PLANTATION CORPORATION OF KERALA LTD

PLANTATION CORPORATION OF KERALA LTD., KOTT AYAM

1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

India is an agricultural country. One third of the population depends on agriculture directly. Agriculture forms the backbone of the Indian industry and despite contentrated industrialization in the last 4 dacades. Rubber plantation industry plays an important role in the Indian economy in terms of output and employment. India is th

the 4 largest producer of rubber. In Kerala there are two sector of plantations. They are private sector and public, 80% of plantations are in private sector and 20% in public sector. The plantation under the Government is owned by Kerala Forest Development Corporation Ltd; Oil Palm India Ltd; The Plantation Corporation of Kerala Ltd; Kerala Agriculture Development Kerala Forest Department and Rubber Board. The plantation corporation working under the ministry of agriculture is the largest plantation company. The company was incorporated in 1962 with an authorized share capital of 75 million. PCK concentrated all efforts on the large scale cultivation of plantation crops. The major plantations are rubber, cashew and oilpalm in addition some are planted with cinnamon, pepper coconut teak wood and other commercial trees. PCK is one of the major producers of high quality concentrated Latex in India. It also producers Block Rubber as per ISI specification. The company has 12 Estates spread over pathanamthitta, Ernakulam, Thrissur, Palakkad, Malappuram, Kozhikod, Kannur, Kasarkode District. The company owned 3 rubber factories and one rubber wood factory. The corporation has diversified its activities and identified the potential of farm tourism and eco tourism in the sport of scientific beauty in its plantations located in different part of t he state. All these activities are controlled from the corporations Head office at Kottayam. The administration is done by the M.D under the control of the Board of Directors and the chairman. The Head Office is divided into seprate department such as marketing, personnel, administration, purchase, Engineering and Finance and Accounting.

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1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

A study of plantation corporation of Kerala Ltd. is an organizational study mainly based on primary and secondary data. The study has been designed with the following objectives. 1.

To analyse the performance of the organization.

2.

To understand all the departments and its activities at PCK Ltd.

3.

To know the organizational structure and job profile of the departments.

4.

To identify the strength, weakness, weakness, oppertunity and threat faced by PCK Ltd.

5.

To draw conclusions and its performance and its activities.

6.

To give appropriate suggestions.

The main objective of Plantation Corporation

1.

To establish rubber plantation.

2.

To establish cashew plantations.

3.

To cultivate plantation crops such as oil palms palms and other food crops.

4.

To cultivate spice crops.

5.

To carry on rubber processing and wood processing.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study is mainly based on the details collected from each department. It provides a better understanding at functional level of each department ie., Sales Department, Engineering, Production, Purchase, Personnel, Finance and Accounting. Each and every activities of the company is studied very carefully with the data available. Apart from that, of gained knowledge of the functioning of different departments and their inter relatonship with each other. This study helped in to familiarize myself with the cashew-oil palm etc.
















1.4 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

Research Methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be understood as a science of studying how research id done scientifically. According to clifford woody research comprises defining and redefing problems formulating hypothesis or suggested solution, collecting organizing evaluating date, making deductions and reaching conclusions and at last carefully testing the conclusion to determine whether they fill the formulating hypothesis and informal investigation. The data can be collected through primary and secondary sources. Primary data are to be collected by direct interview method. Secondary data are collected from the annual report of the organisation company records and other published articles. The collected data are analyzed and tabulated, presented with the help of various statistial techniques. 1.5DURATION OF THE STUDY

The duration of the study was over a periods of one month dated 3-5-2010 to 31-5-2010. 1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

1.

Time constraint is a major limitations of of the study

2.

Lack of enough information of the secondary data is also also the limitation of the study

3.

During the project study, there several problems such as unwillingness to respond and lesser Co-operations from respondents during data
















2.1 INDUSTRY PROFILE India is the fourth biggest producer and customer of Natural Rubber in the world. Despite the near total predominance of small holders in natural rubber production India can take pride in having the highest productivity. Rubber is also the best crop compared to all other major crops in terms of production, growth, area expansion and productivity. The rubber growers here have also getting the best, prices in the world especially at farm rate. Since it commercial beginning in 1902 the rubber plantation industry in India had made significant strides in terms of growth in area, productivity and production. Considerable expansion of area during the 1950's and 1960's in Kerala, which accounts for 92% of natural production in India. Kerala together with Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu is the traditional rubber growing region in the country. To meet the increasing demand for the rubber in the country, the commercial cultivation of this crop was extended beyond the traditional region; especially to the north east from 1960's onwards the traditional are now accounts for 88% of the area under rubber. Through the manufacture of rubber based products started in India as early as in 1922. till the middle of 1930's the industry was not enough to absorb the entire volume of natural rubber produced in the country, thereafter owing to a host of promotional features, the situation changed and the plantation industry which was mainly export oriented until the middle of 1930's gradually found the domestic market sufficient. When the absorptive capacity of the domestic manufacturing sector was further expanded, supply was formed insufficient to meet the industries requirements and by 1947 India become a net importer of natural rubber. Apart from consumer synthetic rubber also. Natural rubber together with synthetic rubber is termed as a customer. In India natural rubber is preferred customer while natural has only a-share of 40%, in the global customer consumption in India.
















