Japanese Sounds Vocab

-WA is the particle indicating a topic. -Adding DESU after Noun-B forms a predicate. e.g.) WATASH WA ANNA DESU. !"m Anna.)

Japanese Scripts

Japanese Syllabaries : See pp. 56, 57

-The #apanese language has three t$pes of scripts%Hiragana, Katakana and Kanji, Each &ith speci'c role.

Sounds Words PON

1

KORE WA NAN DESU KA -(A is a particle. When added to the end of a sentence &ith a rising intonation% it allo&s $ou to as a *uestion. e.g.) S+,E WA NAN DESU (A. !What is it)

-No is a particle that lins t&o nouns. n #apanese% $ou put a modif$ing &ord efore a noun. e.g.) T+(/+ N+ +0/A1E ! a sou2enir from To$o)

Sound Words NORONORO

SUTASUTA

t descries a person &ho is &aling hurriedl$. someone or something is mo2ing slo&l$.

t descries

that

LES SON3

ॺ

TOI RE WA DOKO DESU KA

Gramming Tips 3

WA DOKO DESU KA !Where is 4 ) - D+(+ DESU (A is a phase that allo&s $ou toas &here something is% either a place or thing e.g.) T+,E WA D+(+ DESU (A. !Where is a restroom)

5

ASOK O

KOSOADO words - #apanese demonstrati2es are called (+S+AD+ &ords% taing the 'rst s$llales of the demonstrati2e of the four groups% such as

ASOK

(+(+ !here). S+(+ !there)% AS+(+ !o2er there)%

Sound Words NOSS!NOSS! P"ONP"ON PAKAPAKA

LESS ON 4 MA

TADAI

Grammar Tips 3

ANATA WA N!ON#J!N DESU KA !Are $ou a #apanese)

- f the ans&er is 6$es7 8A!$

- f the ans&er is 6no7

WATAS! WA N!ON#J!N DESU%

8 !!E% WATAS! WA N!ON# J!N DEWA AR!&ASEN.

Greetings

5

Sound Words

GARAGARA

'ATAN

The sound of a person opening a sliding door door eing shut

The sound of a

LESS ON 5 SORE WA WAT AS HI NO TAKARAM ONO DESU

Grammar Tips &ASU#(orm )er*s

1

verbs : see pp. 54,55

- 9ers that end &ith 0ASU are called 60ASU-form 2ers7. - The 0ASU-form 2ers are used &hen speaing politel$. To mae it negati2e% &e change 0ASU to 0ASEN. e.g.) /+00ASU !to read) 8 /+00ASEN !not to read) 5

+Su*,ect- WA . +O'JE/T-

O

.

0er*

- The t$pical &ord order in #apanese is 6su:ect% o:ect% and 2er.7 e.g.) WATASH WA 0AN1A + /+00ASU. ! ,EAD 0AN1A.) - The particle + indicates the o:ect of an action.

Sound Words

J!KKUR!

PARAPARA

LES SON6

DENWA'ANG3 WA NAN'AN DESU KA

Grammar Tips 3

Num*ers 12

The sound made $ turning the pages of a oo.

t descries a person calml$

4 1 5 6 RE! !/! N! =ERO

7

8

SAN

9

:

; GO

"ON$ S!

<

14

ROK U

NAN A$ S!/ !

A/ !

K"U$ KU

JU

> O S!&ASU !To do 4)

5

- SH0ASU is a 2er that means 6to do something.7 - /ou can tal aout man$ actions $ comining + SH0ASU &ith nouns. e.g.) BEN(/+ ,/+,

!stud$ing) 8 BEN(/+ + SH0ASU. ! stud$.) !cooing) 8 ,/+, + SH0ASU.

! coo.)

Sound Words R!N

;U,U,U,U

The sound of a telephone ringing

The ring tone of a dial

LES SON7 SHÛKURÎ MU WA ARI MAS U KA 3 > GA AR!&ASU !There is
-

A,0ASU is a 2er indicating that some things are there. e.g) (E( 1A A,0ASU. !There is a cae.)

5

TSU = a counter (or t?ings @ie caes f follo&ed $ the counter TSU% the &a$ &e count numers from one to ten changes. 3 HT+TSU

5 ?UTATSU

> 0TTSU

Sound Words

PAKUPAKU &OGU&OGU

t descries a person eating &ith a huge appetite.

t descries a person che&ing some food &ithout opening his
LES SON8 MÔI CHI DO ONEG AI SHI MASU Grammar Tips 3

TE#(orm )er*s 12 'asic Pattern #

When

&e use 2ers in the middle of sentences% &e use their con:ugated forms.

- The con:ugated 2ers ending &ith TE or DE% are called 6TE-form 2ers.7 - To turn 0ASU-form 2er into TE-form 2ers% the asic pattern is :ust to change 0ASSU to TE. e.g.) +B+E0ASU !to memori@e) 8 +B+ETE 5

TE#(orm )er* .

KUDSA! P@ease do > 2

# When $ou as someod$ to do something in #apanese% $ou sa$ TE-form 2ers and then (UDASA !please) e.g.) +B+E0ASU



(UDASA  +B+ETE (UDASA !;lease memori@e)

Sound Words

DOK!B

DOK! DOK!

t descries ho& the heart eats fast &ith surprise% anCiet$ or eCcitement.

t is the &ord that eCpresses a moment of surprise.

