßƒ Ct∏mƒ ]Xn-hmbn {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xpw, t]Sn-∏n-°p∂ \ne-bn-e-s√-¶n¬t∏mepw F®v sF hn h¿≤n®p hcp-∂Xpw Bi-¶mP-\Iw Xs∂-bm-Wv. CsX√mw Ds≠-¶n¬ IqSn tcmKm-Xp-c-X-bn¬ h∂ Ipdhv {it≤-b-am-Wv. tcmKm-Xp-cXm \nc°v (k¿thbv°v ap≥]p≈ c≠m-gvN-bv°Iw Fs¥-¶nepw tcmKw dnt∏m¿´v sNbvX-h-cpsS FÆw) G‰hpw ]mh-s∏-´-h-cn¬ 1000\v 85.1 F∂Xn¬ \n∂v G‰hpw kº-∂-cn¬ 73.9 Bbn Ipd-bp∂p (]-ńI 2). ]ńI˛2 NnIn’m sNehv (cq-]) kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v

tcmKm-XpcXm \nc°v

I II III IV BsI

85.1 82.1 78.1 73.9 79.2

Hcp XhWsØ sNehv 701.9 613.5 886.9 1686.1 830.7

Btfm-lcn samØw hm¿jnI IpSpw_ NnIn’m sNe-hns‚% sNehv 1552.9 31.7 1309.7 18.1 1801.0 13.0 3238.5 10.4 1722 13.9

tcmKm-Xp-cX Ipd-s™-¶nepw NnIn’m sNehv h¿≤n-®-Xmbn ImWp-∂p. 1987¬ 89 cq]-bm-bn-cp∂ Btfm-lcn NnIn’m sNehv Ct∏mƒ 1722 cq]-bmbn Db¿∂n-cn°p-∂p (]ńI 1). ]W-s∏-cp∏w IW-°n-se-Sp-Øm¬ t]mepw CXv Hcp henb h¿≤-\-bm-Wv. Hcp XhW tcmKw h∂m¬ NnIn-’n-°m-\p≈ icm-icn sNe-hns‚ h¿≤\ CXn-t\-°mƒ òa-am-Wv. NnIn’m coXn-I-fn¬ h∂ am‰-ßƒ, et_m-d-´dn sSÃp-Ifpw kvIm\p-Ifpw a‰pw IqSp-X¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv, acp-∂p-I-fpsS hne h¿≤-\hv F∂n-h-sbms° CXn\p Imc-W-am-bn-´p-≠m-Imw. Xmsg-bp≈ aq∂p {Kq∏pI-fp-tSbpw sNe-hn¬ henb hyXym-kßfn-√. F∂m¬ \memw {Kq∏ns‚ NnIn’m sNehv a‰p-≈-h-cn¬ \n∂pw Db¿∂p \n¬°p-∂p. (]-ńI 2). B[p-\nI sshZyØns‚ G‰hpw \qX-\-amb kt¶-X-ßƒ ]eXpw ]q¿Æ-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ tijn-bp-≈Xv G‰hpw kº-∂¿°p am{X-amtWm F∂p kwibw P\n-∏n-°p-∂XmWo IW-°p-Iƒ. IpSpw-_-Øns‚ samØw sNe-hn¬ NnIn-’-bv°mbn \o°n sht°≠n hcp∂ Hmlcn kmº-ØnI t{iWn Ipd-bp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v IqSp-∂p≠v. G‰hpw Zcn-{Z-cn¬ samØw sNe-hns‚ aq∂n-sem-t∂mfw NnIn-’bv°v th≠n

108

tIcfw


]ńI˛3 Btfm-lcn NnIn’m sNehv (cq-]) C\w Xncn®v C\w

kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v II III 527.4 578.8 172.7 164.6 128.6 160.6 481.0 897.0

I 714.5 192.0 76.8 569.6

acp∂v ôkv em_v a‰p-≈h

IV 1196.4 252.9 717.3 1071.9

BsI 622.5 175.3 181.5 742.7

sNe-hm-t°≠n hcp-∂p. Zcn{Z IpSpw-_-ßsf IS-_m-[y-X-bn-te°p \bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ NnIn’ henb ]¶v hln-°p∂p F∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an-√. NnIn-’-bpsS sNe-hn-\-ß-fn¬ acp-∂p-Ifpw a‰p sNe-hp-I-fp-amWv {][m-\w. acp-∂p-I-fp-tSbpw em_v sSÃp-I-fp-tSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ kmº-ØnI {Kq∏p-Iƒ XΩn¬ henb A¥-c-ap≠v (]-ńI 3). CXp {][m-\-ambpw Xmsg-bp≈ aq∂p {Kq∏p-Ifpw \memw {Kq∏pw XΩn-em-Wv. G‰hpw Db¿∂ t{iWn-bn¬ ]e sSÃp-Ifpw Hcp ]t£ A\m-h-iy-ambn sNøp-∂-h-bm-bn-cn-°mw. adp-h-i-Øm-Is´ Zcn-{Z-cn¬ ]ecpw th≠{X ]cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ sNøm≥ {]m]vX-cmtWm F∂Xpw kwi-b-I-c-am-Wv. ]ńI˛4 NnIn’ sshZy-k-{º-Zmbw Xncn®v (%) kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I II III IV BsI

B[p-\nIw

Bbp¿thZw

83.8 83.5 79.6 76.6 79.9

7.0 9.4 9.8 10.5 9.1

tlman-tbm∏Xn 7.0 5.0 7.7 8.2 6.6

H∂n-e-[nIw/ a‰p≈h 2.1 2.1 2.9 4.7 4.4

k¿th-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h-cn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw B[p-\nI NnIn’m k{º-Zm-b-amWv kzoI-cn®ncn-°p-∂Xv (]-ńI 4). CXv Ah-cpsS hnizmkw F∂-t]mse ]m›mXy NnIn-’-bpsS e`y-XbpsS {]Xn-^-e-\-hp-am-Imw. Bbp¿th-Z-Øn-t\m-Sp≈ {]nbw kmº-ØnI ÿnXn-bv°-\p-k-cn®v t\cnb tXmXn¬ Db-cp-∂p-≠v. kmº-ØnI t{iWn Db-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v kzIm-cy-Nn-In-’-tbm-Sp≈ B`n-apJyhpw h¿≤n-°p-∂X - mbn ImWmw (]-ńI 5). G‰hpw Db¿∂ t{iWn-bn-ep-≈h - ¿ ]ńI˛5 NnIn’ taJe Xncn®v (%) kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I II III IV BsI

k¿°m¿

kzImcyw

50.8 38.3 23.0 9.2 31.6

44.6 59.0 73.6 84.9 64.4

tIcfw


kzbw/a‰p-≈h 4.3 2.4 3.0 3.3 4.1

109

GXm≠v ]q¿W-ambn kzImcy NnIn-’sb B{i-bn-°p-∂p. G‰hpw ]mh-s∏-´-hcn¬ t]mepw ]IpXn am{Xta k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\ß - sf kao-]n-°p-∂p-≈p. F∂m¬ k¿°m¿ taJ-eb - psS D]-tbmKw 1987 apX¬ ]Sn-]S- n-bmbn h¿≤n-®n-´p-≠v (Nn{Xw 1). Nn{Xw 1 k¿°m¿ kzImcy taJ-e-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw 1987˛2004(%) 70 60

66

63

50 40 30 20

28

23

10 0

1987

1996

k¿°m¿

kzImcyw

Bip-]{- Xn-bn¬ InSØn NnIn-’b - psS Imcy-Ønepw kmº-ØnI ÿnXn Xs∂bmWv \n¿Wm-bI - w. Db¿∂-km-ºØ - nI {Kq∏n¬ 22.5% Ct∏mgpw k¿°m¿ taJesb D]-tbm-Ks - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂p≠v (]-ńI 6). Bip-]{- Xn-bn¬ InSØn NnIn’ hfsc sNe-th-dn-bX - m-Wv. Hcp XhW Bip-]{- Xn-bn¬ t]mbm¬ sNe-hm-Ip-∂Xv GXm≠v ]Xn-\m-bncw cq]-bm-sW-∂Xv Kuc-ht- ØmsS ImtW≠ hkvXp-Xb - mWv (]-ńI 7). ]ńI˛6 Bip-]-{Xn-bn¬ InSØn NnIn’ ˛ taJe Xncn®v (%) kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I II III IV BsI

taJe k¿°m¿ 55.0 46.6 32.2 22.8 39.5

kzImcyw 45.0 53.4 67.8 77.2 60.5

]ńI˛7 Bip-]{- Xn-bn¬ InS-Øn-bp≈ NnIn-’b - psS sNehv kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v Xncn®v (cq-]) taJe hm¿jnI Btfm-lcn kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v Hcp Xh-WsØ sNehv InSØn NnIn’m sNehv I 6698.8 608.2 II 7040.3 704.5 III 11699.3 1213.1 IV 17177.7 1426.7 BsI 9680.8 971.9

110

tIcfw


kzImcy Bip-]-{Xn-bn¬ t]mbn NnIn-’n-®m¬ icm-icn sNe-hm-Ip-∂Xv 10445 cq]bpw k¿°m¿ taJ-e-bn¬ 6609.5 cq]-bp-am-Wv. Cu hyXym-k-amWv ]e-tcbpw k¿°m¿ Bip-]-{Xn-I-fn¬ t]mIm≥ t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. Kpcp-X-c-amb tcmKw h∂m¬ k¿°m¿ Bip-]-{Xn-bn¬ t]mIp-sa∂v 47% t]¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv CXp-sIm≠p Xs∂-bm-Wv. adn-®v, kzImcy Bip-]-{Xn-I-fn¬ t]mIp-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂-h¿ AXn\p ImcWw ImWn-°p-∂Xv {][m-\-ambpw Ahn-SsØ kuI-cy-ß-fmWv (]-ńI 8, 9). ]ńI˛8 Kpcp-X-c-amb tcmKw h∂m¬ GXv Bip-]-{Xn-bn¬ t]mIpw (i-X-am-\w) kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v k¿°m¿ kzImcyw 71.0 28.7 I II 57.1 42.2 III 39.8 59.8 IV 17.2 82.3 BsI 47.4 52.0 ]ńI˛9 k¿°m¿/kzImcy Bip-]-{Xn-I-fn¬ t]mIm-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ (i-X-am-\w) ImcWw k¿°m¿ kzImcyw Zqcw 6.0 11.6 kuI-cy-ßƒ 6.1 40.5 tUmIvS¿am¿ 17.3 16.5 kmº-ØnIw 50.0 0.9

B[p-\nI NnIn’ hfsc sNe-th-dnb kwhn-[m-\-ambn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. kzImcy Bip-]{Xn NnIn-’-bmWv IqSp-X¬ sNe-hp-f-f-sX-¶nepw, k¿°m¿ Bip]-{Xn-I-fnepw AXns‚ aq∂n¬ ct≠mfw sNehv hcp-∂p-≠v. acp-∂p-Iƒ°pw sSÃpIƒ°psams° kzImcy kwhn-[m-\-ßsf kao-]n-t°≠n hcp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-WnXv. InSØn NnIn’ {][m-\-ambpw kzImcy kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn-te°v amdp-∂Xv IpSpw_ _UvP-‰p-Isf XI¿°p∂ {]h-W-X-bm-Wv. i‡-amb Btcm-Ky-c£m kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ k¿°m¿ taJ-e-bn¬ Xs∂ kwL-Sn-∏n®p sIm≠p am{Xta CXns\ t\cn-Sm-\m-hq. s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKycwK-Øv- Ahiyw Adn-™n-cn-t°≠ Imcy-ßsf ]‰n P\ßƒ°p≈ Ah-t_m[w Adn-bp-hm-\mbn Nne tNmZy-ßƒ Cu ]T-\-Øns‚ `mK]ńI˛10 sU¶n-∏\n ]S-cp-∂-Xns‚ Imc-WsØ ]‰n-bp≈ Adnhv kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I II III IV BsI

GUnkv sImXpIv

sImXpIv

5.9 7.2 8.0 11.3 7.9

43.9 42.6 41.9 38.6 42.0

tIcfw


Adn-bn√ 50.2 50.2 50.1 50.1 50.1

111

]ńI˛11 lrZ-bm-Lm-X-Øns‚ {][m\ Imc-W-ß-sf-]-‰n-bp≈ Adnhv ImcWw % c‡-Ønse sImgp∏v 49.8 c‡-k-Ω¿±w 23.1 {]talw 5.0 ]pI-hen 20.0

ambn tNmZn-®n-cp∂p (]-ńI 10, 11). GXm≠v ]IpXn IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ am{Xta sU¶n∏\n ]c-Øp-∂Xv sImXp-Im-sW∂ Adnhv IpSpw-_mw-Kß - f - n¬ B¿s°-¶nepw D≠mbn-cp-∂p-≈p. C°m-cy-Øn¬ kmº-ØnI ÿnXn henb hyXym-k-ßƒ D≠m-°p∂n-√. F∂m¬ GUnkv sImXp-ImWv tcmKw ]c-Øp-∂Xv F∂ {]tXyI Adnhv kmº-ØnI ÿnXn-bv°-\p-k-cn®v Db-cp-∂p-≠v. lrZ-bm-Lm-X-Øns‚ Imc-W-ßsf ]‰n-bp≈ Adnhv XnI®pw A]-cym-]vX-amWv ˛ {]tXy-In®pw tIc-f-Øn¬ CsXmcp {][m\ BtcmKy {]iv\-ambn amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬. CXn¬ Xs∂ {]ta-lw, c‡-k-Ω¿±w, ]pI-hen F∂n-hbpw lrt{Zm-K-hp-am-bp≈ _‘sØ°pdn-®p≈ Adnhv P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ hfsc XmW tXmXn¬ am{X-am-Wp-≈-Xv. PohnX-ssi-enbpw tcmK-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sØ-]-‰n-bp≈ Adnhv h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ ASn-b-¥nc \S-]SnIƒ Bh-iy-ambn h∂n-cn-°p-∂p.

112

tIcfw


A≤ymbw 10

kv{XoIfpsS Ahÿ

tIc-f-Ønse

kv{Xo kaq-l-Øns‚ hcp-am\w sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw hnZym`ymk \ne-hmcw XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-tfmsSm∏w P≥Udp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nne kmaqly {]iv\-ß-fn-ep-ff \ne-]m-Sp-I-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw s]mXp-hmb Nne \nKa-\-ß-fn-se-Øm≥ Ign-bp∂ Ht´sd hnh-c-ßƒ tIcf ]T-\-Øn-eqsS e`y-am-bn-´p≠v. \ne-hn-ep-ff ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°p-Iƒ°pw ]T\ \nK-a-\-ßƒ°pw kam-\amb hnh-c-ßƒ Xs∂-bmWv Ch-bn¬ ]e-Xpw. km{º-Zm-bnI k¿t∆-I-fn¬ \n∂p e`n-°m≥ {]bm-k-ap-ff Nne hkvXp-XIfpw \nco-£-W-ßfpw Cu ]T\ØneqsS e`n-®n-´p≠v F∂Xv {]tXyIw {it≤-b-am-Wv. tIcf ]T\w Hcp IpSpw-_-k¿t∆ Bbn-cp-∂Xpw kv{XoI-sftbm ]pcp-j-∑msctbm tI{µo-I-cn-®p-ff hy‡n-KX ]T-\-am-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂Xpw Hcp {][m\ ]cnan-Xn-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ IpSpw_ N¿®-I-fn-eqsS e`n® hnh-c-ßƒ tIcf kaq-lØns‚ s]mXp-Nn-¥-bmbn ]cn-W-an-°p∂p F∂Xv FSpØp ]d-tb≠ hkvXp-Xbm-Wv. ta¬]d™ ]cn-anXn hnkva-cn-°msX Xs∂ e`y-amb \nco-£-W-ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNøm-\mWv ChnsS {ian-°p-∂-Xv. kv{Xo]p-cpj A\p-]mXw C¥y≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ sh®v G‰hpw Db¿∂, kv{XoIƒ°v A\pIqe-amb kv{Xo˛-]p-cpj A\p-]mXw tIc-f-Øn-em-Wp-f-f-Xv. tIcf hnI-k\ A\p-`-h-Øns‚ Hcp kqNn-I-bmbn Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ C°mcyw P\-kw-Jym-hn-Z-Kv≤¿°n-S-bn¬ Gsd°m-e-ambn N¿®mhn-j-b-am-Wv. acp-a-°-Ømb k{º-Zm-bhpw Kƒ^v IpSn-tb-‰-hpsa√mw CXp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-s≠-¶nepw Cu khn-ti-j-Xbv°v IrXy-amb ImcWw hni-Zo-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-ń-√. Cu ]T-\-Øn¬ kv{Xo ]pcpj A\p-]mXw 1046 BWv. 2006se Imt\-jp-amcn IW-°p-I-fn¬ CXv 1058 (B-bncw ]pcp-j-∑m¿°v 1058 kv{XoIƒ) BWv. Cu sNdnb hyXymkw c≠p Imc-W-ßƒ sIm≠m-hmw.

tIcfw


113

1. kmºnfnßns‚ kzm`m-hnI ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ 2. ]pdØp ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-hsc \n¿∆-Nn-®-Xn-ep-ff A¥-cw. Imt\-jp-amcn IW-°p-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂Xp t]mse tIcf ]T-\-Ønepw CSp°n, hb-\mSv Pn√-I-fn¬ Xs∂-bmWv kv{Xo ]pcp-j -A-\p-]mXw Ipd-hm-bn-´p-f-f-Xv. (A-≤ymbw˛2 ]ńI 13). tIc-f-Øn-te-°p-ff IpSn-tb‰w G‰hpw hym]-I-am-bn-´p≈Xpw Cu Pn√-I-fn-em-Wv. tXm´w sXmgn-em-fn-I-fm-bn-´mWv IpSn-tb-‰-Øn¬ IqSpXepw \S-°p-∂-Xv. s]Ïp-ń-I-tfm-Sp-ff hnth-N-\hpw BÏp-ń-I-tfm-Sp-ff Xmev]-cyhpw C¥y≥ kaq-l-Øn¬ hfsc Bg-Øn¬ thtcm-Sn-bn-´p-ff kmaq-lnI [mc-W-I-fpsS ASnÿm-\-Øn-ep-ffXmWv. "ImWmsX' t]mIp∂ s]ïn-ip-°-sf-°p-dn-®p-ff Bi¶-Iƒ h\nXm Zi-I-amb 1975 ˛ 85¬ Xs∂ N¿®-sN-ø-s∏´p XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. {]kh-Øn\p apºp-ff enwK-\n¿Æ-bhpw s]¨{`q-W-l-Xybpw C¥y-bnse ]e kwÿm\-ß-fnepw hym]-I-ambpw ]c-ky-ambpw \S-°p-∂-Xmbn ]T-\-ßfpw sXfn-hp-I-fpsa√mw ]pdØp h∂n-´p-≠v. kv{Xo]p-cpj A\p-]mXw kv{XoIƒ°-\pIqe-amb tIc-f-Øn¬ t]mepw 0 ˛ 6 hbv hsc-bp-ff {]mb-Øn¬ s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ Ipd-hm-sW-∂Xv {]iv\-h¬°-cn-°s∏-ń-´p-≠v. BÏp-ń-I-tfm-Sp-ff {àhpw s]¨{`q-W-l-Xybpw Chn-sSbpw \S-°p∂-Xmbn Bi-¶-bp-b¿∂n-´p-ap-≠v. tIcfw "]m©m-en-I-fpsS \mSm-Iptam' F∂v {ioaXn eoem-ta-t\m≥ (C-¥y≥ FIvkv{]-kv) tNmZn-°p-∂Xpw tIc-f-Øn¬ t]mepw s]¨{`q-W-lXy \S-°p-∂-Xmbn {]apJ h\nXm BIv‰n-hnÃv hn`qXn ]t´¬ ]dbp-∂Xpw hna¿i-\-]-c-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. Imt\-jp-amcn IW-°p-Iƒ Nq≠n-°mń hn`qXn ]t´¬ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-I-bp≠m-bn. ""tIc-f-Øn¬ 2001 Imt\-jp-amcn IW-°p-{]-Imcw 0˛6 {]mb-Øn-ep-ff inip-°-fpsS kv{Xo]p-cpj A\p-]mXw 963 BWv. 0˛6 {]mb-Øn-ep-ff BsI P\-kwJy tIc-f-Øn¬ 36.5 e£-am-Wv. CXn¬ 18.6 e£w BÏp-™p-ßfpw 17.9 e£w s]Ïp-™p-ß-fp-am-Wv. 2001 se IW-°-\p-k-cn®v tIc-f-Øn¬ 79, 760 s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ "AZriy'cmbn-cn-°p-∂p. kv{Xo˛-]p-cpj A\p-]m-X-Øns‚ CØc-Øn-ep-ff ]pcp-j-h¬°-cWw Aƒ{Sm ku≠v kt¶-X-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®p-ff enwK \n¿Æ-b-Øn-s‚bpw XpS¿∂p-ff s]¨ {`qW-l-Xy-bp-tSbpw ê-am-Wv'' s]Ïp-ń-I-tf-°mƒ t\cnb tXmXn¬ Db¿∂ FÆw BÏp-ń-Iƒ P\n°p∂p F∂Xv Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Hcp {]Xn-`m-k-am-Wv. 100 s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°v 104 apX¬ 107 hsc BÏp-ń-Iƒ F∂ A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ Ihn™v BÏp-ń]ń-I-˛1 Ipń-I-fnse enwKm-\p-]mXw {]mb hn`mKw 0-˛4 5-˛9 10-˛14

114

100 s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°v F{X BÏp-ń-Iƒ 101.13 102.62 102.21

tIcfw


Ifp≠mIp-tºmƒ am{X-amWv Bi-¶°v hI-]ń-I-˛2 bp-≈-Xv. -kv{XoI-fpsS sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw˛hnhn[ 2001 se sk≥kkv IW-°p-I-f-\p-k-cn®v kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ 0˛6 {]mb ]cn- [ n- b nse BÏp- ´ n- I fpw sk≥kkv 2001˛apgp-h≥ P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ s]Ïp-ń-Ifpw XΩn-ep-ff A\p-]mXw 104 ]¶m-fnØw F∂n-cns° hn`qXn ]t´¬ ]d-bp∂ "ImWm- -kwÿm\w antkmdw 47.5 Xm-Ip∂ s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ' Cu kzm`m-hnI {]XnlnamN ¬{]t Ziv 43.7 `m-k-Øns‚ ê-am-bp-f-f-Xm-hmt\ hgn-bp-≈p. OØok v K Uv 40.0 Cu ]T-\-Øn-eqsS e`y-amb hyXykvX {]mbaWn∏ q¿ 39.0 ]-cn-[n-bn-ep-ff Ip™p-ßpsS FÆw kw_kn°nw 38.6 ‘n® IW-°p-Ifpw ImWn-°p-∂Xv tIc-f\mKm-em‚ v 38.1 Øn¬ s]¨{`q-W-l-Xy-sb-°p-dn®v kao-]-ImAcp-Wm-N¬{]-tZiv 36.5 eØv Db¿∂p-h∂ - n-´p-ff òXn°pw Bi-¶°pw taLm-eb 35.1 km[qIc-W-an√ F∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv. (]-ń-I˛1) B{‘m-{]-tZiv 35.1 kv{XoI-fpsS sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw cmP-ÿm≥ 33.5 a[y{ ]t Ziv 33.2 `mc-X-Ønse a‰p kwÿm-\-ßsf At]I¿WmS I 32.0 £n®v t\m°p-tºmƒ G‰hpw Ipd™ kv{Xo 31.5 sXmgn¬ ]¶m- f n- Ø - \ n- c °v (Female work Xan-gv\mSv almc mjv { S 30.8 participation rate FWPR) tIc- f - Ø n- e m- W v KpP-dmØv 27.9 (]-ńI ˛ 2). DØ-cm-©¬ 27.3 Imt\-jp-amcn IW-°p-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p- lcnbm\ 27.2 ∂Xv 1991¬ 15.9% Bbn-cp∂ kv{XosXm-gn¬ Qm¿JWvUv 26.4 ]¶m-fnØw 2001 ¬ 15.3% Bbn Ipd-™n-cn- Hdo 24.7 °p∂p F∂m-Wv. tIcf ]T-\-Øn¬ 13.1% PΩp-Im-ivao¿ 22.5 BWv kv{XoI-fpsS sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØ \nc- tKmh 22.4 °v. kv{XoI-fpsS sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw kw_- {Xn]pc 21.1 ‘n® hnI-knX cmPy-ß-fnse IW-°p-I-fp- Bmw 20.7 19.1 ambn Xmc- X ayw sNøp- t ºmƒ ImWp∂ ]©m_v 18.8 A¥cw hfsc Db¿∂-Xm-Wv. 15˛64 {]mb-]- _olm¿ ]. _wKmƒ 18.3 cn-[n-bn-ep-ff sXmgn¬ sNøp∂ kv{XoI-fpsS DØ¿{]t Ziv 16.5 iX-am\w G‰hpw Ipd™ 45%(C-‰-en) apX¬ 15.4 G‰hpw IqSnb 72%(sU-∑m¿°v) hsc hfsc tIcfw (sk≥kkv 2001) tIcfw (]c nj Øv 2004) 13.1 Db¿∂ tXmXn- e m- s W- ¶ n¬ tIc- f - Ø n- e Xv C¥y 25.6 shdpw 18% am{X-am-sW∂pIm-Wmw. Im¿jn-Icw-KsØ apc-Sn-∏v, hyh-km-b-ta-J-e-bpsS AhnI-kn-Xm-h-ÿ, ]c-º-cm-KX taJ-e-bpsS XI¿® F∂n-h-sb√mw kv{XoI-fpsS sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw Npcp-°p∂-Xn¬ ]¶p-h-ln-®n-´p-s≠∂p A\p-am-\n-°mw. IpSpw_-h-cp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw AXp-hgn tIc-f-Øns‚ s]mXp kmº-ØnI hf¿® Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw kv{XoI-fpsS sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØ \nc°v Db¿ØpI-bmWv th≠-sX∂ Imcy-Øn¬ X¿°-ap-≠m-Im-\n-S-bn-√.

tIcfw


115

18˛60 {]mb-]-cn-[n-bn¬ hcp∂ kv{XoIfpsS sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw 19.5 iX-am-\-amWv. kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v Iepw IVepw sXmgn¬ ]¶m- f nØw kmam\yw t`ZamWv . kmºØnI {Kq∏v I¬ 26.5%hpw kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v IV¬ 28.0%hpw. G‰hpw Ipd™ ]¶m-fnØw {Kq∏v 3 emWv(-Xmgv∂ a[y-h¿§w). {Kq∏v I ¬ Imbn-Im-[zm\w Bh-iy-amb sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-h¿ IqSp-X-ep-f-f-Xn-\mepw {Kq∏v IVepf-f-h¿ kmt¶-XnI ss\]pWyw Bhiy- a mb sXmgn- e p- I - f n¬ G¿s∏- S m- \ p- f f Db¿∂ hnZym-`ymk tbmKy-X-Iƒ t\Sn-b-hcm-b-Xn-\mepw Bbn-cn°mw sXmgn¬ ]¶mfnØw sa®-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv. {Kq∏v IIepw IIIepw Dƒs∏-´-h-cmWv Xmc-X-tay\ C°m-cy-Øn¬ ]nt∂m- ° m- h - ÿ - b n- e p- f - f - X v . hnZym- ` ymk tbmKy-X-bn¬ s]mXpsh sk°‚dn \ne-hmc-Øn-ep-ff Cu hn`mKw Imbn-Im-[zm-\-Øn\p hnap-Jcpw AtX-k-abw am\y-X-bp-f-f- IqSpX¬ hcp-am-\-ap-ff sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬ G¿s∏Sm-\p-ff kmt¶-Xn-Itam s{]m^-j-Wtem Bb ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ t\Sm-Ø-h-cp-am-b-Xn-\memWv ho´-Ω-amcpw DtZym-Km¿∞n-I-fp-ambn Ign-bp-∂-Xv F∂v A\p-am-\n-°mw. Imt\- j p- a mcn IW- ° p- I - f n¬ G‰hpw Ipd™ kv{Xo sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw ImWp∂Xv ae-∏pdw Pn√-bnse Xncq-c-ßm-Sn-bn-emWv(4.0%). G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ CSp°n Pn√bnse tZhoIp-f-Øpw(35.4%). G‰hpw Ipd™ kv{Xo sXmgn¬ ]¶mfnØ \nc°v ap…ow kap-Zm-b-Øn-em-Wv(7.1%). {]tZ-i-a-\p-k-cn®v t\m°p-tºmƒ Db¿∂ ]¶m-fnØw Z£n-W-tI-c-f-Øn-em-Wv (22.2%). ]ń-I-Pm-Xn(34.5%) ]ń-I-h¿K(35.4%) hn`m-Kß-fn-¬ ImWp∂ Db¿∂ kv{Xo sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw Nne {]tXyI sXmgn-ep-Isf tI{µo-I-cn-®m-sW-∂Xv hy‡-am-Wv. ta¬hn-h-cn® kmº-ØnI LS-I-ßƒ°∏pdw kmwkv°m-cn-I-amb ]e LS-I-ßfpw kv{XoI-fpsS sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fn-Ø-°p-d-hns\

]ń-I-˛3 samØw kv{XoI-fn¬ sXmgn-se-Sp-°p∂ kv{XoI-fpsS iX-am\w (15-˛64 {]mb-]c - n[n) hnI-knX cmPy-ßf - p-ambn Xmc-Xayw sU≥am¿°v 72 kzoU≥ 71 Im\U 68 Cw•≠v 66 Atacn° 65 P¿a\n 60 P∏m≥ 57 {^m≥kv 55 kvs]bn≥ 49 C‰en 45 tIcfw (]-cn-jØv 2004) 18 ]ńI ˛ 4 18-˛60 {]mb-ap≈ kv{XoI-fpsS sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw iX-am-\-Øn¬ hn`mKw ]¶m-fnØw(%) BsI 19.5 kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I 26.5 II 19.1 III 15.5 IV 28.0 taJ-e-Iƒ Z£nWw 22.2 a[yw 21.1 DØcw 16.9 aXw lnµp 24.8 ap…ow 7.1 {InkvXy≥ 20.9 PmXn ]nt∂m°w 22.9 apt∂m°w 22.4 ]ń-IP - mXn 34.5 ]ń-Ih - ¿§w 35.4

kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-≠v. sXmgn¬ tk\-bpsS A©nsem-t∂mfw am{X-amWv kv{XoI-fpsS sXmgn¬ ]¶m-

116

tIcfw


fnØw. ]ń-IP - mXn ]ńI h¿§-ßƒ°n-Sb - n¬ CXv aq∂n-sem-t∂m-fa - p-≠v (]ńI 5). hnZym- ` ym- k - Ø ns‚ Ipd- h p- s Im- ≠ √ kv{XoI-fpsS CS-bn¬ sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw Ipd-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kv{XoI-fn¬ 6.7% \nc-£c-cmWv. 4% hyXymkw kv{Xo ]pcp-j-∑m¿ XΩn¬ ImWp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw 50 hb-n\p Xmsg Cu hyXymkw 2.1%hpw 40hb-n-\pXmsg 1%hpw am{X-am-Wv. AXp-t]mse +2 hnZym`ymkw e`n® kv { Xo]p- c p- j - ∑ m¿ XΩn¬ 1%Ønepw Xmsg am{Xta hyXymkw ImWp∂p-f-fp. kmt¶-XnI hnZym-`ym-khpw s{]m^j-W¬ tbmKy-X-Ifpw t\Sn-b-h¿ Gsd ]pcpj-∑m-cm-Wv. F∂m¬ πkvSp, _ncp-Z, _ncp-Zm\- ¥ c tbmKy- X - I ƒ t\Sn- b - h ¿ IqSp- X ¬ kv{XoI-fm-sW∂p ImWmw. hnZym- ` ymk tbmKy- X bpw sXmgn- e n- √ mbvabpw XΩn¬ IrXy-amb _‘-an√ F∂mWnXp kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Zfn-X¿°n-S-bnepw kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I epamWv kv{XosXm-gn¬ ]¶m-fnØw G‰hpw IqSp-X-ep-f-f-Xv F∂Xpw CXv hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v. e`n® hnZym-`ym-kØ - ns‚ Zu¿_-ey-ßf - n-te-°m-WnXv {][m\-ambn hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂-Xv. Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚ kvss{XW-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ as‰mcp apJw hnhn[ sXmgn-ep-Ifn-ep-ff kv{Xo ]¶m-fn-Øhpw Ah-bpsS hcp-am-\hpw XΩn¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ sXfn-™p-h-cp-∂p (-]-ńI 6, 7). kv{XoI-ƒ IqSp-X-ep≈ sa®-s∏´ hcp-am-\-ap-ff Htc-sbmcp taJe kvIqƒ A[ym-]n-I-am-cpsS sXmgn-em-Wv (66.9%). Db¿∂ hcp-am\-ap-ff sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬ t`Z-s∏´ kv{Xo ]¶m-fn-Ø-ap-f-fXv tImtfPv So®¿, ¢m¿°v, h°o¬, tUmIvS¿, F∂o sXmgn-ep-I-fn-em-Wv. ]ń-I-˛5 samØw sXmgn¬ tk\-bn¬ kv{XoIfpsS A\p-]mXw iX-am-\Ø - n¬ 18 ˛ 60 {]mb-]-cn[n hn`mKw ]¶m-fnØw % BsI 21.2 kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I 29.3 II 20.7 III 17.1 IV 29.2 aXw lnµp 24.8 ap…ow 10.0 {InkvXy≥ 21.5 PmXn ]nt∂m°w 22.7 apt∂m°w 24.3 ]ń-I-PmXn 31.1 ]ńI h¿Kw 35.0

]ń-I-˛6 hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-cw˛ kv{Xo]p-cpj hyXymkw 18 hb-n\v apI-fn-ep≈ P\-kw-Jy-bpsS iX-am\w \ne-hmcw

kv(Xo(%)

]pcp-j≥ (%)

\nc-£c - ¿ tIhe km£-cX ss{]adn sk°‚dn lb¿sk-°‚dn sSIv\n-°¬ (Un-tπm-a) _ncpZw _ncp-Zm-\-¥c _ncpZw s{]m^-jW - ¬

6.7 2.8 29.7 34.9 11.4 2.3 9.1 2.1 1.0

2.4 1.7 27.8 39.9 10.5 5.1 8.9 1.7 1.9

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117

]ń-I-˛7 G‰hpw Db¿∂- h-cp-am-\-ap≈ sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬ kv{XoIfpsS A\p-]mXw icm-icn kv{Xo sXmgn¬ amk-h-cp-am\w (cq) ]¶m-fnØw (%) tUmIvS¿ (B-[p-\nI sshZyw) hyh-kmb DSa k¿∆-I-em-im-em-[ym-]-I¿ F≥Pn-\o-b¿ tImtfPv / lb¿ sk°‚dn A[ym- ] - I ¿ Hmô-k¿ hyh-kmb amt\-P¿ Hmôkv kq∏¿ssh-k¿ ]´mf Hmô-k¿ h°o¬ t]meokv Hmô-k¿ kvIqƒ So®¿ Iw]yq-´¿ {]h¿Ø-I¿ Hmôkv Kpa-ÿ¿

22400 18676 16700 12483 11887 11790 10250 9384 7000 6800 6525 6218 6074 6073

25.0 7.1 16.7 11.9 39.4 14.9 11.8 22.0 0.0 31.0 0.0 66.9 7.1 31.5

]ń-I-˛8 G‰hpw Ipd™ hcp-am-\a - p≈ sXmgn-ep-If - n¬ kv{XoIfpsS A\p-]mXw icm-icn kv{Xo sXmgn¬ amk-h-cp-am\w (cq) ]¶m-fnØw (%) ho´p-the 907 96.9 Ae°v 1000 66.7 A¶≥hm-Sn-/\gvkdn So®¿ 1124 100.0 \gvkdn klmbn 1158 100.0 ¢o\¿ (h-≠n) 1471 0.0 Fkv.-Sn.-Un. _qØv 1523 40.0 I¿j-I-sØm-gn-emfn 1583 24.6 ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-km-b-sØmgn-emfn 1587 52.6 aX-t_m-[\w 1645 12.9 ¢o\¿ (tjm-∏v) 1733 24.0 sIm√-∏Wn 1800 0.0 Bcm-[\ - m-eb - ] - W - n-Iƒ 1801 17.1 a‰v A[ym-]-I¿ 1843 53.1 Xp∂¬ 1856 47.8 ]mc-e¬ tItfPv A[ym-]-I¿ 1980 60.0

hfsc Ipd™ thX\w e`n-°p∂ sXmgn-ep-I-fn-emWv kv{XoIƒ IqSp-X-embn sXmgn-se-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. kv{XoIƒ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ch-bn¬ ]eXpw Ipd™ thX-\-ap-ff sXmgn-embn AwKo-I-cn-s®-Sp-°p-∂p-ap≠v. sXmgn-ep-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ G‰hpw hcp-am\w Ipd™ ho´p-tPm-en, Ae°v F∂n-h-bn¬ alm-`q-cn-

