journal ethics JUMAT, 09 DESEMBER 2011
Tugas Journal Business Ethics
Journal of Academic and Business Ethics International business ethics: strategies and responsibilities responsibilities
Iraj Maha!i, "ational Uni!ersit#
ABSTRACT
This $a$er e%a&ines the i&$ortance o' glo(al ethical (usiness res$onsi(ilities)The recent recent $u(lic $u(lic scanals scanals o' cor$orat cor$oratee &al'easa &al'easance nce ha!e heightene heightene this nee nee an organi* organi*ati ations ons 'ace nu&erous nu&erous ethical ethical issues) issues) Strateg Strategies ies such as coes coes o' conuct, conuct, e!elo$e (# !arious internationalentities, can guie &ultinational cor$orations in thise'' thise''ort) ort) The authors authors also anal#*e anal#*e !arious !arious ethical ethical cli&ate cli&ate an ethical ethical $ro(le& $ro(le&s) s) Author Author conclu conclues es that that a glo(al glo(al coe coe o' ethic ethics, s, e!el e!elo$e o$e an en'or en'orce ce (# an inter internat nation ional al agree& agree&ent ent is the (est (est &eans &eans o' (ring (ringing ing ethics ethics to inter internat nation ional al (usinesses) +e# ors- Business Ethics, .lo(al (usiness, International /rgani*ations
INTRO!CTION
I&$ortance o' ethics in the (usiness orl is su$erlati!e an glo(al) "e trens an issues arise on a ail# (asis hich &a# create an i&$ortant (uren to organi*ations an enconsu&ers) "oaa#s, the nee 'or $ro$er ethical (eha!ior ithin organi*ations has (eco&e crucial to a!oi $ossi(le lasuits) The $u(lic scanals o' cor$orate &al'easance an &isleaing $ractices, ha!e a''ecte the $u(lic $erce$tion o' &an# organi*ations e) g), Enron, Arthur Anersen, orlo& etc)3) It is iel# 4non that a!ertising oes not $ro&ote thensi(ilit#) 5asch6s contention 1978- 13 that &oern a!ertising See4s to create nees, not to 'ul'ill the&- to generate ne an%ieties instea o' alla#ing ol ones) It aresses itsel' to the s$iritual esolation o' &oern li'e an $ro$oses consu&$tion as the cure: see&s to still (e true) The recent e%$ansion o' glo(al (usiness orlie ha!e 'urther unerline the interest in the to$ics o' ethical (eha!ior an social res$onsi(ilit# See a&ong others, Jones, 1991;<<=;9>3) In aition, as &an# scholars (elie!e, hu&an rights an en!iron&ental conser!ation are gaining increasing &ore recognition in (oth acae&ic an co&&ercial settings) As &ultinational co&$anies e%$an glo(all# an enter 'oreign &ar4ets, ethical conuct o' the o''icers an e&$lo#ees assu&e ae i&$ortance since the !er# cultural i!ersit# associate ith such e%$ansion &a# uner&ine the &uch share cultural an ethical !alues o(ser!a(le in the &ores ho&ogeneous organi*ations Maha!i, 20013) Although unerstaning o' other cultures an recognition o' i''erences a&ong the& ill enhance the cross=cultural co&&unication, it &a# not (e su''icient to $ro!ie!ia(le guielines o' $ro$er ethical (eha!ior in organi*ations) Thus, concerns a(out unethical (eha!ior o' cor$orations in other countries, are &ani'este in legislations such as The ?oreign orru$t @ractices Act o' 1977, an the Sar(ane= /%le# Act o' 2002) In the acae&ic arena, on the other han, the culture=(ase conseuentialit# &oel is e!elo$e to e%$lain, a&ong other things, ho cultural i''erences alter the ethical $erce$tion an actions o' ini!iuals engage in &a4ing ecisions ith ethical o!ertones Ro(ertson an ?ail, 1999-;8>=;923) Turnen=Re an oolan 2001-<13 state- Through the $ost=orl ar II $ero international trae $olic# re'or& has selo& (een a(sent 'ro& the &in