RUBBER Heveabrasiliensis is the important commercial source of natural rubber-a product of vital importance recovered from latex. Natural rubber however, has been found in the latex of over 2000 species of plants belonging to 311 genera of 79 families. The minor sources of natural rubber are mnihotglaziovli (Euphorbiaceae) ficus (Moraceae) Parthenium argentum and taraxvumkosaghyz (Compositae) in addition, many other species like Euphoria intisy . (Eurphobiaceace) Cryptostegia, C. madagascariensis (Asdepiadaceae).Furtumiaelastica, Landolphiasp (Apocyanaceae) etc, have been experimented as possible minor sources of natural rube. Of these, parthenium argentum, from which guayule rubber is obtained, is now gaining some importance. Haveabrasiliensis

HaveaBrasiliensis is a native of the Amazon River basin of South America. It was introduced to tropical Asia in 1876 through Kew Garden in UK with the seeds brought from Brazil by Sir Henry Wickham. The tree is now grown in the tropical regions of Asia, Africa and America. The rubber tree is sturdy, quick and tall. It grows in many types of soil provided the soils are deep and well drained. A warm humid Equable climate (21°c to 35°c) and a fairly distributed annual rainfall of not less than 200cm are necessary for the optimum growth of this plant. The tree however grows successfully under slightly varying conditions also. Rubber trees have as well developed tap root and laterals. The bark on tapping yields latex is responsible for the increase in girth of the t ree, including bark renewal. The young plants show characteristic growth pattern of alternating periods of rapid elongation and consolidated development. The leaves are trifoliate, with long stalks. Normal annual leaf fall, knows as wintering occurs in the case of natural trees during the period of December to February in South India, in south India re foliation
















mature about five months after fertilization. They are seeded and burst, scattering to 15 to 18 meters. The seeds weight to 4 to 6 gm. The posses a hard brown coat having characteristic mottling. Seeds of seedling seeds and different clones vary in size, shape, weight, and seed coat markings. But the seeds belongings to a clone have characteristic size, shape and seed coat mottling which are helpful in their identification.The seed contains an oily endosperm. Generally 37 percent of the seed is shell and 63 percent kernel by weight. The oil content of air dried kernel is about 47 percent.

METHODS OF PROPAGATION BY SEEDS In south India, seeds have a normally ripen in July - September and during these months they are collected and seedling raised all the earlier plantations in South and South East Asia are raised form unselected seeds. They yield potential of these trees being low, the production was poor in these plantations. Selection work on Hevea with a view to improving the planting materials and the introduction of vegetative propagation by budding led, in course of time, to the establishment of numerous valuable clones. Clonal seeds collected from approved polyclonal seed gardens are the only recommended seed material of planting. For production of good polyclonal seeds, gardens have been established in Kanyakumari Kanyakumari District. Seeds are picked up every day during the seed fall season. Seeds can be collected by harvesting fruits at the t he yellow brown colour stage and breaking them.


















GERMINATION OF CLONAL SEEDS Seeds should be germinated before planting on specially made germination beds. The viability of rubber seeds being short, it is necessary to sow the seeds for germinations soon as they are obtained. Levels beds with a layer of river sand about 5cm in thick needs and of convenient size and shapes with 90 cm width are generally made for seed germination. The surface of the germination bed should be raised to 1015 cm to avoid water logging. Partial shade may be provided to prevent exposure to strong sun. The seeds are sown in a single layer touching one another and pressed firmly into the sand, with the surface of the seed just visible above. The germination bed should be in a moist, but not wet state by evenly sprinkling water during early morning and late evening. The beds may be covered with loosely woven coir mattering or gunny bags. Too dry and too wet conditions are undesirable. Germination starts within 6 to 7 days after sowing. Seeds sprouted each day should be picked and planted in the nursery or in the fields are the case may be germinated seeds should be planted when young shoots has just emerged and before the young shoots started developing. Delay in transplanting increases the chances of damage the tender roots. Germinated seeds must be carefully handled.


