LES SON9 NANJI KARA DESU KA Grammar Ti ps

1

WhatTi me) NANJI( e. g)NANJIDESU KA. ( Whatt i me s i t i ?)

2

TEf orm verbs ( 2) Vari ati ons I n t hi s p at t ern , youch an ge ot n on l y M ASU but al so on e syl l ab l e b ef oret .i

for time that $ou ha2e no more to

e$ond the limit.

LESS ON 10 ZEN I N I MASU KA

Grammar Ti ps

1 MASU I -I MASU i sa e vrb t o exp r ess t he exi st en ceofl i vi ng t hi ngs. e. g. ) ANNA GA I MASU. ( Anna i s her e) ARI MASU

2

e rers f t ot he exi st en ceofa non l i vi ng t hi ngs.

MASHI TA : Pas tf or m ofMASU or mv er bsTot hepas tf or m,y ouc hangeMASU t oMASHI TA. -ToturnMASU-f e. g. ) TA BEMASU ( t o eat ) » TA BEMASHI TA at ( e)

LESS ON 11 ZEH I KI TE KUDASAI

Grammar Ti ps

DaCs o( t?e wee )er*s

5

1

GETSUYO BI

Mon day

AK YO BI

Tu esday

SUI YO BI

Wedn es day

MOKUYO BI

Thu r sda y

KI NYO BI

Fr i day

DOYO BI

Sat ur day

NI CHI YO BI

Su nday

DictionarC#(orm

- Ja pan ese di ci t on ari esl i stver bsi n t hi sf orm . - I f youuset hi sf or m, yousou nd mor e casua l . e. g)I KI MASU TAB EMAS U

t ( o go)» ( t o eat )»

I KU TAB ERU

K!TE

!K!&ASU

KUDASA

Sound Words

WAK U

UK! UK!

LESS ON 12

I TSU NI HON NI KI MASH I TA KA

Grammar

t is used to eCpress eCcited :o$ or happ$ eCpectations.

t is used to eCpress a cheerful uo$ant mood.

1

TAf orm verbs The TA f ormofver bs s i h te con j ugat i onf ormofver bs h taten ds w i t h TA or A D . I ti s or f th e p astor h t e p erf ect p as ect of verb s. I f youuse ht i s orm f , yousou nd mor e casu al e. g. ) NAREMASU ( t o ge t usedo) t» NARETA ( got usedotor haveot gusedo) t - Mak i ng TA f ormver bs s i h te sam e as ak mi ng h te TE f ormofver bs,l earned I n l ess on8 an d 9 . Si mpl y e rpl ace TE wi t h TA , an d D E wi t h DA.

2

Months I CHI GATSU KU GATSU NI GATSU JUGATSU SAN GATSU

nuar Ja y Se pt embe r Fe br uar y Oct ober Mar c h

JUI CHI GATSU SH I GATS U JUNI GATSU

GOGATSU RO KU GATSU SH I CHI GATSU

Nov ember Apr i l December

H AC HI GATS U

May June Jul y Au gust

Sound

GA"AGA"A WA!WA!

t s a &ord to descrie man$ people ha2ing a good time together.

t descries a large numer of people maing a lot of noise% taling to one another.

1

Nou n-A WA Nou nB GA SU KI DESU (A

l i kes ) B

- SU( is an ad:ecti2e meaning 6to e fond of%7 or 6to lie.7 -Here% the particle 1A indicates the o:ect of an ad:ecti2e. e.g.) ANNA WA 0AN1A 1A SU( DESU. !Anna lies 0AN1A.) 5

> &ASEN KA !Wh$ don"t &e 4 )

-f $ou change 0ASU-form 2ers to 0ASEN (A% $ou are in2iting people to do something. e. g. ) MI NNA DE HONYA NI I KI MASU.

( We wi l l al l got oget hert ot he

books t or e) » MI NNA DE HONYA NI I KI MASEN KA. books t or e?) 3

( Whydon’ t we al l got ot he

2 Types of ad j ecti ves Adj ect i ves are di vi dedbasi ca l l yi nt ot wo ki nds. Thos et haten d wi t h h t e syl l abl e I ar e ca l l edI ad j ect i ve. The oth ers ca l l edNAad j ect i ves.

I adj ec t i v es

:

ATA RASHI ( new )

NAad j ect i ves

:

SUKI ( f on d of )

ATA RASHI HON SUKI NA

HON

( a new book ) ( t he bookI l i ke)

P!KAP!

K!RAK!RA

t descries something that is shining or sparling.

t descries something that has ecome clean and is shining after eing polished.

- I f you sa y h te TE f or m v er b w i t h MO I I DESU KA, I ti s a n exp r essi ont o a skf or erm p i ssi on . e. g. ) KONO RI NGO O TA BETE MO I I DESU KA. ( MayI eat t hi s appl e? ) 2 -

_ KARA ( as/becau se_ ) 1 () KAR A e xpr esses t her eas on. e. g. )SH I GEN DESUKA RA ,BETSU NO FU KU RO NII RE TE K UDASAI . ( Beca use ht ey re a recycl ( ab l e)resou r ces, pl eas e p ut t hem i nt o a not her ba g. )

Sound Words &ERA &ERA PA/! PA/!

t is the sound of something urning.

t descrie t also ei omeod$ %

LESS ON 15

NETE M IASU

Gr ammar Ti ps

1 -

2

_ MAS HO ( Let’ s _ ) I f yo u c han get he I MASU par t ofa v eb r o t M ASH O, yo u ar e m aki ng a oposal pr . e. g)KOKO DE ORI MASU. ( We wi l l ge t offher e) . KOKO DE ORI MASH O. ( Let ’ s ge t offher e) .

