Plain forms are used in a number of sentence patterns.
affirmative
#<
present. negative VERB
affirmative past negative affirmative present negative -/ ADJECI IVÜ
affirmative
A-^^^-ofz
negative
±^ < ^X^^-^fz
past
affirmative present negative -NA AD..I ECTIVE
affirmative
imti-^fz
past negative affirmative present negative NOUN H- t
"t
affirmative past negative
'<^ IJ
:^tz
Present-affirmative -na adjectives and nouns + T t
follow four connective patterns when directly
preceding conjunctive and sentence-final expressions. i;;;:!:ii.^::-:'i(-iv':
^ 9 T ' t O (hearsay) BASK: I'AiTERIM
.•/}^h (reason) . K (conditional) / ^ T t o
-^X (0 T
PATTERN ••-
•mn
(DT
noun ^ $ NOUN-MODII-YINti PATTERN
mn
J:
9
u-f fzió (IC) T L ^
X' L X 1 PATTERN
m^}
9o
JAPANESE FOR BUSY PEOPLE M
JAPANESE FOR BUSY PEOPL R e v i s e d
3 r d
Association for Japanese-Language Teaching AlALT
KODANSHA INTERNATIONAL Tokyo o New York « London
E d i t i o n
The Association for Japanese-Language Teaching (AJALT) was recognized as a nonprofit organization by the Ministry of Education in 1977. It was established to meet the practical needs of people who are not necessarily specialists on Japan but wish to communicate effectively in Japanese. In 1992 AJALT was awarded the Japan Foundation Special Prize. AJALT maintains a website at www.ajalt.org, through which they can be contacted with questions regarding this book or any of their other publications. Illustrations by Shinsaku Suml. CD narration by Yuki MinatsukI, Takako Suzuki, Yuri Haruta, Kojl Yoshida, Tatsuo Endo, Sosei Shinbori, and Howard Colefield. CD recording and editing by the English Language Education Council, Inc. PHOTO CREDITS:
© Sachiyo Yasuda, 2, 47, 231, 244.
Distributed in the United States by Kodansha America, Inc., and in the United Kingdom and continental Europe by Kodansha Europe Ltd. Published by Kodansha International Ltd., 17-14 Otowa 1-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyp 112-8652, and Kodansha America, Inc. Copyright © 2007 by the Association for Japanese-Language Teaching. All rights reserved. Printed in Japan. ISBN 978-4-7700-3011-5 First published 1990 Second edition 1995 Third edition 2007 15 14 13 12 1110 09 08 07
www.kodansha-intl.com
10987 6 5 4 3 2 1
C O N T E N T S
PREFACE XII INTRODUCTION xiii
HUMANS & PETS HUMANS & NATURE CRIME & EDUCATION BUSINESS COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
APPENDIX 275 ANSWERS TO EXERCISES AND QUIZZES 276 JAPANESE-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 286 ENGLISH-JAPANESE GLOSSARY 295 INDEX 303
GRAMMAR I. Expressing Suppositions & Wondering Aloud ^
T L J; 7 .
f : 6 i
A LOST PET 2 II. Expressing Impressions (1)
10
III. Conveying Information Gained Elsewhere
12
^
^9
IV. Describing Actions Done or to Be Done in Preparation 14 for the Future
^ ~Tfe <
DISAPPEARING COOKIES
26
I. Expressing Certainty
31
II. Expressing Beliefs or Expectations Based on Information Gained Elsewhere
32
III. Expressing Impressions (2)
33
IV. Expressing Ideas that Run Contrary to Expectation (1) 35
Expressing Causes of or Reasons for Situations or Outcomes THE PET INDUSTRY 46
^ tz^
49
(IC)
. Describing Change (1): Changes Coming into Effect
50
^ Xl \'m> I. Describing Change (2): Continuous Changes
51
|=> ~ T o < QUIZ 1 (Lessons 1-3) 60
GRAMMAR
A VISIT T O MR. NAKANO'S FARM, PART 1 64
I. Nominalizing Sentences
69
II. Indicating Means or Attendant Circumstances
70
^ ~ T / ~ T \
-^X^T/^-flC
III. Describing Deliberate Effects
^
-T^.'S
IV. Expressing Purpose (1)
^
71
Xl\Z
72
READING aWRITIMG • Asking about Something You Do Not Understand • Pointing Out Something You Noticed • Presenting Knowledge You Have Acquired ' Explaining Preparations and Procedures
« Pointing Out Something You Think Is Strange e Making Suppositions <• Stating Your Impression Based on How Things Appear
> Talking about Changes in Everyday Life ' Talking about Things You See around Town > Talking about Changes While Referring to a Graph
24
Kanji Practice ^
^
ff\
*
^
it
m
44
Kanji Practice PP
58
Kanji Practice ^ M.
R E A D I N G S WRITING Soliciting and Stating Opinions Explaining Procedures ' Talking about How Facilities Are Used
82
Kanji Practice ff
^
ic
«:
^
«
^
A VISIT TO MR. NAKANO'S FARM, PART 2 84
I. Expressing Completion/lncompletion of Past, Present, or Future Actions
87
II. Describing Change (3): Effected Changes
89
^
~ < / I C t ^
III. Expressing Purpose (2) ^
tz^
90
(ic)
IV. Describing Simultaneous Actions
91
I. Expressing Ideas that Run Contrary to Expectation (2) 103 GLOBAL WARMING
loo
II. Expressing Lack of Obligation
i04
--tz
-tz
105
U
iV. Stating Decisions
io6
V. Making Suggestions Based on Supposition
107
•=> ti:h QUIZ 2 (Lessons 4 - 6 ) 118
GRAMMAR I. Describing the Actions of Giving and Receiving Services 125 ASKING SOMEONE TO TAKE OVER V^ORK 122
MY PASSPORT V\fAS STOLEN
138
II. Expressing Intention (1)
128
I. Using Passive Structures
141
II. Expressing Intention (2)
144
III. Indicating a Span of Time During Which an Action or Event Occurs
145
^
*,o/-c
(IC)
1. Using Causative and Causative-passive Structures PROTECTING ONE'S CHILDREN
154
Q U I Z 3 (Lessons 7-9) 168
\
156
• Telling News . Explaining about Careers > Asking for Reasons or for an Explanation of How a Situation Came to Be
Kanji Practice ^ ^
e Talking about the Weather and Its Effects »Talking about Global Warming e Talking about Environmental Problems
Kanji Practice it
M
^
?é
M
^
^-^ ^
^
^
READING & WRITING ' Asking Someone to Do Something for You • Expressing Gratitude for a Service ' Making Excuses ' E-mail
Kanji Practice
• Talking about Awful Experiences ' Explaining Circumstances ' Talking about Things that Trouble You
Kanji Practice
• Talking about Education • Asking for Permission to Do Something » Talking about What You Wish Your Spouse/ Partner Would Do
Kanji Practice jaji ^
^
i\
^
136
i^ ^
^
^
152
§^ j$ m ^ M m
^l;
^
^
rt
^
ig.
$s
>i
GRAMMAR I. Honorifics (1): Key Expressions ^ BUSINESS GREETINGS
172
177
O b - , L ^'S
II. Honorifics (2): Basic Patterns
iso
III. Honorifics (3): Honorific Verbs for Giving and Receiving
181
I. Leaving and Relaying Messages
196
1:1 LEAVING AND RELAYING MESSAGES 193
II. Using Plain imperatives: Do and Don't
II. Honorifics (4): Auxiliary Honorific Verbs
I. Explaining Reasons
200
212
^ ( ~ i ± ) ^^^hti THE STORY OF VALENTINE'S DAY
209
II. Understanding Written Styles
213
III. Understanding Spoken Styles
215
QUIZ 4 (Lessons 10-12) 228
GRAMMAR
Ml A CALL FROM THE HEALTH OFFICË"
A FEV\/ WORDS FROM THE HOST 248
AT A RECEPTION 263
QUIZ 5 (Lessons 13-15) 273
^
READING & WRITING • Greeting People; Introducing People i Expressing Gratitude ' Apologizing
Leaving Messages Giving and Quoting Commands
> Talking about Events > Engaging in Conversation with Friends
191
Kanji Practice
* ^ ?^
#
»
*
X
207
Kanji Practice *
^ ^ m ^
l#
m
Reading about Customs and Special Occasions
218
Kanji Practice
226
tl
n
Pl
it
JÏ.
#
^
*
«
READING & WRITING Complaining Making and Responding to Apologies Asking For and Responding to Explanations
Reading about the Reasons behind Customs
244
Kanji Practice
246
ta
Formal Invitations Casual Invitations RSVP Postcards ' E-mail
Expressing Modesty Expressing Gratitude ' Apologizing ' Introducing People ' Asking How Someone Is Doing
^
a
£
7t
^
^
1*1
M 261
Kanji Practice it
*
*
Kanji Practice @
ah
1^
1+
«1
271
PREFACE T O
T H E
REVISED
3^^^
E D I T I O N
For busy working adults, progressing to the next step beyond "survival Japanese" is not easy. Books II and III of the Japanese for Busy People series were first published in 1990 for learners seeking intermediate to advanced proficiency in Japanese. Yet even with the aid of these volumes, many people still found it difficult to master complicated Japanese syntax and vocabulary in the few hours they had available outside of other commitments. Over the years, we at AJALT have continued to look for new ways to help learners overcome this barrier, and in the process we have developed and implemented numerous improvements to our lesson plans and supplementary teaching materials. Such experience is put to full use in this extensively revised edition of Japanese for Busy People III, designed to better enable adult leamers to pursue their study of Japanese to the point of intermediate fluency. Japanese for Busy People III, Revised Edition incorporates many new ideas developed carefully over time by AJALT instructors. We hope that busy people will find this textbook an enjoyable tool for learning Japanese.
Acknowledgments for Japanese for Busy People III (1990) Four AJALT teachers wrote this textbook. They are Miyako Iwami, Shigeko Miyazaki, Masako Nagai, and Kimiko Yamamoto. They were assisted by two other teachers, Kumiko Endo and Chikako Ogura.
Acknowledgments ior Japanese for Busy People III, Revised Edition (1995) We would like to express our gratitude to the foiiowing People for Preparing the new editions of Books II and III: Miyako Iwami, Shigeko Miyazaki, Masako Nagai, and Kimiko Yamamoto. They were assisted by Mikiko Ochiai.
Acknowledgments for Japanese for Busy People III, Revised 3'" Edition Japanese for Busy People III, Revised 3'" Edition was written by AJALT instructors Emiko Aral, Yuko Harada Kaon Hattori, Reiko Sawane, Junko Shinada, and Emiko Yamamoto with assistance from Mariko Mishima' Makiko Nakano, Mikiko Ochiai, Naoko Takatori, Shigeyo Tsutsui, Miyako Utsumi, Yoriko Yoshida, and Tetsunosuke Sakurada.
I N T R O D U C T I O N
Aims Japanese for Busy People III, Revised 3rd Edition is designed to enable learners wtio worked through Books I and 11 to complete their mastery of beginning Japanese and progress smoothly into the intermediate level. Book I covered "survival Japanese" for getting through common everyday situations. Book 11 taught learners skills for conversing about their present and past lives and other personal topics with people around them at work and elsewhere. Book 111 will equip learners to talk meaningfully about larger social topics by expressing their own opinions while asking others for theirs. It will also treat language needed for dealing with fairly sophisticated business situations. Furnished with extensive explanations, CD recordings, exercises, and answers, the book is fit for both instruction in the ciasSróom and self-study.
Major Features of Japanese for Busy People III, Revised 3rd Edition Learners who completed Books 1 and 11 should already be able to converse about a significant range of things in Japanese, if not entirely perfectly. In Book III, their goal will be to further improve the naturalness and efficiency of their communication in the language. Toward this end, the book introduces conjunctive and sentence-final expressions for conveying a wide variety of meanings. Also covered are passives, causatives, expressions for the giving and receiving of services, and other constructions distinctive to Japanese. Finally, the book discusses politeness, writing and speech styles, and other things learners will need to know to adjust their language according to situation and audience. Up through Book II, the lessons were designed so that learners could practice using the language presented immediately in their own speech. Since the dialogues and examples in Book III are considerably longer and more complex than in previous volumes, however, for this book learners should first work toward getting themselves to recognize and understand new expressions whenever they are encountered instead of trying to apply them right away. Like Book 11, Book III is divided into five units consisting of three lessons each. The themes and objectives of the units are as follows. Unit 1 The theme is "human-animal relationships." Through content dealing with recent pet trends, the future of the pet industry, and other animal-related topics, learners will be introduced to expressions for remarking on things they notice, offering conjectures, reporting information, and making comments. In this way, they will gain the skills to initiate conversations about things or events they come across in daily life. By the end of the unit, learners will also be able to join in on conversations about topics that interest them. Unit 2 An interview with the owner of an organic farm and passages about global warming form the heart of this unit, focused on the theme "humans and nature." Here learners will encounter expressions for seeking information about facilities, institutions, and people as well as for stating their own opinions about issues. In this way, they will gain the skills to conduct even quite complicated inquiries on their own just as long as they make the right preparations.
Units This unit talces up episodes involving crime, discussions over childrearing issues, and other content related to the theme "crime and education." Learners will become familiar with expressions for describing the giving and receiving of services, for reporting on the details of damage done to them, and for talking about coercion. In this way, they will gain the skills to efficiently characterize participants' involvement in and attitudes toward the events around them. Unit 4 Organized around the theme of "conducting business," this unit shows how to carry out formal business exchanges, give and relay messages, and deal with other work-related concerns. Covered will be ways of giving greetings, showing gratitude, making apologies, reporting information, and passing on messages through expressions proper to the circumstances at hand. While the unit does outline the basic characteristics of honorific language, emphasis is placed on familiarizing learners with often-used expressions that can be combined with the desu/masu style to produce the appropriate register. At the other end of the scale, the unit also treats casual Japanese used among close friends and family. Unit 5 This unit provides a comprehensive review of everything covered in beginning-level Japanese, from books I through III. Lesson 13 gives learners one final practice in listening to spoken Japanese and then summarizing what they were able to understand in their own words. Lesson 14 takes a final look at formal speech and writing, starting with some basic patterns for delivering a speech in a formal setting. It then turns to writing to explain how to give and respond to invitations to parties and other events. Sample texts range from a highly formal letter exemplifying established protocols to exchanges of e-maii. Lesson 15 presents some final points about conversational Japanese, drawing on examples of "party talk" to illustrate how to initiate and wrap up social exchanges. The Structure of the Lessons and How to Approach Each Part As already mentioned, each of the five units listed above is divided into three lessons. The lessons, in turn, are organized into the following parts: Target Dialogue Grammar & Pattern Practice Practice (1, 2, 3 . . .) Kanji Practice Target Dialogue. The Target Dialogues (for some lessons there is a Target Reading instead) in Book III are written to be slightly more difficult than what is usually provided at the beginning level. In Book II, the expectation was that once learners finished a lesson, they would be able to converse at the same level as in the Target Dialogue for that lesson. - By contrast, in Book 111 the goal set for most learners is to reach the point not where they completely master the Target Dialogue but where they grasp it well enough to be able to answer questions about it after reading or listening to it. First listen to the dialogue. Although you will probably not get all of it, there are bound to be at least some parts that you can get. Try sorting out what you were or were not able to comprehend. Even native speakers might not always grasp everything that was said if they lack the necessary background information, the speaker did not enunciate clearly, or there was a lot of noise; in such cases, often what they do is to reconstruct the whole by using what they did get to ask questions about and fill in the missing parts. For your first time with the Target Dialogue, it will be sufficient only to make sure that what you think it says is
indeed correct. Do not spend time forcing yourself to figure out the parts you did not understand. Simply set them aside for the time being and return to the dialogue after completing the lesson. By then it should begin to make sense. Grammar & Pattern Practice. This section introduces the lesson's key sentence patterns and offers exercises for trying them out or otherwise internalizing them. The conjunctive or sentence-final expressions covered in Book III (see Contents for examples) include many with confusingly similar meanings. Where one expression overlaps in function with another discussed earlier, the text duly notes this and sets out the distinctions between them. Pay attention to the expressions as they are used in the Target Dialogue and other examples to see how they fit the explanations given. See also the front endpapers. Practice. Each lesson comes with several Practice sections made up of Word/Phrase Power and/or Speaking Practice. (Lessons 7, 12, 13, and 14 also have Reading Practice.) The Word/Phrase Power section groups together words and/or phrases important to talking about the theme for the lesson. Read each item aloud while making sure you understand what it means. Do not try to memorize everything; instead, concentrate on the vocabulary you think might be useful to you, familiarizing yourself with them until you can say them without referring back to the list. The Speaking Pracfc section presents several sample dialogues related to the theme of the lesson that are written to be a little less advanced than the Target Dialogue. First listen to each dialogue on the CD, then read and make sure you understand what it says. Refer to the English for any vocabulary you do not recognize. Pick out the new constructions featured in the lesson, paying attention to how they are used within the context of the conversation. If you have a practice partner, try conducting conversations with that partner using what you learned in the Grammar & Pattern Practice and Practice sections. There is no need to adhere closely to the models provided in the Speaking Practice. If the aim is to talk about recent fashions and trends, for example, then freely express your own opinions and thoughts based on what you have observed in real life out in the streets or through the media. If you do not have a partner, write down what you might want to say or ask should you have someone to practice with. Take note of anything you cannot figure out how to say. Keep this list and get into the habit of thinking about it whenever you have an opportunity to ask someone or you encounter similar expressions elsewhere in the text. Kanji Practice. The Kanji Practice for each lesson features ten kanji (150 in total) selected mostly from the Target Dialogue. Weight is given to kanji taken up in level 3 of the Japanese-Language Proficiency Test. Once you master the kanji in Books 11 and HI, you will have covered all the characters needed for this test. As in Book II, the basic meaning(s) of each kanji are given in English below the character, usage examples and writing instructions to the right of it. The examples are all drawn from vocabulary taken up in Books I through III. Occasionally a word will be given before it appears in the main text, however, and for these you should consult the glossary at the back of the book. Printed below each example are the readings [furigana) for the kanji, which in this text are given all in hiragana. Adjectives and verbs are listed in their dictionary forms with verbal suffixes (oicurigana) provided in hiragana. The writing instructions come with numbers to indicate the order of strokes and arrows to indicate direction. Take care to write each kanji exactly in the way that is prescribed. Note about Kanji We have provided furigana for all kanji appearing the text, regardless of whether their readings have been previously introduced, so as to accommodate learners who choose not to memorize kanji or who wish to learn the characters presented in this text at a more leisurely pace. Kanji rather than kana are given for all words normally written in kanji once the characters that make up
the word in question have been introduced. For example, the characters ft and ièi, which form the word ftii,
are both introduced in Lesson 1, so from that lesson onward these kanji, ft and iói, are used instead
of hiragana whenever the word ftÜ comes up. Beyond that, kanji also appear in such elements as titles, proper names, signs, and set phrases used in invitations and other formal writing, regardless of whether the characters that comprise the word or words have been introduced. These kanji are presented for recognition purposes only
Introducing the Cast
xvi
John Mills (35 years old), a Canadian, is a member of ABC Foods' sales department. He Is single.
Mike Smith (32 years old), an American, is an attorney for ABC Foods. He is single.
Marie Martin (25 years old) is from Paris, France. A member of ABC Foods' sales department, she used to live in Japan as an exchange student.
Shika Chandra (30 years old) is a member of ABC Foods' systems department. She is from Mumbai, India.
Keiko Sasaki (53 years old), a Japanese, is the manager of ABC Foods' sales department. She is married and has a daughter, Aiko.
Akira Kato (46 years old), a Japanese, is the section chief of ABC Foods' sales department. He is married and has a son, Taro.
Mayumi Nakamura (26 years old), a Japanese, works as a secretary to Ms. Sasaki. She is single.
Daisuke Suzuki (24 years old), a Japanese, is a member of ABC Foods' sales staff He is single.
Mei Chan (30 years old) is from Hong Kong. She works in ABC Foods' sales department. She is single.
Frank Green (56 years old), an American, is the president of the Tokyo branch of ABC Foods. He lives in Tokyo, with his wife.
Michiyo Kato (45 years old) is Akira Kato's wife. Her hobby is tea ceremony. She loves traditional Japanese art and has a deep interest in environmental issues.
Yoichi Inuyama (42 years old) works in ABC Foods' development department. He Is very knowledgeable about animals.
Pet businesses are booming in Japan Some people enjoy pets as part o fashion by dressing them up or b; keeping unusual types, while other. seek comfort from them by treatinc them like part of the family Althougf this unit focuses on pets and animals you should not feel yourself limite( to talking about this particular aspec of Japanese society. Use the skill: covered in Unit 1 to freely describe trends, changes, or anything else you notice or observe at home, at work, or while out about town. Also learn how to develop conversations by sharing information you have gained from other sources or by inviting people to think along with you on questions that concern you.
'
While at home eating dinner, the Katos notice strange sounds coming from their yard. •^oB
(#)
: i^^,
(A)
• ^ ? (fefens) ( i ^ ^ tzo Wz6±o
.p. 10
^-
i: ^ ^J."V N ?
-p. 10
The next day, the Katos go to show the creature they caught in their yard to Mr. Inuyama, who is knowledgeable about animals.
^r-r.
0 ^ 0 - 7 ( ± : l b T 7 Ij ^
- p . 10
— 9 •Ó\
fz Sl/CK^ Z ^-(D
^p. 12
fz <^^hlz
If/c ^T^ L
9
( # ) : ^"'9 L Tc b V NV NT L J: i j}-
KT
ot
Mrs. Kato: Say, there are strange sounds coming from the yard. Something seems to be there. Mr. Kato:
Oh? {Mens) You're right. What could it be? Isn't it just a cat?
Mrs. Kato: Shh. It's crying. Sounds like a bird. Mr. Kato: It's not a cat, is it? I'll go out a bit to see. Mrs. Kato: Are you going to be all right? Take care. Inuyama:
This is a fennec. It usually lives in the desert in North Africa. It's a type of fox and has a cry like a bird.
Mrs. Kato: Is that so? But why do you suppose it was in our yard? Inuyama: It probably ran away from someone else's house. Mr. Kato: From what I hear, the number of people who keep unusual pets has been growing Inuyama: Mr. Kato:
recently, isn't that right? Yes. By the way, how did you trap it? I placed a cage in the yard and left some cat food inside it. A little later when I went to look at how things were, it had gone inside and was eating, so I closed the cage quietly.
Mrs. Kato: What do you think we should do? Inuyama; You should probably contact the police. The owner may have reported it missing.
say . . . , look/listen . . .
usually, normally
there is a sound
North Africa
sound
i if <
desert fox
seem, be like (see p. 10) what could it be?
VN-o L 1$
a kind (of), a type (of)
(plain form of T* L J: i; see p. 8)
X l
seem, be like (see p. 10)
cat
X'l
m X it)-"
probably
isn't i t . . . ? shhl ^^-<
ft
cry (of animal) bird Inuyama (surname)
"7 i ; f y 7
fennec
(see p. 8)
ICif(R2)
run away, escape
iÖ-f
rare, unusual
LV N
^^9
keep (a pet)
^ 9
from what 1 hear, from what 1 understand (see p. 12)
Kz6r
by the way
É X. -2) (R2)
trap, capture
^
-oY.
quietly
^ —V
cage
lt0;!5-0
police
+ + -7 h 7 — K
cat food
tl^^^'S.
owner (of a pet)
~ T
(see p. 14)
^ bl'Tt'S (R2)
report
^3 <
''^^L LX
1.
after a little while
THE STYLE OF THE CONVERSATION The two parts of this dialogue are spol
2.
6/^}-Lir
6
i-Z
ir h, which by itself means "to do," combines with a variety of words to convey various meanings. For some examples of such " f h combinations grouped according to meaning, see the Usage Note on p. 6.
3.
¥\i)^\^hhfz\^ Normally we would expect to heat; T ' t after
/c o . However, as noted above, this conversation
is carried out in the plain style, so instead of X'-f Women tend to omit fz, or use fzh,
Foreign terms such as 7 x
we ought to hear fz. But Mrs. Kato omits fz.
after nouns and -na adjectives in colloquial speech.
7 :7 are written using katakana, as you have already learned. In
addition to these loan words, plant and animal names are often written in katakana, regardless of origin, to signify that they belong to the scientific realm or because their kanji are difficult to read. Usually in a given text there will be a policy for how plant and animal names are written, i.e., in katakana or in kanji, and the style will be consistent throughout. In this text we use kanji for the animals and plants whose kanji we teach, e.g., % , and katakana for all others. 5.
; f r? i : ^ t ^ N ? This utterance, spoken with a rising intonation, is a plain-style negative question equivalent to ^3T(±è
^) t^L-h^
ox r{~.:3L ^ t f V N T - f
(both meaning roughly the same thing, with
the latter being somewhat more colloquial than the former). When forming questions in plain-style speech, you can usually omit the question marker
In asking the question ^ - L ^ tt^v N ? ,
Mr. Kato, who at first thinks the animal in the yard is a cat, is looking to Mrs. Kato for agreement. His next utterance, 4- ^ L ^ tt^ o
is a straightforward negative statement that he makes upon
hearing the animal's cries and judging them to be those of a creature other than a cat.
tL' VN T .5) is a contraction of ' ^ H ^ T o /g) (BOOI< 11, p. 206). The verb tl' < means "to cry" and is used of both humans and animals (though with different kanji).
Translatable as "someone else's house,"
C fi^(D
fifzi
is used in situations like this when it is
unclear where the house is or who it might belong to.
In Book 11 (p. 218), we introduced t i l
^ i f v H ^Ti't)^
how to solve a problem. ^ " 9 L 7c b o \ , ^X'ir-é^ use. In the example here, Mrs. Kato uses T L J; 1
as an expression for asking someone
is a similar expression that we also commonly instead of T"tf!'^
to stress the feeling that
she is consulting Mr. Inuyama for suggestions on what to do.
^ ^" I f -?) here is used in the sense of "to report." While the basic meaning of ~ I - ^ ^'T"t h is "to deliver to," the phrase can also be applied to reporting things or submitting documents to government offices and other official bodies.
Please deliver some beer to my house.
I will take the wallet that I picked up to the police box. ^ Uiyy
hi7-K^^x<
Lfzh.
-tCZ
1 11X^7^- V ^ ^ z
}i
tl'Hfzlli
If you lose your credit cards, you should report it to the police box and the credit card companies right away.
5
/ U S A G E NOTE \
noun + Here is an overview of the different types of noun + ' f •è combinations that you often hear in Japanese. 1. things that can be perceived through the senses + "f" -?> : ^'é'^'t V
^f^^'-f 6
i>, 'f^'^^'^ ^ > arid
I¬
may be translated as "I hear," "it tastes" [lit., "there is a taste"], and "it smells,"
respectively (see pp. 17-18). 2. period of time + 't h : indicates passage of an equivalent amount of time
I phoned again after about thirty minutes. 3. things that can be worn on the body + ' t
: to put on accessories, scarves, gloves, and
other small items ^•^7 ^ 4
iX^'t-fo
(Book II, p. 36)
I am wearing a tie.
T.
It's cold, so you should put on a muffler and gloves. 4. occupation i ' t
: used in stating one's occupation
htzl
I am a lawyer for ABC. 5. price + ' t h ; to cost
This watch is a brand item and cost 3 million yen.
I ll
Expressing Suppositions & Wondering Aloud
1 . Using T L J: l / tz o X .
fzh
•)~\ with a falling intonation to express a supposition
>f Z-f]-
[i'tz LTL
l t o ^ ' ^ l C ^ ^ b < Ltz{ilf)'^'\^TL T L J: 1 is one ofthe inflections of T't. some uncertainty, fzh
11. X 9o
T't
expresses an assertion, TL
X 1 the presence of
1 is the plain-form equivalent of T L J; 1.
* Present-affirmative -na adjectives and nouns + T't before expressions such as TL
follow irregular patterns when coming
X 1 that follow plain forms. This text organizes these patterns
into four types: 1) the basic pattern, 2) the ts:
T L J: 7 is used to express a supposition about future, present, or past events. *
L/cl±^
± ; o T L
J: 7o
Tomorrow will probably be cold.
1 O O ^ t < 7 5 ^ ^ J ± . ^ ^ T è < h-^^-^tzTLx
lo
Nights in Tokyo a hundred years ago were probably very dark. If something is sure to happen, you should use T ' t / t ' t instead of T L J; 7, even if the event is still in the future. I
l l X i L \ ± ^ L t z ^ t - t o
Mr. Mills will come tomorrow. T L J; 7 statements may be modified by adverbs such as $ o ^ or tz-V^L to express degrees of certainty. I J V / ^ L l i i h L /c $ O )::/tzsl^L^h
T L J; 7 o
Mr. Mills will definitely/probably come tomorrow. T L J; 7 in its plain form, fzh
1, may also be combined with
1 when it is necessary to clarify
that what you are saying is your own speculation.
^ )\.xiL\t\w-m\'-nhfzhi
^.mo^-ro
I think Mr. Mills will probably go back to his [home] country during the vacation. -oZ
definitely, certainly
T L J; 7 cannot be used when talking about your own actions. In such cases, other expressions need to be used. For example:
I am thinking of going back to my [home] country during vacation. < IC
htz I
¥i.
I may go back to my [home] country during vacation. 2 . Using T L J; 1 /
fzh
1 J' with a rising intonation to ask for confirmation
The following examples appeared in Book II:
^ o T
t 4' H L H) o
J; 7 T L J; 7 o (p. 82)
You leave on a business trip to China the day after tomorrow, right?
7 • ^ T L J; 7 o (p. 139) This is a photo I took from a plane when I went from Paris to Greece. The ocean is beautiful, isn't it? In the first sentence, the speaker is trying to confirm something he understands to be true, while in the second he or she is seeking agreement. Both, then, are a request for confirmation and illustrate another use of T L J; 7 .
3. Using T L J: 7
('J^) /
fzh
1
ifl^) ~\ with a falling intonation to ask questions of yourself
or others, or to raise an issue
Wzh
7 o
^•"7 L T 7 ^ < / ) | C ; b l C ( 7 x ^ - y ^ 7 j < ) Questions formed with T L J: 7 fl^/ fzh
v^/b^TLJ:7'J\
7 fl^ are used to wonder aloud to oneself about some-
thing, or, if there is also a listener present, to simultaneously raise an issue with that person. People often omit the question marker
if the sentence already has a question word in it.
Could that be Mr. Mills over there?
The meeting just won't end, will it? When do you suppose we'll be able to go home today?
I wonder how much this car costs, roughly. '(pfi^^v NV NX" L J; 1-0^ (Book II, p. 5), used to ask someone for a suggestion regarding a choice, is another example of this usage of T L J ;
IV''.
4. Using T L J; 9 fl^~\ with a falling intonation to softly pose a question T L J: 9
may also be used to put forward a question without sounding too direct, as in Y
.^ < hTL
i
L'^l
1 •é'' (Book II, p. 32, where a salesclerk is speaking to a customer), or W^^ft.^
X -oU X6l^^TL
X it]^ (Book II, p. 150, where an employee is speaking to her boss).
Complete the sentences by connecting the words in parentheses to T L J; 9 (in part 1) or T L
J; 9 '^'Min part 2). Q Expressing suppositions:
1) UZiiX^)
ggg<^
^
(15f '^"^^
2) {lYLY:(DA-ö^^
FUTATJ^"
I X I . 4)
4^Hx^
^--^s
X ~ ^ - 7 >
(^;t-vNT-t)
i t . L V N 7°c7 >; X ^
(TJ^TJ^'j
(L'ji-t^•^)
h i c ( ± ^ ^ ^ / 'j
X
h
i t )
0 Posing questions:
1) i< X 1 L^
'.
{^MLX-ft^)
(A'5TvN^^T-fTJ^)
^ 4 X'——7 > F
Tokyo Disney Resort
- h-f
break
,J^7i-lJ
rather, considerably
S U A ('i")
dangerous
3X1»
cost
^ J: 9 L
classroom
Kic#$
i
i l l Expressing Impressions (1) 1 . Using J; 1 /^fz^^Xo
describe something based on your perception of it
You use ct 7 / « ^ 7c V N to state your understanding about a situation or state based on what you have actually seen, heard, felt, or otherwise perceived. J; 7 and <^ 7c v ^ are nearly identical in meaning and function, with the distinction being that <^ 7c v ^ is slightly more colloquial. Both follow plain forms, with J; 7 taking the noun-modifying pattern and <^ /c v Mhe T L Jt 7 pattern (see front endpapers). J; 7 / < ^ /c V ^ themselves conjugate like -na adjectives.
* ^
^ ^(±fe-i-x-fj-iiHV NT V N § J; 7 T - t / t V N T o ^ ^ 7'cV N T t o
The baby seems to be hungry.
zmtfim^
l
7
X"f/h'fK%
Someone seems to have left this behind, [lit., "This seems to be something that someone forgot."] 2 . Using J; 1 / <^fz^^ to make similes or figurative comparisons A^T^cVN^i-^o
may also be used to make similes and figurative comparisons. ^ JlX^
^ l ± 7 — v y c o J; 7 T t o
Mr. Mills is like Superman.
z.
m^fz^'ic^^t^^'lti-o
This tea tastes like medicine.
cti
-r
Mr. Green is as good at golf as a professional player. Using the adverb ± -?> T intensifies the figurative feeling. J ^T^;ba6^|,Tv^^J; 7
Tto
I feel just like I'm in a dream, [lit., "it feels just as though I were seeing a dream."]
get hungry Superman taste 10
just like
Complete the sentences using X l / ^ t z ^ ' snó the proper form of the words in parenthe-
i
ses.
1)
f-ömz^t-fo
Y-'-£^)(Dfmzf-:M^
r-t.
2) ï ^ ^ ^ ' - ^ v NT V N i -rO # t f t l ± t n
(v^i-r)
Tto (f ^ OT V Ni
3) f--^-^ A ^ ^ x b L i L / c ; * ^ i - t f ^ o
Tto
t T t ) 4)
5 7bX^ AI±-tfX-tfX/-c i
^-fe-^ i -d:^o /-c i C'TJ^.
T t o
(|C7^
Lt'^^Tt^o f t f t t z i ^ l t t l
Tt^o
6) # l ± 5 < : ^ - t f X - t f X I ^ ^ L i - t i : ^ o
Tto
{ntLtz)
(feZoTvNit)
7) J: < # ^ T v N i t o g-t!:v^^7^|±^::T^.(:/J: 9 liX'*^:
i
Complete the sentences using J; 9 ^£:/hfz\^-^£
Tto
and the proper form of the words in paren-
theses.
