T.C. YILDIZ TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ KİMYA-METALURJİ FAKÜLTESİ METALURJİ MÜHENDİSLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ
METALURJİK METALURJİK ÜRETİM PROSESLERİ PROSESLERİ VE LABORATUARI LABORATUARI
Adı Soyadı: Numara : Sınıf:
Metalurji Müh.4 (1.Öğretim) (1.Öğretim)
Konu:
Kalsinasyon Deneyi Deneyi
Yönetici: Doç Dr. Dr. Cemalettin YAMAN YAMAN
NİSAN 2001
GİRİŞ Bu d!"d C#CO$%&! '#()*!#)"+!u *!,(!*/*0. C#CO$%&! '#()*!#)"+!u 1+'1# "#23(#! *((0d!d*0. K#()*!#)"+! *(* *1*! $ 4#0'(3 )0#*' '#2 'u((#!3(#,#'/30. Bu '#2(#0 566 C 7 866C d 9'(/*(,'(0d*0. Bu d!"d !uu!(0*! #:30(3'(#03 ;(1&(,'< d#=# )+!0# d# *)/!*(! )3,#'(3:# >/*0*(* 4303!(#0d#'* #:30(3' '#"32(#03 ;(1&(,'/*0. B;"(, #:30(3' '#"93-?##! >0#4*:* 7 #:30(3' '#"93 "&?d)*-?##! >0#4*:* 13'#03(#9*(,'/*0. A"03,# 9#?3 )0#*' =##dd(0* d *!,(!,'< ;?((*'(0* ;:0!*(,'/*0. Bu =##dd(0@ /#('< '#+(*!< #>0>#< '*(< 00 79%d*0. Bu =##dd(0*! ;?((*'(0* 7 'u((#!3 "0(0* d ;:0!*(,'/*0.
Deneyin Adı: K#()*!#)"+! Deneyin Amacı: K*01 /#3!3! C#CO$ '#()*!#)"+!u!d# )3,#'(3:3!< 2#01#(#!# )&0)*!*! 7 2#01# 9+"u/u!u! /'*(0*!* #:30(3' '#"93!d#! =#0'/( )#2/##'.
KALSİNASYN K#()*!#)"+!< 9*0 9*(*:*! )3,#'(3' /)*0*"( 2#01#(#!#)3d30. P*0+/#(u0*' 20+))(0d ;?((*'( '#09+!#/ 7 =*d0#/(#03! '#()*!#)"+!u"(# =0 #! '#03(##' &'&!d&0. K*01 /#3 C#CO$< #>!?*/ M>CO$ 7 d+(+*/ C#CO $."M>CO$ >*9* /+20#' #('#(* '#09+!#/(#0 ;?((*'( &0/* /#(u0*)*!d /( ,u0u4 "#23,3 7 040#'/0 =##dd)* +(#0#' "#">3! 'u((#!3 #(#!3 9u(u0(#0. Bu 9*(*'(0 20+)) '#/3(#d#! ;!, "# *( )30#)3!d# u/(#'# 9*0 '#()*!)"+!# /#9* /u/u(u0(#0. T& '#()*!#)"+! 0#')*"+!(#03!d# +(du:u >*9*< '#09+!#/(#03! 2#01#(#!#)3 d# !d+/0*' '#0#'/0 >;)/0*0. T0+d*!#*' #13d#! )#9*/ )3,#'(3'/# 9*0 '#09+!#/3! 2#01#(#!#)3 CO '3)* 9#)3!,3!3! 9*0 4+!')*"+!udu0. MCO$' MO' G CO 0#')*"+!u!u! d!> )#9*/*< '#/3 #dd #'/*7*/(0* 9*0 */ +(du:u!d#! CO '3)* 9#)3!,3!# *//*0.