118

tIcfw


]ń-I-˛9 hnhn[ sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬ kv{Xo]p-cpj hcp-am-\-Ønse A¥cw (Mean Income) hcp-am\w sXmgn¬ kv{Xo ]pcp-j≥ iX-am\w sXcphp hnev]\ 500 2137 23.4 hnZ-Kv[\ - n¿am-Ws - Øm-gn-emfn 1000 3202 31.2 ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-km-b-sØm-gn-emfn 826 2452 33.7 Fkv.-Sn.-Un. _qØv 650 1850 35.1 Xp∂¬ 931 2608 35.7 ]mNIw 800 2165 37.0 ]mcm-sa-Un-°¬ 3004 7973 37.7 hnev]\ klmbn 1104 2901 38.0 B[p-\nI hyh-kmb sXmgn-emfn 2177 5217 41.7 I¿j-I-sØm-gn-emfn 947 1791 52.9 _nkn-\-kv-˛-ô¬Uvh¿°v 2323 4356 53.3 A‰≥U¿-˛-kzo-∏¿ 2220 4145 53.5 arK-]c - n-]m-e\w 1999 3583 55.8 hyh-kmb kq∏¿ssh-k¿ 3200 5703 56.1 \n¿am-Ws - Øm-gn-emfn 1412 2386 59.2 ¢o\nMv (tjm-∏v) 1167 1932 60.4 Hmô-k¿ 8292 12332 67.2 Bcm-[-\m-eb ]Wn-Iƒ 1317 1905 69.1 Ae°v 860 1233 69.7 kam-¥-c-hn-Zym-eb A[ym-]-I¿ 1713 2338 73.3 _nkn-\kv ¢¿°v 2000 2622 76.3 Hmôkv Kpa-ÿ¿ 5384 6391 84.3 t]meokv 5000 5704 87.7 lb¿sk-°‚dn/tImtfPv A[ym-]I - ¿ 11000 12463 88.3 kvIqƒ So®¿ 6001 6655 90.2 Hmôkv kq∏¿ssh-k¿ 9551 9339 102.3 h°o¬ 7000 6722 104.1 F©n-\o-b¿ 13438 12333 109.0 Iem{]h¿Ø-I¿ 3100 2600 119.2

]£w kv{XoI-fm-Wv. A¶≥hm-Sn, \gvkdn F∂nh GXm≠v 100% kv{XoI-fpsS taJ-e-bm-Wv (]-ńI 8). hcp-am\w hfsc Ipd™ ]c-º-cm-KX IpSn¬ hyh-kmb taJ-e-bnepw kv{XoI-fmWv IqSp-X¬. ]e sXmgnep-I-fnepw kv{XoIƒ Xosc-bn√ F∂Xv enwK-]-c-amb sXmgn¬ hn`P-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]c-º-cm-KX k¶¬]-ßƒ Imc-W-am-Wv. hcp-am\w Ipd™ sXmgn-ep-I-fnse kv{Xo tI{µo-I-c-W-tØm-sSm∏w hnth-N\-Øns‚ as‰mcp kqNn-I-bmWv hcp-am\Ønse ISpØ A¥-cw. Xpey-tPm-en°v

tIcfw


119

Xpey-th-X\w F∂Xv apd-hn-fn-bm-bn-Xs∂ Ah-ti-jn-°p∂p F∂v Cu ]T-\-Øn¬ e`n® hnh-c-ßƒ ImWn-°p-∂p. k¿°m¿ taJ-e-bn-sem-gnsI Fhn-sSbpw CXv ]men-°p-∂n-√. ]pcp-j\v IpSpw-_-th-X-\hpw (Ip-Spw-_-Øn-\p-ff Iqen-˛-A-Xm-bXv A—≥,-A-Ω, `mcy, Ipń-Iƒ F∂n-h¿°p-ff Iqen) kv{Xobv°v hy‡n-KX thX\-hp-sa∂ Ime-l-c-W-s∏´ k¶¬]w Xs∂-bmWv ]e sXmgn-ep-I-fnepw {]tXyIn®v Akw-L-SnX taJ-e-bn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. ]e sXmgn-ep-I-fnepw c≠pw aq∂pw aS-ßmWv hcp-am\ hyXym-kw. Xpey-amb Imbn-Im-[zm\w sNep-Øp∂ sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬ t]mepw ISpØ A¥cw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p (]-ńI ˛ 9). ho´-Ω-amcpw sXmgn-e-t\z-j-Icpw kv{XoI-fpsS Ipd™ sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fn-Øhpw kmam\y hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ hym]-\hpw Hcp-°nb khn-ti-j-amb Hcp ÿnXn-hn-ti-j-Øns‚ ê-ambn sXmgne-t\z-j-Icpw ho´-Ω-am-cp-amb kv{XoI-fpsS Hcp h≥ \nc tIc-f-Øn¬ cq]-s∏-ń-cn]ńI 10 18˛-35 {]mb-°m-cn¬ ho´-Ω-amcpw sXmgn-e-t\z-j-Icpw (hn-hn[ hn`mKßfn¬ ) hn`mKw F√mw kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I II III IV aXw lnµp ap…ow {InkvXy≥ PmXn ]nt∂m°w apt∂m°w ]ńI-PmXn ]ń-I-h¿§w hnZym-`ymk \ne-hmcw \nc-£c - ¿ A\u-]-Nm-cnI hnZym-`ymkw {]mY-anIw sk°-≠dn πkv 2 kmt¶-XnIw _ncpZw _ncpZm-\-¥c _ncpZw s{]m^-jW - ¬

120

sXmgn-ep-≈-h¿ 19.1

ho´Ω 43.1

sXmgn-e-t\zj-I¿ 37.8

22.8 17.9 17.8 27.1

51.3 48.7 36.6 22.0

25.9 33.4 45.7 50.9

24.0 7.5 26.6

35.5 60.7 32.4

40.5 31.8 41.0

21.1 24.8 31.0 35.3

35.6 28.8 40.6 39.2

43.3 46.4 28.4 25.5

43.8 27.3 21.3 14.0 15.5 47.8 27.0 41.3 60.0

50.0 63.6 68.9 60.6 8.0 2.6 5.7 3.3 0.0

6.3 9.1 9.8 25.4 76.6 49.6 67.3 55.4 40.0

tIcfw


°p-∂p F∂p ImWmw. 18˛35 {]mb-]-cn-[n-bn-ep-ff kv{XoI-fn¬ 37.8% ho´-Ω-amcpw 44.9% sXmgn-e-t\z-j-I-cp-am-Wv. sXmgn-ep-f-f-h¿ 17.3% am{X-am-Wv (]-ńI ˛ 10). tIc-f-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ ho´-Ω-h¬°-c-W-sØ-°p-dn®v hni-Z-amb ]T-\-ßƒ e`yam-bn-ń-√. B[n-Im-cn-I-amb IW-°p-Ifpw e`y-a-√. ho´Ω F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°s∏-Sp-∂-h-cpsS tXmXv kmº-ØnI \ne-hmcw Db-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v Ipd-bp-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ Cu ]T-\-Ønse kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v II, III hn`m-K-Øn-em-Wv ho´-Ω-am¿ FÆ-Øn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X-ep-f-f-Xv. Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m-cpsS hn`m-K-amb EG IV ¬ 65% kv{XoIƒ(18˛35 {]mb-]-cn-[n) sXmgn-e-t\z-j-I-cmWv F∂Xv Db¿∂ hnZym`ymk tbmKy-X-bpsS Db¿∂ tXmXn-ep≈ \ncp-]-tbm-K-Øns‚ kqN-\-bm-bn -s´-Sp-°mw. Im¿jnI kºZvhyhÿ \ne-\n¬°p∂ Hcp kaq-l-Øn¬ ho´-Ω-h¬°-cWw henb {]iv\-ß-fp-≠m-°p-∂n-√. ImcWw Irjnbpw Im¿jn-Im-\p-_‘ taJ-e-Ifp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]e Dev]m-Z\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw kv{XoIƒ CS-s]-Sm-dp-≠v. Ah ]eXpw IW-°m-°-s∏-Sm-dn√ F∂p am{Xw. adn®v apX-em-fnØ kº-ZvL-S-\bn¬ "ho´Ω' shdpw ho´-Ω-bm-Wv. Ah¿ D¬]m-Z\ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp∂n-s√∂p am{X-a-√, D]-t`m-Km-k‡n h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\p-X-Ip∂ Xc-Øn¬ hn{i-a-thf-Iƒ D≠m-hp-∂p, As√-¶n¬ krjvSn-s®-Sp-°p-∂p. ]T-\-Øn¬ kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I epw 47.7% ho´-Ω-am-cm-Wv. \nc-£-c-cm-b-h-scsb-Sp-Øm¬ Ah-cnepw 50% ho´-Ω-am-cm-Wv. ]ń-I-PmXn/h¿K-°m¿, \nc-£-c¿, kmt¶-XnI tbmKy-X-Iƒ t\Sn-b-h¿, s{]m^j-W¬, t]mÃv {KmtPz‰v tbmKy-X-Iƒ t\Sn-b-h¿ F∂o hn`m-K-ß-fm-Wv sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-h-cn¬ Aev]w Db¿∂p \n¬°p-∂-Xv (C-Xp-t]mepw Hmtcm hn`m-K-Ønepw aq∂n-semt∂ hcp-∂p-ffp F∂p ImWmw). sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-h-cn¬ Db¿∂ iXam-\-ap-f-fXv \nc-£-c¿°n-S-bn-emWv (43.8%). AtX-k-abw +2 \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ tbmKyX t\Sn-bh - c - mWv G‰hpw Ipd-™ Af-hn¬ sXmgn¬ kºm-Zn-°p-∂Xv (12.5%). Ah-cn¬ 81.2% sXmgn-e-t\z-j-I-cm-Wv. πkvSp apX¬ Db¿∂ tbmKy-X-Iƒ t\Snb kv{XoI-fpsS Hcp h≥ \nc-bmWv tIc-f-Ønse sXmgn-et\zjIcpsS apJy-`m-Kw. AtX-k-abw ss{]a-dn, sk°‚dn tbmKy-X-Iƒ t\Snb `qcn-`m-Khpw ho´-Ω-amcmbn hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-h-cmWv F∂p ImWmw. hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ t]mcm-bvabpw kmap-Zm-bn-I-amb a‰p LS-I-ßfpw ImcWw G‰hpw Ipd™ iX-am\w t]¿ sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂Xv ap…ow kv{XoIƒ°n-S-bnemWv (7.1%). G‰hpw Db¿∂ tXmXn¬ (57.2%) ho´-Ω-am-cm-bn-cn-°p-∂Xpw ap…ow hn`m-K-Øn¬ Xs∂. ho´-Ω-am¿ Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°p-∂Xpw sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-hcpw sXmgne-t\z-j-Icpw IqSp-X-em-bn-´p-f-fXpw {InkvXy≥ hn`m-K-Øn-em-Wv. ap…ow hn`m-KØns‚ C∂sØ \ne IqSp-X¬ ]T\a¿ln-°p-∂p. hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-c-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ an° Xe-ß-fnepw GI-tZ-i-sa-¶nepw kv{Xo ]pcpj XpeyX \ne\n¬°p∂ tIc-f-Øn¬ Ah-kc Xpey-X-bp-tSbpw k¿°m¿ sXmgn-ep-I-fnse {]mXn\n-[y-Øn-t‚bpw {]iv\w C°m-esØ {][m\ hn-hm-Z-hn-j-bßfn-sem-∂mWv. ChnsS kqNn-∏n® kv{XoI-fpsS Ipd™ sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw F∂ hiw Ah-KWn-®p-sIm≠v Cu {]iv\sØ kao-]n-°m\m-hn-√.

tIcfw


121

Ipń-I-fpsS `mhnbpw A—-\-Ω-am-cpsS {]Xo-£bpw c£n-Xm-°ƒ°v BÏp-ń-I-tfmSpw s]Ïp-ń-I-tfm-Sp-ap-ff ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb hyXykvX at\m-`m-h-ßƒ°v Gsd am‰w h∂n-´p-≠v. s{]m^-j-W¬ hnZym-`ym-kapƒs∏-sS-bp-ff F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw C∂p s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ Db-¿∂p hcp-∂p-≠v. kmº-ØnI \ne Db-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v hnZym-`ymk e`y-X-bn¬ B¨ ˛ s]¨ hyXymkw Ipd-bp-∂p-ap-≠v. F¶nepw BÏp-ń-I-sfbpw s]Ïp-ń-I-sfbpw Ipdn®v ]ńI 11 aqØ -Ip-ń-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ {]Xo£ (i-X-am-\-Øn¬) hyXykvX hn`m-K-ß-fn¬

122

A`n-{]m-ba - n√

23.9 13.8

30.7

1.5

30.1

11.7 12.5 16.2 16.4 27.0 13.9 51.6 9.8

37.4 32.6 30.6 13.6

0.8 1.8 1.7 0.0

37.6 8.8 9.6 33.0 13.6 10.0 26.8 22.9 11.5 25.0 44.2 11.6

18.8 30.0 32.8 17.6 23.5 35.2 16.5 18.3 30.8 7.0 12.4 24.8

21.7 15.5 20.5 13.1 33.6 10.3

29.4 33.6 30.4

1.6 1.7 0.8

31.8 19.2 11.5 31.2 12.2 8.6 24.9 29.3 11.0

18.6 17.4 33.3 12.0 37.8 29.4 14.8 12.4 32.5

24.4 15.7 27.9 13.1 20.8 13.0

29.4 32.1 30.5

1.7 0.8 1.8

28.8 23.8 11.3 26.2 22.6 13.2 33.9 14.0 8.6

16.3 16.6 32.0 18.0 16.7 29.5 15.0 28.1 34.4

20.3 30.0 13.6 15.8

15.1 16.0 15.4 10.5

32.5 23.0 29.0 47.4

1.6 0.9 2.5 0.0

30.5 18.4 12.8 18.8 17.1 30.0 24.9 8.9 16.4 16.0 39.5 13.8 11.4 22.8 17.9 26.3 0.0 10.0 10.0 30.0

21.7 16.6 25.1 12.4 24.1 13.0

30.0 32.2 27.8

1.6 1.6 1.9

30.1 18.0 12.3 28.7 19.8 10.6 33.3 25.0 5.0

tIcfw

sh≈-t°m-f¿

a‰p-≈h

hnhmlw

A`n-{]m-ba - n√

hnhmlw

s{]m^-jW - ¬

a‰p-≈h

F√mw kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I II III IV aXw lnµp ap…ow {InkvXy≥ {]tZiw sX°v a[yw hS°v PmXn ]nt∂m°w apt∂m°w ]ńI-PmXn ]ń-I-h¿§w cmjv{Sobm-`n-apJyw F¬.-Un.F^v bp.Un.F^v _n.-sP.]n

s]Ïpń

sh≈-t°m-f¿

hn`m-K-w

s{]m^-jW - ¬

BÏpń

19.3 10.7

16.3

21.5 32.3


32.9 33.8 34.1 50.0

18.6 20.1 31.0 15.1 25.1 29.3 12.5 17.5 40.0

an° hn`m-K-ßƒ°pw hyXykvX {]Xo-£-Iƒ Xs∂-bm-Wp-f-f-Xv. kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ kv{Xo ]pcp-j- tdm-fp-I-sfbpw k¶-ev]-ß-sfbpw {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂ Nne A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ Cu ]T-\-Ønepw Db¿∂p h∂n-´p-≠v. aqØ-Ipń BÏp-ńtbm s]Ïp-ńtbm? Cu Ipń-bpsS `mhn-sb-°p-dn®v \nßƒ°p-ff k¶ev]w F∂ tNmZy-ßƒ°v e`n® {]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ hni-I-e\ hnt[-b-am-°p∂ ]ńI ˛ 11 t\m°p-I. Ipń-bpsS `mhn-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff {]Xo-£-I-fpsS ASn-Ød kmº-ØnIw Xs∂bm-sW∂v Cu ]ńI ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Db¿∂ CSØ-c-°m-cn¬ (EG IV) 51.6% Ipńsb s{]m^-j-W¬ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\-b-bv°m≥ B{K-ln-°p-tºmƒ kmº-ØnIw Ipd™ hn`mKw I ¬ 11.7% am{X-amWv s{]m^-j-W¬ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\-b-°msa∂p Icp-Xp∂Xv. s{]m^-j-W¬ hnZym-`ym-k-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ h¿K-]-c-amb hyXymkw Cu IW-°p-I-fn¬ {]I-S-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Cu F√m hn`m-K-ß-fnepw BÏp-ń-I-tf-°mƒ Ipd™ tXmXnte s]Ïp-ń-I-sf-°p-dn®v Cßs\ {]Xo£n-°p-∂p-f-fp. sXmgn¬, `mhn F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff A\n-›n-Xm-hÿ Imc-WamImw 30% Øne-[nIw t]¿ A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ ]d-bp-∂n-√. 21.5% t]¿ s]Ïp-ń-IfpsS `mhn hnhm-l-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv ImWp-∂-Xv. BÏp-ń-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Aßs\ Nn¥n-°p-∂-h¿ \ma-am-{X-am-Wv. CsXmcp hnth-N-\-amsW∂ tXm∂¬ t]mepan√m-Ø{X Bg-Øn-ep-ffXmWv Cu at\m-`m-hw. F∂m¬ kaqly kmº-ØnI ]Zhn Db-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v CXn¬ Imcy-amb hyXym-k-ap-≠v. Zcn-{Zcn¬ 30% `mhn hnhm-l-Øn-em-sW∂p ImWp-tºmƒ kºØp IqSp-X-ep-ff EG IV ¬ 12.4% am{Xta Aßs\ ImWp-∂p-f-fp. C°m-cy-Ønepw {]I-S-amb Db¿∂ iX-am\w ap…o-ßƒ°n-S-bn-em-Wv. ap…ow kap-Zm-b-Ønse 37.8% Ipń-bpsS `mhn- hn-hml Pohn-X-Øn-emWv A¿∏n-®n-cn-°p∂-Xv. s{]m^-j-W¬ sh≈-t°m-f¿ taJ-e-I-fn-te°v s]Ïp-ń-Isf Ab-bv°m≥ bYm-{Iaw 12.2% hpw 8.6% hpw IpSpw-_-ßƒ am{Xta B{Klw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p≈p. {InkvXy≥ hn`m-Kw a‰p hn`m-K-ßsf At]-£n®v s]Ïp-ń-I-fpsS sXmgn¬ {]Xo-£-Iƒ°mWv IqSp-X¬ {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂-Xv. s]Ïp-ń-bpsS `mhn-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff {]Xo-£-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ]ń-I-h¿§ hn`m-K-Ønse 50% hpw \nw-KX ]men-°p∂p F∂Xv {it≤-b-am-Wv. IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂Xv IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-`ym-kw, Krl-\n¿Ωm-Ww, Km¿ln-I sNe-hpIƒ, hnt\mZw XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fn¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v ]T\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn tNmZn-®n-cp-∂p. Cu Imcy-ß-fnse√mw Htc cq]-Øn-ep≈ DØc-ß-fmWv e`n-®-Xv (]-ńI 12). F√m Imcy-ß-fnepw kv{Xobpw ]pcp-j\pw tbmPn®p Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂p F∂ Ah-ÿ-°mWv `qcn-]-£w. CXv kzmK-Xm¿lw Xs∂-bm-Wv. G‰hpw Npcp-ßn-bXv AØ-c-Øn¬ {]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv icn F∂ t_m[-sa-¶nepw `qcn-]-£-Øn-\pap≠v. F¶nepw GsX-¶n-ep-sam-cmƒ Xocp-am-\s - a-Sp-°p-∂p F∂-`n-{]m-bs - ∏-´h - c - n¬ ]pcpj-∑m¿°p-X-s∂-bmWv hy‡-amb ap≥Xq°w. H‰°p Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p∂ kv{XoIfpsS iX-am\w IqSp-X-ep-≈Xv kmº-Øn-I-ambn Xmgv∂ hn`m-K-ß-fn-em-Wv. kv{Xo apJy-h-cp-am-\-°m-cmb IpSpw-_-ßƒ Ch-cn¬ IqSp-X-em-Wv F∂-Xm-bn-cn°mw Imc-

tIcfw


123

tbmPn®v

]pcp-j≥

tbmPn®v

kv{Xo

F√mw 20.5 6.5 73.1 23.1 kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I 22.5 9.3 68.2 24.7 II 21.3 7.0 71.8 23.3 III 20.9 5.7 73.4 23.6 IV 14.4 4.2 81.4 18.7 aXw lnµp 20.4 6.2 73.4 22.0 ap…ow 25.7 8.7 65.5 29.3 {InkvXy≥ 14.6 4.6 80.7 19.2 {]tZiw sX°v 21.3 7.2 71.5 24.7 a[yw 16.0 4.4 79.7 18.3 hS°v 23.3 7.5 69.2 25.7 PmXn ]nt∂m°w 20.9 6.3 72.8 22.6 apt∂m°w 18.3 6.2 75.5 20.2 ]ńI-PmXn 23.4 5.1 71.5 21.5 ]ń-I-h¿§w 27.8 9.3 63.0 30.2 cmjv{Sobm-`n-apJyw F¬.-Un.F^v 21.0 6.1 72.9 23.2 bp.Un.F^v 19.9 7.0 73.2 23.0 _n.-sP.]n 15.5 3.2 81.3 21.4 kv{Xo hnZym-`ymk \ne-hmcw πkvSp-hn\v Xmsg 26.6 7.1 69.3 25.7 πkvSp-hn\v apI-fn¬ 15.9 5.8 78.6 19.3 IpSpw_-Øn¬ sXmgn-se-Sp-°p∂ kv{Xo C√ 21.5 5.5 73.0 24.3 D≠v 17.9 9 73.1 20.1

4.2 72.6 28.7 6.9

64.4

5.7 4.9 3.7 2.3

7.4 7.0 7.2 4.6

61.4 63.8 64.0 70.8

4.8 73.1 27.0 7.4 4.5 66.1 36.6 7.2 2.1 78.8 24.5 5.2

65.5 56.2 70.4

4.7 70.5 26.4 8.8 3.3 78.5 23.5 5.7 4.5 69.7 34.1 6.5

64.7 70.8 59.3

4.4 4.5 5.6 7.5

6.6 8.3 8.4 9.3

65.3 66.6 65.6 50.0

4.3 72.5 28.1 6.7 4.0 73.0 30.4 7.1 3.2 75.3 26.1 8.1

65.2 62.5 65.8

4.5 69.7 31.8 7.2 3.7 77.0 24.1 6.4

61.0 69.5

kv{Xo

]pcp-j≥

tbmPn®v

kv{Xo

hn`m-K-ßƒ

]pcp-j≥

]ńI 12 IpSpw-_-Øn¬ hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂Xv Bcv? (%) Ipń-I-fpsS KrlKm¿lnI ]WhnZym-`ymkw \n¿ΩmWw hn-\n-tbmKw

69.6 71.9 72.7 78.8

73.0 75.1 72.9 62.3

31.2 29.1 28.8 24.4

28.1 24.9 25.9 40.7

3.0 72.6 31.2 5.6 63.1 7.8 72.1 22.1 10.3 67.5

Ww. Iq´mb Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p∂-Xns‚ tXmXv Db¿∂ kmº-ØnI hn`m-Kw, {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ, a[y-tI-cfw F∂o hn`m-K-ß-fn-se√mw IqSp-X-em-Wv. kv{XoI-fpsS hnZym-`ymk \ne-hmcw kz¥w Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈ Ign-hns\ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂n√ F∂p ImWmw. F∂m¬ sXmgn-se-Sp-°p∂ kv{XoI-fp≈ IpSpw-

124

tIcfw


_-ß-fn¬ Aß-s\-b-√mØ IpSpw-_-ßsf At]-£n®v CXv Cc-ń-tbmfw hcpw. hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-c-tØ-°mƒ tPmen-bmWv kv{XoI-fpsS kzbw Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp°m-\p≈ Ign-hns\ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-sX∂v CXv ImWn-°p-∂p. hcp-am-\-Ønepw ]Z-hn-bnepw Gsd Xmsg \n¬°p∂ kv{Xokaqlw A[zm-\Øn¬ Cc-ń-`mcw t]dp-∂-h-cm-Wv. hnZym-`ym-k-Ønse XpeyX C°m-cy-ß-fn¬ kv{XoIƒ°v A\p-Iq-e-ambn amdp-∂n-s√∂v \mw I≠p. CtXm-sSm∏w ]pcp-j-tI{µo-IrX aqey-ßƒ krjvSn-°p∂ kmwkvIm-cnI kmaqly kzm[o-\-ßfpw N¿® sNø-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. kv{XoI-fpsS kpc-£n-XXzw, s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fnse D]-{Zhw

62.1

69.0

36.3

37.1

61.5

42.7 47.0 54.0 55.6

51.1 58.9 66.3 69.7

55.7 63.3 73.6 84.4

28.9 33.2 38.4 45.9

34.9 33.9 38.9 42.0

56.0 57.5 64.1 71.0

49.9 50.6 51.2

61.4 60.3 66.5

72.3 54.6 75.1

39.0 25.1 41.2

38.2 26.9 44.8

63.6 48.9 69.3

52.3 51.2 48.5

63.3 63.0 60.6

68.7 75.2 64.5

39.9 36.4 33.8

42.3 39.8 31.6

66.5 64.3 56.1

49.5 52.7 47.2 36.5

61.3 62.7 57.5 58.2

72.6 76.3 65.0 53.8

38.7 43.8 32.8 22.2

35.1 42.5 40.7 44.4

61.7 68.0 62.0 66.0

49.8 48.9 48.3

63.7 61.6 56.1

71.4 66.9 74.1

37.2 35.5 36.3

38.0 36.1 43.2

62.8 58.5 65.6

tIcfw


Km¿lnI -tPm-en-Ifn¬ ]pcpj ]¶mfnØw thWw

50.4

_n¬ H∂n®p≈ ko‰n∂v A\p-Iqew ]mN-I-ip-No-I-cW tPmen-I-fn¬ ]¶m-fnI-fmb ]pcp-j-∑m¿

an{i kvIqfpIƒ°v A\p-Iqew

F√mw kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I II III IV aXw lnµp ap…ow {InkvXy≥ {]tZiw sX°v a[yw hS° PmXn ]nt∂m°w apt∂m°w ]ńI-PmXn ]ń-I-h¿§w cmjv{Sobm-`n-apJyw F¬.-Un.F^v bp.Un.F^v _n.-sP.]n

s]mXp-ÿ-eØv iey-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ D≠v

hn`m-K-w

kv{XoIƒ°v Ac-£nXm-hÿ IqSp-X¬

]ńI 13 enwK-]-Z-hn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nne {]iv\-ß-fn-ep≈ A`n-{]mbw (%)

125

XpS-ßnb Imcy-ßƒ Cu ]T-\-Øn¬ kv{XoI-tfmSv {]tXy-I-ambn At\z-jn-®n-cp∂p. kv{Xo ]pcp-j-Xp-ey-X-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb hnZym-`ymkw, bm{X, Km¿lnI tPmen- I ƒ F∂n- h - s b- ° p- d n- ® p≈ {]Xn- I - c - W - ß fpw e`n- ° p- I - b p- ≠ m- b n. kv{XoIƒ°v ap≥Im-esØ At]-£n®v kpc-£n-XXzw Ipd™ncn-°p∂p F∂v ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw t]¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. s]mXp-ÿ-esØ iey-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂-h-cmWv kv{XoIfn¬ 62.1 iX-am-\hpw. Cu A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-hcpsS tXmXv kmº-ØnI \ne-b-\p-k-cn®v hyXym-k-ap-≠v. kmº-Øn-I-ambn Xmgv∂p \nev°p∂ hn`m-K-ß-sf At]-£n®v Db¿∂ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ C°m-cy-ßƒ D∂-bn°p-∂-h-cpsS iX-am\w IqSp-X-em-Wv.

126

17.7

20.4

23.7

34.4

5.2 3.9 3.4 3.8

19.4 18.1 17.9 13.9

15.4 21.7 21.5 19.3

24.3 24.3 23.0 25.8

35.7 31.9 34.2 37.2

3.1 6.3 3.3

16.0 24.6 15.4

22.1 17.7 18.7

23.5 19.8 27.9

35.3 31.5 34.7

3.6 2.6 5.0

16.6 19.4 17.1

21.8 17.6 21.7

24.5 25.9 21.4

33.4 34.6 34.9

3.2 2.7 4.0 0.0

14.9 17.9 21.9 6.5

22.9 21.0 19.1 19.4

22.6 25.2 21.9 22.6

36.5 33.3 33.1 51.6

3.2 4.0 2.4

17.5 18.9 16.5

21.6 19.5 27.1

21.9 25.7 21.2

35.8 31.8 32.9

tIcfw

am[y-a˛- kn-\na t{]-cW

3.8

{]tem-`\ - I-ca - mb hkv{X-[m-cW - w

a‰p≈h/H∂n-e[nIw Imc-W-ßƒ

F√mw kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I II III IV aXw lnµp ap…ow {InkvXy≥ {]tZiw sX°v a[yw hS°v PmXn ]nt∂m°w apt∂m°w ]ńI-PmXn ]ń-I-h¿§w cmjv{Sobm-`n-apJyw F¬.-Un.F^v bp.Un.F^v _n.-sP.]n

kv{XoIƒ IqSpX¬ ]pd-Øndßp∂p

hn`m-K-w

]pcpj∑mcpsS at\m-`mhw

]ńI 14 s]mXp-ÿ-esØ iey-s∏-Sp-Ø-en-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ (%)


s]mXp kaq-l-Øns‚ at\m-`-mh-Øn¬ henb am‰w hcp-Øn-s°m≠v am{Xta C°m-cy-ßƒ°v ]cn-lmcw ImWm≥ Ign-bq. Ipń-I-fn¬ B¨s]¨ th¿Xn-cnhn√msX Xpey-Xbpw ]c-kv]-c-_-lp-am-\hpw sNdp∏w apX¬ Xs∂ hf¿tØ-≠Xp-≠v. Cu Bi-b-Øn\v ˛ anIvkUv kvIqfn-ßn\v ˛ s]mXpsh Db¿∂ ]n¥p-W e`n-°p-∂p-≠v. kmº-ØnI \ne Db-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v Cu A`n-{]m-b-Øn\v ]n¥pWbpw h¿≤n-°p-∂p-≠v. AtX kabw _p-I-fn¬ a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fn-te-Xpt]mse H∂n-®p≈ ko‰v F∂ BibØn\v tIc-f-Ønse kv{XoIƒ°n-S-bn¬ s]mXpth kzoIm-cy-Xbn-√ (36.3% am{Xw). bm{Xmth-f-I-fnse A\p-`-h-ßƒ adn®p Nn¥n-°m≥ Xs∂-bmWv Ah¿°v t{]c-W-bm-Ip-∂-Xv. C°m-cy-ß-fn¬ s]mXpth F√m hn`m-K-ß-fpw Htc cq]-Øn-emWv {]Xn-I-c-Wßƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-®-Xv. F∂m¬ an{ikvIqfns‚ Imcy-Øn-epw, Km¿lnI tPmen-IfpsS Imcy-Øn-ep-sa√mw ap…ow hn`mKw a‰p aX-hn-`m-K-ßsf At]-£n®v Ipd™ tXmXn-emWv A\p-Iqe A`n-{]mbw {]I-Sn-∏n-®-Xv. Kr-l-tPm-en-I-fnse ]¶m-fn-Ø-sØ-°p-dn®v IpSpw-_-ß-fnse ]pcp-j-∑m-tcmSv {]tXy-I-amb tNmZyw D∂-bn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. 37.1% t]cm-Wv ]mNI ipNo-I-cW tPmen-I-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-hp-∂Xv. ]pcp-j-∑m¿ CØcw tPmen-Iƒ ]¶n-S-W-sa∂ A`n-{]m-b-°m-cmWv kv{XoI-fn¬ 61.5 iX-am-\w. ap…ow Hgn-sI-bp≈ F√m hn`m-Kßfpw C°m-cy-Øn¬ kam-\-amb A`n-{]mbw ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. s]mXp ÿeØpw bm{X-bnepw ]pcp-j-∑m-cn¬ \n∂p≈ tami-amb s]cp-am‰w F¥p-sIm-≠p-≠m-hp∂p F∂ tNmZy-Øn\v hfsc sshhn-[y-ap≈ DØ-c-ß-fmWv IqSp-X¬ kv{XoIfpw ]d-™-Xv. CXn¬ G‰hpw {][m\ {]Xn-I-cWw ]pcp-j-∑mcpsS at\m-`m-hsØ°pdn®p-≈-Xm-Wv. 23.7% kv{XoIƒ ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS at\m-`m-hamWv CXn\v Imc-W-sa-∂p Icp-Xp-∂p (]-ńI 14). am[y-a-ß-fp-tSbpw kn\n-a-bptSbpw kzm[o-\-am-sW∂v hniz-kn-°p-∂-h-cmWv A©n-sem-∂p -t]¿. kv{XoIƒ {]tem-`-\-I-c-ambn hkv{Xw [cn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-sW∂v A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-hcpw 17.7% i-X-am-\-ap≠v. cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń B`n-ap-Jyw, a‰p hn`-P-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb-√m-sa-Sp-Øm¬ Cu {]iv\-Øn¬ Htc cq]-Øn-ep≈ A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ Xs∂bmWv h∂n-´p-≈sX∂p ImWmw. Hcp IpSpw_ k¿t∆-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Ifn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠p≈ At\z-j-W-ß-fn¬ e`n® Nne {]Xn-I-c-Wßƒ am{X-am-Wn-Xv. IqSp-X¬ At\z-j-W-ßƒ \S-t°≠ Ht´sd khn-tij {]iv\-ßƒ kv{XoI-fpsS Ah-ÿbpambn _‘-s∏´v tIc-fØn-ep-≠v. Ah-bn¬ Nne-Xn\v Hcp XpS-°-an-Sm≥ Cu \nco-£-W-ßƒ klm-b-Iam-hpw.

tIcfw


127

128

tIcfw


A≤ymbw 11

kwkvImcw `mjm-]-c-ambn

G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ GIo-Ir-X-amb kwÿm-\-amWv tIcfw. kwÿm-\sØ 95% P\-ßfpw kwkm-cn-°p∂ `mj ae-bm-f-amWv. Cu GI-XzØn-\n-S-bnepw P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-co-Xn-I-fnepw Nn¥-bnepw {]hr-Øn-I-fn-ep-sa√mw Gsd hy-Xymk-ß-fp≠v. Cu hyXymk-ßƒ°v kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hpamb thcp-I-fp≠v. `q{]-tZiw, aXw, PmXn, h¿Kw F∂n-h-bn-se√mw A[n-jvTn-Xamb Ncn-{X-]-c-am-bn-Ø-s∂-bp≈ hyXym-k-ß-fm-Wn-h-sb√mw. Ch-bm-Is´ \nc¥-c-amb am‰-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂p-ap≠v. ae-bmf `mj-bpsS hI-t`-Z-ß-fpsS Imcyw DZm-l-c-W-am-sb-Sp°mw. \ap°v Xr»q¿ ae-bm-fhpw hSt° ae-_m¿ aebm-fhpw h≈p-h-\m-S≥ (sXt° ae-_m¿) ae-bm-fhpw Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw ae-bm-fhp-sam-s°-bmbn \nc-h[n kwkm-c-`mjm hI-t`-Z-ß-fp≠v. aXhpw PmXn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hmsamgn `mj-I-fp-ap≠v. am∏nf ae-bm-fhpw ap°p-h-cpsS kwkm-c-`mj-bp-sa√mw DZm-l-c-W-amWv. kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb ioe-ßfpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw A`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-sa√mw kaq-lØnse kmº-ØnI kmaqly˛cmjv{Sob Ne-\-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v amdn-h-cp-∂p≠v. ]gb hyXym-k-ßƒ C√m-Xm-Ip-tºmƒ Hcp Xc-Øn-ep≈ GIo-I-cWw DS-se-Sp°p-∂p≠v. CXn\p hn]-co-X-ambn, ]pXnb kmaqly hn`-P-\-ßƒ˛{]tXy-In®v h¿KmSn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈h˛cq]w sIm≈p-∂-Xns‚ `mK-ambn sshhn-[y-h¬°-c-W-Øn-t‚Xmb {]{In-bbpw Db¿∂p hcm-dp≠v. kn\na, sSen-hn-j≥ XpS-ßnb _lp-P\ kmwkvIm-cnI am[y-a-ß-fpsS hym]-\-tØmsS ae-bm-f-Ønse hmsamgn [mc-Iƒ Gsd Zp¿_-e-am-bn-´p≠v. tZiw, aXw, PmXn F∂n-h-s°-√m-a-Xo-X-ambn ]pXnb Xe-apd kwkm-cn-°p∂ ae-bmfw kn\n-a-bn-teXpw sSen-hn-j≥ kocn-b-ep-I-fn-teXp-ambn amdn-bn-cn-°p∂p. ta¬ hnh-cn® GIo-I-cW {]{In-b-bpsS Hcp-Zm-l-c-Wambn CXn-s\-sb-Sp°mw.kam-¥-c-ambn Cw•ojv aoUnbw hnZym-`ymkw e`n® htcWy bph-P-\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Cw•ojv Ie¿∂ ae-bm-fhpw hym]-I-hp-am-hp∂p≠v. CØ-c-Øn¬ ka-Im-enI tIc-f-k-aq-l-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ kmwkvIm-cnI hyhlm-c-ß-fp-tSbpw at\m-`mh cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-t‚bpw A`n-{]mb \n¿am-W-Øn-s‚-bp-

tIcfw


129

sa√mw ]c-kv]c kzm[o-\-ß-fmbn h¿Øn-°p∂ {]{In-b-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ At\zjWw IqSn-bmWv tIc-f-]-T\w. ae-bm-fn-bpsS `£-Whpw thjhpw {]tXy-I-ambn {]mX¬ ]mIw sNøp∂ k{º-Zmbw ap≥Im-eØv Gsdbpw D]cn-h¿K hn`m-K-ß-fnepw D∂X PmXn-°m-cnepw am{X-am-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. ]t£ C∂v Cu ioew hym]-I-am-bn-´p≠v. Cu k¿t∆ kmºn-fn¬ aq∂n¬ c≠v IpSpw-_ß-fnepw {]tXyIw ]mIw sNbvX {]`m-X-`-£Ww D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p≠v (]ńI 1). ap…o-ßƒ°n-S-bnepw ]ńI 1 apt∂m° lnµp hn`m- K - ß {]mX¬ {]tXy-I-ambn Xøm-dm-°p∂ fnepw {]tXyI {]mX¬ ]mIw IpSpw-_-ßƒ (i-X-am-\w) sNøp∂ ]Xnhv Db¿∂ tXmXn-emWv. CXv G‰hpw IpdBsI 66.7 hp-≈Xv ]ń-Ih - ¿K-°m-cn-emWv. kmº-ØnIw a[y-tI-c-f-Øn¬ hkn-°p-∂I 52.0 h¿°n-S-bnepw {InkvXy≥ hn`mII 63.3 K-Ønepw Cu ioew s]mXpsh III 70.8 Ipd-hm-sW∂p ImWmw. a[yIV 79.6 tI-c-f-Øn¬ {InkvXy≥ P\-hn{]tZ-iw `mKw P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ Xmc-XsX°≥ tI-cfw 72.2 tay\ h¿≤n® A\p- ] m- X a[y-tI-cfw 51.2 Øn¬ Ds≠- ∂ - X n- \ m- e mhmw hS-°≥ tIcfw 74.6 Ch XΩn¬ ]c-kv]cw _‘aX-w s∏- ´ n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xv . {]mX- e ns‚ lnµp 65.7 Imcy-Øn-ep≈ Cu {]tXy-IX ap…nw 81.7 B›-cy-P-\-I-amWv. ImcWw, {InkvXy≥ 52.9 aq∂p {][m\ `q`m- K - ß - f n¬ PmXn sh®v a[y-tI-c-fhpw aX-hn-`m]nt∂m-°-PmXn 65.7 K- ß - f n¬ sh®v {Inkv X y≥ apt∂m-°-PmXn 77.1 hn`m-Kh - p-amWv an° am\-ZW - vUß-f-\p-k-cn®v t\m°n-bmepw ]ń-I-PmXn 50.1 kmº- Ø n- I - a mbn ap∂n´p ]ńI h¿§w 31.6 \n¬°p-∂Xv. ]ńI˛2 ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ CXn-\p≈ ImcWw hy‡-am-Ip-∂p≠v. Xte-Zn-hkw Xøm-dm-°n-btXm As√-¶n¬ At∂°p th≠n Xs∂ Xøm-dm-°n-btXm Bb tNmtdm I™ntbm {]mX-embn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ \s√mcp hn`mKw s]mXpsh ]mhs∏-´-h¿°n-S-bn-ep≠v. (kmº-Øn-I-hn-`mKw I¬ 31.1%) ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°m-cnepw (33.1%) ]ń-I-h¿K-°m-cnepw (43.8%) hfsc Db¿∂ A\p]m-X-Øn¬ Cu ioe-ap≠v. CXv Cu hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚ IrXy-amb Hcp kqN-I-amWv. AtX-k-abw s]mXpth 31.3% {InkvXy≥ IpSpw-_-ß-fnepw 34.4% a[y-tI-cf \nhm-kn-Iƒ°n-S-bnepw I™ntbm tNmtdm {]mX-embn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p≠v. CXv {][m-\-ambpw a[y tIcf {InkvXy≥ hn`m-K-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb khn-tij Xmev]-cy-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øm-hp-∂-XmWv.