1)
* ^ X i t o
2)
(MTt)
^-h^ L i L
3)
O
(fe
i L /c)
(iA^9<7)|è(±/i< ^ ^ * ) ' j i t o
(9-tTt)
0 Complete the sentences using J; 9 l ^ / ^ / c ^ M C and the proper form of the words in parentheses.
1) 4 ^ 0 l± ' i lï 2) 5 ; b X - ^ A I ±
^/-c/cv^HNTto
((i-STt)
i Ï 9 U'^l^< ^ L v N T t o
3) 9lt':^lt<7)AI±
fe^j.X3^li"^<
(-<^CXTt)
' J ^ X L i L/co
7J^V^Tt) 0 Read the following examples of common Japanese figurative expressions while making sure you understand what they are saying.
1) \±W^(nXl\'-fz{^
hh-^X.
/cV^^^Tto
2) i r L v ^ r / y t ° ^ - ^ - y - A I ± ^ > r ^ J ; 9 \-%^t 3) YXt-y-h-KX\^fzXiX\
^^'fA Ttb-f ICj^-fT (^j.-) iiZh L^-tf^^^^^
doorbell ring, sound disliked, avoided get angry new product
L/co
A J i L A / c ' J : 9 I ^ ^ T w i L/co
•ti:^^^/^ I/Jt^liX 1^ ~|c<^9Lo
product reputation lie, falsehood be knowledgeable about
C Y. 11' < 'J 'S^X-'t $ N 3 V f : i . —^'—
word repeat machine A computergame
I
C o n v e y i n g Information G a i n e d E l s e w h e r e
1 Is used to pass on information that you have gained from some other source, it follows plain forms in the basic pattem (see front endpapers). ^ j
itself conjugates like a -na adjective, except
that it never appears in past, negative, or adverbial forms. Statements using - t 9 typically reflect the speaker's own summary or rendering of the information being relayed.
From what I hear, Mr. Mills is going to be a little late. *
L T^c ( 7 ) ^ l i ( ± 2 B#7j^ f , / - c ^ 9 T 1 - 0
From what I hear, tomorrow's meeting is from two o'clock. To specify the source of the information you are relaying, use — IZ X 6 Y or —
^ > K^^ 7 T T A ^ ^ V N o / j . - < ^ ^ < ^ -ofz^i
TU
T t o
According to the newspaper, there was a large tsunami in Indonesia.
To hear Shika tell it, in India people study mathematics a lot from the time they are children. To straightforwardly quote something you heard or read, use ^ 1 " o T v N J i " (Book II, p. 122) or ^ # v N T ^ 'j i t
(Book III, p. 71). The former is used especially when stressing the identity of
the person who made the statement.
Mr. Kato said that if a million cases of Chocolat-Chocolat were sold, a bonus would be issued. The more colloquial o T is commonly used when giving hearsay in everyday speech. Women often use it in combination with
desu/masu.
h (Dm^ ^ /Clil
Vi» -o
J: 9 4
t:
fi-oXo
11* 9
I hear that Mr. Tanaka of Nozomi Department Store is on a business trip right now. 7i^—^X^<^li^^TtoTo T
I hear that there is going to be a bonus given out.
according to
-oli^i-LTIi
to hear Indonesia tsunami
-f y ]' tell it.
India
t *t>1=} X T % n> n on a business trip oT
(colloquial form of the quotation particle >1)
m
n Answer the questions by using ^
1) Q
1 with the proper form of the words in parentheses.
•.mi^^/Hi^Bi^^Ti-f)\
A : XXo 2)
L/c)
Q : /c';K7j^*'&ATt'J\ A:;iXo
3)
Tto
t* ?
^^J.'^ OTJ^C;^-^-^ y^^)^:
Tto
Q : - f t ^ ^ c T ^ ^ - i - l i ^ ^ IC < T V U N T L J: i A : ; I X .
vNVN^,^.vNii-o
Tt^^bo 4)
(*'Jit)
fi\
/ ' j - 7 ^5 A l ± l ^ < U J: 7 'J
( A t ^ T t )
Q:'^5^7J^^^/'£^N;^^"^)o/c^Tt^\ A:;l;io
7 - F 7 x T I ±
A : X;io
^ J: 9 L^^;
Tto
Tto
( ^ ^ ^ L T t )
(^-S^NTt)
0 Read the following sentences while paying attention to their meanings. 1) ^ n X a i i r . X 6 Y .
^;^l±^^WoJ;
2) | R ( 7 5 T ^ 7 7 7 l c J ; ^ ^ . 3)
v i j - ^
Aw
T(±, |i4-L
^ o
author Vi}''\^
^ S 1; < I [in
^
<^i>^-t9Tto
i3g Z L J: 9 T € * r J ^ ~ ^ i o Tv
777XT*; H^<7)T^^I±A^'^^~*)^^9 1: IÏ/C l^-C S
ZLK-
tonight
autograph session
wind
Korean-style barbecue
announcement
forecast
9 Tto
L f i j i ^ C L j ; - ) train-car breakdown
Tto
L V 'j J: T
train car
C L Jt 9
breakdown
T —^
anime, animation
13
Describing Actions Done or to Be Done in Preparation for the Future
In its basic sense, the -te form of a verb + fe < (hereafter ~ T fe' < ) means to perform an action and then to keep the effects of that action going. Depending on the context, it may also mean to prepare for something, to do something in advance, or to maintain some state in readiness for the future.
I'll make restaurant reservations in preparation for our dinner party.
Please photocopy the documents before the meeting. In conversation, ~ T feX ( T f e X )
may sometimes be pronounced ~ ^ <
(^'<).
t i z r - y m < o ^ $ i-fo i X T toi I'll send the data [in preparation for you to see] sometime today.
i Read through the manual thoroughly beforehand.
Complete the sentences using ~ T fe' ^ . 1)
zLi£/i:k.tzt>^^^6(Dr\^-Jit
ito
2) ^ ^ ^ ^ f - ^ " " t / c ^ 7 j < | | o T $ i t o
yi-iXUX^mt
t L J; 7o {^fzfzi66) h ( ± 9 l t ' 5 l t l C * , V N 7 ;tfe [ : ^ ^ , ^ | C
3)
4)
tiA.iïl
(UK^-f)
ItvN/cVNlcglljlJ^
i i l
LtPl
ito
sometime today
htztz^h
'^-^yi\'
manual
:T--A7°I/-h
X>'^-f
make cold, cool down
h^^i
tzLitn
heater
'^\Ln>L
(R2) L
<
{ Y i 6 < i - h )
warm up
-tj:i^'
nameplate
'C l h i ' t i .
a-i-u-e-o order order of
(R2) arrange, place register
A C T ! C F
"t
Discussing Things You Do IMoi; Know or Understand
PHRASE POWER
Inviting others to join you in thinl
II. Examples of how to respond to the above:
® ®
They're lesser pandas.
(D
Aren't they lesser pandas?
They're probably lesser pandas.
They're not lesser pandas.
^^/v NT'-f etc
® ® ®
3
They seem to be lesser pandas, but 1 don't know.
^ -7
bear
l/yi)-—y
lesser panda
15
SPEAKING PRACTICE
I. Ms. Martin and Mr. Suzul
V H N T L J : 7 -h^o H A :
v^v^^l:^^J.-v^T-f^\
v / u ^ y I ^ A
:
Martin:
: ^ o l f i J i n l ^ A o T T i - V N o
^
^"'7
T
L
J:
-f T T
t v N V N T L
j;
7
7 -h^
What could this box be?
Suzuki:
I don't know. It's been here since yesterday.
Martin:
{picks it up) It's light. There doesn't seem to be anything in it. Do you suppose it would
Suzuki:
Yes, it shoüld be all right, I imagine.
Martin:
Just as I thought, there's nothing in it. Do you suppose it would be all right to throw it
be all right to try and open it?
away? Suzuki:
Hmm, couldn't say.
II. Dinner at the Katos, Part 1: Ms. Martin sees something in her dish that she does not recognize. - 7 / i y y :
z K l i i ^ T l x i ^ \
i J i X :
u=ty\:K't'K^r-t^\
• 7 ; i y y :
L
^ ^ / o T - f
Jio
7^^fe 1; ^ . - ^ . ^ . ^
N^-^ ^
;^o||.^X.,
ztilii^
T - f ^ \
^op
(#)
: l l ) - f T - f J ; o {sliows her a whole one)lih.
Martin:
What could this be?
Mills:
Isn't it a lemon?
Zfl
T't
o
Martin:
It can't be a lemon. It smells different. Mrs. Kato, what is this?
Mrs. Kato:
It's a yuzu citrus, {shows her a whole one) See, this.
Martin:
What a lovely scent!
•^olf'J
sure enough, as expected (colloquial form of ^ l ± U )
i;*? T ' L J: -7
I wonder, couldn't say
U^rV
lemon
fP'f
yuzu citrus (the juice and rind of which are often used in cooking)
life
look here
[ ü » ^ | | |
P !v A C T
[ C- C H
WORD POWER
Dosoi ibinn Sound'-.. Smells, ."snd ïf.stos
— -
I. Sounds:
y -y ^ <75-t
i•
KK
I hear a piano, [lit., "There is the sound of a piano."]
I hear children's voices, [lit., "There are children's voices."]
Smells: :fevN
V \\. N | C f e V
y -y
knock
i^A-t£')
thunder, lightning
i, L
>i
li-^" L C* X.
footstep sound of conversation
hh^^z!^ 1 •ij." $ C* X <
sound of laughter
•tf o It X./
laugh
^ ^f" (tk')
unpleasant
sound of crying
Cif'i.(R2)
burn (of food)
cry (of person)
soap
17
I smell soap.
\
U^yt
\ZL\Z{
*iVN
^^bV^
ii:
Lxli}<
Lfe^XVN
lt tastes like lemon.
'^—7' <
herb
"t-olf^^
sour
garlic
ic^S^'^ ^
bitter
L J: 9 '5'*
ginger
LH-fi^iyK^
salty
t o l f o
'r
® A ^ @
ti'-^b^ LÈ Lfzo *
t!)^<^'^X 'J 7J'~fe i^tzXl
There was a loud sound. •^'^'^^' L i
(^^"^{Z^VXU^U^t^irp-Ö^Lt J:
^-i:
L Tco
There was a sound like lightning striking.
Ltzo
Late at night there were voices outside
lit speaking in whispers.
® - ^ A t t M c f e v N;^X i - t o
It smells strange.
® ^ 7^^7^j,'7JM ^ o / c J; 7 ^j-McfeVNTjX i t o
It smells like rotten fish.
® ^) i V N|È<7? Tj^fe 'j
It smells sweetly of flowers.
i to
lite
®-f'£^-f)^L\ NP^;^< L i t o
It has a nostalgic taste.
® M<7)J; 7 ICICT^^'V N T t o
It is bitter like medicine.
* A $ tt" = A $ V N " big." Although A $ v N and V N are both -/ adjectives, occasionally the an aa aa tn V N may be replaced with tt' when these words modify nouns.
SPEAKING PRACTICE
I. Ms. Chandra notices the smell of cigarettes on entering a meeting room.
^^yVy:
-<^fM.
H A
^ 7
:
# A :
/dfc<7?icfevN^xit=f^o
T t 7 j \
ï;io
•f-f *
Chandra:
This room smells of cigarettes, doesn't it?
Suzuki:
Oh, does it?
Chandra:
May I open the windows a little?
Suzuki:
Go ahead.
II. Ms. Nakamura notices a good smell while being treated to Ms. Chandra's home cooking.
4 #
:
\^tzfi^t-f. till
fefeS^X
ï.'^i'h'' X/^U-i <-ii>
big middle of the night in whispers
rot
o<
L l
L ^-^£'o^¥
L i
tJ^o
i:<'
o> L $* (•^0 mysterious, amazing \y— curry X ' •> -f X spice A ? hmm? ïS^Tv^ home, household icAy/i^ something (colloquial form of ^J.-|C7}^)
Nakamura:
What a lovely smell. This is curry, isn't it? Yes. Please, have a taste.
Chandra: Nakamura: Chandra: Nakamura:
i will. Hmm? It has something of an exotic taste. I made it with my mother's recipe. It has special spices in it. The taste of Indian home cooking. Delicious!
III. Ms. Nakamura and Mr. Suzuki hear loud noises. {crashing sounds)
•r-t i 4 ^
v>t
:
t^^ti:
'j ^^~fe i i f z X i ^j."-t-T
L/zUo
{sirens wailing)
Suzuki: What was that sound just now? Nakamura: It sounded like lightning striking, didn't it? Suzuki: Oh, sirens. There seems to have been an accident. I'll go take a look.
IV. Dinner atthe Katos, Part 2: drinking wine
1 9 S 5 j W v - f
-t-t é
{pours)
\^t^^'Tir^\
-ot,
•7)l9y: tn^
h - A B C T t o
X7 (^)
ZK.
^L-^x\zÜ\^-ö^Lt^L-ö\
: {takes a sip) Ao
[ I L Y i t i o
{inspects the cork) ^ .
^'U'tio
t<^i-tir
?^l±7^>-fe7-^^•^J.-v^^Tto
^ J i y y :
1 1 * ^ A.
Mr. Kato:
Mr. Suzuki, I understand that you've recently been studying about wine. This here is a 1985 Chateau ABC. {pours) What do you think? Umm, it has the bouquet of the ground in a forest. And . . .
Suzuki: Martin: Mr. Kato: Martin:
i / H " i / - c ^ A $ J:-7 7 ^ ^ X ' J t e v N j ; 9 T t J ^ a o
Huh? Doesn't this smell strange? {takes a sip) Oh, you're right, {inspects the cork) Oh, there's mold. I'm sorry. We don't have a wine cellar, you see. It looks like you still have a lot to learn, Mr. Suzuki.
•^4 \yy
siren
i^lf
mold
V+
chateau
7^y-tr7—
wine cellar
LL— •fe
(said when smelling wine) soil, ground
I
P W A
T I C F
'">
ILI
n 1 i S ^
Relating or Pausing on Information Gained Elsewhere
SPEAKING PRACTICE
I. While out walking in the park, Ms. Nakamura sees police officers and a large crowd of people.
T « 0 A : ZZ T 7 atZ
A^Jn
vt
A
^^^iTirXo
vt
i-ptji,
ut ±(DA : ah-fi vt
UYlv^tir-fno ...l.t'l'L
Nakamura: Has something happened? man: From what I hear, there's been someone who saw a crocodile here. Nakamura: What? Really? woman: Yes. It's frightening, isn't it? Nakamura: Could it be a pet that got away? man:
I don't know. It may be that the person keeping it abandoned it. I understand that there are quite a lot of people who abandon pets just because they find them too hard to take care of.
woman:
What a horrible thing.
II. Mr. Mills calls the office to say that he is stuck in a traffic jam and will arrive late. DVX
iKt-fo
: l i l X r - t o
ïj'^ :
Ly^ntz^^r
h-ö^^)tLtz. §|3 -ft .
5 ) l X i ATJ^ ^ m M ^ ' h 'J i L /co
it^y^: ^1 T - f Mills:
9 9 y-\z(D'^tzh.
L fe < K - S ^ 9 T - f c
h-é^ 'j i L /c<
This is Mills. I'm going to be a little late. I'm in a taxi, but there's such a traffic jam . . . I think I'll get there around 9:10. I'm sorry.
Nakamura: I understand. Nakamura: Manager Sasaki, there was a phone call from Mr. Mills. He said he'd be a little late. Sasaki: ^ijEPjil'IlflliV^
Is that so? I understand.
7i
crocodile, alligator
irXfz
Lilt-it
~ « 4
L iff^" V ^
^ïS^i^j-oT
Ay
it may be that (someone) abandoned (something) it may be that Just because
I t o C -)
quite (a lot of)
JAi:'\^
horrible
(giving an explanation) (colloquial form of
fe
^ v ^-p T)
21
III. Mr. Kato relates a story from the office to his wife.
^0»
(^)
: •^y
(#)
:
= f-/iyzL<^)(D
! ^ < D ^ ^ ^ t L l i t f i i: ^
tn
txiU
t ^ L f i Z Y h ^ l J:
t]-b^LUo
7}- i:-) it-it SJ:7L<. ; ^ D » ( # ) : ^L-i-xXf-,
^ 7X
114-L
< 'J L T v N / b T L J; i
?
V(D^y^AZ[ZXtzhia.
Mr. Kato:
Have you ever read Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince!
Mrs. Kato:
Yes, a long time ago.
Mr. Kato:
Today at the office 1 talked about how 1 caught a fennec in our yard.
Mrs. Kato:
Everyone must have been surprised.
Mr. Kato:
Yes. To hear Marie teil it, the fox in The Little Prince was a fennec.
Mrs. Kato:
Really, is that right? Come to think of it, it did have long ears and looked like the fox in the illustrations.
•y-y = - r ^ ' i ^ ; L - N i; fliL«fe9i:^tJ L
Antoine Salnt-Exupéry (French author, 1900-1944)
i>t)
yes (used by men)
The Little Prince {in }apanese, The Star Prince) star prince
-f -^X F |C-?)(R2)
-t^v^xif illustration look like, resemble
come to think of It
^ PRAGT I CIE
Describing Preparations or Advance steps for Doing Something
SPEAKING PRACTICE
I. Ms. Martin sees a photograph displayed in the Katos' home.
tm
tn
( ^ ) : 9 ^<75ic;bT-retc l c ^ | c / N ° y ^ f e \ N T f e < AT-To ^ L T . fe-,
Martin:
Did you take this photograph of a small bird, Mr. Kato?
Mr. Kato: Martin: Mr. Kato:
Yes,. I like photographing birds. Where did you take it? In our yard. I put some bread out in the yard. Then I wait patiently
/h,*
for birds to come.
II. Dinner at the Katos, Part 3: Ms. Martin is eating the Katos' home-cooked fish.
tn
-ot
t
-7iV9y -t- tn
«-/C
AM -oi
ZL t: -oi Martin: Mrs. Kato:
This fish is incredibly delicious. How do you make it? You put the fish in miso for two to three hours. Then you broil it.
Martin: Mrs. Kato:
So this taste is miso? Yes. Little by little you put soy sauce, sugar, and sake in with the miso and mix everything up well. Then into this you lay the fish fillets. Hmm, 1 see. I'li try making it myself next time.
Martin:
ZZ^]
small bird
A
miso
I! o !i
patiently, quietly
o l t - S (R2)
marinate
very Q^X t spoken with emotional emphasis)
t-\t'i> (R2)
mix
i l j A-
fillet
hmm, I see
23
KANJI
PRACTICE li at
—V
feliiiuippinnit% Pjj n
sound
\ -\
voice
•*
V
V
1' '. ..
taste
'1'
z t
bird
A
\ii] t -fif/f
1
te live
P
/|
s...
it
—^
— •
5
m place
/'
' !
;
f f
i
1 B
if
—(-
most
:
^
^ >
<} l
near recent
fe« •h-i,ii
t
r
appearance Mr., Mrs., Miss I
;
—*•
Lf> UA
owner lord
t
Ms. Nakamura notices tiiat the cookies she left on a desk are missing.
L Jt < W ^ 7 > n ^ | ^ - p
,;;
T / t
—
-.p.31 T j - l t ^ "
^ yl/X i ê^y^:
o
(bursts into laughter) ^ ^IX'^
T-r s
L .
^ v ^ x ^ ^ f z / C T i - f } \
.,p, 33
T-to ^ ^ T \
i-iriöfz(Dlz^
^
f z L T - t n .
Ur:\^tL\
I
UI
H
) I
Nakamura: Do you know [anything about] the cookies that were on this desk? Martin:
Cookies?
Nakamura: Yes, they're samples of cookies for pets. Someone from the pet food development department gave them to me yesterday. I'm sure I put them here . . . Suzuki:
Um, were those cookies for pets?
Martin:
Did you eat them, Mr. Suzuki?
Suzuki:
Yes. I thought they were souvenirs from someone. I wonder if I'm going to be all
Nakamura: Mills: Suzuki: Mills:
right. They're supposed to be low in calories and very good for you. How did they taste? {bursts into laughter) Did you know about this, Mr. Mills? You were munching away like you were enjoying them so much, it was difficult for me
Suzuki:
to tell you. So that's why you didn't eat any even though I offered you some. How mean I
VOCABULARY
L i
.;;
pet-food development department
b L V ^ fe V ^ L
supposedly apparently (see p. 32) 9 |C
as if finding something delicious
' food product •f:9 <
(tt')
look, seem (see p. 33)
give (to me)
(R2)
difficult (to do)
li-f
oughtto, should (see p. 31) that's w h y . . . low in calories
-t-fiÖ^
TV.
low in
(R2)
offer, urge even though (see p. 35)
calorie how meanl
lev
good for you [lit., "good for the body"]
<
(emotive particle; see Note 6 below)
good for -
;v NV N
1.
'tc
Kfz
( Kfz,
the -ta form (plain, past, affirmative form) of the verb (
here means "gave to me."
i K6
is used when the recipient is the speaker, in which case ^UK
can be omitted. For more
on verbs for giving, see the Usage Note on p. 29.
2.
Z(D-^ < ^/^(Oy-y ^Z(D and^
refers to a desk there in the office, near Ms.
Nakamura. ^ CO ^ -y + — refers to the cookies that Ms. Nakamura is looking for. By saying ^
/c'v N l : J; 9
S^i^ti^
You use T^^-tC^, a combination of the question marker
and the emotive particle tC, at the end
of a question you are asking aloud to yourself. You can lengthen the tC to tC h for emphasis, -h^ 27
tt' ^ connotes wonder, doubt, or hesitation. It usually does not appear together with Women sometimes use the equivalent expression
desu/masu.
L b.
Could this book be interesting, I wonder.
Should I buy it?
Should I or shouldn't I?
The
-masu stem
of a verb + |C <
\, N
(hereafter |C < V N) means "difficult to do." For the opposite
meaning, "easy to do," use-masu stem + - ^ t v \ In the dialogue, Mr. Mills uses |C < V N to express his reluctance to tell Mr. Suzuki the cookies were for pets, given how much he was enjoying them. In addition to such difficulties arising from internal abilities or inclinations, IC <
\ "^/K"^^
^ may
also be used to state your evaluations ofthe external qualities or attributes of things around you. IC < V N / - V ' - f ^ ^ conjugate like -/adjectives.
UL
««
J:
This book has large print and is easy to read.
On snowy days, the roads are slippery [lit., "easy to slip"] and difficult to walk on.
Printers nowadays do not break down easily.
means "that's why." Mr. Suzuki uses it with ^ T t f l to think back on yesterday's events and to indicate that what he found puzzling then has just now been cleared up.
tc here is a sentence-final emotive particle. You use it to comment mainly to yourself about your own feelings or opinions. It is the same particle as the one that appeared in Note 3 above, except that here it follows a declarative sentence, not a question. By using tC, Mr. Suzuki conveys his feelings of protest against Mr. Mills for failing to tell him about the cookies. tC usually comes after plain forms.
/ USAGE NOTE \ Verbs for Giving In Japanese, different verbs are used to express the action of giving depending on who the receiver is. GIVER RECEIVER
/ O
O
(to person of higher status)
O
- O \ O
(to person of equal status)
-O
(from person of equal/lower status to speaker)
\
(to person of lower status, animals/plants)
(from person of higher status to speaker)
O
The basic meaning of the verb h I f i s "to raise." Raising one's hands outward is the typical motion by which one gives something to someone, hence the use of h (f •2) as an expression for giving. When giving something to someone of higher status, the verb ^ L
I f -?> (the
humble equivalent of h I f •I); see also p. 181), meaning to hold something up high, is used. As part of Japanese culture, however, people will generally avoid referring openly to giving things to those of higher status. As for ^
-S), the traditional verb for giving something to someone of lower status or to
animals or plants, many people today, especially women, tend to favor using ^ If -?>, owing perhaps to the condescending nuance of ^ -5) . Thus, today h\ih ^
is increasingly replacing
in expressions that should properly use the latter, e.g., ^ I C ; l ^ ^- ^ 'j i "f, "I will
feed [lit., 'give food to'] the dog," flowers," or < m
^ 9
^
^iH water [lit., 'give water to'] the
^ |c;f:^ ^ 'J i -f "I will give my younger brother the book."
h (see also p. 181), historically meaning to bestow to someone of lower status, is the
honorific expression for
{Ki>.
29
/ U S A G E NOTE \ Demonstratives Japanese demonstratives include tlie following: ZK Z(D Zt>h
hK
refer to objects
^(D
h
modify animate and inanimate objects
^Z
h ^ z
refer to places
^ ^ b
^ ^ b
refer to directions, inanimate objects, people, and places (polite use)
Ih-ot,
Z-oiy
casual forms of C ^) b ,
^) b , and ^
b
refer to attributes
- 1
^1
hh
refer to situations
To summarize some basic points regarding the demonstratives taken up so far: 1. When the speaker and listener are conversing at some distance from each other, C -demonstratives are used to specify objects near the speaker,
-demonstratives to specify those
near the listener, and ^)-demonstratives to specify those close to neither (Book I, p. 20). 2. When referring to things that are not actually there but only came up in the conversation, speakers generally use
-demonstratives to specify things that the other person brought up
earlier in the discussion (Book I [Kana Version], p. 232; [Romanized Version] p. 233). 3. Again in discourse,
-demonstratives may be used to specify something either the speaker
or listener brought up that the speaker expects both of them to already be familiar with (Book III, p. 27).
30
I G R A M M A R & PATTERN P R A C T I C E I' II
Expressing Certainty
l i t is used after an assertion that you have grounds to believe should be true. Though it is never used without an accompanying modifier, l ± - f is a noun. Thus, words before it take plain forms in the noun-modifying pattern (see front endpapers) just as other noun modifiers do. 1 . IVIaking assertions based on reason I i - f is used to make an assertion about something you believe should be true based on logic or reason.
Isd^lfzi
livNt/XTlc^j-^^fc
< 'j t L / c T j ^ b .
^ \ZY)C{ l ± - f T - T o * i Ï i:»Ï
I sent the package by courier service yesterday, so it should arrive sometime today.
I practiced for my speech over and over, so I should be able to do it well. 2 . Expressing feelings of suspicion upon encountering circumstances different from what you believe should be true l ± - f can also be used in cases where you find a situation to be different from how you expected it to be. In such cases, l i t connotes feelings of suspicion.
X-
^ X
s
I hear voices, although everyone has left and there should be no one in the room.
^(nn.
U i ; L J: (75i ^"^F*1*^T'Jf o / ' c i i t ' i X T - t ' ^ ^
i t ^ * / - c tfw^
vN/cAT-to I was sure I closed the office windows before I went home yesterday, but when I came in this morning, they were open.
Read the following dialogues while paying attention to the uses of l ± - f . 0
:
fc(ï;lTvN^I±-f
4
£St •
7 i ^^ II' L J;
T-fo H ^ .
m M T i § L i L/c^^ bo T•^
h
\i*i
I f L j ; 5 ^ ^ " ^ ' i ^ b t t ' V N < ; ) ^ ^ è LJK^-^±^^tao
good at, skilled place
B
^ Expressing Beliefs or Expectations Based on Information Gained Elsewhere U(D
hM
y ^ - l i )
iÈ,^?^^)
- T \
YX
ii^\Z\^K^h
L v ^ T - f J;„
h L V N is used to state something that you guess or suppose to be true based on other information, but oftentimes with the intimation that you either do not wish to be held accountable for or have no significant interest in what you are passing on. tern (see front endpapers), b L
L v ^ comes after plain forms in the T L J: 9 pat-
^ itself conjugates lil
in negative forms when used in the sense discussed here. i-uLï- Zh f Ih The new product that company is putting out is supposed to be fantastic.
Mr. Mills is supposed to have been a popular hockey player while he was a student. A second function of t L V N is to follow nouns to mean "characteristically like" or "typically like" that noun. Compare this usage with that of J; 7 :
Z tl
V
This summer it is not very hot, but today is a typically hot summer-like day.
i<-o i i i Although it's still April, today it is as hot as summer.
u
The former talks about a hot summer day being the way it should be, while the latter describes a hot day that feels like summer even though it is not.
< ^L"
a hole opens up hole popular
32
I ; Acf
popularity
hockey
Read the following dialogue while paying attention to the uses oi ^ 1, b L ^ \ and o T .
L
K-tlt
'i-ii-fi.
L
*
L f ^ J : ?
L
XZ-fxhfih
9 o T
*
ItA
T
L
O
Expressing Impressions (2)
i i \ ^ l ^ 1 \z^
-t^Hc < Tj^oT^cATto
tz
V'
^ 9 is used to express what the state of a person or object you are observing seems or feels like to you. Typically ^ 9 statements concern immediate impressions or feelings, not reasoned or thoughtout assessments. Whether what is said is actually true is of no concern. Elements before ^ 9 take the following forms: verbs:
(fl^/^^O
-i adjectives: -na adjectives:
fc
-l-'^) ^ 1
V ^ (_ v N -^X^'J
fc'
("^")
L
(-masu stem) 9
-••'^/C'J'^9
(plain form minus the -/ ending) (plain form minus the-na/da ending)
Since -i 9 expresses a state, it cannot appear with nouns. Be sure not to confuse this use oi ^ 1 with that introduced earlier for indicating hearsay (p. 12).
These cookies look delicious, don't they?
This shirt seems like it would look good on Mr. Mills, doesn't it? 9 itself conjugates like a -na adjective. fcv
N
L - t 9 tt^ ^ -y
^ t b V
N
J L Tco
I received some delicious-looking cookies.
'"•'M
L L ^ ^ J; 9 U--by°->g>
i:' T
branch president reception
L /; LX'-f-h^ is something the matter?
V^ o
address, speech
o/cX4(R2)
inform, tell
i-f i k Mr. Suzuki seemed to be enjoying the cookies that he was eating, [lit., "Mr. Suzuki was eating the cookies as if they were delicious."] When followed by
9 , the adjective \ n N and the negative
N become
1 and
^ -t
9 , respectively.
z(DUxvyy.
Xi^iri-n.
z z i z t t i
xi,
This restaurant looks good, doesn't it? Let's go here.
This kimchi doesn't look very hot, does it?
Z(DJ^\Z\iil^\si,(D-Ö^-*-£^^lT-fo This store doesn't look like it has anything inexpensive. In addition to using ti.' ^ ^ 9, negative ^ 9 statements may also be formed by negating the whole sentence.
3
i 'j \m^
9 T l ± ' j i -drAo
This bag doesn't look very easy to use.
Z(Di±^\ttJ-rii^L
< T.
\z\ir^^i\z/i,h^)t^L.
This job is so difficult, I don't think I can do it. The verbs appearing in the examples above have so far all either been potential verbs or verbs that express states. When the -masu stem of a verb besides these combines with ^ 9 , then the pattern expresses the idea that something looks likely to occur at any moment or is indeed just about to do so. m^-l^
'J ^ 9 T t o
It looks like it's going to rain.
The books on the shelf look like they're going to fall. Finally, ^ 9 may be used to state what is likely to happen based on what you have seen or heard of a situation or state.
It is very cold this winter, so it seems like it'll snow a lot.
Z
^ \Z^h
'j ^ 9 T - f o
L zlt it.! ton a I'll probably finish this work today, [lit., "This job is likely to get finished sometime today."]
+ /c^j.34
kimchi : shelf
Complete the sentences by connecting the words in parentheses to ^ 9 ,
7 tt", or ^ 9 k , as
appropriate. 1)
A : tT$^j.>UX
h^yT-r^o
B :
T-rx.
2)
ZZ(cLiLJ:7o
ti^'\:x iS^rirt\
D V D T t ^ c
(fcèL^o)
3) ^Jl^'UL^/HzX-^X^'i-tX. 4)
C(7)o-7°l±
(i^^O
T-rUo ($^,^!«nNVN) ^ ; l i L ; ^ c ^ ^
t
C ^ a r
L i v N j
L/co
( i : J: iS^tc) 5) Tj^-drT^ -f > F Jl
Tto
t y: t m^^X <
I>
^v
L
1 Expressing Ideas that Run Contrary to Expectation (1)
Earlier in Book II (p. 152), we introduced
^m^yyyx-ö-h^h
{ T K ^ ^ ^ ' j i L/co
My parents are coming over from France, so I took a holiday.
^m^yyyx-/)-h^h
\^^i)
< T'H^Jói-lf Ao
My parents are coming over from France, but I'm so busy I can't take time off.
i^^-fx
Y:'zizi>ni-fi^L.
I have some time off, but I won't be able to go anywhere. ^ A L t j - 7 L^x^^o/-cc7)|c.
ii
I did well even though I didn't practice.
'^'^ *è^!>n*vv D — 7°
monkey feelgood rope
iK6
break, snap (of things that are elongated and pliant, such as string)
(R2)
C J; T . i - (^iO
sturdy, strong
^^yh'll'
candle
O Complete the sentences using
'J J : 7 ' J ^ ^ Y c < ^ A
n i > - k < ^ K i ^ / L r i f z o tl' iz
2)
/ M x - y h ^
3 )
Clxt
^-ti-^/vNAT-fo ( L T v N i - f ) -tfX-tfXorJ^oT^i-tfAo
4)
U
fz
! ^^iri±^^
L tci-fKlitc
5) / U - > ^ A i ± H : ^ l & 7 j ^ :
6) L-f^^^X 7) ^-^^^^
(IvNiL/c)
'j i -ttAo (H B Ï H T - f ) -tfX-tfXoTj^^h^XVNAT.-fo
MtYXtih^^'T-to ^m^n<
(HiTlfz)
/ i r i r f ) \ (^^^T-f)
0 Read the following dialogue while paying attention to the uses of <7) IC. Just past 5:00 p.m., at the office:
l^-^K :
(±^'--o (sighs)
^ ;l/X" : ^ " 7 ' ^ X T ^ C A T ' T ' J ^
m,^:
^
t)-
2 ^ F j t j • ^ x ^ ' f z < D \ z ^ ^tct)^o/cAT-ro
xy()'^tctj''^fzLriro
f^stmi|^L
i : ^ < a^xvNATto ^ ;l.X' : mf)^h-ofz
L/Ki-drActo t C T ^ ^ ° - h iz^-o X<^fz 13.11)''
PRACTICE 1 PHRASE
Expressing Things that Puzzle or Trouble You
POWER
Complaining about common troubles:
T
There's no hot water.
The lights won't come on.
h4
^<7)7JC^
The toilet won't flush.
The lid won't open.
I can't find my ticket even though I'm sure I put it in my pocket.
This electronic dictionary still doesn't work [lit., "I still can't use this electronic dictionary"], even though I changed the batteries
(R2) X'L ^ !^ U
flow, flush battery
X.
(R2)
change, replace 37
I. Mr. Kato is looking for a box.
ti
^izt)'t:K^LTi-o
tm
zziziiK^f-u-ftcLTirt)'.
tiM\
p ti
Kato:
This is strange.
Nakamura: What's wrong? Kato:
My box is missing. I'm sure I put it here. Did anyone see the box that was here?
II. Mr. Suzuki is standing in front of the door, muttering. •t-r s
9-hH^^^\: lTl^-^s:\^LT^. :
i.1
X"t
^\zKK^£{X.