$
B*0 '#09+!#/ 9*(*:*!*! /# 2#01#(#!# )3,#'(3:3 P 6CO 9#)3!,3!3! 9*0 #/+)40 */ +(du:u )3,#'(3'/30. Bu!# >;0 C#CO$ 866C< M>CO$ 66C 7 FCO$ 66C ,*7#03!d# /# +(#0#' 2#01#(#!30(#0. K#()*!#)"+!
0#')*"+!(#03!3!
!d+/0*'
'#0#'/0(*
+(#)3
d+(#"3)3"(#
C#CO$%&!
2#01#(#!#)3!3 '+!/0+( d! /( /! 3)3!3! '+!d&')*"+!(# d3#0d#! *10*" d+:0u *(/* =3?3d30. C#O C#CO$ #0# "&?"*!d +(u#! CO %*! d3#03"# d+:0u /#3!33 d# 0#')*"+! =3?3!# /'* d! d*:0 ;!(* 9*0 2#0#/0d*0. A!,#' 2#01#(#!# =3?3!3 '+!/0+( d! 9u *'* 2#0#/0< /#! 9+"u/u 7 2+0+?*/ >*9* '*01 /#3!3! 4*?*')( ;?((*'(0*! d 9#:3(3d30. K*01 /#3!3! '#()*!#)"+!u !d&)/0*"( u">u(##d# d:**' 4303!(#0d# "#23(#'/#d30. İ0* 2#01#(3 '*01 /#3 *1*! d&" 4303!(#0< *!, /#!(* #(? *1*! d;!0 4303!(#0 'u((#!3(#'/#d30. D&?>&! /#! d#:3(33 >;)/0! *!, 9+"u/(u '*01 /#3 #'3'#! "#/#' /*2* 4303!(#0d# '#()*! d*(9*(*0. K#()*!#)"+! 4303!(#03 '#/3< )373 7 >#? "#'3/(#03! /&&"( 3)3/3(#9*('/d*0.
!ALK "# S!#A!İ! T#(' $M>O.S*O.HO $.5 $. .
S/#/*/ M>O.S*O.HO $$. . $.5
T#('3! )0/(*:* 9*0d*0. D#=# )0/ +(#!# )/#/*/ d!*0. T#(' /#9#'#(3 "#23"# )#=*2/*0 7 /#9#'#(#0 #0#)3 9#: 'u77/(* +(#d3:3!d#! /#9#'# /#9#'# #"03(30. T#9#'#(#0 9*09*0* &?0*!d '+(#"(3'(# '#"d3:3 *1*! *!)#!# "#:(3"3 >*9* 9*0 =*) 70*0. İ!, ;:&/&(d&'/! )+!0# )u '#/3(30)# 9*0 *'/#0 2(#)/*' ;?((*' >;)/0*0. T#('3! 0!>* >0* 7"# '#=70!>* 9"#?d#!< '+"u "*( '#d#0 d:* >;)/0*0. $6C d 2**0*(d*'/! )+!0# 9"#? +(#(3d30. T#(' )#4 =#(d 9u(u!#?. İ10*)*!d 9*0 *'/#0 A(O$< FO$< C#CO$< S*O 7 9*0 *'/#0 d# #('#(* *10*'(* "#9#!,3 #dd 9u(u!u0. S/#/*/ '0*)/#( )u"u!u /#('# >;0 d#=# d&&' )3,#'(3'/# '#"9d0. T#(' 6-66 C #0#)3!d# '0*)/#( )u"u!u! 6.%&!&< 66-66 C #0#)3!d# d# >0* '#(#!3!3 '#"9d0. A"!3 ?##!d# 9*0 *'/#0 )*(*'# #"03(30. 66C ,*7#03!d# E!)/*/%"< $66 C ,*7#03!d# K(*!+!)/*/%" d;!&&0. Bu 9*(*'(0*! /0#( >!( '#/)#"3(#03 1+' d&&'/&0. Bu ;?((*'(0* !d!*"( 9*01+' )0#*' 9&!"" '#/3(30(#0. T#('3! )0#*' #(#!3!d# 'u((#!3(d3:3 9((* 9#(3 #(#!(#0 u!(#0d30
S/#/*/ 2+0)(!d 7 ('/0+2+0)(! 0*?+(#/;0 *#(*!d 6-86 +0#!3!d# 'u((#!3(30. Ru/u9/ >!( '#/)#"3)3 d&&' +(#! 4#"#!)(#0d# ABD 6%" '#d#0 /#(' 'u((#!3(30. T0#( >!( '#/)#"3)3 1+' d&&' 7 /0#( +' d#"#!33 1+' "&')' +(#! '+0d*"0*// 6%# '#d#0 'u((#!3(30. Pud0# *#(*!d< 9+"#,3(3' 7 '#:3/ !d&)/0*)*!d 'u((#!3(30.