130

tIcfw


tZmi

A∏w

N∏mØn/ ]qcn

I∏

tNmdv

I™n

D∏p-amhv

a‰p-≈h

F√mw 18.7 kmº-ØnI hn`m-Kw I 15.0 II 18.5 III 19.6 IV 21.2 {]tZ-i-w sX°≥ tI-cfw 20.5 a[y-tI-cfw 18.8 hS-°≥ tIcfw 17.4 aX-w lnµp 18.3 ap…nw 21.8 {InkvXy≥ 16.8 PmXn ]nt∂m-°-PmXn 20.7 apt∂m-°-PmXn 15.4 ]ń-I-PmXn 17.9 ]ńI h¿§w 0.0

CÕen

hn`mKw

]p´v

]ńI 2 {]mX¬ C\-ßƒ ( hoSp-I-fpsS iX-am-\w)

7.7

20.9

8.6

7.9

3.6

7.0

13.2

6.8

5.4

3.5 4.8 9.2 14.7

17.7 21.4 22.1 18.3

6.6 4.8 8.9 6.9 8.7 8.6 11.2 12.3

6.0 3.5 3.3 2.4

11.4 8.0 5.8 3.8

19.7 15.5 10.9 6.6

8.6 7.5 6.1 5.4

6.6 4.9 5.6 4.1

10.0 7.7 6.2

21.2 8.7 29.9

10.4 7.2 8.5

8.2 6.0 9.2

2.8 5.8 2.6

5.0 12.8 4.0

10.9 21.6 8.6

7.5 5.3 7.4

3.5 6.0 6.3

9.1 4.4 7.4

22.1 27.7 10.0

5.9 16.7 7.8

7.1 9.5 8.6

3.1 1.4 7.5

7.2 2.4 11.4

14.5 3.9 19.9

6.4 9.4 5.1

6.4 2.9 5.5

6.8 16.0 4.0 1.8

21.0 28.9 13.9 17.5

6.8 6.1 4.0 8.8

7.3 7.3 5.6 3.5

2.7 2.0 5.0 8.8

7.1 3.7 12.5 17.5

15.3 8.9 20.6 26.3

3.1 3.4 4.8 0.0

9.2 8.2 11.9 15.8

ae-bm-fn-bpsS G‰hpw {]nb-s∏´ {]`m-X-`-£Ww tZmi-bmWv. sXm´p c≠m-aXmbn ]p´p-ap≠v. tZmi-tbm-Sp≈ {]nbw kmº-ØnI t`Z-ßƒ°pw a‰p Xc-Ønep≈ hn`-P-\-ßƒ°p-sa-√m-a-Xo-X-ambn Hs´√m hn`m-K-ß-fn-ep-ap≠v˛Hcev]w hyXymk-ap-≈Xv a[y-tI-c-f-Ønse {InkvXy≥ hn`m-K-Øn-emWv. BZn-hm-kn-I-sfm-gn-®p≈-h¿ hfsc hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ as‰m-cn\w ]p´mWv. CUvV-en-bp-sSbpw tKmXºp ]e-lm-c-ß-fmb N∏mØn, ]qcn F∂n-h-bp-sSbpw D]-tbm-K-Øn\v Hcp kmº-Øn-I-am\w IqSn-bp-s≠∂p ImWmw. a‰p-≈-hsc At]-£n®v CUvVen apJyambpw kh¿Æ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS ]e-lm-c-amWv. tIc-fo-b-cpsS `£-W-io-e-ß-fn¬ ]Sn-™m-d≥ kzm[o\w IS-∂p-I-bdn F∂p ]d-bm-\m-hn√. {_Õv, shÆ, [m\ym-lm-c-ß-fpsS {]mX¬]m°-‰p-Iƒ (]ń-I-bn¬ a‰p-≈h F∂ C\-Øn¬) F∂n-h-sb√mw kº∂ hn`m-K-Øns‚ Xo≥ta-i-bn¬ t]mepw hnc-f-amtb hcp-∂p≈p F∂p ImWmw. BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ IS∂p-I-b‰w \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ ImeØv, D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ t]cn¬ Adnb-s∏-Sp∂ kwÿm-\-am-bn-´p-IqSn Z£n-tW-¥y≥ {]mX¬ ioe-ß-tfmSv FXn-cn´v IS-∂p-I-b-dm≥ Ah-bvs°m∂pw Ign-™n-ń√.

tIcfw


131

ae-bm-fn-Iƒ Acn-`-£-W-°m-sc∂ \ne-bn¬ I¿°-i-°m-cmbn XpS-cp-I-bmWv. P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ 95%Øne-[nIw D®-`-£-W-Øn\v tNmdp Ign-°p-∂-h-cmWv. F√mX-c-Øn-ep≈ hn`-P-\-ßƒ°p-a-Xo-X-ambn˛ kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI˛`q{]-tZ-i -hy-Xymk-an-√m-sX-bp≈ Acn-bm-lm-c-{]n-b-am-WnXv. ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ AØm-g-Øn\pw D®`-£-W-Øn\pw apJy- hn-`-h-am-bn-cp∂ I∏ A{]-Xy-£-am-bn-cn-°p∂p. GXm\pw Zi-I-ßƒ apºp hsc hfsc km[m-c-W-ambn I∏ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ Zcn{Z hn`m-Kßƒ°n-S-bn¬ t]mepw C∂Xv ImWm-\n√. cm{Xn `£-W-Øn¬ N∏m-Øn, I™n F∂nh IqSp-X-embn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. N∏m-Øn-bpsS D]-tbmKw kmº-Øn-I\n-e-hmcw Db-cpw-tXmdpw Db¿∂p hcp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. {Kq∏v IV kmº-Øn-I-hn`m-K-Øn¬ CXv 16.9% hsc-sb-Øp∂p. I™n°v Hcp AØmg C\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ ÿm\-ap-≈Xv kmºØn-I-hn-`mKw IIepw IIIepw Dƒs∏´ IpSpw-_-ß-tf-°mƒ Iepw IVepw Dƒs∏´ IpSpw_-ß-fn-emWv. {Kq∏v Is‚ Imcy-Øn¬ CXv C√m-bva-bpsS kqN-I-amWv. F∂m¬ Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m-cmb \memw-{Kq-∏n¬ I™n-bp-sSbpw N∏m-Øn-bp-sSbpw D]tbmKw Btcm-Ky-]-c-amb Imc-W-ß-fmtem `£W \nb-{¥-W-Øns‚ `mK-amtbm D≈-Xm-hm-\mWv km[yX. ]ńI 3 D®-`-£Whpw AØm-g-hpw-˛-{]-[m-\ -C-\-ßƒ (-ho-Sp-I-fpsS iX-am-\w) D®-`-£Ww

132

I™n

a‰p-≈h

tNmdv

N∏mØn/ ]qcn

I™n

a‰p-≈h

BsI kmº-ØnIw I II III IV {]tZ-i-w sX°≥ tI-cfw a[y-tI-cfw hS-°≥ tIcfw aXw lnµp ap…nw {InkvXy≥ PmXn ]nt∂m-°-PmXn apt∂m-°-PmXn ]ń-I-PmXn ]ńI h¿§w

tNmdv

hn`mKw

AØm-g-w

95.9

2.5

2.4

80.9

5.8

8.2

5.0

98.0 96.2 95.7 93.4

1.2 2.4 2.6 4.0

0.8 1.4 1.7 2.6

84.4 87.3 79.1 65.1

0.8 2.4 7.1 16.9

10.8 6.8 7.8 11.0

4.1 3.4 6.1 7.1

91.8 95.9 98.8

5.8 2.6 0.2

2.4 1.5 1.0

78.2 80.6 83.0

6.3 5.4 5.8

9.5 10.0 6.0

6.0 3.9 5.2

95.9 97.2 94.6

2.3 1.2 4.5

1.8 1.6 0.9

82.1 81.7 76.7

4.8 8.4 6.0

8.6 4.1 11.8

4.6 5.8 5.5

95.7 95.3 97.3 98.2

2.3 3.0 1.9 0.0

2.0 1.7 0.8 1.8

84.6 73.7 89.6 83.1

3.8 8.2 3.1 0.0

7.0 11.7 5.4 11.9

4.6 6.4 1.9 5.1

tIcfw


]ńI 4 a’yw,amwkw,ap´ F∂nh Hcp Znh-ksØ Blm-c-Øn¬ (-ho-Sp-I-fpsS A\p-]mXw iX-am-\-Øn¬) hn`mKw BsI kmº-ØnIw I II III IV {]tZ-iw sX°≥ tI-cfw a[y-tI-cfw hS-°≥ tIcfw aX-w lnµp ap…nw {InkvXy≥ PmXn ]nt∂m-°-PmXn apt∂m-°-PmXn ]ń-I-PmXn ]ńI h¿§w

a’yw

amwkw

61.5

7.0

ap´ 4.4

66.5 64.4 61.2 49.9

4.9 5.4 8.6 8.9

2.1 2.9 5.4 8.6

59.1 66.0 59.8

6.4 9.0 5.8

4.8 5.5 3.3

59.9 59.1 68.7

4.5 8.9 12.0

3.3 4.0 8.0

63.3 44.9 72.4 76.3

5.1 3.9 4.7 5.1

3.3 3.6 3.5 5.1

a’y-amWv amwkym-lm-c-ß-fn¬ apJyw. Hcp Znh-ksØ a’y D]-t`m-K-sa-SpØm¬ kmº-ØnI \ne Db-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v D]-t`mKw Ipd™p hcp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. G‰hpw Ipd™ D]-t`mKw Db¿∂ kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-Øn-emWv. CXn\¿∞w Zcn-{Z-hn-`mKw a’yw IqSp-X¬ Af-hn¬ `£n-°p∂p F∂√, AXn-ep-]cn IqSp-X¬ Znhkw a’yw Ah-cpsS `£-W-Øn¬ ]Xnhp hn`-h-am-sW-∂-XmWv. hne-°p-d-hp≈ a’y-ßƒ sNdnb Af-hn-se-¶nepw hmßn Znh-khpw Idn-sh-°p∂ ]Xnhv \ΩpsS \mńse Zcn-{Z-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn-ep≠v. Cu {]tXy-IX Imc-W-amImw Znh-tk\bp≈ a’y-D-]-tbmKw F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ Cu hn`m-K-ß-fpsS iX-am\w Db¿Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-ambn amwk-Øn-s‚bpw ap´-bp-tSbpw D]-t`mK \nehmcw kmº-ØnI \ne Db-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v IqSn-h-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. amwkØn-s‚bpw ap´-bp-sSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ Db¿∂ D]t`mKw {InkvXy≥ hn`m-K-Øn-emsW-∂-Xp-t]mse Xmgv∂ D]-t`mKw kkym-lm-c-io-e-°m¿ IqSp-X-ep-≠m-hm≥ km[y-X-bp≈ kh¿W-hn-`m-K-ß-fn-emWv (]ńI 4). tdj-\cn Hmtcm hn`m-K-Ønepw s]´-h¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Acn FhnsS \n∂p e`n-°p∂p F∂Xv ]ńI 5 ¬ hy‡-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. samØw P\-ß-fn¬ 39.9% t]¿ ]q¿Wamtbm `mKn-I-amtbm tdj-\-cnsb B{i-bn-°p∂p. CXv {Kq∏v 1 ¬ 68.2 iX-am\hpw {Kq∏v 2 ¬ 52.1 iX-am-\-hp-am-Wv. ]ń-I-PmXn ]ń-I-h¿§ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ bYm{Iaw 59.4 iX-am-\hpw 87.7 iX-am-\hpw s]mXp-hn-X-c-W-irw-J-esb B{i-bn-°p-

tIcfw


133

]ńI 5 hoń¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Acn-bpsS t{kmXv (%) kz¥w s]mXptdj\pw s]mXp- a‰p-≈h hn`mKw tdj≥ Irjn hn-]Wn hn-]-Wnbpw BsI kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v I II III IV PmXn ]nt∂m-°-w apt∂m-°w ]ń-I-PmXn ]ńI h¿§w

4.3

52.9

12.3

27.6

2.9

1.7 3.5 5.5 5.3

27.0 41.5 63.6 80.8

33.1 17.1 4.6 0.9

35.1 35 23.3 10.5

3.1 2.9 3.0 2.5

5.2 5.7 1.9 1.8

48.6 61.5 36.8 10.5

14.6 7.1 23.7 35.1

28.4 21.9 35.7 52.6

3.2 3.8 1.9 0.0

∂-h-cm-Wv. tdj-\-cn-bpsS hne h¿≤-\bpw e`y-X-bn¬ hcp-Øp∂ Ipd-hp-sa√mw C°q-´sc {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p-sa-∂p-d-∏m-Wv. thj-]-I¿® `£-W-Im-cy-Øn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-ambn, hkv{Xß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ \mw ]c-º-cm-KX ssien-bn¬ Xs∂ ASn-bp-d®p \n¬°p-∂n√ F∂p ImWmw. ]pdØp-t]m-hp-tºmƒ ap≠pw j¿´pw [cn-°p-hm-\n-jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cm-bn-cp∂p Ign™ Xeap-d-bnse ]pcp-j≥am¿ F∂-Xn\v Ct∏mgpw Imcy-amb am‰-an√. F∂m¬ Ct∏m]ńI 6 ]pdØp t]mIp-tºmƒ [cn-°p∂ hkv{Xw-˛-]p-cp-j≥

134

tXm¿Øv

a‰p-≈h

ap≠pw j¿´pw

]m‚ vkv

ap≠p am{Xw

tXm¿Øv

a‰p-≈h

BsI 73.2 25.5 kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-w I 89.1 8.3 II 82.7 15.5 III 69.0 30.2 IV 42.8 57.0 aX-w lnµp 74.2 24.2 apnw 75.6 23.6 {InkvXy≥ 68.0 31.1

ap≥ Xe-apd

ap≠p am{Xw

]m‚ vkv

hn`mKw

ap≠pw j¿´pw

Ct∏m-gsØ Xe-apd

0.5

0.2

0.6

79.3

1.8

14.2

2.2

2.6

0.7 0.6 0.4 0.2

0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0

1.6 0.9 0.3 0.0

68.3 76.8 82.4 87.4

0.7 0.5 2.1 5.2

21.7 17.1 11.8 6.1

4.2 2.7 1.6 0.2

5.0 2.9 2.0 1.1

0.7 0.2 0.3

0.3 0.1 0.0

0.6 0.5 0.7

76.0 83.0 84.5

1.8 1.1 2.5

17.1 10.3 10.2

3.1 1.0 0.9

2.1 4.6 1.9

tIcfw


gsØ Xe-ap-d-bnse \men-sem∂p t]¿ (IpSpw-_-Ønse {][m\ hcp-am-\-°m-c≥) ]m‚ vkn-te°p amdn-bn-cn-°p∂p. Ign™ Xe-ap-d-bn¬ CXv 1.8% am{X-am-bn-cp∂p. ap≥ Xe-ap-d-bnse 16.4% j¿´p-]-tbm-Kn-°msX apt≠m tXm¿tØm am{Xw D]-tbmKn-®-h-cm-bn-cp∂p. Cu ioew C∂v Gsd-°psd A{]-Xy-£-am-bn-cn-°p∂p. kmºØnI \ne-hm-c-tØmSv IrXy-amb ]c-kv]-cm-\p-]mXw ]pe¿Øp-∂-XmWv ]m‚ vkv [mcWw. kmº-ØnI \ne Db-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v CXv {Ia-ambn Db-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. kmº-Øn-I-hn-`mKw IV¬ ap≠pw j¿´p-sa-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ km[m-c-W-amb hkv{Xw ]m‚ vkv Xs∂-bmWv. kv{XoI-fpsS hkv{X-[m-cWw ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn \n¿W-bn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv aX]-cn-K-W-\-I-fm-emWv. lnµp-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ ap≠pw ªukpw {InkvXym-\n-I-fn¬ N´ XpS-ßnb ]c-º-cm-KX thjw, ap…o-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Im®n, Ip∏mbw XpS-ßnb ]cº-cm-KX ap…ow-thjw F∂n-hb - m-bn-cp∂p ap≥X-ea - p-db - nse {]Nm-cØ - n-ep≈ bm{Xmth-j-ßƒ (]ńI 7) ]ńI 7 ]pdØp t]mIp-tºmƒ [cn-°p∂ hkv{Xw-˛ kv{Xo

Npcn-Zm¿

]c-º-cm-KX {InkvXy≥ thjw

]¿Z

]c-º-cm-KX ap…nw thjw

2.7 0.9 6.6 0.3 50.9

7.4 20.1

0.1

11.3

2.4

7.7

1.6 1.9 3.1 4.9

12.4 9.2 5.9 1.8

0.2 7.7 0.3 8.0 0.0 13.1 0.2 18.8

1.7 10.8 2.5 9.6 2.6 5.9 2.4 5.6

7.9 22.9 0.1 0.8 10.0 12.0 0.1 2.0 3.0 21.3 0.2 53.0

0.0 0.2 10.3 33.2 0.4 0.8

0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8

4.8 8.9 6.2 4.1

0.6 50.5 0.6 53.1 0.0 50.9 0.0 45.2

1.3 83.0 2.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 68.0 1.1 51.2 4.2 0.4 31.6 1.6 32.4 0.8 88.3 2.9 3.7 0.0 0.0 21.2

kmcn

ssIen

kmcn

1.2 77.4 hn`m-Kw 0.9 72.9 1.5 72.8 1.0 80.4 1.6 86.0

ap≥ Xe-apd

Npcn-Zm¿ ]c-º-cm-KX {InkvXy≥ thjw ]¿Z ]c-º-cm-KX ap…nw thjw ap≠pw ªukpw

BsI 10.9 kmº-ØnI I 18.4 II 13.4 III 8.5 IV 2.7 aX-w lnµp 13.5 ap…nw 10.1 {InkvXy≥ 4.2

ssIen

ap≠pw ªukpw

hn`mKw

Ct∏m-gsØ Xe-apd

16.8 17.5 21.5 26.0

C°m-cy-Øn¬ Hcp ]cn[n hsc-sb-¶nepw aX-\n-c-t]-£-amb am‰w h∂n-cn-°p∂p. kmcn-bmWv C∂v F√m aX-hn-`m-K-ß-fn-ep-ap-f-f- kv{XoI-fpsS G‰hpw km[m-c-Wamb, ]pd-Øn-d-ßp-tºm-gp≈ thjw. F∂m¬ ap…ow hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ ]¿Z-bpsS {]map-Jyhpw Gdn-h-cp-∂p≠v. Ign™ Xe-ap-d-bn¬ 10.3% Bbn-cp-∂Xv Ct∏mƒ 31.6%ambn amdn-bn-´p≠v. tImtfPv {]mb-Øn-ep≈ Xe-ap-d-bn¬ thj-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn-ep≈ sFI-cq]yhpw aX-\n-c-t]-£-Xbpw Iptd-°qSn i‡-am-sW∂p ImWmw. BÏp-ń-Iƒ°v ]m‚ vkpw s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°v Npcn-Zmdpw F∂Xv F√m aX-hn-`m-K-ß-fn-epƒs∏-´-

tIcfw


135

h¿°pw k¿∆-km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cn-°p∂p. BÏp-ń-Iƒ°v ]m‚ vkv, s]Ïp-ńIƒ°v Npcn-Zm¿ F∂o thj-ßƒ kmº-ØnI \ne-hm-c-a-\p-k-cn®v Db¿® ImWn°p-∂p-ap≠v. ]m›m-Xy-co-Xn-I-fpsS `mK-amb Cd°w Ipd™ kvI¿´p-Iƒ, Po≥kv F∂n-hbv°v s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ t\cnb {]Nm-c-ta-bp≈p. ]ńI 8 tImtfPv {]mb-Øn-ep≈ Xe-apd [cn-°p∂ hkv{Xw hn`mKw BsI kmº-ØnI I II IIII IV aX-w lnµp ap…nw {InkvXy≥

BÏpń ap≠v

s]Ïpń

]m‚ vkv a‰p-≈h kmcn

NpcnZm¿

]mhm-S-

]¿Z

a‰p-≈h

9.7 hn`m-Kw 22.4 17.7 8.4 2.1

87.6

1.7

6.7

84.3

7.8

0.8

0.5

74.9 81.8 90.7 97.9

2.7 0.4 0.9 0.0

5.6 8.4 6.5 2.9

76.2 82.3 86.9 91.3

17.3 7.3 5.5 5.3

0.4 1.3 0.6 0.0

0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5

14.6 9.7 8.1

84.4 89.8 90.8

1.0 0.5 1.1

8.3 3.1 7.1

83.3 85.8 84.7

7.8 7.8 7.7

0.2 2.7 0.0

0.4 0.6 0.5

am[y-a-kzm-[o\w, kwkvImcw hoSp-I-fn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X-ep≈ am[y-a-cq]w tdUntbm Xs∂-bmWv.sXm´-SpØmWv sSen-hn-js‚ ÿm\w (]ńI 9). h¿Ø-am-\-]-{X-ßƒ hmßp-∂Xv 48.2% IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ am{X-am-sW-¶nepw hmb-\m-k-aqlw CXnepw F{Xtbm IqSp-XemWv. sXmgn¬ ÿeØpw s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ sh®p-sa√mw ]{X-]m-cm-bWw \S-Øp-∂h - c - mWv P\-ßf - n¬ \s√mcp `mKw. am[y-at- a-Xp-Xs - ∂-bm-bmepw D]-tbmKw \n¿W-bn-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ apJy-amb ]¶p-≈Xv kmº-Øn-I-\n-e-hm-c-Øn\p Xs∂bmWv. tdUn-tbm-bpsS Imcy-Øn-sem-gnsI F√m-Ønepw kmº-ØnI \ne-bpsS kzm[o\w hfsc i‡-amWv. kmº-Øn-I-hn-`mKw Ise G‰hpw km[m-c-W-amb IpSpw-_-am-[yaw tdUntbm BWv. as‰√m kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-Ønepw Snhn-bmWv ap∂n¬. aXw,PmXn XpSßn GXv LS-I-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ t\m°p-tºmgpw am[y-a-kzm-[o-\-Ønse hyXym-k-ßƒ°v apJy Imc-W-am-Ip-∂Xv B hn`m-K-ßƒ°-I-Øp≈ hyXykvX kmº-ØnI {Kq∏p-I-fpsS tNcp-h-bpsS A\p-]m-X-amWv. `qcn-`mKw IpSpw-_-ßfpw G‰hpw hnizm-ky-X-bp≈ hnh-c-Zm-bI am[y-a-ambn ImWp-∂Xv sSen-hn-j-s\-bmWv. \mep kmº-Øn-I-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn am[y-a-hn-izm-ky-X-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ {]tXy-I-amb Hcp cq]-L-S\ Db¿∂p-h-cp∂p≠v.hn`mKw I¬ G‰hpw hnizm-ky-X-bp≈ hnhc t{kmX-mbn Icp-Xp-∂Xv tdUntbm BWv. a‰v aq∂v kmº-Øn-I-hn-`m-K-ß-fnepw Cu ÿm\w sSen-hn-j\mWv. CXv e`y-X-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcp {]iv\-amImw. kmº-ØnI \ne Db-cpwtXmdpw tdUn-tbm-bpsS hnizm-kyX Ipd-™p-h-cn-Ibpw sSen-hn-j-t‚Xv IqSp-I-

136

tIcfw


]ńI 9 am[ya kzm[o\w hn`mKw

]{X-ßƒ

BsI kmº-ØnI hn`m-Kw I II III IV

B\p-Im-en-I-ßƒ

tdUntbm

Snhn

tI_nƒ Snhn C‚¿s\‰v

48.2

29.4

66.0

61.0

32.0

2.0

12.8 27.5 63.6 96.7

12.4 18.6 34.7 63.5

46.2 60.1 69.6 83.6

12.0 42.0 77.9 98.5

5.3 16.4 41.7 72.6

0.1 0.5 1.2 12.0

47.8 41.1 57.5

30.3 22.1 34.4

65.1 65.0 62.1

60.3 49.0 66.3

32.4 27.4 35.9

1.7 1.9 2.9

49.2 55.3 42.2

29.0 32.3 27.4

57.2 64.2 69.4

61.1 70.0 49.3

35.1 35.4 27.2

2.7 1.4 2.0

48.7 59.0 27.2 11.7

30.0 38.0 19.4 18.3

66.5 71.1 52.5 50.0

61.1 72.5 42.0 25.0

31.4 42.0 19.9 6.8

1.5 2.6 0.2 0.0

cmjv{Sob B`n-apJyw F¬.Un.^v 46.4 bp.Un.F^v 48.4 _n.sP.]n 49.1

29.9 29.0 31.7

63.8 65.1 68.7

56.4 58.2 59.6

30.4 31.7 31.1

1.3 2.3 1.8

aX-hn-`mKw lnµp ap…nw {InkvXy≥ {]tZ-i-w sX°≥ tI-cfw a[y-tI-cfw hS-°≥ tIcfw PmXn ]nt∂m-°-PmXn apt∂m-°-PmXn ]ń-I-PmXn ]ńI h¿§w

bpw- sN-øp-∂p≠v. F√m- km-º-ØnI˛kmaqly hn`m-K-Ønepw h¿Ø-am\ ]{XØns‚ ÿm\w hnizm-ky-X-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Sn.hn.bpsS hfsc Xmsg-bmWv. B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fpsS hnizm-ky-Xbpw s]mXpsh Xmgv∂ \ne-hm-c-Øn-emWv. kv{Xo ]pcpj t`Z-sat\y tIc-fo-b¿ ae-bmfw Nm\-ep-Iƒ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-hcmWv. ae-bmf CXc t{]£-I-cn¬- G-‰hpw Db¿∂p \n¬°p-∂Xv kmº-Øn-I-hn`mKw IVse Cw•ojv Sn hn ImWp-∂-h-cmWv. Ch¿ 10.2% hcpw. A¥m-cmjv{S Nm\¬ s\‰v-h¿°p-Iƒ°pw tZiob Nm\-ep-Iƒ°pw tIcf t{]£-I-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ Imcyambn IS-∂p-I-b-dm≥ Ign-™-Xmbn ImWp-∂n√. kº∂˛CS-Øcw hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ t]mepw. samØ-Øn-se-Sp-°p-tºmƒ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ t{]£-I-cp≈ Sn hn ]cn-]mSn C\w kocn-b-ep-I-fmWv. kv{XoI-fmWv C°m-cy-Øn¬ ap≥]-¥n-bn¬. Ch-cn¬ 67.6% t]cpw G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ImWp∂Xv kocn-b-ep-I-fmWv. kn\na, kwKoXw (11.2%) F∂n-h-bmWv kv{XoI-fpsS c≠m-asØ Xmev]cyw.]pcp-j≥am¿ apJy-ambn ImWp∂Xv hm¿Øm-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fmWv 43.1% (kv{XoIƒ 7.4%) ]pcpj≥am-cn¬ 25.3 iX-am-

tIcfw


137

]ńI 10 G‰hpw hniz-k-\o-b-amb hnh-c-t{km-Xv hn`mKw

]{X-ßƒ

BsI kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-w I II III IV aX-hn-`mKw lnµp ap…nw {InkvXy≥ {]tZ-i-w sX°≥ tI-cfw a[y-tI-cfw hS-°≥ tIcfw PmXn ]nt∂m-°-PmXn apt∂m-°-PmXn ]ń-I-PmXn ]ńI h¿§w cmjv{Sob B`n-apJyw F¬.Un.^v bp.Un.F^v _n.sP.]n

tdUntbm

Snhn

B\p-Im-en-I-ßƒ

26.8

24.5

47.9

0.8

31.7 27.6 25.0 27.1

41.9 31.7 17.8 10.1

25.7 39.8 56.5 62.0

0.7 0.9 0.7 0.8

27.2 26.1 26.4

24.8 27.7 20.4

47.3 45.4 52.2

0.7 0.8 1.0

29.6 25.6 25.0

18.8 21.0 30.3

50.2 51.5 42.3

0.6 0.9 0.8

26.2 25.9 31.3 14.9

25.5 21.7 26.1 57.4

47.4 51.7 42.1 27.7

0.8 0.7 0.5 0.0

26.8 26.6 18.2

25.8 24.1 30.1

46.7 48.4 51.0

0.7 0.9 0.7

]ńI 11 G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ CjvS-s∏-Sp∂ Sn.-hn. Nm\¬ kv{Xo

138

I∂S

lnµn

ae-bmfw

Cw•ojv

Xangv

I∂S

lnµn

BsI 93.2 4.9 kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-w I 92.7 3.3 I 94.7 3.3 III 94.1 4.1 IV 88.2 10.2

Xangv

Cw•ojv

ae-bmfw

hn`mKw

]pcp-j≥

1.1

0.4

0.4

97.2

0.5

1.1

0.3

0.5

2.6 1.3 1.0 0.5

0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3

0.7 0.2 0.3 0.8

95.7 97.7 97.5 95.9

0.0 0.4 0.9 2.0

3.5 1.5 0.9 0.0

0.0 0.2 0.3 0.3

0.7 0.2 0.3 1.8

tIcfw


\-amWv kocn-b-ep-Iƒ ÿnc-ambn ImWp-∂Xv. kwKoXw˛ kn\n-a-bmWv bphm-°fpsS H∂mw ]cn-K-W\. AXp-I-gn-™m¬ kocn-b-ep-Ifpw. F√m hn`m-K-ßfpw Hcpt]mse ]nd-In¬ \n¬°p-∂Xv hnhc˛hn⁄m-\-Zm-bI ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS Imcy-ØnemWv . kv t ]m¿Sv k n\pw t{]£- I ¿ Xmc- X - t ay\ Ipd- h mWv . bphm- ° ƒ°n- S bn¬t]mepw {]nbw kvt]m¿Svkn-t\m-Sm-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂-h¿ tIhew 9.2 iX-am\w am{X-amWv. ]ńI 12 G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ImWp∂ Sn hn ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ

]pcp-j≥

hm¿Ø kocn-b¬ kwKoXw & kn\na tImaUn kvt]mSvkv hnh-cm-[n-jvTn-X ] - c - n-]mSn Im¿´q¨ a‰p-≈h

kv{Xo bphm-°ƒ

43.1 25.3 10.7 7.8 3.9

7.4 67.6 11.2 5.2 0.3

5.5 23.2 28.8 13.7 9.2

3.9 0.1 5.2

1.1 0.2 7.0

4.2 10.7 4.7

sSen-hn-j≥ \ΩpsS kaq-l-Ønse {]_-e-amb hnt\mZ D]m-[n-bmbn AXnth-K-Øn¬ Db¿∂p-h-cn-I-bmWv. 71.3%t]¿ ]Xn-hmbn Sn.hn. ImWp-∂-h-cmWv. Ign™ aq∂p amk-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Xntb-‰-dn¬t]mbn kn\na I≠n-´p≈ 23.9 iX-am\-hp-ambn CXv Xmc-Xayw sNøpI. \mSIw XpS-ßnb CXc hnt\mZ taJ-e-I-fpsS ÿm\-am-Is´ hfsc Xmsg-bmWv. Sn.hn°p ]pdØv Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw ImWm-Ø-h-cmWv 66.9% sSen-hn-js‚ AXn-th-K-Øn-ep≈ hym]-\-Øn-\n-S-bnepw tdUn-tbm-hn\v kz¥amb CS-ap≠v tIc-f-Øn¬. Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m-scm-gn®v a‰p aq∂p hn`m-K-Ønepw tdUntbm t{imXm-°ƒ 40 iX-am-\-Øn\p apI-fn¬ hcpw. \memw hn`m-K-Ønepw 30.5% t]¿ tdUntbm am[y-asØ Ct∏mgpw ssIhn-ń-ń√. tdUntbm G‰hpw IqSpX¬ tIƒ°p-∂Xv Sn hn s]mXpsh A\y-amb ]ń-I-h¿§°m-cmWv. {]tZi ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ t\m°p-tºmƒ ÿnc-ambn Sn hn ImWp-∂-h¿ Ipdhv DØ-c-tI-c-f-Øn-emWv. AtX tXmXn¬ tdUntbm t{imXm-°ƒ IqSp-X-ep-ap≠v. kn\n-a-bpsS kzm[o\w F√m kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ß-fnepw Hcp-t]m-se-bm-Wv. kn\na G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ImWp∂ kmaqly hn`mKw ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°m-cmWv (33.3%) CS-Ø-c-°m-cnepw kº∂ hn`m-K-ß-fnepw Db¿∂ t{]£-I-cp≈ sSen-hn-j≥ ]c-a-Z-cn{Z hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw t]cnte FØp-∂p≈p. hmb-\-ime AwK-Xzhpw kmº-ØnI ]Z-hn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. ]c-aZ-cn-{Z- hn-`m-K-Øn¬ 10.9% IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ am{X-amWv hmb-\-imem _‘-ap-≈Xv. kmº-ØnI \ne-b-\p-k-cn®v CXv {Ia-ambn Db¿∂v hn`mKw IV¬ 34.4 iX-am-\Øn¬ FØp∂p.

tIcfw


139

71.3

21.5 28.2

7.7

41.3

6.5 5.5 6.5 5.5

4.0 3.8 5.4 6.8

69.9 68.6 66.7 59.6

51.1 10.9 12.1 67.0 16.4 20.7 78.9 25.2 32.9 84.6 34.4 51.3

0.8 2.2 7.8 31.3

42.6 45.7 40.5 30.5

6.0 3.8 2.5

7.0 1.5 8.1

63.5 74.8 67.9

76.0 23.8 27.9 59.3 14.5 26.0 71.7 22.2 31.1

7.5 5.9 10.1

44.4 39.0 35.2

3.6 4.6

6.6 7.2

72.1 64.1

75.6 22.7 29.0 76.6 22.8 29.2

8.2 8.7

34.3 39.9

5.8

4.7

65.3

64.5

19.6 26.8

6.5

47.1

6.7 5.9 4.8 7.4

6.4 6.7 8.4 16.7

63.3 66.4 60.3 46.3

76.7 24.4 26.1 79.1 28.6 34.9 73.2 16.1 20.8 61.7 18.5 24.5

6.3 12.7 3.0 3.8

47.0 44.2 37.5 53.7

7.4 5.7 4.6

5.3 4.3 8.5

63.1 69.9 62.1

74.6 24.6 28.0 68.9 19.0 27.6 72.9 20.8 31.2

6.5 7.5 6.2

44.0 39.5 49.4

]Xn-hmbn tdUntbm tIƒ°p-∂-h¿

66.9

Ign™ Hcp amk-Øn-\p-≈n¬ C‚¿s\‰v D]-tbmKw

]Xn-hmbn Snhn ImWp-∂-h¿

4.8

sSIvÃv ]pkvX-I-a-√msX a‰p ]pkvXIw hmßn-b-h¿

Ign™ aq∂p amk-Øn-\p-≈n¬ CsXm∂pw ImWm-Ø-h¿

6.0

hmb-\-ime AwKXzw

Ign™ aq∂p amk-Øn-\p-≈n¬ at‰-sX-¶nepw kwkvIm-cI ]cn-]mSn

BsI 23.9 kmº-ØnI hn`m-Kw I 20.4 II 23.6 III 23.5 IV 30.3 aX-hn-`mKw lnµp 25.5 ap…nw 20.9 {InkvXy≥ 22.8 {]tZ-iw sX°≥ tI-cfw 19.0 a[y-tI-cfw 26.0 hS-°≥ tIcfw 25.8 PmXn ]nt∂m-°-PmXn 25.8 apt∂m-°-PmXn 22.6 ]ń-I-PmXn 27.9 ]ńI h¿§w 33.3 cmjv{Sob B`n-apJyw F¬.Un.^v 26.5 bp.Un.F^v 21.3 _n.sP.]n 27.5

Ign™ aq∂p amk-Øn-\p-≈n¬ \mSIw I≠-h¿

hn`mKw

Ign™ aq∂p amk-Øn-\p-≈n¬ kn\na I≠-h¿

]ńI 13 hnt\m-Z -D-]m-[n-Ifpw kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw

]pkvXIw hmßp∂ ioe-Ønepw kmº-ØnI \ne Xs∂-bmWv \n¿Wm-bIw. G‰hpw ]mh-s∏-´-h-cpsS 4 Cc-ń-bmWv kmº-ØnI tijn-bp≈ IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ ]pkvX-I-sa-Øp-∂Xv.

