-WA is the particle indicating a topic. -Adding DESU after Noun-B forms a predicate. e.g.) WATASH WA ANNA DESU. !"m Anna.)
Japanese Scripts
Japanese Syllabaries : See pp. 56, 57
-The #apanese language has three t$pes of scripts%Hiragana, Katakana and Kanji, Each &ith speci'c role.
Sounds Words PON
1
KORE WA NAN DESU KA -(A is a particle. When added to the end of a sentence &ith a rising intonation% it allo&s $ou to as a *uestion. e.g.) S+,E WA NAN DESU (A. !What is it)
-No is a particle that lins t&o nouns. n #apanese% $ou put a modif$ing &ord efore a noun. e.g.) T+(/+ N+ +0/A1E ! a sou2enir from To$o)
Sound Words NORONORO
SUTASUTA
t descries a person &ho is &aling hurriedl$. someone or something is mo2ing slo&l$.
t descries
that
LES SON3
ॺ
TOI RE WA DOKO DESU KA
Gramming Tips 3
WA DOKO DESU KA !Where is 4 ) - D+(+ DESU (A is a phase that allo&s $ou toas &here something is% either a place or thing e.g.) T+,E WA D+(+ DESU (A. !Where is a restroom)
5
ASOK O
KOSOADO words - #apanese demonstrati2es are called (+S+AD+ &ords% taing the 'rst s$llales of the demonstrati2e of the four groups% such as
ASOK
(+(+ !here). S+(+ !there)% AS+(+ !o2er there)%
Sound Words NOSS!NOSS! P"ONP"ON PAKAPAKA
LESS ON 4 MA
TADAI
Grammar Tips 3
ANATA WA N!ON#J!N DESU KA !Are $ou a #apanese)
- f the ans&er is 6$es7 8A!$
- f the ans&er is 6no7
WATAS! WA N!ON#J!N DESU%
8 !!E% WATAS! WA N!ON# J!N DEWA AR!&ASEN.
Greetings
5
Sound Words
GARAGARA
'ATAN
The sound of a person opening a sliding door door eing shut
The sound of a
LESS ON 5 SORE WA WAT AS HI NO TAKARAM ONO DESU
Grammar Tips &ASU#(orm )er*s
1
verbs : see pp. 54,55
- 9ers that end &ith 0ASU are called 60ASU-form 2ers7. - The 0ASU-form 2ers are used &hen speaing politel$. To mae it negati2e% &e change 0ASU to 0ASEN. e.g.) /+00ASU !to read) 8 /+00ASEN !not to read) 5
+Su*,ect- WA . +O'JE/T-
O
.
0er*
- The t$pical &ord order in #apanese is 6su:ect% o:ect% and 2er.7 e.g.) WATASH WA 0AN1A + /+00ASU. ! ,EAD 0AN1A.) - The particle + indicates the o:ect of an action.
Sound Words
J!KKUR!
PARAPARA
LES SON6
DENWA'ANG3 WA NAN'AN DESU KA
Grammar Tips 3
Num*ers 12
The sound made $ turning the pages of a oo.
t descries a person calml$
4 1 5 6 RE! !/! N! =ERO
7
8
SAN
9
:
; GO
"ON$ S!
<
14
ROK U
NAN A$ S!/ !
A/ !
K"U$ KU
JU
> O S!&ASU !To do 4)
5
- SH0ASU is a 2er that means 6to do something.7 - /ou can tal aout man$ actions $ comining + SH0ASU &ith nouns. e.g.) BEN(/+ ,/+,
!stud$ing) 8 BEN(/+ + SH0ASU. ! stud$.) !cooing) 8 ,/+, + SH0ASU.
! coo.)
Sound Words R!N
;U,U,U,U
The sound of a telephone ringing
The ring tone of a dial
LES SON7 SHÛKURÎ MU WA ARI MAS U KA 3 > GA AR!&ASU !There is
-
A,0ASU is a 2er indicating that some things are there. e.g) (E( 1A A,0ASU. !There is a cae.)
5
TSU = a counter (or t?ings @ie caes f follo&ed $ the counter TSU% the &a$ &e count numers from one to ten changes. 3 HT+TSU
5 ?UTATSU
> 0TTSU
Sound Words
PAKUPAKU &OGU&OGU
t descries a person eating &ith a huge appetite.
t descries a person che&ing some food &ithout opening his
LES SON8 MÔI CHI DO ONEG AI SHI MASU Grammar Tips 3
TE#(orm )er*s 12 'asic Pattern #
When
&e use 2ers in the middle of sentences% &e use their con:ugated forms.
- The con:ugated 2ers ending &ith TE or DE% are called 6TE-form 2ers.7 - To turn 0ASU-form 2er into TE-form 2ers% the asic pattern is :ust to change 0ASSU to TE. e.g.) +B+E0ASU !to memori@e) 8 +B+ETE 5
TE#(orm )er* .
KUDSA! P@ease do > 2
# When $ou as someod$ to do something in #apanese% $ou sa$ TE-form 2ers and then (UDASA !please) e.g.) +B+E0ASU
(UDASA +B+ETE (UDASA !;lease memori@e)
Sound Words
DOK!B
DOK! DOK!
t descries ho& the heart eats fast &ith surprise% anCiet$ or eCcitement.
t is the &ord that eCpresses a moment of surprise.