NURSERIES As far possible level land should be selected for raising nursery in sloping areas beds should be made along the counters. Proximity to a perennial water source will facilitate watering. However waterlogged areas should be avoided. The water table should be at least 60 cm below to allow good taproot development. To avoid shading, an unplanted area of 20 m or more from the near by stand of rubber or natural vegetation may be allowed. Well drained fertile soil is desirable for raising nurseries.The first step in the preparation of the nursery is digging the soil to a depth of 75 cm and removing all stumps and stones, Beds should be prepared with 60 to 120 cm width and or convenient length, with pathways laid in between to facilitate maturing, watering, weeding etc. Nurseries are laid for seedlings, budded plants and bud wood. The planting distances vary according to the type of planting materials raised in the nursery. Common space adopted for raising seedlings stumps are 20x30 cm. 30x30 cm and 34x20cm. Those for budded stumps are 30x 30 cm or staggered pairs of rows 60cm apart and 23 cm between plants. For stumped budding the common spacing is 60 x 60 cm and for budwood nurseries 60 x 90 cm of 60x120 cm. For planting a long cord or wire with the planting distances marked on it is used. It is held tight on the row markers and the germinated seeds are planted at each mark a long the line.Nursery management aims at the most rapid production of standard healthy planting material. More intensive care can be exercised in a nursery than in a field. Plants which are obviously suitable can be eliminated at an early stage.


















PROPAGATION BY BUD - GRAFTING Bud grafting consists of insertion of a bark, containing a dormant but under the bark of young seedling and bandaging the same. Transparent polythene tapes are commonly used for bandaging. The bandage should be firm enough to prevent rain water from reaching the bud. The tissues of bud patch and the seedling become firmly united within three or four weeks after grafting. Subsequently, when the seedling stem is swan off above the grafted portion but sprouts and grows out to form the new shoot with the characters of the mother plant. This gives rise to a two part tree.Depending on the colour and age of buds two types of budding are recognized:- brown budding, green budding and crown budding. Brown budding

Brown budding is earned out by grafting buds taken from bud wood of about one year's growth on to stock plants of 10 months or more growth. Vigorously growing healthy stock seedling having a girth of about 7.5 cm at the base are ideal for budding, Bud wood is collected from plants maintained in bud wood nurseries.Buds found in the axils of fallen leaves are generally used normally, 1-2 meters of bud wood can be obtain from a bud wood plant of one years growth. Bud wood should be cut and used immediately as far as possible. When cutting the bud wood, provision may be left for the development of one to two good shoots for then next season. From one meter of bud wood about 20 buds can be obtained. In south India, budding is best done during the wet months. Budding can be done at anytime if the bark of the stock seedling and bud wood has peeling quality.


















scale leaves alone are used for grafting. Though green budding can be carried out at any time of the year, too wet weather is unsuitable. Generally green budded stamps are raised in polythene bags in nurseries and transplanted to the main filed with the shoot and root systems undisturbed to get the t he best result. Crown budding

Crown of many high yielding clones are susceptible to diseases, wind etc A susceptible crown should be replaced by a resistant one through crown budding. Leading to the development of a tree pan tree. Crown budding is done at a height of 210-240 cm using green buds from the t he resistant clone. Carrying out crown budding on commercial scale is difficult owing the several practical problems involved in the process .

TISSUE CULTURE Rubber clones can be propagated by tissue culture also. Tissue culture propagation of pants is relatively a new development in science which has rapidly evolved into one of the major research tools in biology and medicine. Rubber Research Institute of India has successfully developed a system for tissue culture propagation of Rubber clones. Some of such plants planted at the Rubber Institute of India have come to tapping in the sixth year of planting.

PREPARATION AND HANDLING OF PLANTING MATERIAL


















BUD WOOD Immediately after cutting into required r equired lengths. The cut ends should be dipped in melted wax to a depth of about 205 cm to prevent drying. Bud Wood should then be packed individually in fresh damp coconut fiber. Dispatch of bud wood without taking these precautions may lead to.bruising and drying of buds during transit

SEEDLING STUMPS Polyclonal seeds raised in nurseries are pulled out and the stem pruned at a height of 45 to 60 cm in the brown wood portion and the cut end sealed by dipping in molten wax. The tap root is also pruned at the maximum practical length. Trimming of lateral roots is done about 7.5 to 10 cm from the tap root.