TEf orm verb+ I MASU

( i s/ are)

- I f you dd aI MASU t o h te TE f or m ve r b,you can say anact i oni s c on t i nui ng. e. g. ) GOHAN O TA BEMASU. ( I eat /w i l l eat a meal ) GOHAN O TAB ETE I MAS U. ( I am eat i nga meal )

3

Nega ti ve of rm of ad j ec ti ve s

- To ut r n I ad j ect i ves i nt o h te n egat i ve orm f , youch an ge I att he en d t o K UNAI . For NAad j ect i ve s,ad d D EWANAI . I ad j ect i ves : ATARASHI I ( new ) » ATARASHI KUNAI ( notnew) NAadj ect i ves : DAI JOBU ( al l ri gh t ) » DAI JO BUDEWANAI ( notal lr i ght )

Sound Words

t is the sound of snoring. t also descries a person &ho is sound asleep.

GUGU

This &ord is used to descrie a a$ or a small child sleeping comfortal$.

LESS ON 16 KAI DAN O AGATT E, MI GI NI I TT E KUDASA I 1rammar Tips 3

TE-form 2ers can connect sentences - Using TE-form 2ers% $ou can eCpress a string of actions occurring in succession. e.g.) 1+(A N A1A,0ASU  HDA, N (0ASU !to go up to the th oor) !to go to the left) 1+(A N A1ATTE% HDA, N (0ASU. !/ou go up to the th oor% and then% go to the left.)

5 !,ight)

D!RE/T!ONS

!DAR!

&!G!

!Feft)

Soundor W ds TONTON

t is the sound of a person going up the stairs.

t is the sound of someod$ nocing on the door.

- Add i ng S O af t eranad j ect i veal l ow s you t o a tk l ab ou t whatyou t hi nk orgu es s, Af t ery oul ookorl i s t ent osome t hi ng. - When you addSo o t I adj ec t i ve s,you cha ngeI att he e nd o t S O. I ad j ect i ve s : OMOSHI ROSO 2

_ WA CH OTTO …

OMOSHI ROI ( i ntere sti ng) ( se em i nt ee rs t i ng)

»

( _i s/ area l i t t l e bi t …)

- Yo u cansay s thi o t d ecl i ne a r p op osa l ,i n a so f t ,i ndi r ect way, wi t hou t di r ect l y v oi ci ngdi sappr oval . e. g. ) H ORA WA CHOTTO …. Horr ( orst ori esare a i l t t l e bi t …. )

9

RGFRUG0

S!N

t is a &ord that eCpresses the state &here there is no sound.

t descri

e.g.) 0AGH1AE0ASU !to mae a mistae) 8

0AGH1AETE SH0A0ASHTA !"2e made a mistae.)

Sound Words

+,++,+

UROURO

This &ord descries ho& a person has lost his
t descri

LESS ON 19 YOKATTA GrammarTi ps

1 Pas tf or m ofadj ec ti ve s - Jap an es e adj ec t i ve s c anhav e a pas tf or m. Fo r I ad j ect i ves, ch an ge I att he en d t o K ATTA . For A N ad j ect i ves, ad d DATTA. I -ad j ec t i ves : YASUI ( I nex persi ve) » YASUKATTA ( ex ce pti on) YOKATTA NAadj ect i ves DAI JO BU DATT A 2

:

( was/wer ei ne xpensi v e) I I ( good)

:

( was/wer egood) DAI JOBU ( al l ri gh t )

» »

( was/w er e al lr i ght )

( I ’ m so rry) GOMENNASAI - Yousa y G OMENNASAI , when youol ogi ap z e o t peopl e c l ose rt o y ou , such as am fi l y or ri f en ds. - SU MI MASEN sounds mor ef or malt ha n G OMEN NA SAI .

SUM I MASEN

Soundor W ds

(ASH

t is the sound of a camera shutter eing released.

t eCpresses not onl$ the sound of a shutter% ut also the act of a person taing a picture itself.

LESS ON 20 NI HON NO UTA O UTA TT A KOTO GA ARI MAS U KA Grammar Ti ps

1 ARI MASU - I n Less on , ARI MASU meant “ som eh ti ng exi st . ”I n Less on9,i t meant ” anev ent th at i s h el d. ” I n t hi s es lson, ARI MASU has a ean m i ng of “ havi ng som et hi ng”su ch s a exp eri en ces, t i me or op port uni t i es

2

TAf orm verb+ KOTO GA ARI MASU ( Have an exp eri en ce of _) - f &e continue TA-form 2ers and (+T+ 1A A,0ASU% &e can tal aout our eCperiences% namel$ &hat &e ha2e done efore. e.g.) WATASH WA SHN#U(U N TTA (+T+ 1A A,0ASU. ! ha2e to Shin:uu.)