140

tIcfw


kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fnepw, Sn hn t{]£I hrµ-Ønepw, sse{_dn AwKXz-Ønepw C‚¿s\-‰p-]-tbm-K-Øn-ep-sa√mw icm-i-cn-bn¬ Xmsg-bmWv ap…ow hn`mK-sa-¶nepw kn\n-a-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ CXv A{X {]I-S-a√. C‚¿s\-‰p-]-tbmKw kmº-Øn-I-ambn Db¿∂ 4˛mw hn`m-K-Øn¬ HXp-ßp∂p ˛31.3%. (Cu ]T\w Ign-™p≈ c≠p h¿j-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ C‚¿s\-‰p-]-tbmKw tIc-f-Øn¬ h≥tXm-Xn¬ h¿≤n-®n-´p≠v). Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS hym]-\hpw \nc-h[n ]pØ≥ Nm\-ep-Ifpw tI_nƒ XcwK-hp-sa√mw tN¿∂v hfsc thK-Øn-emWv kmwkvIm-cnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS XeØn¬ am‰-ßƒ kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv. Cu Xcw-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Kuc-h-ta-dnb ]pkvXI-hm-b-\bpw kwhm-Z-ßfpw Ipd-bp-Ibpw hmb-\-im-e-Iƒ \n¿Po-h-ambn amdp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v thh-em-Xn-I-fp≠v. F∂m¬ hmb-\sb Kuc-h-ambn kao-]n°p∂ ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-bnse Hcp sNdp-\yq-\-]£w {]Xo£ ]I-cp-∂p-ap≠v. AsX-¥m-bmepw ]pkvX-I-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-cwKØv hf¿®bpw sshhn-[y-h¬°c-W-hp-ap-≠m-bn-´p≠v. ]pkvX-I-ßƒ hmßp-∂-Xp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ae-bm-fn-bpsS Xmev]-cy-Øn\pw AXn¬ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ A`n-cp-Nn-Iƒ°pw Xo¿®-bmbpw kmaqly kmº-ØnI am\-ß-fp≠v. ]mT]pkvX-I-ß-f-√msX Hcp h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ hoSp-I-fn¬ hmßnb ]pkvXI-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Db¿∂p \n¬°p-∂Xv hn⁄m-\-{K-Ÿ-ßfpw Bflob {KŸß-fp-amWv. hn⁄m-\-ta-Je-bnse ]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬ hen-sbmcp `mKw ]mT-]p-kvXI-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bp-amImw. G‰hpw ]mh-s∏´ hn`mKw I ep≈ IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ iX-am-\-°-W-°n¬ hfsc Ipdt® ]pkvX-I-ß-sf-Øp-∂p≈p. AXn¬ {][m\ ]¶v t\mh¬, IYm-]p-kvX-I-ß-fmWv. (35.1%) kmº-Øn-I-\ne Db¿∂ hn`m-K-ßfn¬ Cu hn`mKw ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS tXmXv Ipd-bp-∂p≠v. CXn\p hn]-co-X-ambn hn⁄m-\-]p-kvX-I-ß-fp-sSbpw Bflob ]pkvX-I-ß-fp-tSbpw hmß¬ kmº-ØnI\n-e-°-\p-k-cn®v Db-cp-∂p-ap≠v (]ńI 14). ]ńI 14 hmßnb ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS Xcw hn`mKw

t\mh¬/IY

kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-a-\p-k-cn®v I 35.1 II 22.9 III 18.6 IV 14.6 BsI 19.9

IhnX 2.6 2.6 1.7 3.9 2.4

hn⁄m\w 19.5 28.1 34.3 42.2 33.3

Bflobw 19.5 29.4 32.1 32.0 30.6

a‰p-≈h 23.4 17.0 13.2 7.3 13.8

F∂m¬ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ hmßp-∂Xv BcmWv? F{X-tØmfw IpSpw-_-ß-fn-emWv ]pkvX-I-sa-Øp-∂Xv? 71.8% IpSpw-_-ßfpw Hcp h¿j-Øn¬ Hcp ]pkvXIw t]mepw hmßm-Ø-h-cmWv. (]ńI 15) C°m-cy-Øn¬ kmº-ØnI \ne-hmcw IrXy-ambn {]Xn-^-en-°p∂p. G‰hpw Zcn-{Z-cn¬ 87.9% ]pkvXIw hmßn-bn-ń√. Db¿∂ CSØ-c-°m-cn-se-Øp-tºmƒ CXp 48.7 iX-am-\-Øn-te°p Ipd-bp∂p. hmßp-∂-h-cn¬

tIcfw


141

Db¿∂p \n¬°p-∂Xv ]e-hI ]pkvX-I-ßfpw Bflo-b-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw hmßnb IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS FÆ-amWv.

hn`mKw I II III IV BsI

]ńI 15 hmßnb ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS Xcw (i-X-am-\-Øn¬) t\mh¬/ IhnX hn⁄m\w Bflobw a‰p-≈h/H∂n-e-[nIw H∂pw hmßm-Ømh¿ IY 3.8 0.3 2.1 2.1 3.8 87.9 4.2 0.5 5.1 5.4 5.5 79.3 5.1 0.5 9.4 8.8 9.0 67.1 5.2 1.4 15.1 11.5 18.1 48.7 4.6 0.6 7.7 7.1 8.2 71.8

B\p-Im-en-I-ßƒ ]{X-ß-tfm-Sp≈ {]Xn-]Øn AtX tXmXn¬ B\p-Im-enI-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ tIc-fo-b¿ {]I-Sn-∏n°p-∂n-√. BZy-Im-eØv tIc-f-Ønse kmaqly kmwkv-ImcnI Ne-\-ß-tfm-sSm-∏w- \-S-°p-Ibpw Ahsb \bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX B\p-ImenI {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. icm-icn ae-bm-fn-bpsS `mhp-IXz ]cn-k-cØn¬ B\p-Im-en-I-ßƒ°v, {]tXy-In®v kmwkvIm-cnI {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ°v sNdp-X-√mØ ÿm\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]n¬°m-eØv hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ km¿∆-{XnI h¬°-c-W-sØ XpS¿∂p≈ A\p-Iqe kml-Ncyw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn hf¿∂ph-∂Xv GXm\pw ss]¶nfn hmcn-I-I-fm-Wv. sk°‚dn hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-c-saØnb Hcp h≥ hmb\mkaq-lsØ ss]¶nfn {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ Bth-in-®p. ImgvN-bpsS A\p-`hw IqSn {]Zm\w sNøp∂ Nm\-ep-I-fpsS hc-thmsS Cu hn`mKw Ah-bn-te°p tNt°-dn. ss]¶nfn {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ ]n∑-S-°-Øns‚ kqN-\Iƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ C-°m-eØpw IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ BsI hmßp∂ B\p-Im-enIßfpsS \men-sem∂v ss]¶nfn hmcn-I-I-fm-sW∂v B\p-Im-en-I-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ At\z-j-W-Øn¬ sXfn--bp-∂p (]-ń-I 16). Hcp B\p-Imen-Ihpw hmßmØ hoSp-I-fmWv `qcn-]-£w. ss]¶nfn hmcn-IIƒ Ign-™m¬ ]ns∂ {]Nm-c-ap-≈Xv h\n-Xm-am-kn-I-Iƒ°m-Wv. Ipń-I-fpsS amknI-Iƒ 4.7% hoSp-I-fnepw, cmjv{Sob kmwkvIm-cnI {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ 4.8% IpSpw_-ßf - nepw am{Xta FØn-t®--cp-∂p-≈q. Db¿∂ hnZym-`ym-khpw ]pdw-tem-I_ - ‘hpsa-√m-ap-s≠-¶nepw imkv{X {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ \mw hfsc ]ndI-n-emWv (0-.9%). kvt]m¿Svkpw kn\n-abpw ChnsS Gsd N¿®-sN-ø-s∏--Sp-∂p-s≠¶nepw \ma-am-{X-amb hoSp-I-fnte Cu hn`mKw {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-sf-Øp-∂p-≈q. hoSp-I-fn¬ B\p-Im-enI {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ FØp-∂-Xn¬ kzm[o\w sNepØp-∂Xv as‰-¥n-t\-°mfpw kmº-Øn-I-\ne Xs∂-bm-Wv. CXn¬ {]I-S-amb hyXnbm\w ImWp-∂Xv ss]¶nfn {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ am-{X-am-Wv. kmºØnI Db¿®-b-\p-k-cn®v t\cnb tXmXn¬ Db-cp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw \mep hn`m-K-ßfpw ss]¶nfn kzm[o\w Htc tXmXn-em-Wv. Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m¿°n-S-bn¬ h\nXm amkn-I-Iƒ°p≈ kzm[o\w Ah-cpsS hcp-am\ D]-t`mK coXn-I-fp-ambn t\cn´p

142

tIcfw


BsI 9.2 kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-w I 8.6 II 9.3 III 9.1 IV 10.3 aX-w lnµp 11.0 ap…nw 4.4 {InkvXy≥ 9.5 cmjv{Sob B`n-apJyw F¬.Un.^v 10.1 bp.Un.F^v 8.5 _n.sP.]n 11.0

a‰p-≈h

kvt]m¿Svkv, kn\na

imkv{X {]kn-≤o-Ic - W - ß - ƒ

aX {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ

Ipń-I-fpsS amkn-I-Iƒ

kv { Xo amkn- I - I ƒ

cmjv{So-b-˛kmw-kvIm-cnIw

hn`mKw

ss]¶nfn {]kn-≤o-Ic - W - ß - ƒ

]ńI˛16 hmßnb B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fpsS tNcp-h-˛ (-IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS iX-am-\w)

4.8

7.4

4.7

3.4

0.9

0.6

5.8

0.8 2.3 5.9 13.4

0.5 1.6 8.5 29.8

2.1 2.3 6.3 9.9

0.8 1.9 3.7 10.1

0.0 0.2 1.1 3.4

0.0 0.8 0.4 2.7 0.6 7.6 2.1 15.3

5.5 4.7 3.1

7.6 5.4 9.1

4.8 4.0 5.3

1.2 3.3 9.9

1.1 0.5 0.6

0.7 0.4 0.6

6.1 5.2 5.4

5.7 3.9 1.8

6.4 7.5 7.3

4.7 4.7 4.9

1.6 5.9 3.7

1.3 0.5 0.0

0.8 0.3 1.8

6.2 5.4 8.5

_‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p (29.8%). CXp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ kmwkvIm-cnI cmjv{Sob amkn-I-Iƒ Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ FØp-∂Xv hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv (13.4% IpSpw_-ß-fn¬). cmjv{Sob kmwkvIm-cnI {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßfpw ss]¶nfn hmcn-I-I-fp-sa√mw Ipd-™-tXm-Xn¬ FØp-∂Xv ap…ow IpSpw-_-ß-fn-em-Wv. aX-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-Wßƒ°v IqSp-X¬ {]Nmcw {InkvXy≥ IpSpw-_-ß-fnepw (9.9%). ss]¶nfn {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ°mWv hmb\m kaq-l-Øn¬ Gsd kzm[o-\-ap≈-Xv. sk°‚dn˛πkvSp \ne-hm-c-Øn-ep≈ hnZym-`ymk tbmKy-X-bp-≈-h¿°n-S-bnemWv Cu hmb-\-bpsS tI{µo-I-c-W-sa-∂Xv khn-ti-j-X-b¿ln-°p-∂p (]-ńI 17). Ipd™ tbmKy-X-bnepw IqSnb tbmKy-X-bnepw Cu hmb\m kzm[o\w Ipd™p-h-cp∂Xmbn- Im-Wmw. C‚¿s\-‰p-]-tbmKw s]mXpth sa-bn¬ Bh-iy-Øn-\m-Wv. hn⁄m\ kºm-Z\-Øn\pw Nm‰n-ßn\pw D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØp-∂-h-cmWv a‰p {][m\ D]-tbm-‡m-°ƒ.

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143

]ńI˛17 IpSpw-_-Ønse Db¿∂ hnZym-`ym-k-tbm-Ky-Xbpw s]¶nfn {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ hmßepw iX-am-\-Øn¬ Ip-Spw-_-Ønse Db¿∂ hnZym-`ymk tbmKyX \nc-£c - ¿ A\u-]-Nm-cnI km£-cX ss{]adn sk°‚dn πkv-˛Sp kmt¶-XnIw _ncpZw _ncp-Zm-\-¥-cw s{]m^-jW - ¬ BsI

ss]¶nfn hmcnI-Iƒ hmßp∂-h-cpsS % 0.0 0.0 3.3 9.6 12.3 10.8 9.4 9.2 7.8 9.2

]ńI˛18 C‚¿s\-‰v-˛-{]-[m\D]-tbmKw C˛-sa-bn¬ Nm‰v sXmgn¬ tXS¬ hn⁄m\w a‰p-≈h hnhn[ Bhiyw

144

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26.9 14.8 10.2 18.5 8.8 20.8


A≤ymbw 12

\ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ kaq-l-Øn¬ Xs‚ ÿm\w Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Fßs\ Xncn-®-dn-bp∂p F∂-dnbm-\p≈ {iaw Cu ]T-\-Øn¬ \S-Øn-bn-cp∂p. Xmc-X-tay\ k¶o¿W-amb Hcp {]Xn-I-cW {]{In-b-bm-WnXv. PmXn-bp-sSbpw aX-Øn-s‚bpw t]cn¬ F{X-t]¿ kzbw hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂p F∂Xv Hcp {][m\ kqN-\-bm-sb-Sp-Øm¬, _lp-`q-cn-]£hpw Aßs\ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂n√ F∂Xv Bim-h-l-amb {]h-W-X-bmbn IW°m°mw. F¶nepw PmXn-bp-sSbpw aX-Øn-s‚bpw t]cn¬ kzbw hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂-hcpw Ab¬°m-cs\ Aßs\ Xncn-®d - n-bm≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂h - c - p-am-bh - c - psS tNcph-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ Nne s]mXp-{]-h-W-X-Iƒ Zriy-amWv. aX-Øn-s‚tbm PmXn-bp-sStbm t]cn¬ kzbw hnti-jn-∏n-°m≥ {ian-®Xv 9.8% t]cmWv. F∂m¬ Ab¬°m-c≥ Bcm-sW∂ tNmZy-Øn\v 23.1% t]cpw PmXn˛aX kqN-\-I-f-S-ßnb DØ-c-amWp \¬In-bXv kmº-ØnI \ne-bp-sS-b-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Zcn-{Z-hn-`m-K-ßfpw aXm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ap…n-ßfpw kmap-Zm-bn-Im-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]ń-I-h¿K-hn-`m-Khpw cmjv{Sob Nmbv-h\p-k-cn®v _n sP ]n hn-`m-K-hp-amWv Cßs\ kzbw hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ ap∂n¬ \n¬°p-∂Xv. (]ńI 1) F√m-X-c-Øn-ep≈ hn`-P-\-sa-Sp-Ømepw (kmº-ØnI˛aX˛kmaqly˛ cmjv{Sob) Hmtcm hn`m-K-Ønepw A©n-sem∂p t]sc-¶nepw Ab¬°msc aX˛kmap-Zm-bnI ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p-s≠∂p ImWmw. F√m hyXym-k-ßƒ°p-aXo-X-ambn C°m-cy-Øn-ep≈ GIXzw {it≤-b-amWv. F∂m¬ kmº-ØnI \ne Db-cp-∂-Xn\p hn]-coX A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ {]Xn-I-cWw Ipd-bp∂p≠v. h¿§ob-˛PmXob Nn¥m-K-Xn˛ {]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ kqN-\-Iƒ kmap-Zm-bn-I˛ h¿Kob Nn¥-Iƒ kmaqly kmwkvImcnI Pohn-X-Øn¬ {]_e-ambn A\p`-h-s∏-´p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. {]iv\-ß-fpsS bYm¿∞ Imc-W-ßƒ At\z-jn-

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145

]ńI 1 kzXz-t_m-[w kzbw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, Ab¬°m-cs\ hnti-jn-∏n-°¬ † hn`mKw BsI kmº-ØnI hn`m-Kw I II III IV aX-w lnµp ap…nw {InkvXy≥ PmXn ]nt∂m-°-PmXn apt∂m-°-PmXn ]ń-I-PmXn ]ńI h¿§w cmjv{Sob B`n-apJyw F¬.Un.^v bp.Un.F^v _n.sP.]n

aX-˛-PmXn ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬, kzbw hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-h¿ (%) 9.8

Ab¬°m-cs\ aX-˛-PmXn ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-h¿ (%) 23.1

14.0 11.6 8.5 5.9

27.2 25.1 21.7 17.4

8.0 12.9 11.8

22.7 26.0 21.4

7.1 7.7 10.1 18.4

22.1 22.9 26.0 24.1

7.0 12.0 14.8

21.4 25.4 26.9

†

°p-Ibpw kmaqly ka-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw kmº-ØnI D®\oN-Xz-ß-fp-sSbpw h¿K]-c-amb {]iv\ ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn\p ]Icw kmap-Zm-bnI-amb ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ tXSp-∂-Xn-\p≈ {]h-WX Gdn-hcp∂-Xm-bmWv A\p-`-hw. s]mXp-hn-Zy-me-b-ßƒ°p-]-Icw kz¥w PmXn aX hn`m-K-ß-fpsS kvIqfp-I-fn¬ Ipń- I sf Ab--° p- ∂ - X n- \ p≈ {]h- W X Gdn hcp- ∂ - X m- b mWv A\p- ` - h w. s]mXphnZym-e-b-ßƒ°p-]-Icw kz¥w PmXn aX hn`m-K-ß-fpsS kvIqfp-I-fn¬ Ipń-Isf Ab--°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kΩ¿±ß-fp-≠m--hp-∂p-≠v. cmjv{So-b-Øn¬ aX-˛-PmXn hn`m-K-ß-fpsS ÿm]nX Xmev]-cy-ßfpw k-Ω¿±-ßfpw h¿≤n® tXmXn-ep-≠v. s]mXp-th PmXn-˛-aX cmjv{So-b-sØ-°p--dn®pw, kvIqƒ {]th-i-\w, an{i-hn-hmlw F∂n-hs - b-°p--dn®pw ]T-\-Øn¬ e`n® {]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ Cu {]iv\Ø - ns‚ AIhpw ]pdhpw hy‡-am-°p∂ Nne kqN-\-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂p. PmXn-bp-sSbpw aX-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-epff cmjv{SobsØ kaqlw samØ-Øn¬ X≈n-∏-d-bp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv (]-ńI 2). 3.7 iX-am\w am{Xw aXØns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ cmjv{SobsØ A\p-Iqen-®-t∏mƒ 3.4 iX-am-\amWv PmXn cmjv{So-bsØ A\p-Iq-en-®-Xv. kmº-Øn-I-ambn ]ca Zcn{Zhn`m-K-ßfn¬ \n∂pw, aX hn`mK-sa-Sp-Øm¬ ap…o-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-amWv t\cnb tXmXn¬ aX cmjv{So-b-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-amb IqSnb {]Xn-I-cWap≈-Xv. CsXm-gn-®m¬ aX˛-PmXn cmjv{So-b-sØ-°p-dn®v A\p-Iq-e-amb {]Xn-I-c-W-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ F√m

146

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PmXn A[n-jvTnX cmjv{SobsØ ]n¥p-W-°p-∂-h¿ (%)

kz¥w PmXn / aX-°m-cpsS kvIqƒ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿ (%)

a°-fpsS hnPm-Xob hnhmlßƒ AwKo-I-cn-°m-Ø-h¿ (%)

a°-fpsS A\y-a-X-hn-hm-l-ßƒ AwKo-I-cn-°m-Ø-h¿ (%)

hn`mKw

aXm-[n-jvTnX cmjv{So-bsØ ]n¥p-W-°p-∂-h¿ (%)

]ńI˛2 h¿Ko-b-˛-Pm-Xob Nn¥bv°v Nne -kq-N-\-Iƒ

3.4

11.7

26.5

41.7

4.4 3.6 3.0 3.3

11.0 10.9 13.3 8.8

25.2 28.6 26.5 21.9

44.7 44.0 40.5 36.3

3.6 4.1 2.0

9.3 13.1 16.6

3.1 4.1 4.6 3.4

9.3 9.1 9.9 10.7

25.3 31.3 19.3 39.6

30.0 37.2 23.2 42.6

2.5 4.1 8.6

9.3 15.6 14.6

22.8 28.6 38.2

33.6 49.3 47.5

BsI 3.7 kmº-ØnI hn`m-Kw I 5.1 II 4.3 III 2.8 IV 3.5 aX-hn-`mKw lnµp 3.5 ap…nw 5.5 {InkvXy≥ 2.1 PmXn ]nt∂m-°-PmXn 3.2 apt∂m-°-PmXn 4.2 ]ń-I-PmXn 4.0 ]ńI h¿§w 3.4 cmjv{Sob B`n-apJyw F¬.Un.^v 2.4 bp.Un.F^v 4.8 _n.sP.]n 11.6

31.3 72.0 37.5

kmaqly ˛cm-jv{So-b-˛-aX hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw kam-\-amb {]Xn-I-c-W-am-Wp-≈Xv. Db¿∂ A\p-Iqe at\m`mhw C°m-cy-Øn¬ {]I-S-am-Ip-∂Xv _n.-sP.]n Bib-°m-cn-em-Wv. F∂m¬ kvIqƒ {]th-i-\-Øns‚ Imcyw hcp-tºmƒ at\m-`m-h-Øn¬ PmXn-˛aX A\p-`mhw Iptd-°qSn {]_-e-amhp-∂p-≠v (11.7%). kmº-ØnI \ne-b-\p-kcn®v t\m°p-tºmƒ kzk-ap-Zm-b-Øns‚ kvIqfp-I-fn¬Xs∂ Ipń-Isf Ab-°-Wsa∂ Xmev]-cy-Øn\v Aev]w kzm[o\w IqSp-X-ep-≈-Xv, Xmgv∂ CS-Ø-c-°m-cnepw {InkvXy≥ ap…ow aX hn`m-K-ß-fnepw _n.-sP.-]n. A\p-`m-h-ap≈hcn-ep-am-Wv. F¬.-

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147

Un.-F-^v, bp.-Un.-F-^v. A\p-`m-h-ap≈ IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ C°m-cy-Øn-ep≈ {]I-Samb hyXymkw Ah-bnse PmXn-˛-aX tNcp-h-bpsS {]Xn-^-e-\am-Imw. PmXn-bpsS t]cn-ep≈ D®\oN-Xz-ßƒs°-Xnsc i‡-amb kmaqly {]ÿm\-ßƒ Db¿∂p-h∂ {]tZ-i-amWv tIc-fw. kap-Zmb ]cn-jv°-cW {]ÿm-\-ßfpsS XpS¿®-bm-bmWv tIc-f-Ønse cmjv{So-bhpw hnZym-`ym-khpw {]_p-≤-X-bpsa√mw Icp-∏n-Sn-®-Xv. Pohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ \n¿Æm-bI hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Cu {]_p-≤X F{X-am{Xw {]Xn-^-en-°p∂p F∂-Xns‚ kqN\ A\y PmXn-˛-aX hnhml-ß-fpsS Imcyw DZm-l-cn-°p-∂p. hnPm-Xob hnhm-l-ß-tfmSv JWvUnX-amb FXn¿∏v {]I-Sn-∏n® IpSpw-_-ßƒ \men-sem∂phcpw. A\y-aX hnhm-l-ß-tfm-Sp≈ JWvUn-X-amb FXn¿∏v AXnepw i‡-amWv (41.7%). hnPm-Xob hnhm-l-ß-tfmSv kua-\kyw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv ]ńI-PmXn hn`m-K-am-Wv. FXn¿∏ns‚ tXmXv IqSp-X-ep-≈Xv apt∂m° PmXn-°m-cnepw, _n.-sP.-]n. A\p-`m-h-ap-≈-h-cn-ep-am-Wv. ]ńIh¿§-°m-cpsS C°m-cy-Øn-ep≈ {]Xn-Iqe at\m-`mhw Ah-cpsS IpemNm-c-ß-fn-ep≈ Dd® hnizm-k-Øns‚ {]Xn-^-e\w IqSn-bm-Imw. CXc aXhnhmlß-tfmSv I¿i-\-amb FXn¿∏p-≈Xv ap…ow hn`m-K-Øn-em-Wv (72%). _n.-sP.-]n., bp.-Un.-F^v A\p-`m-h-ap-≈-h¿°n-S-bn¬ Cu at\m-`mhw IqSp-X¬ i‡-am--hp-∂Xv Ah-bnse aX-hn-`mK kzm[o\w sIm≠p-X-s∂-bm-Wv. Db¿∂ kmº-ØnI \nebp-≈-h-cn¬ hnPm-Xo-b-˛-C-Xc aX hn`m-K-ß-tfm-Sp≈ FXn¿∏v {]mtbW Ipd-hmsW∂p ImWp-∂p. aXhpw cmjv{So-bm-`n-ap-Jy-hpw-˛-A-`n-{]m-b-ß-fnse kzm[o\w kmaqly cmjv{Sob Imcy-ß-fp-tSbpw temI ho£-W-Øn-s‚bpw Imcy-Øn¬ Hcp ]ucs‚ A`n-{]mb kao-]-\-ßsf aXhpw cmjv{So-bhpw GX-f-hn¬ kzm[o\n-°p-∂p? Gsd {i≤-bm-I¿jn® Nne {]iv\-ß-fn¬ P\-ß-fpsS {]Xn-Ic-W-ßsf kzm[o-\n-°p-∂Xv aXhpw Nne-t∏m-sg√mw cmjv{So-b-hp-am-sW-∂Xv \ap°v A\p-`h-ap-≠v. F∂m¬ aX ˛ cmjvSob ]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ°v AXo-X-ambn {]iv\-ßsf kao-]n-°p∂ Hcp ]mc-º-cy-Øn\pw \ΩpsS kaq-l-Øn¬ i‡-amb thcp-I-fp≠v. Gsd N¿® sNø-s∏´ Hcp km¿h-tZ-iob {]iv\-tØbpw Hcp tZiob {]iv\tØbpw Cu ]T-\-Øn¬ N¿®°p hnt[-b-am-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. _m_cn akvPnZv XI¿Ø-Xnepw CdmJv A[n-\n-th-i-Øn-epap≈ {]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNøptºmƒ sXfn™ph∂ {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw sshcp-[y-ßfpw kam-\-X-Ifpw Cu kzm[o\-ßsf {]Xnên∏n°p∂p (]-ńI 3). _m_-cn-akvPnZv XI¿Ø-Xv AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-h¿ hfsc Ipd-hm-sW-¶nepw kmºØn-I-\ne Db-cpw-tXmdpw AwKo-Imcw t\cnb tXm-Xn¬ h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. lnµp-a-X-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-´-h-cn¬ t]mepw 8.1 iX-am\w am{Xta Cu {]hr-Ønsb icn-bmbn Icp--Xp-∂p-≈q. _n.-sP.-]n.°v thm´p sNbvX-h-cn¬ 30.7 iX-am\w _m_cn ]≈n XI¿ØXv icn-bmb \S-]-Sn-bmbn Icp-Xp∂p. Ata-cn-°-bpsS CdmJv A[n-\n-th-i-Im-cy-Øn¬ tIc-f-Ønse P\-ßƒ i‡amb FXn¿ \ne-]m-sS-Sp-°p∂p≠v (84.4%). km{am-PyXz hntcm-[-Øns‚ ]mc-ºcyw

148

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]ńI˛3 aXhpw cmjv{Sob B`n-ap-Jyhpw i‡-ambn kzm[o-\n-°p∂ A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ

hn`mKw

_m_dn akvPnZv XI¿Ø-Xn\v AwKo-Imcw

BsI kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-w I II III IV aX-w lnµp ap…nw {InkvXy≥ cmjv{Sob B`n-apJyw F¬.Un.^v bp.Un.F^v _n.sP.]n

CjvS-s∏- ]m°n- ÿ m≥ CdmJv A[n-\nSmØ cmPyw G‰hpw th-iØ - n\v Atacn° CjvSan√mØ FXncv cmPyw

5.3

84.4

48.3

28.9

4.4 5.4 5.3 6.2

74.3 83.2 86.7 90.6

51.6 51.9 46.3 39.7

32.9 30.0 29.1 24.4

8.1 1.5 1.0

83.0 92.6 80.1

44.3 79.3 24.4

34.7 5.6 38.7

3.5 4.3 30.7

87.2 84.7 82.7

54.7 46.3 31.0

25.3 30.5 44.0

kaq-l-Øn¬ A\yw \n∂n-ń-s√∂p Xs∂-bm-Wn-Xp-]-d-bp-∂-Xv. \ne-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ sNdnb Nne hyXym- k - ß ƒ ImWm- s a- ¶ nepw Cu FXn¿∏v aX- ˛ - k m- º ØnI˛cmjv{Sobt`Z-ß-sf-sb√mw AXnewLn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ i‡-am-Wv. kmºØnI \ne-bn¬ Db¿∂ hn`m-K-Øn\pw C°m-cy-Øn¬ Db¿∂ tXmXn-ep≈ FXn¿ \ne-]m-Sm-Wp-≈-sX∂v (90.6%) A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. kmº-Øn-I-ambn G‰hpw Xmgv∂ hn`m-K-Øn-emWv Cu FXn¿\n-e-]m-Sn¬ Aev]w i‡n Ip-d-hp-≈Xv. am[y-a-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw A√m-sX-bpap≈ hnhc e`y-X-bp-sSbpw hnhn[ kwL-S\-Iƒ \S-Ønb Imº-bn≥ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-sSbpw kzm[o\w FØmØ XcØnep≈ PohnX kml-N-cy-amImw Cu hyXym-k-Øn\p Imc-Ww. ap- … o- ß - f n¬ 92.6% CdmJv A[n- \ n- t h- i sØ AwKo- I - c n- ° m- Ø - h - c m- W v . {InkvXy≥ hn`m-K-Øn¬ CXv 80.1 iX-am-\-ta-bp-≈q. _n.-sP.-]n. A\p-`m-h-ap-≈-hcnepw 82.7% A[n-\n-th-i-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb A`n-{]mbw {]I-Sn-∏n-®-h-cm-Wv. hnhn[ hn`mKw P\-ßƒ Xßƒ°v Xosc CjvS-an-√mØ cmPyw GXm-sW-∂Xn\p \evInb {]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ aX-˛-cm-jv{Sob hyXym-k-a-\p-k-cn®v i‡-amb G‰°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ {]I-S-am-°p-∂p. 48.3% t]¿ Ata-cn-°sb CjvS-an-√mØ cmPy-ambn ImWp-tºmƒ 28.9% t]¿ ]m°n-ÿm-s\-bmWv Aß-s\-Im-Wp-∂-Xv. kmºØn-Iambn Xmgv∂ hn`m-K-ß-sf At]-£n®v Db¿∂ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ Ata--cn-°-tbm-Sp≈ A\njvSw Ipd-hm-Wv. ap…ow P\-hn-`m-K-amWv Ata-cn-°sb CjvS-s∏-Sm-Ø-h-cn¬