$LAS!İK İN%# S#RA&İK KİLL#Rİ İ!, /#!(*< 2*/*'/! )+!0# 9"#?# "#'3! 0!' #(#! 9< '0< #13' >0*< 2(#)/*)*/)* "&')' '*((0d*0. !((*'( '#+(*!*/ *!0#((0*!d! +(uu0(#0. B#?! #? *'/#0d# +!/+0*(+!*/ '*( *!0#(* d *10*0(0. Y0d! 13'#03(d3'/#! )+!0# '#+(!(0d +(du:u >*9* )&? *(*! /#9* /u/#d#! 'u((#!3(#9*(*0(0. S0#*' #(#!3!d#< *!, )0#*' &0&!(0*! &0/**!d 9u '*((0d! "#0#0(#!3(30. P+0)(! &0/**!d )#4 +(du'(#03 /#'/*0d 2(#)/*)*/"* #0//30#' *1*! #? *'/#0d# 'u((#!3(30(#0. K#+(!(0 >*9* 1+' )#4 +(#d3'(#03!d#! 2+0)(!(0*! )#"d#(3'< ('/0*' *(/'!(*:* >*9* ;?((*'(0*!* +(u)u? ";!d /'*(0(0.
R#'RAK!#R KİLL#R A/ d#"#!3'(3 '*( >0u9u!u +(u/u0u0(#0. Ö?((*'( A(O$ "&?d)* "&')' '*((0d*0. E)#) */*9#0*"( '#+(*//! +(uu(#0d30. R40#'/0 &0/**!d 'u((#!3(30(#0 #+/ d# d!*(*0. Ö!,d! 2**0*(* #/ '*(*! #+/ 7"# >0+> d!*0. P**0 )30#)3!d# '0*)/#( 9#:(3 )u 7 +0>#!*' #dd(0 '*(d! u?#'(#/303(30. B;"(, 2* 7 'u0u# '&1&()* ! #?# *!d*0*(*0. R40#'/0 '*((0 ;?((*'( ';&0 "#/#'(#03 *( 9*0(*'/ +(uu(#0d30. O(uu(#03 )30#)3!d# ';&0 +0/#3!3! 13'#0d3:3 +0>#!*' #)*/(0< '*(*! *10d*:* #('#(* 7 /+20#' #('#(* 9*(*'(0 '*(d! u?#'(#/303 +(du:u!d#! ';&0 *( +(u#! 9u '*((0d #('#(* 7 /+20#' #('#(* 9*(*'(0 1+' #?#(3/30. Bu!u! )+!u,u!d# 9u '*((0 040#'/0 =#( >(*/*0. S0/ '*((0d*0. Bu /&0 )0/ '*((0 '*((0 *40/+! d!*0. A('#(*(0< '*(*! 0>* )3,#'(3:3!3 d&&0&0.