o' $olic#=&a4ers) The 'or&ation o' .eneral Agree&ent o' Tari''s an Trae .ATT3 as a 'oru& 'or the iscussion o' international trae an $olic# issues an the resolution o' is$utes, an as a s$onsor o' regular rouns o' &ultilateral negotiations leaing to a su(stantial ro$ in the a!erage le!el o' tari'' $rotection, has ensure the trae $olic# issues ha!e retaine currenc#) More recentl#, there has (een consiera(le 'ocus on (ilateral an regional trae agree&ents ith the e%$ansion o ' the custo&s union o' the Euro$ean o&&unit# anthe a!ent o' organi*ations such as the "orth A&erica ?ree Trae Agree&ent "A?TA3 an Mercusor) "e!ertheless, coo$erati!e trae $olic# re&ains an i&$ortant $art o' the international lansca$e:) i&(ush an She$har 198-<;7=<73 re$orte that (usinesses annuall# s$en an esti&ate C0 (illion on the ethical (eha!ior $ro(le&s) Thus, $ointing to the 'act that ethical i&ension o' e&$lo#ees6 (eha!ior has a clear
i&$act on the $ro'ita(ilit# o' the co&$an#) In orer to i&$ro!e the ethical cli&ate o' an organi*ation, &anage&ent &ust e''ecti!el# co&&unicate $ro$er ethical (eha!ior throughout the organi*ation) Training sessions, coes o' Journal o' Acae&ic an Business Ethics e thics, rear s#ste&s, an coaching are a 'e ðos thatorgani*ations e&$lo# in this regar Delane# an Soc4ell, 1992-719=727 5ac*nia4 anIne&een, 1987- 297=;07 Jansen an on .lino, 198>- 81=8223) There'ore, the $ro(le&s that organi*ations 'ace toa# are- Fo ethical !alues are co&&unicate &ost e''ecti!el# to e&$lo#eesG hich co&&unication channel or4s (estG A&erican (usiness in s$ite o' all o' its 'aults an ea4nesses, still 'or& a 4e# &oel 'or &uch o' the orl) An i&$ortant 'orce in isse&inating the A&erican st#le o' &anage&ent is the role o' the U)S) as the orl6s largest &anu'acturer o' conte&$orar# culture) Moreo!er, &an# researchers ha!e $ointe to the signi'icant role that the A&erican (usiness schools $la# in $ro$agating the U)S) st#le o' &anage&ent throughout the orl) See Maha!i, 2001 an "i&gae, 1989-10, a&ong others3 Mor' 1999- 2<>3 (elie!es- Ethics is the &oral $rinci$le that ini!iuals inject into their ecision &a4ing $rocess an that hel$s te&$er the last outco&e to con'or& to the nor&s o' their societ#:) Moreo!er, ethical $rinci$les ha!e the !er# $ro'oun 'unction o' &a4ing (eha!ior $reicta(le Maha!i, 200;3) The trul# glo(al co&$anies &ust co&e to gri$s ith the legal an &oral at&os$here in hich the# o$erate) But a(o!e all, the# nee to esta(lish an en!iron&ent that 'osters ethical (eha!ior, (ecause in the 'inal anal#sis to o otherise cuts into their $ro'ita(ilit#) In contrast to this !ie a grou$ o' scholars $ut 'orth the theor# o' irtuous Ethics, hich is e'ine as a theor# that 'ocuses &ainl# on an ini!iual6s &oral character) Accoring to these scholars, &ar4eting researchers ha!e $ai little attention to !irtuous ethics) ?urther&ore, the# $ro$ose that ithout ta4ing !irtuous ethics into account, a co&$rehensi!e anal#sis o' the ethical character o' &ar4eting ecision &a4ers an their strategies cannot (e attaine) ET"ICA# $ROB#E%S IN INTERNATIONA# B!SINESS