Zt-^X^^fzLX'-f
(opens the lock with her own card)
o
<7? |± /E'v ^ U J: 9
Suzuki: Huh? What's wrong with this? Nakamura: Is something the matter? Suzuki: Oh, Ms. Nakamura, you came at just the right time. The lock won't open, even though I've been holding my card key over it. I was at a loss because I couldn't get in. Nakamura: Oh? That's strange, (opens the lock with her own card) Mine is all right. The problem seems to be with your card key. III. The Katos are having dinner at a sushi restaurant.
f: ii tu^-
( # )
: Taro: Mrs. Kato: waiter:
:
(looking at Taro's sushi) h.
tiLhMh^t^Lo
^ ' ^ ' i ^
r>X 6o
(to the waiter)
-f U
t^Lo
KY^)-h^^t'fo
Oh, hot! (looking at Taro's sushi) Oh, there's wasabi in this, (fo the waiter) Excuse me, I believe I requested that wasabi not be included in one of our orders, I'm very sorry. I'll change it right away.
jJ^-J'i"
hold (something over something)
,, . , w^Ni^JtT'è -5 7
lock , release, open Taro (male name)
order (of food) for one person t 1 Lhii^')
t-\±L
I'm sorry I apologize [lit., "I have no excuse"]
Gelling Sonie'iliiiig Ciccired Up in Your Mind, Mailing Excubos
SPEAKING PRACTICE
I. Mr. Mills and Ms. Nakamura are talking about Mr. Suzuki.
^ f - ^ A ^ : : 7 > - + ^ - M c ^ ^ f c 9 ^ , ^ > o T . ^^'^^ IC. ^
y h iM-o fz
lrP'ot>Xl\Zti:r>TlÈ',fzLti^lTiro
htzl.
Mills:
Mr. Suzuki has been down recently, hasn't he? Do you suppose anything has happened?
Nakamura: From what I hear, he bought expensive tickets to a concert, thinking to invite Aiko to it, but ended up having to go on a business trip that day. Mills: So that's" why he gave me those tickets. II. Mr. Mills and Ms. Nakamura revisit the topic of Mr. Suzuki.
l)VX:
W ^ o / b A T L J: f o i i t i l ZLiïLikMz^^^T.
F^1uTAJ;9o
Mills: Mr. Suzuki has become his usual spirited self again, hasn't he? Nakamura: Yes. It seems something good happened to him on his business trip. Mills: I wonder what could have happened. I know! I'll invite him to go out for a drink with me tonight, and I'll ask him. III. Mr. Mills is looking for something.
Y:i^^LtzLTiri)\ •t-r i
DIX:
ity^^^ Li}-hh-f-6^'^tzX^^z:
+ lc
O
Suzuki:
Is something the matter?
Mills:
The English manuscript that I got from Ms. Sasaki is missing. And I have to check it by today. I'm really in a fix! Nakamura: Oh? You hadn't checked it yet? I thought it had been done, so I handed it to Ms. Sasaki just a while ago. L <^ -3 h I 1 \Z-t£ Zl ^
t (0 Jt 7 lc
Ltjio^iT-J^ ~ •$ S
have a business trip coming up
'iltz\
I know!
as usual, like always
Invite (someone) to go out for a drink
destination of a business trip
I f Xy C 1
manuscript
destination, receiving end
f • ^ L ' t ' i ' ^ ^ have to
(seep. 216)
^ A C T ! CE
3
Describing Appearances and Impressions
PHRASE POWER
^^6^1
T-fo It looks like it'll be fun.
It looks heavy.
It looks light.
L*^-ti:^9Tto They look happy.
i.A/-cV^^<*,'J^9Tto They look like they're having problems.
RestftMCunt Resta u mnt I ffl ffl ffl ID m m
It looks like it'll be scary.
This restaurant looks better [than that one].
fcVNL^9
I
It looks delicious!
ilLY
1 lCfcvsL^9^j.-y-
+
Tt^o
It really is a delicious-looking cake, isn't it?
1
I
Delicious! ||*^5A.
( i A ^ 9 lCfcvNL^9
icti:<^tt^c
You really look like you're enjoying what you're drinking, Mr. Suzuki.
Li,b^(f£) C o t, CO 7 i ^N
happy, blissful this one (colloquial form of C comparison)
<7); points to one of two things singled out for
: delicious (more colloquial than fcv ^ L
used primarily by men)
Everyone is wall
Everyone is walking along looking as if they're enjoying themselves.
fc^^9
Tto (The candle) looks like it's going
He looks like he's going to fall.
to go out.
(The tree) looks like it's going
(The branch) looks like it's
to fall over.
going to snap.
$tL^9Tto
< -fK^ 1 T t o
(The rope) looks like it's going
(The stack of papers) looks
to snap.
14
like it's going to fall over.
(m^^)
Tto
(The sake) looks like it's going (The button) looks like it's
to spill over.
3—C
going to come off. //
tztiiflh
(Kl)
X fi Üili>
(R2)
/ m.
X'j -t? T t o
m
(The ball) looks like it's going
(The flowers) look like they're
to go in.
going to bloom.
r-t.
fall apart, crumble
fall down, collapse
< -fJtli,
branch break, snap (of thinqs that are elongated and hard, such as branches or bones)
>^Ki> (R2)
come off, become detached
ZlïKi,
spill
i <
(R2)
i
(R2)
bloom, flower
41
r
SPEAKING PRACTICE
I. Ms. Nakamura is carrying a heavy-looking load of papers.
Mills: Those look heavy. Let me help you. Nakamura: Thank you, would you please? Nakamura: Thank you, Mr. Mills. It was a big help. Mills: Not at all.
II. Ms. Nakamura and Ms. Martin are trying to pick out a birthday present for Ms. Chandra.
'fM:
Z
-7)19
y
: Nakamura: Martin: Nakamura:
l—L
42 -1
:
i i x - ^ Y t i ^ l z < ^ 9
(tries tiolding it) 1 -
i, $ t L V N / - c L .
-tx^tiY
T-r^o
L ^MC i , ^ |C < V N T t
How about this coffee cup? I think it's lovely, and with pretty colors, too. The design looks like something that Shika would like. Yes, but it looks a little hard to hold, doesn't it? (tries holding It) Hmm, it certainly is awkward.
hmm, let';
III. Mr. Kato encounters a neighbor while out walking.
ti
z tl
Kato: neighbor: Kato:
li
It's gotten warm, hasn't it? Yes. The cherry blossoms in the park in 3-chome look like they're about to bloom. Then cherry-viewing might be early this year, mightn't it?
IV. Later, Mr. Kato converses with the same neighbor about the outlook for a cherry-viewing party scheduled for that evening.
i- ti
i m
iii
:
li* *
^ i T - r n o
*»
^9 L i
L Jt 9o
ti
Kato:
Today is our day to go cherry-viewing, but it's raining, isn't it.
neighbor:
You're right. And it looks like it'll be cold, too.
Kato:
The rain seems unlikely to stop,
neighbor:
Shall we postpone it?
Kato:
Yes, let's.
•^t)
stop (of rain)
xLi-fi)
postpone
KANJI PRACTICE L
L
-
t, ML
know
\\ 'fe OD
o
n u
n i < VL
article goods
a n —>
i
Fl
E
open
L
close
A
dog
rr f! r r
1—
1
~T-
.
r7 .
•
i^fz:tttX
< ^ ^ M - t J t o
f M # ^ l % T I ± .
t ^ # ^ A F B l ^ | 5 ] i : i t A ^ ^ ^
- p . 51
According to a 2006 survey, approximately 33 percent of households across Japan keep pets. More and more people are regarding pets as members of the family, resulting in new/ pet-related businesses coming into existence. The number of apartments and condominiums where people can live with pets is increasing. Cafes and spas intended exclusively for dogs [and their owners] have been opened. Specialty stores selling pet goods have also opened, and one often comes across dogs wearing fashionable costumes. At veterinary clinics, it has become possible for animals to receive the same exams and medical treatment that people do. There is even pet insurance. In Japan, where the number of children is decreasing, more and more people are spending money on pets. All kinds of pet businesses are likely to go on thriving in the future.
VOCABULARY
^ J: 7 ^
survey, investigation
veterinary dinic
across the country, nationvi/ide
human
due to, as a result of (see p. 49)
(medical) exam
relating to
medical treatment
goods
become able to, become possible for (see p. 50)
specialty store insurance specialty, specialization
{-fx)
thriving
store selling continue to (see p. 51)
come across, (happen to) see
0
T V ^ i L /cc C (7) x t° V -
IC tl.- 'J, 3 (Dm^r
mtzo
, go on -
-ing
K 7j<
^
l ± t f ^'ê-'b-tircT^m^ L T M T t c 1
*
If L i
Hi7rt\i
Fronn time immemorial, dogs have been man's best friend. The photograph to the right is ofthe statue of Hachiko, which stands in front of Shibuya Station in Tokyo. This dog, Hachiko, used to wait at Shibuya Station every day for his master's return [from work]. Even after his master passed away, he continued to wait for him at the same place. This story became famous, and this statue was built. Now the statue is well known as a meeting place.
VOCABULARY
good (same as
^; used often in writing)
^Y\^l
called
partner statue of Hachiko
die, pass away
xt°V-
Hachiko (name of a famous dog)
1^
statue of
, named •
F
episode, story appointment, arrangement to meet
~
^ L T
as
, in the capacity of 47
1.
# F m t T $ / M l c / x i J Often in written Japanese, the verb of a clause stating a reason or cause will end in the
-masu stem
instead of being put in the conjunctive -fe form.
2.
mt^fz^ ^K'èM'fz^
is equivalent to | j | ^ ' # T V •?>^. For a verb whose past form expresses ongoing
effect, both forms may be used interchangeably. un
ut
a person wearing glasses
3 (75 / \ ^ - ^ and 3 (Dj^ both refer to the photograph that is actually there on the page. C
is Shibuya Station, mentioned in an earlier sentence.
> ^ f - 1 Ï ^ ^ v ^ 9 +noun C7 ^ ^ V ^7 informs readers that the dog in the photograph is named Hachiko. The pattern S.7
"proper name + ^ ^ 7 -i- common noun" functions to introduce the name of a person, place, or thing that you believe your listener does not know, or that you yourself are not entirely familiar with. ^ V ^ 7 is a combination ofthe quotation particle Y. and ^ 7, "to say," here meaning "to be called." ^ 7 when used with this sense is typically written in hiragana instead of in kanji ("t" 7 ). ^ V 7 may also be used in the form ~ ^
V i - f to introduce yourself to someone you
do not know, e.g., A B C 7 —X"CO ^ yl/X" ^ ^ H ^ i - f , "I am Mills from ABC Foods." In addition to when giving names,
i
may also be used in the pattern "clause + ^ V ^ 7 +
common noun" to provide details on the content of that noun. / N f - ^ / M i ^ H N ^ ^ - f - 0 ^ # o T o / c ^ v ^ 7 J ^ t ° V - Yb
^ i , o TV ^ i
i t o
to
I have a dream of becoming a ballerina.
5.
^i^-t,^h-^
t
Y. LX
LX
li Lt
indicates a role or capacity.
^ JlXi/LU0f[
L^^v°o/:c9 iitzt,
\(n&-y\L
LTA^:^^±ic*i tii
ii
L Lv
Mr. Mills came to the Tokyo branch office as the chief of the new project.
48
i
Ltz.
G R A H H A R
8-
PAï'TERN
PRACTICE
Expressing C a u s e s of or Reasons for Situations or O u t c o m e s
Mvt^^xittKtLfz. •j
tz *^ indicates a cause or reason. Tlie cause or reason is stated before tz
the effect(s) or conse-
quence(s) after it. Though it cannot stand alone in a sentence, unmodified by another word, 7c *!) is a noun and so follows plain forms in the noun-modifying pattern (see front endpapers). When it is necessary to emphasize the reason, the particle |C is used with /c*b,e.g., 7c 461-. A further use o f / c
The autograph session was canceled due to the author's sudden illness.
{sign on a wall) i - ^ ^ (Dtziö.
Z (D c^i^ilYi^Kt
^
Ut»-)
Zn
This road is blociced because it is under construction. -tf V ^ T is similarly used to express a cause or reason. It underlines the feeling that the consequences of something were negative and the person or thing that brought them about blameworthy. t'^^Vc < ^ ^ > ^ ' ^ / • c - ^ f v ^ T \
€#^^~^ioT,
i*S
T A L f
milZflilt^LTLtzo v^
')tzn
All because it snowed a lot, the trains stopped and 1 couldn't go on my trip. fc^Mf
T , another related expression, indicates positive results. Both -tf
T and fcTjMf T follow
the noun-modifying pattern, just like 7c*!).
^mtm'tzi z
tl
^ ^ > ^ - ^ / c f c ^ M f T ^ ^{7.^-t}ht
i*S
itzo
ti-<<
Thanks to it snowing a lot this year, 1 was able to enjoy skiing for a long time. ^ 7 ^ X " ^ ^ < 7 ) f c 7 J M ƒ T \ i±mHiK^
< ^ h ^ } i
L/co
Thanks to Mr. Mills, the job got done quickly. Read the dialogue while paying attention to the usage of 7c46|C,
A : \i\^tz^^-/)\l^^ 1 ^tt:%f^t
1 Ltztziölz^ Ltzo
B : {ILYiX-tn.
t^m^ ^ir
h KL
< -Ö^h 6
%t),n -h-x-lf
iL^'^jX-To
$*9t/J:T J. , . ,, ^^y-\lll
sudden illness „ . cancellation
~(7)-l+^vT
ZnLi^Hsl
under construction construction
Z i t
tzY\^
\'^'or%i±^(Dmf^'ht}-h
l±ltv^7^cV^<7)-tfv^T\ htzl
and - t f v ^ T .
9 4 il-^H'^-^^^-^Ltj^h-o
\i\^tz\'(Dii-/)^\iX\
/ \ : ^ l X i - t \
X\
^\^t}^-o7.
fc/^/^lfT,
allbecauseof , through the fault of -
i L
~®fc7)MfT'
thanksto
iiLLL
,l-*!n>n-fi
become widespread
9 ^ 5' IJ T - r
•i )V
style article ('i') reassuring, safe be sick (of), be fed up
II'; Describing C h a n g e (1): C h a n g e s C o m i n g into Effect
The pattern "plain form of a present-affirmative potential verb + X
1 iztch" expresses the idea
that something that was not possible before has now become so.
1 m.mruh
^'^xm%i^
hXi\z-i-x^)tLtz.
In one week I became able to read hiragana. The verb ht^h
appears in the dictionary form before J; 1 l^-^X h for the reason that it in itself
already denotes potentiality. t ^ L H ^ L ^
X
1 I t z h . J^t,^MK
ic^x'j t
y-fi^h-h^hXi
L/co
Once I studied kanji, I became able to understand the signs on the roads and at railway stations. When an ordinary verb ih the dictionary form comes before J; 9 1C
.5, then the pattern expresses
a change in habit or manner of doing something.
Since I got my job, I have gotten into the habit of reading financial newspapers every day. ^ ^ < 7 ) Zy^^
X I
TV N°V
Z2yt-^-b-lXl\Z+£^)tLfzo
Elementary schools have started using computers in their classes. For both uses, negative statements are formed with the -nal stem of the verb + tt' •( tt'
.
I grew fat and became unable to run as quickly as I used to.
ftii, i^-iL
- f - n t ij^h X U >i\Xh^If z
<
'J i L /co
^t
Recently children have begun to not play outside very much. Use =t 9 I- and the proper form of the words in parentheses to complete each sentence describing a change in state. n Changes in ability:
1)
tt-'JiL/co
^i-oYiii^.
('fe-
2) 3r)^j^fBg#B l j - ^ e U ^ L / c b 3)
^ : B ^ L ^
X I
^ Ay
l : [XL r
sign, signboard get fat, gain weight (sticky fermented soybeans)
^^£•z>'>Ll
natto
' J ' ^ tl lj
rehabilitation
(*>^ltit) i L/bo ( 1 ^ 4 6 i - f )
Vfz
tv-lct
.ï> Y. h
+£^)tLfz.
ILX.L
I
4) y
tt' 'j i L fzo ( f c <
5) ^^sl-.Y^XliX.%\zK'oX\^hy.ti-V-h\
Kt^L)
^x'JiL/co
(l±
Changes in habits and ways of doing things, lifestyles, and trends: 1) m L l i i f - J i y y y Y Y .
^^'jiL/co
2) * i i < 7 ) H : ^ A I ± L J; ^'^^•oic. 3) / - ; b 7 ^ < > ^ $
9 LT.
(it^'J^^
L i t )
^x'JiL;'co
A/LtchÈ
iMt^L)
^) X^'^t
^xUiL/co
Describing Change (2): Continuous C h a n g e s
zM-hi\^6^'6is:
h ^iy^^x^'^^-Llz^x-oX^^
< Tlx
lo
-5) was introduced as an expression for indicating a process of change.
Ap^b^l^^X^t
L/-CO
The population has increased. The population has decreased.
The -te form of a verb that expresses change + ( i
indicates a change going on continuously from
the past to the present. The -te form of the same type of verb + V ^ < , by contrast, indicates a change starting from some point that continues on into the future. ZM-hUAx^^'^-oX^'
< T L J: 9 o
From now on the population will probably go on decreasing.
I M v ^ ^ ^ ^ < 7 ? ^ | J J l i f l ± ^ x ^ ' X < 7 ) ^ / " T v ^ < T L i 9o Lh
1
A
Sales of the new product are likely to go on growing and growing.
Use ~ T V " ( with the verbs in parentheses to complete each sentence describing a process of change.
1)
hV 3 t - y / ^ t ' S A I i i - r i t
TLJ;9O
G^^X^)
vt
2) t ^ X < 7 ) 7 ^ ^ - f ( l i t i - r
TLJ;9O
3) ^ts(0)i%
^^^;Lai-^+^o i^(7)«-f-|±^X^X
^tY6lz-DKX.
{ ^ ^ )
nLfzL-ö^L^^^-^-ö^
{Xb^^)
ito ito
{-/J^h^)
tl
skirt have a fight rapidly, greatly Internet shopping
t't t't
increasingly, more and more land, property price
progress, proceed YLiYii
become older, age
~iZ-z>iXX
as (some process takes place)
51
PRACTICE 1
Discussing Changes in Your Life
PHRASE POWER
It has become possible to shop 24 hours a day.
(D 2 4 B f F B ^ f c ^ ^ ^ - f c 6 ^ 6 X i \ z - ^ j : ^ ) t l f z o t ifh
PU
It has become possible to withdraw money 24 hours a day. (3) 2 4 0fF^.i^'J
Z^b^r^^Xl
iZ-fx^) t L / c o
It has become possible to make bank transfers 24 hours a day.
It has become possible to eat warm boxed meals at any time.
It has become easier to send packages.
Children have begun to go out shopping late at night.
* Question word +
= any-, v ' ' O T i
means "anytime" (Book II, p. 247), ' f n l T t "any¬
thing." Other similar expressions of the pattern "question word + T f i " include where), tzH-X'i
llj
'lj ^ A
52
(anyone), and ^ ' X t i - ^ T t
(anything at all).
deposit (of money into someone else's bank account), transfer (of money)
T t i (any-
|TL|-;;{.aciii;l
SPEAKING PRACTICE
lr. Kato begins a conversation witli Ms. Nakamura, who has recently moved to a new apartment.
Ti-
ti
x.Xo T t .
| | I ± J ; < 'J J: 7 'J th^^-ofzLX-f-hK
< ^ / o T L i v x i L/co
f\l^L^L\Vh^£
#5r/ye-TK':./b#^-^-
ii-
t «
tz
(±l±l±o Kato:
How is your new condominium, Ms. Nakamura?
Nakamura: I have a big kitchen, so it's very good. There's a convenience store on the first floor. Kato: That must be handy then. Nowadays you can buy anything at a convenience store and do a lot of other things there besides. Nakamura: Yes. But I used to cook a lot and now I don't anymore. Every day I'm just eating things that I bought at the convenience store. Kato: Ha ha ha. II. Ms. Nakamura begins a conversation with Mr. Kato, who owns a dog.
:
^<7?fc/-c <
*ii-i;fe
Pti
%m'-
;tx.o
li-
X\tXti)^'oX\^^^lX^ia. v-ft
ti
^ #
:
t^-='$7j^fc7 ^,^>oTv^^^Tto
<7o Z L T - < y h ^ ^ X - S J;
7 lCt(,-o/c<7)Tc ;^^o^:
^ 7 T t ^ \
tpw^xt
| ^ g l ± v ^ u T - r Jlo
Ltzo
7 ^TI±^^^^-o T ^ X .
| | l ± x ^ ^ ^ ^ l c i f < j ; 7 \z+£^xl
ïv^ï^
i,t
MLZ Nakamura: Kato: Nakamura: Kato:
7 lc t V N O ^ T c V ^ T - t o
I understand that you keep a dog at your house, Mr. Kato. That's right. I'm thinking of getting a cat. Since I've moved, it's become possible for me to keep pets. Is that so? It's good to have animals around. Since we got our dog, our family has started to talk to each other more [lit., "the family's conversation has increased"]. And since I've gotten into the habit of taking it on walks every morning and evening, my life has become more regular. Meals taste more delicious after walks, and all in all it seems to be good for my health, too.
^•yf-y kitchen ^L•^T'^l anything V ^ h Lie various, all kinds (of) (colloquial form of v».z, v ^ .5 '^') ^ i li'/C morning and evening
$
< LI ^ regular, orderly i ^ { rule, regulation tztzL^^ correct, orderly 53
P R A . d
iC^'!
2
Talking about Trends and Common Sights
PHRASE POWER I. Common sights in Japan Out on the town:
There are all kinds of vending machines.
You often come across dogs wearing fashionable costumes and dresses.
VtiWh
<4i
Vfi')
There are quite a number of cars with left-side steering wheels, even though traffic is to the left.
Inside trains:
ut feiThere are lots of people sleeping.
J: ^ You often come across businessmen reading manga. fe/.'/ ut h You often come across young women putting on makeup.
Xi
,
Z PL
ff
Late at night you often come across drunken businessmen.
UI±A$
vending machine !/• 7 ; ' j ' ^ y HVl' left-side steering wheel
l-'UX
dress
X>fz'')-h^h'^l
to-left traffic
t Li)'-
traffic, passage
-f" 7 'J —
o 9 C -)
^^yH';^ V
J:-olft^
getdrunk
handle, steering wheel
'Jr —A V 7 h game software
manga, comic book
MK'h
businessman
become popular
II. Talking about trends:
Game software that grownups can also enjoy is popular.
The Beatles were popular in the 60s.
SPEAKING PRACTICE
I. Ms. Chandra and Mr. Suzuki remark on vending machines. IC (iA
lit vt
0 ^ :
tA'
i-f i
i.lilio T t .
at
ti
i)>
vt
^clfc^^lt<75L(iA$l±v^t^j.'v^^,^aNito
i-^y
Yy
^ 9 T - r I t M ^ ' J T V ^V N ^
^ i -f It
i-^y Chandra:
Yy
In Japan there are all kinds of vending machines, aren't there? The other day I was surprised when I saw a vending machine selling flower bouquets. I wonder what sort of person would buy from such a thing.
Suzuki:
Maybe someone who remembered in the middle of the night that it was his wedding anniversary?
Chandra:
Ha ha. But I think that vending machines for cigarettes and alcohol are unnecessary. Do you think so? I think they're good, since they're convenient. It's not good that even children are able to buy from them.
Suzuki: Chandra:
Ms. Nakamura and Mr. Suzuki remark on a dog they see wearing a yukata.
i-i- i
^^;bV^V^T-r^\ ^iZiiiÖK^h
<
6 9^
V N i - f It ^'"o at
i7tfTtmtffz^i^t)^\-ft-t^^ ft Nakamura: Look, how cute! That dog's wearing a yukata! Suzuki: Is it cute? I think it must be annoying for the dog. Nakamura: Not at all! I think the dog is glad [to be wearing it]. Do you come across dogs wearing clothes in Canada, too, Mr. Mills? Mills: You don't come across it very often.
6 0^^l^/cV ^ the(19)60s fe^/^^fc'-f flLfz^'' (a certain) era, (a certain) \ \ ^ decade It^' t*—h^l/X the Beatles
Z(Di}\^tz
the other day
remember pged (used after an opinion or assertion to make it sound less forceful)
>^'-^h { {-tc)
annoying,
tL-^iZt-i-iK^
that's not so
inconvenient
r
Jii'.i,
PRACTICE 3
Referring to Graphs
PHRASE POWER
h ^ p ^ n F f f l M [
A B Cy-X
h izMi-6
® m^k/y^H
$
m
10 0 0 A
4fè*J M ^
Al± 6 4 . 5 % T-fo
64.5% of the people [questioned] like animals.
^ X bT•t^J.^^3.9% ® m^^^H
$ T t $ bV NT t
^XV
N
Al± 3 . 9 %
Tto Those who neither like nor dislike animals are 3.9%>. 3 1.6%
t J ®
6 4.5%
h ^^^-^TvN^AI±^#<7),i5^3t'jTto vt
VLtz\-
'C<
bl)
Those who keep pets are roughly 30% of the whole.
3 3.2%
6 6.8%
1
t,
Lt
® 2 0 0 3^iT(7)^/'Tv^i
i/zo
UL
[Sales] had been growing until 2003.
© Z C t 9 ^ f c X T $ TvNito UL
For several years now [sales] have been dropping.
r7>7>'j
® 2 0 0 0^-ö-ij'yi-r-^(DïfX^t UL
98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 ^ UA,
L/bo
-fz
Since 2000 [sales] have grown little by little.
®2004^ic
\^yuy\
^tö^iL/co
UL
In 2004 [sales] surpassed those of "Wan-Wan."
®Z-kl-Ö^hij(DtfX\'
i t - p ï } ^
[Sales] will probably continue to grow from now on. ii^L'i^ canned food ^ y j y
subject, respondent neither •f $ T t $ -t+X/bi* 56
'j
^T'ttL'V
^ neither like nor dislike the whole ten percent
Wan-Wan (fictitious canned pet-food product)
lt^C•77>7>
Healthy Wan-Wan
ZZ-ti^L
these past few years
i-dUL
numberof years surpass, exceed
SPEAKING PRACTICE
I. Mr. Inuyama is referring to a graph while giving a presentation at a meeting.
i>tó
t i
vt Inuyama:
Martin:
A
Well then, next I'll explain about this graph. Please direct your attention here. The number of people who keep dogs has been increasing, as you can see. There is a rise especially among people in their forties and fifties. 1 think the pet industry will keep on greatly expanding in the future. This data is interesting, isn't it? You certainly do see a lot of people in Japan who treasure'their pets as if they were their own children.
At the same meeting, Mr. Inuyama discusses the low-calorie cookies for pets that he has just developed while holding up some samples.
: i oTv^-SATto
t m P tn
•t 9 T L J; 9 O T t ^ X , t,
n
« t
Inuyama: I hear that the number of overweight pets is growing recently. Kato: Actually, I've been at a loss because our dog has been getting fatter recently, too. Inuyama: I'm not surprised. That's why I think that sales of low-calorie cookies like these are certain to grow in the future.
/•7 7 zcnX 11:
graph
X-t4^ t
that's why, for this/that reason
like this, in this way from forties to fifties (a certain) generation love, feel great affection for too fat too
57
KANJI P R A C T I C E i r
•^B^l
HL
• t f X .;:
* A * X
whole aU
• i
t 1- • • >•
> -• -• y •
house
ti Kh
garden
r r tribe clan
r r f F PT gate
!• - ' (
i;
\ 1
Vl •)
4
rrr r
n
^1%
tA'j: i\-L sick ill
Y hall, house institute
•
; 1
•
have possess
place scene
If
Li
lf
*i-
..1
0
0
0
0 77
V
59
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate particle.
2)
3) J ^ ^ , ^ ^ ^ (
l±\-
(
)
) o i t T * . ^ $ i i - o -tHT^X.
4) t i c O i - ^ ^ i J ( liEL
m
f:
Lite
)
VN7^^^p-,TvNitvJ\
U
IÏA
5) Z
^ ^ i t o
IC7J<
L
) J; 7 T-to
Choose the most appropriate word from among the alternatives (1-4) given.
1) h^^i=,'C/L^mX^'6
KT^
2. L o ^
2) A : t € 7 f
)
3.$o^
IRTi:
Z-^<*,
2.^HT 3) A : ^f^<-f-
(
4.^-^^
'j i L/bo
3. ^ ^ i c
4
ffiöilfzo
4. ^ ^ I ±
-^'h6
B ; k / c X ^ f 9 ^ < ^ < 7j<*>^AT-f-c A : i:
(
) t^^/HX t .
r \ N o L J: ic
j
^\
tt
1 . Z<7)
2. ^ ( 7 )
3. h
4) A : * i j ± l f l ± ^ > L t X T - f ^ ^
4 . ^""(T)
B : (2AJi 7 T - t ^ o T'C LTJ^IC ( 1./-£X/HX
2. ^ X ^ X
) i ^ ^ ' o T $ Tv N i t ^ o 3. i - r i - r
5) * ^ i T I ± ^ ^ - f ^ ^ ^ x T v ^ i L;^c7^^ ( 1.Z/K^XI±
2.^tL7JX!±
4.-tfX^X )
o T v N < T L J: 7 o
3.3a7JXt
4.^>K^Xt
Change the form of the word given in parentheses to complete the sentence in a way that makes sense.
1) UlKDUTU.
^P-ft(±4^H (
) ^7T-ro
2) f ^ l i i t z
(
)
3)
(
) ^jfj:^-^l±f
7)n7ij-(7)
4) ur:\^
(
J ; 7 T X o
o^c^T-r)
ifh-^X^^i^A.) (f^}'Xi-)
) 01c. ^ ^ i i c ^ f ^ ^ ^ ^ M t ^ f i i i X U i - t f l o (^^-tf'T-r)
(f
t -f)
Choose the most appropriate word or phrase from among the alternatives (1-4) given.
1) 9 9'y-
(
)
i
2) A : # ^ f é ' ? J ^ ' l c ^ v ^ i - t ^ o B :
U^^'^ 7
^.h\itz
( ± / c ^ c 7 ) / b A i : J: 7 HIC
2. t b o / c
3) Sl^^- (
3. < ^ ; ^ c
) A T t o
^.K'-^tz
) h. d i ^ M t i L J: 7 „
^.i•Ktz
2.K'Lf-:
3.^^tz
4) tz-ö^h< \:T3mm^tz')tLtz. 1 . 1^*6 (7) (i-f"
^.^t-otz i ^ T
2.t1)aói^Lv^
3.XnTLivNit
(
)
3.t$i6/-i-t7
Tto 4.t^*6(7)J;9
4.Xa^TLj;7
Fill in the blanks with the correct reading of each kanji.
1) ^^^U£T<'y (
V ^tmmmz->iixn^
)
( (
3) mt.
)
mm^h^)
(
) ( (
) ) (
) (
)
i L/co ^\z
)
itzo
)
4) mz (
(
t
i t o
)
61
I
\
7
mmm\% ®< imam Topics surrounding Iiuman beings and nature are sure to become only more relevant not just in Japan but all over the world. No doubt everyone has their own thoughts and points of view on this topic. Use this unit to gain the necessary vocabulary and skills to thoroughly understand others' opinions as well as to state your own on such environmental issues as food, health, and global warming. Also covered will be ways of conducting and participating in simple interviews and of confirming information as you make your way through a complicated conversation.
IT T O 1 ABC Foods plans to develop a new product for health-conscious consumers that uses ingredients safely grown without pesticides. Ms. Martin is visiting an organic farm to do research.
Arriving at the farm, Ms. Martin calls out to the man sitting inside the office.
: -7119
vylx^y^AT-r^o y
^'ffT-fo
: -^Sliib^-tf^blc^xU
i t .
* i n
^Jiyy
: ^ ± ^ x M M M l A A ^
it.
fz^^-^-o^xz
^tz^^m^^iir,
-p. 69
è Jt 7 ^3f
HI
:
^ 9 T-to ^ m ^ i «^'^^
Tli.
o/b < j ^ ^ ^ j - n ^ T M ^ o T v ^ i - t o
- p . 70
li/•cltlcr^,^^J.^^Li-to
^'9^'o
Out in the fields:
.
'niV. ti
'f'^
T V 'I) ^ ^ ^ V
T ^
'j i t o
- p . 71
3
Z ^ T t o
* i~
(approaches the guide map and points)
-tz
nïK'i -o-h-
LA
-o-h-
-p. 70
r 7 ^ ^ - - t f v ^ ^ ^ T $ ^ J : 9 IC.
t o
9
L T v N i t o
- p . 72
* # - l i « m T - t i : v ^^ ^ T $
-7)iyy ^ f f
: t l f b
LvNTt^^o
:
^
Martin: Nakano: Martin: Nakano:
^
\VVf
9
T t o
^ ' ^ ^ ^ o T ^ t ' S A T t ' J ^
9 t / < ^ o T t o
# # # #
^
(Ö®
li(i(±o
©^lofpjiniii
O Ö
Hello. I'm Martin from ABC Foods, tlie one who called you the other day. Ms. Martin. I'm Nakano. Thank you for your time today. Please, I should be thanking you.
Martin:
I think that growing safe vegetables is an important thing to do. Please, by all means, teach me about all kinds of things today. Nakano: All right. Feel free to ask me about anything. Martin: Thank you. To begin right away, are all the vegetables here pesticide-free? Nakano: Yes, that's right. I grow them without using any pesticides at all. Well then, I'll show you to my fields. Please come this way. Nakano: That is a guide map to my farm. It has written on it what is being grown in which field. {approaches the guide map and points) Here is where we are now. Martin: This farm is certainly big. Oh, there's an apple orchard too, isn't there? I heard that it's difficult to grow apples without using pesticides. Nakano: That's correct. I do use pesticides a little on my apples. I try not to as much as possible, though. 65
Martin: Actually, we want to develop a new product using safely grown apples. Is it impossible to make apples without using pesticides? Nakano: No, not at all. For a long time I've been doing research so I can produce apples that taste good and are safe to eat. Next year it looks like I'll be able to produce some without using any pesticides. Martin: How wonderful! How will you grow them? Nakano: That's a trade secret. Ha ha ha. VOCABULAHV
Nakano (surname)
at all, entirely
thank you for your time/assistance [lit.. "I'll be receiving your assistance"]
(see p. 70) farm
I'm the one (see Note 4 below)
^Xh6
z r.