9

RGFRUG0

(

GATAN GOTON

t is the sound of a train running.

t is the sound at a crossing.

LESS ON 21 I I E, SOR EHODODEMO

1rammar Tips

1 NAI f or m ofver bs - The ver bs h tatcon j ugat e,en di ng w i t h NAI , ar e cal l ed“ NAI f ormver bs. ” The yar et hecasual negat i v ev er bs. e. g. ) TA BEMASU ( t o eat ) » TA BENAI ( not ot e at ) OKI MASU ( nott o g etup) I KI MASU ( not ot g o) TS UKAI MAS U ( nott o u se) KI MASU

( t o ge t up) ( t o go)

»

OKI NAI

»

I KANAI

( t o use )

»

TS UKAWAN AI

( t o co me)

»

KONAI

( nott o com e) 2

I I E,SOR EHODODEMO ( No, not rea l l y. ) - I I E i s a neg at i v e answ er . SO REHODODEMO meansnot “ r ea l l y” - I I E, SO REHODODEMO i s an xpr e essi on ou y s u e o t be hu mbl es and ode m s t .

K"AK"A

WAWA

t descries lots of people shouting and maing noise. Sound Words

t is &ord to eCpress &omen"s hoghpitched 2oice.

1

How to chang e a dj ec ti ve s to adv er bs - We can ad I j ec t i ve s o t ad ve r bs by an ch gi ng h te fin alI t o K U. O» N 22 OSOI ( l at e) LESS OSOKU e. g) OSOKU NARI MASHI TA .( I ’ m l at e) . - We c anchan geNAad j ec t i ve s o t bs by di ad ng N I af t ert he w or ds. O SOK U adver NAR I MASH I TA JOZU ( goodat ) » JOZUNI e. g. ) JOZUNI NARI MASHI TA . I (have becom e g ood at i t . )

FUN/PU N

2

:1rammar a cou nterf ormi nutes Tips

- NI FU N ( 2 mi nu t es) , JI PPU N/JU PPU N ( 10m i nu t es)

TEf orm verb +

3

WA I KEMASEN

- I f yo u sa y a TE f or m ofv er b an d t hen W A I KEMASE N, yo u mean, “ You shou l dn ’ t do i t. ” e. g. ) YA KUSO KU O YA BUTTEWA I KEMASE N. Y (o u shoul dn’ t br eak pr om i ses . )

1A&!GA&!

KAN KAN

We sa$ this &hen &e are furious.

Sound Words

t eCpresses nagging% t is used to descrie someod$ &ho loos sul$ grumling or scolding &ith anger. &ith anger.

1 _ MASE N D ESHI TA : Pas tneg at i vef or m ofMASU LESS O N - Chan ge M ASU f or m v er bs23 o tt he past neg at i v e byepl rac i ng DESH I TA. MA I AI MASU O KN ÂSAN

( t o be i n t i me) MA NI AI MASEN NI SH I KAR AR EMASH I TA

Past nega t i ve MAN I AI MAS HI TA ( was /w er ei nt i me) ( wasn ’ t /weren ’ ti n t i me)

M ASU wi t h MASE N

( nott o bei n t i me)

MAN I AI MAS EN DESH I TA

2 Passi veex pressi on - We u se ht e passi vef or m ofa ver b a nd i ndi cat e w ho d i d t he act i onusi ng h te part i cl e,NI . SHI KARI MASU ( t o sc od) l SH I KARAREMASU ( t o besc oded) l OKO SANWA WAT ASH IO SH I KAR I MASH I TA.

WATASH WA +(ASAN N SH(A,A,E0ASHTA. mother.)

!0other scolded me.) ! &as scolded $

(/U"(/U" 1+SH1+S

This descries the sound of &iping or t is the sound of scruing. polishing glasses or &indo& panes &ith force.

1

NAI FORM VER B +

DE KUDASAI ( Pl ea sedon’ t _)

- f $ou add DE (UDASA to the NA-form of 2er% $ou are telling someod$ not to do something. e.g.) (ANA DE (UDASA. !;lease don"t go.)

NA-form of (0ASU !to go)

2

Wordstoi ndi cateti mepoi nts

KI NO SENSHU -

-

( Yest erday ) ASHI TA l ( ast wee k) RAI SHU

-

KYO

( Tod ay)

( t om or r ow ) -

KONSHU ( t hi s wee k)

( next week)

SENGETS U ( l as t mont h) RAI GETS U ( next mont h)

KONGETS U ( t hi s mont h)

Sound Words 'U'U

'UTSU 'UTSU

t descries ho& people grumling and complaining discontentedl$.

t descries someone &ho is mumling dissatisfaction in a lo& 2oice.

LESS ON 25 TSUK UE NO SHI TA NI HAI RE 1rammar Tips

1

Co mmand f orm ofverbs - Th e co mman df or m i s of t en se ud att he i t me of anem er ge ncy , orf orsi gns, such as r affi t c. e. g. ) NI GEMASU ( t or un aw ay)

YO DA/YO DESU

2

»

NI GERO.