LES SON9 NANJI KARA DESU KA Grammar Ti ps
1
WhatTi me) NANJI( e. g)NANJIDESU KA. ( Whatt i me s i t i ?)
2
TEf orm verbs ( 2) Vari ati ons I n t hi s p at t ern , youch an ge ot n on l y M ASU but al so on e syl l ab l e b ef oret .i
for time that $ou ha2e no more to
e$ond the limit.
LESS ON 10 ZEN I N I MASU KA
Grammar Ti ps
1 MASU I -I MASU i sa e vrb t o exp r ess t he exi st en ceofl i vi ng t hi ngs. e. g. ) ANNA GA I MASU. ( Anna i s her e) ARI MASU
2
e rers f t ot he exi st en ceofa non l i vi ng t hi ngs.
MASHI TA : Pas tf or m ofMASU or mv er bsTot hepas tf or m,y ouc hangeMASU t oMASHI TA. -ToturnMASU-f e. g. ) TA BEMASU ( t o eat ) » TA BEMASHI TA at ( e)
LESS ON 11 ZEH I KI TE KUDASAI
Grammar Ti ps
DaCs o( t?e wee )er*s
5
1
GETSUYO BI
Mon day
AK YO BI
Tu esday
SUI YO BI
Wedn es day
MOKUYO BI
Thu r sda y
KI NYO BI
Fr i day
DOYO BI
Sat ur day
NI CHI YO BI
Su nday
DictionarC#(orm
- Ja pan ese di ci t on ari esl i stver bsi n t hi sf orm . - I f youuset hi sf or m, yousou nd mor e casua l . e. g)I KI MASU TAB EMAS U
t ( o go)» ( t o eat )»
I KU TAB ERU
K!TE
!K!&ASU
KUDASA
Sound Words
WAK U
UK! UK!
LESS ON 12
I TSU NI HON NI KI MASH I TA KA
Grammar
t is used to eCpress eCcited :o$ or happ$ eCpectations.
t is used to eCpress a cheerful uo$ant mood.
1
TAf orm verbs The TA f ormofver bs s i h te con j ugat i onf ormofver bs h taten ds w i t h TA or A D . I ti s or f th e p astor h t e p erf ect p as ect of verb s. I f youuse ht i s orm f , yousou nd mor e casu al e. g. ) NAREMASU ( t o ge t usedo) t» NARETA ( got usedotor haveot gusedo) t - Mak i ng TA f ormver bs s i h te sam e as ak mi ng h te TE f ormofver bs,l earned I n l ess on8 an d 9 . Si mpl y e rpl ace TE wi t h TA , an d D E wi t h DA.
2
Months I CHI GATSU KU GATSU NI GATSU JUGATSU SAN GATSU
nuar Ja y Se pt embe r Fe br uar y Oct ober Mar c h
JUI CHI GATSU SH I GATS U JUNI GATSU
GOGATSU RO KU GATSU SH I CHI GATSU
Nov ember Apr i l December
H AC HI GATS U
May June Jul y Au gust
Sound
GA"AGA"A WA!WA!
t s a &ord to descrie man$ people ha2ing a good time together.
t descries a large numer of people maing a lot of noise% taling to one another.
1
Nou n-A WA Nou nB GA SU KI DESU (A
l i kes ) B
- SU( is an ad:ecti2e meaning 6to e fond of%7 or 6to lie.7 -Here% the particle 1A indicates the o:ect of an ad:ecti2e. e.g.) ANNA WA 0AN1A 1A SU( DESU. !Anna lies 0AN1A.) 5
> &ASEN KA !Wh$ don"t &e 4 )
-f $ou change 0ASU-form 2ers to 0ASEN (A% $ou are in2iting people to do something. e. g. ) MI NNA DE HONYA NI I KI MASU.
( We wi l l al l got oget hert ot he
books t or e) » MI NNA DE HONYA NI I KI MASEN KA. books t or e?) 3
( Whydon’ t we al l got ot he
2 Types of ad j ecti ves Adj ect i ves are di vi dedbasi ca l l yi nt ot wo ki nds. Thos et haten d wi t h h t e syl l abl e I ar e ca l l edI ad j ect i ve. The oth ers ca l l edNAad j ect i ves.
I adj ec t i v es
:
ATA RASHI ( new )
NAad j ect i ves
:
SUKI ( f on d of )
ATA RASHI HON SUKI NA
HON
( a new book ) ( t he bookI l i ke)
P!KAP!
K!RAK!RA
t descries something that is shining or sparling.
t descries something that has ecome clean and is shining after eing polished.
- I f you sa y h te TE f or m v er b w i t h MO I I DESU KA, I ti s a n exp r essi ont o a skf or erm p i ssi on . e. g. ) KONO RI NGO O TA BETE MO I I DESU KA. ( MayI eat t hi s appl e? ) 2 -
_ KARA ( as/becau se_ ) 1 () KAR A e xpr esses t her eas on. e. g. )SH I GEN DESUKA RA ,BETSU NO FU KU RO NII RE TE K UDASAI . ( Beca use ht ey re a recycl ( ab l e)resou r ces, pl eas e p ut t hem i nt o a not her ba g. )
Sound Words &ERA &ERA PA/! PA/!
t is the sound of something urning.
t descrie t also ei omeod$ %
LESS ON 15
NETE M IASU
Gr ammar Ti ps
1 -
2
_ MAS HO ( Let’ s _ ) I f yo u c han get he I MASU par t ofa v eb r o t M ASH O, yo u ar e m aki ng a oposal pr . e. g)KOKO DE ORI MASU. ( We wi l l ge t offher e) . KOKO DE ORI MASH O. ( Let ’ s ge t offher e) .