(see p. 71)
(see p. 69) apple orchard please ask that's correct, exactly so ask a question as much as possible to begin right away, without further ado produce right away research without pesticides, pesticide-free trade secret without
, -free secret
pesticide
mm
1.
zL\zt,\t Z Ay\zt){X
can often be used not only as a greeting but also to call out to others to let them
know that you are there. 2. ^ H , meaning "a day in the not-so-distant past," is often used in formal situations. In casual speech, Z(D
is commonly used. h^ ^tz
- -{ihlzti:
i>, meaning "to receive someone's assistance," is often used as a form of business greet-
ing. It also frequently shows up in telephone conversations. Different tenses are used depending on the state of the relationship between the speaker and listener. They can be summed up as follows. fc^-tf-^blc^x'J
tir:
used when initiating a business relationship and also while the relationship is going on ii^blZtC^jtlfz: used when thanking someone at the conclusion of a business relationship
used when greeting someone during the course of a business relationship The above expressions are also commonly used outside of business, in greeting someone who has dealings with members of your own family. (to a teacher of one's child at school) - f ^ X J^-^'ib^ -tf ^9 |C T^J,^ o T V ^ i -f o My child has been receiving your assistance. (to a colleague of one's husband) S.A'Ó^io-^hlZti:
o T
"> i f o
My husband has been receiving your assistance.
3 ^ lo Z ^ is used in polite conversation to reciprocate a greeting, expression of gratitude, etc. It is roughly translatable as "the same goes for me."
z'm
is a politer way of saying V[f^ L T < /c ^5 v \ "please ask." The pattern "C" +
noun + < Tc O V ^ " can be used with any number of nouns to convey similar polite requests and recommendations.
C'^Afp <
Please contact me. The pattern "ii
+ -masu stem + < tz^^^"
also conveys a polite request.
iii^^'
Please take a rest.
^ o ^ < T-f
is a set phrase commonly used in business transactions to enter into the main
topic of discussion. Although ^ o
< is similar to -f <" in that it means "right away," unlike "f
it applies only to carrying out actions planned or expected beforehand. Thus it cannot be used in unforeseen situations, such as when calling a doctor "right away" to attend to an emergency patient.
't:(D
{ttz\irm\'f'yX\^^-/}^
The pattern "plain-form clause + •/)'"' can be used to form noun phrases. While particles may appear after such phrases, they are usually omitted.
A^t
t A
C
*
fc-L
Please tell me what time the store will open.
i-\- a 4IC Let's decide who will explain what at the meeting. 8.
Z 3
^ ^ ^ C 6 T-f
This sentence offers the new information
C , "here," as an answer to the question
C -t)^'^\
-?) ^ C -5 T ' t 'h^ (Where [on this guide map] are we now?). While Ms. Martin did not explicitly ask such a question, Mr. Nakano still talks to her in this way because he infers from her looking at the guide map that she must be wondering where on it they are.
CO ^
' j , "exactly that way," effectively means "what you said now/ is correct." As can be seen
from this example, ^
' J , aside from its basic meanings of "passage" (as of traffic) and "flow" (as
of air), can also mean "same in content." In this sense, it may be used in the following ways.
Please tell me everything exactly as you heard it.
Please draw things exactly as you saw them.
10. T - $ ^ / - c l t T ^
/c It carries the connotation of doing as much as can be done without unduly emphasizing
the things that fall outside this boundary, /c" I t is a particle used to delineate range or limits.
11. ^L+s:Z^\th^)
t ^ h
^ /utxZ ^ l± ^ 'j i 4 f / y is a set phrase commonly used when negating something the other person has said or when brushing off a compliment. ^ A^tCZ Y., "such a thing," is a demonstrative used to refer to a part of what someone said or something you otherwise heard. Whereas ^
12. * ^ I ± M * T - H : V N ^ A T $ ^ 9
T-f
As in FÜTj'^^i^ 'J ^ 9 T'-f ("It looks like it's going to rain"; p. 34), the pattern "-masu stem of a verb + ^ 9 X"f"
indicates your impression of what something seems or feels like to you. Using it
to talk about the prospects of your own work, as Mr. Nakano does here, conveys the nuance that you are just about to succeed in accomplishing something.
68
G R A M H A K 8< PATTERN PRACTICE Nominalizing Sentences
*A-tfA
<^ il>
o<
ft
Adding 3 ^ after a plain-form verb, adjective, or sentence conceptualizes the content and turns it into a noun phrase. For example, A $ V ^ + 3 ^ results in a generalized noun phrase meaning "the fact that something is big." As such,
A/^^^Z
Y is to be distinguished from A
^ , a nominal-
ization of TV? V ^ that simply means "size" [lit, "largeness"].
growing safe vegetables
^ ^ W ^ ^ ' ï ^ ^ C K li. *A*X
fz\^^-^-l-l
Z Y. tzY^K ^ i t o
-o<
I think growing safe vegetables is an important thing to do. In Book II (p. 136),
Which problem is it that you don't understand?
^)V-Ö^iiL^tL\zX^ZYt:^v-,X\'t-f-Ö\ Do you know that monkeys take baths in hot springs?
I saw a monkey taking a bath in a hot spring. hi^
'j.n N C ^ and • y - / ' ^ ^ ^ ~ ^ ^ ^ - d r ^ l C X ' 2 ) C Y both refer to abstract generalizations, i.e.,
"things that are not understood" and "the fact that monkeys take baths in hot springs." By contrast, h-^^ h •^'V
refers to a particular problem that is not understood and
fl'd'^ti
^,lZX
to a particular scene of monkeys taking a bath in a hot spring, or in other words to specific phenomena. In this way, Z Y \s used to explain or describe things in generai terms. Thus in a sentence such as the following about a general topic, CI ^ , not
^A
must be used.
I'^-l/LiY^ZYT'to
My hobby is taking photographs. When C Y follows a noun, then it means "things having to do with" that noun, e.g., 0 ^
i±^
Fill in each blank with either Z Y or CO , as appropriate.
2)
^A
i^^/Llz-fj:^
(
)
Tto
3) i±^b'i^h6
(
) l±7HfrXTtc
4) n^'fz
(
)
5) •;ktzt>^'^6
(
) ^#-^Tv^'&^T-fo
^ L i L Jt 9o
Indicating M e a n s or A t t e n d a n t Circumstances
mm^^A^^xvNTM^'f^'J i t o Two or more clauses strung together in their -fe forms indicate several different possible kinds of relationships (see also Book 11, p. 158). ^
(D^%.
^1
i: ^ L T .
-ti:^/c i i l t l f z o
(order of actions)
Yesterday afternoon I cleaned house and then did the laundry. i±^^^h-oX.
^<-7^
4-Izni-ft-^/iTLfzo
(cause)
I couldn't go to the party because 1 had work to do. V i Lfzo
(means)
1 bought a house by acquiring a loan from the bank.
Ë
L^^iy^r'^'y
h ^ - # T . ^ % t l - ^ T ^ i Ifzo
(attendant circumstances)
I went to the office wearing a new jacket. The particular relationship expressed by a series of clauses will depend on the context. Whatever their relationship, though, the clauses will always occur in order of temporal occurrence. The latter two usages of "means" and "attendant circumstances" are discussed here for the first time, but bear in mind that you can usually indicate how or under what kind of circumstances events happen just by describing them in the order they occur.
_
^ / c X l - ' K - ^ T , ' f e ^ ^ ' L i t (order of action + attendant circumstances) * Ljt< u 1 will meet my friend and go out to eat with her.
Care needs to be exercised in forming negatives, since negatives of -fe forms vary depending on whether they indicate cause or means/attendant circumstances. used for cause, while ^tC^^
+ V y I-
jacket
^ T (e.g., ' f e ' ^ t i . ' •( T ) is
T (e.g., •^•^ iC v T ) is used for means or attendant circumstances.
~ ' f ~ l - after the -na; stem (e.g., the verb
-^^-fl-- ) may sometimes
^ T . For
be used in place of
, the forms are L tt'V ^ T and - I f - f I - , respectively.
fr:tb
c i o T v ^ i - t o
(cause)
My child doesn't eat breakfast, so I'm feeling put out.
I I ( ± ^ ^ -feK
NT\
IC;fT ^ i " t o (means/attendant circumstances)
I will go to the office without eating breakfast. Complete the sentences by changing the verbs in parentheses to the proper form(s) for expressing means or attendant circumstances.
1) ^'-yt 2)
I J l ^ i
D l ^ i ^ Y j
Z J - t ij
D - t
3) 3HfF^ 4)
oy^-h(Di-^ y V ^ K v ^ i Lfz.
y^^-{£'iU^
5)
X l f z ^ \
{-fXhXft-f)
m t
t^lcXo/cCOT\
tzKlzi
3 ( 7 ? ^ ^ l o i L/'co
( ^ 9 /•c^Li-t^:^)
Describing Deliberate Effects
In Book II (p. 36)
T V •?) (the -te form of a verb + V -i)) was introduced as an expression for indi-
cating an ongoing action or a state in effect. ~ T V ^
used with a transitive verb typically indicates
ongoing action. The -fe form of a transitive verb + ^) •?> (hereafter ~ T
-S), meanwhile, expresses
the effects of an action while also indicating that the action was performed intentionally, for some purpose. (^A 11)
4^SI^I^•^^TV^ito
I am writing my name [on it] right now. (i.e., am in the midst of writing)
My name is written [on it], (i.e., so people know who it belongs to) The following dialogue shows the distinction in meaning between ~ T in effect, versus ~ T A : t
W|vNTvNi-rJ;o
B : ZM^C,^! \:tir6
used to express a state
-S.
FJItT^'SATto
The windows have been left open because I'm going to start cleaning the room now.
i
^ ' T^''' ^ V N T V
open. M l t T
i
- f is a straiglitforward report made upon observing tliat the windows are
•?), meanwhile, indicates that B (or someone else) intentionally opened the windows
in preparation for cleaning the room. B could also have said ^ I t T
V •>
(p. 14), in which case the
focus of the sentence would be on who opened the windows, not on the fact that they are open.
Complete the sentences using T
-S by changing the forms of the verbs in parentheses.
1) « i c L J: < >r:o^
h 'J i - t o
2) / ^ X ^ < $ K o | c
* , U i t o
( h ^ l )
3) K^tizA^K^x^'.
*,'Ji-fo
(T^Mt'S)
4)
Xx=nzi;^vi:>^^\
<)
* , ' J i t o
5) ^Y:ijm
<
^ ' J i t o
(^6)
I E x p r e s s i n g Purpose (1) =t 9 is a noun that cannot stand by itself but is combined with other modifiers to mean "situation" or "state." In Lesson 1 (p. 10), J; 9 was covered as an expression for stating perceptions and for likening one thing to another. In Lesson 3 (p. 50), it appeared in the expression X 9 iztc
^, meaning
to change to a certain state. In this section, you will learn how to use J; 9 I - after a description of some desired state to mean "so as to" in a sentence about your efforts toward realizing that state, ct 9 I - follows desired states, not specific goals, and so is typically used in speaking of something you are working to bring about or prevent but that you ultimately have no direct control over.
I am studying every day so I will become better at Japanese. X < n t J K 6 X i \z.
n 6 ^ \ z ' } ' ' i f i ^ [ - f i ^ < ^ t ifzo ix. -tz
Lzizhhtc^^Xilz.
^t-^iiX
Please look out for yourself so you don't get into an accident.
=t 9 I - 1 -S and J; 9 1^ LX^^^ ^ 0 .
both mean to strive toward a certain state.
m ^ i - k ^ ^ X i l z L X ^ ^ X - t .
I try to eat vegetables every day.
L Jt < . ï ' o ,,, vHj I L
_,„, i> (R2) , ,, b-tr
plant
l±-S
post, put up
livingroom , hang
ch^
meet (here used in the sense of "encounter a negative event," as an accident or earthquake)
$?'3lt'ii
take care, look out
notice
Read the sentences while paying attention to the uses of ct 9 \Z.
It i;
Pl\.AC.l
t'
L
I
Asking roi dnd Giving Opinions
PHRASE POWER ^ ^ . . . ^ . . . . . . ^ . . ^ ^ ^
I. Common phrases using
Y.:
There's something I'd like to ask you to do.
There's something I'd like to ask you about.
® 7 ^'^^^ 'fz^'ZY^^h6
T-fb^'o
There's something I would like to inquire of you. (polite for ® )
® i±^0
ZYT^l
fzL^^h
^LT-r^K
I'd like to consult you about work.
What is it?
What kinds of things are you researching at university?
7^9 -yV **9ltoLo
staff lounge
C 9 Tj^jJ-io
handwriting, character, print something I want to ask
V» C i::
9
-/j^-d^n
LC'iiOCÜT
ask (humble for tz-fhi>, about work
p. 80)
II. Questions, requests, and opinions:
Are you interested in . . .
Are you interested in . . .
Do you know a b o u t . . .
® ~ z J::icovNT.
Y:'i:^^'t-t-ó\
What do you think about. . .
Please give me your opinion on . . .
I think it's a good thing.
It's a good thing, don't you think?
®
^/•£"}:::,^^vNito I think it's a horrible thing.
® fz V ^-tiro^x Z ^ /•£ ^
' i -f o Ki
I think it's important.
® ^X
^ ^.•t";li-ti:^o
I can't say one way or the other. VN è V ^ tz Y I think it's a difficult issue.
® n-r^^ L
^t to
I have nothing to say to you.
® y - o / y
hTto
I have no comment.
have an interest (in), be concerned (about)
(C')v^lt^ 74
opinion cannot say one way or the other
no comment
I LESSON 4
SPEAKIMG PRACTICE
i
I. Mr. Kato approaches Ms. Martin at the office to asl< a favor of her.
i- Kl
ixi
T-rt/'o
tm^
•
Kato: Martin: Kato: Martin:
^ 9 T - r i :
^.
±; 'j T-rUo
^ J; o ^ ^mn^^^
^j^itczY
tc
Marie, are you busy today? There's something I'd lil
II. Mr. Suzuki strikes up a conversation with Ms. Martin at the office during their lunch break. H^:
$(7)7.
L ^ V N C ^ ^ F | $ i L/'co
v/l.^y:t,XL^vNZ^oT.
:
-tir^H^ t
^X^3
•fi" i
lloi
^Jiyy.^^o
ütl^^'Ti-üo
:
^'^^
rL^x
Tto
z Y r-ft)\
h L J: < l c ^ 7 J < * o i o T .
oyT^xhiir
^XT^A^/3 ^ ^Mv^/c^T-r^\ ^
^ - ; f -y h (Dy'tJ fré/Cfz^
1 Tto
i-t' i
ici'tlt,
i
Suzuki: Martin:
I heard something interesting yesterday. Something interesting? What is it?
Suzuki: Martin: Suzuki:
From what I heard, chocolatiers from all over the world are going to gather to hold a contest. Oh? How interesting. Where did you hear such a thing? From Ms. Nakamura. She said she read about it on a blog on the Internet.
L i < icA
craftsperson contest
75
III. Mr. Suzuki strikes up a conversation with Ms. Martin at the office shortly after New Year's.
L^.
•7/iyy:^i^^'t-to Suzuki: Martin: Suzuki:
v N o L j : l C 7 ^ X i f ' j i LJ; 9o
Marie, what is your resolution for this year? To develop a food product that tastes good and is good for you. Is that so? Actually, I was thinking the same thing, too. Don't you agree that from now on people are going to become more and more conscious about their health? I do. Well then, let's work hard together [to achieve our goal].
Martin:
IV. Mr. Kato strikes up a conversation with Mr. Mills at the office during their lunch break.
t'.-Kt,
hkl
tit
:
. r x ^ ^./bv^^'^^J.•^L^^/v^TL J - i u m i f C < D H ^ ^ L < D Z Y Ki
z
rirt>\ *n»:
^9ttXTi-o
DIX:
hf-^
tarn •
* A I ± ^ X ^ T X V n N J; 9 ^ j - X T t o
Kato: Mills:
What do you think about elementary school children going to cram school every day? Every day? I don't think it's a very good idea. Wouldn't you say that it's important for children to play, too? Is this about your own child? Yes, it is. I'm against it, but my wife says that he needs cram school. What about your child? Is he saying he wants to go? He himself doesn't seem to care one way or the other.
Kato: Mills: Kato:
^ A ( ± l ± A / - c V N / j . X T t ^ ^ #(±Ln> <7j<ï7oJ; 9 / - c ^
/LUr:iti:LTi-t)\
fz^'^^t-^X^'^/LTi-^\
goal, resolution
li^7cV^
opposition
ItAC-jLc;?
health-consciousness
ii^IC A
the person himself/herself
tz^i^a
rise, intensify
^* T ^ T t V ^ o
il {
L Jt 7
X1
< -tirv \
elementary school kid
don't care one way or the other
V" R A C
t" t C ^ È • 7
'S ''^'O'»!- V/ciyi of rjoing Things
SPEAKING PRACTICE
I. Mr. Suzuki starts talking to Ms. Martin while drinking coffee together during their break.
Suzuki: Martin: Suzuki: Martin:
Do you always drink coffee without putting anything in it, Marie? Yes, I always have my coffee black. What about you, Mr. Suzuki? I drink it after adding plenty of milk and sugar. (laughs) That sounds just like a child.
II. During their lunch break, Mr. Mills approaches Ms. Nakamura, who is looking through a hotel brochure.
'•
{looking through a hotel brochure) X. X. o
'l-'i-ffc
^/UX':
* A .5: J; f <
-s;lo to
#A ^ l ± ^ / c V ^ T t ^ o
#vNT^^b.
i*,^^^vNT.
i±^^.-f.^L^j.nNTif < (T^^^t^T^lcx-p/bt^r/^^^^^~t^T-to
Mills: Looking for a hotel, I take it. Are you going [somewhere] for summer vacation? Nakamura: {looking through a hotel brochure) Yes. Mills: Do you go on trips after reserving everything beforehand, Ms. Nakamura? Nakamura: Yes, I go after reserving everything, from plane tickets to hotels to rental cars to restaurants. Mills:
7 -7
-/ 9
Really. That's the opposite of me. I like to go without reserving anything. After I get someplace, I walk around town and look for a hotel I like.
black plenty (of), a lot (of) (onomatopoeia expressing the sound of soft laughter)
III. Mrs. Kato comes over to her husband while he is surfing the Internet.
tarn
(#)
Ki
oi
Ki
h-:,K
iiaB i'
iivB i-
(^)
(«)
Ki
-ot
tuB
(^)
i- Ki JjoK
tvB
(#)
Ki
r,t
t m Ki
m it-^K
What are you doing? I thought I'd buy a new shirt and tie, so I'm choosing. Over the Internet? That's right. You can choose a tie that seems to fit this shirt, and match them onscreen to see how they look. See, what do you think? Oh, that looks nice. I'll order these, then.
Mrs. Kato: Mr. Kato: Mrs. Kato: Mr. Kato: Mrs. Kato: Mr. Kato:
IV. Mr. Kato comes over to Ms. Martin during their lunch break after trying the dessert she brought into the office. t m '• i'
o<
Ki
^ILY.
t m '•
J; <
hh-^X.-h^hti^-^+£\^Xi^--Xy\zKKh.
Ki
Kl
^ 1 Kato: Martin: Kato:
Martin:
ici;i».5,i:A
x-to
These baked apples are delicious. How did you make them? I looked at this recipe and made them exactly as it was written here. Let me see . . . "Rinse the apples well and put them in the oven without peeling. Bake for 20 minutes at 180°C. When done, slice and pour honey on them." Is this all you need to do? Yes. Simple, isn't it? But I understand it's important to use good-quality apples.
fit, go well with ï5«i6^l:J:^T < A^^h-it
^^^9^,^•t•i.
on-screen
LZ'
6 {R2) put together, combine, match i^h oh (used by women)
t! <
order
:^ — 7'y
oven
baked apple
~ii'C
degrees Celsius
75Mt-& (R2)
pour
peel (n.) peel (v.)
honey
PRAC T ICE 3
E«plainii ig How to Use Facilities
W O R D POWER
® V
®t^S?K
1; J: i <•<;
9 : 0 0 - 1 7 : 0 0
guide map
®
office restroom i; c
Lo
®Plè*' •iltolt
® » 3 f t S L IJ J: 7 L o
®
È^m^m
registration
nïi< i-
t;
circulation
stairs
return
reception desl<
open access
reference room
restricted access
vending machine lounge
® i t t f f l ^ ' ^ ° V = ' > '
computer catalog emergency exit
ltAi
meeting room entrance
in- 4 Lo ofcALo ® AX n
reading room service hours
79
SPEAKING PRACTICE
I. Mr. Mills is at a food research institute to view some reference materials.
^/IX:
ABCy-X(D
i JlXT-to
L ' j J; i (D^-o h A.\z^t
Vt
Ifzo
fi- ix-
I JlX : l±v ^„ (writes) Z KTX i$
h^)b''Yi
6 L
Z'^\^iir.
\'Ti--/)\ tto
h^zizh/^tc^'-f^'h^)
Y:ZIZ
i-ii^n vt
^ JlX : ^7J^tj i L fzo h 'j i}^Y 1 Mills: staff:
z:^\^tLfz.
I'm Mills from ABC foods. I've come to view your reference materials, Perusal of materials. Please write in your name, affiliation, and contact information on this card.
Mills:
Yes. (lA/r/te) Will this be all right?
staff:
Yes, thank you. You'll find a guide map over there. It has written on it what materials
Mills:
are where, so please take a look. I understand. Thank you.
II. The staff member explains to Mr. Mills how to search for reference materials.
DIX
: L 'j J; 9 ^ ( t ^ ^
11^
Xiiz. ^ ;IX
: M-^)
L j ; r < | c ^ i c t * 9 'J J; < L T < /-c'^vN^ tltzo
41=
i Ltzio.
atz-f^i
tziW
Mills: staff:
Is it possible for me to search for reference materials? Yes. There you'll find a computer catalog. Piease insert this card to use it. Once you insert the card, the registration screen will come up, so please enter your name and affiliation. We ask users to register so we know who used the catalog.
Mills:
I understand.-
staff:
If there is anything you don't understand, please feel free to ask.
viewing, perusal
1: I* 9 "f -i)
write in, write down
lt^^<-r-5.
search tor
duty, responsibility
C ! ; T J ' T S ^,
(R2) can, be able to
affiliation
atz'fixi
staff member, person in charge
80
Y:tj:tz^fz^^h^^i
g 9 J l ^ ^ 9 6 < ^fc^^^nvLT^^ito
#<7)A : Wh-Ö^h^£^'ZY:ö
iir^\
please write in (politer way of saying
fz-rUi,
/c^^*
please ask (politer way of saying
(R2)
ask
III. The staff member calls out to Mr. Mills as he comes out of the reference room.
staff: Mills:
Were you able to find the materials that you were looking for? Yes, I found them. By the way, you have a lot of potted plants placed here, don't you?
staff:
Yes. They've been placed here and there because they're good for the eyes. In addition, we use bright lighting so it'll be easier for people to read small print. Is that so? The [print] certainly was easy to read.
Mills:
^¥l
that you are/were looking for (politer way of saying ^
•h-'LX T L i < ö-'?
plants appreciateci primarily for their leaves
'ht^Z%
here and there, all throughout
L
455¬
Mm
no, non-, un-, -fr ee dis-
4f —)-
' iM',
JiiC
u
—?
« •) U 1 •}
farming agriculture
1
r
fi7
use
14
wide spacious
n V
job business
—)-
'"'^^1
A
'
V I S I T
P A R T
T O
M R .
N A K A N O ' S
F A R M ,
ii
TARGET DIAL • l . l l Ms. Martin interviews Mr. Nalcano to find out Iiow he came to start his farm.
- p . 87
-7)19
y
: ^ 1
fi-^fzLX-f-h^
fzis-
fz
- p . 90
< ' y y • v j i y y :
t ifzo
vry\z-^x^) < y 9
^ ) r y L
(0
: 7 j i y y t f f
:
(0
li^"'^
b T ?
f)-hf-: hi_^p
89
m ^ I f
:
l^'Lm^(D^iê
- p . 91
<^^(i9
i^-ofz^^t^^'h.
«iCii
T
M^^liLfzo
^
'
(i-i l i 7
IÏ7IÏ-7 i; é
iv>
li^f,^:' t f f
:
1^T-r O
*
IÏ7li-7
A
IÏ9
'j ( t ^ z 9 I C U
i
L
HL
Martin: Why did you start this farm, Mr. Nal
why hi
operate, manage nothing but, only
damage, hurt make
tz>6\Z
(see p. 89)
to. In order to (see p. 90)
85
9 X. •!> (R2)
vegetarian full
i
/^"-tf(R2)
ti>f, 1 . 0 l t ^ (R2)
entrust, leave up to
power, ability find
organic agriculture
I see, I understand
while (see p. 91)
entirely, completely
method
(colloquial particle that emphatically identifies the topic of the sentence)
li-ilï-i
1.
plant
tt'-tf"0:-tf means the same as Y:'1 L T , with the distinction being that
7 L T is used more often in
everyday speech, •^'-tf' is frequently employed for questions embedded in a longer statement, e.g., ^'-{f^tL^^^o
tz
^ j tz-o tzLt-t
is one common way of responding to an explanation of the reasons or cir-
cumstances behind something. It often indicates surprise over unexpected information about something that happened or was decided upon some time ago.
3.
-h^^)-(n%\^i,(n\ti)-^)^
If
tz
' J , "nothing but," expresses the idea of performing a certain action (in this case, eating)
repeatedly with just one thing. 4.
--;to
<'yy
'jryic
^ X. is an interjection made upon hearing an unexpected piece of information. The following utterance,
9 'j T y | - , goes to the heart of what Mr. Nakano has just said and confirms its
significance. Such reiteration conveys to Mr. Nakano what part of his comments Ms. Martin finds important and interesting.
6 V ^ ^ '^X'^^^b^h ^, the crucial part of Mr. Nakano's N ^ ^ j . ' : ^ ) * ' ^ ^ " ^ . ^ZY h^'-^^ 'j i Lfz, to reflect it back to him in
In this sentence, Ms. Martin takes out earlier statement,
V^
V^
the form of a question. By doing this, Ms. Martin signals to Mr. Nakano what part of his comments she finds important while encouraging him to speak more on the topic.
^ -1]^ is used to list examples of something you are trying to give details about. Below, for instance, it gives tomatoes and lettuce as examples of vegetables. Particles after Y. vj^are frequently omitted. Y. -Z)^ shows up mostly in speech. In writing and in formal situations, ' ^ • ^ ' ^ - ^ ^ ^' is used.
h(DMX\i.
V7Vr.-ö\
uyxY^^
((D)
m^'&i'^'^x^'ti-o
At that farm, they grow tomatoes and lettuce and other such vegetables.
GRAMHAR
8.
PRACTICE
PATTERN
Expressing Completion/lncompletion of Past, Present, or Future A c t i o n s
Be careful when choosing between ~ T V-?> and its past form, ~ T
/c, to convey tense.
— T ^ •?> indicates that an action either goes on or is repeated over a period of time. The form ~ T V> ' -?) is used for actions in the present and future, ~ T V 7c for those in the past.
I am using the computer right now.
I always use a computer when I work.
L zn
at
oi-
I have been using this computer ever since I started working here. ^
Z(D^
Z' Z'
I was using this computer yesterday afternoon. ^m.
Z^y^Voyti^-oX^'tlfzo
I was using this computer until last Saturday. A second function of ~ T
-?> and ^X^^fz
is to express completion, i.e., that an action is/was/
will be completed at a specified point in the present, past, or future. The negative forms V
~ T ^ ''"0.'
and ~ T ^ ^'•^^ o /c indicate that the action is/was/will still be incomplete at that point. This
meaning of "completed action" is particularly easy to see with verbs showing not ongoing action but states in effect.
o
Present; izij-oiiij 1 < 1 Z l
K^K^X^^t-f. o
My luggage has arrived at the airport already.
izt-olittzi
1 Zl
lc#^^Tv^i-t^r^o o
My luggage has not arrived at the airport yet.
87
Past: hfzl
-7
n
When I got to the airport this morning, my luggage had already arrived.
When I got to the airport this morning, my luggage had not yet arrived. Future: h l f z .
^U^H
1 Zjiz^\^fz>::^.
hfzl
l c t o ( ± ^ ( c # v N T ^ ^ ^ T L J: 7 o
n
ii
n
When I get to the airport tomorrow, my luggage will probably already have arrived. h l / z .
^k^H
1 Zl
[Z^K^fzK^.
hfzl
i c i o l i i / • £ # ^ ^ T ^ ^ ^ J , H ^ T L J: 9 o
n
n
When I get to the airport tomorrow, my luggage will probably have not yet arrived.
Complete the sentences by changing the verbs to the appropriate forms. 1)
fcx.i1B.^
2)
^m
I t o Z A L i t -> B^lZ^fz)::^. IC l i A
ij 1
*
-> B-^\z^tz>li. IC aL
3)
i/c
i
^i-r - > ^Ar><$<7)9 7 i ^ i C ' j f o / c ^ $ ,
4)
*êi U
#I±^|C oi
hfzl
ii
i-r
iti:
^ I t ^ . 5)
L/f^olt/c^^.
- i - X l ± ^ j 9
u -r
i ^A^^-#?±lC#o/-c^$ICii. hfzl
88
r
f>'\^lf
o
#tft|±/boX ini *•
TLj;
9c
LESSON 5
i ll
Describing C h a n g e (3): Effected C h a n g e s
The adverbial form of an adjective (e.g., ± i
<,
tl^ ^IZ ) + ir ^ expresses the idea of making
something change into a certain state. In Book II (p. 117) the pattern "adverbial form of an adjective + tc 6 " was introduced as meaning to change into a certain state. The difference between the two isthat ~ < / i C - f - S is transitive (e.g., A $ < t is intransitive (e.g.,
±^
<
ts:6,"to
, "to make something big"), while ~
become big").
with potential verbs and verbs that express states, e.g., The example above from the Target Dialogue, if-^^ t:M<
iZt 6 and iztc^ may also be used 6X 1 l c i " , X'^ 6X 1 iZtci. I t i - , is virtually synonymous with
'^'M < tc 'j i ir. Although Mr. Nakano did not actually intentionally "make" himself unhealthy,' he still uses M < "f
to express his belief that he became unwell as a consequence of his own
actions.
fi-
^i-.
g<
I t i r X o
Could this table become cheaper? salesperson: Yes, we'll make it cheaper. Complete the sentences as in the example. m )
«^L^^HN
- ^ f m m m ^ t ^ ^ i 1)
LT
^^^'SVN
2) -> K l / X ( 7 ) x + P /
y-^
3)
4) ^ X / : ^
5)
89
Expressing Purpose (2)
fziö
as used here indicates the purpose of an action. In Lesson 3 (p. 49), 7cA6
was introduced
as an expression for indicating a cause or reason. 7c *6, like =t 1 (p. 72) a noun that cannot stand by itself, means "cause" or "reason." Since fulfilling a purpose constitutes one reason for doing something, the "cause" and "purpose" meanings of 7c *^ (ic) may be regarded as being intrinsically the same. * ^ K 7 7^c*!)lC, :^ J : $ ^ L T ^ ^ i - r o \>i i¬ I am saving money to buy a house.
I Started working part-time at a Chinese company to practice my Chinese. 7c
izfxJn^Xi
\z.
'
^B^^'Z'tmm
LT^^i-fo
t\^zt,
I am studying English every day so I can become an interpreter. 0 9 ^ < |C^j.-^/-cA6|C, ^ S X . V ^ r ' ^ M ^
LX^'t-to
I am studying English every day to become an interpreter. Complete the sentences using 7c *6 C and the proper form of the verbs in parentheses. 1)
ü
. 7°DVx^ h ^ - A ^ ^ ^ ' j i
Lv^'fep"p^
.
2)
3)
< i z i i z ^ m i IJJ: 9 LA
4)
0 9 ^
< <;) L
< ^
7 H # l c ^ 4 ± | c ^ i L/co
^ ^ i ^ l ± ^ <
li-u L <•
tbi
T
Ji'-3C9
(^'ji-r) 5)
f)t L v ^ c ^ i c
J: 9-ti:^Li-r)
save money r;U/<-f h
part-time job attend, commute
. ^ ? i ^ ^ < ! 6 i L/co L "C
LT'CO
L7'co
r
LESSON
Describing Simultaneous Actions
nnili
mCii
X
'
The -masu stem of a verb + "^i." 5^''' h indicates two actions performed simultaneously by the same subject. In the example above, Mr. Nakano uses ic-^^ t> to explain how he studied organic agriculture, i.e., while helping out at organic farms. ~ T (p. 70) also indicates means, but differs in usage from ti:-l)^h, as illustrated below.
^^X ij^^-l-X-ó-'^tz
V ^TIRlC^f $ i L /co
The bus didn't come, so we walked to the station. L i-A Xi m,. We were short on time, so we talked while walking toward the station. Here ~ T and
^ each form a subordinate clause that modifies the following main clause. ~
T indicates the means/attendant circumstances ofthe action in the main clause, while ^^7^< b highlights the simultaneity Of the actions in the main and subordinate clauses. Thus, h^^^X the speaker's means of going to the station, while h^i'^X't^h
describes
gives focus to what the speaker
did while walking toward the station, i.e., talk.
Complete the sentences using
-f)^ h and the proper form of the verbs in parentheses.
A^ICTJ^J; 9 < 7 ) ( ± / b v ^ - s ^ T t ^ o
1)
(l±/cb<)
a^'l^'0-t-t1ktJ
2) o v ^ f e ^ 7 ^ ^ - < ^ ( f O
3) Z
o^t:
4) Z(D^ X l^'^^U.Y-l^t: (fz
ici''16 i, (R2)
^^o^^lcX/Ki-fo
(tC^'iöi)
^^'Z'
gaze at, look at teaching materials
91
5
\\ A ( V I (J! t"
i
Giving and Listening lo Ne-.vs
PHRASE POWER
li
L Breaking news to someone:
Actually...
Have you heard already?
I imagine you may know already, but. . .
I imagine you are aware of this, but. . . (polite) I
® z ^ ^ ' / L \ : ^ ^ i i K t ^ / L ^ '
'
You may be aware of this, but. . . (polite)
As you are II. Responding toaware,. news: . . (polite)
I didn't know that.
Really?
®^X.
®^iti:/^Ti-^\
W*^TM$ i Lfzo
Really, that's the first I've heard of that.
Is that so?
®^ltz'^/z/LTi-^\
® ^^^^ 7 i c ^ 9 ^ x A T t ' J \ Is that really so?
Was that so?
® L ^ l : b^i-tf/Cc That's interesting, isn't it?
Z'^'Aj C X"t' L A l: 92
(R2)
I can't believe it.
know, be aware of (politer way of saying L o T ^ * •5) believe
SPEAKING PRACTICE
I. Mr. Suzuki informs Ms. Martin of some news tliat is going around the office.
I'tL
Suzuki:
L L<.
ii-*5
L ZK
tx
Have you heard, Marie? I hear that Mr. Simon of the Paris branch office has been selected to represent his [home] country in the marathon at the next Olympics. What? Mr. Simon? No, I didn't know. Where did you hear this?
Martin: Suzuki:
I just got a message through the employee mailing list. Do you know Mr. Simon well, Marie?
Martin:
Yes. He used to go running every morning before work even while I was at the Paris branch office.