( Run aw ay! )

( I t seem s _)

- YO DA i s h te cas ualexpr es son i ofYO DESU, i ndi cat i ng h tatt he speake r has assessed. Thesi t uat i on,andhasmadeacer t ai nj udgeme ntaboutt hes t at eofaffai r s. - Bef or e YODA, you cann otuse h te M ASU f or m ofv er bs. e. g. ) YU RE WA OSAMATTAYO A D. ( Th e shaki ngse em st o have subsi ded) 3

ZO WA HANA GAAGAI N ( El ep han t s h aveon l g r t unks. )

Top i c

su bj ect

GURA GURA GAT A

t eCpresses ho& things suchtas eCpresses ho& uildings are hea2il$ shel2es or dess are noisil$ shaing. shaing% or ho& an o:ect is unstale.

LESS ON 26 TS UGI WA GANBARÔ

1rammar Tips

1 > N DESU - You say ESU D , when you ai expl n a si t uat i onora r eas on. - Bef or e N DESU, youmustuse ht e pl ai n f or m ofve r bs, su ch s a h te di ct i on aryor m f an d t he TA f or m. e. g. ) SHI KEN GA D EKI NAKATT A N DESU. I (cou l dn ’ t do el wl on h t e qu i z . )

;lain form of DE(0ASEN DESHTA !couldn"t do

2

DES!TA F Past (orm o( DESU e.g.) TAHEN DESU.

3

GAN'ARO

!t is hard)

8

TAHEN DESHTA. !t &as hard.)

!Fet"s do our est.)

- GANBARO i st he v ol i t i onal f or m ofGANBARI MASU ( t o do t he bes t ) - The vol i t i on alf ormexp r esses the wi l l oft he sp ea ker .I ti s a l so sed u t o n ivi t e h te l i st en er ot d o so met hi ng o tgeth er , or ot u rgehe ti l st en er ot d o so met hi ng.

Sound Words

EN

OG"A OG"A

EN

The sound of a a$ cr$ing hard.

The sound of an infant cr$ing loudl$.

- I f yousayhe t N AI f ormofa ver bw i t h a ri si ng n i t on at i on , youarenvi i t i ng som eon e t o d o som et hi ng n i a casu alway . e. g. ) I SSHO NI EI GA O MI NAI ?

( Won ’ t you see a movi e wi t h

me?) Thepol i t ewayt osayi ti s:

NA-form of 00ASU !to see) SSH+ N E1A + 00ASEN (A. !Wh$ don"t &e see a mo2ie together) 2

3st /+((A

=

= TH

DaCs o( t?e mont?

= ITH 0U(A (+(+N+(A 3MTH = 33 = TH

= 5nd

TSUTAGH TSU(A

#UGHNGH

J T+(A 5M

= =

TH

TH

?UTSA(A

>

NAN+(A

K

HATSU(A

5

= = =

rd

0((A



TH

/+(A

L

TH

N#U/+((A

TH

TH

= =

Sound Words

N/A N/A

WAN WAN

The sound of a dog aring.

The sound of a cat me&ing.

LESS ON 28 SHI ZUOKA E YÔK OSO

> E "OKOSO !Welcome to 4)

1

- E i s a part i cl e n i di cat i ng h te e nd p oi nt ofa m ov em ent . Y OKOSO i s w “el com e” . e. g. ) N I HON E YO KOSO. ( Wel co me t o Japan . ) 2

> KARA !as<ecause 4) !5) K ARA i s apart i cl e n i di ca t i ng areaso n. adj ect i ve e. g. ) KAWAI I KARA ( beca usei t ’ s cu t e) KAWAI I :

I ad j ect i ve

- Whenyouuse KARA wi t h NAadj ec t i v es ornou ns, KARA bec om esDAKARA. e. g. ) GENKI DAKARA

( becau sehe/she i si n hi ghspi r i t s)

GENKI :

NA-

adj ec t i ve 3

_ NI KUWASHI I ( kn ow i ng a l otabou t ) e. g. ) KENTAWA KAMERA NI KUWASHI I . ( Kent a kn ow sal otabou t cam ea rs. )

Sound Words P!POP!PO

This is the sound of an amulance siren.

This is the sound of a police siren.

LESS ON 29 CHI KAKU DE MI RU TO, ÔKI I DESU E N

1

> TO !f 4) - I ft he p art i cl e T O com es t af era ver , B, i ti ndi ca t es a n co di t i on . Ver bst aket hedi ct i onar yf or m ort heNAI f or m bef or eTO. e . g. ) NO KU MO GA MI ER U TO ,AME G A FUR I MASU . (ASA1U0+= a cloud lie a hat. ( When you t see he cl ou d, i t wi l l rai n. )

2

> N DA - N DA is a casual eCpression of N DESU &hich $ou use eCplain a situation or a reason. e.g.) !Gasual) A0E 1A ?U,U N DA. !t &ill rain.) !;olite) A0E 1A ?U,U N DESU. !t &ill rain.)

S!TO S!TO

=A=A

This is the eCpression for &hen it is raining hard.

This is the eCpression for &hen it is gentle rain.