TEf orm verb+ I MASU
( i s/ are)
- I f you dd aI MASU t o h te TE f or m ve r b,you can say anact i oni s c on t i nui ng. e. g. ) GOHAN O TA BEMASU. ( I eat /w i l l eat a meal ) GOHAN O TAB ETE I MAS U. ( I am eat i nga meal )
3
Nega ti ve of rm of ad j ec ti ve s
- To ut r n I ad j ect i ves i nt o h te n egat i ve orm f , youch an ge I att he en d t o K UNAI . For NAad j ect i ve s,ad d D EWANAI . I ad j ect i ves : ATARASHI I ( new ) » ATARASHI KUNAI ( notnew) NAadj ect i ves : DAI JOBU ( al l ri gh t ) » DAI JO BUDEWANAI ( notal lr i ght )
Sound Words
t is the sound of snoring. t also descries a person &ho is sound asleep.
GUGU
This &ord is used to descrie a a$ or a small child sleeping comfortal$.
LESS ON 16 KAI DAN O AGATT E, MI GI NI I TT E KUDASA I 1rammar Tips 3
TE-form 2ers can connect sentences - Using TE-form 2ers% $ou can eCpress a string of actions occurring in succession. e.g.) 1+(A N A1A,0ASU HDA, N (0ASU !to go up to the th oor) !to go to the left) 1+(A N A1ATTE% HDA, N (0ASU. !/ou go up to the th oor% and then% go to the left.)
5 !,ight)
D!RE/T!ONS
!DAR!
&!G!
!Feft)
Soundor W ds TONTON
t is the sound of a person going up the stairs.
t is the sound of someod$ nocing on the door.
- Add i ng S O af t eranad j ect i veal l ow s you t o a tk l ab ou t whatyou t hi nk orgu es s, Af t ery oul ookorl i s t ent osome t hi ng. - When you addSo o t I adj ec t i ve s,you cha ngeI att he e nd o t S O. I ad j ect i ve s : OMOSHI ROSO 2
_ WA CH OTTO …
OMOSHI ROI ( i ntere sti ng) ( se em i nt ee rs t i ng)
»
( _i s/ area l i t t l e bi t …)
- Yo u cansay s thi o t d ecl i ne a r p op osa l ,i n a so f t ,i ndi r ect way, wi t hou t di r ect l y v oi ci ngdi sappr oval . e. g. ) H ORA WA CHOTTO …. Horr ( orst ori esare a i l t t l e bi t …. )
9
RGFRUG0
S!N
t is a &ord that eCpresses the state &here there is no sound.
t descri
e.g.) 0AGH1AE0ASU !to mae a mistae) 8
0AGH1AETE SH0A0ASHTA !"2e made a mistae.)
Sound Words
+,++,+
UROURO
This &ord descries ho& a person has lost his
t descri
LESS ON 19 YOKATTA GrammarTi ps
1 Pas tf or m ofadj ec ti ve s - Jap an es e adj ec t i ve s c anhav e a pas tf or m. Fo r I ad j ect i ves, ch an ge I att he en d t o K ATTA . For A N ad j ect i ves, ad d DATTA. I -ad j ec t i ves : YASUI ( I nex persi ve) » YASUKATTA ( ex ce pti on) YOKATTA NAadj ect i ves DAI JO BU DATT A 2
:
( was/wer ei ne xpensi v e) I I ( good)
:
( was/wer egood) DAI JOBU ( al l ri gh t )
» »
( was/w er e al lr i ght )
( I ’ m so rry) GOMENNASAI - Yousa y G OMENNASAI , when youol ogi ap z e o t peopl e c l ose rt o y ou , such as am fi l y or ri f en ds. - SU MI MASEN sounds mor ef or malt ha n G OMEN NA SAI .
SUM I MASEN
Soundor W ds
(ASH
t is the sound of a camera shutter eing released.
t eCpresses not onl$ the sound of a shutter% ut also the act of a person taing a picture itself.
LESS ON 20 NI HON NO UTA O UTA TT A KOTO GA ARI MAS U KA Grammar Ti ps
1 ARI MASU - I n Less on , ARI MASU meant “ som eh ti ng exi st . ”I n Less on9,i t meant ” anev ent th at i s h el d. ” I n t hi s es lson, ARI MASU has a ean m i ng of “ havi ng som et hi ng”su ch s a exp eri en ces, t i me or op port uni t i es
2
TAf orm verb+ KOTO GA ARI MASU ( Have an exp eri en ce of _) - f &e continue TA-form 2ers and (+T+ 1A A,0ASU% &e can tal aout our eCperiences% namel$ &hat &e ha2e done efore. e.g.) WATASH WA SHN#U(U N TTA (+T+ 1A A,0ASU. ! ha2e to Shin:uu.)