II. Ms. Nakamura informs Mr. Mills of some news that is going around the office.
+-f 4
f£*'hh
ULtX
4
4*9
i- Ki
t-jh
9 T-fo
l)\^X:
^ 7 / c ' - ^ / c ^ T-f ^ \
-f o ^ 7 ' c ^ ^ - s ^ / c o / : ^ T - f ^ o
Nakamura: Um, you may be aware of this already, but Mr. Kato's mother passed away last night, I've been told. Mills: Yes. I just heard from Mr. Suzuki, and I'm surprised. Was it sudden? Nakamura: No, from what I understand she had been hospitalized forthe entire past year. Mr. Kato was at the hospital nearly every weekend to look after her, from what I hear. Mills: Is that how it was? He must have had it hard all that time.
v ^ ' >• Simon (surname) : t U > t : - . y ^ Olympics •77 V y
marathon
J.-, , 7 . , -
,
fz^'Ui-}
representative
„„t,t;„„
L
'i'v
— ;U 9 (^') employee mailing list „^^,.x.-t^ L,^cLv.^ close, on familiar terms (with) , , +-, + + ^^^^AJ^-7^-f^ tofl^ftïï mother (respectful way of referring to someone else's mother)
sudden be hospitalized look after (someone who is sick), nurse 93
\^t\
Ax
TI' ~ r
L
WORDmWER---
'^'"'"8
Histories
-
i±
^
L
-tf V ^ 'J L
C 9 ICAT^H ^ l t v N L
^ J; 7 ' j L
\1L% < l
O L J/'J: 9 L
C 9
L L J:
X
(^^^< L j: 9 l t ^ r ^ | J X h
1/X
L
h^y^fffK {At
9 ici* 9 ^pi-S
(7)9 'J J: < ^ ^ T J ^ - t
pass (an exam) Jt L * 9 L C' 9
master's degree
l±
doctorate
-tf V ^ U L
translator
liA^< LV
license
tax accountant
systems engineer L J: 7 l t A r - f
i-
•tfoij-pt-?.
' L certified public accountant OL
doctor
t/J: 9 L
beautician, hairstylist
\1L% < L L L J; 75'< l t ^ n ^ ^ '5-7^< L ^ ~Lv
set up, found open, establish mass media
~75^Alt^<«Lc'i:*-f
(licensed) cook architect
investment analyst systems analyst
work in (a job field) become independent
L * -5 i c i * 9
income
librarian
X -ï. (R2)
gain, earn
curator
« 9 U J: <
ability, qualification
interpreter -er, -or, -ant (person who performs a certain job)
putto use, take advantage of
SPEAKING PRACTICE
I. An interviewer questions an applicant during a job interview.
« i
\i
Lï-
IÏ
Lf
interviewer: What kind of work are you doing at your present company? applicant: I'm working in software development. interviewer: What kind of work were you doing before you joined your present company? applicant: I worked part-time at a convenience store. While working part-time, I attended school and got certified as a systems engineer, interviewer: Why did you think of joining our company? applicant: I've always been interested in the software being developed here.
H.A magazine reporter interviews the president of a venture company founded while the president was still in college.
4-5
L
S
Llf
4o
L
i
Lf
^-KLÏ-
;S<<
iti;
*
l:A ST
L
S
^ m t
Lip
50At.
KL
-ft
/c A reporter:
T-r O
I heard that you started this company in your college years .. .
president:
Yes, I founded it during my second year with a friend taking the same seminar,
reporter: president:
So you were running your company while also continuing your studies at university? Yes. It took a lot of hard work, but by the time I was in my fourth year, the company had grown quite large. I had a staff of over fifty, Fifty, that many. Yes. So I quit college. I decided to concentrate on my work.
reporter: president:
interviewer
•t? i
seminar
applicant
5 0I-Xt
as many as fifty people
software
-tf ^ ^1 / / " f
concentrate, focus on
college years
95
; PRACTICE 3
Althing foi Reasons and Hismries
SPEAKING PRACTICE
I. While at a bar, Ms. Martin calls out to Mr. Honda, the barkeeper, to remark on his collection of car photographs.
Sè
-ttx.ï-.
l i
< 4 *
j^ffl :
-7)19
-^m :
7i<<-tt\>
ti
HA
feA*x
T
4v'K4<44
#^^"7 ^ ^ ! ± S T ^ f o T L i o / c A T t o 7c<^ic.
#^(7)^XltvN^
lj
Yl-f
^-xlctti^<7)^^*!)/c^T-ro T
-?)\^9y
VOCAniiLARY
Martin: Honda: Martin:
This place has a lot of photographs of cars, doesn't it? They're all racing cars, no? Yes. They're all cars I've driven myself. What? All cars you've driven?
Honda:
Yes, that's right. I started entering races in my college days. I've even entered some races abroad.
Martin: Honda: Martin:
Really? That's incredible. Do you still race even now? No, I quit three years ago. My wife left me because I kept on thinking about nothing but cars every day. I quit entering races to rebuild my relationship with my wife. Was that so?
U—X
race
leave
Honda (surname)
with -
\iLtz -7 7.9— 96
: ^ 7 /c"o/c^T-r7^\
\^1L
barkeeper no (shortened, colloquial form of v n ^ x.)
A visitor to a private photograpliy exhibit calls out to the photographer.
i:
: i±i;
J v ^ f c T l^^^"^>'E,<7)7J^-^;t7'c^Ti-o ^ ^ T \
A' T-r O ^ » ^ ^ % \
tf I s ^ ^ \
C 7 v ^ 7 TcT
/c < ^ ^ c 7 V M m^'
z
Tv^itJ;o visitor: These are spectacular photographs, photographer: Tharik you. visitor:
It's interesting to see photographs combining [images of] old Tokyo with Tokyo today, isn't it? Since when did you start taking such photographs? photographer: From three years ago. Up until then I was working as a businessman, but one time while I was walking around Tokyo I came across an old temple standing next to a high-rise building. So I decided to capture photographs of these kinds of structures before they disappeared.
visitor:
These are houses from the early Showa era, aren't they? Where did you photograph them? photographer: All in Tokyo. There are many houses like these ieft in areas such as Asakusa and Shinjuku.
photographer these kinds of ^ i j l i l : * ^ ! . (R2)
start taking (photos) high-rise
i l h
the Showa era (1926-1989) be left over, remain
KANJI P R A C T I C E
4
Mm f ijti V \ ''
ingredients fee
—V
J
#® X.n 1)
It
reason ration
—>
ffi
—*
—^
ftm
ffi.
ffi
bad
tiMfA
1'
IT
B
.
!• . '• :
g
cAltX
s
night
//
endeavor
la
lESSON
oi
1r r
—i>
strong
c +
"'•J: .
!•
law method
tl
X t
tr
power force
ground base
4-p
cut
T
t
5
'"I
GLOBAL WARMING
TARGET READING & DIALOGUE
ït(7)'NVN$A^ia(±.
<
1 O O ^ t l J;'j O . 7Jt>X
i : ^ J; 9 I C ' j i L/bo
B^Tï^. IC
^p,103
iï
1 2 ^ IC
L
-.p.105
\zU6
'J L T V ^ i - f O iT^c.
« ' i ^
z 9•f^^^7)^^^f'^'^^"^s$Tv^ito
M 5 t ^,^^/•£^^l:^.^^f CYc<^lC.
^ A / c ^ ( ± i 5 l ^ ^ ~ T $ ' S < ; 5 T L J; 9 7)\
Z
lil:
L ^ x l t H ( f ^ j . " ' j i-ti:^o Global warming is a serious problem for the world in the twenty-first century. According to the IPCC, average global temperatures today are over 0.7 degrees higher than they were a hundred years ago. Just a fewyears ago, when we heard that average temperatures had risen, the reality of it did not strike home; but recently we have begun to strongly feel the effects of global warming. Even in Japan, we see such things happening as autumn flowers continuing to bloom even into December and spring flowers blooming in January. Moreover, floods and droughts are occurring in many parts of the world. What can we do to prevent global warming? All kinds of endeavors are starting up within the international community. We, too, must recycle waste, conserve electricity, and do whatever else is possible for each and every one of us to do. While walking around town with Mr. Kato, Ms. Martin notices a solar panel installed on the roof of a house.
i' Hi
100
TAU J:
^ TA S U J:
\:->\X.
7
*A
4^j^7 ^ ^ o i t ^ Z
'^'^
^icL/-c/CTto
-^p.106
. p . 107
H>TI;A
•7IV9
y :
^ 7 ^ I i ^ > v 3
-tz
yrt^^i^o
Martin:
Those are solar panels on the roof of that house over there, aren't they?
Kato:
Oh, you're right. These days, homes with solar panels are on the increase.
Martin:
How is the cost performance?
Kato:
f-f
Quite good, I hear. I heard this from a friend employed at a solar panel manufacturer: on days when the weather is nice, the panels apparently produce sufficient power, so you don't need to buy power from the electric company. Moreover, if any power remains, you can sell it, apparently.
Martin: Kato:
Is that so? So the electricity bill gets cheaper, does it? That's right. In fact, we want to put solar panels on our own home in the near future. If you're interested, I can introduce you to that friend of mine. You will probably be able to buy panels [from his company] rather cheaply.
^tfe
Martin:
But I live in an apartment building.
Kato:
That's right, I forgot.
jo
fz
M,':>-l}^L'fy^h {
global warming
feeling of reality
warming
2 1
^ V N $
twenty-first century to
I PCC
i ÜA
, for
seem real
(see Note 1 on next page)
hi ;ivv$ i
arise 7
effect, influence
serious, grave
feel
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
even if
average
continue to bloom
temperature
(see p. 105)
(see p. 103)
each one, each and every person
also, moreover many places throughout, all over
V
y
^
flood
OX h^'^7:t
drought
y —t —
—
solar panel cost performance manufacturer sufficient, enough
prevent i
)V
V ^^i-è" International community
9&m
generate electricity
society
electric company
Y. ^) i ^
measure, endeavor
electricity
-if OAf^ < - f / S
conserve
be left over
1.
2 1-ti:VN$(7)i«:#|,cJioT {ZY^X
indicates the standard for a judgment or an evaluation that follows.
lc ML
c'
This Japanese-language test is not difficult for Mr. Mills, but it is difficult for Mr. White. I
2.
'fpf^'^^lylc Attaching the question marker
to a numerical question word (e.g., f\^^'^, ''ikiX^Ki
V 3.
j ^ ^ ^ ' ^ ^ . j^,S
.
''£KI\-K'
< O T J ^ ) gives the meaning "a few" (years, people, days, things, etc.).
^ ^
I
t
T (compound verb)
Attaching the -masu stem of a verb to another verb results in a compound verb. Common compound verbs using ^ < include, in addition to ^ $ begin blooming," and ^ '^^hh,
4.
xi
I t •?> given here, ^ $
•?), "to
"to stop blooming."
i i-h^
As covered in Lesson 1 (p. 8),
XV. I l-h^Xs used to raise an issue with or to consult someone. In
writing meant to raise awareness of a problem, such as here, it forms a rhetorical question inviting the reader to think about that problem.
5.
V-y-^^^-^}\yX^
i n
J; ^ is an ending used in spoken Japanese to ask someone for confirmation about a statement one has made. Here Ms. Martin uses it merely to strike up a conversation with Mr. Kato, for she knows full well that what she is seeing are indeed solar panels.
6.
^iXlfz^ Saying ^ 9 Xlfz^
in response to someone's statements tells that person you "already knew"
or "were just reminded of" that information.
Expressing Ideas that Run Contrary to E x p e c t a t i o n (2)
1 2^lc/xoTt. ~ T
11*
^^(Dm^iS^-o-^iiX^'i-to
(the -te form of a verb/adjective + the particle i ) is used to make a statement about some-
thing that goes contrary to what would naturally be expected from the set of conditions described before ~ T i . When coming after -na adjectives and nouns, ~ T
Ya<
Xt.
becomes ~ T è .
^6^'xniÈi-o
I'm going to walk there even if it's far.
I don't get it very well even after reading the explanation.
I won't go to the party tomorrow even if I have the time.
I'm going to go golfing tomorrow even if it's raining. Earlier (p. 35),
is that
prise or regret, while ~ T t conveys either a positive or neutral attitude. Thus (DlZ cannot be used for making requests or invitations, while ~ T ^ can.
mUX/LXi.
fi^^'f)'ii:ii^)t-^/LX
L fzo
My cold didn't go away even after I took some medicine, (straightforward statement of fact)
mtikLfiOlZ^
fl^WfCii^jt^LX
L fzo
My cold didn't go away even though I took some medicine, (stresses the feeling that something is wrong)
^Ifz
ii^m^m TA S
r7-Vl. 7 IC^T ^ i L J; 9 o u
Let's go golfing tomorrow even if the weather is bad.
Complete the sentences using '~^ T 1) 'T-^-^fz
with the words in parentheses.
<
-tfX-ifXo^^'j i ^ A o i y y - ^ - y h T.
2) "tcn^mt.
{^^r^)
^o^^lJ
t^Lo
(L t-^/S) 3)
C9o 9
4) t L ^ L 5)
C(7:>^ic^i<^/cVNJi^^^oito 7
, ^*6^XVNT-ooltito
t;-f7^^LvN
j:,^ANi-to
U^-
(^tA'LvN)
(W/£")
Expressing Lack of Obligation %tl ~''J.'
^%i--h^h%tl
t%h->-£<
T t v N 0 ^ 9 T-fo
•( T ^ V u N conveys the idea of not having to do something. The opposite expression is
I t ^ i f ^ / f j ' j . ^ v N, "must." ~ ^ J . ' < T è v ^ V N and ~ ' j . - l t ^ l i : t L " b t ( . n N often come up when talking or asking about social or institutional rules and obligations. that you feel what you must do to be a burden,
T
v
It^li''^'" b
"> connotes
that you feei yourself free from
such a burden. # H l±/c io^^-^£\1K\l+£
'J i - t i : ^ o (need)
I have to work every day. • ^ H l±/c I^TJ^^J.' < T ^) V u N T - f o (no need) I don't have to work every day. To state whether a certain action can be done (i.e., is permitted) or not, meanwhile, the following expressions are used: \L)\^(nt\\'r
^-^Y.>!hXij\
u N T I - O (permitted)
You may park your car in front of the building. e;K75|f|!C #
^ J i * : ) T I ± v ^ l t ^ - t i : ^ . (no
iX < ht You must not park your car in front of the building Read the sentences while paying attention to the uses of the expressions introduced above. 1) ^ y ^ ^ - ^ . - y h T K v N # ^ - r ^ l f \ 2) ^t^^
{ ± 1 7 0 9 ^^
3) | | i c i ï ^ T ^ ^ / c i ^ T I ± .
m'-\l-h-+S:{Xi^^^^^X-f.
•>-£
l c V l t ^ j . ' l t a i f t - ' j t-^/iXLfzo
< T è V NV N T t o i^iZ'^Yi^^fc^'Z'J^
^ i p L X ^ ' 6 i i i { i f l i t £ < T*,VNVN
Giving E x a m p l e s of Events or Actions
L i t e ~ / b 'j is used to list examples of actions or tilings that all fall into the same general category. In the statement above, for example, it gives two instances of things that happened as a result of global warming.
Q :
J ( ± g ^ LTv^/c^T-t-'^^
A : * l c v N t l f z . ^ i l Z ^ l fz ' j . ^Lfz
< ^ L /c 'J L TV N i L /co
Q:
What were you doing over the weekend?
A:
I was at home. I cleaned house and did the laundry and other such things.
Q :
Z
A : fcUvN/c"'J. Bf7"t L fz^^'i-t 6 ZYfi^'Ti Q:
What can ypti do at this sports club?
A:
You can swim and do yoga, among other things.
t-to
~ fz 'j may be used even with just one example. f*<^|C(±.N°iJ i C ^ f o T .
ï/\:rp->nifzt'nfz')
L/cV^Ti-o
Over the vacation I want to go to Paris to visit museums and do other such things.
Complete the sentences using ~ 7 c 'J .
1) t ' - r ^ y f ' è i r ^ .
^<-<^:^-ii-6 Ifz^^T-to
-> u y K > ic^f-3 fz ! 3) mnys^'y7"tir6.
Ifz^^TiTo iz <
t^K^otK^^^ fz
->
-{i: 6 fz i6 \z
^ L i lfzf!\
^ 'J i - t f ^ T L / c o
-Tl±^ ^It"^'^ *
must not
(from previous page)
* i
'j C 9 f)^f)'
^/
s t a t i n g Decisions
As covered in Bool< 11, Lesson 2 (p. 23), tine verb L
is used wlien stating a decision made from
among several alternatives. 3
L i "^o (e.g., when selecting something at a store)
I'll take this. C Ji |C L i
/
h
means to decide to do something. It is typically used to inform people about
decisions you have already made, and so often appears in the past form, i.e., C J i l c L i L 7 c / L 7c. In the first sentence below, for example, C Ji |C L i
L /c conveys the speaker's decision to go
study abroad.
tv>iaA
I have decided to study abroad in Great Britain next year.
^ ^ i ^ ^ a ó / S C Jiic L i Lfz-h\
i / - c ^ | 3 * |C|^ LTv^i-ti-^o
I've decided to quit my job, but haven't told the department manager yet. 3 Ji |C
-5 7c, meanwhile, expresses that something is/was decided upon. In short, 3
Y.\Z-/j:^ is intransitive, while Z KiZir ^ is transitive. When talking about decisions, Japanese people tend to say C Ji ! C - f ^ and 3 KlZtc^ more often than they say $ ^-?> or ^ i -?>. ^ % t ^ ^ < i 6 ^ Z JilC L i
L7co
I have decided to quit my job.
^^iiK^i^6ZY\Z-fxi)
t
lfzo
It has been decided that I am to quit my job. The first sentence above makes it clear that the decision to quit was the speaker's own, while the second leaves it ambiguous whether the decision was dictated by the company or other outside circumstances. ^ - i j X ICIJ
7 ^< < t ' i . 3 Ji \Z-fX IJ i
L 7^Co
È>i>«A
It has been decided that I am to study abroad in Great Britain next year. ^^±<7)(Ï9 L ^ T \
7 ° D v = x ^ h ^ ^ , 1 * 9 L - f - S C J^IC^X'J i
L7'co
It has been decided that we are to cancel the project in accordance with the wishes of the company.
VOCABULARY
106
'j tPÏ-ó^<-f6
study abroad
li T LA
policy
'^P
Making Suggestions Based on Supposition
J: 7 ^i^hh+£i^.
^(D^At:
L J; 7 '^n N L i L J: 7 ^ \
UA
In Book II (p. 222) you were introduced to
1^ as the conditional form of a -na adjective or noun +
T - f . ^ ' 1^ also follows the plain forms of verbs. It is used to make a suggestion in reaction to what someone has just said or based on what you suppose they are thinking.
^miX7--^t^
A : B :
7 ^;^>oi-fo
ip.
A B C 7 - X ' < 7 ) X x - + V - ; ^ ^ j i o T<^T <
A:
I think I'll eat steak tonight.
B:
If you're going to eat steak, try using the steak sauce from ABC Foods. It'll taste better.
Read the dialogues while paying attention to the uses oi tC
.
1) A : ff, L v V > < y o y t : % i i i Y m ' o X \ ^ h L r ^ - h \ <~
TA
S
TAi'A
è » T t c LA-tto
2) k : 3)
-^mT^^T)\'^'fmitz\^LX"t-f)\
B : t^sv-)\^(D^mt-f^-'-£i^. A : g : ^ ^ ^ ^ o $ - j : 7 L/b B:
^ y ^ - ^ - y h ^1|;tl±>^7t:^T-rJ;o I T^^^^tvN<;?^±^^ L/cv^^Tto
I T^^^ltv^(73'^±*^ L/cVN^/b.
X-r —+ y—X
steak sauce
<^ ^""^ T ' A $
Nozomi Electronics (fictitious store)
I T
information technology
\l
PRACTICE 1
Diitussinp, Weather and lis Effects
WORD POWER
(D Cfc^'j
1^ t L
|m mjD SÏÏ] a (
o
m
(0) 3 7 - f v
VOCABULARY
li^i
sunny
snow piles up
< t IJ
cloudy
pile up
< è •?)
become cloudy, cloud up
iTi^-tfïS^Ï-< /c^vï-T
108
b L
CfcijTj^ll^.
freeze over
wind blows typhoon storm
ice freezes over
CfciJ 7S^'!;it-i> !;it^> (R2)
ice melts melt
SPEAKING PRACTICE'
I. While preparing to go out on a rainy day, Mr. Suzuki is stopped in front of his apartment by the building manager.
t ï I A : MtUf!^ts:^'X 1) KL.
9 lc L T < /c"^ v v;!!^
i'L
manager: Are you going out, Mr. Suzuki? Suzuki:
I'm going to go see a soccer match.
manager: What? Are you going even when it's raining this hard? Suzuki:
That's right. In soccer, matches are held even when there is rain. So we supporters also go .tó cheer our team no matter how cold it is. manager: Take care you don't catch cold.
I. Mr. Mills and Mr. Kato are about to leave the office to go on a business trip to Kyushu.
XX. O V
tm •
LtzU.
n T v N.?) b Lv
UZi^
| ± - J ^ ^
UZi
i^^Y\f-fx{
( i 7 IC J; ^
^m^9h
m \zit
N T - t o
Y:ii U
IC
Y o>T
Tt.
Lxi-f}\ \z9h m
\zm^-fx\iK\t^X^)t^L
Xo LL-fi'L^L
Mills: Kato: Mills: Kato: Mills:
ZL-^£\z
i X T to'i
The sky has suddenly started to cloud up, hasn't it? Yes, the wind is starting to blow, too. According to the weather forecast, there apparently is a typhoon approaching Kyushu. Will the plane fly as scheduled, do you suppose? Even if the plane doesn't fly, we still have to get to Kyushu sometime today. Shall we go by the Shinkansen, then? We'll get there today if we take the Nozomi.
to this extent, this much
ïS^-tf'J'^T'ï)
wind starts to blow
so, therefore
i tf Ï 1 * 9
Kyushu (southernmost of Japan's four largest islands)
^ 75^0' <
approach, come near
supporter, fan rL-i-£\zii]<.xt
o
no matter how cold it is no matter how .. . cheering
Nozomi (the fastest of the three types of shinkansen trains running between Tokyo and Fukuoka)
109
III. Mr. Suzuki and Mr. Kato are in tine office, chatting.
•f-r h
z tl
ipi
i'n
^D»:^7VNX(f. 4Lil(7)f i
#;^^5^l±«^tL.*o LATL/c^fio O IJ
T'S
7
Ji l t : ^ ê * ^ /c b L V N T - f
( t ^ < 7 ) # M l c J ; ^ Ji
Xo
7 - ^ / T ^ ^ ' ^ V N T V N i t L^flo
VN'S 1^, L v N T - f J:o Suzuki: I understand that this year we're having a warm winter and the ski resorts don't have any snow at all even though it's February. Kato:
That reminds me, you're from Hokkaido, aren't you, Mr. Suzuki? According to the paper this morning, the snow statues at the Sapporo Snow Festival have apparently started to melt,
Suzuki: It's really unusual for it to be so warm in Sapporo. Not to mention that in Tokyo, too, the plums are blooming already. Kato:
Businesses are supposedly being affected, too, what with winter coats and other things not selling at all.
IV. Mr. Kato is asking about solar generators from a friend who works for an electronics manufacturer.
i)~
ItnTL
#ffi:ovN;i. «
^m:
i
linTL
S7i<< t o T v N ^ J i .
: ^7^/^T-f7J\
7 ^.lc-olt/-ci^.
7 ^(7)^%t
^mT$i-tf^o
y I
Li
J i • ~ ( ; ) < % v ^ ^ m T $ ' S ^ T L J: 7 ^ \
a-U-iyay-r^zY-ö^r^x^Xo
I:»-)UJ:<
iiLt-L
ItoT/C
^^=b7j^ij i - f o ;^D»:^7T-f^\ i:^. ^oT<^i-fo liKato: Can solar generators produce electricity even when it's cloudy? Aota:
No, they can't generate electricity when the sky is clouded over.
Kato:
Is that right? How much electricity do you suppose we could generate if we installed one
Aota:
You can run a simulation on our company website. Once you enter the location of your
on our house? house and the shape of your roof, you can find out how much electricity you'll be able to produce in one year. Kato:
Is that so? I'll try it out, then.
fzLt.! warmwinter 7,^—\lX l ski resort ~ L ^ ^ - : ) L ^ from ^-^•^~|c to that extent, so . . .
/ ll'^T^c*
thUIz •y-'f F
plum generator Aota (surname) website
i : i —•> a y-f"^> -b^tz^ö
run a simulation shape
PRACTICE Z
DiscussingülobalWarming
the Earth the environment nature global warming developed countries
^ l: J: 9 H
developing countries
PHRASE POWER causes greenhouse gases i:
carbon dioxide emissions
ÏL i- tzL t
tz\^^ < IC * A
Ti-
countermeasures regulate carbon dioxide emissions
tzL t
conserve (natural) resources
effects Jtu 4
IC i A
/iA
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases
*
the climate changes the polar ice caps melt glaciers disappear
.\'Wi.y:llJI/;l!>Vl
developed country
l±v \ L tji-o lj J: 9
developing country cause
LltX
(natural) resource
iZi tcL^X < lint X <
climate
greentiouse gas greenhouse gas carbon dioxide emission countermeasure
amount of emission regulate air, atmosphere South Pole North Pole glacier 111
SPEAKING PRACTICE The following dialogues depict a schoolteacher answering questions from students about global warming. Study the dialogues and practice asking and answering similar questions about specialized topics. .Global warming:
^4
tz tzt>/ti:6ZY
i^tltzti/tciY. il'i
il^
L
L
T-to
m^zt^z
XXo ^é^ttl'^tztztl/tC^Y.
VN^VN^7^XFu1M^<^BC 'J i t o
f^^^_H^h'^X. L i to ^ 9 t ^ ^ .
Yt>^i)6\
9 tvN^^~j^$/-c'J.
Ljt<
^Xi±07j<^a$/cU
/HVc ^j.- < tc o /-c l j .
^ ^^^^^ X tz
'j L i t o student: teacher: student: teacher: student: teacher:
Teacher, what is global warming? It's when the Earth gets warmer. Is there anything to be concerned about if it gets warmer? Yes. All sorts of problems come up when the Earth gets warmer. What kinds of problems? Climates change all over the world, so that floods and droughts occur, for example. That leads to other things, such as plants failing to grow and illnesses spreading.
II. Effects of global warming:
^p^^_ii/LtzUtt)^z
zWtÈ-tirtJY. < tc^^i
loo^mzii.
i^mi'r:'!
tc^orix
11)\
- . v ^ ï ^ ^ $ a ^ < 4 ^ J ; lj 6 ^ M - h i ^
T-to
óJ^yA _h < ti:i>Y.^ m ^ i b f e (DZii^) t>^Y i-fx. f tlTfziflix< ll->il< ^ H ^ a 6 ^ ^ < 6 ^ 0 T - t o ihX-oY. ti^/it)'XT<^ T
f^t^(D
/H^<^^^<±^^-^Y:/Lti:zYtj''^z6Ym^'t-tt!\
IJ < tot/'f-tc a IJ T t o
iioi
< tc U i t o
V N < 07J^<7) L i ic(±, AmH^iötc IcAlfA
<^/o T L i 9 ^
+
1 T-to student: What will happen to the Earth if global warming goes on the way it is doing now? teacher: If global warming goes on this way, then from what I understand, a hundred years from now average temperatures will rise to over six degrees from what they are now. If temperatures rise more than six degrees, then the ice at the South and North Poles will melt and the level of the sea will rise about sixty centimeters. Now try and think a bit. What kinds of things do you think will happen if the sea level rises?
VOCADULAIIY
happen, occur
centimeter
grow
Zff)i± 112
in this way, as is sea level
land
It
island
student: The area of land on the Earth will decrease. teacher: That's correct. I understand that people will not be able to live anymore on some islands.
III. Causes of global warming:
: '&&^t'x M :
Y\^j
YlL-^xffTs T-f-h-^o
(±vNo v N ^ v s ^ ^ i J i - r ^ ^
- - # £ v N ( 7 ) ( i . -m\m^rto
<**
T s * -5
S*i
!K^i^'. CAST
fet;
student: What are the causes of global warming? teacher: The caus&of global warming is greenhouse gases. When the level of these gases in the atmosphere increases, then temperatures rise, student: What types of gases are greenhouse gases? teacher: Good question. There are many, but the one that we have the most of is carbon dioxide. This is the gas that is given off when you do things like use fire or drive cars. Its levels suddenly rose because the population of the world increased and industry developed.
IV. Countermeasures to global warming: •trv^ ii
j>
lixi-o •• ^(nfz>^K^
^hfz%\z-x:^
^zY.-h^h^)
t'f-ti\
^j.HNJ: 7 IC L / c ' j L T - t i r V N T ^ ^ o L i L J: ? o student: What should we do to prevent global warming? teacher: First we need to reduce greenhouse gases by trying not to emit carbon dioxide, student: Is there anything that we can do to achieve this? teacher: Yes, there is. Let's try as much as possible to go about our lives without using electricity or riding in cars, among other things.
I±v^
good question
{i-ofz-o-ti
develop
Industry
\^
i
V [ C~ [ '
'3
Talifiiig abojl Environmenlal Issues
SPEAKING PRACTICE
I. Mrs. Kato comes up to Taro while he is at the sink washing his face.
taUr ( # ) : i S S ^ i / ^ ^ - x ^ - x i ^ i - l c l i . UY ^) UY ^) ti'Ti 7*:
6Z K t:
Itc^^Yo
^-i
Mrs. Kato:
Taro! How wasteful! You shouldn't leave the hot water running while you wash your face. Ahd'when you leave a room, always turn the lights off. You mustn't waste energy.
Taro:
I'm sorry. I keep on forgetting, even though I know I shouldn't.
Mrs. Kato:
To reduce greenhouse gases, each and every one of us needs to do what we can.
Taro:
I get it. I'll try not to waste energy from now on.
t fz L o liti'
always, without fail
^ wasteful, uneconomical L left running (of water), left lying out
'^%,K'fzi6
shouldn't (colloquial for~LTI±vM-t±-ti:A)
If L
-5 V ^ turn off (imperative; see p. 198) energy
atzK'ti'
waste unintentionally
t, - f L
decrease must do, need to do
II. While looking through the newspaper, Mr. Suzuki remarks to Mr. Mills about an article he just read.
O C Jiic L / c ^ T t o ^/bX': ^^K®<73Ji L T ( ± ,
v^7;;'-(7)$^vN^LTo^J:z67*<£vsTi-J:o
H*:
^7/c^7T-r^o
T t ^ ^ ^ ^ i ê i ' S r J ^ t L=K^^f^o
Suzuki:
The price of oil has gone up again. Gasoline is going to get expensive.
Mills:
If you think that gasoline is expensive, then just don't drive cars. In Tokyo you can get around all right even if you don't have a car, you know. I've decided not to buy a car in Tokyo.
Suzuki: Mills:
You have a point, especiaiiy considering how expensive parking fees are, too. A lot of cities abroad place restrictions on private cars.
Suzuki:
That's what I hear. Maybe restrictions like that will start up in Tokyo sometime soon, too.
-tfJf*
oil
il^i^')
price rise
f^'V 'I y
gasoline
^ L
city, metropolitan area
-74:^-
private car, one's own car
115
KANJI PRACTICE
7
T
Jt
Jt
V
J t
ball
it
.iX
i'
J f
1
-it
1
•6'
change -zation
-tt
h
^, f
«-^ -tt in' world
-tt
i)n>
w
• ^>
+
-tt 1>H
> C » -) '1
f
(••
world bounds
mm
fjl
0 title theme
a
0
IL
0
9
in:IE
warm
/Tin
c a /TTTj?
e r r
C H
/
y
C H
C H
yA± '1
PA from than
-
Ci i
i> feu
rise
^^romN iH i ^i
stand base
/cO,5-7
wnd
/
fl
nA n
i'JI ! Fill in the blanks with the appropriate particle. 1)
^ <
WICK'S
(
)
2)
L 'j J- 7 Lo(7? L
i 7 UtzKT
3)
L-tirXm^*lc|±o^v^^1i•:^Ji (
4) ^ l ^ ^ ^ - ^ z t 3 J: ( 5)
)
^aoToii-T^^
(
) X'^b^T^ )
ito
^'jito
L i L/cc
Z(7)^iiTi±'J^::"•^^^*
(
) -tiro^ ^ L T v ^ i - r o
Choose the most appropriate word from among the alternatives (1-4) given. 1) - ^ - X
(
)
^AZY^X 2)
éW^-^^'X^'^^iTi-o ?>.\zlhY
, 2 . I c o v n T
(
) zwitA^
Llcj^oT
3) A :
4.lcJ:oT
7 l±l:;-f')Xv^Ji,^.oito
2.ICOVNT
a.iCct^Ji
4.!cJ:oT
^^±^^*^/c^T-r'J\
B :^HvnÏÏ'L <
-ti:X-tfX^^*:)^j.-^^o/cAT-ro (
)
^^±^^*^
/c^Tto l . ^ a T
2.-t^lc
4) A : ^ J: o J i H $ / c O
3.^^l± (
4.^^^^^"
) 7^<^^^Tt^^~o
B : g r L i 7 '{'^ 1. <7)
2 . C J:
3 . t <7)
5) A : ^ i 5 « ^ ' f f l + ^ ^ l c ^ o / c
4. ^ (
)
livN-^Tt^^
B : $ (7) 7 T t o 1.
2 . C Ji
3 . t <7?
4. ^
i f t t l i Change the form of the word given in parentheses to complete the sentence in a way that makes sense. 1) Z(n%:-^\z^
11
2) hlfz^%-i)^ TA i
(
3) J:<
(
4) ' < ^ r • L l c 5) ^W-i-s:\^(nX\ 118
(
) +£h.
) Tt.
) l i \ z . (
) fz^Kz. U i T
(
L J: IC L i - ^ + ^ 7 5 \
(^Uit)
r7Vl.7|c#$ i t o i>
(,loTt)
'j|éLT
(^^^ijit)
hi
(i7 ^-^(7)^^^.^ L T o i t o )
l^:LiLj;7o
(^i-'Jit)
(^-S^it)
Choose the most appropriate word or phrase from among the alternatives (1-4) given.
1) fr:'t(Dt)^-rf/<-.^T^^^ZY{i
(
2) y-y-^^^^/lt-oiim. l.-to^^'j
tA/H"oTto
^m'^'^^Bim^m^f)' 2.-f-^Ji
3.^o^<
(
)
2.-^fo^5^
4.-ti-o*^VN
b
3 »)) "7
3.lto;ivN
Lxoito
) ^
tJ''
1.lt^C9
2.^$-J:9
5) ^ & ^ ^ . ^ , ^ ^ / £ X j t ^ ( 1.>i^-tl:C
3.xo$j:9
) /c^^ic, T $
2.ii^6
3.olt^
A.UxjU/i
c J: ^ L i L j : 9 „ 4.^5^^'-r
Fill in the blanks with the correct reading of each kanji.