LESS ON 30 MÔ SUKO SHI SHASH I N O TORI TAIDESU

Grammar

1

> TA! DESU

!&ant to 4)

- Repl aci ng M ASU ofMASU f or m v er bs i w t h TA I ,y ou can e xpr es s w hat y ou w ant t o do. I f youad d DESU af t er TA I ,t he sen t en ce i w l l be p ol i t e. e. g. ) SHASHI N O TORI MASU. ( It ak e pi ct ur es. )

» SHASHI N O TO RI TA I DESU. ( I wan tt ot ake pi cu tr es . ) 2

TA#(orm )er* . RA !f 4) - Th e TA f or m an d R A, TA RA t oge t her ,i ndi cat esa cond i t i on . - We c anal so use,TO i nst ead of TA RA, under a cer t ai n cond i t i onwher e s om e t hi ng al ways occu r s. e. g. ) OSHI TA RA,

TSI KI MASU.

( I f youpres st he sw i t ch , yout ur n ont he

l i ght. ) OSUI TO , TSUKI MASU.

( I f youpre sst he sw i t ch, yout ur n ont he

l i ght. )

Sound Words

GORO GORO KORO KORO

t is the sound of thunder.

t descries ho& a small and light o:ect rolls.

>

- When &e &ant to sho& respect to the listener or the person &e are taling aout% &e sa$ + or 1+ efore nouns or ad:ecti2es. - We use 1+ &ith nouns srcinall$ from Ghina% for all other nouns% &e use +.

e.g.)

+SH1+T+ !&or)% 1+(A+(U !famil$)

t is the sound of drining something t is the sound of *uicl$ drining in ig gulps. something &ith great force.

Sound Words

GA'U GA'U

GOKUGOKU

- When you ask eone som o t c om pare t he pr oper t i esofA wi t h t hose ofB, you say A TO B TO DOCHI RAGAandaf t ert hat ,y ousayanadj ect i v e,f ol l owedbyDESU KA. e. g. )FUTO N TO BE DDO TO DOCHI RA GA SU KIDESUKA. ( Whi ch o dyoul i ke bet t er ,f ut on s orbed s?)

Noun#A NO O GA Noun#' "OR! Ad,ecti)e DESU

2

( A s i mor e_

t hanB) - When ou y co mpar et he pr ope r t i es ofA w i t h t hos e B, you sa y A O N HO GA B YO RI e. g. ) TA I NO HO GA NI HON YO RI ATS UI DESU. ( Th ai l an d s i hot t ert hanJap an . ) -

Yo u canal so say , A WA B YO RI _ DESU . e. g. ) TA I WA NI HON YO RI ATSUI DESU. ( Th ai l an d i s hot t ert hanJap an . )

Sound Words UWAUW UKAU

t descries ho& something is soft% uO$ and elastic.

t descries something soft and light.

LESS ON 33 NNASAN I N AGEMASU Grammar

1

AGE&ASU

- When h t e s peak ergi ve s s om et hi ng o t h te i l st ener ,t he s peak ersay s AG EMASU ( t o give). AGEMASU i sal soused,whenpeopl egener al l ygi v esome t hi ngt oot her s. 2

KURE&ASU

(U,E0ASU - I f so mebody i v es gy ouso me t hi ng,y ouuseKUREMASU ( t o gi v e) . - I n Jap an ese , di ffer ent , ve r bs ar e u sed, dep end i ng on het heryouar e s p eak i ng - w (U,E0ASHTA !past form) f r om t he p ersp ect i ve f ot he g i ver or he t recei ver . - (U,E,U !Dictionar$ form)

Sound Words

N!" A

N!KO N!KO

t descries a person &ho is smiling% silentl$ and happil$.

This descries a person gi2ing a faint smile.

- f $ou &ant to modif$ something using t&o or more ad:ecti2es% to the TE-form. e.g.) /AWA,A(A(UTE +SH DESU. !t"s tender and delicious.)

Sound Words ASSAR!

t is the &ord for a simple and lightl$a2ored food.

KOTT

t descries a food rich in taste% oil$ or hea2$.

LESS ON 35 KUREJ I TT O KÂDO WA TS UKAEM AS U KA Grammar

1

Num*ers 62 3MM

H/A(U

3MMM SEN

5

3MMMM 0AN

Potentia@ (orm o( )er*s - The potential form of 2ers has t&o meanings. +ne is ailit$ to do something. The other is permission to do something under a certain circumstance. e.g.) HANASH0ASU !to spea) 8 HANASE0ASU !Gan spea) TSU(A0ASU !to use) 8 TSU(AE0ASU !Gan use)

t is the sound for &hen a micro&a2e o2en 'nishes cooing.

t is the sound of a cash register reading ar codes.

Sound Words /!N

P!B

3

NA!#(orm )er* .

NAKERE'A NAR!&ASEN !ha2e to 4)

- When $ou sa$ $ou must% or need to do something% $ou replace the NA part at the end of the NA-form 2er &ith NA(E,EBA NA,0ASEN.

!0ASUfor (0AS U !to

5

SEASONS

!NAform) (ANA

!KANAKERE'A NAR!&ASEN%

HA,U !Spring)

NATSU Summer2

AK! Autumn2

Sound Words .H

I.HI "U"U

t descries the &ind% continuousl$ lo&ing.

P"UP"U

The &ind is speeding up.

T

TA#(orm )er*

3

.

R!$ TA#(orm )er*

.