9
RGFRUG0
(
GATAN GOTON
t is the sound of a train running.
t is the sound at a crossing.
LESS ON 21 I I E, SOR EHODODEMO
1rammar Tips
1 NAI f or m ofver bs - The ver bs h tatcon j ugat e,en di ng w i t h NAI , ar e cal l ed“ NAI f ormver bs. ” The yar et hecasual negat i v ev er bs. e. g. ) TA BEMASU ( t o eat ) » TA BENAI ( not ot e at ) OKI MASU ( nott o g etup) I KI MASU ( not ot g o) TS UKAI MAS U ( nott o u se) KI MASU
( t o ge t up) ( t o go)
»
OKI NAI
»
I KANAI
( t o use )
»
TS UKAWAN AI
( t o co me)
»
KONAI
( nott o com e) 2
I I E,SOR EHODODEMO ( No, not rea l l y. ) - I I E i s a neg at i v e answ er . SO REHODODEMO meansnot “ r ea l l y” - I I E, SO REHODODEMO i s an xpr e essi on ou y s u e o t be hu mbl es and ode m s t .
K"AK"A
WAWA
t descries lots of people shouting and maing noise. Sound Words
t is &ord to eCpress &omen"s hoghpitched 2oice.
1
How to chang e a dj ec ti ve s to adv er bs - We can ad I j ec t i ve s o t ad ve r bs by an ch gi ng h te fin alI t o K U. O» N 22 OSOI ( l at e) LESS OSOKU e. g) OSOKU NARI MASHI TA .( I ’ m l at e) . - We c anchan geNAad j ec t i ve s o t bs by di ad ng N I af t ert he w or ds. O SOK U adver NAR I MASH I TA JOZU ( goodat ) » JOZUNI e. g. ) JOZUNI NARI MASHI TA . I (have becom e g ood at i t . )
FUN/PU N
2
:1rammar a cou nterf ormi nutes Tips
- NI FU N ( 2 mi nu t es) , JI PPU N/JU PPU N ( 10m i nu t es)
TEf orm verb +
3
WA I KEMASEN
- I f yo u sa y a TE f or m ofv er b an d t hen W A I KEMASE N, yo u mean, “ You shou l dn ’ t do i t. ” e. g. ) YA KUSO KU O YA BUTTEWA I KEMASE N. Y (o u shoul dn’ t br eak pr om i ses . )
1A&!GA&!
KAN KAN
We sa$ this &hen &e are furious.
Sound Words
t eCpresses nagging% t is used to descrie someod$ &ho loos sul$ grumling or scolding &ith anger. &ith anger.
1 _ MASE N D ESHI TA : Pas tneg at i vef or m ofMASU LESS O N - Chan ge M ASU f or m v er bs23 o tt he past neg at i v e byepl rac i ng DESH I TA. MA I AI MASU O KN ÂSAN
( t o be i n t i me) MA NI AI MASEN NI SH I KAR AR EMASH I TA
Past nega t i ve MAN I AI MAS HI TA ( was /w er ei nt i me) ( wasn ’ t /weren ’ ti n t i me)
M ASU wi t h MASE N
( nott o bei n t i me)
MAN I AI MAS EN DESH I TA
2 Passi veex pressi on - We u se ht e passi vef or m ofa ver b a nd i ndi cat e w ho d i d t he act i onusi ng h te part i cl e,NI . SHI KARI MASU ( t o sc od) l SH I KARAREMASU ( t o besc oded) l OKO SANWA WAT ASH IO SH I KAR I MASH I TA.
WATASH WA +(ASAN N SH(A,A,E0ASHTA. mother.)
!0other scolded me.) ! &as scolded $
(/U"(/U" 1+SH1+S
This descries the sound of &iping or t is the sound of scruing. polishing glasses or &indo& panes &ith force.
1
NAI FORM VER B +
DE KUDASAI ( Pl ea sedon’ t _)
- f $ou add DE (UDASA to the NA-form of 2er% $ou are telling someod$ not to do something. e.g.) (ANA DE (UDASA. !;lease don"t go.)
NA-form of (0ASU !to go)
2
Wordstoi ndi cateti mepoi nts
KI NO SENSHU -
-
( Yest erday ) ASHI TA l ( ast wee k) RAI SHU
-
KYO
( Tod ay)
( t om or r ow ) -
KONSHU ( t hi s wee k)
( next week)
SENGETS U ( l as t mont h) RAI GETS U ( next mont h)
KONGETS U ( t hi s mont h)
Sound Words 'U'U
'UTSU 'UTSU
t descries ho& people grumling and complaining discontentedl$.
t descries someone &ho is mumling dissatisfaction in a lo& 2oice.
LESS ON 25 TSUK UE NO SHI TA NI HAI RE 1rammar Tips
1
Co mmand f orm ofverbs - Th e co mman df or m i s of t en se ud att he i t me of anem er ge ncy , orf orsi gns, such as r affi t c. e. g. ) NI GEMASU ( t or un aw ay)
YO DA/YO DESU
2
»
NI GERO.