.et* 1990- ><7=>773 anal#*e international coes o' conuct in 'our entities- 13 the /rgani*ation 'or Econo&ic oo$eration an De!elo$&ent /ED3, hich is the $ri&ar# $olic#&a4er 'or inustriali*e nations, 23 the International ha&(er o' o&&erce I3, hich is concerne ith 'air treat&ent a&ong &ultinational cor$orations, ;3 the International 5a(or /rgani*ation I5/3, hich is concerne ith irect in!est&ent in e!elo$ing countries, an 3 the enter 'or Transnational or$orations T3, hose o(jecti!e is to &a%i&i*e the contri(utions o' transnational cor$orations to econo&ic e!elo$&ent an groth an to &ini&i*e the negati!e e''ects o' the acti!ities o' these cor$orations) These !arious coes ere e!elo$e in orer to esta(lish orer a&ong &ultinational cor$orations although, so&e organi*ations re'use to a(ie (# these coes, &ainl# (ecause national go!ern&ents ha!e not sanctione the& co&$letel#) ithout uni'or& an 'ull en'orce&ent, &ultinational organi*ations coul ha!e ra&$ant choice in international ethical issues)
Unerl#ing this lac4 o' consensus is the issue o' national as ell as cor$orate culture See Fo'stee, 1980- <=73) E!er# nation is i''erent an e!er# &ultinational organi*ation is in one a# or another istinct in the a# the# o (usiness, es$eciall# in other countries) In aition to these coes, the &oral cor$oration shoul aress hu&an rights an histle (loing an the international ethics coe uner hich it o$erates) These issues are not !er# ne) In a sur!e# o' ;00 &ultinational cor$orations, 80 $ercent agree ith se!en ite&s (eing ethical issues 'or (usiness- 13 e&$lo#ee con'lict o' interest, 23 ina$$ro$riate gi'ts to cor$orate $ersonnel, ;3 se%ual harass&ent, 3 unauthori*e $a#&ents, >3 a''ir&ati!e action <3 e&$lo#ee $ri!ac# an 73 en!iron&ental issues Broo4s, 1989 Berenhei&, 1987, 1989- 117=1293) Journal o' Acae&ic an Business Ethics) ET"ICA# C#I%ATE & ET"ICA# $ROB#E%S
Strategies, such as these coes o' ethics, are onl# one &eans o' achie!ing the ulti&ate goal o' ha!ing ethical international res$onsi(ilit# in the engage&ent o' (usiness orlie) As state a(o!e, there are &an# ethical res$onsi(ilities 'ace (# &ultinational organi*ations) Theorists generall# agree that situational !aria(les such as organi*ational cli&ate can a''ect ethical (eha!ior o' ini!iuals +ell# et al), 1989;27=;03) Foe!er, there ha!e (een no atte&$ts to stu# the relationshi$ o' ethical cli&ate o' an organi*ation an ethical (eha!ior o' its &e&(ers) Ethical cli&ate, it &ust (e e&$hasi*e, is not the sa&e as culture is co&&onl# $ercei!e, (ut rather a (roaer conce$t o' culture Schein, 1990, $$) 109=1193) ulture is (elie!e to (e &ore associate ith ee$er (elie's, !alues an assu&$tions Denison, 199<, $$) <19=<>3) There'ore, just as one can !alue an ini!iual6s culture (# his or her actions an $ersonal acti!ities, ethical cli&ate can (e o(ser!e on a larger scale in this case, the organi*ation) Ethical cli&ate is, in essence, the e&$lo#ee6s $erce$tion o' the nor&s o' an organi*ation Bartels et al), 1998- 799=803) As Bartels an others ha!e shon 1998-799=803, organi*ations ith a strong ethical cli&ate e%$erience 'e serious ethical $ro(le&s, an ere &ore success'ul co$ing ith such $ro(le&s) Their research suggests that it is i&$erati!e 'or &anagers to consier e!elo$ing strong ethical cli&ates i' the# ai& to $ro!ie organi*ational &e&(ers the a(ilit# to hanle ethical ile&&as an to a!oi an# inherent lia(ilities) Managers &ust create an &aintain a clear an strong set o' nor&s to $ro&ote goo ethical (eha!ior) In this a$$roach, a $erson6s on (elie's an !alues an their in'luence on hisHher $erce$tion an (eha!ior are not ta4en into account) "onetheless, ethical cli&ate is a !er# $otent tool in steering the (eha!ior o' an organi*ation6s &e&(ers) As Maha!i has shon 200;, 200>3, an organi*ation6s coes o' ethics an en'orce&ent o' rules go a long a# to control an irect (eha!ior o' social entities) Base on the a(o!e iscussion, glo(al cor$orations &ust recogni*e the nee 'or a uni'or& coe o' (usiness ethics since ithout such a coe, (eha!ior o' actors in this arena re&ains un$reicta(le) ?urther&ore, national go!ern&ents &ust reali*e that $ro(a(l# the &ost e''ecti!e