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149

G‰hpw apºn¬ ( 79.3%). ]m°n-ÿms\ CjvS-s∏-Sm-Ø-h¿ G‰hpw Ipd-hp-≈Xv ap…o-ß-fn¬Xs∂ (5.6%) bp.-Un.-F-^v. B`n-ap-Jy-ap-≈-hsc At]-£n®v Ata-cn-°sb CjvS-s∏-Sm-Ø-h¿ IqSpX-ep-≈Xv CS-Xp-]-£-°m-cn-em-Wv. _n.-sP.-]n. B`n-ap-Jy-ap-≈-h-cn¬ Ata-cn°-tbmSp≈ A\njvSw hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. 31% am{Xw. ]m°n-ÿm-t\m-Sp≈ A\njvSw {]_-e-am-bp-≈Xpw Ch¿°p-X-s∂ (44%). Ata-cn-°sb CjvS-an-√m-Ø-h¿ G‰hpw Ipd-hp-≈Xv {InkvXy≥ hn`m-K-Øn-emWv (24.4%). Cu cmPy-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ \ΩpsS \mńse hyXykvX P\-hn-`m-K-ßfpsS kao-]-\-Øn\v Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Imc-W-ß-fp-≠v. aX-hn-izm-k-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ Cu A`n-{]m-b-ß-fn¬ {]_-e-amb kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-∂p-s≠∂pw ImWmw. A`n-{]mb cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ h¿Ø-am-\-]{Xß-fpsS kzm[o\w kaq-l-Øn¬ A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw [mcWIfpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ am[ya kzm[o\w h¿≤n-®p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. A`n-{]mb \n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ kaq-l-Ønse Db¿∂ hn`m-K-ß-fn-ep-≈-h-cm-Wv. Cu hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ am[ya kzm[o\hpw am[y-a-ß-fn¬ Ah- c psS kzm[o- \ hpw i‡-- a m- W v . ap≥Im- e - ß - f n¬ {]ÿm- \ - ß fpw t\Xm°fpamWv P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ A`n-{]mb cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ Imcy-amb kzm[o\w sNep- Ø p- ∂ - s X- ¶ n¬ hen- s bm- c - f - h n¬ C∂v am[y- a - ß ƒ B ÿm\- t Ø°v h∂n´p≠v. Zriy-am-[y-a-ßsf At]-£n®v IrXy-amb tN-cn-Xn-cn-thmsS \ne-]m-sSSp-°p∂ ]mc-º-cy-ap-≈-h-bmWv tIc-f-Ønse ]{X-ßƒ. CS-Xp-]-£-Øns‚ \ne]m-Sp-Iƒ {]Xn-^-en-°p∂ Hcp ]{Xw am{X-ta-bp-≈q. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn he-Xp-]£ A\p-Iqe kao-]-\-sa-Sp-°p∂ ]{X-ß-fpsS hmb-\m-k-aqlw hn]p-e-am-Wv. tI-c-fØnse am[y-a-cwKw kPo-h-am-Wv. Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb N¿®-Ifpw anI® At\z-jW-ß-fp-ap-≠m-hp-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ ]{X-˛-Zriy am[y-a-ta-J-e-bnse ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS s]cp-∏hpw XΩn-ep≈ a’-chpw ImcWw hyXy-kvX-amb {]h-W-X-Ifpw [mcm-fambn {]I-S-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. cmjv{So-b-Nmbvhpw kmaq-ly-˛-km-º-ØnI \nebpw A`n-{]m-b-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-ên-°p∂p≠v. Ch-bp-ambn ]{X-ßƒ°p≈ _‘hpw ]T-\m¿l-am-Wv. Cu ]ckv]c kzm[o\w Xncn®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp∂ \mep tNmZy-ß-fpsS DØ-c-ß-fmWv Xmsg]-d-bp∂ hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-W-Øn¬ km[m-cW hnI-k\ ]≤XnIsf At]-£n®v AgnaXn IqSp-X-ept≠m? _µv, l¿Øm¬ F∂nh ]q¿Æ-ambpw Dt]-£n-°-s∏-tS-≠XmtWm? kzm{ib hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ A\n-hm-cy-X-bmtWm? t\cn-´p≈ hntZi apX¬ap-S°v KpW-I-c-amtWm? F∂o tNmZy-ß-tfm-Sp≈ {]Xn-I-c-W-amWv ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xv (]-ńI 4). P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-W-Øn¬ Agn-aXn IqSp-X-em-sW∂p ]d--bp-∂-h¿ 17.4% am{Xam-Wv. thmńMv Nmbvh-\p-kcn®v bp.-Un.-F-^v, _n.-sP.-]n. \ne-]m-Sp-Imcpw kmºØnI \ne-b-\p-k-cn®v Db¿∂ kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ßfpw a‰p-≈-hsc At]-£n®v Agn-aXn IqSpXem-sW∂ A`n-{]m-b-°m-cm-Wv. _µn-t\mSpw l¿Øm-en-t\m-Sp-ap≈

150

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P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-WØn¬ Agn-aXn IqSpX-emWv

_µv/ l¿Øm¬ FXncv

kzm{ib hnZym-eb-ßƒ A\n-hm-cyamWv

t\cn-´p≈ hntZi aqe-[\w KpW-I-camWv

]ńI˛4A`n-{]mb cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ h¿Ø-am\]{X-ß-fpsS kzm[o\w

BsI 17.4 hmßp∂ ]{X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ CS-Xp-]£ ]{Xw 9.3 he-Xp-]£ ]{Xw 22.8 a‰p ]{X-ßƒ 16.0 ]{Xw hmßm-Ø-h¿ 17.9 cmjv{So-bm-`n-apJyw F¬.Un.^v 14.1 bp.Un.F^v 21.8 _n.sP.]n 22.9 kmº-ØnI hn`m-Kw I 12.4 II 16.1 III 19.5 IV 19.2

63.1

12.7

20.4

35.9 74.7 62.9 63.9

8.7 20.8 7.9 16.5

13.6 26.4 19.7 19.9

52.0 72.7 73.6

8.5 17.3 17.6

17.1 24.8 22.6

64.3 62.5 63.1 65.1

5.6 8.4 15.0 26.3

18.3 19.9 21.0 22.8

hn`mKw

kao-]-\-Øn¬ F¬.-Un.-F-^v, bp.-Un.-F-^v, _n.-sP.]n kao-]-\-ßƒ XΩn¬ henb A¥-c-ap-≠v. F∂m¬ kmº-ØnI \ne-b-\p-k-cn®v ]ca Zcn-{Z¿ apX¬ Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m¿ hsc-bp≈ \mep hn`m-K-ß-fnepw _µv ˛ l¿Øm¬ F∂n-hsb A\pIq-en-°m-Ø-h-cpsS iX-am\w Gsd-°psd H∂p Xs∂-bm-Wv. (bYm-{Iaw 64.3%, 62.5%, 63.1%, 65.1 % F∂n-ßs\). kmº-Øn-I-amb ISpØ Ak-a-Xz-Ønepw Cu hn`m-K-ßƒ XΩn¬ C°m-cy-Øn-ep≈ A`n-{]m-b-kmayw hnkva-b-I-c-am-Wv. kzm{ib ÿm]-\-ßƒ A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂p Icp-Xp-∂-h¿ kaq-l-Øn¬ Hcp sNdp \yq\-]£w am{X-am-Wv (12.7%). F¬.-Un.-F^n\p thm´p-sN-bvX-h-cn¬ 8.5% am{X-am-Wv Cßs\ Nn¥n-°p-∂-Xv. bp.-Un.-F-^n\pw _n.-sP.-]n°pw thm´p sNbvXh-cn¬ 17% hoXhpw. kmº-ØnI hn`mKw Xncn®p ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ kmºØnI \ne Db-cpwtXmdpw kzm{ib ÿm]-\-ß-tfm-Sp≈ {]nbw h¿[n®p hcp∂Xp-Im-Wmw. (hn`mKw˛1 5.6%˛ hn`mKw 4˛ 26.3%) ]Ww sImSpØp hnZym-`ymkw hmßm-\p≈ tijn-bpsS kqN-\-bmWv Cu {]Xn-I-cW hyXymk-Øn-\p- Im-c-Wsa-∂q-ln-®mepw Db¿∂ kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ß-fn¬t]mepw \men-sem∂p IpSpw_-ßƒ am{Xta kzm{ib ÿm]-\-ßsf A\p-Iq-en--°p-∂p-≈q F∂p ImWmw. hntZi aqe-[\w (Kƒ^v hcp-am\a√ F∂v {]tXyIw hniZo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p.) hcp∂Xv KpW-I-c-am-sW∂v Icp--Xp-∂-h¿ 20.4 iX-am\ap≠v. cmjv{Sob Nmbvhns‚bpw

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151

kmº-ØnI \ne-hm-c-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ hyXym-k-ßƒ Chn-sSbpw {]I-S-am-Wv. Cu \mep Imcy-ßfnepw ]{X-h-cn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ {]Xn-I-cWw {]tXyI {i≤-bm-I¿jn-°p-∂p. he-Xp-]£ ho£-W-ap≈ ]{X-ß-fpsS {]Xn-IcWw F√m-Ønepw Db¿∂p \n¬°p-∂p. CS-Xp-]£ ]{X-h-cn-°m-cpsS Cc-ń-be[n-I-amWv Ch-cpsS {]Xn-I-c-WØns‚ tXmXv. kaq-l-Øn¬ s]mXp-sh-bp≈ A`n-{]m-b-tØ-°mƒ Db¿∂ tXmXn-¬ A`n-{]m-bßsf kzm[o-\n-°m≥ Cu ]{Xßƒ°v km[n°p-∂p F∂-Xns‚ kqN-\-bmWv Cu \mep Imcy-ß-fn-ep-ap≈ ]{X hcn-°m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-ß-fpsS hni-I-e\w hy-‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. s]mXp kwhn-[m-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ A`n-{]mbw Hcp ]cn-jvIrX kaq-l-Ønse P\-Po-hn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ G‰hpw {][m-\s∏´ kqN-I-ß-fn-sem∂v Ahn-SpsØ s]mXp kwhn-[m-\-ß-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hm-c-amWv. Bip-]-{Xn, kvIqƒ F∂n-h-bpsS Im-cy-Øn¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ s]mXp {]iv\ß-fpsS XpS¿® Xs∂-bmWv a‰p kmaqly tkh\ ÿm]-\-ß-fnepw A\p-`-hs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu ÿm]-\-ßsf kao-]n-°p∂ s]mXp-P-\-ß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-epIƒ°v henb sFI-cq-]yap-≠v. AXn¬Xs∂ h¿§-hy-Xymkw AYhm kmº-ØnI \ne-hmcw kao-]-\-ßsf kzm[o-\n--°p-∂p-s≠∂pw ImWmw. kz¥w A\p-`h - Ø - ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ Imcy-ßƒ \S-°m≥ {]bm-ka - p≈ Hmôkp-Ifpw Ffp-∏a - p≈ k¿∆o-kp-If - pw- Gh F∂ At\z-jW - Ø - n\p e`n® {]Xn-Ic - W-ßƒ Xmsg t{ImUo-Ic - n-®n-cn°p-∂p (]-ńI 5). Imcy-ßƒ \S∂p In´p-∂-Xn¬ G‰hpw Ipd-®v {]bmkw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Xt±i Kh¨sa‚ v Hmô-kp-I-fnepw, Irjn-`-h-\p-I-fn-ep-am-Wv. sshZyp-Xn, Pe-hnX-c-Ww, cPn-kvt{S-j≥ F∂n-h-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Imcy-ßƒ \S-°m≥ {]bmkw IqSp-X-em-sW∂v F√m-hn-`m-K-Øn-epapƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿ ]d-bp-∂p. ]ńI˛5 Imcy-ßƒ \S-°m≥ {]bm-k-ap≈ Hmô-kp-Iƒ kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-a-\p-k-cn®v Hmôkv hnt√Pv Hmôkv ]©m-bØv / ap\n-kn-∏m-en‰n / tIm¿∏-td-j≥ Irjn-`-h≥ Ce-Iv{Sn-kn‰n Pe-hn-Xc - Ww cPn-kvt{S-j≥ t]meokv tImSXn

152

I 60.9

II 64.9

III 64.2

IV 64.9

F√mw 64.2

53.0 59.4 67.2 75.3 67.0 78.5 78.8

50.2 51.8 63.9 68.1 64.0 75.6 74.3

50.6 48.0 64.0 63.7 63.8 73.5 73.3

53.0 48.1 64.9 64.2 63.7 75.6 70.8

51.1 50.9 64.6 66.7 64.4 75.0 74.0

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]ńI˛6 Imcy-ßƒ \∂mbn \S-°p-∂Xv GXp-hn-`mKw Hmô-kn¬ kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-a-\p-k-cn®v Hmôkv tI{µ k¿°m¿ Hmôkv kwÿm\k¿°m¿ Hmôkv {]mtZ-inI Kh¨sa‚ v H∂n-ep-an√

F√mw

I

II

III

IV

18.0

22.3

31.7

42.2

28.1

11.0

10.6

9.1

6.0

9.6

34.7 35.6

34.2 31.2

28.5 28.9

20.0 29.8

29.9 30.7

Imcy-ßƒ \S°m≥ G‰hpw {]bm-k-ap≈ hIp-∏p-Iƒ t]meokpw(75%) tImSXn (74%) bpam-Wv. kmº-ØnI t`Z-at\y C°m-cy-Øn¬ GIm-`n-{]m-b-am-Wv. t]meokp-Imcpw tImS-Xn-Po-h-\-°m-cp-sa√mw Dƒ∏-Sp-∂ -km-º-ØnI hn`mKw 3˛¬ C°mcy-Øn¬ t\cn-b-Ip-dhvv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ (73%) ]ca Zcn{Z hn`m-K-ßƒ°v G‰hpw {]bmkw t]meokpw tImS-Xnbpw Xs∂. Imcy-ßƒ \∂mbn \S-°p-∂Xv GXp hn`mKw Hmô-kn-em-Wv? P\-ß-fpsS A\p-`-h-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ {]XnI-c-W-ßƒ {]k-‡-amb Nne s]mXp-hn-h-c-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂p (]-ńI 6). {]mtZ-inI Kh¨sa‚p-If - nepw tI{µ-Kh - ¨sa‚ v ÿm]-\ß - f - n-ep-amWv t`Z-s∏´ \ne-bn¬ Imcy-ßƒ \S°p∂Xmbn P\-ßƒ ImWp-∂X - v. ]ca Zcn-{Z, Zcn-{Z-hn-`m-Kßƒ°v Imcy-ßƒ \∂mbn \S-°p-∂-Xmbn A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ]©m-bØv/ap\nkn-∏m-en-‰n- XpS-ßnb {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-dp-I-fn-em-Wv. hcp-am\w G‰hpw Db¿∂ kmº-ØnI hn`mKw 4 ep≈h¿ \∂mbn Imcy-ßƒ \S-°p∂ Hmô-kp-If - mbn ImWp-∂X - v tI{µ-k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\ß - s - f-bm-Wv (42.2%). kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ ÿm]\-ßsf \√-Xm-bn- Im-Wp∂ sNdp \yq\-]£w (6%) am{Xta C-°q-ć - n-ep-≈q. A[n-Imc hntI-{µo-I-c-Whpw AXns‚ `mK-amb DtZym-Kÿ ]p\¿hy-\ymkhpw Ct∏mgpw ISpØ {]Xn-k-‘n-I-fn-em-Wv. Cu ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ°n-S-bnepw Xt±i k¿°m¿ Hmô-kp-Iƒ P\-ßƒ°v, {]tXy-In®v Zcn-{Z-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°v sa®-s∏-´-Xmbn tXm∂p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Ah C\nbpw sa®-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xv kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-bpsS `mKambn ImW-Ww. kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ Hmô-kp-Iƒ F√m hn`m-K-ßƒ°pw Hcpt]mse A{]nb-am-Im-\p≈ ImcWat\z-jn-°p-Ibpw thWw. _lp-`q-cn-]£w k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m¿ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ III˛mw hn`m-K-Øn¬t]mepw 9 %t]¿ am{Xta Imcy-ßƒ \∂mbn \S-°p∂ tI{µ-ß-fmbn kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ Hmô-kp-Isf ImWp-∂p-≈q.- tk-h-\-ta-Je kzIm-cy-h-Xv°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw k¿°m¿ \njv{I-an°m≥ \n¿_‘n°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-ßsf sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw P\-{]n-b-am-°m\pw ASn-b-¥nc {ia-ß-fp-≠m-bns√-¶n¬ Poh-\-°m¿°v Ah-cpsS t]mcm-´-ß-fn¬ P\-]n-¥pW e`n-°msX hcpw. `cW ]cn-jv°mc IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ \S-∏m-Im-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw Pt\m-]-Im-c-

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153

{]-Z-a-√mØ `c-W\ho-I-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ apt∂-dp-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ \mam-hti-j-am-Ip-∂Xv knhn¬k¿∆okv Xs∂-bm-Wv. ssI°q-en-bpsS hym]vXn \ΩpsS \mń¬ \ne-hn-ep-ff kmaqly hyhÿbpsS IqsS-∏n-d-∏mWv Agn-aXn. tZiob Xe-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ h≥ Agn-a-Xn-Iƒ-˛-_m¶v hmbv∏mX-ń-∏pIƒ,Hml-cn-X-ń-∏p-Iƒ ,bp-t≤m-]-I-c-W-Icm-dp-Iƒ,-F-∂n-h-sb√mw Ipw`-tIm-W-ßƒ F∂dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-hbpw an°-t∏mgpw h≥ cmjv{Sob ]n¥p-W-tbmsS \S-°p-∂-h-bp-amWv. h\w,-N-µ-\w, dnb¬ FtÃ‰v, hn-Zy-m`ym-kw, -B-tcmKyw, B-flobw XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fn-se√mw am^n-bm-kz-`m-h-am¿Pn-°p∂ Agn-aXn kwkvImcw hym]n-°p∂Xv tIc-f-Øn¬ F‰hpw henb òj-Wn-bmbn amdn-bn-´p-≠v. km[m-cW P\ßsf kw_‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Ch-sb√mw dnt∏m¿´v sNø-s∏´v Adn-bp∂ kw`-hß-fm-Wv. Agn-a-Xn km[m-cW P\-ßƒ°v {]Xy-£-Øn¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ssI°q-en-bpsS cq]-Øn-emWv. k¿°m¿ tkh-\-ß-fp-ambn _‘s∏´ ssIIq-enbmWv CXn¬ `qcn-`m-K-hpw. ssI°q-ensb Ipdn-®p≈ At\z-j-W-Øn¬ Is≠-Øn-bXv Imcyw \S-°m≥ ssI°qen \evIm≥ Xøm-dm-sW∂v ]d-bp-∂-h-cpsS FÆw A{X Ipd-h√ F∂-mWv.- ]-T-\-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-´- \men-sem∂p IpSpw-_ßfn¬ (25.9%) GsX-¶nepw ImcyØn\v Ign™ Hcp-h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ssI°qen sImSp-Øn-´p≈ A\p-`-h-ap≠v (]-ńI˛7). ssI°qen \evIp-∂-h-cpsS iX-am\w kmº-Øn-I-\ne Db-cp-∂-Xn\v A\p-{I-aambn Db-cp-∂p≠v. ]c-a-Z-cn-{Z-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ CXv 16.1 iX-am-\amWv.- D-b¿∂ CS-Ø]ńI 7 Ign™ Hcp h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ssI°qen \¬In-bXv kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-w I II III IV BsI

% 16.1 22.5 29.8 33.5 25.9

]ńI 8 ssI°q-en-bpsS ImcWw kt¥m-j-Øn\v \m´p-\-S-∏n-\\p-k-cn®v kzta-[bm tNmZn-®p-hm-ßn-bXv \n¿_-‘-Xn-X-cm-bXv

154

tIcfw

9.3 12.8 4.6 12.9 56.8 Fßs\ Pohn-°p-∂p? Fßs\ Nn¥n-°p∂p?

c-°m-cmb 4 mw hn`m-K-Øn¬ Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-ßfpw h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xn-\memImw CXv Cc-ń-bmbn (33.5%) amdp-∂p-≠v. kt¥m-j-kq-N-I-ambpw \m´p-\-S-∏m-sW-∂-p I-cp-Xnbpw tNmZn®p hmßn-bp-sa√mw ssI°q- e nbps≠- ¶ nepw \ev I n- b - h - c n¬ 56.8% t]cpw ssI°qen \¬Im≥ \n¿_‘n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-sX∂v ]d-bp-∂p. \nb-a-°p-cp-°p-Ifpw N´ßfpsS Zp¿hym-Jym-\-ßfpw P\-ß-fpsS A⁄-X-bpsa√mw ssI°q-en°p Imc-WamIp-∂p≠v-. -b-Ym¿∞ `c-W-\-ho-IcWw Cu Znibn-ep≈ \nba ]cn-jvI-c-W-ßƒ°v hgn Xpd-°Ww. hnh-cm-h-Imi \nb-a-Øns‚ NphSp ]nSn®v Hcp henb _lpP\{]ÿm-\-Øn\p Xs∂ cq]w \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v. P\-Io-bm-kq-{XWw ˛ P\-ß-fpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ 1996¬ Bcw- ` n® P\- I o- b m- k q- { XW {]ÿm\w Xt±i kzbw- ` - c W ÿm]\ßƒ°v A[n-Imcw ssIam-dp-∂-Xn\pw Bkq-{XW hntI-{µo-I-c-W-ØneqsS hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn hn]p-e-amb P\-Iob kΩ¿-±apb¿Øp-∂-Xn-\pap≈ cmjv{Sob ˛ `cW \S-]-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CØ-c-samcp DZyaw t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cp∂ F√m sshX-cWn-Ifpw `cW Xe-Ønepw cmjv{SobXe-Ønepw DtZym-KÿXe-Ønepw Cu {]ÿm\w t\cn-´p. -sN-dnb tIm´-ßƒ s]cp-∏n-®p-ImWn-°m≥ {ia-ap-≠mbn. kpXmcyamb \S-Øn-∏p-co-Xn-Iƒ ]e Xe-ßfnepw Atemk-c-ap-≠m-°n. ]gb Nmep-I-fn-ep≈ {]h¿Ø\ coXn-Iƒ°p XpS-¿-®-bmbn Cu {]h¿Ø-\-tØbpw am‰m≥ {ia-ß-fp--≠m-bn. F∂m¬ ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°p-I-sfSpØp ]cn-tim-[n-®mepw {]mtZ-inI A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Ønepw A\-\yamb t\´-ß-fmWv Cu {]ÿm\w krjvSn-®-sX∂p ImWmw. Cu {]{In-b-bpsS t]mcm-bva-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw Cu {]{In-bsb Xs∂ hgn-Xn-cn®p hnSp-Ibpw ac-hn-∏-n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂- {]-h¿Ø-\-amWv ]n¬°me k¿°m¿ \S-]-Sn-I-fn-ep-≠m-bXv. P\-Io-bm-kq-{XW {]ÿm\w ê-Øn¬ C√m-Xmbn c≠p h¿jw Ign-™mWv Cu ]T\w \S-∂Xv hy‡nK-X-amb B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ e`n® IpSpw-_-ßƒ 30.3% hcpw. ]ca Zcn{Zcpw (45.7%) Zcn-{Z-cp-amb (39%) hn`m-K-ßƒ°mWv hy‡n-]-c-amb KpWw Gsd-bp≠m-bXv (]ńI 9). kmº-Øn-I-\ne Db-cp-t¥mdpw hy‡n-KX B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ Ipd-bp-∂p-≠v. hoSv, I°q-kv, sXmgn-ep-]-I-c-Wßƒ, BSp-am-Sp-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\bp≈ hnhn[ hy‡nKX B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ Gsdbpw e`n-®Xv Zp¿_e hn`m-K-ßƒ°m-sW∂v Cu IW°p-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂p. ]ń-I-PmXn IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ 52.2 -i-X-am-\-Øn\pw ]ńI h¿§ IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ 65 iX-am-\-Øn\pw hy‡n-K-X-ambn P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-W-Øn-eqsS KpW-ap-≠m-b-Xmbn {]Xn-I-cWw e`n-®p. Ahch-cpsS {]tZ-iØv P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-WØ - n-eqsS t\´-ap-≠mtbm F∂ tNmZyØn\v 79.1% t]cpw t\´-ap-≠m-b-Xmbn {]Xn-I-cn®p. kz¥w {]tZ-iØv GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ kmaqly BkvXn krjvSn-°-s∏-ń-´p-s≠∂ 80 iX-am-\-tØmfw

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155

hcp∂ IpSpw-_ß - f - psS {]Xn-Ic - Ww P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-WØ - n\p e`n-°m-hp∂ G‰hpw anI® km£y]{Xw Xs∂-bm-Wv. kmº-ØnI \ne, -cm-jv{So-bw, aXw, PmXn F∂nh-bnse hyXy-kvX-X-Iƒ Cu {]Xn-I-c-W-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Imcy-ambn kzm[o\n-°p-∂n-√. -s]m-Xpsh F√m hn`m-K-ß-fnepw 75% Øn\p apI-fn¬ t]¿ C°m-cyØn¬ A\p-Iqe A`n-{]mbw {]I-Sn-∏n-®-h-cm-Wv. G‰hpw Db¿∂ kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-Øn¬ 70.9 iX-am-\hpw _n.-sP.-]n.-thm-´¿am-cn¬ 73.3- iX-am-\hpw P\-Iobm-kq-{X-W-Øn¬ kmaqly BkvXn krjvSn-°-s∏´p F∂v A\p-`-h-s∏-´-h-cm-Wv. ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°m-cnepw ]ń-I-h¿§-°m-cnepw C°m-cy-Øn-ep≈ A\p-Iqe {]Xn-I-cWw hfsc Db¿∂-Xm-Wv (84.4%, 88.1%). ]Xn-hp- k¿°m¿ ]cn-]m-Sn-Isf At]-£n®v P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-W-Øn¬ Agn-aXn Ipd-hm-sW∂v 44.1 iX-am\w t]¿ A`n-{]-mb-s∏-´-t∏mƒ Agn-aXn IqSp-X-em-sW∂ A`n-{]mbw {]I-Sn-∏n-®-h¿ 17.4 iX-am-\-am-Wv. F¬.-Un.-F-^v. Nmbvhp-≈-h-cn¬

156

km[m-cW k¿°m¿ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-sf-°mƒ Agn-aXn Ipdhv

km[m-cW k¿°m¿ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-sf-°mƒ Agn-aXn IqSp-X¬

ap≥Im-esØ t]mse XpS-cWw

BsI kmº-ØnI hn`m-Kw I II III IV cmjv{Sob B`n-apJyw F¬.Un.^v bp.Un.F^v _n.sP.]n aX-w lnµp ap…nw {InkvXy≥ PmXn ]nt∂m-°-PmXn apt∂m-°-PmXn ]ń-I-PmXn ]ńI h¿§w

{]tZ-i-Øn\v t\´w

hn`mKw

IpSpw-_-Øn\v t\´w

]ńI 9 P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ A`n-{]mbw

30.3

79.1

44.1

17.4

54.8

45.7 39.0 23.7 11.1

78.3 83.4 77.8 70.9

45.0 46.5 43.5 37.4

12.4 16.1 19.5 19.2

66.5 63.8 48.2 39.3

36.4 28.3 25.6

85.2 76.4 73.3

55.6 37.4 31.9

14.1 21.8 22.9

63.7 51.2 51.5

34.1 25.6 24.1

80.5 77.1 77.4

46.2 41.7 40.8

17.1 14.4 21.3

59.0 46.3 52.0

34.3 22.3 52.2 65.0

81.6 76.0 84.4 88.1

48.5 40.4 50.9 43.1

16.9 19.8 14.1 19.0

60.1 48.6 73.0 72.9

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55.6 % t]¿ Agn-aXn Ipd-hm-sW∂v A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ bp.-Un-.-F-^v. Nmbvhp≈-h-cn¬ 37.4 iX-am-\-amWv Aßs\ Icp-Xp-∂-h¿. P\-Io-bm-kq-{XWw ap≥Im-esØ t]mse XpS-c-W-sa-∂mWv 54.8%t]¿ B{Kln°p-∂-Xv. kmº-ØnI \ne-hm-c-a-\p-k-cn®v Cu {]Xn-I-cWw hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v. ]ca Zcn-{Zcpw Zcn-{Z-cp-amb H∂pw c≠pw kmº-ØnI {Kq∏p-I-fpsS {]Xn-I-c-WØns‚ tXmXv (b-Ym-{Iaw 66.5, 63.8-i-X-am-\w) aq∂pw \mepw {Kq∏p-I-fn¬ {Iaambn Ipd-bp-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ _n.-sP.-]n., bp.-Un.-F-^v. Nmbvhp-≈-h-cnepw ]Ip-Xnbn-te-sd-t∏¿ Cu A`n-{]mbw {]I-Sn-∏n-®-h-cm-Wv.- ]-ń-I-Pm-Xn, ]ń-I-h¿§ hn`m-Kß-fn¬ ap°m¬ ]¶pw P\-Io-bm-kq-{XWw XpS-c-W-sa∂v B{K-ln-°p-∂p. P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-WsØ°pdn®v Gsd hnhm-Z-ß-fp-b-cp-Ibpw hm¿Øm-am-[y-a-ßfn-eqsS Gsd Ah-a-Xn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX Ime-L-´-Øn-emWv Cu ]T\w \S∂Xv F∂Xv {]tXyIw ]cm-a¿in-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Iƒ, t{SUv bqWn-b≥, kl-I-cW kwLw, kzbw klmb kwLw F∂n-h-bnse AwKXzw P\-ß-fpsS kwL-SnX {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hgn kmaqly am‰-ap-≠mb {]tZ-iamWv tIcfw. cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw sXmgn¬ kwL-S-\-I-fpsS ka-c-ßfpw P\-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ i‡-amb kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-b-Xns‚ ê-ambn `cW \S-]-SnIƒ°p≈ kmaq-ly-k-Ω¿±ambpw amdn. tIc-f-Ønse hnZym-`ymk ˛ BtcmKy taJ-e-I-fnse t\´-ß-fpsS {][m\ Imc-W-ambn kwL-SnX P\-Iob CS-s]-S-epIƒ hne-bn-cp-Øs∏Smdp-≠v. cm-jv{Sob ]m¿ń {]h¿Ø\ coXn-I-fn¬ am‰-ap-≠m-bn-´p-s≠-¶nepw Ah tIcf kaq-l-Ønse G‰hpw i‡hpw Ne-\m-fl-I-hp-amb km∂n-≤y-am-Wv. ap∂-Wn-b-Snÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpsS ê-amb kPo-h-Xbpw AXns‚ {]tXy-I-Xbm-Wv. kwL-SnX hyh-km-b-ßƒ Ipd-hmb tIc-f-Øn¬ t{SUv bq\n-b≥ {]h¿Ø\-ß-fnse {][m\ km∂n≤yw k¿∆okv kwL-S-\-I-fp-tS-Xm-Wv. kl-I-cW taJebv°v, tIc-f-Øn¬ i‡-amb thcp-I-fp≠v. ]T-\-a-\p-k-cn®v cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-I-fn¬ AwKXzap≈h¿ 23.3% IpSpw-_-ßfnemWv. t{SUv bq\n-b≥ kwL-S-\-I-fnse AwKXzw CXnepw Ipd-hm-Wv. F∂m¬ 62.4% GsX-¶nepw kl-I-cW kwL-Øn¬ AwK-ß-fp-≈- Ip-Spw-_-ß-fmWv. XmcX-tay\ ]pXn-bXpw s]mXpsh kv{XoI-fp-tS-Xp-am-{X-hpamb kzbw klmb kwLßƒ°pw sNdp-X-√mØ kzm[o-\-ap-≠v. (]-ńI 10) kmº-ØnI \ne-hm-ca - \ - p-kc - n-®p≈ hn`m-Kß - f - n¬ 1, 11, 111 {Kq∏p-If - nse cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń AwK-ß-fpsS iX-am\w Gsd-°psd Hcp-t]m-se-bm-Wv. cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń AwK-ß-fn¬ _lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw Zcn-{Z-cnepw Xmgv∂ CS-Ø-c-°m-cn-ep-am-Wv Dƒs∏Sp-∂Xv. Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m-cn¬ cmjv{Sob]m¿ń AwK-ßƒ Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hmWv˛16.7%. CSXp ]£-Øn\p thm´p sNbvX-h-cn¬ 33.2 % cmjv{Sob]m¿ń AwKß-fp≈ IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ \n∂m-Wv. F∂m¬ bp.-Un.-F-^ns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ CXv 20% amWv.- t{SUv bqWn-b≥ AwK-Xz-Øns‚ tXmXv kmº-Øn-I-\ne Db-cp-∂-Xn-\-

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157

]ńI˛10 cmjv{So-b-]m¿ń, t{SUv bqWn-b≥, kl-I-c-W-kw-Lw, kzbw-k-lm-b-kwLw F∂n-h-bnse AwKXzw hn`mKw

cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń

BsI 23.3 kmº-ØnI hn`m-Kw I 24.2 II 24.0 III 23.7 IV 16.7 cmjv{Sob B`n-apJyw F¬.Un.^v 33.2 bp.Un.F^v 20.0 _n.sP.]n 24.1 aXw lnµp 25.4 ap…nw 22.4 {InkvXy≥ 18.5 PmXn ]nt∂m-°-PmXn 25.3 apt∂m-°-PmXn 20.6 ]ń-I-PmXn 33.5 ]ńI h¿§w 42.1

t{SUv bqWn-b≥ kl-I-cW kwLw kzbw klmb-kwLw 16.3

62.4

38.2

15.1 14.8 17.1 20.2

48.9 60.8 67.7 66.8

54.0 50.3 31.1 9.5

21.5 12.5 13.8

68.0 60.2 61.6

46.2 33.7 31.1

19.6 9.5 14.2

65.8 46.9 70.1

43.6 23.5 38.6

19.9 17.2 20.7 11.7

69.4 65.8 59.0 50.0

45.0 29.8 58.5 78.3

\p-k-cn®v Db-cp-∂-Xm-bmWv ImWp-∂-Xv. \mep kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ t{SUv bq\n-b≥ AwK-Xz-Øns‚ iX-am\w IqSp-X-ep-≈Xv Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m-cpsS {Kq∏n (IV) -em-Wv. 20.2%. (cm-jv{Sob ]m¿ń AwK-Xz-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Cu {Kq∏n-emWv G‰hpw Ipd™ iX-am\w ImWp-∂-Xv). cmjvSobm-`n-ap-Jy-a-\p-k-cn®v t\m°p-tºmƒ t{SUv bq\n-b≥ AwKXzw IqSp-Xep-≈Xv F¬.-Un.-F-^n-em-Wv.-kw-L-SnX sXmgn¬ taJ-e-bn¬ ap…nw hn`m-K-Øns‚ Ipdhv sXmgn¬ kwL-S-\m-cw-KØpw {]Xn-^-en°p∂p. 62.4% IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ kl-I-cW kwL- Aw-K-ß-fp-s≠-¶nepw kl-I-c-Wta-J-e-bpsS KpWw th≠{X e`n-°mØ hn`m-K-amWv ]c-a-Z-cn-{Z¿. CS-Ø-c-°mcpsS CS-bn-emWv hnhn[ kl-I-c-W-kw-L-ß-fn¬ AwKXzw IqSp-X-ep-≈-Xv. ]ńI-PmXn˛]ń-I-h¿K-°mcmWv kl-I-c-W-ta-J-ebn¬ Ipd™ ]¶m-fnØ-ap≈ hn`mKw. AtX -k-abw Xmc-X-tay\- ]p-Xnb kwL-S-\m-cq-]-amb kzbw-k-lmb-kw-Lßƒ IqSp-X-em-bp-≈Xv ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-˛-]-ń-I-h¿K-°m¿°n-S-bn-em-Wv(78.3%). F≥.-Pn.H

158

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Ifpw aX-hn-`m-K-ß-fpw \S-Øp∂ kwL-ß-fmhmw Ch-bn¬ ]e-Xpw. Zcn{Z hn`m-Kß-fn¬ 50% Øne-[nIw IpSpw-_-ßƒ°v kzbw-k-lm-b-kw-L-ß-fp-ambn _‘-ap≠v. kl-I-c-W-ta-J-e-bnepw kzbw-k-lm-b-kw-L-ß-fnepw ap…nw-hn-`m-KØns‚ ]¶m-fnØw Ipd-hm-Wv.-CXv kmap-Zm-bn-I-amb Nne kwL-S-\-mcq]-ßƒ {]h¿Øn°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Im-sa-¶nepw s]mXp-a-WvU-e-Ønse {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\p ]I-cw-sh°m≥ Chbv°v Ign-bn-√ F∂p Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. sXmgn-ep-Ifpw P\-ßƒ°n-S-bnse AwKo-Im-chpw hyXykvX Pohn-X-am¿K-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈-h¿°v kaq-l-Øn-ep≈ AwKoImcw F{X-tØm-f-ap≠v? kz¥w A\p-`-h-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kaq-l-Ønse hyXy-kvX-sXm-gn-ep-Ifn¬ hym]-cn-°p-∂-hsc Bflm¿∞-Xbpw tkh-\-X-ev]-cXbpw ap≥\n¿Øn hnebn-cpØnb {]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ e`n-°p∂ s]mXp-kq-N\Iƒ {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. hfsc \√-Xv -ap-X¬ hfsc tamiw hscbp≈ hnti-j-W-ß-fn-eqsS {]I-Sn-∏n-°-s∏´ A`n-{]m-b-ß-fneqsS Hmtcm sXmgnenepw G¿s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-h¿°v e`n-°p∂ AwKo-Imcw ]ń-I-˛11 ¬ \evIn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. {]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ F‰hpw IqSp-X¬ AwKo-Im-c-ap-≈-Xmbn A\p-`-h-s∏´Xv A[ym-]-I¿°m-Wv (66.7%). CXm-Is´ kmº-Øn-I-\n-e-b-\p-k-cn®p≈ \mep-hn-`mK-ß-ƒ°nSbnepw Htc-t]m-se-bm-Wv.-tUm-IvS-¿am-cpsS AwKoIm-chpw Db¿∂-Xm-Wv._m¶v DtZym-K-ÿ-cmWv Xmc-X-tay\ AwKo-Imcw IqSp-X-ep≈ as‰mcp hn`mKw. AtX kabw k¿°m¿ DtZym- K - ÿ ¿,F©n- \ o- b ¿am¿,A- ` n- ` m- j - I ¿ F∂nh¿s°√mw Ipd™ AwKo-Im-c-am-Wp-≈-Xv. Cu aq∂p- Iq-´-tc-°mƒ kaq-lØn¬ Db¿∂ AwKo-Im-c-ap-≈Xv cmjv{So-b-{]-h¿Ø-I-\mWv (26.1%) ˛ {]tXy-In®v Zcn-{Zhn`mKßƒ°n-S-bn¬ (]ńI ˛ 11) F©n-\ob¿, _m¶v DtZym-K-ÿ¿ F∂o hn`m-K-ßƒ°p≈ AwKo-Imcw {]XnI-cn-®h - c - psS kmº-ØnI \ne-hm-ca - p-bc - p-∂X - n-\p-kc - n®v {Ia-ambn Db-cp-∂p-≠v. _m¶v