( Run aw ay! )
( I t seem s _)
- YO DA i s h te cas ualexpr es son i ofYO DESU, i ndi cat i ng h tatt he speake r has assessed. Thesi t uat i on,andhasmadeacer t ai nj udgeme ntaboutt hes t at eofaffai r s. - Bef or e YODA, you cann otuse h te M ASU f or m ofv er bs. e. g. ) YU RE WA OSAMATTAYO A D. ( Th e shaki ngse em st o have subsi ded) 3
ZO WA HANA GAAGAI N ( El ep han t s h aveon l g r t unks. )
Top i c
su bj ect
GURA GURA GAT A
t eCpresses ho& things suchtas eCpresses ho& uildings are hea2il$ shel2es or dess are noisil$ shaing. shaing% or ho& an o:ect is unstale.
LESS ON 26 TS UGI WA GANBARÔ
1rammar Tips
1 > N DESU - You say ESU D , when you ai expl n a si t uat i onora r eas on. - Bef or e N DESU, youmustuse ht e pl ai n f or m ofve r bs, su ch s a h te di ct i on aryor m f an d t he TA f or m. e. g. ) SHI KEN GA D EKI NAKATT A N DESU. I (cou l dn ’ t do el wl on h t e qu i z . )
;lain form of DE(0ASEN DESHTA !couldn"t do
2
DES!TA F Past (orm o( DESU e.g.) TAHEN DESU.
3
GAN'ARO
!t is hard)
8
TAHEN DESHTA. !t &as hard.)
!Fet"s do our est.)
- GANBARO i st he v ol i t i onal f or m ofGANBARI MASU ( t o do t he bes t ) - The vol i t i on alf ormexp r esses the wi l l oft he sp ea ker .I ti s a l so sed u t o n ivi t e h te l i st en er ot d o so met hi ng o tgeth er , or ot u rgehe ti l st en er ot d o so met hi ng.
Sound Words
EN
OG"A OG"A
EN
The sound of a a$ cr$ing hard.
The sound of an infant cr$ing loudl$.
- I f yousayhe t N AI f ormofa ver bw i t h a ri si ng n i t on at i on , youarenvi i t i ng som eon e t o d o som et hi ng n i a casu alway . e. g. ) I SSHO NI EI GA O MI NAI ?
( Won ’ t you see a movi e wi t h
me?) Thepol i t ewayt osayi ti s:
NA-form of 00ASU !to see) SSH+ N E1A + 00ASEN (A. !Wh$ don"t &e see a mo2ie together) 2
3st /+((A
=
= TH
DaCs o( t?e mont?
= ITH 0U(A (+(+N+(A 3MTH = 33 = TH
= 5nd
TSUTAGH TSU(A
#UGHNGH
J T+(A 5M
= =
TH
TH
?UTSA(A
>
NAN+(A
K
HATSU(A
5
= = =
rd
0((A
TH
/+(A
L
TH
N#U/+((A
TH
TH
= =
Sound Words
N/A N/A
WAN WAN
The sound of a dog aring.
The sound of a cat me&ing.
LESS ON 28 SHI ZUOKA E YÔK OSO
> E "OKOSO !Welcome to 4)
1
- E i s a part i cl e n i di cat i ng h te e nd p oi nt ofa m ov em ent . Y OKOSO i s w “el com e” . e. g. ) N I HON E YO KOSO. ( Wel co me t o Japan . ) 2
> KARA !as<ecause 4) !5) K ARA i s apart i cl e n i di ca t i ng areaso n. adj ect i ve e. g. ) KAWAI I KARA ( beca usei t ’ s cu t e) KAWAI I :
I ad j ect i ve
- Whenyouuse KARA wi t h NAadj ec t i v es ornou ns, KARA bec om esDAKARA. e. g. ) GENKI DAKARA
( becau sehe/she i si n hi ghspi r i t s)
GENKI :
NA-
adj ec t i ve 3
_ NI KUWASHI I ( kn ow i ng a l otabou t ) e. g. ) KENTAWA KAMERA NI KUWASHI I . ( Kent a kn ow sal otabou t cam ea rs. )
Sound Words P!POP!PO
This is the sound of an amulance siren.
This is the sound of a police siren.
LESS ON 29 CHI KAKU DE MI RU TO, ÔKI I DESU E N
1
> TO !f 4) - I ft he p art i cl e T O com es t af era ver , B, i ti ndi ca t es a n co di t i on . Ver bst aket hedi ct i onar yf or m ort heNAI f or m bef or eTO. e . g. ) NO KU MO GA MI ER U TO ,AME G A FUR I MASU . (ASA1U0+= a cloud lie a hat. ( When you t see he cl ou d, i t wi l l rai n. )
2
> N DA - N DA is a casual eCpression of N DESU &hich $ou use eCplain a situation or a reason. e.g.) !Gasual) A0E 1A ?U,U N DA. !t &ill rain.) !;olite) A0E 1A ?U,U N DESU. !t &ill rain.)
S!TO S!TO
=A=A
This is the eCpression for &hen it is raining hard.
This is the eCpression for &hen it is gentle rain.