R! S!&ASU

- When &e cite t&o or three eCamples out of actions% &e use TA-form 2ers and attach , after each TA-form 2er in succession. And at the end% &e close the sentence $ using SH0ASU !to do) or SH0ASHTA !did). e.g.) ?U#SAN + 0TA. ! &atched 0t. ?u:i.) +SUSH + TABETA. ! ate sushi.)

?U#SAN + 0TA,% +SUSH + TABETA, SH0ASHTA. ! &atched 0t. ?u:i% ate sushi% and so on.) 5

> WA DO DATTA

!Ho& &as 4)

- D+ is ho&. DATTA is the casual form of DESHTA% &hich ends a sentence &ith the past form. e.g.) SH(EN WA D+ DATTA !Ho& &as the eCam)

t descries eing utterl$ eChausted% and as though $ou ha2e lost all energ$.

Sound Words

KUTAKUTA ETOETO

t descried the feeling of eing reall$ &orn out and &ea.

LESS ON 38 KASH I KOMARI MASHI TA

Grammar

3

onoric ELpression

- /ou use honori'c eCpression &hen $ou are taling &ith% or referring to% $our seniors% superiors% or people $ou don"t no& &ell.

5

Two ?onoric (orms o( )er*s 00ASU !3) ,espect

8

1+,ANNNA,0ASU

!To &atch)

f $ou use it to eCpress the deeds or the situation of the person $ou are taling &ith or referring to% $ou can sho& respect to that person. !5) Humle

WA(A,0ASHTA 8 (ASH(+0A,0ASHTA

/ou sho& $our respect $ using humle &ords to spea aout $ourself.

Sound Words

URAURA

t is said &hen $ou can hardl$ stand up due to fatigue or a fe2er.

Grammar KAZ E DA TO LESS MOOI ON MAS 39 U

t desc

3

ELp@ain Cour sCmptoms

ATA0A 1A TA DESU.

HANA0U 1ADESU +NA(A 1A TA DE0ASU. !0$ stomach aches.)

> TO O&O!&ASU

5 -

! thin that 4)

When $ou eCpress $our ideas% opinions or guesses% $ou 'rst sa$ &hat $ou thin% and then sa$ T+ +0+0ASU. Before T+ +0+0ASU% $ou use the plain form of 2ers. e.g.) (AN+#+ WA (0ASU.

8

(AN+#+ WA (U,U T+ +0+0ASU.

!She &ill come.)

!t thin she &ill come.)

Sound Words

GOOGOO KONKON A slight cough.

A ad cough.

LESS ON 40 ATAMA GA ZUKI ZUKI Grammar

=UK!=UK! S!&ASU !to thro)

3

- U(U( is an onomatopoeia. /ou can use it% &hen $ou ha2e a headache% and feel as if $our head &ere pulsing. f comined &ith SH0ASU !to do)% the &ord ecomes a 2er.

5 -

T?ree groups o( Japanese )er*s #apanese 2ers are di2ided into > groups. Each group has its o&n patterns of con:ugations.

1roup

---

1roup

--The 2ers that ha2e the 2o&el E and some 2ers that ha2e the 2o&el  in the s$llale

The 2ers that ha2e the 2o&el  in the s$llale efore 0ASU.

---

SH0ASU !to do)%

(0ASU !to come)

1roup

Sound

=OKU=OKU

&UKA&U

t descries feeling chills from a fe2er.

t descries feeling nauseous.

DictionarC#(orm )er* . KOTO GA DEK!&ASU

3

!can do

the thing of 4) - /ou can eCpress ailit$ or potential% if $ou use the dictionar$ form of 2ers% and attach to it (+T+ 1A DE(0ASU. e.g.) WATASH WA (U (+T+ 1A DE(0ASU. ! can go.)

-

/ou can eCpress the same meaning using the potential form. e.g.) WATASH WA (E0ASU. ! can go.)

5

ow to write an address

- Traditionall$% $ou ha2e to &rite #apanese in 2ertical lines% and from right to left. - SA0A is an honori'c &ord used after a person"s name to eCpress respect for the person.

ip ,ecei2er" s Sender"s address and ,ecei2er "s name

Sound Words

SUKK!R

SAPPA

t descries a neat and tid$ room onl$ &ith minimum essentials.

t means feeling refreshed. can sa$ it% after $ou ha2e /ou &ashed $our face.

LESS ON 42 DORE GA I CHI BAN OI SHI I KANA

Grammar 3

!/!'AN !The est% the most% numer one)

- When $ou compare three or more things% $ou eCpress &hich is the est $ sa$ing GHBAN. e.g.) WATASH WA 0A(UN+UGH-BENT+ 1A GHBAN SU( DESU. ! lie 0aunouchi-ento% or a 2ariet$ oC lunch the est.)

DORE GA !/!'AN Ad,ecti)e DESU KA

5

!Which one is the

most 4) -

To mae *uestions% using GHBAN% $ou use diOerent interrogati2es efore GHBAN% depending on &hat is eing compared. D+(+ 1A !Where) TSU 1A !&hen) GHBAN  !Ad:ecti2e)

D+,E

1A !Which)

NAN

1A !What)

Sound Words

PEK O PEK

GUG

t is the sound of a stomach% &hen a person is hungr$.

t descries eing 2er$ hungr$.