F©n-\o-b¿

_m¶v DtZymKÿ¿

A[ym-]I - ¿

h°o¬

t]meokv

cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø-I¿

21.8 20.8 18.4 19.0 19.6

tUmIvS¿

I II III IV BsI

k¿°m¿ DtZymK-ÿ¿

kmº-ØnI hn`mK-a-\p-k-cn®v

]ńI˛11 hyXykvX sXmgn¬ta-J-e-bn-ep-≈-h¿°p≈ AwKo-Imcw

51.4 53.0 49.9 52.5 51.6

15.0 17.6 18.5 24.3 18.5

32.6 40.5 48.8 56.6 44.8

64.3 68.4 67.1 62.0 66.7

15.9 16.5 18.5 19.4 17.7

11.8 14.0 12.3 11.6 12.8

31.6 29.4 24.0 16.5 26.1

DtZym-K-ÿ\v ]c-a-Z-cn-{Z-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ (32.6%) \√ km£y-]{Xw \evIp-tºmƒ Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m-cn¬ CXv 56.6% hcpw. t\¿ hn]-co-X-Zn-i-bn-emWv cmjv{So-b°m-cs‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øns‚ A\p-]m-Xw. Z-cn-{Z-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ cmjv{So-b-°m-c-\v Xmc-

tIcfw


159

X-tay\ Db¿∂ AwKo-Imcw (31.6%) {]I-S-am-Ip-tºmƒ Db¿∂ a[y-h¿K hn`mKw Ipd™ AwKo-Im-c-ta {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p-≈p (16.5%). G‰hpw {it≤-b-amb \nco-£Ww t]meo-kns‚ Imcy-Øn-em-Wv. {]Xn-I-c-Wß-fn¬ G‰hpw AwKo-Im-cw Ipd-hp-≈Xv t]meo-kn-\m-Wv.- [-\nI Zcn{Z t`Z-at\y Gsd-°psd Htc tXmXn-ep≈ AwKo-Im-c-amWv t]meo-kn\p e`n-°p-∂-Xv. sNøp∂ sXmgn-enep≈ {]tXy-I-X, sXmgn¬ kml-Ncyw, ]cn-io-e\w, P\-ßfpsS {]Xo£ F∂n-h-sbms° Cu hne-bn-cp-Øen¬ {]Xn-^-en-°p-∂p-≠m-hmw. F‰hpw Db¿∂ AwKo-Imcw \¬Ip∂ A[ym-]-\-Øn\v \ΩpsS kaqlw C∂p \evIp∂ {]m[m\yw {]tXyIambn-Øs∂ ImtW-≠XmWv.- F∂n´pw tbm-Ky-Xbp-≈-h¿ B cwK-tØ°p hcp-∂n√ F∂p am{X-a√ anI-hnt\m ]cn-io-e-\-Ønt\m bmsXmcp {]m[m-\yhpw \evIp-∂n-√. ]cn-io-e-\-Ønepw tkh-\-km-l-N-cy-Ønepw tkh\ {]Zm-\-Øn-ep-sa√mw i‡amb am‰-ßƒ C—m-]q¿∆w \S-∏m-t°≠ taJ-e-bmWv t]meo-kn-s‚-Xv. Hcp ]cnjvIrXkaq-lØns‚ t]meo-kmbn amdm≥ ASn-b-¥-nc \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Bh-iy-aps≠∂mWv Cu {]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m-cpsS taJebv°pw s]mXp-P-\-ßfpsS Imgv®-∏mSn-s‚bpw {]Xo-£-bp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Ønep≈ \ho-I-cWw A\n-hm-cy-amWv. cmjv{So-b°m¿ cmjv { So- b - { ]- h ¿Ø- I sc°pdn®v ]ńI˛12 \ΩpsS kaq-l-Øn¬ {]N-cn-®n´p≈ cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø-I-\p≈ AwKo-Im-chpw kmam-\y-t_m-[sØIpdn®pw At\zA\w-Ko-Im-chpw XΩn-ep≈ A\p-]mXw jWw \S- t Ø- ≠ - X p- ≠ v . hfsc {]Nm- c - Ø n- e p≈ ]e kmam\y BsI 1.1 h¬°-c-Whpw kaql-Øns‚ Nne kmº-ØnI hn`mK-w {]tXy-I-tIm-Wp-I-fn¬ \n∂p-b-cp-∂- I 1.7 h-bm-Wv. A`n-{]m-b-kr-jvSm-°-fpsS II 1.4 kmaqly kmº- Ø nI ]m›m- Ø - III 0.9 ehpw am[y-a-kzm-[o-\hpw Cu Imcy- IV 0.4 Øn¬ {]Xn-ê - n-°p-∂p-≠v.c - m-jv{So-b- aX-w °mcs\Ipdn-®p≈ AwKo-Im-chpw lnµp 1.2 Xnc-kvIm-chpw (A-\w-Ko-Im-c-hpw) apnw 1.3 XΩn- e p≈ tXmXv {]tXyI- a mbn {InkvXy≥ 0.6 hni- I - e \w sNøp- t ºmƒ Nne PmXn {]tXy-IXIƒ sXfn™p hcp-∂p ]nt∂m-°-PmXn 1.3 (-]-ńI˛12). apt∂m-°-PmXn 0.8 F‰hpw Db¿∂ hcp-am-\-°m¿°n]ń-I-PmXn 1.7 S- b nep≈- X ns‚ \men- c - ´ n- b mWv ]ńI h¿§w 1.1 F‰hpw Xmgv∂ -h-cp-am-\-°m¿°n-S-bncmjv{Sob B`n-apJyw ƒ Ch¿°p≈ AwKo-Imcw.ln-µp-hn1.7 `m- K - s Ø At]- £ n®v {Inkv X y≥ F¬.Un.^v bp.Un.F^v 0.8 hn`m- K - Ø n¬ t\¿ ]Ip- X n- b mWv 1.0 AwKo-Im-c-Øns‚ tXmXv. ]ń-I-Pm- _n.sP.]n

160

tIcfw


Xn-°msc At]-£n®v t\¿]-Ip-Xn- I≠mWv apt∂m° PmXn-°m¿°n-S-bn¬ cmjv{Sob-°m-c\v AwKo-Im-c-ap-≈-Xv. F¬.-Un.-F^v B`n-ap-Jy-ap-≈-hsc At]-£n®v bp.Un.-F^v B`n-a-pJy-ap≈h¿ ]Ip-Xn-It≠ cmjv{So-b-°m-c\v AwKo-Imcw \¬Ip∂p-≈p. kº-∂cpw he-Xp-]-£-Nn-¥m-K-Xn-°mcpw PmXn-bn-ep-b¿∂-h-cp-sa√mw cmjv{Sob-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mK-am-b -t\-´-ßƒ kz¥-am-°p-tºmgpw cmjv{So-b-°m-c≥ F∂ tamiw {]Xn-Omb krjvSn-°p-∂p-≠v. Cu Nn¥bv°p h≥{]Nmcw am[y-aß-fn-eqsS e`n-°p-∂p-ap≠v. {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-Øn\p kao-]n-°p-∂Xv ]pd- Ø p- \ n- ∂ p- f f GsX- ¶ nepw òj- W ntbm ]cn- l - c n- t °≠ Hcp {][m\ {]iv\tam D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ tIc-fo-b¿ Bsc-bmWv kao-]n-°p-∂Xv? ]T-\-Øn¬ e`n® adp-]-Sn-Iƒ \ap°v kaq-l-Ønse sshhn-[y-Øn¬ Hfn-™n-cn-°p∂ i‡n-

Ab¬hmkn

_‘p-°ƒ

t{SUv bqWnb-\p-Iƒ

aX PmXn kwL-S\

a‰p-≈h - ¿

BsI

30.1

35.5

13.9

1.2

2.8

11.9

4.5

kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-w I II III IV

33.9 35.1 26.9 21.5

40.5 36.9 34.9 30.3

7.5 12.5 15.5 19.7

1.6 1.1 1.1 2.0

4.8 2.5 2.5 1.4

8.2 8.1 14.4 18.9

3.5 3.8 4.7 6.1

cmjv{Sob B`n-apJyw F¬.Un.^v 39.0 bp.Un.F^v 26.1 _n.sP.]n 27.8

33.7 34.5 37.1

10.0 15.8 11.3

1.8 1.0 1.3

1.8 4.4 1.1

10.0 13.1 18.5

3.8 5.1 2.9

t]meokv

cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø-I≥

]ńI˛13 {]iv\-ap-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ Bsc kao-]n-°p∂p (i-X-am-\w)

aX-hn-`mKw lnµp apnw {InkvXy≥

33.8 23.4 26.9

35.5 37.0 33.8

11.2 21.0 13.6

1.5 0.2 1.6

1.9 4.1 3.9

12.0 8.3 15.6

4.0 6.0 4.6

PmXn ]nt∂m-°-PmXn apt∂m-°-PmXn ]ń-I-PmXn ]ńI h¿§w

35.4 27.8 39.1 30.9

37.2 34.8 33.0 34.5

10.5 14.4 8.8 3.6

1.2 1.0 0.9 3.6

1.9 0.9 3.3 10.9

10.5 15.4 11.6 10.9

3.2 5.7 3.3 5.5

tIcfw


161

sb-s¥∂p t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv. 35.5%hpw B{i-bn-°p-∂Xv Ab¬°m-scbm-Wv. F√m kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-Ønepw s]mXpsh as‰√m Xmc-Xay hn`m-K-Ønepw Db¿∂p \n¬°p-∂Xv Ab¬°m¿ Xs∂. sXm´-SpØ ÿm\-Øp-f-fXv cmjv{So-b°m-cm-Wv(30.1%). AXp Ign-™m¬ _‘p-°-fpw(13.9%), t]meo-kpw(11.9%). aX-˛PmXn kwL-S-\-Isfbpw t{SUv bqWn-b-\p-I-sfbpw C°m-cy-ß-fn¬ kao-]n-°p∂-h¿ hfsc sNdnb \yq\-]£w am{X-am-Wv. Ab¬°m-scbpw cmjv{So-b-°m-scbpw {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-Øn-\mbn kao-]n-°p-∂h-cpsS iX-am\w kmº-ØnI hn`mKw 1 s\ At]-£n®v 4 ¬ FØp-tºmƒ A\p{I-a-ambn Ipd-bp-∂p-≠v. _‘p-°sf kao-]n-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Xncn-®p-ff {]hW-Xbpw ImWmw. Db¿∂ kmº-ØnI \ne-bp-f-f-h¿°n-S-bn-emWv {]iv\-]-cn-lmc-Øn-\mbn _‘p-°sf B{i-bn-°p-∂-h¿ IqSp-X-ep-f-f-Xv. t]meo-kns\ {]tbmP-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnepw ]mh-ßsf At]-£n®v kºØv IqSp-X-ep-f-f-h¿ Xs∂bmWv ap∂n¬. ]ń-I-PmXn hn`m-K-ßƒ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ kao-]n-°p-∂Xv cmjv{Sob-°m-sc-bm-Wv. Zcn-{Z¿, ]n∂m-°-Pm-Xn-°m¿ F∂n-h-cnepw cmjv{So-b-°msc kao]n-°p-∂-h-cpsS tXmXv Db¿∂p \n¬°p-∂p. _\v[p-°sf IqSp-X-embn {]iv\-ßfn¬ kao-]n-°p-∂Xv ap…ow hn`m-K-am-Wv(21%). kap-Zmb kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ ]cnlmcw tXSp-∂Xv Gsd-bp-f-fXv ]ń-I-h¿K-hn-`m-K-Øn-em-sW∂pw ImWmw. hnhn[ aX-˛-PmXn hn`m-K-ßfpw hyXykvX cmjv{Sob Bi-b-°mcpw CS-I-e¿∂v Pohn-°p∂ {]tZ-i-amWv tIc-fw. C¥y-bnse CXc {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hyXykvX-amb Bhmk k{º-Zm-b-amWv Chn-sS-bp-f-f-Xv. kmaq-ly-_-‘-ß-fnse sshhn[yhpw kmaq-ly-k-a-c-ß-fpsS XpS¿®-bmb {]mtZ-inI Iq´m-bva-Ifpw Xo¿Øpw thc-‰p-t]m-bn-ń-√. ]pXnb Xc-Øn-ep-ff aX ˛ PmXn ˛ kzXz cmjv{Sob {]h-W-XIƒ ]pXnb {[pho-I-c-W-ßƒ°v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p-s≠-¶nepw AXn-s\-sb√mw AXnew-Ln-°p∂ ]mc-kv]cyw Hcp A¥¿[mcbmbn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-s≠∂p ImWmw. I®-h-S-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚bpw hn]-Wn-aq-ey-ß-fp-tSbpw IS-∂p-I-b-‰-Øns‚ {]XymLm-X-ßsf eLqIcn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Hcp ]cn-[n-h-sc-sb-¶nepw Cu _‘-ßƒ ImcW-am-Ip-∂p-s≠∂p Icp-tX-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. {]apJ cmjv{Sob hn`m-K-ß-fpsS Bt]-£nI i‡n Zu¿_-ey-ßƒ C¥y-bnse a‰p {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]e Imcy-ß-fnepw hyXy-kvX-amb cmjv{Sob- hy-h-ÿ-bmWv tIc-f-Øn-te-Xv. i‡-amb CS-Xp-]£ kzm[o-\w, ASnÿm\ `c-W-\-S-]-Sn-I-fpsS ]›m-Ø-ew, XpS¿®-bmbn amdn amdn kwÿm\ `cWw ]¶n-Sp∂ Gsd-°ptd Xpey-i-‡n-bp-ff Ccp-ap-∂-Wn-Iƒ, Ah-bnse amdn-h-cp∂ tNcp-h-Iƒ, kΩ¿≤ {Kq∏p-I-fmbn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ aX PmXn kwL-S-\-Iƒ XpSßn Ht´sd {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Dƒs°m-f-fp-∂-Xm-Wn-Xv. cmjv{Sob ap∂-Wn-I-fnse tNcp-h-Iƒ kw_-‘n® Cu hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ tIcf-Ønse hnhn[ hn`m-K-ßƒ Cu ap∂-Wn-I-fn¬ Fßs\ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂p F∂p hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Hmtcm ap∂-Wn-bp-tSbpw i‡n ˛ Zu¿_-ey-ßƒ Nne {]tXyI hn`m-K-ßsf tI{µn-I-cn-®m-sW∂v Cu ]ń-I-Iƒ km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-ń-cn-°p∂ Hmtcm hn`m-Khpw (km-º-Øn-Iw, aXw, PmXn, {]tZiw Xncn-®v) tIc-f-Ønse P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ F{X- `m-K-am-sW∂pw Ch hyXykvX ap∂-Wn-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-I-fpsS hyXym-khpw iX-am\-°-W-°n¬ Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. 2001se \nb-a-k`m sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬

162

tIcfw


thm´p sNbvX-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv cmjv{Sob Nmbvhv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn°p-∂-Xv. ap∂-Wn-Iƒ XΩn¬ t\cnb tXmXn-ep-ff hyXym-k-ßƒ t]mepw sXcs™-Sp-∏p-^-e-ß-fn¬ \n¿Æm-bIamhp∂ tIc-f-Øn¬ Cu tNcp-h-Iƒ khn-tij {i≤-bm-I¿jn-°p-∂p. kmº-ØnI \ne-b-\p-k-cn-®p-ff h¿§o-I-c-W-Øn¬ Gsd-°psd kam-\-amb tXmXn-emWv F¬.-Un.-F^ - nepw bp.-Un.-F^ - nepw Cu \mep hn`m-Kß - f - p-tSbpw tNcph. F∂m¬ Zcn{Zhn`m-K-Øns‚ P\-kwJym]¶ns‚ A\p-]m-X-tØ-°mƒ t\cnb tXmXn¬ IqSp-X-ep-f-fXv F¬.-Un.-F-^n-em-Wv. bp.-Un.-F-^n¬ Ipd-hpw. adn®v CSØcw kº∂ hn`m-K-ßƒ Ipd-hp-f-fXv F¬.-Un.-F-^n-em-Wv. bp.-Un.-F-^n¬ P\kw-Jym-\p-]m-X-tØ-°mƒ Ah¿ IqSp-X-ep-≠v. _n.-sP.-]n-bn¬ Zcn-{Z¿ P\-kw-Jym\p-]m-X-tØ-°mƒ Ipdhpw Xmgv∂ CS-Ø-c-°m¿ IqSp-X-ep-am-Wv (]ńI 14).

kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-a-\p-k-cn®v I II III IV aX-w lnµp ap…nw {InkvXy≥ PmXn ]nt∂m-°-PmXn apt∂m-°-PmXn ]ń-I-PmXn ]ńI h¿§w {]tZ-iw a[y tI-cfw hS-°≥ -tI-cfw sX-°≥ tIcfw {Kmaw \Kcw

_nsP]nbpsS ]n¥pW tNcph

bq.Un.^ns‚ ]n¥pW tNcph

P\-kw-Jy-bpsS F{X `mKw

hn`mKw

F¬.Un.^ns‚ ]n¥pW tNcph

]ńI˛14 {]apJ cmjv{Sob i‡n-I-fpsS Bt]-£n-I-amb tNcph

%

Ipdhv/ IqSp-X¬

%

14.0 32.2 43.2 10.6

14.9 34.3 42.5 8.3

0.9 2.1 -˛0.7 ˛-2.3

13.1 31.6 43.5 11.9

-˛0.9 -˛0.6 0.3 1.3

14.3 29.8 46.0 9.9

-0.3 -˛2.4 2.8 ˛0.7

57.8 22.1 20.1

70.2 16.5 13.3

12.5 ˛-5.7 ˛-6.8

38.8 31.1 30.1

˛19.0 9.0 10.0

97.6 0.6 1.8

39.8 -˛21.5 -˛18.3

56.6 24.0 17.3 2.1

60.4 19.3 18.7 1.6

3.8 -˛4.7 1.4 -˛0.5

51.0 30.3 15.5 3.1

-˛5.6 6.3 -˛1.8 1.0

43.4 42.8 11.0 2.8

-˛13.2 18.8 -˛6.3 0.7

30.0 41.1 28.9 86.7 13.3

29.6 41.1 29.3 87.0 13.0

˛-0.5 0.1 0.4 0.3 ˛-0.3

31.1 40.5 28.4 86.4 13.6

1.1 -˛0.6 -˛0.5 -˛0.3 0.3

24.7 46.4 28.9 85.5 14.5

-˛5.3 5.3 00 ˛1.2 1.2

tIcfw

Ipdhv/ IqSp-X¬

Ipdhv/ IqSp-X¬

%


%

163

P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ lnµp-°ƒ 57.8 iX-am-\-am-Wv. F∂m¬ F¬.-Un.-F^v thmń¬ 70.2 iX-am\w lnµp-hn-`m-K-Øn-t‚-Xm-Wv. P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-I-amb ]¶n-t\-°mƒ 12.5% IqSp-X-em-Wn-Xv. P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn t\m°p-tºmƒ ap…ow {InkvXy≥ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂mbn A{Xbpw Xs∂ Ipdhv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. F¬.-Un.-F-^ns\ ]n¥p-W-°p-∂-h-cn¬ ]nt∂m° PmXn-Iƒ IqSp-Xepw apt∂m-°-°m¿ Ipd-hp-amWv. ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°m¿ P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-X-tØ-°mƒ Db¿∂ tXmXn¬ ]n¥p-W°p-tºmƒ ]ń-I-h¿§-°m-cpsS ]n¥pW Xmgv∂ tXmXn-em-Wv. CXn\p t\¿ hn]-co-X-amb tNcp-h-I-fmWv bp.-Un.-F-^n-t‚-Xv. lnµp-hn-`mKw P\kw-Jy-bn-ep-ff iX-am-\tØ-°mƒ 19% Ipd-hmWv B hn`m-K-Øn¬ \n∂v bp.-Un.F-^n\v thm´v. F∂m¬ {InkvXy≥, ap…ow hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Db¿∂ ]n¥pW e`n-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ ]nt∂m-°-°msc At]-£n®v apt∂m-°-°m-cmWv bp.-Un.-F-^ns\ IqSp-X¬ ]n¥p-W-°p-∂-Xv. ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°m¿ P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-XtØ-°mƒ Ipd-™-tXm-Xnepw ]ń-I-h¿§-°m¿ IqSnb tXmXnepw bp.-Un.-F-^n\v ]n¥pW \¬Ip-∂p. lnµp-°ƒ alm-`q-cn-]£w (97.6%), ap…ow˛{InkvXy≥ thm´v hfsc t\cnb tXmXn¬, ]nt∂m-°-Imcpw ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°mcpw Ipd-™-]n-¥p-W, apt∂m°-°mcpw ]ń-I-h¿§hpw IqSnb ]n¥pW CXmWv _n.-sP.]n thmńs‚ tNcp-h-bpsS coXn. {]tZiw Xncn-®p-ff tNcp-h-bn¬ F¬.-Un.-F^v aq∂v {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw Gsd-°ptd Htc tXmXn-em-Wv. bp.-Un.-F-^n-t‚bpw _n.-sP.-]n-bp-tSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ {]mtZ-inI hyXym-k-ßƒ {]k-‡-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. {Kma \Kc hyXymkw t\cnb tXmXn¬ am{XamWv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. s]mXpsh "thm´v _m¶v' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ cmjv{Sob tNcp-h-I-I-fpsS IrXyamb Hcp Nn{Xw Xs∂-bm-WnXp \¬Ip-∂-Xv. Cu tNcp-h-I-I-fnse hnhn[ hn`m-Kß-fpsS Xm¬°m-enI ]n¥p-W-tbm-sS-bmWv ap∂-Wn-Iƒ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ hcm-dpf-f-Xv. Cu tNcph Ign™ 3˛4 Zi-I-ambn tIc-f-Øn¬ thcp-d®p Ign-™n-´p-f-fXm-Wv. Cu tNcp-h-bnse t\cnb am‰w t]mepw sXc-s™-Sp∏p êsØ I\Ø tXmXn¬ kzm[o-\n-°p-sa∂v C°-gn™ sXc-s™-Sp∏p ImeØv N¿® sNø-s∏-ńcp∂ Imcyw Hm¿°p-I. (Hindu-CSDS poll survey-2006) C°-gn™ sXc-™-Sp∏n¬ Cu tNcp-h-bn¬ KWy-amb am‰-ap-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Cß-s\-bp-≠m-Ip∂ an° am‰-ßfpw Xmev°m-enI ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kw`-hn-®n-´p-f-f-h-bm-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Nn¥-I-fnepw A`n-{]m-b-ß-fn-ep-sam-s°-bp≈ hyXy-kvXX - I - ƒ {][m-\a - mbpw kmº-ØnI t{iWn A\p-kc - n-®m-sW∂v \mw I≠p. F∂m¬ cmjv{Sob ]n¥p-Wb - psS Imcy-Øn¬ PmXnaX hyXym-kß - f - mWv kmºØnI ÿnXn-sb-°mƒ Gsd i‡w. kmº-Øn-Im-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ cmjv{Sob h¬°-cW - a - mWv F¬.Un.-F^ - n\v KpWw sNøpI; bp.Un.F^n\v Xncn-®pw. kΩ-Xn-Zm\ ÿncX ap≥ kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]mse Ccp-ap-∂-Wn-Isf amdn amdn A[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn-°p∂ kΩ-Xn-Zm\ amXr-I-bmWv tIc-f-Øn-te-Xv. im‡nI tNcp-h-bn¬ Ht∂m ct≠m iX-am-\-Øns‚ am‰-amWv an°-t∏mgpw A\p-`-hn-°m-dp-f-f-Xv. CØ-h-W(2006) Cu tNcp-h-bn¬ KWy-amb am‰-ap-≠m-b-Xmbn sXc-s™-Sp∏v ]T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnZ-Kv[¿ kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v.

164

tIcfw


CØcw am‰- ß ƒ°n- S - b nepw Htc ap∂-Wn-tbmSv ÿnc-ambn B`napJyw ]pe¿Øp∂ ÿnc-X-bp-ff Hcp thmńßv kaqlw tIc-f-Øn-ep≠v. ap∂-Wn-I-fnse PmXn ˛ aX ˛ kmº-ØnI tNcp-h-I-Iƒ C°m-cyØn¬ {]Xn-^-en-°p-∂p-≠m-Imw. 66.8% t]cmWv Htc ap∂-Wn°p Xs∂ thm´p sNøm-dp-ff - X - mbn {]XnI-cn-®n-´p-f-f-Xv. Zcn-{Z-cn¬ (71.2%)\n∂v Db¿∂ CS- Ø - c - ° m- c n- t e°v (54.1%)hcp-tºmƒ ÿnc-X-bpsS iXam\w KWy- a mbn Ipd- b p- ∂ p- ≠ v (]ńI 15). a[y-h¿§-Øns‚ s]mXp \ne-]m-Sp-I-fp-ambn Cu {]h-W-X°v _‘- a p- ≠ m- I mw. {InkvXy≥, ap…ow hn`m- K - ß ƒ lnµp hn`mKsØ At]- £ n®pw, apt∂m° PmXn-Iƒ ]nt∂m° PmXn-°msc At]- £ n®pw Ipd™ thmńßv ÿncX ImWn-°p-∂p. ]ń-I-Pm-Xn°m-cmWv (78.4%) Htc ap∂-Wn°v Xs∂ thm´p sNøp-∂-h¿ IqSp-X-epff hn`m-Kw. thmń-ßns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-ff cmjv{So-bm-`n-apJyw ]cn-K-Wn-°ptºmƒ F¬.-Un.-F^v thm´¿am¿ Db¿∂ ÿncX {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. hnhn[ hn`m-Kß-fn¬ sh®v G‰hpw Ipd™ thmńßv ÿncX {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-´p-f-fXv _n.-sP.]n B`n-ap-Jy-ap-f-f-h-cmWv (57%). ]ńI˛15 kΩ-Xn-Zm\ÿncX (Htc ap∂-Wn°p Xs∂thm´p sNøp-∂-h-cpsS iX-am-\w) BsI 66.8 kmº-ØnI hn`m-Kw I 70.8 II 71.2 III 65.4 IV 54.1 aX-w lnµp 69.8 ap…nw 62.8 {InkvXy≥ 63.2 PmXn ]nt∂m-°-PmXn 72.2 apt∂m-°-PmXn 59.2 ]ń-I-PmXn 78.4 ]ńI h¿§w 74.6 cmjv{Sob B`n-apJyw F¬.Un.^v 83.3 bp.Un.F^v 68.6 _n.sP.]n 57.0

ASn-ÿm\ `c-W-\-S-]-Sn-I-tfm-Sp-ff at\m-`mhw kaq-l-Ønepw P\-Po-hn-X-Ønepw ÿmbn-bmb am‰-ßƒ krjvSn® kp{]-[m\ `c-W-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. kmaqly ˛ cmjv{Sob ka-c-ß-fpsS XpS¿®-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu \S-]-Sn-Iƒ. `q]-cn-jv°-c-Ww, km¿∆-{XnI s]mXp hnZym`ym-kw, s]mXp hnX-cW k{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ hym]\w F∂nh tIcf hnI-k\ amXr-I-bn¬ Pohn-X-Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-ap-b¿Ønb i‡-amb \S-]-Sn-I-fmbn hne-bn-cpØn-bn-´p-≠v. Cu aq∂v taJ-e-Ifpw C∂v ISpØ {]Xn-k‘n t\cn-Sp-∂p-ap-≠v. k¿°m¿ tPmen-I-fnse kwh-cWw, Zp¿_e P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS kmaqly ]Zhn Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw PohnX KpW-ta∑ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Imc-W-am-bn-´p-s≠-¶nepw C∂pw hnhmZ hnjb-am-Wv. Cu \S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-am-bXpw Xmc-X-tay\ ]pXn-b-Xp-amb c≠p \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ˛ Nmcmb \ntcm-[-\hpw kzm{ib hnZym-`ym-khpw ˛ ASpØ ImeØv hym]-I-ambn N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Ch-tbm-sS-√m-ap-ff P\-ß-fpsS s]mXpk-ao-]-\hpw hyXykvX hn`m-K-ß-fpsS kao-]-\-ß-fn-ep-ff sshcp-[yhpw sFI-cq]y-hp-sa√mw ]T-\m¿l-amb \nc-h[n kqN-I-ßƒ Dƒs°m-f-fp-∂p.

tIcfw


165

PmXn kwhcWw

Nmcmb \ntcm-[\w

kzm{ib hnZym-`ymkw

15.5

28.0

1.4

2.2

0.3

19.3 21.8 15.2 7.5

17.3 28.0 22.0 15.2

2.0 1.6 1.2 1.1

2.7 2.3 2.1 2.2

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6

14.8 21.9 14.0

23.3 35.2 17.9

1.4 2.6 0.9

1.8 4.3 2.4

0.3 0.4 0.5

18.9 8.8 36.2 12.7

21.9 14.5 15.0 3.3

1.5 0.5 7.3 7.8

1.7 1.9 1.9 3.7

0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1

22.4 14.4 8.4

26.0 29.4 6.6

1.6 1.3 0.7

1.6 3.2 2.1

0.2 0.5 0.4

`q]-cn-jvIc - Ww

s]mXp-hn-X-c-Ww (-td-j≥)

]ńI˛16 kp{]-[m\ cmjv{So-b-˛-`-cW \b-ß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ (Aw-Ko-Im-c-Øn-s‚bpw AwKo-Im-c-an-√m-bva-bp-sSbpw A\p-]m-Xw)

BsI kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-w I II III IV aXw lnµp ap…nw {InkvXy≥ PmXn ]nt∂m-°-PmXn apt∂m-°-PmXn ]ń-I-PmXn ]ńI h¿§w cmjv{Sob B`n-apJyw F¬.Un.^v bp.Un.F^v _n.sP.]n

Cu Hmtcm \S-]-Snbpw kaq-l-Øn\v KpW-I-ctam tZmjtam kz¥w IpSpw-_Øn\v KpWtam tZmjtam F∂ Imcy-amWv {]Xn-I-c-W-Øn-epƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂-Xv. kaq-l-Ønse KpW-tZm-j-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-ff A`n-{]m-b-ß-fmWv ChnsS hniI-e\hnt[-b-am-°p-∂-Xv. KpWw, tZmjw F∂o {]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fpsS A\p-]m-X-amWv \evIn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. `q]-cn-jv°-cWw tZmjw sNbvXp F∂p Icp-Xp-∂-hsc At]-£n®v 15.5 aSßv t]cmWv AXv KpW-ambn F∂p hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xv. s]mXp-hn-X-c-W-Øns‚ ImcyØn¬ (28 aS-ßv) hfsc hn]p-e-amb AwKo-Im-c-am-Wp-f-f-Xv. F∂m¬ k¿°m¿ tPmen-I-fnse PmXn-kw-h-cW Imcy-Øn¬ hfsc t\cnb hyXym-kta {]Xn-I-cW-ßfn¬ Db¿∂p h∂n-´p-f-fp (]-ńI 16). Ign™ Zi-I-Øn-ep-≠mb Nmcmb \ntcm-[-\-sØ-°p-dn®pw Zp¿_-e-amb A\pIqe {]Xn-I-c-W-ta-bp-f-fp. kzm{ib hnZym-`ymkw kaq-l-Øn\v tZmj-I-c-amWv

166

tIcfw


F∂v hniz-kn-°p-∂-h-cmWv `qcn-]-£w. (A-\p-]mXw 0.3) P\-ß-fpsS {]Xn-I-cWw Cß-s\-bm-sW-¶nepw P\-ß-fpsS samØw kΩXn e`n® Imcy-ß-sf-∂ \ne-bnemWv \ΩpsS \mń¬ C°m-cy-ßƒ ]e-t∏mgpw N¿®sN-øm-dp-f-f-sX∂v ImWmw. kmaqly ˛ kmº-ØnI t{iWn-b-\p-k-cn®pw PmXn ˛ aX ˛ cmjv{Sob hn`m-Kßƒ°n-S-bnepw i‡-amb ho£W hyXym-k-ßƒ C°m-cy-Øn¬ Zriy-am-Wv. `q]-cn-jv°-c-W-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ s]mXp {]Xn-I-c-W-Øn¬ \n∂v hfsc Ipd™ A\p-]m-X-Øn-ep-ff A\p-Iqe {]Xn-I-c-W-amWv Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m-cn¬ \n∂pw apt∂m° PmXn-°m-cn¬ \n∂pw _n.-sP.]n A\p-`m-h-ap-f-f-h-cn¬ \n∂p-ap-≠m-b-Xv. F∂m¬ ASn-ÿm\ hn`m-K-ßƒ `q]-cn-jv°-c-WsØ i‡-ambn A\p-Iq-en-°p∂p. ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°m-cp-tSbpw ]ń-I-h¿§-°m-cp-tSbpw {]Xn-I-c-W-Ønse A¥cw {it≤-b-am-Wv. `q]-cn-jv°-cWw sIm≠v KpWw e`n-°m-Ø-h-cmWv BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ. s]mXp-hn-X-c-W-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn i‡-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂Xv Zcn-{Z-hn-`mK-ß-fm-Wv. icm-i-cn-bnepw hfsc Db¿∂ {]Xn-I-cWw ap…o-ß-fp-tS-Xm-sW∂v ImWmw. (A-\p-]mXw 35.2) s]mXp-hn-X-cW k{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ XI¿®-bmepw hcpam-\-°p-d-hn-\mepw {]bm-k-ß-f-\p-`-hn-°p∂ ]c-a-Z-cn{Z hn`m-K-Øns‚ {]Xn-I-cWw Ipd™ tXmXn-em-Wv. `q]-cn-jv°-c-W-Øn-t‚bpw s]mXp-hn-X-c-W-Øn-t‚bpw kwh-c-W-Øn-t‚bpw Imcy-Øn¬ G‰hpw Ipd™ KpW-tZmj A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ {]Xn-I-cn-°p∂ Db¿∂ a[y-h¿§w (EG IV) kzm{ib tImtf-Pns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Xmc-X-tay\ Db¿∂ A\p]m-X-Øn¬ {]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. kzm{ib hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Xmc-Xtay\ Db¿∂ A\p-Iqe at\m-`m-h-ap-f-f-h¿ bp.-Un.-F^v ˛ {InkvXy≥ ˛ ap∂m° ˛ kº∂ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-h-cm-Wv. Nmcmb \ntcm-[\ Imcy-Øn¬ Gsd°psd Htc-t]mse {]Xn-I-cWw Is≠-¶nepw kzm{ib A\p-Iq-e-amb {]Xn-I-cW-ßƒ ]c-a-Z-cn-{Z¿ apX¬ Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m¿ hsc-bp-f-f-h-cn¬ A\p-{Ia-ambn Db-cp-∂-Xp-Im-Wmw. `q]-cn-jv°-c-Ww, s]mXp-hn-X-c-Ww, kwh-c-Ww, aZy-\n-tcm-[\w F∂o Imcy-ß-fn-se√mw ap…ow hn`m-K-Øns‚ A\p-Iqe {]Xn-I-cWw i‡amb tXmXn¬ Db¿∂p \n¬°p-∂p. PmXn-kw-h-c-W-Øn-t\m-Sp-ff ]nt∂m° hn`m-K-ß-fpsS {]Xn-I-cWw {]tXyIw {i≤-bm-I¿jn-°p-∂p. PmXn kwh-c-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ff {]Xn-I-c-W-Øn¬ Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m¿, {InkvXy≥, apt∂m° PmXn, _n.-sP.]n thm´¿am¿ F∂n-h¿ s]mXpsh Xmgv∂ A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ {]Xn-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ ]nt∂m° PmXn-°m-cpsS {]Xn-I-c-W-Ønepw (1.5) henb hyXym-k-an-s√-∂Xv hnkva-b-I-c-am-Wv. AtX-kabw ]ń-I-PmXn/h¿§ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS {]Xn-I-c-W-Øn¬ kwh-c-WsØ i‡-ambn ]n¥p-W-°p-∂p-≠v. Zcn{Z ]£-]m-X-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb ASn-ÿm\ \b-ßƒ°v tIc-f-Øn¬ P\-ßfpsS AwKo-Im-c-ap-≠v. htc-Wy-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°-\p-Iq-e-amb ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ°p ]n∂nem-Is´ FÆ-Øn¬ Ipd-sh-¶nepw i‡-amb kzm[o\ap≈ hn`m-K-ß-fm-Wp-f-fXv. PmXn-kw-h-cWw t]mep-ff Imcy-ß-fn¬ ]p\-c-t\z-j-W-ßfpw ]p\:{Iao-I-cW-ßfpw Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ak-a-Xzhpw Ac-£n-X-Xzhpw IqSn hcp∂ kmlN-cy-Øn¬ kmaqly \oXn-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\pw s]mXp-hn-X-c-W-

tIcfw


167

Øn\pw {]m[m\yw \evtI-≠-Xp-≠v. Dev]m-Z\ h¿≤-\-hn-\mbn Im¿jnI taJesb i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ {]{In-b-bn¬ `q]-cn-jv°-c-W-Øns‚ hym]vXnbpw ê{]m-]vXnbpw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ°v `qan e`y-am-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-bn-te-°mWv Cu {]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ ssINq-≠p-∂-Xv. tkh-\-ta-J-e-bpsS kzIm-cy-h¬°-cWw s]mXp-tk-h-\-ß-fpsS kzIm-cy-h¬°-cWsØ°p-dn-®p-ff A`n-{]m-b-ß-fpsS bYm¿∞ \nebpw kmam-\y-h¬IrX [mc-W-Ifpw XΩn-ep-ff A¥-chpw {]tXyI ]cm-a¿i-a¿ln-°p-∂p. sshZyp-Xn, KXm-K-Xw, IpSn-sh-f-fw, X]m¬, sdbn¬sh, _m¶nMv F∂n-h-sb√mw s]mXp-ta-J-e-bn¬ Xs∂-bm-h-W-sa∂v P\-ß-fn¬ alm `qcn-]£w Icp-Xp-∂p. s]mXp-P-\-hn-Imcw Xncn-®m-sW∂ tXm∂-emWv \mń-emsI {]N-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. P\-ßƒ F∂ t]cn¬ A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂h¿ Hcp sNdp \yq\-]£w am{X-am-Wv. alm-`q-cn-]£w P\-ß-fp-tSbpw B{K-lm]ńI˛17 s]mXp-tk-h-\-ßfpsS kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-WsØ A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂-h-cpsS iX-am\w hn`mKw

sshZypXn KXm-KXw IpSn-sh≈w sSentImw t]mÃ¬ sdbn¬sh _m¶nMv

BsI 12.4 cmjv{Sob B`n-apJyw F¬.Un.^v 8.9 bp.Un.F^v 13.8 _n.sP.]n 25.8 kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-w I 6.6 II 8.7 III 14.1 IV 24.6

14.8

9.9

10.3

7.0

6.4

7.8

11.6 16.3 25.8

7.4 11.2 18.8

7.7 11.6 21.0

5.5 7.1 11.7

5.0 6.8 8.8

6.0 8.5 16.9

9.6 12.2 15.9 25.2

5.4 7.0 11.3 19.1

5.2 6.8 12.5 19.0

4.2 4.6 8.0 14.1

3.6 4.6 7.2 11.9

4.8 4.8 8.8 17.0

`n-em-j-ßƒ°v hncp-≤-amWv C∂sØ kzIm-cy-h¬°-cW \S-]-Sn-Iƒ. kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-WsØ A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂-h-cpsS kmº-ØnI cmjv{Sob tNcph-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ Cu {]N-c-W-Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bpw. ASn-ÿm\ tkh-\-ß-fpsS kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-WsØ A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂-h¿ hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. (]-ńI 17) sdbn¬sh, t]mÃ¬ taJ-e-I-fnse kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-WsØ-bmWv ]T-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿ Xosc A\p-Iq-en-°m-Ø-Xv. KXm-K-X-ta-Jesb kw_-‘n-®mWv Ipd™ tXmXn¬ A\p-Iqe {]Xn-I-c-W-ap-≠m-bXv (14.8%). cmjv{Sob B`n-ap-Jy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ F¬.-Un.F^v ˛ bp.Un.F^v. ˛ _n.-sP.]n {Ia-Øn¬ kzIm-cy-h¬°-cW A\p-Iqe A`n{]m-b-ßƒ h¿≤n-®p-h-cp-∂p-≠v (8.9% ˛25.8%). F√m taJ-e-I-fp-sSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-W-Øn\p th≠n Db¿∂ tXmXn¬ hmZn-°p-∂Xv _n.-sP.]n thm´¿am-cm-Wv.