LESS ON 30 MÔ SUKO SHI SHASH I N O TORI TAIDESU
Grammar
1
> TA! DESU
!&ant to 4)
- Repl aci ng M ASU ofMASU f or m v er bs i w t h TA I ,y ou can e xpr es s w hat y ou w ant t o do. I f youad d DESU af t er TA I ,t he sen t en ce i w l l be p ol i t e. e. g. ) SHASHI N O TORI MASU. ( It ak e pi ct ur es. )
» SHASHI N O TO RI TA I DESU. ( I wan tt ot ake pi cu tr es . ) 2
TA#(orm )er* . RA !f 4) - Th e TA f or m an d R A, TA RA t oge t her ,i ndi cat esa cond i t i on . - We c anal so use,TO i nst ead of TA RA, under a cer t ai n cond i t i onwher e s om e t hi ng al ways occu r s. e. g. ) OSHI TA RA,
TSI KI MASU.
( I f youpres st he sw i t ch , yout ur n ont he
l i ght. ) OSUI TO , TSUKI MASU.
( I f youpre sst he sw i t ch, yout ur n ont he
l i ght. )
Sound Words
GORO GORO KORO KORO
t is the sound of thunder.
t descries ho& a small and light o:ect rolls.
>
- When &e &ant to sho& respect to the listener or the person &e are taling aout% &e sa$ + or 1+ efore nouns or ad:ecti2es. - We use 1+ &ith nouns srcinall$ from Ghina% for all other nouns% &e use +.
e.g.)
+SH1+T+ !&or)% 1+(A+(U !famil$)
t is the sound of drining something t is the sound of *uicl$ drining in ig gulps. something &ith great force.
Sound Words
GA'U GA'U
GOKUGOKU
- When you ask eone som o t c om pare t he pr oper t i esofA wi t h t hose ofB, you say A TO B TO DOCHI RAGAandaf t ert hat ,y ousayanadj ect i v e,f ol l owedbyDESU KA. e. g. )FUTO N TO BE DDO TO DOCHI RA GA SU KIDESUKA. ( Whi ch o dyoul i ke bet t er ,f ut on s orbed s?)
Noun#A NO O GA Noun#' "OR! Ad,ecti)e DESU
2
( A s i mor e_
t hanB) - When ou y co mpar et he pr ope r t i es ofA w i t h t hos e B, you sa y A O N HO GA B YO RI e. g. ) TA I NO HO GA NI HON YO RI ATS UI DESU. ( Th ai l an d s i hot t ert hanJap an . ) -
Yo u canal so say , A WA B YO RI _ DESU . e. g. ) TA I WA NI HON YO RI ATSUI DESU. ( Th ai l an d i s hot t ert hanJap an . )
Sound Words UWAUW UKAU
t descries ho& something is soft% uO$ and elastic.
t descries something soft and light.
LESS ON 33 NNASAN I N AGEMASU Grammar
1
AGE&ASU
- When h t e s peak ergi ve s s om et hi ng o t h te i l st ener ,t he s peak ersay s AG EMASU ( t o give). AGEMASU i sal soused,whenpeopl egener al l ygi v esome t hi ngt oot her s. 2
KURE&ASU
(U,E0ASU - I f so mebody i v es gy ouso me t hi ng,y ouuseKUREMASU ( t o gi v e) . - I n Jap an ese , di ffer ent , ve r bs ar e u sed, dep end i ng on het heryouar e s p eak i ng - w (U,E0ASHTA !past form) f r om t he p ersp ect i ve f ot he g i ver or he t recei ver . - (U,E,U !Dictionar$ form)
Sound Words
N!" A
N!KO N!KO
t descries a person &ho is smiling% silentl$ and happil$.
This descries a person gi2ing a faint smile.
- f $ou &ant to modif$ something using t&o or more ad:ecti2es% to the TE-form. e.g.) /AWA,A(A(UTE +SH DESU. !t"s tender and delicious.)
Sound Words ASSAR!
t is the &ord for a simple and lightl$a2ored food.
KOTT
t descries a food rich in taste% oil$ or hea2$.
LESS ON 35 KUREJ I TT O KÂDO WA TS UKAEM AS U KA Grammar
1
Num*ers 62 3MM
H/A(U
3MMM SEN
5
3MMMM 0AN
Potentia@ (orm o( )er*s - The potential form of 2ers has t&o meanings. +ne is ailit$ to do something. The other is permission to do something under a certain circumstance. e.g.) HANASH0ASU !to spea) 8 HANASE0ASU !Gan spea) TSU(A0ASU !to use) 8 TSU(AE0ASU !Gan use)
t is the sound for &hen a micro&a2e o2en 'nishes cooing.
t is the sound of a cash register reading ar codes.
Sound Words /!N
P!B
3
NA!#(orm )er* .
NAKERE'A NAR!&ASEN !ha2e to 4)
- When $ou sa$ $ou must% or need to do something% $ou replace the NA part at the end of the NA-form 2er &ith NA(E,EBA NA,0ASEN.
!0ASUfor (0AS U !to
5
SEASONS
!NAform) (ANA
!KANAKERE'A NAR!&ASEN%
HA,U !Spring)
NATSU Summer2
AK! Autumn2
Sound Words .H
I.HI "U"U
t descries the &ind% continuousl$ lo&ing.
P"UP"U
The &ind is speeding up.
T
TA#(orm )er*
3
.
R!$ TA#(orm )er*
.