BUDDED STUMPS Budded Stumps are pulled out and the stock is cut back at a height of about 7.5 cm above the bud patch with slope towards the opposite side of the bud and the cut end is sealed with wax. The tap roots and laterals are pruned as in the case of seedling stumps. The bud patch should be protected while handling, by covering with a piece of banana sheath.

POLY BAG PLANTS There are two methods of raising poly bags plants. The earlier practice was to raise the stock seedlings in poly bags, and afterwards green bud then at the appropriate stage. The successful bud grafts are cut back and the scion allowed to




















Polythene bags of lay- flat dimension 55 cm length and 25 cm width and 400 gauge thickness, which can hold about 10 kg. solid, are generally used for raising plants up to two to three whorl stage. If the plants are to be retained till the six or more month whorl stage, bags of 65 cm x 35 cm size and 500 gauge thickness capable of holding about 23kg of soil, should be used. Black polythene bags are preferredThe soil medium used for raising the plants should have good moisture and nutrient holding capacity and promote root development. This all helps in minimizing damage during transporting and planting. It has been found that fairly heavy clay - loam soil having good structure and friability dried top soil avoiding pieces of stones and rocks, is used for filling the poly bags. Only partially dried phosphate at the rate of 25g for small bags and 75g for large bag is then incorporated in the top soil after the filling.The filled bags are placed in trenches of about 30 cm depth and soil removed from these trenches is put around the bags to hold in position and to keep the '-oil in moist condition. The soils in the bag are allowed to settle and budded stumps are planted. Root treatment with IBA formulations has been found to give better root development development and initial growth.The scion is allowed to develop two or t hree whorls of leaves in the case of smaller bags and six or more whorls in the case of larger ones. Regular plant protection operations against pest and disease attack are to be adopted.




















called mini stumped buds whereas the former is known as maxi stumped budding. Use of budding will be advantagerious if the weather conditions are ideal. Under the climate conditions in our country, generally causalities are likely to be high.

PLANTING It is essential that planting should be carried out during favorable weather.

STUMP PLANTING Seedling stumps and budded stumps are used for planting. A stump with a plenty of food reserve gives a vigorous shoot with a healthy initial whorl of leaves which is able to withstand adverse conditions that may arise subsequent to planting. It is always advisable to plant the stumps soon after pulling out from nursery buds. While planting budded stumps, the bud patch should be just above the ground level. If a considerable part of the stock below the scion is left above the ground level, it may maximize the effect of Elephant foot, sometimes seen in budded trees. It kept below the soil the scion is likely to be infected by soil organisms. About 5cm of surface soil is first removed from an adequate area around the planting points to accommodate the whorl of lateral roots. A planting cavity is then made with an alavango to a depth equal to the length of the pruned tap root. After threshing the




















POLY BAG PLANTING The top of leaves should be fully mature at the time of planting. The soil around the bag is removed and the bag taken out of the trench. Dressing of lateral roots and the tap roots if grown out of the bags is necessary. Then they are carried to the planting points. A planting hole bigger than the size of the bag is made. The bottom of the bag is completely cut and then the bag b ag along with the plant is inserted in to planting hole.A vertical cut is made at the bottom half of the plastic sleeve and the space around the bag is gradually filled with the cylinder of soil without the hole is thus partially filled the bag is slit along its full length and carefully removed. The gap around the upper part of the soil core is also filled fill ed with soil.

SEED - AT - STAKE PLANTING The system of planting seeds in situ is called seed - at- stake planting. It is followed by field budding. Two or three germinated seeds may be planted in a line or triangle. The weaker plants should be thinned out later allowing the most vigorous one to grow on which field budding is carried out at the appropriate stage. Climatic conditions prevailing in this country are not always suitable for this practice.




















Panama rubber. Ceara rubber, Ficuselastica and Funtumiaelastica. Rubber was first planted in Cochin in the t he year 1905. The selection of suitable land is the first step in the development of estates. A warm, humid and equitable climate and fairly distributed rainfall are necessary for optimum growth of rubber tree. After selecting the land and planting material, nursery should be established. The clearing operations begin sufficiently in advance to avoid delay in planting. The next operation is correct lining which is important not only for optimum utilization of land but also for facilitating proper tapping of rubber trees after they reach the bearing stage. Pitting process, raising, cover crops, applying fertilizers and undertaking plant protection are the other important operations to be carried out during the immature period of rubber tree Maturity starts when the trees reaches tapping stage. When 70% of rubber trees attain the minimum required girth and height, they are ready fortapping. Planning required at this stage in the choice of final product. Latex is thestile itemof corporation and other forms such as sheet rubber, crepe rubber, solid block rubber r ubber are being marketer.




