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kmº-ØnI \ne-hm-c-a-\p-k-cn®pw CtX amXr-I-bn-ep-ff A`n-{]mb cq]o-I-cW coXn amdp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. AXm-b-Xv, kzImcyh¬°cW A\p-Iqe at\m-`mhw kmº-ØnI ÿn-Xn°v A\p-kr-X-ambn ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn Db-cp-∂p. s]mXp-tk-h\ taJ-eI - fpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ°pw ]cm-Xn-Iƒ°p-an-Sb - n-epw P\-ßƒ Ahsb A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂Xv F¥p-sIm-≠m-sW∂v `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ a\-n-em-°pIbpw Ahsb Pt\m-]I - m-c{- ]-Za - mbn ]p\:kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-Ib - p-amWv th≠-Xv. BNmc˛hn-izm-k-ßƒ PmXIw t\m°¬, a{¥-hm-Zw, tcmK-im¥n ip{iq-j, a\p-jy-˛-ssZ-h-ßƒ F∂nh-bn-sem-s°-bp≈ hnizmkw hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ Fß-s\-bm-sW∂v ]ń-I 18 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. lnµp-°-fn¬ 60% Øn\pw PmX-I-Øn¬ hnizm-k-ap-≠v. hnZym`ymkw IqSp-X-ep≈ Db¿∂ {Kq∏p-I-fn¬ CXv Ipd-bp-∂n-√. ]s£ ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-˛h¿§-°m-cn¬ a‰p-≈-hsc At]-£n®v Ipd-hm-Wv. AXp-t]mse F¬ Un F^v thm´¿am-cn¬ _n sP ]n thm´¿am-cp-tS-Xn-t\-°mƒ hfsc Ipd™ tXmXn¬ am{Xta CXn-ep≈ hnizmkw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≈p. (bp Un F^v thm´¿am-cn¬ PmX-I-hn-izmkw samØ-Øn¬ Ipd-hm-sW-¶nepw bp Un F^v Nm-bvhp≈ lnµp°-fn¬ F¬ Un F^v Nmbvhp≈ lnµp-°-tf-°mƒ IqSp-X-em-Wv). a{¥-hm-Z-Ønep≈ hnizmkw kmº-ØnI ÿnXn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. kmº-ØnI t{iWn IqSp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v AXp Ipd-bp-∂p-≠v. ]ń-I-h¿§-°m-cn-emWv G‰hpw ]ńI 18 BNm-c-˛-hn-izm-k-ßƒ (%) PmXIw tcmK-im¥n a{¥-hmZw hn`mKw t\m°¬ ip{iqj BsI 36.6 7.3 10.6 kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v: I 33.5 11.8 10.7 II 35.8 8.8 10.8 III 38.0 6.1 10.8 IV 37.6 1.7 10.1 aXw lnµp 60.0 7.6 2.8 ap…ow 4.5 12.6 7.3 IrkvXy≥ 3.9 1.1 36.3 PmXn ]nt∂m°w 60.4 6.8 2.6 apt∂m°w 69.0 6.2 1.5 Fkv kn 44.8 10.5 4.8 Fkv ‰n 35.0 21.7 6.7 cmjv{Sob Nmbvhv F¬ Un F^v 38.9 6.3 7.3 bp Un F^v 28.1 8.8 16.6 _n sP ]n 69.8 8.0 1.2

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Bƒ ssZhßƒ 6.3 7.1 6.7 5.9 5.9 9.6 2.6 1.0 10.3 9.0 7.6 10.0 4.9 7.3 16.7

169

A[n-Iw. ]ns∂ ]ńI PmXn°m-cnepw ap…o-ß-fn-epw. {InkvXym-\n-I-fn¬ aq∂nsem∂pw tcmK-im¥n ip{iq-j-bn¬ hnizm-k-ap-≈-h-cm-Wv. CXpw F¬ Un F^v {InkvXym-\n-I-fn¬ bp Un F^v {InkvXym-\n-Isf At]-£n®v Ipd-hm-Wv. BƒssZh-ß-fn-ep≈ hnizmkw ]Øn-sem-t∂mfw lnµp-°ƒ°m-Wp-≈-Xv. _n sP ]n thm´¿am-cn-emWv G‰-hp-a-[n-Iw. Cu BNm-c-˛-hn-izm-k-ßƒ kaq-l-Øn¬ IqSn hcp-∂pt≠m AtXm Ipd-bp-I-bmtWm F∂v Hcp ]T-\-Øn¬ \n∂v ]d-bm-\m-hn-√. F¶nepw `mhn ]T-\-ßƒ°v Xmc-Xayw sNøm≥ AXv D]-tbm-K-{]-Z-am-bn-cn-°pw. P\-ßƒ Fßs\ Nn¥n-°p∂p F∂ ]T-\-`m-K-Ønse {][m-\-s∏´ Nne hniI-e-\-ß-fmWv ChnsS Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. {]k-‡-amb a‰v Ht´sd hnh-cß-fp-ap-s≠∂v tNmZym-h-en-bn¬ \n∂v a\-n-em-°mw. Ch-sb√mw ]e tImWp-Ifn¬ \n∂v, ]e Xmc-Xay hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn hni-I-e\w sNøm-hp∂-Xm-Wv. kmaqly cmjv{Sob {]m[m-\y-ap-s≠∂p tXm∂nb GXm\pw hnj-b-ßƒ N¿®-°mbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\mWv ChnsS DZy-an-®n-´p-f-f-Xv. Hcp {]tXyI coXn-bn-ep-ff Xmc-Xay amXrI an° hnj-b-ß-fnepw {]tbm-Kn®n-´pf-fXv Bh¿Ø-\-ambn A\p-`-h-s∏-Smw. ]t£ Hs´√m Imcy-ß-fnepw ]T\ A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ Htc Xc-Øn-ep-ff Nne amXr-I-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-s≠∂p t_m[y-s∏-Sp-hm≥ CXp klm-bn-°p-∂p-≠v. kaq-l-Øn¬ kmam-\y-h¬Ir-X-amb ]e [mc-W-Ifpw s]mfn-®Sp°n ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ hyXy-kvX -am-\-ß-fp-f-f-Xmbn A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ah-s°√mw Imc-W-amb kmaq-ly-˛-km-º-ØnI Imc-W-ßƒ At\z-jn-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv {]m[m\yw \¬tI-≠-Xv. am[y-a-h¬Ir-X-amb C∂sØ temI-Øn¬ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ \S-t°-≠Xv CØcw {]{In-b-I-fm-Wv. kpXm-cy-X-bpsSbpw At\z-jW]c-X-bp-sSbpw henb km[y-X-I-fmWv C∂v {]tbm-P\s∏SmsX t]mIp-∂-Xv. s]mXp[mc-W-I-fpsS D≈nte°v CØcw At\z-j-W-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-⁄cpw am[y-a{]-h¿Ø-Icpw Hcp ]pXnb Iq´mbva cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-s≠∂v Cu hni-I-e-\ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Cu ]T-\-Øn¬ ]e-bn-SØpw shfn-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-t]mse alm`q-cn-]-£-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ Xa-kv°-cn-°-s∏SpIbpw Hcp sNdp \yq\-]-£Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ s]mXp A`n-{]m-b-ambn hyh-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂ k{º-Zm-b-ßƒ ]p\-cm-tem-N-\bv°v hnt[-b-am-°m\pw hyXykvX am\-Øn¬ N¿® sNøm\pw Cu Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ klm-b-I-am-Ip-sa-∂mWv {]Xo-£.

170

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A≤ymbw 13

hnI-k\w B¿°p-th≠n ka-Im-eo\ tIcf kaq-lsØ a\-n-em-°m-\p≈ imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØns‚ Iq´mb At\z-j-W-ambncp∂p tIc-f-]-T-\w. tIcf ]T-\-Ønse Is≠Ø- e p- I - f n¬ Nneh \ΩpsS ap≥ [mc- W - I ƒ°v imkv { Xo- b - a mb km[pX \¬Ip∂hbm-sW-¶n¬, a‰p Nneh s]mXp kΩnXn-bm¿÷n® Nne [mc-W-Isf Xncp-Øp-∂-h-bm-Wv. Xpd∂ a\-tmsS \S-Ønb Cu At\z-j-W-Øn¬ Ah-ew_n® apJy hni-I-e-\-coXn hnhn[ kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ Xmc-X-ayam-Wv. Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn-ep≈ A¥-cw, hnhn[ kmaqly {]iv\-ß-fn-ep≈ \ne-]m-Sp-I-fnse A¥cw F∂o Imcy-ßsf apJy-ambn tI{µo-I-cn®p sIm≠mWv Cu Xmc-Xayw \S-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. tIcf]T-\-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn® kmº-ØnI {Kq∏pIsf efn-Xhpw Bh¿Ø-\-`-{Zhpw ]c-kv]-c-ssh-cp-≤y-ß-fn√m-Ø-Xp-amb Hcp hniI-e\ D]-I-c-W-ambn (Analytical tool) am{X-ta ImtW-≠-Xp-≈p. AXn-\-∏p-d-ap≈ B{]-am-Zn-Xz-sam∂pw Rßƒ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. hcp-am-\-Øn-t‚tbm sNe-hn-t‚tbm Imcy-Øn¬ P\-ßsf Xmsg \n∂v apI-fntem´v ]Øp iX-am\w hoX-ambn hn`-Pn® ]Øp {Kq∏p-Iƒ (deciles) As√-¶n¬ Ccp-]Xp iX-am\w hoX-ap≈ A©p {Kq∏p-Iƒ (quintiles), Ccp]Øn-b©p iXam\w hoX-ap≈ \mep {Kq∏p-Iƒ (quartiles) F∂nßs\-sbm-s°-bp≈ h¿§o-IcWw kmº-Øn-Im-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ hni-I-e-\-Øn\v km[m-c-W-bmbn D]-tbmKn-°m-dp-≠v. Ak-aXzw Af-°m\pw kmº-ØnI {Kq∏p-Iƒ \n¿W-bn-°m\p≈ IW°p-Iƒ°pw Rßfpw Cu coXn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn°p∂p. hc-hp-sN-e-hp-I-fpsS Xm¬°m-en-I- kz`m-h-amWv Cu hni-I-e-\-co-Xn-bpsS Hcp {]iv\w. Hcp IpSpw_w Fs¥-¶nepw Imc-W-Øm¬ Hcp amkw km[m-c-W-bn¬ Ihn™v IqSp-X¬ ]Ww sNe-hm-°n-bmepw adn®m-bmepw CØcw h¿§o-I-cWw sX‰m-\p≈ km[y-X-bp≠v. AXn-\memWv, kmº-ØnI {Kq∏p-Iƒ \n¿Æ-bn-°m≥ tIcf]T-\-Øn¬ H∂ne-[nIw am\-ZW - vUß - ƒ - D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv. hc-hn-t\-°mƒ {]m[m\yw sNe-hn-\v \¬In. IqSmsX hoSns‚ KpW-hn-ti-j-ßfpw Zo¿L-Ime D]-t`m‡r D¬]-∂-ß-fpsS DStIcfw


171

a-ÿ-Xbpw IW-°n-se-SpØp. ZoL-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ kmº-ØnI ÿnXn-sb-°p-dn®v a\-n-em-°m≥ Ch hc-hp-˛-sN-e-hn-t\-°mƒ IqSpX¬ ÿmbn-bmb kqN-I-ß-fm-Wv. Hcp kaq-lsØ hni-I-e\w sNøp-tºmƒ kmaq-ly-ambn G‰hpw {]k-‡amb h¿§o-I-cW coXn D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-n hcpw. C¥y-bn¬ PmXn aX hn`-P-\ßƒ°v kmaq-lnI Xe-Øn¬ C∂pw {]k-‡n-bp-≠v. F∂m¬ Cu {]k‡n ]≠-tØ-Xns\ At]-£n®v Ipd-™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°-bm-Wv. hnI-knX cmPy-ß-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ sXmgn-ens\ Bkv]Z- a - m°nbp≈ kmaq-lnI h¿§ hn`-P\w ChnsS coXn-im-kv{X-]-c-amb ]e {]iv\-ß-fp-ap-b¿Øp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv kmº-ØnI LS-I-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ Hcp h¿§o-I-cW coXn tIcf ]T-\-Øn¬ Rßƒ kzoI-cn-®-Xv. CX-\p-k-cn®v P\-ßsf AXn-Z-cn-{Z¿, Zcn-{Z¿, Xmgv∂ a[yh¿§w, Db¿∂ a[y-h¿§w F∂nßs\bp≈ hnim-e-amb Hcp h¿§o-I-c-W-amWv \S-Øn-bXv. CXn\pw apI-fn¬ AXn-k-º-∂¿ F∂ Hcp hn`mKap-s≠-∂ Imcyw Rßƒ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p. ]s£ FÆ-Øn¬ hfsc Ipd-hp≈ Cu hn`m-KsØ CXp t]mep≈ Hcp kmºnƒ k¿th-bn-eqsS ]Tn-°m≥ _p≤n-ap-´m-Wv. \mep kmº-ØnI {Kq∏p-Isf \n¿Æ-bn-®t∏mƒ Ah-bnepƒs∏-Sp∂ IpSpw-_ß-fpsS Pohn-X-\n-e-hm-csØ ]‰n- Rßƒ°v Nne ap≥[m-c-W-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CØcw Hcp A\p-am\w Hgn-hm-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu [mc-W-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv {Kq∏p-Isf XΩn¬ th¿Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ I´v-˛-Hm^v kvtImdp-Iƒ \n›-bn-®-Xv. Cu I´v-˛-Hm^v kvtImdp-Isf ]‰n A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-kßƒ D≠m-tb-°mw. Ch amdp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v Hmtcm {Kq∏n-t‚bpw hep-∏Øn¬ sN-dnb am‰-ap≠m-tb-°mw. F¶nepw Ch samØw Nn{X-tØtbm hni-I-e-\-^-eß-sftbm kmc-ambn _m[n-°p-∂n-√. _n ]n F¬ IpSpw-_-ßsf {]tXyIw \n¿Wbn-°p-∂-Xv t]mep≈ Dt±-i-ß-sfm∂pw Cu h¿§o-I-c-W-Øn\v C√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ CXv Hcp hnhm-Z-am-tI≠Xn-√. am¿Ivkn-b≥ A¿∞-XeØn-ep≈ h¿§-ß-f√ tIc-f-]-T-\-Ønse kmº-ØnI {Kq∏p-Iƒ. F∂m¬ Imbn-Im-≤zm\w sNøp∂ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ an°-hcpw {Kq∏v H∂nepw c≠n-ep-amWv D≠m-bn-cn-°m≥ km≤y-X; henb hyh-km-bn-Ifpw hym]mcn-I-fp-sams° {Kq∏v \menepw. IpSpw-_-amWv Cu ]T-\-Ønse kmº-ØnI h¿§oI-c-W-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\sa∂-Xn-\m¬ \√ thX-\-ap≈ ^mIvSdn sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ H∂n-tesd D≈ Hcp IpSpw_w {Kq∏v aq∂ntem IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Kƒ^n¬ tPmensb-Sp-°p∂ Hcmƒ IqSn-bp-s≠-¶n¬ Nne-t∏mƒ {Kq∏v \mentem Hs° Bhm-\p≈ km≤y-X-Ifpw D≠v. Hcp h¿§o-I-cW ]≤-Xn-bp-sS KpW-˛-tZmjw AXn\v {Kq∏p-Iƒ°nS-bnse hyXykvX-X-Iƒ {]I-S-am-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂pt≠m F∂-Xns\ B{i-bn-®n-cn-°pw. kaql {]Xn-`m-k-ß-fpsS hni-Zo-I-cW tijn-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Cu kmº-ØnI h¿KoI-cWw ê-{]-Z-am-sW-∂mWv Rß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬. CXn\v Dt]m-Xv_-e-I-amb as‰mcp Imcyw, Um‰-bpsS B¥-cnI ]c-kv]-cm-\pbp-‡-X- (internal consistency) bmWv. Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ DS-\ofw \¬In-bn-cn°p∂ ]ń-I-I-fn¬ CXp ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. GXm-s≠√m IW-°p-Ifpw {Kq∏v H∂n¬ \n∂v {Kq∏v \men-te°v ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn IqSp-Itbm Ipd-bp-Itbm sNøp-∂p. kmº-ØnI t{iWn-Isf A\m-h-cWw sNøp-∂-Xnse ê-{]m-]vXn-bm-WnXp ImWn°p-∂-Xv.

172

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Zmcn-{Zyhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw Zmcn-{Zy-sa-∂Xv Hcp Bt]-£nI k¶¬]-am-Wv. Ata-cn-°-bn¬ Zcn-{Z-\mbn IW°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿ C¥y-bn¬ Aß-s\-bm-IW-sa∂n-√. Hmtcm kaq-l-Ønepw PohnX-Øn\v AXym-h-iy-sa∂p Icp-Xp∂ D]m-[n-Iƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ kmº-Øn-Ia-- mbpw kmaq-ly--ambpw Ign-hn-√m-Ø-h-cmWv Zcn-{Z¿. Cu A¿∞-Øn-emWv Rßƒ tIcf ]T-\-Ønse H∂pw c≠pw {Kq∏pIsf samØ-Øn¬ Zcn-{Z-cmbn IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv. CXn¬ {Kq∏v H∂n-s\-∏‰n c≠-`n-{]mbw D≠m-Im-\n-S-bn-√. F∂m¬ {Kq∏v c≠n-ep≈-hsc Zcn-{Z-cmbn ]cn-KW - n-°p-∂X - ns\ AwKo-Ic - n-°m-Øh - c - p-≠m-Imw. Cu {Kq∏n¬ s]Sp∂ Hcp icm-icn IpSpw-_-Øns‚ Nn{Xw Rß-fpsS ]T-\-Øn¬ sXfn™p hcp-∂Xv Cu hn[-am-Wv. "At©m Btdm t]¿ AS-ßnb Hcp I¿jI sXmgn-emfn IpSpw_w. F√m Znhkhpw sXmgn-en-√. amk-h-cp-am\w 3700 cq]. GXm-≠{X Xs∂ sNe-hv. sNehns‚ 56 iX-am\hpw `£-W-Øn-\mbn \o°n-sh-°-Ww. an®w sh°m≥ H∂p-an√. kaqly kpc£ H∂pw Xs∂-bn-√. HmSn´ knsa‚ v Xd-bp≈ hoSv tdUntbm A√msX as‰m-∂p-an-√. Sn hn hmß-W-sa∂v B{K-l-ap-≠v. Bsc-¶nepw Bip-]{Xn-bn¬ InS-t°≠n h∂m¬ Db¿∂ ]en-i°v IS-sa-Sp-°-Ww. aqØ s]Ïp-ńbpsS hnhm-l-Øn\v ]Ww Is≠-Øm≥ ]pc-bn-S-Øns‚ Hcp `mKw hn¬°p-∂-Xns\- ]‰n Btem-Nn-°p-∂p.' ta¬ hnh-cn® IpSpw_w C∂v HutZym-Kn-I-ambn _n ]n F¬ ]ń-I-bn¬ hcp∂n√. F∂m¬ C∂-sØ tIcf kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ Chsc Zcn-{Z-cmbn IW-°m-°Wtam th≠tbm F∂-Xn¬ aqey--hn-th-N-\-Øns‚ (Value judgement) ]¶v hepXm-Wv. CØcw IpSpw-_-ßsf Dƒs∏-Sp-ØmØ Zmcn{Zy \n¿Ωm¿÷\ ]≤-XnIƒ°v henb A¿∞-an√ F∂mWv Rß-fpsS ]£w. Zmcn{Zy tcJ hc®v AXn\p Xmsg-bp-≈-hsc am{Xw Zcn-{Z-cmbn IW-°m-°p∂ coXn-bmWv C¥y-bn¬ \ne-hn-ep-≈-Xv. _olm-dnepw Hdo-k-bnepw tIc-f-Øn-epsams° Htc tcJ-bm-tWm D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-sX∂Xv {]k-‡-amb tNmZy-am-Wv. Zmcn{Zy tcJ th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv Bsc-bmWv F∂Xpw ]c-a-{]-[m-\-am-Wv. C∂p≈ Zmcn-{Zy-tcJ \ne-hn¬ hcp-∂Xv 1970Ifn-em-Wv. hne-kq-NnI A\p-k-cn®v Imem-Ime-ß-fn¬ ]pXp°n \n¿W-bn-°pI am{X-amWv ]n∂oSv sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. tIhe Zmcn{Zyw Af-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Cu tcJ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ITn-\-amb C√mbva (extreme deprivation) D≈-hsc am{Xta Is≠-Øp-∂p-≈q. C∂p \ne-hn-ep≈ Zmcn{Zy \n¿Ωm¿÷\ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fm-I-s´. \√ coXn-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-®m¬ t]mepw AXn-Z-cn{Zsc "shdpw Zcn-{Z¿' B°n am‰pI am{Xta e£y-an-Sp-∂p-≈p. AXn-\m¬ C∂sØ Zmcn{Zy \n¿Æb coXn ]p\x-]c - n-tim-[n-t°-≠X - p-s≠-∂mWv Rß-fpsS A`n-{]m-bw. AXn-Z-cn-{Zsc (_n ]n F¬ Zcn-{Z¿) am{Xw e£y-an-Sp∂ \b-ßfpw F√m Zcn-{Zscbpw Ic Ib-‰m≥ th≠ \b-ßfpw hy-Xy-kvX-amWv. BZy-tØ-Xn\v kaq-lØns‚ samØw an®-Øn¬ XpO-amb Hcp ]¶v Xmtgm´v ]e Xcw ]cn-]mSnIfneqsS C´p-sIm-Sp-Øm¬ aXn. a[y-˛-D-]cn h¿§-ß-fpsS -\-S-∏v Po-hn-X-co-Xnbn¬ Hcp am‰hpw hcp-tØ-≠-Xn-√. c≠m-a-tØ-Xn-\m-I-s´, kº-Øns‚ ]p\¿ hnX-c-W-Øn¬ sNdnb tXmXn-se-¶nepw Du∂¬ sImSp-°p∂ \b-ßƒ \S-∏m-°ntb Xocp. kaql-Øn¬ \ne \n¬°p∂ Ak-a-Xz-ßƒ Ipd®p sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn\v DX-Ip∂ \bß-fm-bn-cn-°Ww Ch.

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173

t£a-˛-s]≥j-\p-Ifpw IpSpw-_{io t]mep≈ ]≤-Xn-Ifpw sIm≠p am{Xw Zmcn{Zyw C√m-Xm-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. Zcn-{Z-Ip-Spw-_-ßƒ°v am\y-amb PohnXw \bn°m\pw Ipd-s®ms° an®w sh°m\pw Ignbpw hn[w Ah-cpsS bmYm¿∞ hcpam\w Db-c-Ww, c≠v hn[-Øn¬ Cu {]iv\sØ t\cn-Smw. 1. kmaqly kpc£ Dd∏p hcp-Øp-I. am\p-jnI tijn-Iƒ ]c-am-h[n hf¿Ønsb-Sp°pw hn[w KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw aqey-hp-ap≈ kuP\y hnZym-`ym-khpw BtcmKy-c-£bpw \¬Ip-I. anX-amb hnebv°v Ah-iy-km-[-\-ßƒ e`y-am-°p-I. Nnehp-Iƒ Ipd-bpI hgn bYm¿∞ hcp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ CXp klm-b-I-am-hp∂p. H∏w sXmgn¬ tk\-bpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw Db-cp-∂p. 2.Zcn{Z P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p∂ sXmgn¬ taJ-e-I-fn¬ Imtem-Nn-Xhpw `mh-\m-]q¿Æ-hp-amb am‰-ßƒ hcpØn sXmgn-en¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n°p-I. sNe-hns‚ Ak-aXzw G‰hpw IqSp-X-ep-≈ kwÿm-\-ßfnsem-∂mWv tIc-fsa∂v tZiob kmºnƒ k¿th IW-°p-Iƒ ImWn-°p-∂p. 1990\v tij-amWv CXv IqSp-X¬ {]I-S-am-Ip-∂-Xv. tIcf]T-\-Ønse IW-°p-Iƒ {]Im-chpw sNe-hns‚ Ak-aXzw Db¿∂ tXmXn-emWv (Kn\n kqNnI 0.41). CXn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X-emWv hcp-am-\-Ønse Ak-aXzw (Kn\n kqNnI 0.502). Ak-aXz kqNn-I-Iƒ CØ-c-Øn¬ Db¿∂n-cn-°m-\p≈ ImcWw apI-fn-ep≈ ]Øp iX-am-\w P\-ß-fpsS Db¿∂ hcp-am-\hpw D]-t`m-K-hp-am-Wv. BsI hcp-am\-Øns‚ 41.2 iX-am\w Ch-cp-tS-Xm-Wv. adn®v Xmsg-bp≈ ]Øp iX-am-\-Øn\v 1.3 iX-am\w am{X-ta-bp-≈p. kº-Øns‚ Kn\n kqNnI IW-°m-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ CXnepw A[n-I-am-bn-cn°pw A¥-cw. Ign™ Ccp-]Xp h¿j-ß-f-mbn AJn-te¥ym icm-i-cn-tb-°mƒ Db¿∂ tXmXn-em-bn-cp∂p tIc-f-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI hf¿®m \nc-°v. h¿≤n® ]pdwhcp-am-\hpw A\p-Iq-e-amb P\-kw-Jym-L-S-\bpw aqew bYm¿∞ hcp-am\w CXnepw IqSp-X-em-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Cu hf¿®-bpsS knwl`m-Khpw Db¿∂ ]Øp-i-X-am-\-Øns‚ ssII-fn-emWv FØn-bXv F∂p thWw Icp-Xp-hm≥. Gsd-°ptd Rß-fpsS h¿§o-I-cWw A\p-k-cn-®p≈ Db¿∂ a[yh¿§w ({Kq∏v 4) BWn-h¿. Ah-cmWv hkvXp hmßn-°q-´p-∂-Xv. Ah-cm-Wv, tbmKyX- am\-Z-WvU-am-ImsX t]mepw D∂X hnZym-`ym-khpw s{]m^-j-W¬ _ncp-Z-ßfpw t\Sn kaq-l-Øns‚ ta¬Ø-e-ß-fn¬ ]nSn apdp-°p-∂-Xv. AtX kabw P\-kwJy-bpsS 15% hcp∂ ]c-a-Z-cn-{Z¿°pw 35% hcp∂ Zcn-{Z¿°pw Cu Ah-k-c-ßƒ \ntj-[n-°p-∂-X-c-Øn-ep≈ am‰-ß-fmWv hnZym-`ymk cwK-Øp-≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂-Xv. s]mXp BtcmKy tkh-\-Øns‚ timN-\o-bm-h-ÿ, NnIn-’m-s®-e-hp-Iƒ Aan- X - a mbn h¿≤n- ° m≥ Imc- W - a m- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. IS- _ m- ≤ y- X - b psS G‰hpw {][m\s∏´ c≠p ImcWß-fn-sem∂v NnIn-’m-sN-e-hm-Wv. CsX√mw ImWn°p∂Xv ta¬kq-Nn-∏n® Ak-aXzw C\nbpw h¿≤n-°m-\mWp km[yX F∂m-Wv. 1957¬ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬h∂ IΩyq-WnÃp a{¥n-k` XpSßn sh® \b-]-cn-]m-SnIƒ C¥y-bn¬ G‰hpw sa®-s∏´ hnZym-`ym-khpw Btcm-Ky-hp-ap≈ Hcp P\-Xbv°p cq]w \¬In. F¨]-Xp-I-fnse B`y-¥c hf¿®°pw ]pdw hcp-am-\-Øn\pw A\pIqe P\-kwJym LS-\-bv°p-sams° hgn sXfn-bn®-Xn¬ {]kvXpX kmaqly am‰-ßƒ hln® ]¶v \ntj-[n-°m-\m-hm-ØXm-Wv. kmaq-lnI Ne-\m-fl-I-Xsb Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Ønb Cu am‰-ß-fpsS KpW-t`m-‡m-°-fmWv C∂sØ a[y-h¿§w.