R! S!&ASU
- When &e cite t&o or three eCamples out of actions% &e use TA-form 2ers and attach , after each TA-form 2er in succession. And at the end% &e close the sentence $ using SH0ASU !to do) or SH0ASHTA !did). e.g.) ?U#SAN + 0TA. ! &atched 0t. ?u:i.) +SUSH + TABETA. ! ate sushi.)
?U#SAN + 0TA,% +SUSH + TABETA, SH0ASHTA. ! &atched 0t. ?u:i% ate sushi% and so on.) 5
> WA DO DATTA
!Ho& &as 4)
- D+ is ho&. DATTA is the casual form of DESHTA% &hich ends a sentence &ith the past form. e.g.) SH(EN WA D+ DATTA !Ho& &as the eCam)
t descries eing utterl$ eChausted% and as though $ou ha2e lost all energ$.
Sound Words
KUTAKUTA ETOETO
t descried the feeling of eing reall$ &orn out and &ea.
LESS ON 38 KASH I KOMARI MASHI TA
Grammar
3
onoric ELpression
- /ou use honori'c eCpression &hen $ou are taling &ith% or referring to% $our seniors% superiors% or people $ou don"t no& &ell.
5
Two ?onoric (orms o( )er*s 00ASU !3) ,espect
8
1+,ANNNA,0ASU
!To &atch)
f $ou use it to eCpress the deeds or the situation of the person $ou are taling &ith or referring to% $ou can sho& respect to that person. !5) Humle
WA(A,0ASHTA 8 (ASH(+0A,0ASHTA
/ou sho& $our respect $ using humle &ords to spea aout $ourself.
Sound Words
URAURA
t is said &hen $ou can hardl$ stand up due to fatigue or a fe2er.
Grammar KAZ E DA TO LESS MOOI ON MAS 39 U
t desc
3
ELp@ain Cour sCmptoms
ATA0A 1A TA DESU.
HANA0U 1ADESU +NA(A 1A TA DE0ASU. !0$ stomach aches.)
> TO O&O!&ASU
5 -
! thin that 4)
When $ou eCpress $our ideas% opinions or guesses% $ou 'rst sa$ &hat $ou thin% and then sa$ T+ +0+0ASU. Before T+ +0+0ASU% $ou use the plain form of 2ers. e.g.) (AN+#+ WA (0ASU.
8
(AN+#+ WA (U,U T+ +0+0ASU.
!She &ill come.)
!t thin she &ill come.)
Sound Words
GOOGOO KONKON A slight cough.
A ad cough.
LESS ON 40 ATAMA GA ZUKI ZUKI Grammar
=UK!=UK! S!&ASU !to thro)
3
- U(U( is an onomatopoeia. /ou can use it% &hen $ou ha2e a headache% and feel as if $our head &ere pulsing. f comined &ith SH0ASU !to do)% the &ord ecomes a 2er.
5 -
T?ree groups o( Japanese )er*s #apanese 2ers are di2ided into > groups. Each group has its o&n patterns of con:ugations.
1roup
---
1roup
--The 2ers that ha2e the 2o&el E and some 2ers that ha2e the 2o&el in the s$llale
The 2ers that ha2e the 2o&el in the s$llale efore 0ASU.
---
SH0ASU !to do)%
(0ASU !to come)
1roup
Sound
=OKU=OKU
&UKA&U
t descries feeling chills from a fe2er.
t descries feeling nauseous.
DictionarC#(orm )er* . KOTO GA DEK!&ASU
3
!can do
the thing of 4) - /ou can eCpress ailit$ or potential% if $ou use the dictionar$ form of 2ers% and attach to it (+T+ 1A DE(0ASU. e.g.) WATASH WA (U (+T+ 1A DE(0ASU. ! can go.)
-
/ou can eCpress the same meaning using the potential form. e.g.) WATASH WA (E0ASU. ! can go.)
5
ow to write an address
- Traditionall$% $ou ha2e to &rite #apanese in 2ertical lines% and from right to left. - SA0A is an honori'c &ord used after a person"s name to eCpress respect for the person.
ip ,ecei2er" s Sender"s address and ,ecei2er "s name
Sound Words
SUKK!R
SAPPA
t descries a neat and tid$ room onl$ &ith minimum essentials.
t means feeling refreshed. can sa$ it% after $ou ha2e /ou &ashed $our face.
LESS ON 42 DORE GA I CHI BAN OI SHI I KANA
Grammar 3
!/!'AN !The est% the most% numer one)
- When $ou compare three or more things% $ou eCpress &hich is the est $ sa$ing GHBAN. e.g.) WATASH WA 0A(UN+UGH-BENT+ 1A GHBAN SU( DESU. ! lie 0aunouchi-ento% or a 2ariet$ oC lunch the est.)
DORE GA !/!'AN Ad,ecti)e DESU KA
5
!Which one is the
most 4) -
To mae *uestions% using GHBAN% $ou use diOerent interrogati2es efore GHBAN% depending on &hat is eing compared. D+(+ 1A !Where) TSU 1A !&hen) GHBAN !Ad:ecti2e)
D+,E
1A !Which)
NAN
1A !What)
Sound Words
PEK O PEK
GUG
t is the sound of a stomach% &hen a person is hungr$.
t descries eing 2er$ hungr$.