'#LDS$A!LAR F(d)2#/(#0 2(#)/*' +(#"#! #(?(0d*0. S0#*' )#!#"*!d )0#*' 9&!" 7 >(#?&0 *1*! ,# 4#? +(u/u0#' *1*! 'u((#!3(#! ! ;!(* =##ddd*0. D*0+')*/* d&&' +(#!(#0 /0,*= d*(*0. B*(*(0* +(du'1# d:* >;)/0*0. A(O$-S*O ;/'/*:* 8C d*0. Bu ;/'/*' )3,#'(3:# 13'#' 1+' ?+0du0 7 2#=#(3d30. A('#(* 7 /+20#' #('#(* /#((0 9*(*'(0* d#=# d&&' )3,#'(3'(#0d# ;/'/*' +(u/u0u0(#0. Bu ;/'/*'/! "#0#0(#!#0#' )0#*' /+?(#03 )*!/0("9*(*0*?. N#O-S*O 86C d 9*0 ;/'/*' +(u/u0u0. E)#) */*9#0*"( $ /*2 4(d)2#/ 7#0d30
N#O.A(O$.S*O
A(9*/
K O.A(O$.S*O
O0/+'(#)
C#O.A(O$.S*O
A!+0/*/
O0/+'(#) 7 #(9*//! "d#!# >(! 4(d)2#/(#0# #('#(*< C# 7 N#%(u +(#!(#0# 2(#*+'(#) d!*0. O0/+'(#) 0>*d*:* ?##! 7*)'+?*/)* "&')' 9*0 )373 +(u/u0u0< "#!* #'3,3(3:3 4#?(# d:*(d*0. Bu )92/! 4#"#!) /&0& )0#*'(0 d >;7dd 'u((#!3(30. ;07* ,# 4#? "d#!# >/*0*2< /#!(0* 9#:(##' A(9*/ *) 0>*d*:* ?##! 7*)'+?*/)* d&&'< "#!* #'3,3 9*0 )373 +(u/u0u0. Bu )92/! )30 #(?" '#/3(30. F(d)2#/(#0 >0#!*/ /&0& '#"#1(#0d# 6%# '#d#0 9u(u!#9*(*0(0. P>#/*/ /&0& '#"#1(#0d# 4(d)2#/3! &0&! 0!>* d:*/*0*(9*(*0. Bu /&0 '*((0d >!((*'( '#('0 C#CO$ 9u(u!u0. K#('0*! 9u(u!#)3 9#?3 ";!d! #7#!/# 9#?3 ";!d! d?#7#!/#d30. E:0 '#('0 *!, /#!(* *) '*(* d&&' )3,#'(3'/# 7*/0*4*" d0' &0&!&! 2* )3,#'(3:3!3 d&&0&0(0. C#O G K*( C#-A(-S*(*'#/ 7*/0*4*" E:0 '#9# /#!(* *) C#CO$ C#O G CO d3 '3)3d# 7 *1 '3)3d# "d#!# >(*0. D3 '3)3d# 7*/0*4*'#)"+! +(u0 ## 0'?d 9*0 '3)3 C#O 0#')*"+!# >*0d! '#(30. Du7#0 ;0&(&0'! C#O )u *( 0#')*"+!# >*00. C#OH "d#!# >(*0. R#')*"+! 9;(>)* =#)#0 >;0&0. Bu !d!( '#9# /#!(0 ?#0#0(3d30. Y0 '#0+)u 7 4#"#!)3 &0/**!d =##dd" /#! 1#23 9((* 9*0 d:0*! #(/3!d# +(#' &?0 '#()*/ '#/3(30. Bu '*((0d C#SO d 9u(u!u0. F#'#/ 66 C d 2#01#(#!d3:3 *1*! /u:(#-'*0*/< 4#"#!)< "0 '#0+)u &0/**!d )+0u! +(#?(#0. Tu:(# 7 '*0*/(0 86-66C #0#)3!d# 2**0*(*0. C#SO )ud# 1;?&!0' '#(3!/3 +(#0#' /u:(# "&?"*!d 9*0*'*0(0. Y&?"d 9!'(0 +(u/u0u0(#0. Bu!# 1*1'(! 7"# E4(+0)#!) d!*0. Bu du0u /u:(# 7 '*0*/(0d >!((*'( *)/!"! du0udu0. Bu!u! *1*! /u:(# '*(*! B#CO$ '#/3(30. C#SO G B#CO$
C#CO$ G B#SO 0#')*"+!u *( *'* &0&!d 1;'0 7 )ud# 1;?&!<
d+(#"3)3 *( 4(+0)#!) +(#"3 1;?&(& +(u0. A!,#' B#CO $ +(du'1# 2#=#(3d30.