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C∂v tIcf kaq-l-Øn¬ A[n-Imcw ssIbm-fp-∂Xpw A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°p∂Xpw \b-ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xp-sams° Ch-cm-Wv. PmXn-˛-a-X-˛-{]m-tZ-inI G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ Ds≠-¶nepw F√m hn`m-K-ßƒ°pw Cu {Kq∏n¬ {]mXn-\n-[y-ap-≠v. tIc-f-Ønse s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk irwJ-e-tbbpw GXm≠v kuP-\y-ambn e`n-°p-am-bn-cp∂ D∂X hnZym-`ym-k-tØbpw s]mXp-P\m-tcmKy kwhn-[m-\-ß-tf-bp-sams° ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-Kn®v hf¿∂p h∂ Cu hn`mKw kaq-lØ - n\v F¥p Xncn®p \¬In F∂ Imcyw Nn¥n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. B[p-\nI tIc-fØ - ns\ ]ptcm-KX - n-bn-te°v \bn® s]mXp-ÿm]-\ß - f - n¬ \n∂v ]pXnb a[y-h¿§w AI∂p t]mbn-. kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v 4 se 9.2% am{X-amWv k¿°m¿ Bip-]-{Xn-I-fn¬ t]mIp-∂-Xv. 14.2% am{Xsa Ipń-Isf k¿°m¿ kvIqfpI-fn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p-≈p. \b-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ G‰hpw kzm[o-\-ap≈ Cu hn`mKw ]n≥h-en-bp-∂Xv s]mXp-ta-J-esb Xf¿Øp-∂p. AhnsS Ime-Øn-s\m-Ø am‰ßƒ hcp-Øm-\p≈ \nt£]w D≠m-Ip-∂n-√. Aßs\ c≠p-Xcw hnZym-`ym-khpw NnIn-’bpw \ne-hn¬ hcp-∂p. D∂X hnZym-`ymk taJe IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ kzImcy-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]W-ap-≈-h¿°v am{X-am-bp≈ kzm{ib hnZym-`ymkw Acßp XI¿°p∂p. `mhn-bnse tUmIvSdpw F≥Pn-\o-bdpw amt\-Pdpw s{]m^kdpsams° a[y-h¿§-Øn¬ \n∂p am{X-am-bn-cn°pw F∂v Dd∏p hcpØpw hn[w Xmsg-bp-≈-h¿°v Ah-kc kaXzw \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. kmaq-lnI Ne-\m-fl-IX Gsd-°psd Cu htcWy h¿§-Øn¬ am{Xw HXp-ßp-∂p. kaq-l-Ønse AkaXzw h¿≤n-°p-∂p. sFIy-tI-c-f-∏n-d-hn°p tij-ap≈ Zi-I-ß-fnepw Ak-aXzw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ah-k-c-k-aXz \b-ß-fn-eqsS CXp Ipd-bv°p-hm-\p≈ {ia-ßfpw C°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ C∂-tØXv ]mh-s∏-´-h\v Ah-k-cßƒ \ntj-[n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Ak-a-Xz-am-Wv. AXn-thKw hfcp∂ Hcp kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn¬ Ak-aXzw A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂ hmZ-ap-≠v. hf¿®-bpsS Hcp \n›nX Xe-Øn¬ FØn-°-gn™m¬ Ahn-S-∂-tßm´p≈ t\´-ßƒ Xpey-ambn hnX-cWw sNø-W-sa-∂n-s√∂v CØcw hmZ-°m¿ A`n{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. {]kn-≤-amb Ipkvs\‰vkv h{Ihpw (Kuznets curve) kam\ hmZ-ßfp-amWv CXn\p ]n≥_-e-ambn Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°-m-dp-≈-Xv. sska¨ Ipkvs\‰vkv F∂ [\-im-kv{X-⁄≥ 1955¬ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´-Xv, B[p-\nI temI-Øn¬ kºZvhy-h-ÿ-Iƒ hf-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v BZyw Ak-aXzw h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw Hcp L´Øn-seØn ]n∂o-Sv Ipd-bp-sa-∂pamWv. CXv Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p∂ Xe Xncn™ U BIrXn-bn-ep≈ {Km^mWv Ipkvs\‰vkv h{Iw. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m≠p apX-ep≈ ]e bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-fp-tSbpw Ata-cn-°-bp-tSbpw A\p-`hw t{ImUo-I-cn-®mWv Cu \nbaw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂v Ht´sd t]¿ IqSp-X¬ hcp-am-\ap≈ ZznXo-b-˛-Xr-Xob taJ-e-I-fn-te°v amdp-tºmƒ Ak-aXzw h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv {]mY-anI taJ-e-bn¬ hfsc Ipd-®p-t]¿ am{Xw Ah-ti-jn-°p-tºmƒ AXp Ipd-bp-sa-∂p-amWv Cu {]Xn-`m-k-Øn\v \¬Inb hni-Zo-I-c-Ww. ùXnI aqe-[-\tØ-°mƒ am\p-jnI aqe-[-\-Øn\v {]m[m\yw ssIh-cn-°p∂ Ah-ÿ-bn-emWv h{Iw Xmtgm-´p≈ t]m°v XpS-ßp-∂-Xv. Ipkvs\‰vkv h{Ihpw kam\hmZßfpw Ncn-{X-Ønse A\n-hm-cyX t]mse Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂Xv AXv C∂sX he-Xp-]£ kmº-Øn-Ii - m-kv{X-Øn\v km[qI-cWw \¬Ip-∂Xp sIm≠mWv. CXv Ncn-{X-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy-X-b-√ F∂mWv

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A\p-`hw. t\m¿th, kzoU≥ t]mep≈ kvIm≥Un-t\-hn-b≥ cmPy-ß-fnepw P∏m\nepw Ing-°≥ Gjy-bnse cmPy-ß-fnepw Ak-aXzw h¿≤n-°p∂ A\p-`hw D≠mbn-ń-√. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse Cw•-≠v, {^m≥kv XpS-ßnb bqtdm-]y≥ cmPyß-fn-tetbm C∂sØ sXt° Ata-cn-°≥ cmPy-ß-fn-tetbm ÿnXn Bh¿Øn®m¬ am{Xta hf¿® t\Sm-\m-hp F∂ hmZ-Øn¬ Ig-ºn-√. am{X-a-√, hnh-c-kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-tS-Xmb Cu bpK-Øn¬ am\p-jnI aqe-[\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-Xs∂-bmWv kmº-ØnI hf¿®-°p≈ G‰hpw \√ X{¥w. Ak-aXzw Ipd-bv°p-Isb-∂Xv hnI-k-\-a-{¥-am-bn-cn-t°≠ Ime-am-Wn-∂tØXv. tIc-f-]-T-\-Øn¬ \n∂v tIcf hnI-k-\-Øn-te°v tIcf kaq-l-Øn¬ ]IpXn t]¿ Zcn-{Z-cm-Wv. a\p-jy-k-l-P-amb Xß-fpsS Ign-hp-Iƒ ê-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°m\pw AXp-hgn A√-en-√msX PohnXw \bn°m\pw Ah¿°v Ign-bp-∂n-√. P\-kw-Jy-bpsS ]Ip-Xn-bn-tesd kv{XoI-fm-Wv. kmº-ØnI {Kq∏v -t`-Z-at\y kvXoI-fpsS Ign-hp-Iƒ ]q¿Æ-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°s∏SmsX t]mIp-∂p. \ΩpsS hnI-k\ \b-ßƒ e£y-an-tS-≠Xv {][m-\-ambpw Zcn-{Z-tcbpw kv{XoI-tf-bp-am-Wv. hnI-k-\-Øn\v kmº-ØnI hf¿® A\n-hm-cyam-sW¶nepw hnX-cW \oXn-bn-√mØ hf¿® sIm≠v F√m-h¿°pw KpWap≠mIp-sa∂ hmZw kz]v\w am{X-am-Wv. F√m-h-tcbpw Dƒs°m-≈-p∂Xmbn-cn-°Ww hnI-k\ {]{Inb. hnI-k-\-sØ-∏‰n \oXn-bp-‡-amb Hcp ImgvN-∏mSv cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xnepw Cu Dƒ°mgvN {][m-\-am-Wv. ]e hnI-k\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv kaql-Ønse apIƒ∏m-Xn-bn-ep-≈-h¿°v (EG III, IV) t\cn´v KpWw In´p∂ coXn-bn-emWv. Ah-cn-eqsS CXns‚ KpW-^-e-ßƒ Iogv∏m-Xn-bn-te°pw In\n-™n-d-ßp-sa∂mWv \h-en-_-d¬ kmº-ØnI kn≤m-¥-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬, A\p-`h-Øn¬ CXv \S-°m-dn-√. \S-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Xs∂, hfsc aµ-K-Xn-bn-emhpw \S-°p-I. \ne-hn-ep≈ Ak-a-Xz-ßƒ aq¿On-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw AXns‚ ]cnWnX êw. ChnsS Rßƒ°v hnI-k-\-sØ-°p-dn®v hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp \ne-]m-SmWv AhX-cn-∏n-°m-\p-≈-Xv. Zcn{Z ]£-Øns‚ D∂-a-\-Øn-eq-∂n-s°m-≠p≈ ka{K hnIk-\-Øn\p th≠n-bmWv imkv{Xkmln-Xy ]cn-£Øv \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv. CØcw Hcp hnI-k\ kao-]-\-Øns‚ ASn-Ød \ΩpsS DXv]m-Z\ taJ-e-I-fpsS i‡amb hf¿®-bm-Wv. tateØń-ep≈ Ipd-®p-t]-cpsS kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ krjvSn-°p∂ hf¿®-sIm≠v ÿmbn-bmb hnI-k\w km[ya-√. Zcn{Z hn`m-K-ßƒ apJy-ambn ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p∂ Im¿jnI hymh-kmbnI taJ-e-I-fnse hcp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-®p-sIm≠p am{Xta Ak-a-Xzhpw sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw AXn¬\n-∂p-≠mIp∂ kmaqly kwL¿j-ßfpw C√m-Xm-°m≥ Ign-bq. Cu A¿∞Øn¬ hnIk\w DXv]m-Z-\m-[n-jvTn-X-am-tI-≠-Xp-≠v. C∂sØ coXn D]-t`m-Km-[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv. Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw DXv]m-Zn-∏n®v tIc-f-Øn¬ hn¬°pI F∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw hyXykvX-ambn Chn-SpsØ hn`-h-ß-tfbpw A≤zm-\-sØbpw D]-tbm-Kn®v D≠m-°m-hp∂Xv ChnsS D≠m-°Ww. kwÿm-\sØ DXv]m-Z-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS apJy kwLm-S-I≥ {]mtZ-inIXew -ap-X¬ tatem-´p≈ k¿°m¿ Bbn-cn-°-Ww. DXv]mZ\ {]{Inb {]Ir-Xn°v tIm´w X´m-ØXpw Bkq-{Xn-Xhpw P\-]-¶m-fn-Ø-ap-≈Xpw

176

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Ign-bm-hp-∂{X hntI-{µo-Ir-X-hp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. hnX-c-W-{]-{Inb kmaqly \oXnbn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. DXv]m-Z\˛hn-X-cW {]{In-b-I-fpsS e£yw km[mcW P\-ß-fpsS AXn-Po-h\Øn\p≈ k¿∆-tXm-∑p-J-amb hf¿®-bm-IWw. F¶n¬ am{Xta tIc-f-]-T-\-Øn-eqsS Zriy-amb, P\-ß-fn¬ ]Ip-Xn-h-cp∂ Zcn-{Z-cpsS {]iv\ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Ign-bq. Cßs\ Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ ]pXnb Hcp Xe-Øn¬ \n∂p sIm≠p≈ DS-®phm¿°¬ tIc-f-Ønse {][m-\-s∏´ F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw Bh-iy-ambn hcp-∂p. {]mtbm-Kn-Ihpw bmYm¿∞y-t_m-[-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-Xhp-amb \n¿t±-i-ß-fpsS Hcp k©bw GXp taJ-e-bnepw Dcp-Øn-cn-s®-Sp-°m≥ C∂p {]bm-k-an-√. hn´p-ho-gvNbn-√mØ \n¿_‘w Nne Imcy-ß-fn¬ th≠-Xp-ap-≠v. Cu \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \h-en_-d¬ AP-≠°v Hcp Xc-Ønepw t{]m’m-l-\-am-I-cp-Xv, adn®v AXn-t\m-Sp≈ t]mcm-´-am-I-Ww. c≠m-a-Xmbn t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®-t]m-se, Ah A\n-hm-cy-ambpw Ak-aXzw Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn\pw A[:ÿnX-cpsS PohnX {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ \S-]-Sn-I-fm-h-Ww. Cß-s\-bp≈ Hcp Iq´w \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Xo¿®-bmbpw hfsc IqSp-X¬ ]c-kv]-c-_-‘n-X-am-ImsX \nhr-Øn-bn-√. P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ hen-sbmcp hn`m-K-Øns‚˛{]-tXy-In®pw Zcn-{Z-cpsS apJy D]Po-h-\-ta-Je C∂pw Irjn-bmWv F∂ H‰-°mcyw Xs∂ B taJ-esb ka-{Kambn ]cn-jv°-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]n¥p-W-bv°p-∂-Xn\pw km[q-I-cWw \evIp-∂p. `q]cn-jv°-c-W-Øns‚ t]mcm-bva-Iƒ sXm´v ]pXnb hym]m-c-°-cm-dnse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ hsc ]p\:]cn-tim-[n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ \b-cq-]o-I-c-Whpw AXn-s‚-b-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ s\√v, sXßv, CS-hn-f-Iƒ, \mWy-hn-f-Iƒ, a’yw-˛-ar-K-k-ºØv F∂n-h-bn-se√mw Dev]m-Z\ hf¿®bpw kpÿn-c-Xbpw km[n-X-am-°p∂ kmt¶-XnI \ho-I-c-W-ßfpw kwL-S\m kwhn-[m-\-ß-fp-amWv ChnsS hnh-£n-°p-∂-Xv. sshhn-[y-h¬°-c-WØn-t‚bpw B[p-\o-I-c-W-Øn-t‚bpw {]iv\-ßƒ t\cn-Sp∂ ]c-º-cm-KX taJ-eIƒ, Akw-kvIrX hkvXp Zu¿e-`y-a-\p-`-hn-°p∂ Ib¿-˛-I-ip-h≠n taJ-e-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bnepw ]pXnb t]mwhgn \n¿t±-i-ßƒ Dcp-Øn-cn-™p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. Cu taJ-e-I-fn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h-cn¬ `qcn-]-£hpw kaq-l-Øns‚ G‰hpw Xmsg°n- S - b n- e p- ≈ - h cpw Zpcn- X - a - \ p- ` - h n- ° p- ∂ - h - c p- a m- s W- ∂ Xv \ho- I - c - W - Ø ns‚ ap≥KW\°v t{]c-I-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. Im¿jn-Im-\p-_-‘, aqey-h¿≤nX Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS h≥irw-J-e-bpsS km[y-XIƒ, kl-I-cW taJ-e-bpsS hn]p-e-amb kwL-S-\m-ti-jn, Ch-bvs°√mw A\ptbm-Py-amb ]m›m-Ø-e-ku-I-cy-ß-fpsS krjvSn XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fnepw Nmcw aqSn-°n-S-°p∂ tIc-fob km[y-X-Iƒ Cub-SpØ ImeØv hnI-k\ N¿®-I-fn¬ [mcm-f-ambn Db¿∂p h∂n-´p-≠v. ]pØ≥ kmt¶-XnI hnZym-ta-J-e-I-fmb sF Sn, _n Sn cwK-ß-fn¬ \ΩpsS hn`-h-ti-jn-bpsS hne-Ip-d™ hmSI D]-tbm-K-a-√, adn-®v hne-Iq-´p∂ D]-tbm-KamWv tIcfw e£y-an-tS-≠-Xv. B hgn-°p≈ km[y-X-Iƒ Ipd-h√ F∂-Xn\v kao-]-Ime A\p-`-h-ßƒ [mcm-f-ap-≠v. Cu Zni-bn-ep≈ apt∂-‰-ßƒ°v A\ptbm-Py-amb imkv{X-km-t¶-XnI \b-ßfpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. B`y-¥c hn`h kaml-c-W-Ønepw s]mXp-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ ]p\:kwhn-[m\w sNøp-∂-Xnepw kmaq-lykp-c£m \S-]-Sn-I-fn-ep-sa√mw Db¿∂p-h-cp∂ ]pØ≥ Xe-apd {]iv\-ßƒ ap≥ImeØv kzoI-cn-®Xpw amXr-Im-]-c-ambn Xo¿∂-Xp-amb a\p-jy-Xz-]-c-amb \ne-]m-Sp-

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Iƒ Xcnºpw ssIhn-SmsX Xs∂ t\cn-SpI F∂-XmWv tIc-f-Øns‚ ap∂n-ep≈ ka-Im-enI sh√p-hn-fn. C°m-cy-Øn¬ khn-ti-j-amb Zo¿L-Ime am‰-ßƒ°v t\XrXzw \evtI-≠Xv am\-h-tijn hnI-k-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ sXmgn¬-˛-hn-Zym-`ymk taJ-e-I-fm-Wv. ]{¥-≠p-h¿jsØ kvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw Ign-™v, 18 hb-m-Ip∂ Hcp bphmhn\v/bph-Xn°v kaq-l-Øn-\p KpW-I-c-amb GsX-¶nepw sXmgn-se-SpØp Pohn°m-\p-X-Ip∂ Adnhpw Ignhpw Bfl-hn-izm-khpw In´-Ww. AXp \¬Ip-I-bm-bncn-°Ww kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ [¿Ωw. AtX ka-bw, Hcp hn`mKw bphm°sf Zo¿L-Imew \o≠p \n¬°p∂ D]-cn-]-T-\-Øn\pw ]pXnb Adn-hns‚ \n¿ΩmW-Øn\pw {]tbm-K-Øn\pw {]m]vX-cm-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ ss[j-Wn-I-ambpw am\kn-I-ambpw Xøm-dm-°p-Ibpw thWw. CXp c≠pw th≠hn[-Øn¬ C∂p \S-°p∂n√ F∂-XmWv A`ykvX hnZy-cpsS CS-bnse cq£-amb sXmgn-en-√mbva sXfnbn-°p-∂-Xv. kvIqƒ Xe-Øn¬ sXmgn-em-`n-apJyw hf¿Øp-Ibpw ]{¥≠mw ¢mkv Ign-bptºm-tg°pw `qcn-`mKw t]¿°pw sXmgn¬ sshZKv[yw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂ ]mTy]-≤Xn ]cn-jv°-cWw ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn \S-∏m-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. kaq-l-Øn-\mh-iy-amb F√m sXmgn¬ taJ-e-Ifpw hyh-ÿm-]nX ]cn-io-e\ kwhn-[m-\-Øn≥ Iogn¬ hc-Ww. CXn-eq-sS-bmWv \ΩpsS ]c-º-cm-KX sXmgn¬ taJ-e-I-fpsS B[p\nIhXv°-cWw \S-t°-≠Xv; Ah-bpsS PmXo-b-amb sI´p-]m-Sp-Iƒ s]mń-®p-amt‰-≠Xv; F√m sXmgn-ep-Iƒ°pw am\y-Xbpw \ymb-amb thX-\hpw Int´-≠Xv; F√m-h¿°pw Ah-c-h-cpsS Ignhpw hmk-\bpw A\p-k-cn-®p≈ GXp sXmgnepw sNbvXp Xr]vXnI-c-ambn Pohn-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw D≠m-tI-≠-Xv. DXv]m-Z-\m-[njvTnX hnI-k\w F∂ e£y-Øn\v A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-amb ap∂p-]m-[n-bm-Wn-Xv. D∂- X - h n- Z ym- ` ym- k - c w- K Øpw ImX- e mb am‰- ß ƒ D≠m- t I- ≠ n- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. C∂sØ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ AXv kaq-l-Ønse Zp¿_e hn`m-K-ßƒs°-Xn-cmbn i‡amb hnth-N-\-Øn-\p≈ D]m-[n-bm-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p∂p F∂v tIcf ]T\w hy‡am-°p-∂p. kh¿W sslµh {InkvXob hn`m-K-ßƒ°v Aan-X-amb ap≥Xq°w In´p∂ Hcp taJ-e-bm-W-Xv. Imay-amb ]Z-hn-Ifpw DtZym-K-ßfpw D∂X hnZym`ymkw e`n-®-h-cpsS Ah-Im-i-am-bn-cn-°p∂ Hcp kaq-l-Øn¬ Cu ÿnXn hntijw \ne-hn-en-cn-°p∂ D®-\o-NXz-ßsf Duń Dd-∏n-°m-\mWv CS-h-cp-ØpI F∂v hy‡am-Wv. CXp Xncp-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ kvIqƒ Xe-Ønse s]mXp hnZym-`ymkw sa®-s∏-SpØn-s°mt≠ ]‰q. hońse tIm®nßpw {]tXyI Syqj\pw H∂pw IqSmsX ¢mknse ]Tn-∏p-sIm≠p am{Xw kz¥w Ign-hp-Isf hnI-kn-∏n-°m≥ Hmtcm Ipń°pw Ign-b-Ww. AXn-\-\p-k-cn®v s]mXp hnZym-e-b-ß-sfbpw A≤ym-]-I-scbpw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. D∂X hnZym-`ym-k-Øn¬ \n∂p kaq-l-Øn\p Int´-≠-Xmb {]tbm-P-\-ßƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ \ap°p Ign-bp-∂n-√ F∂mWv _ncp-Z-[m-cn-Iƒ°n-S-bnse Db¿∂ sXmgn-en-√m-bva(25%) kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. \ne-hn-ep≈ Adn-hns\ hna¿i-\-]-c-ambn Dƒs°m-≈m\pw {]tbm-Kn-°m-\pw, ]pXnb Adnhp \n¿Ωn-°m\pw D≈ Ignhv hf¿Øm-\p-XIpw hn[w D∂X hnZym-`ymkw ]cn-jv°-cn-®m¬ am{Xta _ncp-Z-[m-cnIƒ sXmgn¬ tXSp-∂-h-cn¬ \n∂v sXmgn¬ krjvSn-°p-∂-h-cmbn amdq. hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw BÏp-ń-Iƒs°m-∏tam Hcp-]Sn

178

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ap∂ntem BWv s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ. F∂m¬ sXmgn¬ cwK-sØ-Øp-tºmƒ Ah¿ ]n∂n-em-Ip∂p F∂v tIcf ]T\w ImWn-°p-∂p. "ho´Ω' F∂p kzbw te_-semń-®n-cn-°p-∂-h-cn¬ _lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw ]Ømw ¢mkv˛πkv Sq Ign-™-h-cm-Wv. kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ A]-cym-]vX-Xbpw e£y-t_m-[-an-√m-bva-bp-amWv Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc CXn\p Imc-Ww. Xo¿®-bm-bpw, kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne-hn-en-cn-°p∂ enwK]-c-amb Ak-aXzw CXns\ IqSp-X¬ cq£-am-°p-∂p. hnhmlw sXmgn¬ Pohn-XØn\p XS--am-Ip-∂Xv F√m-bvt∏mgpw kv{Xo°p-am-{X-am-Wv, Hcn-°epw ]pcp-j\√ F∂Xpw Hcp hkvXp-X-bmWv. hnZym-`ym-khpw kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-tbmSp IqSnb hnI-k-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w At`-Zy-amWv. sk°-≠dn Xew apX¬ A≤zm-\m-`n-apJyw hf¿Øp∂-∂-Xn\v {]mapJyw \¬I-Ww. _lp-`q-cn-]-£-Øn\pw Fs¥-¶nepw Hcp sXmgn-en¬ {]mtbmKnI ]cn-io-e-\hpw A\p-`-hhpw \¬IpI F∂Xv lb¿ sk°-≠dn hnZym-`ym-kØns‚ s]mXp-e-£y-am-IWw. D∂X hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ e£yw kaq-l-Øn\v hyXy- k v X - t a- J - e - I - f n¬ Bh- i y- a p≈ sshZ- K v ≤ y- Ø ns‚ krjv S n- b m- W v . AXnt\msSm∏w kz¥w kaq-l-Øns‚ hf¿®°p th≠n tPmen sNøm-\p≈ k∂≤-Xbpw ]pXnb ⁄mt\m-ev]m-Z-\-Øn-\p≈ Ignhpw D∂X hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\p \¬Im≥ Ign-b-Ww. Npcp-°-Øn¬, +2 Xew hsc km¿h-{Xn-Ihpw kuP-\yhpw \n¿_-‘n-X-hp-amb hnZym-`ymkw \¬Ip-Ibpw AXns‚ A¥y-L-´-Øn¬ kaq-lØn∂v Bh-iy-ap≈ GsX-¶nepw sXmgn-en¬ G¿s∏´v D]-Po-h\w t\Sp-∂-Xn-∂p≈ {]mtbm-KnI Adnhpw sXmgn¬ ]cn-N-bhpw Bfl-hn-izm-khpw D≈-h-cm°n Ahsc am‰p-Ibpw D∂X hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v th≠ ss[j-Wn-I-amb tijnbpw k∂-≤Xbpw t\Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ASn-Ød ]mIp-Ibpw sNøm≥ hnI-k-t\m-∑pJ hnZym-`ymk-Øn\v Ign-b-Ww. Xpey {]m[m-\y-ap≈ as‰mcp taJe kmaqly kpc-£-bp-tS-Xm-Wv. kuP-\yhpw KpW\n-e-hm-c-ap-≈-Xp-amb s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ym-kw, Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£Ww, anX-amb hnebv°v Ah-iy-km-[-\-ßƒ e`y-am-°¬ F∂n-h-bmWv CXn¬ {][m-\w. Zcn-{Z-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fpsS sNehp Ipdbv°pI hgn bYm¿∞ hcp-am\w h¿≤n∏n-°m\pw AtXm--sSm∏w sa®-s∏´ sXmgn¬ tk\sb krjvSn-°m\pw CXp hgn Ign-bpw. CXn-\p≈ ]Ww Is≠-Øp-∂-sX-ßs\ F∂-XmWv apJy {]iv\w. s]mXpkw-hn-[m-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v AI-∂p-t]mb a[y-h¿§-Øn\v CXns‚ _m[y-X-bn¬ \n∂v amdn-\n¬°m-\m-hn-√. F√m t£a-cm-jv{S-ß-fnepw D≈-Xp-t]mse hcp-am-\-Øn\v A\p-kr-X-ambn kmaq-ly-tk-h-\-ßƒ°v th≠n \nIpXn G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-s\°p-dn®v Kuc-h-]q¿∆w BtemNn-t°≠ ka-b-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tIc-f-Øns‚ `mhn C∂sØ hnI-k\ {]{In-bsb am‰nadn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS am{Xta Hcp P\-]£ hnI-k\ kao-]\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ignbq F∂v t_m[y-s∏-SpØp∂XmWv tIcf-]-T-\-Øns‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ. D]-t`mK tI{µo-Ir-Xhpw tkh-\-ta-J-e-bn-eq-∂nb-Xp-amb C∂sØ hnI-k\ kao-]-\-Øn\p ]Icw tIc-f-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Pyamb Irjn-bnepw hyh-km-b-h-f¿®-bnepw Du∂p-∂Xpw kmaqly \oXn D-d-∏m-°p∂-Xp-amb ]pXn-sbmcp hnI-k\ ]mX hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-Ib -- mhpw `mhn-tI-c-f-Øns‚ ap∂n-ep≈ hgn. C∂sØ D]-t`m-Km-[n-jvTnX hnI-k-\-co-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v DXv]m-Z-\m-[n-jvTnX kao-

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]- \ - Ø n- t e- ° p≈ am‰w Ffp- ∏ - a m- s W∂v Rßƒ Icp- X p- ∂ n- √ . BtKmf ss^\m≥kv aqe-[\ XmXv]-cy-Øn\v Iogvs∏-ń-cn-°p∂ C∂sØ C¥y≥ kmlN-cy-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øn-t‚-Xm-sbmcp hnI-k\ ]mX km[y-am-tWm F∂ tNmZy-ap≠v. D]-t`m-Km¿Øn ]q≠ Hcp kaq-l-Øn-emWv \mw Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. AØ-c-samcp kaqlw D]-t`m-KsØ ]cn-an-X-s∏-SpØm-\p≈ km[y-Xbpw Ipd-hm-Wv. CØcw ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ \ne-\n-ev°p-tºmgpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn Nne-sXms° sNøm≥ Ign™m¬ am{Xta P\-ß-fpsS ip`m-]vXn-hn-izmkw hos≠-Sp-°m≥ Ignbq F∂p Rßƒ Icp-Xp-∂p. AsXmcp A\n-hm-cy-X-bm-sW∂pw Rßƒ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ {]iv\-ßsf \n¿≤cn-°m\pw P\-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ {]mtbmKnI Xe-ß-fn¬ Ah-bpsS hnP-b-˛-]-cm-P-b-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°m\pw Ign-tb-≠-Xp≠v. AXn-\m-Is´ DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ Hmtcm cwK-hpw {]tXy-I-am-sb-SpØv ]cn-tim[n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. AØcw ]cn-tim-[-\-I-fn¬ Nne-Xn-s\-¶nepw Hcp \ne-]m-Sp-X-dbmbn Cu ]T-\-Ønse hnh-c-ßƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Rß-fpsS DZyaw km¿∞-I-am-bn.

180

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A\p-_‘w 1

Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-Ifn¬ \n∂v ASpØ hoń¬ Bcm Xma-kn-°p-∂Xv? ""AhnsS amπmcm'' sIm´-s\bvXv D]-Po-h\w \S-Øp∂ Zcn{Z IpSpw-_w. Hcp sIm´ saS-™m¬ In´p-∂Xv 1 cq] 80 ss]k. A©w-K-ß-fp≈ Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_-Øn\v Hcp Znhkw `£Ww Ign-°m≥ am{Xw F{X Ip´ -sa-S-bWw! ASp-Ø-ho-´p-Im-sc-°p-dn-®p≈ Ah-cpsS {]Xn-I-c-W-amWv apI-fn¬ sImSp-Ø-Xv. Aß-s\... Aß-s\........ k¿th-°mbn ]T\kwLw FØp-tºmƒ ho´p-Im¿ Gsd ka-b-ambn ImØncn-°p-I-bm-Wv. hoń-emsI aq∂p t]¿. apºv tIń-t´-bp-≈p. Hcp bYm¿∞ hr≤ `h\w. G‰hpw {]mbw Ipd-™-bmƒ°v {]mbw 72. At±-l-Øns‚ ktlm-Z-c\pw `mcy-bp-amWv a‰p-≈-h¿. aq∂p-t]-cpw s]≥j-\¿am¿, kº-∂¿. \√ tdma≥ ImØen°v hnizm-kn-Iƒ. ao\-®n¬ \{km-Wn-bpsS X\n-a. F¥nepw hy‡-amb A`n{]m-bw. kzm{ib ÿm]-\-ßƒ \√-Xm-Wv. ]mh-ßsf ]Tn-∏n-t°≠ DØ-c-hmZnXzw k¿°m-cn-\m-Wv. aXw cmjv{So-b-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xn¬ sX‰n√. PmXn kwhcWw th≠. Aßs\.. Aß-s\........ Iqń\p tdUntbm am{Xw ""tdUntbm NoØ-bm-bn-t∏mbn aq∂m-gvN-bmbn \mSIw tIƒ°msX'' ]{Xw hmbn-°mØ temI-Im-cy-ßƒ "_m[n-°mØ ho´-Ω-˛-c-a-Wn. ê-hr-£ßtfm a‰p hcp-am\ am¿§-ßtfm C√. c≠v sk‚n¬ Xm¬°m-enI Iqc. aI≥ s]bn‚ v ]Wn°v t]mIp-∂p. hmb-\-bn-√. Pe-t{km-Xv C√. hnt\m-tZm-]m[n tdUntbm am{Xw. CØcw \nc-h[n IpSpw-_-ßƒ \ΩpsS \mń-ep-≠-t√m. ISw-t]-Sn-®v.... Ip∂w-Ip-fØv ASp-∏qń Ip∂ns‚ Xmgv-hm-cw. Hcp tImf-\n. Rßƒ k¿t∆°v t]mIp-∂p. _m¶v DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-cm-sW∂v Icp-Xn Krl-\m-Y≥ Hfn-®p-I-f-™p. ]cn-N-b-°m-c-\mb Hcmƒ IqsS D≠m-bXv `mKyw At±lw CS-s]´v Krl-\m-Ys\

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]pd-sØ-Øn-®p. Cu IpSpw-_-Øn\v Hcp e£w cq] IS-ap-≠v. aI-fpsS Ieym-WØn\p hmßn-b ISw. ]ńWn InS-∂m¬ Inńb sXmgn-se-Sp°pw temdn ss{Uh-dm-bn-cp∂p l-\m¿. 11 t]c-S-ßp∂ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ \mY≥ k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-I-fmWv anI-®-sX-∂-t±lw ]d-bp-∂p. ImcWw tbmKy-X-bp≈ A[ym-]-I-cm-W-hn-sS. ]t£ "A®-S°w' Ipd-hm-Wv. Kpcp-X-c-amb AkpJw h∂m¬, Pohn-°Wsa∂p-s≠-¶n¬ k¿°m¿ Aip-]-{Xn-bn¬ t]mIn-s√∂pw sX‰mb `£W-coXn ip≤-Pe - Ø - ns‚ A]-cym-]vXX - , aen-\a - m-°s - ∏´ hmbp F∂n-hb - mWv BtcmKy-cw-KsØ apJy {]iv\-ß-sf-∂p-amWv At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-bw. sXmgn-en-√mbva \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv ]ń-Wn-bn-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠m-sW∂pw ]ńWn InS-t°-≠n-h-∂m¬ Inńb sXmgn-se-Sp-°p-sa∂pw At±lw Dd-∏n-®p-]-d-bp-∂p. tIms´-cp-abpw sU¶n-∏-\nbpw sh¶n-tS-iz-c≥: Xangv {_m“-W≥, IpSpw-_-\m-Y≥, IrXy-amb Bkp-{XWw sNbvX PohnX {Ia-ßfpw coXn-I-fpw. IpSpw-_-Ønse F√m AwK-ßfpw kw`mj-W-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp. ""\Ωfv Ign-°n-WXv apgp-h≥ shjm... ]ns∂-ßs\ tcmK-ßfv hcm-Xn-cn°pw'' ""sU¶n-∏\n Hcp hntZi tcmK-am-Wv. Cu tcmKw D≠m-°p-∂Xv Cu ASpØ ImeØv {]Xy-£-s∏´ tImsćpa F∂ Pohn- Im-c-W-am-sW∂pw tIms´-cp-a-bmWv sU¶n-∏\n ]c-Øp-∂-sX∂pw {io. sh¶n-tS-iz-c≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. kln-jvWpX! hońse tPmen-Iƒ ]pcp-j-∑m¿ sNtø-≠-Xpt≠m? `mcy : ""IpSpw_ tPmen-Iƒ kv{Xo]p-cp-j-∑m¿ ]¶p-sh-bvt°-≠-Xm-sW-∂mWv Fs‚ A`n-{]mbw'' `¿Ømhv : (tZ-jy-tØm-sS) ""sNtø-≠-Xpt≠m? F∂p tNmZn-®m¬ sNtø-≠Xp≠v F∂p-Øcw sImSp-Ø¬ aXn.'' ChnsS Aßs\ \S-°p-∂n-s√-∂ -Imcyw a‰p-≈-h¿ Adn-bp-∂Xv tami-a-t√. bmYm¿∞yw Kƒ^n¬ kq∏¿am¿°-‰n-emWv IpSpw-_mw-K-Øn\p tPmen. hoSp-dn-∏-b¿ \S-∂-sX-t∏mgmsW∂v tNmZyw "hoSp-]Wn ]q¿Øn-bm-bn-´p- tht≠ dn∏-b¿ \S-Øm≥?' F∂p adp-]-Sn. "G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ CjvS-s∏-Sp∂ Nm\¬ GXmWv?' Sn hn tbm tdUn-tbmtbm AhnsS C√ F∂ Imcyw k¿s∆ {]h¿Ø-I¿°-dnbn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Kƒ^pImcpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Ch-cpw s]Sptam? Icn-ao≥ a[y-tI-c-f-Øn¬ Hcp kº-∂ `h\w. c≠v Bä-°ƒ tUmIvS¿am¿. Hcmƒ Ata-cn-°-bn¬, as‰m-cmƒ Cw•-≠n¬. ]mc-º-cy-ambn kº∂ IpSpw-_w. dn´-tb¿Uv anen-´dn DtZym-K-ÿ-\mWv IpSpw-_-\m-Y≥. hcp-am\w ]d-bm≥ h√mØ aSn. hntZiØv \n∂pw a°ƒ ]W-sam∂pw Ab-°p-∂n-√. ""AsX¥m?'' ""Rßƒ°v Ah-

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cpsS ]W-sam∂pw Bh-iy-an-√, AXp-X-s∂.'' sNe-hp-Iƒ Hmtcm-∂mbn ]d-™p. Blm-c-Øns‚ IW-s°-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ a’y-Øn\v henb XpI. Krl-\m-Y≥ ImcWw ]d-™p. ""Rßƒ°v F√m Znh-khpw Icn-ao≥ IqSmsX Ign-bn-√.'' k¿s∆-°n-S-bn¬ amtjmSv \ôk : amtj, s‚ tamƒsS t]cn¬ kvIqfnse k©-bn-I-bn¬ sImd®v ss]k-≠m-bn-\p. AXn-s∏m- Int´zm? amjv : F¥n\m s\ôtk B Npcpßy ss]k C∏w FSv°-WXv? Hmfv Ggmw ¢mkn-seØn kvIqfv∂v t]mIpºw FSpØm t]msc AXv. A∏w Ipd-®qSn ss]k≠m-hqt√? \ôk : A√ amtj, \n°v sNe-hn\p ss]k-√ym-bv‰. aq∏cv°v Zp_m-bnev A{X hey ]sWym-∂p-√m. Hmcv H∂pw c≠pw amkw IqSpºw Bbn-cw dp∏nI Ab-®p-Xcpw AXv Hcp amk-tØ-s°zs∂ sXI-bq-em. HmWw tIdm-aqe CSp-°n-bnse Zp¿Ka taJ-e-bnse ]©m-b-Øn¬ Rßƒ k¿th sNbvX aq∂v hoSp-If - n¬ FØn-s∏-Sm≥ _p≤n-ap-´m-Wv. ae-\n-cI - f - n-emWv Irjn. IpSn-sh-≈Ø - n\pw _p≤n-ap-´v. Cu aq∂p hoSp-I-fnepw sSen-hn-jt\m ]{Xtam C√m-bn-cp-∂p. aq∂p ho´p-Imcpw h¿j-ßf - mbn Hcp hnt\mZ ]cn-]m-Sn°pw t]mbn-ń-√. ]Xn-hmbn t]mIm≥ Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ t]mepw ASp-Øn-√. \mev AwK-ß-fp≈ cho-{µs‚ IpSpw_w tIcf ]T-\-hp-ambn \∂mbn kl-I-cn-®p. tIc-fØn¬ \S°p∂ ]e Imcyßsf°p-dn®pw Ah¿°v tI´-dn-hp-t]m-ep-an-√. FtÃ‰v emb-Øn-\∏ - pdw Ah¿s°mcp temI-an-√. ÿe-an-√, hoSpw. AWp-Ip-Spw_w a[y-tI-c-f-Ønse Hcp {]apJ ]´-W-Ønse hoSv. AXnkº-∂-\mb ho´p-S-a. hn\-bm-\zn-X≥. GXp Imcy-Øn\pw Xpd∂ A`n-{]m-bw. AºXv h¿j-Øn\v apºv ]WnX hoSv. hoń¬ ap∏-Xn-e-[nIw apdn-Iƒ. c≠mw \ne-bn¬ Im¿t]m¿®v. Xmakn-°p-∂Xv Hcp sNdnb AWp-Ip-Spw-_-hpw. hnZym-[\w Iqen-∏-Wn-°m-c-\mWv tPmk-^v. P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-W-Øn¬ e`n® sNdnb ]pcbn-Shpw hoSpw. ]Wn-Iƒ Xo¿∂n-ń-√. F√p-ap-dnsb ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p∂ kz`mhw. hoń¬ an\naw kuI-cy-ß-fn-√. ImcWw tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ tPmk^v ]d-™p: ""Rm≥ ITn-\m-[zm\w sNøp-∂Xv Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-`ymk ]ptcm-K-Xn-°p-th-≠n-bm-Wv. _m°n-sbms° AXp Ign-™n-´p- a-Xn.'' hońse ùXnI kuI-cy-ßƒ Ah-KWn-°p-∂-Xn\v At±-l-Øns‚ \ymbo-I-cWw i‡-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]mc-kv]cyw ae-∏pdw Pn√-bnse ]Sn-™m-d≥ taJ-e-bnse Hcp ]©m-bØv. AsXmcp "bØow' IpSpw-_-am-Wv. Ah-cpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ sNe-hp-Iƒ°m-h-iy-amb an° km[\-ßfpw ]≈n-bp-sSbpw Kƒ^p-ImcS°-ap≈ DZm-ca - X - n-If - p-sSbpw klm-bØ - m-emWv e`n®p t]mcp-∂-Xv. D]-t`m‡r sNehv IrXy-ambn Fgp-Xm≥ km[n-®n-√. Cu hoń¬ \S∂ hnhm-l-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ sNehpw ]≈n-°-Ωn-‰n-bmWv \S-Øn-b-Xv.

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