LESS ON 43 DÔSHI TE DESHÔ KA
Grammar > DESO !proal$ 4)
3 -
/ou use DESH+ at the end of a sentence% &hen $ou tal aout a prediction for ime,i /itC the future or something uncertain. e.g.) ASHTA WA A0E DESH+. !t &ill proal$ rain tomorro&.)
5
DOS!TE DESO KA !Wh$ do $ou thin it is) - D+SHTE means 6&h$.7 To mae D+SHTE formal% use NAE !&h$). NAE DESH+ (A
8
Sound Words
P!NPON
'M
t is the sound used for a right ans&er.
t is the sound used for a &rong an
3
TE#(orm )er* . KARA !After 4)
-
An action taen efore (A,A is follo&ed $ another action after it. /ou use the TE-form of 2ers efore (A,A. e.g.) WA1ASH + TABETE (A,A% 0AGGHA + N+00ASU. !After $ou eat #apanese caes% $ou drin po&dered green tea.)
5
> KA&OS!RE&ASEN !t ma$ e 4) e.g.) N1A (A0+SH,E0ASEN. 8 A0A (A0+SH,E0ASEN !t ma$ e itter.) s&eet.)
!t ma$ e
Sound Words
'!R!'!R!
J!NJ!N
/ou sa$ this &hen $our hands or legs ha2e ecome num or de2eloped a painful tingle. t descries a sensation cau
LESS ON 45 OTA NJ ÔBI OMEDETÔ
Grammar 3
OTANJO'! O&EDETO !Happ$ Birthda$) - +TAN#+B is 6a irthda$.7 +0EDET+ S 6congratulations7
ECpressed politel$ 8 +TAN#+B +0EDET+ 1+A0ASU. !Happ$ Birthda$) 5
&ORA!&ASU !to e gi2en
When the recei2er is the su:ect% $ou use 0+,A0ASU. Use the particle N to indicate the gi2er.
A1E0ASU
e.g.) (AN+#+ WA (A,E N ?USEN + 0+,A0ASU. !She is gi2en a alloon $ him.) When the gi2er is the su:ect% $ou use A1E0ASU !to gi2e).
0+,A0A
e.g.) (A,E WA (AN+#+ N ?USEN + A1E0ASU. !He gi2es her a alloon.)
#N H+,+,
t descries eing mo2ed almost to tears% and deep
t descries eing mo2ed to tears in spite of $ourself% and feeling s$mpath$ for someod$.
LESS ON 46 KI KOKU SUR U MAE NI ,YUK I O MI RU K OTO GA DEKI TE SH I AWASE DE SU
Grammar
> NO "O N! !lie% similar to 4)
3
e.g.) (+NA N+ /+ N !lie po&der)
DictionarC#(orm )er* .
5 -
&AE N! !efore 4)
0AE N !efore) is an eCpression to emphasi@e &hat $ou do or did efore taing another action. 9ers tae the dictionar$ form% &hen the$ are follo&ed $ 0AE N. e.g.) 1+HAN + TABE,U 0AE N% TE + A,A0ASHTA. &ashed m$ hands.
!Before ate a meal%
/ou use AT+ DE !after)% &hen $ou &ant to emphasi@e &hat $ou do or did% after taing another action. /ou use the TA-form of 2ers efore AT+ DE. e.g.) 1+HAN + TABETA AT+ DE% +SE,A + A,A0ASU. !After eat a meal% &ash dishes.)
Sound Words KONKON /!RA /!RA
t descries something small and light% such as sno&aes% falling slo&l$ in the air.
LESS ON 47 NI HONGOKYÔSHINI NAR U NO A G YUM E DESU
Grammar
3
NAR!&ASU !to e
- N is a particle indicating the result of a change.
e.g.) NH+N1+ (/+SH N NA,0ASU. ! &ill ecome a #apanese language teacher. 5
P@ain#(orm )er* . no F /?ange )er*s into nouns%
- To change 2ers into nouns% $ou add N+ to the plain forms of 2ers% such as the dictionar$ form or the TA-form.
e.g.) NH+N1+-(/+SH N NA,U N+ 1A /U0E DESU. Dictionar$ form of NA,0ASU !to e) !To e a #apanese language teacher is m$ teacher is m$ dream.) - /ou can also use (+T+% instead of N+.
e.g.) NH+N1+-(/+SH N NA,U (+T+ 1A /U0E DESU.
t descries people chattering *uicl$ and continuousl$% or someod$ taling to others aout he or she is not supposed
Sound Words
PERAPERA
SURASURA
od$ taling or reading aout something
smoothl$ and eOortlessl$.
LESS ON 48 I ROI RO OSEW A NI NARI MASH I TA
Grammar
K!OTSUKETE !Tae care
3
- (+TSU(ETE is the TE-form of the 2er% (+TSU(E0ASU !to taa care< to e careful) - We use the particle N to indicate the o:ect of this 2er% or &hat $ou should tae care of.
5
arewe@@ greetings
+1EN(DE !Tae care.)
,+,+ +SEWA N NA,0ASHTA !Than $ou 2er$ much for e2er$thing.)
SA/+NA,A !1ood
9
RGFRUG0 UUU
AAA t descries laughing &ith the mouth not so &ide open t descries laughing happil$ &ith $our mouth &ide open.