Bu /u:(# 7 '*0*/(0 '*((0* #0?3! "&?"*!d +(uu(#0d30< >!((*'( ';&0 2#01#(#03< #:#1 7 "#20#' '#(3!/3(#03 >*9* +0>#!*' #dd(0 *10*0(0. Bu +0>#!*' #dd(0 &0/* )!#)3!d# 20+9( 13'#0/30(#0. Ü0&!&! ;?((*'(0*!* /'*(0. Ö?((*'( )*"#= 0'?*( +(u/u0u0(#0. Bu d# ?#0#0(3d30. P* )30#)3!d# ;!, /u:(#!3! d3 "&?"*!d'* +0>#!*' #dd(0 "#!#0. Bu /&0 '*((0d 7*/0*4*'#)"+! d&&' )3,#'(3'/# +(u0. E:0 2**0 )30#)3!d# *1 '3)3d#'* +0>#!*' #dd(0 "#!#d#!< d3 '3)3d# 7*/0*4*'#)"+! 9#(#0)# 9u!d#! )+!0# *1 '3)3 +')*/(!d! '#(30. M0'? )*"#= +(#0#' '#(30. M0'? >70' 7 '303(>#!d30. Bu '*((0 +0>#!*' #dd(0*! "#!d3:3 )3,#'(3'/# 9+( +')*!( u?u!,# 9*0 )&0 9'(/*((*d*0. P* 0**!* 9u!# >;0 #"#0(##(3d30.
İN%# S#RA&İKL#R İ!, )0#*'(0*! &0/**!d #03 #dd(0 'u((#!3(d3:3!d#! >!((*'( 9"#?d30(#0. F#'#/ 9u!u! *)/*)!#(#03 7#0d30. (#?&0(0 )30 *) 1*/(* 0!'(0d +(#9*(*0(0. İ!, )0#*' &0/! 4#90*'#(#0d# arman !ormülü 'u((#!3(30. M*'/#0(#0< 'u0u =##dd #:30(3'(#03 d*''#/ #(3!#0#' 70*(*0. SEVR PORSELENİNİN HARMAN FORMÜLÜ A:30(3'
(ammadde Z//(*/? K#+(*! Ku7#0) O0/+'(#? M00 C#CO$ T+2(#
A)ır*ı+ ,+-. /A)ır*ı+ (ammaddenin &inera* i*eimi 8.6 8. 8 '#+(*!*/ - 'u7#0) .5 5. 66 'u7#0) 5.5 . 55 #('#(* 4(d)2#/ G 6 )*(*'# G C#CO$ 6. . 66 C#CO $ $. 66
B*(**! 70*()*!d #(33(#>(* "+(u! 9u +(#)3!# 0#:! 4#?(# 'u((#!(3 d:*(d*0. Q&!'& =##dd(0*! *!0#(+*' 7 '*"#)#( #!#(*?(0* ";0d! ";0" d:**0. B*0 4#90*'# ";0 =##dd(0*!* 'u((#!d3:3 *1*! 20#/*' 9*0 "+(du0. F#'#/ 9#'# 9*0 "0d + 9;(> =##dd(0*! >;0 =#0#! 4+0&(& =#?30(#"#9*(' *1*! *!0#(+*' #!#(*?*! 9*(*!)* >0'*0.