&eans o' $rotecting their citi*ens, their national interests, an the glo(al en!iron&ent against the ra!ages o' the o!er=reaching glo(al (usiness rest in the e!elo$&ent, ao$tion an En'orce&ent o' such a coe) Until then, it is not realistic to ho$e 'or an# such international agree&ent to (e ao$te) Foe!er, a groing &o&entu& 'or such a &o!e&ent is o(ser!a(le) As state in $re!ious $ages, international organi*ations, es$eciall# those in!ol!e in international (usiness, 'inance, la(or, econo&ics an en!iron&ent are e!elo$ing rules an $olicies that can (e regare as the (uiling (loc4s o' a uni!ersal coe o' (usiness ethics) Until such a uni'or& (o# o' rules is ran, signe an en'orce, glo(al cor$orations an organi*ations ill (e oing ell to e!elo$ their on coes o' conuct, a$$lica(le to all o' their o''icers regarless o' location) CONC#!SION
E%a&ination o' the recent e!elo$&ent in the international trae an the 'ar=reaching e%$ansion o' glo(al entities lea the authors o' this $a$er to the ne!ita(le conclusion that ethical issues an concerns 'acing (usiness entities are no longer relate to the li&ite 'ra&eor4s o' Journal o' Acae&ic an Business Ethics, national or e!en regional arenas) These issues ha!e assu&e glo(al i&ensions an as such reuire glo(al solutions) To that en, it is $ostulate that $ro(a(l# an international organi*ation is the (est !ehicle through hich a coe o' ethics co!ering all as$ects o' (usiness can (e e!elo$e) /nce= on the (asis o' such a coe= an international treat# is ra'te, signe an rati'ie it &a# (e $ruent to lea!e the i&$le&entation o' the treat# to the &e&(er nations su(ject to regular auit (# an ine$enent international (o#) T/ &a# e!entuall# ta4e on this role) Meanhile, glo(al organi*ations nee to e!elo$ an en'orce their on coes o' ethics s$eci'icall# irecte at the issues relate to a &ulticultural, &ultinational (usiness en!iron&ent) RE'ERENCES
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Jurnal A(ademi( dan Eti(a Bisnis Eti(a bisnis internasional: strategi dan tanggung )a*ab
Iraj Maha!i, Uni!ersitas "asional ABSTRA+
Ma4alah ini &e&(ahas $entingn#a tanggung jaa( glo(al (isnis #ang etis) S4anal $u(li4 (aru=(aru ini $erusahaan telah &ening4at4an $en#i&$angan 4e(utuhan ini an organisasi &enghaa$i (er(agai isu=isu etis) Strategi se$erti 4oe eti4, i4e&(ang4an oleh entitas internasional, (isa &e&(i&(ing $erusahaan=$erusahaan &ultinasional ala& hal ini usaha) @ara $enulis juga &enganalisis (er(agai &asalah eti4a i4li& an eti4a) @enulis &en#i&$ul4an (aha 4oe eti4 glo(al, i4e&(ang4an an itega44an oleh internasional 4ese$a4atan aalah cara ter(ai4 untu4 &e&(aa eti4a (isnis internasional Jurnal A4ae&i4 an Eti4a Bisnis $ENA"!#!AN
@entingn#a eti4a ala& unia (isnis aalah su$erlati' an glo(al) Baru tren an &asalah ti&(ul setia$ hari #ang a$at &e&(uat (e(an $enting untu4 organisasi an en= 4onsu&en) Saat ini, 4e(utuhan untu4 $erila4u etis ala& organisasi telah &enjai $enting untu4 &enghinari tuntutan ho4u& &ung4in) Mas#ara4at s4anal $en#i&$angan $erusahaan an &en#esat4an $ra4te4, telah &e&$engaruhi $erse$si $u(li4 ari (an#a4 organisasi &isaln#a, Enron, Arthur Anersen, orlo& ll3) Fal ini secara luas i4etahui (aha i4lan tia4 &e&$ro&osi4an 4e&ajuan sensi(ilitas &oral &anusia) ontention 5asch 1978- 13 (aha $eri4lanan &oern Berusaha untu4 &enci$ta4an 4e(utuhan, (u4an untu4 &e&enuhi &ere4a- untu4 &enghasil4an 4ece&asan (aru (u4an #ang la&a &enenang4an) ) ) Ini ala&at seniri untu4 4ehancuran s$iritual ari 4ehiu$an &oern an &engusul4an 4onsu&si se(agai &engo(ati ta&$a4n#a &asih (enar) E4s$ansi ter(aru ari (isnis glo(al an jatuhn#a ha&(atan $eragangan i seluruh unia telah le(ih lanjut igaris(aahi &inat ala& to$i4 $erila4u etis an tanggung jaa( sosial 5ihat antara lain, Jones, 1991- ;<<= ;9>3) Selain itu, se(agai (an#a4 sarjana $erca#a, ha4 asasi &anusia an 4onser!asi ling4ungan #ang &ena$at4an $enga4uan le(ih &ening4at i 4eua a4ae&is an $engaturan 4o&ersial) Se(agai $erusahaan &ultinasional (er4e&(ang secara glo(al
an &e&asu4i $asar asing &ela4u4an, eti4a $etugas an 4ar#aan &engangga$ $enting ita&(ah4an seja4 4eane4araga&an (ua#a ter4ait engan e4s$ansi terse(ut a$at &erusa4 nilai=nilai (ua#a an eti4a (an#a4 (er(agi ia&ati ala& organisasi aat istiaat ho&ogen Maha!i, 20013) Mes4i$un $e&aha&an (ua#a lain an $enga4uan $er(eaan i antara &ere4a a4an &ening4at4an lintas=(ua#a 4o&uni4asi, hal itu &ung4in tia4 cu4u$ untu4 &e&(eri4an $eo&an #ang la#a4 $erila4u etis #ang te$at ala& organisasi) Dengan e&i4ian, 4e4haatiran tentang $erila4u tia4 etis ari $erusahaan i negara lain, #ang iuju4an ala& $eraturan $erunang= unangan se$erti The ?oreign orru$t @ractices Act tahun 1977, an Sar(ane= /%le# Act o' 2002) Dala& arena a4ae&is, i sisi lain, conseuentialit# (er(asis (ua#a &oel i4e&(ang4an untu4 &enjelas4an, antara lain, (agai&ana $er(eaan (ua#a &engu(ah eti4a $erse$si an tina4an=tina4an ini!iu #ang terli(at ala& &e&(uat 4e$utusan engan nuansa eti4a Ro(ertson an ?ail, 1999- ;8>=;923) Turnen=Merah an oolan 2001-<13 &en#ata4an- Melalui $erioe $asca @erang Dunia II @erang re'or&asi 4e(ija4an $eragangan internasional jarang a(sen ari $i4iran $ara $e&(uat 4e(ija4an) @e&(entu4an @ersetujuan U&u& Tari' an @eragangan .ATT3 se(agai 'oru& untu4 is4usi tentang $eragangan internasional an isu= isu 4e(ija4an an resolusi $erselisihan, an se(agai s$onsor $utaran reguler $eruningan &ultilateral &engarah 4e $enurunan su(stansial ala& ting4at rata=rata $rote4si tari', Telah &e&asti4an isu=isu 4e(ija4an $eragangan telah &e&$ertahan4an &ata uang) Baru= (aru ini, telah aa 'o4us (esar $aa $eragangan (ilateral an regional $erjanjian engan $erluasan seri4at $a(ean Ero$a Mas#ara4at an &unculn#a organisasi se$erti A&eri4a Utara ?ree Trae Agree&ent "A?TA3 an Mercusor) "a&un e&i4ian, 4o$erasi 4e(ija4an $eragangan teta$ &eru$a4an (agian $enting ari lans4a$ internasional : i&(ush an She$har 198- <;7=<73 &ela$or4an (aha usaha setia$ tahunn#a &engha(is4an i$er4ira4an C 0000000000 $aa &asalah $erila4u etis) Dengan e&i4ian, &enunju4 $aa 'a4ta (aha eti4a i&ensi $erila4u 4ar#aan K&e&ili4i a&$a4 #ang jelas $aa $ro'ita(ilitas $erusahaan) Dala& rang4a &e&$er(ai4i i4li& etis organisasi, &anaje&en e'e4ti' harus (er4o&uni4asi $erila4u etis #ang te$at i seluruh organisasi) Sesi $elatihan, 4oe eti4a, s#ste& $enghargaan, an $elatihan aalah (e(era$a &etoe #ang &e&$e4erja4an organisasi ala& hal ini Delane# an Soc4ell, 1992-719=727 5ac*nia4 an Ine&een, 1987- 297=;07 Jansen an on .lino, 198>- 81=8223) /leh 4arena itu, &asalah #ang organisasi &enghaa$i hari ini aalah- Bagai&ana nilai=nilai eti4a #ang i4o&uni4asi4an $aling e'e4ti' untu4 4ar#aanG Saluran 4o&uni4asi #ang ter(ai4G Bisnis A&eri4a &es4i$un se&ua 4esalahan an 4ele&ahan, &asih (eru$a &oel 4unci (agi (an#a4 unia) Se(uah 4e4uatan $enting ala& &en#e(arluas4an ga#a &anaje&en A&eri4a aalah $eran AS se(agai $rousen ter(esar i unia (ua#a 4onte&$orer) Selain itu, (an#a4 $eneliti telah &enunju4 $eran $enting (aha se4olah= se4olah (isnis A&eri4a (er&ain i &en#e(ar4an ga#a &anaje&en AS i seluruh unia) 5ihat Maha!i, 2001 an "i&gae, 1989-10, antara lain3 Mor' 1999- 2<>3 (er$ena$at- Eti4a aalah $rinsi$ &oral (aha ini!iu &en#unti44an 4e &ere4a $roses $enga&(ilan 4e$utusan an #ang &e&(antu &arah hasil tera4hir untu4 &en#esuai4an iri engan
nor&a=nor&a &ere4a &as#ara4at ) Selain itu, $rinsi$= $rinsi$ eti4a &e&ili4i 'ungsi #ang sangat &enala& untu4 &e&(uat $erila4u i$rei4si Maha!i, 200;3) @erusahaan=$erusahaan #ang (enar=(enar glo(al harus atang untu4 &engatasi engan hu4u& an &oral #ang suasana i &ana &ere4a (ero$erasi) Teta$i i atas se&ua, &ere4a $erlu &e&(angun suatu ling4ungan #ang &enu&(uh4an $erila4u etis, 4arena ala& analisis a4hir untu4 &ela4u4an se(ali4n#a &e&otong 4e &ere4a $ro'ita(ilitas) Ber(ea engan $anangan ini se4elo&$o4 ula&a iaju4an teori Eti4a (ui&an, #ang ie'inisi4an se(agai se(uah teori #ang (er'o4us teruta&a $aa 4ara4ter &oral ini!iu) Menurut sarjana, $eneliti $e&asaran &e&ili4i sei4it $erhatian engan eti4a (er(ui luhur) Selain itu, &ere4a &engusul4an (aha tan$a &enga&(il eti4a (er(ui luhur 4e re4ening, analisis #ang 4o&$rehensi' ari #ang etis 4ara4ter ari $e&(uat 4e$utusan $e&asaran an strategi &ere4a tia4 a$at ica$ai) %ASA#A" ETI+A A#A% BISNIS INTERNASIONA#
.et* 1990- ><7=>773 &enganalisis 4oe eti4 internasional ala& e&$at entitas- 13 #ang /rganisasi untu4 +erjasa&a E4ono&i an @e&(angunan /ED3, #ang &eru$a4an 4e(ija4an uta&a $e&(uat untu4 negara= negara inustri, 23 International ha&(er o' o&&erce I3, #ang $rihatin engan $erla4uan #ang ail antara $erusahaan &ultinasional, ;3 Buruh Internasional I5/3, #ang (er4aitan engan in!estasi langsung i negara=negara (er4e&(ang, an 3 @usat +or$orasi Transnasional T3, #ang (ertujuan untu4 &e&a4si&al4an 4ontri(usi $erusahaan transnasional untu4 $e&(angunan e4ono&i an $ertu&(uhan an untu4 &e&ini&al4an e'e4 negati' ari 4egiatan $erusahaan terse(ut) +oe=4oe (er(agai i4e&(ang4an ala& rang4a &e&(angun 4eterti(an i antara &ultinasional $erusahaan, &es4i$un, (e(era$a organisasi &enola4 untu4 &e&atuhi 4oe ini, teruta&a 4arena $e&erintah nasional tia4 irestui &ere4a se$enuhn#a) Tan$a seraga& an $enuh $enega4an hu4u&, organisasi &ultinasional (isa $un#a $ilihan &erajalela i eti4a internasional isu=isu) Menasari 4urangn#a consensus aalah &asalah nasional serta (ua#a $erusahaan 5ihat Fo'stee, 1980- <=73) Setia$ (angsa (er(ea an setia$ organisasi &ultinasional (eraa ala& satu atau cara lain #ang (er(ea ala& cara &ere4a &ela4u4an (isnis, teruta&a i negara=negara lain) Selain 4oe ini, 4or$orasi &oral #ang harus &enangani ha4 asasi &anusia an $eluit &eniu$ an 4oe eti4 internasional i &ana ia (ero$erasi) Isu=isu ini tia4 terlalu (aru) Dala& se(uah sur!e# terhaa$ ;00 $erusahaan &ultinasional, 80 $ersen setuju engan tujuh ite& #ang etis &asalah untu4 (isnis- 13 4ar#aan4on'li4 4e$entingan, 23 tia4 $antas haiah untu4 $erusahaan $ersonil, ;3 $elecehan se4sual, 3 $e&(a#aran #ang tia4 sah, >3 tina4an a'ir&ati' <3 4ar#aan $ri!asi, an 73 isu= isu ling4ungan Broo4s, 1989 Berenhei&, 1987, 1989- 117=1293) ETI+A ETI+A %ASA#A" I+#I%
Strategi, se$erti 4oe=4oe eti4, han#a satu cara untu4 &enca$ai #ang $aling tujuan