1)
i ^ t i i ^ H v v i L/co
(
) (
) (
)
(
)
(
)
3) ^;^^<7?*,o*:):^^|ScxT < / £ ^ o „ (
)
(
)
4) ' - s o ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 5 ^ i
)
Px± i
;*<^/^(;)(±. )
)
4.i-^/c<
3) c<7)z 9 1 : J: 9 T i ± # ^ / c < ^ ^ ( 7 ) - t f v ^ r / ^ ^ (
4) f Jt>x/£X'fb<7) (
^
)
A^tcmmr-t. (
)
We live in constant interaction with others. It is therefore important for us to be able to appropriately convey our feelings—gratitude, frustration, dissatisfaction, whatever they may be. It is also important that we be able to express our attitudes toward social issues such as crime or child education and safety (covered in this unit) when they rear their heads. Here you will learn authentic expressions for effectively relaying your emotions in Japanese. Study how the expressions are used, then try them out on your own. Your Japanese is sure to sound much more natural after completing this unit.
TARGET DIALOGUE
Ms. Nakamura was suddenly invited to go to a concert witli a friend. She approaches Mr. Suzuki to ask him whether he would be willing to take over work in her place.
-t-r
s
-t-f i
- p . 125
- p . 128-
In the lobby of the concert hall:
X ^X :
^ i: J; 9 >v/cX L
122
Zt
?
{curtain bell)
Nakamura: Mr. Suzuki, there's a little something I'd like to ask you to do for me. Suzuki: Yes, what is it? Nakamura: Actually, the catalogs for the new products are set to be delivered today between six and seven p.m., but something has come up. I'm sorry, but would you [stay here and] receive them for me in my place? Suzuki: By "something," do you mean a date? Nakamura: Well, more or less. I suddenly got tickets to a concert that I wanted to go to. [lit., "The tickets for a concert that I wanted to go to came into my possession suddenly."] Suzuki: Is that so? In that case, I'll [stay around to] receive them. I was actually planning to go to the sports club, but. . . Nakamura: I'm sorry. I'll take you out for a meal sometime in return. Nakamura: Smith: Nakamura: (curtain bell) Smith:
(R2)
i\h
'J IC
Thank you for inviting me today. Was everything all right at work? Yes, J;had Mr. Suzuki fill in for me, so it's all right. Oh, it's starting. Let's go [inside].
between
iïLY
come into existence, come up
o t
truth be told . . . Intention, plan I'm sorry
mi
gratitude, return for a favor
iiave (someone) do (somettiing) (see p. 125)
treat, take out to eat
more or less, sort of
do (something) for me (see p. 126)
be obtained, come into one's possession
take over, fill in, cover for
6B#^^b7H#<7) t:
!J
instead receive
1.
9 l±
i;
IC *v>7ï
, meaning "interval," may be used in either a temporal or spatial sense.
Between the bank and the bookstore there is a bakery.
2.
ZY[zti:^x^'6 Z YlZ-fj:-0 X ^ ^
indicates that something "is to be so," for example because it is dictated by
rules or customs based on precedent or because arrangements or preparations have already been made for it. As used in this dialogue, it indicates that everything has already been set for Ms. Nakamura to receive the catalogs at the appointed time.
There is to be no smolcing inside this building.
We are to discuss that matter at the meeting this afternoon.
i ^ is used when you want to be vague about an answer Here Ms. Nakamura uses it to vaguelyintimate that she is going on a date while avoiding saying it outright. PICA'S ^ I C X - S means for something "to come into one's possession" with X - S used in the sense of something metaphorically "entering" one's reach.
is intransitive, as opposed to ^ I C X
^ • ? ) , which means "to make one's own" and so is transitive.
i^-fh
L o 7 ^ y-l)^^\zK^tz(DX\
L J:
Kik^t^L-fi\
l,got hold of some rare wine [lit., "Some rare wine came into my possession"], so won't you have a drink of it with me?
I stood in line for four whole hours to get the concert tickets.
C
^ O is an apology that tends to be used in more informal situations compared
i - t i : ^ . Unlike-f<^ i - t i • ^ , which may express apology or thanks, "I'm sorry." The more casual C *!)
Z'iöL.
Sorry I'm late.
\Z here indicates method of use.
Jo^<^^ifiCI^7j^/-c^Koi
strictly means
is commonly used among speakers on close terms.
I'm sorry I'm late.
< tC-oX.
ZliöL'^£^\^
Ifzo
I bought a yukata as a souvenir
I gave them wine glasses as a wedding present.
to't^
S
G R A M M A R
&
PATTERN
PRACTICE
3 Describing the Actions of Giving a n d Receiving Services
As discussed repeatedly elsewhere (Book I, p. 110; Book III, p. 29), the verbs ii ^ 1, <, I f -S express the giving or receiving of objects. The -te form of a verb + ii ^ 1 / 6 (hereafter ~ T i j ^ 1, —X <. K6,
, and ^
( it^ /
^if
~ T ^ l f - S ) , meanwhile, indicates the giving or receiv-
ing of services (i.e., doing something for someone or having someone do something for you). These expressions, in essence, allow you to describe the exchanging of favors or benefits. The constructions introduced here apply to when the benefactor and beneficiary both belong to the same social level. Those for when the two are of different levels will be covered in Unit 4 (pp. 181-82).
1. ~ T t b 7
ti
A-tt
hfzl
4 tx
KL
My friend told me the name of the store. •
^ A l i ^ / - £ ^ l c ; ^ < 7 ) ^ t u ^ f C X T t b V N i L/co tt Ai f tx. fL I had my friend tell me the name of the store. hf:l
Changing the first sentence above by adding ~ T
b 9 while putting yourself in the subject posi-
tion allows you not only to state the fact that your friend told you the name of the store, but also to convey that you received benefit from and are grateful toward this service. ~ T è b 9 is often, but certainly not always, used to talk about things done for you by others at your own request. The benefactor is marked by the particle |C.
~ T è b 9 can describe favors exchanged not only between you and others but also between third parties. t ' W ^ ^ l ± # * ^ ^ | c t t • ^ ' ^ ^ = b o T ^ . b o i L/CC ti-jt-ft, -t-f i I z:t Ms. Nakamura had Mr. Suzuki take over some work for her. ~ T
9 is also frequently used to make requests, in which case it changes to the potential form
and becomes ~ T
l^) X. i
Conversation between two diners at a restaurant:
B : ^iXirUo
{to the waitedt^t
-^L.^^a.-^t'^X^Xth^È
A:
I'd like to have dessert, how about you? Shall we ask to get the menu?
B:
Yes, let's, (to
-t^\
the waiter) Excuse me, will you bring us the menu? 125
The form ii t> o i -ti:
is used by A to suggest to B that they get the menu, ~ T ^ b X
i
't'é'' by B to asl< the waiter to perform them a service, i.e., bring them the menu. ~ T ^ j b X i t ^ ^ sounds nearly lil
b X. i ^ + ^ ' ^ ^ "would you [please]. . . ?" or ~ T ^ IQ O
V ^LTi'-Ó^,
"I'd appreciate it ifyou would . .."
~T <
indicates a service done by someone toward you or members of your family. Because
the benefactor is the subject, —X ( i l ^ carries the feeling of the service having been performed spontaneously on the person's own initiative. As such, you can use it to thank people for actions conducted on your behalf.
tt
hf:l
HI
My friend taught me how to ski.
tt
•
l i l i t/tJi'.^A,
My friend took my mother to the hospital for me.
Thank you for holding my bags for me.
~ T < Ki-^/L-é^
may be used to form requests. But because it effectively calls on someone to
do something for you of their own volition, you should only use it when speaking to those close to or younger than you.
T
r>t
hi
wife:
I'm sorry, but give me a hand for a second, will you?
husband: Sure.
^X^lf6 T ^ If
indicates a service done by the subject toward someone else. When the beneficiary is
someone of lower status or an animal, then ~ T
I taught Ms. Tanaka French.
hf:l
T
I helped my younger brother with his homework.
is sometimes used (see also p. 29).
~ T ^ If
implies doing someone a favor and so runs the rislc of sounding pushy when said directly
to the beneficiary of the action. Thus (
| ± ) ~ T * I f ^ should only be used toward family or
those close to you. In the form ~ T
( f ' T < /c ^ V
to perform a service for a third person,
in which the speaker is asking their listener
^ if 6 may be used, but only if both the recipient and
the listener are junior staff members or others of lower social status than the speaker.
Please explain the contents of the report to Mr. Suzuki.
D Complete each sentence while pretending to be %
ht:L 1)
^A (± ^
i
/IX^/Llzi
(
)o
(
).
JA (±11*^ ^ l c ^ / • £ ^ ^ L j ; 7 ' ^ n N L T
H Read the following while paying attention to their meanings.
V J:
2) ^^L\:^'-h^^C,tc
LA
< X Zt -oX^^fziy.
3) A :
i-X^^xzJ-hT-rn.
4) k: ^<-y-
^-(n\L^
B :
carry zoo
m^^tcA^mX-X
LXf. fz\^^LP:-otzXL
•Kfit,-h^^-of-:^x
content
\iz.\\
i::*7.ï'':>
< Kfz(nx\
t
11
1
'J t L/co
Ifzo
I, Illl Expressing Intention (1) -oil
^) is used to indicate intention, or in otiier words sometliing that you have already settled on
doing in your mind without being certain whether it will actually be carried out.
i
'j behaves like
a noun, and so verbs preceding it take plain forms. # H
^mWiM
mix.
I X I i ^ o + | S | f ( 7 ? 0 7 ^ < izfc^-^i
'jT-fc
I intend to study Chinese every day and someday become an interpreter in the language.
I intend not to smoke anymore. A : * ^ < ^ i t ^ ^ l c lyP'^'Xt^
B : XX,
'^(D'ot
liir-ó\
'J T - t o
A:
Will you attend the New Year party next week?
B:
Yes, I'm planning on it.
For things you are definitely going to do in the near future, use the -masu form or dictionary form, not
IC(75o T o ^ < D T \
fi^)
fzi^zt,io^^h^mtiro
I'4TXLV
tl
h
I'm on the train now, so I'll call you when I get off. In Book II (p. 166), we introduced ^ 1 / plans for the future.
X 1 Y ^-o
X ^ ^ È i'
as an expression for indicating
^ 'j carries a stronger sense of determination than ''^ 1 X X 1 Y. ^-o
X
o i i " , which is often used to talk about plans you still are not definite about or that you just came up with right then and there.
^J^^^Ymi-"èlXl
Y^-^X^'^LTiTo
(BookII,p. 164)
I'm thinking of traveling with my parents.
I'm hungry, so I'm thinking about going out to eat lunch. Won't you come with me? When used in the past tense, as in the example from the Target Dialogue, o t 'J indicates that something you meant to do did not come to pass for some reason. As such, it is often used to make excuses. X 7t-:-y ^ y
<'^i.'}tz'^fz(D{z^
^ - X ^ " J; i T l f I t t i . ' < tc
I meant to go to the sports club, but couldn't because I had to work late.
I honestly meant to do it, but just never had the time . . . VOCAIIIJLARY
128
Itp-o^^-ti
attend
^)Xlfz.
Read the following while paying attention to the uses of the expressions introduced on the previous page.
uximr-r^^
1) A : tJ<7)^, <
< ( ± # : < ^ # ^ è o TV N < o
lj T t o
in hk L
4)
^ . i V N ^ ; ; ^ | i ' ^ - : : / x O ' : ) ^ ; lj/•co/c<7)IC, -^TLivNiL/co
i L;
letter, character farming, agriculture
^,•oTV^<
take, bring
fc^^L^7/•CO/:<7)T\ "
PRACTICE 1
Rcquesi ing Ser'.'icos
PHRASE POWER
Will you repair my computer for me?
Will you exchange this size S for a size M for me?
Will you change these dishes for me, since they're dirty?
Would you please come pick up the package for me sometime today?
® [zij-yi^B
t. Ï
Y^'ItTi I
h^i^L-é\
.
Would you please deliyerthe package for me at five o'clock today? ® L A ^ 0 ( 7 ) f ,i^<7)HtH^7)^XT t i ^ v v / b o A T - f
o
I'd appreciate it if you'd change the time of my doctor's appointment.
SPEAKING PRACTICE
I. Ms. Martin asks for an item she is buying at a department store to be delivered.
•7/iyy: J^M.-
zK. am'^'lti-o
XU^'y
ht-
LJ:9^LiL/cc.
^4;tyy : z
h^'fz^'Lr-t^'-
I'd like this. It's a gift, so will you wrap it up for me?
salesperson: Of course. Martin: I'd like you to deliver it to this address for me. salesperson: Then please write [the address] here.
VOCABULARY
repair J:
Z'Ki
(R2)
become dirty medical examination
130
-o-o/ix-ij
h^tt^^
. Mr. Suzuki requests repairs at a computer sliop. II é
L t * 9 'J
lXi^h^tir^\
L J: 9 ^ L i L/co
4^. «
IXÏLtT
t
Suzuki: I bought this computer here, but it broke down. Will you repair it for me? salesperson: Of course. Suzuki:
About how many days will it take?
salesperson: Well, we won't know until we look into the cause of the malfunction. Suzuki:
Would you please repair it for me in three days or so? I'm in a hurry, you see.
salesperson: I'll try asking the service center right now, so please give me a moment.
^ IS a character indicating repetition ofthe kanji coming before it, e.g.,
, "people "
countnes.
III. Mr. Mills has called a dentist to have his appointment changed.
^H
:
^ii
: im^'X
lii-oii
VK
^ ;IX
:
ffl^#^4Tr^""v
i
to
l^'Xi-^\
t-L C
1 1 Nfi±^vNTvNit'^\
^ii^
/c-v^L i X r ^ T t o 'J i
I / I X :
6
N
^KXli.
^Lfz
1 ^izii'^t,
ix
to
J;6 L < * ^ ^ ^ < v N L i t o
receptionist: Tanaka Dental Office. Mills:
Uhh, I'm Mills, who made a reservation for ten o'clock tomorrow. If possible, I'd appreciate it if you'd change the time of the reservation, receptionist: What time would be agreeable? Mills: Is eleven o'clock available? receptionist: Yes, that would be fine. We'll see you tomorrow at eleven, then. Mills: Thank you.
service center fzti-ó-'l-A-
Tanaka Dental Office (fictitious dentist's office) dentist's office 131
Tlir-)ril:ing Uliieis for 1 heir Service
PHRASE POWER
Thank you for helping out with the cleaning of the room.
Thank you for going out of your way to come and greet me at the station.
Thank you for making my favorite dish.
®^l.
< KX.
iitLY
7
[Zi,i)^^Yio
U-t>
Thank you very much for throwing a party for me.
® L l t A < 7 ) l t o ^ ^ ^ ^ - t i : T
^^)^'Yio
Thank you for letting me know your exam results.
®^B\iyytlz^^'oX
^iJ'^^X?»
ito
Thank you for inviting me out for lunch today. ® / t ^ x ; ^ < 7 ) • y | ^ ^ L T i ^ v ^ T < KX.
fzi-^^-^fzXo
It was a great help, you know, your making hotel reservations for us.
I Z't
li-
lt was a great help, you know, your taking over work for me yesterday.
®PMit^Xfl^t^^XXiio'^X.
-f^t^Lc
I'm sorry for asking so much of you [lit., "asking the impossible"] and having you change our reservations.
® ^ | C X U IC < K^i-^y
htY-^Xtio^X.
i-^t-^LX'lfzo
T llv> Thank you [lit., "I apologize"] for having you get those hard-to-get-hold-of tickets for me.
vnnAniJLARY
cleaning, tidying up go out of one's way to do, take the trouble to do
132
have, hold (a party, etc.)
yyiiü') i^^l
lunch ask too much
READING PRACTICE Hiro, Ms. Nal
Thank you for taking time out just to come visit me at the hospital today. I was happy to have been able to see you after such a long time. The book you brought me is really fun reading. According to the doctor, I'li be able to leave the hospital in about another month. Let's meet again once I'm out of the hospital. Hiro
SPEAKING PRACTICE Emi Morita strikes up a conversation with Ms. Martin.
: ^^)-^/L
') XO 'I
M.tlfzXo
T}-
i-^ij::^tzt,iz^^Xhlft
i-tU^^X^^i^M.
tX^
I; J.'.) i;
Ifzo
Emi Morita: I saw your blog, Marie. That photograph of you playing your cello was lovely. Martin: I'm glad you took a look at my blog. It's gotten quite a bit of positive feedback. Emi Morita: It's interesting to look at, isn't it, especiaiiy with all those French recipes written down in it. I told a friend who likes to cook about it.
(a)
A±v^
visit to someone who Is sick or injured
fz^^K^Ay-f i
leave (a hospital after a stay)
'^i'-ó^ti'-i''
quite, fairly 133
PRACTICE 3
Mahins Excuses
PHRASE POWER
I meant to get up early, but. . . AlC^pt,-tf-So^, lj/•£o/c^Tt'^^•• l meant to tell Mr./Ms.
, but. . .
I meant to do it myself, b u t . . .
I planned on finishing this work today, but. . .
I meant to prepare earlier^ but I just didn't have the time . . .
®nt-^i.^)fz'otzLX"t^\
^/7J^^^>^^tv^iC < <
T
o
I meant to talk [to you about it], but it was just so hard to bring it up . . . ® l ± ^ < * ^ o ^ ; ^}fz-^tzLfz\lY:. <
m#lC<75'J^^< t L ^ , ^ o T TALï-
I meant to come earlier, but I missed my train . . . ® 9 ^ i c ' J f o ; ' c b - t C ^ ' S o t ^)t-:-,tzLf-:\iY:.
o ^ ^ b t ^ ^ ^ o T
I meant to do it as soon as I got home, but I just carelessly forgot. . .
Vi
SPEAKING PRACTICE — =
' I''' '
1. During lunch IVlr. Suzuki talks with a junior colleague who is about to switch jobs. If* :
T A L J: < - f • S o T H v N / c I t ^ ' '
Ü'i;)*
c
-f-f J
L
Suzuki: I heard you're going to switch jobs. Shinagawa: I'm sorry. I meant to tell you earlier, but. . . I've decided to quit at the end of next month.
;
Suzuki:
Well, it's too bad you're going to quit. Let's go out for a drink once sometime in the near future. Shinagawa: Thank you.
'
II. Aiko's boyfriend makes excuses to Aiko for being late for a date.
ii < m> Y^\i.
(tvN/cV^lc^l^LT < TL
Aiko:
h
You're late.
boyfriend: Aiko: boyfriend:
Sorry I'm late. I meant to get here early today, but I forgot my wallet at home and went back to get it. Won't you call me on my cell phone when you're going to be late? The thing is, the batteries were out on my cell phone.
shinagawa (surname)
liiXh (R2)
run out
at the end of In the near future
y vy K
boyfriend
135
KANJI PRACTICE n
T
.L-g—
ItïV/L
1
1^ 1^
commerce merchandise
i\h substitute generation
w 1^
U IC
m\
^1 lend rent
I • •:
1h borrow rent
send
ff
r > \ 1
in
If
'\\\
i; 1. £_
1 \
^®
1'
IT
B • 1 s f • /-\
reflect
dl—
rf
lil
lil'
picture
'I i Lp LA
copy
ff
LpLA
true genuine
—i-
B
song
^
sing
rf.
H
n
PT pJ!
pT-t
PT/-
p[
pj
H
MY PASSPORT WAS STOLEN TARGET DIALOGUE
A phone call comes into the office from Mr. Suzuki, who was scheduled to come back today from an overseas business trip. . ,
TL
4
S
S
i<
S J: 7
- p . 141
-t-f i
T$^j.nN/-c^ 7
i
h
S
^W.^^ti'o
J; T i >
il 7 L ^ | - t * > ' j
L
i-ttAo
Atter Mr. Suzuki comes back, Mr. Mills questions him more closely about the time he was pickpocketed.
-tf
s
^*
to 138
Tl
^(DK^.
t
iii
btL/cA/-c^,^A^ito
- p . 144 tltZ
-ti- i
ut
f - x - y ^ T - ^
h
ltzmi'otz
^Ttm^?7lc
LT
< t L i
L
kt
/co
l t V ^ ^ O T L L J: 9 ^ i ^ H ^ L T V ^ ^ ^ " * ' ' ^ p . 145
i t f ^ L T < n / b A T t o
( ï A ^
.
9 ic/ci-^^'j i
VNOLJ;|CVNT
L/^co
^ ; b X ' : X-Zj^-otzTi-no Nakamura: Manager Sasaki, we liave a phone call from Mr. Suzuki. He said he had his passport stolen and can't come back today. Sasaki: What? That's awful! Sasaki:
Mr. Suzuki? I hear you got your passport stolen.
Suzuki:
Yes, my wallet and plane tickets were taken, too. I'll make an effort so I can get back as soon as possible, but I think I'm probably not going to be able to attend tomorrow's meeting. I understand. Please let us know once you know your schedule. Yes. I'm sorry for the trouble.
Sasaki: Suzuki: Mills: Suzuki:
That was some experience you had, wasn't it? Wherever were you pickpocketed? I think probably at the shopping center. Just as I was about to get onto the elevator, I was pushed by a man who came running from behind me. I think that was when I was pickpocketed.
Mills:
Didn't you notice at the time?
Suzuki:
No. But later at a store, when I put my hand in my pocket to try to get my wallet out, there was nothing there. And then what did you do?
Mills: Suzuki:
Mills:
I went back to the hotel right away and consulted the person at the front desk. He was very helpful, although it was already after I had checked out. He stayed and interpreted for me all while I was explaining my situation to the police. It really was a big help. That was fortunate.
VOCABULABY
•f"
^
(R2)
get pickpocketed
t
-S
pickpocket
^ 9 < 9
plane ticket
(R2) Y. -5 ^ 'J i
get stolen, get taken steal, take
^ - f -5)
strive, make an effort 139
0^ H
tomorrow
\ ^ O /c ^ N
what- (how-, when-, etc.) ever (used with a question word to add emphasis)
V H y
9
9 —
%^'^ {
shopping center notice
juy 9T'y
hir i
check out (of a hotel)
C L J; 7
situation, circumstance while
jJ.lR'f- ^
interpret
^ A T t o T ? is .sxolloquial expression used often by women. It is spoken with a rising intonation and says, in effect, "I heard . . . , but is it true? Tell me more." The plain-style equivalent,
—L
/c" o T ? , is used by both men and women.
2.
^k6^^h^-oX^fzE ttl titZ
Tl ^-oX^
tz indicates that the man "came running" in the direction of Mr. Suzuki, the speaker.
The opposite expression,
X
-o fz (went running), would indicate that the man ran away
from Mr. Suzuki. Other compound verbs using $ /c and V N o tz include X r>X
tz (came in),
Ü-iv "^Xitz (came near), tb T \. ^ o ^
(went out), and |C I f T \^-otz (ran away). are sometimes used in place of ^ (7) A and : ^ «0 A , as ^ is done here.
and -k
atz
tiiL-ti
titz
.
ut
Care needs to be taken with these words, however; while ^ ntz
I•
and 5C are stnctly neutral in conüLtc
notation when describing gender, they can sound rude when used to point to specific individuals. In the dialogue, Mr. Suzuki intentionally adopts the less polite ^ _ to describe the man who came running from behind because he believes he was a pickpocket.
3.
^KX\
^"'7 LtzLXi-t)7 L tzLX'-ft)^ by itself means "What's the matter?" and is often used to initiate a conversa-
tion. ^ i l X \
Y^ 1 LtzL
Xi-1)^,
"And then what did you do?" is used to encourage someone
to go on with what they are already talking about.
4. i-JLV^T'y A verb preceding
140
h L/cg (after) takes the -ta form regardless of the tense in the main clause.
S Jt 9 hH--^
is a verb in the passive form. The passive form is constructed as follows.
Regular I verbs: -na; stem + i l i
t l
->thii6
fz
fei-
-^a^iii
Yi
Regular II verbs: -nai stem + h i l i
h-fiii
-^fzYhiii
(same as the potential form)
^ hirKioili
^ i
->
^ i
^
^ ^ K i
Irregular verbs-:""
i-i
^iii
-^^ioiii
Passive verbs conjugate lil
ii^ii-ix^^
m u t - t
fe^n^if
fe^^T
ii^Utz
1 . Passive structures whose subject is a person In Japanese, as in English, passive sentences are formed by placing the receiver of the action described by the verb in subject position. Compare the foiiowing two sentences, both of which describe the same occurrence but from differing points of view: atz ut -ff s A man pushed Mr. Suzuki, (focus on the man)
-f-fi
atz
ut
Mr. Suzuki was pushed by a man. (focus on Mr. Suzuki) Passive sentences function to place emphasis on the effect exerted by an action on the receiver of that action. The person who performs the action is identified by the particle |C.
t;-r
Z\i^k(D^
My son broke my computer. hhl
I got my computer broken by my son. As the second example here shows, when that which is adversely affected by the action is a person's beionging, that person becomes the topic of the sentence. 141
Sentences that use passive verbs tend to show that the action is or was unwelcome.
It rained.
I got rained on. Choosing between a passive verb versus — X%^1
ox
{ ^ i
allows you to give differing
renditions of how you feel about the action described, even if the action itself is the same. Passive sentences are often used to convey a sense of damage. ~ T i
ic) 9 and ~ T { t l i , by contrast,
show that the speaker is thankful for the action.
^vC.iL'^^AlZ^M'èYhilÈ Ifzo I
ut
IvlL
I got my picture taken by someone I didn't know.
L
Ut
Ifl/L
I had someone I didn't know take my picture for me.
2 . Passive structures whose subject is a thing Passive sentences that take as their subject an inanimate object are often used to depict objective reality. Such sentences carry none of the connotations of adverse effect discussed above. When the agents are unspecified, unknown, or irrelevant, they are simply omitted.
This temple was built a thousand years ago. ^I|5TC < tXT
iS^^^m^'h^fi^ilt Ifzo 7»HV 4 '
t
Ul,
An international conference was held in Kyoto. When mentioned, the agent usually takes |C J; o T.
Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
llllll I
/cT-S (R2)
build international conference
Hamlet 142
Shakespeare
izX-^X
by-
D Change each verb to its passive form.
1)
m
-
2) iri-iö6 3) f F ^ 4) ^ b . v 5) 6)
^ L j ; 7 fz^'ir^
^
0 change each sentence to a passive one.
1) 5CI±^A ^ ^ x C ' J i Lfzo % \t 2) %^\t^k.^\l>sht L/co ^
(±
^4'#^^l± 4) ^<7)ArJ<^A(7)^t>3>«^i L/co a Lfi
^
vt
htzl
if, I
^A l±
0 Complete the sentences by changing the verbs in parentheses to a form of their passive counterparts that makes sense.
1) <~XU
7jC(7)^p Y
(X.ld
2) ^^èö-fhL\^
(ypiz^j-t^)
3) 0:^(73 T-/^^"?^
til
4) ^(Dn
mmL<-Mtm.l6-/)^'^tzo t
<
5) 75^a|±^^
^)
Hii^iir6)
<-o
^ / i ^ i T Y l ^ L l f z . (n l ) tiztc
iLH-o
L Jt 7 / c O - f ^ invite
^ - X
Venice
l±X
'i." <' 4 iïw,z/n-,\ l i * i ^ ) (R2) • .i-£j
^ C 1*1-.5-i-7
iVl-tPTfi
capital • X import
, (i-7
fJ» L i ^ o - f
export
hit, strike • praise . step on
(rp L rp^^t
iiLtz\^
program (TV , °^ 9-f-1) broadcast
-tfAc^Jt
i : ^ - ^ + ^ - f ^ , be elected
HZti'i
hold, carry out
election 1
Expressing Intention (2)
fi
T
The volitional form of a verb + ^ t
v>
-?> indicates either that you are just about to carry out a pre-
planned action or that you are trying to do something without so far being successful.
fz
liX
TL h
Just as I was about to eat dinner, I got a phone call
\7 I tried to sleep, but couldn't.
D Complete the sentences using - - l / X l Y l f z Y ^ .
1)
9 f y - i z ^ 6 . \i\^fz\^^'-t):^)
2)
Ifzo
*^di^ iü|75^\^oT$ i
^ 3)
Ifzo
n.^\zM6 T/Llf
ffl
KTTj^T^i o T L i v s i L/bo
^ H Complete the sentences using - i / X i Y L i
1)
lfz^\
izi-^mzs^ m
2)
i
< Ti±cKi-tf^TL7'co
mm-r^ '
.... fe^ 9 ^ i c L ^ i ^ t L T . i-ti:^TL/co
VOCAHULARY
get a phone call ring, sound hinder, get in the way (of)
144
jJll Indicating a Span of T i m e During Which an Action or Event Occurs The noun
_ follows any number of modifiers to form a subordinate clause setting out a span of
time throughout which an action or event, expressed in the main clause, continues or continued. Verbs preceding f^^_ almost always appear in the ~ T V •§) form regardless of the tense of the main clause. Nouns, meanwhile, are joined to
by adding
Unlil
- f O ^ ^ N o L J: IZK^X < ilt Ifzo [The person from the hotel] stayed with me all while [1] was explaining matters to the police. ^H, + 1^ indicates that the action in the main clause takes place in one portion of the time span delineated by
.
: ii-fc' i- in M I went shopping while my child was asleep.
Complete the sentences using the words given. 1)
XI^LTvNi-f
YXifz^^i-^Tlfzo 2)
LT^^i-r
F^. htzL ^kUi
*.07Ï
t 3)
XL
-o^J^Xo-t-tfkLT^^ n
lfz.
tt!^MtTvNÉ-f
FBI IC. Xz^-o-h^Y Y:^ t
lfz.
*v>fc'
4)
^ ^ L T ^ ^ i - f 'Itzï
F^ IC. m'^^KX It^'t 5) -f^-oi^A^
boring, tedious coffee shop
^^M-i
(R2)
die (of plant), wither
Ifzo
R A C . ' T [C-F.
ïali'.np, about Unpleasant, txporiencob
PHRASE POWER
^
I got bitten by a dog.
I got laughed at by everyone.
®1Sin%\Z\^l)shi,ilfz. tt I got bullied by my friends.
®:ktziiiZtzt^ilfz. tt
I got cheated by a friend.
®M'Pi:thKfzo I had bad things said abdut me.
®
B-^m-Ö'f^fiYthKtzo ISA C -s tz I' I was told my Japanese was bad. K
®'fr:i^\Ztl/yt:Zh^iltz. I got my camera broken by my child.
®mz-h^-t-£i,
hUtzo
«i> L
I had a precious item thrown away by my mother.
® C J; 9 L i e
l-^-iyiltzo
I got scolded by my boss.
I was interrupted at work by a colleague.
I got my data stolen by a hacker.
®%^^\Z^t\-iti^i)'^hMzo I got my name bungled by the department manager.
bite, chew
^t:
oi:»-?)(R2)
bully, pick on
L-ó^i,
(^X)
bad at, unskilled
tzÈi-
fool, cheat, deceive:
'^-y il—
hacker
^^'SC't
slander, insult
*ti-ft;
steal
scold
I got into a traffic accident.
I got bumped into by someone's car.
I got caught on a parl
t - K V M± ^ r:r)
-b-t-^tz.
I got caught on a .speeding violation.
111'
My house got broken into by thieves.
m'S^iZ^'ofzo
I was deceived in a scam.
I got kidnapped.
I got hit by a man I didn't know.
I got my wallet pickpocketed.
I was mistaken for a thief.
I was rained on and got soaking wet.
The baby kept on crying [lit., "The baby cried on me"], so I couldn't sleep at all. •ot
I
My wife died [lit., "My wife died on me"] and I'm at a loss.
0>olt-|,(R2)
hit, bump Into
^ 1$-J L
parking violation
^|^^
'^^^ii>
get caught
Xt°—F^MIA
speeding violation
5
T ^5 $'
l$9/iH\-f.z, U
be deceived in a scam
Ï/L
soaking wet
scam, swindle kidnap pickpocket
147
Ms. Nakamura lived overseas between the ages of two and ten.
•ti- i iïi'tJt,
m
^9 /£o/c^rtfz^'^Ltz-ofz/LTirn.
Suzuki
Ms. Nakamura, it must be good to be an overseas returnee and be able to speak a foreign language.
Nakamura: But not everything about it is good, you know. In elementary school I got laughed at for not being able to read kanji and was told my pronunciation of Japanese was strange, among other things. Suzuki:
Was that so? It must have been hard for you.
Nakamura: Yes. I fpund it so difficult for about the first six months that I hated going to school.
Ir. Inuyama calls the police after discovering that his house was broken into.
tiiLr-fi f t
Y:6iïi\zxioKiifz
\
Y:61ÏI ( ± 4 - ^ : : lev N i t ^ \ * Mt < ^^lc^J.•-,T^^/c^T-ro
9'W
lt^^-AI±VNit^\
officer:
This is 110. Are you reporting a crime, or an accident?
Inuyama: A crimel My house was broken into by thieves! officer:
Are the thieves there now?
Inuyama: No. When I came home, the windowpanes were broken and the room was a mess. officer:
Has anyone been injured?
Inuyama: No, nobody. In any case, come right away!
* Although this question might seem strange, the officer asks it in order to assess whether the person reporting the crime is in immediate danger, given that if the thieves were stili nearby, any hasty action by the police, such as even approaching the scene in a patrol car, might put the person at risk of harm. $ v_ < L [1 i lioJiA
overseas returnee (someone who came back to Japan after spending their childhood abroad)
i il'ij'vT.
windowpane
(R2)
break, smash messed up, disordered
pronunciation
0 fj V *
hard, difficult, trying
lt^5«IC^
injured person
1 1 Olf/C
110 (emergency phone number)
mz-i-i
anyw/ay, in any case
l^ltA
incident, crime
PRACTICE
Z
Describing What Happened
SPEAKING PRACTICE
IVlr. Suzuki has just been rear-ended by a car while driving and is now at the scene of the accident, together with the woman who was in the other car, describing to a police officer what happened. f t
t z ( D t i n i
m
z m ^ m ^ \ z t - f ) ' ^ i Y L/c^$.
-k
i n - i { h \ . { t m t x
{f-:'s\\
,m
\ z ^ ^ t - h ' Y i f ^ t x i f z
(DA
officer: Suzuki:
Rfèase describe to me in detail the situation at the time of the accident. A child suddenly came running out just as 1 was about to turn left on this corner. So when 1 hastily braked, 1 was rear-ended by the car behind me. I'm sorry. 1 didn't think you were going to stop so suddenly.
woman:
Ms. Martin is talking to Mr. Mills about the time she forgot her wallet.