YKS#K AL&İNAL3 KİLL#R
Bu /&0 '*((0 '#+(*!*/ *!0#(*!d! A(O$ *!0#((0* d *10*0(0. Bu "&?d! 040#'/0(*'(0* "&')(* +(u0. Yu0duu?d# )#d, İ)/#!9u( ";0)*!d 9#?3 "0(0d 9u(u!u0< F O$ +0#!3 "&')'/*0.
!45LA6KİR#&İ! KİLL#Rİ Bu!(#0 /u:(# 7 '*0*/ &0/**!d 'u((#!3(#! '*((0d*0. !((*'( F O$< #('#(* +')*/(0 7 /+20#' #('#(* +')*/(0 ";!&!d! ?!>*!d*0(0. Bu "&?d! d&&' )3,#'(3' d0,(0*!d 7*/0*4*" ,#(## +(u0(#0. !((*'( 2*/*'/! )+!0# '303?3 0!' #(30(#0. FG$ '303?3< FG 9 0!>*!dd*0. Bu!d#! d+(#"3 4303! #/+)40* #"#0(#!#9*(*0.
Ku**anı*an %i7a8 9e &a*8eme*er: K*01 /#3< )0#*' 2+/# 7 '#"3'13'(#0< =#))#) /0#?*< 3)3( *( 4303!3.
Deneyin Yaı*ıı: . T+? 7 2(/ =#(d'* '*01 /#3 )0#*' '#2(#0 *10*)*! '+!u(#0#' =#))#) /0#?*d /#0/3(30. . D!" !uu!(0*< ;!,d! *)/!*(! )3,#'(3:# 3)3/3(3 3)3( *( 4303!3!d# 9(*0(* )&0(0d 9'(/*(*0. $. B(*0(* ?##! #0#(3'(#03!d# 4303!d#! 13'#0/3(#! '#()*!(0 /'0#0 /#0/3(30(#0 7 #:30(3' '#"32(#03 =)#2(#!30.
Deney Sonu;*arı: <00 % de Yaı*an Ka*=ina=yon: F(*!/,(#" $.5 >0 B&"&' 2+/# 9+ 5.86 >0
B&"&' 2+/# d+(u $.8 >0
. '&1&' '#"3' 9+ . >0
. '&1&' '#"3' C#CO $ *( d+(u 8. >0
. '&1&' '#"3' 9+ .8 >0
. '&1&' '#"3' d+(u 8.$ >0
C#CO$ 'u/u)u!u! '#2#:3 6.5 >0 K#2#' G C#CO$ $. >0 $.8 5.86 $.6 >0 C#CO $ 2+/#d# 8. - . .6 >0 C#CO $ . '#"3'/# 8.$ - .8 . >0 C#CO $ . '#"3'/#
<00 % de 10 da+> ?e+*edi+ten =onra+i de)er*er:
5
. K#"3' 8.$ >0 . K#"3' 8.$ >0 P+/# $.55 >0 "ota#
1. Kay$%#
$.8 $.55 6.68 >0 '#"32
8. - 8.$ 6.$ >0 '#"32
666.68 $.6 .8$
666.$ .6 5.6
&. Kay$%#
8.$ 8.$ 6. >0 '#"32 666. . 5.$6 >0
<00 % de 20 da+> ?e+*edi+ten =onra+i de)er*er: . K#"3' 8.6 >0 . K#"3' 8.68 >0 P+/# $. >0 "ota#
1. Kay$%#
$.8 $. 6.6 >0 '#"32
8. 8.6 6. >0 '#"32
666.6 $.6 .
666. .6 $.5
&.Kay$%#
8.$ 8.68 6. >0 '#"32 666. . 5.
<00 % de @0 da+> ?e+*edi+ten =onra+i de)er*er: . K#"3' 5.86 >0 . K#"3' 5.8 >0 P+/# $. >0
"ota#
1. Kay$%#
$.8 $. 6.$6 >0 '#"32
8. 5.86 6.5 >0 '#"32
8
666.$6 $.6 8.