LESS ON 43 DÔSHI TE DESHÔ KA

Grammar > DESO !proal$ 4)

3 -

/ou use DESH+ at the end of a sentence% &hen $ou tal aout a prediction for ime,i /itC the future or something uncertain. e.g.) ASHTA WA A0E DESH+. !t &ill proal$ rain tomorro&.)

5

DOS!TE DESO KA !Wh$ do $ou thin it is) - D+SHTE means 6&h$.7 To mae D+SHTE formal% use NAE !&h$). NAE DESH+ (A

8

Sound Words

P!NPON

'M

t is the sound used for a right ans&er.

t is the sound used for a &rong an

3

TE#(orm )er* . KARA !After 4)

-

An action taen efore (A,A is follo&ed $ another action after it. /ou use the TE-form of 2ers efore (A,A. e.g.) WA1ASH + TABETE (A,A% 0AGGHA + N+00ASU. !After $ou eat #apanese caes% $ou drin po&dered green tea.)

5

> KA&OS!RE&ASEN !t ma$ e 4) e.g.) N1A (A0+SH,E0ASEN. 8 A0A (A0+SH,E0ASEN !t ma$ e itter.) s&eet.)

!t ma$ e

Sound Words

'!R!'!R!

J!NJ!N

/ou sa$ this &hen $our hands or legs ha2e ecome num or de2eloped a painful tingle. t descries a sensation cau

LESS ON 45 OTA NJ ÔBI OMEDETÔ

Grammar 3

OTANJO'! O&EDETO !Happ$ Birthda$) - +TAN#+B is 6a irthda$.7 +0EDET+ S 6congratulations7

ECpressed politel$ 8 +TAN#+B +0EDET+ 1+A0ASU. !Happ$ Birthda$) 5

&ORA!&ASU !to e gi2en
When the recei2er is the su:ect% $ou use 0+,A0ASU. Use the particle N to indicate the gi2er.

A1E0ASU

e.g.) (AN+#+ WA (A,E N ?USEN + 0+,A0ASU. !She is gi2en a alloon $ him.) When the gi2er is the su:ect% $ou use A1E0ASU !to gi2e).

0+,A0A

e.g.) (A,E WA (AN+#+ N ?USEN + A1E0ASU. !He gi2es her a alloon.)

#N H+,+,

t descries eing mo2ed almost to tears% and deep

t descries eing mo2ed to tears in spite of $ourself% and feeling s$mpath$ for someod$.

LESS ON 46 KI KOKU SUR U MAE NI ,YUK I O MI RU K OTO GA DEKI TE SH I AWASE DE SU

Grammar

> NO "O N! !lie% similar to 4)

3

e.g.) (+NA N+ /+ N !lie po&der)

DictionarC#(orm )er* .

5 -

&AE N! !efore 4)

0AE N !efore) is an eCpression to emphasi@e &hat $ou do or did efore taing another action. 9ers tae the dictionar$ form% &hen the$ are follo&ed $ 0AE N. e.g.) 1+HAN + TABE,U 0AE N% TE + A,A0ASHTA. &ashed m$ hands.

!Before  ate a meal% 

/ou use AT+ DE !after)% &hen $ou &ant to emphasi@e &hat $ou do or did% after taing another action. /ou use the TA-form of 2ers efore AT+ DE. e.g.) 1+HAN + TABETA AT+ DE% +SE,A + A,A0ASU. !After  eat a meal%  &ash dishes.)

Sound Words KONKON /!RA /!RA

t descries something small and light% such as sno&aes% falling slo&l$ in the air.

LESS ON 47 NI HONGOKYÔSHINI NAR U NO A G YUM E DESU

Grammar

3

NAR!&ASU !to e
- N is a particle indicating the result of a change.

e.g.) NH+N1+ (/+SH N NA,0ASU. ! &ill ecome a #apanese language teacher. 5

P@ain#(orm )er* . no F /?ange )er*s into nouns%

- To change 2ers into nouns% $ou add N+ to the plain forms of 2ers% such as the dictionar$ form or the TA-form.

e.g.) NH+N1+-(/+SH N NA,U N+ 1A /U0E DESU. Dictionar$ form of NA,0ASU !to e) !To e a #apanese language teacher is m$ teacher is m$ dream.) - /ou can also use (+T+% instead of N+.

e.g.) NH+N1+-(/+SH N NA,U (+T+ 1A /U0E DESU.

t descries people chattering *uicl$ and continuousl$% or someod$ taling to others aout he or she is not supposed

Sound Words

PERAPERA

SURASURA

od$ taling or reading aout something

smoothl$ and eOortlessl$.

LESS ON 48 I ROI RO OSEW A NI NARI MASH I TA

Grammar

K!OTSUKETE !Tae care
3

- (+TSU(ETE is the TE-form of the 2er% (+TSU(E0ASU !to taa care< to e careful) - We use the particle N to indicate the o:ect of this 2er% or &hat $ou should tae care of.

5

arewe@@ greetings

+1EN(DE !Tae care.)

,+,+ +SEWA N NA,0ASHTA !Than $ou 2er$ much for e2er$thing.)

SA/+NA,A !1ood

9

RGFRUG0 UUU

AAA t descries laughing &ith the mouth not so &ide open t descries laughing happil$ &ith $our mouth &ide open.