LT-to ^ JlX
:
^iiX\
Y:'I l f z L T i r ^ \
: ^i^y-(DiLXLf^^Hzèö\^LihfzLX. 1 LXL^^/Lb
:
-7iiy
y
^Xo
^Ulz
m
hi-iix
ii^iif^)fz/iX-ro fz-r^'^)
i
Ifzo
^^fz/LX-f^
Martin:
Right when I was about to pay my fare for the taxi, 1 noticed my wallet wasn't there.
Mills: Martin:
Oh, and then what did you do?
Mills: Martin:
i T J J: 9
>^ t/tz-f
1 handed the taxi driver my business card and borrowed some money. 1 was lucky the driver was a nice person. Is that so? Did you find your wallet? Yes. I'd left it behind at the office.
situation, circumstance detailed
(R2)
leave behind, forget
jump out, run out
f)hX i> (R2) 7*l^-+
move hastily, become flustered brake
o \\
bump into from behind, rear-end
o - f i,
S h-f^i,
149
I
PRACTICt
3
Rol'-'tingTrouble
SPEAKING PRACTICE
I. Mr. Mills greets Mr. Suzuki, who has just come into the office.
^ )IX : (cheerfully) l $ - / K ^ ^ . ÜliXl
^ )VX : ^"(7) < % V N^Jo T^ N +-f S
^t to
tzLTi'-ö\
i: li- A
LcK
«
Mills: Suzuki:
{cheerfully) Good morning, Mr. Suzuki!
Mills: Suzuki:
Really? Did you drink so much last night? Yes, the entire time while I was waiting at the bar for my girlfriend.
Oh, Mr. Mills, please don't talk in a loud voice. I have a headache from a hangover.
Mills:
How long were you waiting?
Suzuki:
About two hours, it must have been. In the end she didn't come because she wasn't able to finish work.
II. Ms. Martin asks Ms. Nakamura about the seminar she came back from yesterday.
: yiV^y
YXi^m^L^-f/^-otzLT-t^' :
c
Y:i-b^LtzLX-f-f}\ f-:-,tzLx-f. ^itc/LX-r.
^(DiUg^ihi-KXli-oX.
^t-yii^-
Xlfzo
III
Martin:
How was the seminar yesterday, Ms. Nakamura?
Nakamura: Martin: Nakamura:
It was very interesting, except. . . Did something go wrong? I had an awful time because I couldn't stop sneezing while the lecturer was talking.
Martin: Nakamura:
Was it hay fever? Yes, it was. I forgot my medicine yesterday, so I really messed up!
l t o $ Jt <
In the end, after all seminar
9 L
150
lecturer
tz^ ^ I o I f V ' big mistake, fiasco
III. Mr. Mills consults Mr. Suzuki about a piece of mail he has no idea about.
h K x i f z L r i r i i Y : :
^'X
X7
L J;
o
V N T-f
Li
(fates the papers from Mr. Mills)
Z
-kt^'
4AiA
r x ^ ^ ^ LTj
o T # v n T ^ ' J
i - f Jlo l)\yX^L.
Z(DX)1-X\Z.
X.^L/bAT-fTj^ ^ ;l/X" : vu^x..
X , ; # L T v ^ i - d : ^ J ; . ^ ^ ^ x / V ^ - 7 ^ ^pt^j-'VNT-fo *
i^TK:
z
L^^.
t J L - f n i f v N V N T - f J;o
LJ
t-r S
^ ; l / X " : / - c v X i 7 >rX-L J; 9
iJLLX^^miz.
-rt 4
T VN^^V^T-f
Mills: Suzuki: Mills:' Suzuki: Mills: Suzuki: Mills: Suzuki:
*
b
m^X-f\'Z)z-/)^^i
etc
Mr. Suzuki, could I bother you for a moment right now? These papers were sent to me yesterday. . . Oh? What kind of papers? {takes the papers from Mr Mills) This is a bill. It says to deposit one million yen [into their bank account]. What? One million yen? Why? It says "for registration fees." Did you join this group, Mr. Mills? No, I didn't. I don't know [anything about] such a group. Then you should just ignore this bill. Will that be all right, do you suppose? Won't something bad happen while I'm ignoring it? There'll be no problem. I hear it's best to ignore suspicious letters and e-mails.
^> ' T - f means the same as
L
'J i
^ . The pattern "-nai form + T ' - f " is often
L
used in place of the negative form in everyday speech (see also p. 215).
•If o S
9 L J:
lc rt) 9 75n ^ $ A
bill, invoice
i -f v ^
bad, untoward
registration fee
lcrt>9 55^^ ^-f^
join (an organization)
a t'ti>
ignore
151
1' * + mm
bright
3
n
m
pass commute
n
f
ït9
g
m
tftiWh-oï z ï
>>
—V
ft
translate
TT-
L
die
tz tzXt
buüd construct
-71
5^
r
PROTECTING ONE'S CHILDREN
Z
:
ItTUiC
oii'
t
ji'^c
til
*A-tfA
^ ( i o T .
rv^^^<^fe-f LJ
^vNZ
^jN^ilcio^(i';t^-ti:TvN^„
Alii ij'f =
(D
li*
*
/;U^fO
a)b^J,n^
33
:SSiiz:^itii-
f
t<'lzlf6
Recently there are many cases of elementary schoolchildren getting involved in criminal incidents on their way to and from school. To protect children against crimes, more and more parents are making them carry cellular phones or security buzzers. But if you make your children carry crime-prevention goods and teach them how to use them, then does that really make them safe? Police and schools have started to put effort into educating children about crime prevention. They are putting up posters in elementary schools to get students to learn the slogan
^ ^i!)''
sushi). This word means [i.e., is an acronym made up of the initial sounds of the important words in]
I "Don't go with strangers," "Don't get into cars driven by strangers," "Cry 'Help!' in a loud voice when you get into trouble," "Run away immediately when you feel you're in danger," and "Let adults know immediately when something happens to you." At home, too, it is necessary for parents and children to discuss with each other such questions as "What should you do when strangers approach you?" or "What should you do when someone asks you for directions?" The important thing is to make children think on their own about ways of protecting themselves. VOCABULARY
i i z t j
going to and returning from
poster
involve, mix (someone) up (in)
squid
^,V^C
protect
OVNT^f <
follow, go with
cellular phone
fz-f\fX
help!
tz-tilh
buzzer
It/c-t+'E) (R2)
have (someone) carry
t
slogan, catchphrase
! (R2)
'A'P
help loud voice
nazi.
m
parent
meaning
(R2)
but (used mainly in writing) c
f i t SJ
YM
crime
education
91'<
ij-^XKh
(R2)
put effort (into)
call out to, approach
i
mm< At i ll'/
*
ask for directions talk over, discuss
mm 1.
'^^icofz^i^^ tz6
1
the plain-style equivalent of T L J: 9 •ó\ is used to raise an issue with or consuit
someone. Here it functions as a rhetorical question calling on the reader to think about measures for protecting children against crime.
To make a set of rules or statements easier to remember, often the initial sounds of each item will be taken out and devised into a meaningful acronym.
^•ó^(Da-t L here is such a mnemonic that
puts together the initial sounds of the important words in five crime-prevention rules to make up a phrase easily understood even by children. 3.
r
J
Called T^'^'TJ^O C , these symbols are used to set off dialogue and quotations and to indicate emphasis. To add parenthetical information or to give readings for kanji, meanwhile, use (
),
which are called ^^-o Z . 155
G R A M M A R
&
PATTERN
PRACTiCE
1 Using Causative a n d Causative-passive Structures
The causative form of a verb indicates that the subject of the sentence either "malces" or "lets" someone else perform the action described by that verb. The causative form is constructed as follow/s. Regular I verbs: -nai stem + -tf
-nai stem -f " f (short form)
->mz^6
iffzir
Regular II verbs: -nai stem + ^
Irregular verbs:
^
.
Causative verbs conjugate in the same way as Regular II verbs (^T^^-tf ti."^ \
ffj}^-^ t ' t .
clauses that use causative verbs fall into three main patterns, each of which requires different particles to mark the person who actually performs the action (i.e., the person "made to do" something).
1 . Person k If the verb in the clause has an object, then the person performing the action is always marked by the particle I - . Whether the sentence indicates coercion or permission is determined by the context.
My mother made my younger brother clean his room.
2 . Person
or person I-
If the verb in the clause does not have an object, then the person performing the action takes either t: or
t: tends to indicate coercion.
^kii^r:ijt9m\-n4'^t htzl
Z
7i'V'Z<
ifz. V'
I made my child go abroad.
y^Aii^Y:tiz9mi-n^^^t ht:l
Z
i'\'Z<
I let my child go abroad.
itz. v>
3 . Person t: Causative structures may be used to express situations in which the actions of the person in subject position (however inadvertently or unknowingly) end up inducing certain feelings in another. This use typically involves verbs having to do with emotions, such as -Ó'-o •ó'^'j't
6 (to be let down), Z t
6
(to be at a loss), or L /Cl±°v ^"t" •5> (to worry). The person experiencing the emotions takes $ .
When I was little, I used to get sick and make my parents worry a lot.
The students created a commotion and made trouble for the teacher.
4 . Other constructions that use the causative form 1) The -te form of a causative verb + (
t~^^^
The pattern "-te form of a causative verb + < tz-^^^" is used to make offers or to ask for permission. In the latter case,'fhe politer forms tzi
fz^'LT-f^'
^ -ti" T V ^ /c /c I t i -tir
and ~-tf /
^ -tf T V ^ 7c
are often used.
| C C < 7 ? ' f ± * ^ ^ b - t f T < /-c^ o „ Please let me do this job.
hi
ii
i'i
I'm not feeling well, so I'm sorry, but will you allow me to go home early? 2) The causative-passive form The causative-passive form, so called because it combines the causative form with the passive form, indicates an action performed by the subject unwillingly under coercion. It is formed by dropping the from the causative form and adding the auxiliary h t l ^ .
Regular I verbs:
^T?)^-ti:-S-^ ^T^^-tir b ^ ^ l ) (n^^-f-^ nfz^6^i^fz^hK6 S
Regular II verbs:
'k<^
mfzir^i^fziK6) È
^ - ^ ^ < i
i^6-^^-\ihK6
Irregular verbs:
^Y:ij(Dm.
È
i
ftT^'-m^)
# A l ± # l C t ° T y ^ ' 1 ^ - l f b ^ i L/co
:
hkl
ua
tet.
When I was little, I was made by my mother to learn piano (i.e., although I didn't want to).
LAIfvN-f.|)
worry
"5 f^ <'
make noise, cause a commotion
<"
(physical) condition
V
i
Complete the sentences by changing the verbs in parentheses to a form of their causative counterparts that mal
1) Lx 1 h^'f-Y'iiz 2) ^^^UULx .i' til
^mmi
/c^^Tto
izo-t-t:
t L/co ( ^ o T < 6) i
3) 4^-r<"§i3Ti^x-^<7)i
i-r,
4) ^ i ( ± - t i : v ^ ^ | c x . v ^ r • T 5)
(ih<6)
iL/co
l ± t ; - t 3 | c / < ^ 9
I t
6) fif'it^S^ic^^YZ^T.
(Zfz^6)
^ i j 'j T-fc (^'S) ^XVNT
7) ^A (±i;t*^l^^MI<^Xif=T.
o è 'J T t o
8) X ^ X ^ ^ I ± J ; < t x i fiLtt-^X.hL^s:^ 9)
^A i c ^ , ^ ! , ^
?é t ^ ) ito
< /c'^vN,
10) A^^^
. i L/co
^iiiifz.
(fe(f^'S)
«t<)
12) -ï-^-'èTj^t o JiM ? i L / - c V N ^ l - o / c ( 7 5 T \ MI±-^K'~t IC i: ^ < . i ifzo
Ztz^h 158
(R2)
nnistai
answer
^•«'f
motorcycle
i: J; T / h X
joke
i n o
{hhi)
(tl)
11) t^"^;^^"l:t* < iC^f ^ / c < ^XVNj^to/c(7)|C, ^ l l ± t K-'è ^ l:
t % i)^^ *
(1?)
< IC
m m m GRAMMAR NOTE Stating Other People's Desires and Thoughts
To speak of your own desires, you can use eitiier tlie -te/form of a verb or (5 L ^ V
I want to buy a car
I want a car. ( Ï L V ^ is an -/ adjective used to express desire for an object; the thing being desired takes the particle t!)^ Given that other people's desires may be truly known only by them and not you, however, in Japanese they are distinguished from your own through use of the different expressions
fz^'-o X^'tt
and (J
L -^^'-^ T V ^
i t .
Here the thing being desired takes
the particle ^ . Since wishes are often private, it is considered rude to refer openly to the desires of others, especially of those above you; thus /c^^^'o T V ^ i t
and
li l-ó^-o
X
^ ^ È-f
should only be used in relation to individuals who are close to or younger than you. Similarly, in Japanese a distinction is made between your own thoughts and those of others by using ^
^ i t
for the former and J::
o T V
N
i t
for the latter.
Y^-oX^'it,
however, can also be used to state thoughts of your own that you have been holding over for some time.
My son wants to be a soccer player.
h
'fr:i^
iii'i^^r>x^'fz(Dx\
fzLi:
x j
BIZM-^XK^ 1/
i'
My child wanted game software, so I bought some for him for his birthday.
fmjsLiXfMX
^)Lz:i}H^Ki,
^ ,^'-o TV ^ i t o
Mr. Nakano thinks that it is possible to grow apples without using pesticides.
(jA I i ) t
!-
§ ^
^ -tf /c V N
^1 o T V ^
i t o
I am always thinking that I would like to have my child eat safely grown vegetables.
159
P RAC T I C F
'1
Discussing Education and Childrearing
W O R D POWER Things you want to get your children to do:
^'l9
PO ^
•77)-
SPEAKING PRACTICE
i. Mrs. Kato and Mrs. Inuyama talk about children and chores.
^^Dp (#) : ioVc< T ( i ^ p ^ t ^ ^ l c | : ^ ^ ^ o / • c ^ - t ! r T v ^ i - r ' J \ oi
L*-5
^l±/cv^^9 i l l :^n||
Lol
(#) o t
^OJ
(#)
i - K i f t
o t
Mrs. Kato: Do you have your child help out with housework? Mrs. Inuyama: No, although I actually would like to . . . I'm having him attend cram school on weekdays and gym classes on the weekend, so there's no time. Mrs. Kato: That was how it was at our house, too. But I decided to get my son to clear up after
llii
^^
160
T
class
C'TJ* <
language study
75 ^"o$
housework
exercise, gymnastics
$ J: 7 L
musical instrument
!i 7 j ^ ; c - 5 l t
putting things away, clearing up after staying home alone
endure, exercise self-control keep (a promise, rules, etc.)
meals after being told by my husband that it's more important for children to help out at home than to study. Mrs. Inuyama: We, too, should get our son to do some housework.
II. Ms. Martin and Ms. Sasaki talk about child safety.
^
i
^^^tL
i
J
l;»7>>-5
S
n
3
7i'-5C7
i'X
li'*i>
5 ^ Martin:
It's s.ajd that Japan has become unsafe recently, but I think it's still much safer compared to other countries. Is that so? In my country, you wouldn't let children go to and from school by themselves until they get to be about eleven years old. It would be too much of a worry. What do parents do if they can't go pick their children up? They always arrange for a babysitter. Wow, really?
Sasaki: Martin: Sasaki: Martin: Sasaki:
III. Ms. Sasaki and Mr. Kato complain about the way children are raised nowadays.
i-
^ 7
i'
=
;JD0 :
^-'9 L T * g < 7 3 | | | ± f - ^ " * , ^ L7J^^,^xv^^TL J: 7 7 j \
i t i ^ : {lLYiX~-fiio i
i
i
'i-Y:ij\z-ö^tL^^^ZYi,-k.^7)^£(D\z, Z
tz\'in
Sasaki: Kato:
Don't you think that young parents nowadays are too easy on their children? That's true. They buy their children whatever they want and let them watch television until late, too.
Sasaki:
The other day when I cautioned a child for being noisy on the train, I was told off by the child's mother. Why don't parents these days scold their children, I wonder. I agree. It's important to make children exercise self-control.
Kato: Sasaki: [l-/)--
other
•f o ^
much more
ii^X
commute (to)
1
- < t* — •> y ^' —
babysitter
nowadays i V ^ 1 ^^'t
easy, lax i>
w a r n , caution
161
^
PRA.CTICE Z
Asking for Permission lo Do Something
SPEAKING PRACTICE ^
^
—
.
.
.
^
^
I. Ms. Chan asks Ms. Sasaki to hold off on a reply.
6/Lri-It
Y:\ i-^'y^'mz(DU
iz^^Li/L^^i,
ij
ti-^\
lite I
i'Z
jJ^/C'i*
it^:^:
iiy6/L.
^/LCliJ:
< ^ ^X^^hX\
Sasaki:
May I speal<-to you a moment, Ms, Chan?
x'\'X-tXo
Chan:
Yes, what is it, may I ask?
Sasaki:
Actually, they're looking for someone who can speak English and Chinese at the Singa-
Chan:
pore branch office. Would you be interested in this offer? Ah, would I need to answer you right away? I'm sorry, but it's sudden, so please let me think about it a little.
Sasaki:
Of course it'll be all right to give me your answer after you've given it plenty of thought.
II. Mr. Suzuki offers to help Mr. Kato move to a new house.
m
i- tn
^^
t
X
U-oZL
Vt:LtzZYi)^^i,LX"^.
^U.
i' tT
Suzuki:
Please let me help you move on Saturday, Mr. Kato.
Kato:
Thanks, but you don't have to. I feel bad [to impose on you] on your day off.
Suzuki:
I once worked part-time for a moving company while I was a college student. Please let
Kato:
Well, in that case, I'll ask the favor of you. Thanks.
me do it, by all means.
vyell. , um . . . (a response to a question less definite than l i i . ^; spoken with a falling intonation)
LESSON 9
III. Mrs. Kato and Mrs. Inuyama are getting ready to pay the bill at a restaurant.
^LU
(#)
v-si'Pt
-oi
^UJ v>i
: ^iT-tÜo
4-H(±^A |C|±b;b^T < f z ^ x \ i
i
T
( i ) : ^ ) f i l ± c i fj i t o o t
Mrs. Kato:
hfzl
^A
lc(±b6-tfT
i„tL
Well, that was delicious, wasn't it? Shall we get going soon?
Mrs. Inuyama: Yes, let's. Please, let me pay today. Mrs. Kato: Oh no, I get treated by you all the time, so I'll pay. Mrs. Inuyama: I can't have that. Let me pay.
get treated (to a meal)
163
P R AC T l C E
3
Talking about Things You Wish Your Spouse/Partner Would Do
PHRASE POWER
I want my spouse to keep the house clean. 0)
I want my spouse not to drink very much.
I want my spouse to talk to me about anything that is troubling him/her.
I want my spouse to listen to what I have to say. Iff';}-
I want my spouse not to forget our wedding anniversary.
I want my spouse to play with the children.
I want my spouse not to spend a lot of money.
I want my spouse to earn more money. ®
i^^^^Mv^K^-ofzi^. i;
.S:A
hi
t r * ^ i
T ( a LVN
at
I want my spouse to apologize right away when he/she feels himself/herself to be wrong.
I want my spouse to say "thank you" to me.
trouble, concern earn
SPEAKING PRACTICE ^
Mrs. Kato and Mrs. Inuyama complain about their husbands.
^uj ( * ) :
^^^^7lc^9Tt^o
Mrs. Kato:
Listen to this, Mrs. Inuyama. My husband never listens at all to what I have to say. Even when I talk to him, he doesn't seem to be paying proper attention. Mrs. Inuyama: That's how it is at our house, too. My husband won't talk things over with me even when I'm telling him about our child. Mrs. Kato: I^want him to listen to my concerns and complaints . . . Mrs. Inuyama: i ï'hear you.
/ U S A G E NOTE \
As discussed on p. 159,
L v N means "to want something." The pattern "-fe form of a
verb + ( i L V \ " meanwhile, expresses the idea of wanting someone to act in a certain way. The person whom you want to get to perform the action is marked with the particle IZ.
^kU^Y:'tlZt->Ymm
LTlilx^T-to
I want my child to study more.
To express the idea of wanting someone to refrain from doing something, you can use the -nai form of a verb + T + (Ï L V \
7 ^ * : ) ^ j , H ^ T ( i Lv^^T-r'^^' o I'd appreciate it if you'd not park your car in front of our house.
liiL-lMiiiRi)
talk (to) complaint
165
KANJI PRACTICE
^6
9 f r
#
affair matter
I >
•
1
1 >j
> - ,
hold >
it ^ 1
raise
2 l way street
r t
^^^^
4
think
«0»-
I : Fill in the blanks with the appropriate particle. 1) t ; t i 6 | ± ^ 5 Ë (
2) ^k\i^t-:ih ht-.L
(
(i*^i^aiL/co
) Icto^lizATt
b V N i
L;^co
tt
3) -è;f± (
) ^ v ^ > ^ ^ ^ , ^ $ ; b t i a T L i v N i L/co
4)
)
ï^'^-
5)
(
(
^
' ]]]
)
i7«^-6 7 ^ L/-c
b.
{/Yc L X m t z .
^7^^'^
) •t<7)j±:^^^b-ti:T
htz\.
I ^t
Choose the most appropriate word from among the alternatives (1-4) given. The same word cannot be used twice in the same dialogue/sentence.
1)
A : f f l + ^ ^ ,
fc^^vNTt^o
B : ("
) mti
\.^X}
2./-COX
2) {^h(DB\z
(
L / c ^ T L J; lo
(
3.v^-p/•cv^
t 7 i^^vNTt^.
4) (
k
) ^-ofcVNlc^T < ^ T . iPi-h^-i-^-h-
3)
YliLfzLXV^lio
)
(
.
r
m
i
f
*,U^^'^9o
3.to7)^'j
^.fzLf-lL
)gijiLj:7'J\
) * L / c l ^ i ; o t l j T L tzi)\
W^^'v N ^ 7 ) < L V ^
< C ^ IC L
i L/co 1.(^^^7l±
; III
2.^,^^^
3.*.j:7^'~
4.-r<"
Change the form of the word given in parentheses to complete the sentence in a way that makes sense.
1) v U - ^ A ' J M i ^ ^ 2)
(
{ 1 Z i \ z i i i \
) <^iL/co Lii^-h^^K
{
{ \ \ h ^ t - f )
) Z ^ ic^i'-^TvNi t o
«T$±t) 3) %i
(
) YVfzY-i.
4) ¥ ^ - t l c l t o / - c V ^ m i ^ ^ '
5)
168
;
XL
fc^7^lc^/7Ï
(
•k.fi^-b'^tV.fz. )
h
(
Tv^^to
(tBit) (f^it) t
) T.
^ ^ t t X ^ ^ - ^ / c T t o
(C^Lit)
i^'i
Choose the most appropriate word or phrase from among the alternatives (1-4) given.
^.ml\'-
2.fe^iv^ic
2) M I C
(
\ . ^ h Y i
3)
).
a.-f^^hUic
4.t;7j^;iic
^^±-f•o^;flTv^/•co
2.^oTV^^F^
3 . ^ o T V ^ ^ fa^ lc
| • t ^ f X g l C ^ i V ^ / c - ^ M ^^^•'i•V^^Tto ( 1.;tblf/|l7c
2./-£i^/|l/b
)
iaüM^
1. L ^ l ± ^ ^ ^ ^ - t + i L/c
2 . ^ X 7 j ^ ' j ^ - t i r i LT'C
3 . z i b - t f i L / c
4 . J : ^ c ( f - t f i LT'C
5)
-<7)'L*^^/x
l . i t o T
(
2.'loT
bLvXT'-to
3.-ti^H/c
4 ) fcX 9 ^ | ± : ^ ^ < 7 3 L l t ^ l c r • 7 ^ ^ < L T .
4.^-59^L/c
4.tö-fia;c
(
)o
) (^Lv^^T-t^^
3 . ^ 9 7 ^ X L T
\^\^T-f-b\
4.^o/-c-oT
Fill in the blanks with the correct reading of each kanji. 1) mmtm^^x-b^h. ( 2)
)
(
)
1 950^j^lc (
3) i t ^ ( 4)
:t^^toT
n.Xh^fz\L)\^m%iY^]tLfzo ) (
# ^ ^X^^^X,
)
( ft^cDC
) ( ) ( ) ^^|±ête*T#^lCJt'^T^^ito ( ) ( )
) L/'co
Have you ever had the experience of coming across a lot of unfamiliar expressions when being spol
TARGET Mr. Kato, the section chief of the sales department of the ABC Foods Tokyo branch, is visiting Nozomi Department Store with Mr. Green, the branch president. Mr. Kato introduces Mr. Green to Mr. Kuroda, the managing director of Nozomi Department Store.
<6 t-: t t l
ij - p .
- p .
177
178
-.p.
178
<6 fi
mm : <6 fi
V ^ x . v ^ ; l o i b % L ^(T^lir ^
turn:
y<\yyf
^M.Ux ILltiUA,
4 y
mm <6 fi
• V jzTtJiiiz.
- p .
1 7 9
1 i i X ^ n n ^ X i
lit
lK'^
''=<^
turn td
(.v^ifo
lit;
5^ *
' - p .
1 8 0
*
TtUo
Hi,
The conversation concludes, and Mr. Kato takes his leave.
Ltzo / i j - y :T!i.
^'ik>:ijl6L
t m -
m i ^ ^ f z i t i - . L-3ft\>
i' tn
Kato:
Director Kuroda, this is [Frank] Green, our branch president. President, this is Director Kuroda.
Green:
I'm Green. Please extend us your kind consideration.
Kuroda: I'm Kuroda. Please, we're the ones who should be asking for yours. Green:
Ou^^parent company in the United States, too, is extremely pleased that we are going to be allowed to put out a booth for your Valentine's Day Fair. Thank you very much.
Kuroda: Not at all. Your new product seems to be popular, doesn't it? Green:
Yes, thanks to you, sales are recently on the rise.
Kato:
We're considering introducing a new package design for the Valentine's Day Fair.
Kuroda: Is that so? I look forward to having a look. Kato:
We're planning to bring you a sample for your inspection at the beginning of next month.
Kato:
Thank you for giving us time out of your busy schedule today.
Kuroda: Please, thank you for taking the time just to come here. Green:
Well then, please do continue to extend us your kind consideration now as always.
Kato:
We'll be taking our leave now.
M.^
Kuroda (surname)
<6
ti
t
m
managing director ttlis is . . . (lionorific way of introducing someone)
^ ^ ^ j ^ L i t Uy
y
y
I am • 7 X T
Iii'ii
, my name is
(humble way of introducing oneself)
valentine's Day Fair put out a store/booth, exhibit
Lu>-,TA
~ ^5
T V / c Tc" <
be allowed to do (humble way of saying ~ ^ -t± T t t 7) United states
^ lii LY. (iv ^ I f
your company (formal way of referring to someone else's company) 7 "f" •?) •5>
consider, discuss see, look at (humble way of saying.!, 4 ) 173
bring (humble for ^f-o )
i
(basic pattern for turning a verb into a humble expression) today (formal way of saying 4" B ) ( I A/ u
5 J: •)
^ ^ '?>
time, moment ( ^ ^
L \ i:^ Z ^ = at a busy time)
come (to where one is) (honorific expression) ^ " 1 ^ Y.
1.
into the future, now as always
HONORIFIC LANGUAGE Honorific language, or honorifics, conveys speakers' perceptions of the circumstances and interpersonal relationships prevailing within a conversation. One basic principle is that speakers employ honorific expressions to elevate their listeners, and thereby show respect for them, while using humble expressionsiö talk humbly about themselves. Within the office, workers employ honorific expressions toward their bosses while speaking of themselves using humble expressions. When a conversation also includes clients or other people from an out-group (see the Culture Note on p. 176), as in this dialogue, the speakers employ honorific expressions toward the out-group while using humble expressions for members of their in-group just as they would for themselves. This is done regardless of the member's status within the in-group itself, even if, for example, the person is the 80-year-old president of the company. (Thus,
^ ^ and other such terms need to be
left out in speaking of people from one's own in-group with those outside of it.) Honorifics reflect differences in not only status but also degree of familiarity. When people speak to strangers, they use honorific language, perhaps progressing to the desu/masu style and then to the plain style as they grow closer. The use of honorifics also depends on setting and topic, so that colleagues who are on familiar terms may still use honorific language when addressing each other at formal business meetings, for example. 2,
~^-d:T^^/c/-c < The pattern "-fe form of a causative verb + v ^ /c /"c < (humble way of saying ii h 1)" often occurs in expressions of gratitude, as is the case here. It is sometimes adopted for the sake of demonstrating respect toward another even when talking about something they did not particularly do.
Thank you for allowing me to spend an enjoyable time yesterday. 3.
* l i Some foreign country and geographical names have kanji designations, e.g., i j t H (the United States), ^
@ (the United Kingdom), gJc')']'](Europe), and ^ ^
(Europe and' North America).
Although newspapers and the like also often use single-kanji d e s i g n a t i o n s — f o r Germany, for France, M- for Russia, or ^ for Australia, to give a few—as shorthand for those countries or'in speaking of relations between two or more of them (e.g., H : ^ , "Japanese-U.S."), these are gen¬ erally not used in colloquial speech, at least when referring to a single country by itself.
LESSON
4.
iiLLK-
(m±)
A business term meaning "your company." Tlie corresponding term for "my company" is
.
i o ' J M f , introduced on p. 49 in the form i^^^Mf T , is often used for the salce of polite conversation even for things that may not actually be "owed" to the listener.
^.XMf^ i T
(lfX$T-t)o
Have you been well? [Yes,] thanks to you.
While It
^ 9 L T ts ' j i t
is used in this dialogue in a literal sense, in some business or politi-
cal contexts, being told I t ^ ^ 9 L T as ^ '•^^•/)^'C
LX9
$ i "t", "We'll consider it," in reply to a question such
"What do you think [of the possibilities of this proposal]?" is tantamount
to being brushed off;yvithout a clear answer in prelude to being refused later.
^5 V ^
TJ^X V ^ ^ Z ^ is an idiom expressing feelings of gratitude or apology toward having
someone spend time on your account. Another common idiom that uses YZ ^ ma time-related sense is ^(D \-i
YZh
. "for the moment," as in 4^<7) YZh. u t
UttX'i liii-L
hZYWijh^) ti-lc
i Hf Xy," For the moment I have nothing I can say to you."
175
10
/ CULTURE NOTE \ In-groups and Out-groups In Japanese, speakers do not employ honorific expressions toward family when talking about them with people outside of it. Japanese regard family as in-group and therefore to be treated similarly to their own selves, meanwhile setting off all others as part of the out-group. Through extension, not only one's own family but also the larger society, company, and organizations to which one belongs are considered to be in-group and those falling outside these affiliations to be out-group, giving rise to distinctions that are in turn reflected in language. These notions of in-group/out-group influence honorific language as well as expressions of giving and receiving. The Japanese word for in-group,
-f-, is fundamentally the same as the word 7 %> meaning
"home" or "inside." Similarly, 7 ^ ö9 indicating possession or affiliation in such expressions as 7 %öO§|3-R (our department manager) may also be traced back to Japanese distinctions between in-groups and out-groups.
G R A H H A R g.- PATTERN P R A C T I C E ^
Honorifics (1): Key Expressions Note 1 and the Culture Note at left outlined some of the basic traits of Japanese honorific language. This section will present some common honorific verbs whiie demonstrating how to use them in expressions for giving introductions or greeting someone you are meeting for the first time.
1 . Neutral expression: T t Honorific and humble expressions for T t
are as follows.
Humble (hereafter given as "HUM"): TC"^~"v ^ t Honorific (hereafter given as "HON"): T^^h
to
-o L ^ V N i t o
Both are frequently used in making introductions, conducting business, or otherwise interacting in formal situations, -b,, While exchanging business cards:
tvB
:
A B Cy-X(D:iiaBTZ^^\
i-i:?
^ t to
i>- i:i
Kato:
I'm Kato from ABC Foods.
Takahashi: I'm Takahashi from Nozomi Department Store. Introduction scene from the Target Dialogue, in which Mr. Kato introduces President Green, his boss (in-group), to their client, Managing Director Kuroda (out-group): tvB
•• mm t
i' an
Kato:
m-s 3t^± *
n
L
< o / I J - y Tc'^-v N t
to
L f t i i
Director Kuroda, this is Green, our branch president. President, this is Director Kuroda.
TC ^ V ^ i t
and T^
b
L ^
i t
are also commonly used when speaking to guests or
customers, calling out to someone you are meeting for the first time, or talking over the phone to people with whom you are not on familiar terms. Calling out to someone you do not yet know: A :
^^LTt'*^
5 )\^X : A: Mills:
I
^/bX'^/CT^^i^o L /iXT-to
Excuse me, but are you Mr. Mills? Yes, I'm Mills.
LOJH-V ^T'-f ii'^
excuse me, but.
^ v N J t ' ^ ^
Over the phone:
tm
(#) : (±v\
Mills: Mrs. Kato:
tmrè^\^ti-o
Hello, is this Mr. Kato's residence? Yes, this is Kato.
2 . Neutral expression: name
Yx^x^tir
The first expression below is used to give your own name or those of your in-group members in formal situations, the second to politely introduce someone else's name. 9 L i-fo
HUM: ~ ^
HON: ~ ^ ^ / ~ ^ / ~
(position or title) Yfi-o
kiM L
L
V^i t o
i-tz
DIX:
D^XYiji
Lt-fo
L < i^/fa^J^N^N^ L i t o
Takahashi: This is Mr. John Mills from ABC Foods. Mills:
I'm Mills. Please extend me your kind consideration.
3 . Special verbs Listed below are several other special verbs, for example i 9 L i t
and
o L ^ ^ ^ i t , that
are commonly used to show respect or humility. Study the expressions to make sure you are able to understand and use them. NEUTRAL VERBS
HONORIFIC VERBS
^J.- ^ V N i t
L i t
*
HUMBLE VERBS
^N/c L i t i V ^ 'j i
* i t ib^ ^ T I C t t ^ i j
>.^b -o L
V ^ b -0 L
L^Tj^ij
9 -b^^'^ ^ i
i t
^i t
Ni t
i t
*
^T^
*
t
i t
v N i t
9 -b^-é'^ ^ i IJ i
t
t
t
-fc-^it
4 ^
i t
fcx L ^ v ^ i t *
t ^ ^ i t
< /H'^vNit *
< a i t
t 9 L * , l f i t (R2)
^
^
^
^
^ ^
^ ^
v^/c/c-^it
^ ^
^
r ' ^ x i: T t ^
^
^
^
* i f i t
^ L ^ l f i t (R2)
l , i t
[±vMt^Lit
F^^it
7
^PoTv^it
^XlTTfeU
i t
^VNit
fcSicT^^^^ij
i t
Ni
t
NOTE 1: The honorific verbs marl
L K'
ti^ 6,x^hr> tz ^6), except that the r-sound is dropped from the -masu forms. < /"c ^ V N i t ) conjugate lilce Regular I verbs (e.g.,
NOTE 2: The humble verbs ^ N/C L i t ,
i V N Ij i t , fc^ 'J i t a n d
? L i t
6 , ^ - 0
and
LK'^, <
can also be used
simply for added politeness, in w/hich case they do not express humility.