666.5 .6 $8.
&.Kay$%#
8.$ 5.8 6.8 >0 '#"32 666.8 . $.
00 % de Yaı*an Ka*=ina=yon: B&"&' 2+/# 9+ 5.8 >0
B&"&' 2+/# d+(u 5.5 >0
. '#"3' 'u((#!3(#d3. . '&1&' '#"3' 9+ .8 >0
. '&1&' '#"3' d+(u 8. >0
5.5 5.8 8.8 >0 2+/#d# 8. - .8 .65 >0 00 /+?u . '#"3'/#
00 % de 10 da+> ?e+*edi+ten =onra+i de)er*er: . K#"3' 5. >0 P+/# .8 >0 "ota#
&. Kay$%#
5.8 .8 .8 >0 '#"32
8. 5. 6.8 >0 '#"32
66.8 8.8 .$5
666.8 .65 .$
00 % de 20 da+> ?e+*edi+ten =onra+i de)er*er: . K#"3' 5. >0 P+/# .86 >0 "ota#
&. Kay$%#
5.8 .86 $.6 >0 '#"32
8. 5. 6.8 >0 '#"32
66$.6 8.8 6.
666.8 .65 .$ #"!3 '#(d3
YR4&
6
C#CO$ . '#"3'< .'#"3' 7 2+/# +(#0#' !*/(!d*0*(! $ #d/ )0#*' '#9# 9(*0(* *'/#0(#0d# '+!u(u/u0. Bu !uu!(0 566C d /+2(# $6 d#'*'# '#()*!#)"+! *(*! /#9* /u/u(u/u0. Bu!u! =0 6 d#'*'#)3!d# 9*0 9u '#2(#0 /#0/3(3/30. B;"(, #:30(3' '#"32(#03 =)#2(#!3/30. A"!3 )0#*' '#2(#0 "*! C#CO$ *( d+(du0u(u(#0 7 866C d '#()*!#)"+!# u:0#/3(3(#0d30. F#'#/ d!" )30#)3!d# . '#"3' d70*(*2 *1*!d'*(0 d;'&(d&:& *1*! 9u '#"3' ;(1& d33 930#'3(3< d!" d*:0(0*"( d7# d*(*/*0. Nuu!(0 866 C d 6 d#'*'# /u/u(u< 6. 7 6. d#'*'#(#0d# ;(1& "#23(3/30. E(d d*(! )+!u1(#0(# A:30(3' '#"93-Z##! 7 A:30(3' K#"93 Y&?d)*-Z##! >0#4*'(0* 1*?*(*/*0. 566C d< $6 d#'*'#d#< . '#"3' 7 . '#"3'/# 9&"&' 9*0 =3?(# #:30(3' '#"93 +(u/u0. P+/#d# *) 9u #:30(3' '#"93 + '#d#0 =3?(3 +(#3/30. Bu!u! !d!* 2+/#!3! =#,*!*! '#"3'(#0d#! d#=# 9&"&' +(#)3 7 9;"(, 3)3"3 d#=# >1 *(/)*d*0. A"03,# 2+/#!3! *1*!d'* !uu! *'/#03 d# 1+' d#=# 4#?(#d30. 866C d d!" 6 d#'*'# "#23(3/30. . '#"3'/#'* C#CO $< 6 d#'*'#d# 9&/&! CO %*!* '#"9/*/*0. Bu "&?d! *'*!,* 6 d#'*'#d# #:30(3:3!d# =*19*0 d:**'(*' +(#3/30. P+/#d# *) "*! 1+' =3?(3 9*0 #:30(3' '#"93 +(u< 4#'#/ 6 d#'*'# *10*)*!d 9&/&! CO >*d0*(*/*0.
Kayna+*ar: . BOR< F.Y. Ü0/* M/#(u0*)* L#9+0#/u#03 E( K*/#93< 855< ).58-8 . YAMAN< C.< S0#*' D0) N+/(#03< 66