&e&ili4i tanggung jaa( internasional etis ala& 4eterli(atan (isnis i seluruh unia) Se(agai in#ata4an i atas, aa tanggung jaa( etis #ang ihaa$i oleh organisasi &ultinasional) Teoreti4us u&u&n#a se$a4at (aha !aria(el situasional se$erti i4li& organisasi a$at &e&$engaruhi eti4a $erila4u ini!iu +ell# et al, 1989-) ;27=;03) "a&un, tia4 aa u$a#a untu4 &e&$elajari hu(ungan i4li& etis organisasi an $erila4u etis ari $erusahaan anggota) I4li& eti4a, harus ite4an4an, tia4 sa&a se(agai (ua#a #ang (iasa irasa4an, &elain4an 4onse$ #ang le(ih luas (ua#a Schein, 1990, hl& 109=1193) Bua#a i#a4ini le(ih ter4ait engan 4e#a4inan #ang le(ih ala&, nilai=nilai an asu&si Denison, 199<, hl& <19=<>3) /leh 4arena itu, han#a se(agai salah satu a$at nilai (ua#a seseorang engan tina4ann#a an $ri(ai 4egiatan, i4li& eti4a a$at ia&ati $aa s4ala #ang le(ih (esar, ala& hal ini, organisasi) Etis i4li&, $aa asarn#a, $erse$si 4ar#aan terhaa$ nor&a=nor&a organisasi Bartels 44), 1998- 799=803) Se(agai Bartels an lain=lain telah &enunju44an 1998-799= 803, organisasi engan eti4a #ang 4uat i4li& &engala&i (e(era$a &asalah etis #ang serius, an le(ih (erhasil &engatasi se$erti &asalah) @enelitian &ere4a &enunju44an (aha sangat $enting (agi &anajer untu4 &e&$erti&(ang4an $enge&(angan #ang 4uat eti4a i4li& ji4a &ere4a (ertujuan untu4 &e&(eri4an anggota organisasi 4e&a&$uan untu4 &enangani eti4a ile&a an untu4 &enghinari 4eaji(an #ang &ele4at) Manajer harus &enci$ta4an an &e&elihara #ang jelas an se$erang4at nor&a #ang 4uat untu4 &e&$ro&osi4an $erila4u eti4a #ang (agus) Dala& $ene4atan ini, 4e$erca#aan seniri seseorang an nilai=nilai an $engaruh &ere4a $aa H n#a $erse$si an $erila4u #ang tia4 i$erhitung4an) Mes4i$un e&i4ian, i4li& eti4a #ang sangat a&$uh alat 4e&ui $erila4u anggota organisasi) Se$erti telah &enunju44an Maha!i 200;, 200>3,4oe organisasi eti4a an $enega4an aturan $ergi jauh untu4 &engontrol an &engarah4an $erila4u entitas sosial) Berasar4an $e&(ahasan i atas, $erusahaan glo(al harus &en#aari 4e(utuhan untu4 seraga& 4oe eti4a (isnis 4arena tan$a suatu $erila4u, 4oe a4tor ala& arena ini teta$ ta4 teruga) Selanjutn#a, $e&erintah nasional harus &en#aari (aha &ung4in #ang $aling e'e4ti' cara &elinungi arga negara &ere4a, 4e$entingan nasional &ere4a, an ling4ungan glo(al terhaa$ 4erusa4an ari sisa= &enca$ai (isnis &elalui glo(al ala& ao$si, $enge&(angan an $enega4an ari 4oe terse(ut) Sa&$ai saat itu, tia4 realistis untu4 (erhara$ $erjanjian internasional se$erti #ang a4an iao$si) "a&un, se(uah &o&entu& #ang (er4e&(ang untu4 gera4an se&aca& itu ia&ati) Se$erti #ang tercantu& ala& hala&an se(elu&n#a, organisasi internasional, teruta&a &ere4a #ang terli(at ala& (isnis internasional, 4euangan, tenaga 4erja, e4ono&i an ling4ungan seang &enge&(ang4an aturan an 4e(ija4an #ang a$at iangga$ se(agai (lo4 (angunan ari 4oe uni!ersal eti4a (isnis) Sa&$ai se$erti tu(uh seraga& aturan aalah itari4, itanatangani an i(erla4u4an, $erusahaan glo(al an organisasi a4an &ela4u4an engan (ai4 untu4 &enge&(ang4an&ere4a seniri 4oe eti4, (erla4u untu4 se&ua $erira &ere4a terle$as ari lo4asi) +ESI%$!#AN