COMPANY PROFILE The rich quality rubber latex produced form the PCK. estates is processed in our own in house factories into Concentrated Latex, Crump Rubber and Crepe Rubber. To process timber of old rubber trees felled for replanting, the corporation has setup a rubber wood processing factory at Kodumon in Pathanamthitta District of KeralThe corporate growth plans of the Plantation Corporation emphasize on lateral diversification. As earlier as 1977, PCK had diversified into oil palm cultivation. A subsidiary company by name Oil Palm India Ltd., was formed with the participation of the Government of India. Today oil palm India Ltd is an independent company. From being a purely plantation based organization, the PCK is now diversifying into the challenging sunrises industries, utilizing the vast amount of rubber wood generated from its plantations. The modern, treated wood processing plant is already in operation since 1989. The treated rubber, wood is an economical alternative to teak and mahogany. The demand for rubber wood is steadily increasing in Kerala, also help to arrest deforestation to a certain extend. Kerala is known as "God's own Country". The estates of PCK are blessed with patches of undisturbed natural beauty reiterate this truth. Thus the potential of farm






















to exploit the high tourism potential in Athirappally by setting up all infrastructures and facilities for encouraging domestic and international tourism. This pilot farm tourism project near Athirappally water fall is almost complete now. This ambitious project is named as "Plantation Valley".

ESTATES RUBBER PLANTATIONS

The Rubber Plantations are the backbone of the company, spread over 6452 Hect. in 8 estates in virgin fertile forest land leased out from forest department and planted with high yielding varieties of rubber. Bt extend most of the estates are largest






















Athirappallv Estate

The estate is located in Emakulam District in Kerala. It is spreads over 2170.15 Hect. The present manpower of this estate 210tappers. 73 field workers. 71 staff and 2 officers. Nilampur Estate

The estate is located in Malappuram District in Kerala. It is spreads over 573 Hect. insideNilambur wild life sanctuary. In this estate, employment given to 42 tappers, -76 field workers, 14 staff and 2 officers. Perambra Estate

The estate is located in Kozhikkode District in Kerala. It is spreads over 943






















Kasaragod Estate

The estate is located in Kasaragod District in Kerala. The estate is spread over 2209 Hect. The estate has 1 13 workers. 18 staff and 6 officers as employees.

CASHEW PLANTATIONS The company has 6361 Hect. of cashew plantation. These are planted with high yielding varieties varieties and are being scientifically scientifically managed. managed. The company company also maintains a scion nursery of high yielding varieties of cashew in 25 Hect. This can produce up to 300,000 nos. of grafted cashew by adopting organic farming practices.






















DETAILS OF THE ESTATES OWNED BY PCK LTD

(Areas in Hectares) Sl. No.

Name of the Estates

District

Total

Rubber

Cashew

1

Kodumon Kodumon

Pathanamthitta 1202

1202

2

Chandanappally Chandanappally Pathanamthitta 1665

1613

52

3

Thannithode Thannithode

Pathanamthitta 668

606

62

4

Vettilappara

EKM

408

119

&Thrissur

775

Oil Palm

248

Others






















FACTORIES 1. Kodumon Rubber Wood Factory The Rubber Wood Treatment factory of the company is located in Kodumon Estate in Pathanamthitta District. The Factory is equipped with modem plant and machinery to produce high quality treated wood. It follows the advanced Borax-Boric Acid treatment system for treating rubber wood. As we are using only fresh rubber logs from our own plantations the high quality treated wood have high demand also. The factory can process 85 W3 wood per month. 2. Vettilapara Crumb Rubber Factory
























DETAILS OF THE FACTORIES OWNED BY PCK LIMITED SI. No.

Name of Factories

District

Processing Capacity

1

Kodumon Rubber wood Factory

Pathanamthitta

85W3/month
























PRODUCT PROFILE THE MAIN PRODUCTS OF PCK

*

60% CENTRIFUGED LATEX (CEL) WITH ISI SPECIFICATION
























Block Rubber (ISNR)

Block rubber produced by PCK is one of the best qualities produced in India as per IS! specification. The thermic fluid based drying system can produce 6 MY ISNR - 10, ISNR is packed and sold in 25 kg units unit s packed in polythene bags. Treated rubber wood
























Raw Cashew Nuts

The cashew crops from the different estates are being auctioned at flowering stage itself. The estates are equipped with drying yards and godowns. Efforts are now on to obtain organic certification and also to offer cashew apple as a commodity for
























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PLANTATION CORPORATION OF KERALA LTD

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