@e&eri4saan $er4e&(angan ter(aru ala& $eragangan internasional an jauh jang4auann#a $erluasan entitas glo(al #ang &e&i&$in $enulis 4ertas ini untu4 4esi&$ulan ta4 terela44an (aha eti4a $ersoalan an &asalah #ang ihaa$i entitas (isnis tia4 lagi ter4ait engan 4erang4a 4erja ter(atas,nasional atau (ah4an regional arena) Isu=isu ini telah iasu&si4an i&ensi glo(al an engan e&i4ian &e&(utuh4an solusi glo(al) Untu4 itu, ia &enuga (aha &ung4in se(uah organisasi internasional &eru$a4an 4enaraan ter(ai4 &elalui &ana suatu 4oe eti4 #ang &enca4u$ se&ua as$e4 (isnis a$at i4e&(ang4an) Setelah=i asar se$erti 4oe=$erjanjian internasional isusun, &enanatangani an &erati'i4asi, &ung4in (ija4sana untu4 &eninggal4an $ela4sanaan $erjanjian internasional 4e$aa negara=negara anggota tunu4 $aa auit (er4ala oleh suatu internasional ine$enen tu(uh) T/ a4hirn#a a$at &enga&(il $eran ini) Se&entara itu, organisasi glo(al $erlu &enge&(ang4an an &enega44an 4oe eti4 &ere4a seniri 4husus iarah4an $aa isu=isu #ang ter4ait engan (isnis, &ulticultural &ultinasional ling4ungan) RE'ERENSI
Bartels 5+ et al- 1998, Fu(ungan antara I4li& Eti4a an Masalah Eti4a ala&) Manaje&en Su&(er Da#a Manusia , Jurnal Bisnis, Eti4a 17 799=80) Berenhei&, RE- 1987, Eti4a @erusahaan:, +on'erensi Dean, Inc, "e or43) Beren(ei&, RE- 1989, Eti4a @erusahaan:, Rano& Fouse, "e or43) Broo4s, 5J- 1989, +oe Eti4 @erusahaan:, Jurnal Bisnis, Eti4a 8 117=129) Delane#, JT an D) Soc4ell- 1992, A$a4ah Eti4a @erusahaan @rogra& @elatihan Me&(uat @er(eaanG Analisis E&$iris , Jurnal Bisnis, Eti4a 11 719=727) Denison, DR- 199<, A$a @er(eaan antara Bua#a /rganisasi an I4li& organisasiG Se(uah asli #ang @oint o' ie $aa De4ae ars @araig& , A4ae&i Manage&ent Re!ie 21 ;3, <19=<>) .et*, +A- 1990, +oe Eti4 Internasional- Se(uah Analisis @enalaran Etis:, Jurnal Bisnis, Eti4a 9 ><7=>77) Fo'stee, .)- 1980, +onse4uensi Bua#a itu:, Sage @u(lications, Be!erl# Fills, A3) Jansen, E) an MA on.lino- 198>, A&(i!alensi /rganisasi Etis an Rear Siste& , Acae&# o' Manage&ent Re!ie 10 3, 81=822)
Jones, T)- 1991, +e$utusan Etis Me&(uat Ini!iu ala& /rganisasi oleh Se(uah isu=+ontinjensi Moel , Acae&# o' Manage&ent Re!ie 1< 23, ;<<=;9>) +ell#, S, SJ S4inner an /D ?errell- 1989, @erila4u o$ortunisti4 ala& @e&asaran @enelitian /rganisasi , Jurnal Bisnis, @enelitian 18 ;27=;0) 5ac*nia4, .R an EJ Inerrieen- 1987, @engaruh +e$eulian /rganisasi 5ain @enga&(ilan +e$utusan Etis $aa , Jurnal Bisnis, Eti4a < 297=;07) 5asch, )- 1978, Bua#a ari "arsis&e- A&erican 5i'e i Era ari Ber4urangn#a Fara$an , "orton, "3) Maha!i, Iraj- 2001 Bisnis @enii4an A&eri4a an Trans'er Bua#a:, Jurnal A&erican Asosiasi Il&u @erila4u an Sosial, ?all 2001 Maha!i, Iraj- 200;, @ertu&(uhan Etis- A$a4ah (isnis Si4a$ etis easa se(agai ini!iu Da$at4an 5a&a @rosiing Asosiasi Bisnis Internasional, +on'erensi, 200;G) Maha!i, Iraj- 200>, Asal @erila4u Bisnis #ang Etis:, @rosiing Internasional +on'erensi Asosiasi Bisnis, 200>) Mor', Du''# A), Schu&acher, Michael .), an itell, J) Scott- Se(uah Sur!ei @eja(at Eti4a ala& Besar /rganisasi , Jurnal Bisnis, Eti4a 20 2<>=271- 1999) "i&gae, Asho4- Manaje&en A&eri4a se(agai Dilihat @ro'esional Internasional:, Bisnis Fori*ons, "o!e&(er=Dese&(er, 1989, @.) 98=10>) Jurnal A4ae&i4 an Eti4a Bisnis Eti4a Bisnis Internasional, Fala&an < Ro(ertson, ) an @A ?ail- 1999, +e$utusan Etis +e$utusan ala& /rganisasi Multinasional- Se(uah Moel #ang Ber(asis Bua#a , Jurnal Bisnis, Eti4a 19 ;8>=;92) Schein, E)- 1990, Bua#a /rganisasi:, A&eri4a @si4olog >, 109=119) Turnen= Merah, A) an oolan AD tahun 2001, The Anato&# o' Multilateral +e(ija4an @eragangan Re'or&asi , Regionalis&e an .lo(alisasi- Teori an @ra4te4, Rutlege, Ta#lor ?rancis .rou$, 5onon= "e or43, @) <1) i&(ush, J an JM She$har- 198, Menuju @e&aha&an Etis I4li&- Ini Fu(ungan engan @erila4u Etis an @engaruh @engaasan , Jurnal Eti4a Bisnis 1;, <;7=<7) Te4s asli Inggris Journal o' Acae&ic an Business