Complete the dialogues by changing the words in parentheses to their honorific or humble equivalents.
1) A: B
t l t l .
i]V^^/L
7jN„ ( T t )
: I ± V N , iam.
2) A : ^ ^ - ^ B f ^ l -
(Tt)
t)\
( * i
Lfz)
(fi^^^) 3)
A : ti < ^ i W f e ^ | | | ± g ^ B : KfY
(vvvNit) (vHNit)
4) A : i i f k ^ m m B •i'y^^^
t)\
(fk^ti-)
(fk^i-t)
Natsuko (female name) ^•/i^l^y
red wine
179
I
I iill Honorifics (2): Basic Patterns This section introduces basic patterns for forming honorific and humble expressions out of verbs other than the special cases covered earlier. 1 . Honorific expressions
"Iri + -masu stem + iC -^L' 'J t't"
The pattern
is used to turn ordinary verbs into honorific ones.
A, a person from outside Mr. Mills's company, is asking B, someone from inside the company, when Mr. Mills is expected to return to the office.
B : 5B#|c^, ^ - ' ^ ^ ^ T - f o t
A: B:
J: Tv>
About what time will Mr. Mills be returning? He's scheduled to come back at five.
2 . Humble expressions The pattern
"H + -masu stem + L i i " " is used to turn ordinary verbs into humble expressions. (For
verbs of the "noun + t
-?>" type, use " i o /
C + noun + L i t . " ) This pattern is frequently used
in making offers to others, e.g..
Those bags look heavy. Shall I carry them for you? While most verbs will take the prefix i o , verbs of the form "noun + t (guide),
'^tê'f
" such as ^ /Cti.' V ''-f -?>
^ (phone), and M^J^'t ^ (explain) may appear with either io or C depending , ÜW.t^-t 6, •
on the noun, e.g.,
The pattern may be made even more formal by replacing L i t
with its humble equivalent,
x^fzL
i t , in situations requiring especially polite language, such as when speaking to guests or customers. A waiter at a restaurant is speaking to customers.
Thank you for waiting. I'll show you to your table now.
VOCAnULARY
180
a^iZ-ixi,
(basic pattern for turning an ordinary verb into an honorific one)
n Complete the dialogues by filling in the blanks with the appropriate honorific expressions.
t}\
1) A : ^ B # | C B :
-ó\
2) A : Y:(Dm^ ^ B : J B PM^I^<^i-fc 3) A : >^^£tz\Z
t)\
B : 0 Complete the sentences by changing the verbs in parentheses to their humble equivalents.
1)
m
2)
* T.
ti\
3) ^ti:^LLz..
t!\
i m )
(Lxi^HN-r^)
Honorifics (3): Honorific Verbs for Giving a n d Receiving In honorific language, ii ^ 1, i ti6,
and ^lf6
become V N 7c/"c < , < tz^ 6,and^
L ^ l f •?>,
respectively. As covered earlier (pp. 125-27), these verbs may be used to express the giving and receiving both of objects and services. Similarly to ~ T ^ if 6 (pp. 126-27), ^ L ^ { f 6 carries the danger of sounding patronizing when said directly to the recipient. ~ T ^ L
If -S, indicating a service done by
you, sounds particularly pushy and rude, so that it is usually not said to someone face to face.
t1|l/;VrtV
JBP Newspaper (fictitious newspaper name) <, i
escort, see/drive (someone somewhere)
n Read the following sentences describing the giving and receiving of objects while paying attention to the differences between the neutral and polite expressions.
1) Neutral: g A j ± ) ii Y l YlZ^H Polite: 2)
^ t I fzo
(^Ali) ^ i l C ^ ^ V N / c / - £ $ i
L/bo
Neutral: (#A(±) ^ / c X IC;?^^ ^ , I f i - f o Polite:
(advertisement)
^ ^ ^ ^^'tM
3) Neutral: 5C^#(± ( ^ A l c ) Polite:
^ ^ l ±
(^AIC)
<
T^
L ^Ifi-f
o
If^^
< / - c ^ o i LT'CO
0 Read the following sentences describing the giving and receiving of services while paying attention to the differences between the neutral and polite expressions. Then fill in the parentheses before each statement with either A or B, depending on what kind of relationship you think the speaker has with the pefson being thanked. 1) A a close friend B someone not very close; someone of higher status than the speaker
1. (
) Z
HKIZ)
X^-t^XX
2. (
)füBUit,
^^)f!'YiZ'
2) A a close friend B someone not very close; someone of higher status than the speaker
1. (
2.
182
) f ^XHi l i ^lx< - f e tf i C ^ ^ o T < ^ T .
^^)f)
h^)b'Yio
I LESSON
• P R A C T I C E *1
Giving Greetings and Introductions
PHRASE POWER ^
-
I. Introducing yourself:
tï
1 am Kato. HUM: A B C 7 - X " < 7 ) ^
iX^XY t i
L i t e
I am Mills, from ABC foods. HUM: ; ^ 0 » < 7 3 ^ T
^5" V N i t o
I am Kato's wife. II. Introducing members ofyour in-group: HUM:
-ft <73'fi^;4^Tr'^5'"v ^ i - f o This is Sasaki-' our department manager.
HUM: ^ r t T " r ' ^ ' " V N i t o This is my wife. HUM: t J t ^ < 7 ) ^ - ^ ^ t 7
L i t o
This is my daughter, Aiko. III. Introducing people from an out-group:
HON: Zi^iy U^M^ A-iHi
^TV ^ b o L ^ V NÉ to
L
This is Mr. Takahashi.
h
HON: C -thi^li
L ^VN^to
This is Mr. Takahashi, from Nozomi Department Store.
SPEAKING PRACTICE ^
I. Ms. Martin calls Mr. Nakano at his home.
•7Jiyy tSf
:
^m^L
(#) : l±^\
< T\'io-o
+STTr'^5'~vNito y ^ ^, 7 L i t ^ ^
+Sf
L ^ v N i t ^ \
( * ) : 4-. ^ J; O ^ t t S ^ M t T
XL
tSf^^i±^^bo L ^^^it^J^ 'j i t > ^ \
Y 1 B#F^ ( Ï ^ • ' T l f ^
Ni
to
h
Martin: Is this the Nakano residence? Mrs. Nakano: Yes, this is Nakano. Martin: My name is Martin. Would Mr. Nakano be in? 183
10
Mrs. Nakano: He's out at the moment, but I think he'll come back in about an hour. Martin: Then I'll call again later.
II. Mr. Mills's contact from Nozomi Department Store comes to visit him at ABC Foods.
The receptionist calls Mr. Mills.
^ /IX:
hf)^'J i L fzo -r m i
t-to
The receptionist approaches Mr. Aoki.
t * « .
^ ;l.X'l±i- CIC i O Ij i i-
7
^ fe#^
\
t
Aoki: I'm Aoki from Nozomi Department Store, and I've arranged to see Mr. Mills at two. receptionist: Mr. Aoki, we've been expecting you. Please take a seat over there to wait. receptionist: Mr. Mills, Mr. Aoki from Nozomi Department Store is waiting for you atthe reception desk. Mills:
I understand. I'll come right away.
receptionist: Mr. Aoki, Mills will come right away, so please be patient a while longer.
III. On the weekend, Mr. Kato goes to pick up his wife at a tennis club.
X^ t^iK :
LTv^^«^^J;„
Zt,C^Z^.
VNo:èfe< ^ i l c f e i ë r I è l c / x o T f e U i t o -It
Ill III I
Mrs. Kato:
Oh, here comes my husband. Dear, this is Mrs. Akasaka, who always plays tennis with me.
Mr. Kato: Akasaka:
Oh, hello. My wife is always receiving your assistance. Please, I'm the one who's always receiving hers.
i>
184
h
fc'S
Aoki (surname)
*"lt-?>
sit (on a chair)
i l tc A i ) TS^ ^ 7}^
Dear (said by a wife to her husband) Akasaka (surname)
ÜÈt, X'-f
wait (respectful expression;
^* 7 4
hello (when used as a greeting by itself)
=fci^ic^j.-oTv^i-r).
li
i
PRACTI
2
PHRASE P O W E R -
Thanking People
•••
• •
® fev N L^ N 7 ^ y ^ * 'J ï^^x 9
Ni
—
^
L /co
Thank you for the delicious wine.
Thank you for the beautiful flowers you gave to my wife.
®i-thX
l-^Xiim^i^'fztii
U LT).
^ . ' J ' ^ ^ X ? r'^5~"VNi
Ifzo
Thank you for giving me your valuable time.
Thank you for throwing a party for me.
®fB\±iixm\}J-zfzi
it
LT).
lfz.
*,'j7j<^ 9 r•^5^^^
Thank you for inviting me today.
®f^B\±h^'h^'ii\^r\^tzfzi
(iLT).
^^}-ö'Yi
z:^\^titzo
Thank you for taking the time just to come here today.
®pmtK^x^iin^t:m^^xx^tzfzi
{t L T ) .
9 r^-v^i
itz
Thank you for allowing me to hear such a good lecture the other day.
SPEAKING PRACTICE
I. Mr. Kato concludes a meeting with Mr. Takahashi.
Kato: Thank you for giving us time out of your busy schedule today. Takahashi: Please, thank you for taking the time just to come here.
II. Mr. Mills thanks Mr. Takahashi for his prior assistance.
^ ;UX" :
Mills:
( ± f e f f ic^x 'J i L T .
^^}f)<>Zi
:Z^\^tLtzo
Thank you for your assistance the other day.
Takahashi: Please, I should thank you. It was a big help that you interpreted for us.
^iiXT
valuable
?l! M
i i i i
invite
i.i
hi ^ I 185
III. Mr. Kato thanks Ms. Akasaka for a past invitation.
i-z'^^x^^fztzii
Kato:
ifzo
Thank you for inviting me the other day. I had a very enjoyable time.
Akasaka: Please, thank you for the souvenirs you gave to my child. He was very happy.
IV. Aiko notices Ms. Martin is at her ballet recital and goes up to her.
•VJiyy
: Z tLvfeX" 9 ^'o (hands Aiko a bouquet)
: ^f-:
L
^
l
C
'
^
^
o
T ^ b o/cCO J;o
C^tl.Mc^avN^/?È/blfXo/-c/-£\^/-c<^. l ^ * ! ) T T t o
9tLLvN!
Aiko:
Thank you for doing me the favor of coming, Marie.
Martin: Aiko: Martin:
Aiko, you were fantastic. You're getting better and better. Do you think so? Thank you! Here, please take these, (hands Aiko a bouquet)
Aiko: Martin:
Wow, what beautiful flowers, thank you! They smell very good. I had the florist make it for me to fit your image.
Aiko:
This is the first time I've received such a beautiful bouquet. I'm so happy!
image
l±4-^
florist
[ I I •)
f PRACTICE 3
1 llplll
Making Apologies
PHRASE POWER
I apologize for being late.
I apologize for making you wait. (D r a 6 ^ N ; b < ^ f e ^ M t L T .
i 1 Ihii^^)
È^Lo
I apologize for giving you such trouble. ® ^^-oTvN/b/c^N/cCDlc,
9'J^^^XtL-< T .
9 L=hltib'J ^-tf^o
I apologize for not being able to come even though you were kind enough to invite me.
I apologize [that I was not able to accept your kindness] when you went through all that trouble to prepare.
SPEAKING PRACTICE
I. Ms. Martin arrives late to an appointment with Mr. Yamakawa, a fellow member of the community orchestra.
:
fe#/b-tf
LT.
i Ihii^^)
i^L.
^Jiyy.
f-xD<;5/K^L
Martin: Yamakawa:
I apologize for making you wait. It's unusual for you to be late to an appointment, isn't it? [lit., "That you should be late for an appointment is rare, wouldn't you say?"] I was practicing my cello, and I lost track of the time. I'm sorry.
Martin:
9 ^ L T ^ N / b b . m^^hirKX
It-ofzLT-fo
II. An unexpected guest arrives while Mr. Kato is not home.
Ï S
(#) :
-o T^-' < X' h -o L ^ -V X < Tfe'J i L T .
tm
CA
x'X.
ti'/CT
<
Lfz
cause/give (someone) trouble with trouble, with pains (used to express regret when an effort is ruined or does not pay off) that
i:-)
t 9 L ; b l t * ' j i-ti-^o
t r ^ t /b'ltT-r^Xo i
I6^^h< iTt/^lii: -ff
it<
-o fzlXi
tts L «Li).o
Ym-otz nt
unfortunately, contrary to what one would like go out acquaintance
187
Mrs. Kato:
I apologize that my husband is unfortunately out, when you Icindly took the trouble to visit.
acquaintance:
Oh no, I only thought I would stop by to say hello, since I was nearby.
III. A mother apologizes for her son climbing a neighbor's tree.
z<7)
( ± t ; i - C 7 j n N ^ v N ^ r " * ^ v s ^ < ^fe75^lt L T .
itfn
fe" •&
^ a J : ' J . \1-/}H
tilbl-f^
X-é-'otzri-X.
I apologize for my son putting you through a lot of trouble the other day. Not at all. He's certainly active, isn't he? I'm really very sorry he broke that branch off your precious tree. Pleasé^^'don't worry about it. More importantly, it was good that he wasn't hurt.
break, snap
PRACllCE 4
Requesting Services
SPEAKING PRACTICE
I. IVIs. Nakamura arrives at the restaurant where she is to have dinner with Mr. Smith.
- : (±VN. fhh-fi)-^)\^fzV,t-fo ^X^b^fe^;^L
(gives her a tag) T l i .
feijf'J
«0 ^ V v | C ,
Nakamura: waiter:
I'm Nakamura, the one with a reservation for seven o'clock. I'm a little early, b u t . . . Ms. Nakamura. I'll show you to your table very soon, so could I please ask you to take a seat and wait?
waiter: Nakamura: waiter:
Thank you for waiting. I'll show you to your table. Excuse me, could you check my bags for me, please? Yes, I'll check them, (gives her a tag) When you leave, please hand this [to a staff member].
II. Mr. Smith finds a dish he can't eat included in the meal he would like to order.
: ^ i O ^Ff v N T i v N i j i t ( 7 ) T \
/>-;,^>^f ^ v N / b f £ l t i - f ^ \
Tsix:
T i 6 ^ 1
X-to
%. lfX\^-f]-^-h'X
Lln-b-o
X 5X :
\X\^o I t o C 9 T t o
Smith:
Excuse me, could you please change the oysters in this course for me to something else? I'm not fond of oysters, you see.
waiter: Smith:
I'll go off a moment to ask, so could I please have you wait a little? Thank you.
waiter: Smith:
I've been told it's possible. Would shrimp do? Yes, that's fine. Then I'li take this course, please.
L^,
Z(Dz2-X^fiia-f}'\^Lt'to
waiter time, occasion (fc'J'X. U W ^ o = at the time you leave) lit., "course," a menu item that includes several dishes at a set price oyster
X. If
shrimp
PR.AC r i C E S
Concluclin,.B.isin(is<:
SPEAKING PRACTICE
Mr. Kato makes a phone call to Mr. Takahashi, the manager of the sales department of Nozomi Department Store, to set up an appointment.
ABCy-X
4- K-}
^
A
y
v^oi;fe«|C^/oTfe'J i t o
• V j:.r
^^6^'6z'\:
U^^x 9 c - ^ " ' o i LT^CO ^ o ^ < T t ^ ^
L T . mi^r:^L^{
Lito
±%i.^(nX^]-y-h\
h W
^%h
(Dt,
tm
xifL^'fztzi.
-o Zi
*STL/cb.
VNoTt I t o 3 9 T t o
;b7j^ijiL^co J;6 L <
fe^^^-vXito
Tl±.
^^LLito
Takahashi: Takahashi here. This is Kato from ABC Foods. We're always receiving your assistance. Kato: Takahashi: Oh no, it is we who are always receiving yours. Thank you for all the advice you gave us regarding the Valentine's Day Fair. To get right Kato: to the point. Green, our branch president, is saying that he would very much like to pay you a visit. May I inquire what Director Kuroda's schedule looks like? Takahashi: I see. Thank you for taking the trouble [to want to come visit us]. In that case, I'll confirm his schedule and contact you at a later time. When might be convenient for you [to visit]? Anytime next week would be fine. Kato: Takahashi: I understand. Thank you. Well then, goodbye. Kato:
i: i i t X
advice confirm
KANJI PRACTICE 1 ^
black
N
rice America X'
distinguished England
ö
ó
if
—>
• MN
pleasant music I/
•
,
e color
S 1 1
\
LEAVING AND R MESSAGES TARGET DIALOGUE
Mr. Suzuki is looking around the office for Mr. Kato.
s
t-r
Kn
^p.200
{furrows fiis brow) •f-r i
i:^*.
i-^X^Lt\
^
y A y •V
:^T
-.p. 196 U
li
-ot¬
A phone call comes through to Mr. Suzuki from Mr. Kato. ^00 >)- Kn
-t-r
s
7
L'i-
TL h
ti
It
^ t ^ ^ T
t
li
ItA
c i
^ J:o
xai^^Yt-oX^^^/ix-fo ^ X
icvN^-'9
1 6 ^ X 7
- p . 198
-t-f J ^ a i i i - f v^j^o 4 ^ r 6 v N ^ - ~ 9
193
•r-r i
^ 0 » ^
^7J^^,i$#^/Cl:
tuB • Kl
Suzuki:
Say, Where's IVlr. Kato?
Kato's secretary: He went out a little while ago, but did you need anything? I see. {furrows his brow) Suzuki: Kato's secretary: I've been told to contact him if there is anything [he should know]. Suzuki:
In that case, I'm sorry, but please tell him that I'd like for him to call me since I have something I'd like to consult him in a hurry about on the matter of the Valentine's Day Fair.
Kato's secretary: I understand. I'll convey your message. Kato: Suzuki:
This is Kato. I'm sorry [to bother you] when you're busy. There was a phone call just now on the matter of our booth space from the person in charge. He says he wants us !'*"to move to another place.
Kato:
Where does he say for us to move to?
Suzuki:
The thing is, it's apparently going to be quite a bit farther from the entrance.
Kato:
That's not good. It's upsetting to be told to move at this late date.
Suzuki:
Could I perhaps have you contact Mr. Takahashi yourself?
Kato:
All right. In that case, I'll contact him right away.
Suzuki:
Thank you. I appreciate it.
VOCABULARY
a little while ago (auxiliary honorific verb; see p. 200) ( i l t ' 5 M t t ^ 4 =go out) the matter of
, the issue of
ItA
selling space, store/booth space person in charge If
move, transfer
16
do (plain Imperative form of now, at this point
194
-5) (v ^
9 L
= move)
LESSON
n^^?
1.
f^jT^^ ? is the expression to use when aslcing someone whether they need anything after first giving them an idea of how things stand at present.
tic A:
Are you free tomorrow?
B:
Yes, I'm free, but did you need me for anything?
2. It A
means "matter" or "issue." ~<7)-f^ , roughly equivalent to ^
Y., "about," is often used
HL
in formal or serious discussions after a topic or issue to mean "on the matter of" as in ^
U >
-i y • y X.T (OjPr^, "the matter of the Valentine's Day Fair." It also frequently occurs together with demonstratives (e.g., 3 (Di^ ,
(Dfr , ^
ItA
ItA
ItA
reference to information shared between the speal
Question word + o T ? As covered in Lesson 1 (p. 12), o T is a colloquial form of the quotation particle Y.. When spoken with a rising intonation, as here, o T becomes a question.
Where did he say he is?
When did he say he'd come? When used interrogatively in a sentence without a question word, -o T means "Is what 1 heard true/the same as what you heard?"
^
/ix^mt/tfAtz-oX? CA
Is it true that Mr. Mills is Canadian?
Is it true that Ms. Nakamura is going to get married?
4. ijvB^L-ó^h^^^Llz ii^ KÏ
Ai'ltl
z'm^^
'fztziii^L^^
Here, Mr. Suzuki is asking for Mr. Kato to be the one to contact Mr. Takahashi of Nozomi Department Store regarding their booth space. The pattern
is often used when wishing to
emphasize that your listener, not you, should talk to the person in question.
toB : (to Mr. Suzuki) # 7 K ^ L^^ h I JlX^LKt^
LX
7»- K-i -f-r i ii'j.Kato: (to Mr. Suzuki) Piease be the one to tell Mr. Mills. #
:
wife:
(to her husband) S.'j.'/b'J^ i ^ i v è p ( ^ ' " è )
iZt-oX
Xo
(to her husband) You have a word with Taro [their child]. 195
11
I
GRAMMAI? i?f PATTERN PRACTICE I Leaving a n d Relaying M e s s a g e s
When you leave a message, the level of politeness and honorific expressions to be chosen will change depending on the relationships existing between you, the person spolcen to, and the person who is to receive the message. 0 ^ T or
o T is used to ask someone to convey a statement or instruction to someone else. For
leaving questions as messages, an appropriate verb is H
T , as in H ^ T { fz^\^,
"please ask."
1 . Messages that are statements 1. Leaving a message:, ij?,
department manager: Mr. Suzuki, please tell Mr. Mills the meeting will be from three o'clock. 2. Relaying a message: i^Tk:
DX'X'lL.
^|3-ft ^ < ^ l i l ± 3 H # ^ ^ i ^ / - £ " ^ f e o L ^ o T v ^ i L/b
(J;)o
Suzuki: Mr. Mills, the department manager said that the meeting was going to be from three o'clock.
2 . Messages that are instructions 1. Leaving a message:
department manager: Ms. Nakamura, please tell Mr. Mills to submit his report.
department manager: Ms. Nakamura, please tell Suzuki-kun not to forget the documents. 2. Relaying a message: iiXÏ
ÈLfz
ti
(X).
Nakamura: Mr. Mills, the department manager said for you to submit your report.
tz-t
196
hand in, submit
LESSON
Nakamura: Mr. Suzuki, the department manager said for you not to forget the documents. Messages that are instructions are put in the form J; 7 IC. This form is generally used only when leaving behind instructions for those below you or in your in-group, i.e., friends or family. Care needs to be taken in leaving behind instructions for people of the out-group, since such instructions might easily sound like a command and therefore sound rude unless you are intentionally trying to speak down from above. To leave a request as a message, use the pattern ~ 7c" i^^).
Consider the difference between the two examples below.
t f é t ^ J : 7 Kii^xx XL
<
T < /c ^ V N (Yjii^X
<
oft
taw
-otz
h
Please tell [him/her] to call me.
€ I $ L T < f-a\^Y\'R^X{ XL
fa\K
-ok
h
Please ask [him/her] to call me. 1 Complete the request by filling in the blank with each message below, in its proper form.
.^fë;tT < t a ^ \
1)
tfzm-m^Lt-r t>r.
xLh
2) '^•oX\^fzn\^fz\z-io-^-f)
l ± ^ < fi^L\Lt:\^tzf-:i
i L/c fz\^X-f
B Complete the request by filling in the blank with the most appropriate Japanese expression for conveying each of Mr. Kato's wishes, below. t m '• I / b X ' ^ f ^ | C
J: 7 i c t o T < f~a\^o 1)
"Come back to the office immediately."
2)
"Get in touch with Mr. Suzuki."
3)
"Do not be late for the meeting."
•^i' •&
<
as . . . as possible
197
Using Plain Imperatives: Do a n d Don't In Japanese, the plain imperatives discussed here occur by themselves only under limited circumstances, for example during emergencies, while cheering at sports events, or when issuing commands toward someone over whom you have strong authority, such as a parent might over a child.
It's a fire! Run! Don't panic!
Go! Shoot the ball!
L6
I
Study harder! Plain imperatives tend to be used more by men than women. Women typically use the -te form of the verb instead, even for emergencies, e.g., j ^ ^ J ;
I
iCifT!
^^T'^'V'>TI
To produce the plain imperative form of a Regular II verb, simply drop i> from the dictionary form and add 6 . For Regular I verbs, use the -ba stem (the conditional form without I f ) . Reg.l:ff<
^
It
Reg.lh-fe^^ - ^ f < 6 Irreg.:
^
||-?> Tclf'S
^
iCif^
-f^
For the negative imperative form. Just add '4' to the dictionary form of the verb. Reg. I: Reg. II: Irreg.:
^ <
- I f <
||
^f<6^j: -> kits:
lC|f^
-T 6
|}
6
^Tclf^^X
^-f
Plain imperatives are aiso used to indirectly quote orders given by others. ^ P - f t ICB^H i T i C l / t - ° - h ^ • I t ^ t ' b / K i
Ltzo
I was told by the department manager to write the report by tomorrow. The pattern "plain imperative (+ et)" is used mostly by men to offer advice, consolation, or encouragement toward others they are on familiar terms with. While such sentences do employ the imperative form, they are not, strictly speaking, meant to be taken as commands. For more on these and other functions of plain imperatives, see Practice 2, Phrase Power III, p. 204.
198
75^ i:
fire
•> i — 1-
shoot (a ball)
In addition to plain imperatives, Japanese has another imperative form, the stem of a verb + "0." ^ V ^). (a mother to her child) 7 Hf J; o
^iti:-^^\
It's seven o'clock. Get up.
^'(D.l'L'è: H ^ ^ l ^ l R
(instruction on a test)
Translate the following sentences into Japanese.
Change the verbs into plain imperatives, as in the examples.
m 1) Reg. I # < 1)
t l
4)
iti'i
g 2 )
5)
9 '"^^
-k^i
Reg. II
fc
fffllt'?.
6) 7)
^7colt^
8)
'^'ibh
#ij3)lrreg.
9)
^ 6
#oT<^
10)
vmi?.i:iiiV;v>|
,rx
~>
-
sentence translate
^
LtC^^\
~ t c ^ v \form{-masu
yj| Honorifics (4): Auxiliary Honorific Verbs
The honorific expressions covered in Lesson 10 are reserved mostly for receptionists and members of the service industry or for when spealcing politely in formal situations. Here you will learn the honorific form of verbs, employed more normally in the office and other business settings. The honorific form is constructed in the same way as the passive form (p. 141), i.e., by adding the auxiliary --it6
(for Regular I verbs) or ~
(for Regular II verbs) to the verb's -nai stem. For
Regular II verbs, then, the honorific form is identical to the potential form; which meaning the form is meant to convey is determined by the context.
Our department manager will go to the United States tomorrow.
Manager, what tinjé will you be leaving the office today?
Read the following dialogue, in which a news reporter is interviewing a traveler at Narita International Airport, while paying attention to the uses of H.6 and
reporter traveler stay (in a country as part of a trip or for an extended period)
hti6.
PRACTICE 1
Messages
PHRASE POWER I. Leaving statements as messages:
May I asl< you to leave a message?
Please tell Mr. Mills I'li follow him later.
LKt,
Y\r^^X%hXt-f-b\
X^\Lfi{H6
Will you tell Suzuki for me that I'll be a little late?
Please tell the department manager that I would like for her to call me.
®%^\z6
L:^'^h
•U-Attu
if-:LLtz\^zY
¥h 6Yfi\7;.x\^
ItA
fz
t -t-h^
oft
Could you please tell the professor for me that I have something I would like to consult her about regarding my thesis? i: ii'K. «i-ü Tell Mom I'll get home at six.
-oh
Tell Hiro I'm sorry, but it's become impossible for me to go today.
I. Leaving instructions as messages:
htz L
TA
-otz
h
Piease tell Mr. Mills to call me.
(D||^^^.
^
^ l c Vif.-
h
< J: 7 i c t o T <
fa\^o
Mr. Suzuki, please tell Mr. Mills to write that report.
message paper, thesis
201
I. Relaying messages:
He said he was going to go without you. ® r > 7 /cX L /cV
N
C ^
^ ^ ib^ o L ^ o TV ^ i
L
He said he had something he wanted to consult you about. ® f
H
<7) ^ ^ I ± ^
/c ^
y-t;n c
7 T t
o
From what I hear, tomorrow's plans have been canceled.
He said he was going to be a little late. IV. Telling someone what one has been told to do: ® « - t - S J; 7 i c - t ^ ^ T v N i t o I've been told to contact hirn. ® ^ t i S l c r ^ , ^ ^ ^ • v ^ - t ' S J; 7 i C - t ^ b j f l T V N i - t o I've been told to take you to the meeting room.
SPEAKING PRACTICE
Mr. Kato phones Mr. Takahashi. t m : Hn
t.^fl|lc^^>oTt^U i t o Mmi. t m '• Ki
fzfz^^È.
^'^o T i ± . fë^
^ 7 L ^ l t ^ , ' J i-tir^o
ii^^(7?€l$icttiTt.^U i t o
^kTtfzzt,i^^'iyi^mtèi-6Yü
*K < f a y \
TA <^
oft
Kato:
I'm Kato from ABC Foods. May I inquire if Mr. Takahashi is present? Nozomi Department Store employee: I'm sorry, but Takahashi is answering another call right now. Kato:
•>^Zt T'-f
202
Shall we have him call you back at a later time? No. In that case, please tell him I'll call again later.
(someone) said that (formal way of saying ~ t \ ^ o T v ^ É L /c; often used in business situations)
II. Ms. Martin gives Mr. Suzul
lit
Lio/c!
4^H. S I i
^ / I ' X ' ^ ^ / c ^ ^ V N ^ L J; Icv^-^X •
ic^f < ^ < ^ < LT/ccT). ;b-f>KT/c !
^if-l.
Martin:
Mr. Suzuki, Mr. Mills was looking for you just now. He said he'll be going without you.
Suzuki:
Oh nol I'd forgotten I'd promised to go to a jazz bar with him and the others! Say, won't you go too, Marie? The piano and bass players are supposed to be excellent.
Martin:
Really? I'll get ready right away, then.
III. Ms. Marti|^ announces to an employee at the Nakano Farm that she has come to see Mr. Nakano.
t^i.c^A:
• 7 ; ^ ^ y ^ ^ T • t ^ o r • * ^ ^ J l " v ^ t ' S J; 1
Martin:
^SfrJ^bMv NTJ^'j i t o
izthKXa
'j i t < 7 ) T \ ^"'9 T o
\ttzHm\z C ^
b T t o
My name is Martin. I've arranged to meet Mr. Nakano at two.
farm employee: Oh, Ms. Martin. I've heard [that you were coming] from Nakano. I've been told to show you to the fields, so please, come this way. Martin:
Thank you.
oh no, oops! how stupid of mel jazz bar bass 203
PRACTICE 2
Using Plain Imperativ
PHRASE POWER Having been told to do something:
I was told by the department manager to go apologize right away.
ioK
fj:i
1-
I was told by my husband not to talk on the phone so long.
I was told by my wife not to drink too much.
I was told by my father to study more diligently.
® M I C i-oY
^\i.^YthKtz.
I was told by nriy mother to help out more with the housework.
Giving the gist of signs:
®'^H^T#oT^-?.^T-r^^ What does this sign say?
It says not to park your car here. )^fk S ItA
tilt says not to go in here because it's dangerous.
I JÏX^ah fc<,ui;*A
Offering encouragement or advice (casual, used mostly by men):
® Llt^.
^XimJlo
Be sure to do your best on your exam. )^Jlc|,^'p|t^J;„ Watch out for cars. ®^^^.
#oTVN|tJ:„
Take your umbrella.
llllllll
long phone call drink too much do too much
204
diligently
(colloquial form o f ^ ^ ['j.X + particle l^])
L
IV. Exchanging angry words (casual, used mostly by men):
Say you're sorry. ® ( ± > l e t ' s ^J.'o Don't make a fool of me.
SPEAKING PRACTICE
I. It is time for a meeting, but Mr. Kato has not shown up.
it^y^:
^l± i
s i J
t;T-r^\
i- Hi
i i i
lit
ii
I'
ItA
ijHi i
Hn
\i*il
i- Hi
Sasaki:
Isn't Mr. Kato here yet?
Martin:
There was a call from him just now, and he said that he wanted us to start without him since there was a traffic jam and he was going to be late.
Sasaki:
We may have been told to start without him, but we can't very well discuss this matter unless he's here, can we? Let's have this meeting after Mr. Kato gets back, then.
II. Mr. Mills notices a sign posted in front of a building under construction. ^ yl/X" :
g T # v ^ T * , ' S ^ T t ^ \ SS ±
•t-r i VH
llVX Mills: Suzuki:
li ziLf
t,i
: i:
ii
l±^ <
^ i
>i
^
-f Ixmti V'
in
L J: 9 o {breaks into a half run)
Mr. Suzuki, what does this say? "HZ
j
L
t
L J; 7 ^ i^yp 1 ^\" It says for people walking to watch out that
they don't hit their head or that things don't come falling from above. Mills:
In that case, let's hurry, {breaks into a half run)
m^iz-ti,
look down on, make a fool of
lie 7
pedestrian
- f i : Jt 9
overhead
205
III. Mr. Suzuki notices that his friend is not acting her usual self.
(^):
i±^rn.
§15-ft iz^n ^ izm i^'^^^<
t ^
i6':>xt ti
( ^ ) Suzuki: friend:
What's with that scowl [lit., "difficult look"] on your face? Work. I've been told by my department manager to think of a new proposal within the month, but it's so hard. If I can put forward a good proposal, then I may be allowed to do sales work.
Suzuki:
I see. You always said you wanted to try doing that. This is your chance, so go for it! Thanks. I'll try.
friend:
IV. Mrs. Kato is worrying about her son.
i- Hi
-o±
i X Ï ht:l
t:
f
fc
f
\6-'X'oXt-ofz
^^'J^t'Jt'S^t Cê^^^w§[5MlcXoTtt!TZ^/vNL. ^N°V oyii^^ijK^-oX^l. ^ti:fz^^h^
tvB ( ^ ) :
M^tAAlz^j:-oX^fzLtzXo
Hi feoK fc ^ 7
Mrs. Kato: Mr. Kato: Mrs. Kato:
Mr. Kato:
a t tc
You know, today when I tried to clean Taro's room, he told me not to come in. Really? These days he always shuts himself in his room right after he comes home from school and doesn't come out, on top of which he does nothing but fiddle with his computer. You tell him not to make his parents so anxious. Taro is growing up, that's all.
plan, proposal chance, opportunity
LESSON
KANJI PRACTICE dl
link
Jhv interlink
fe transmit
v> l i ' <
medical doctor
4
11
r
It
1
'
r '
ti;
% t
far
f
•a
\iLi«.ïlf
—s-
grind sharpen
l-t A * * i
.)-•»
carry to extremil7
room
n -f ia*ti i: ItrS'L diagram drawing
1 nnn
9
il THE STORY OF VALENTINE'S DAY
•9 If
-^tLtLXiL i: J:-tti>
i:
l ï ^
L1» -j ) } ^ ^
- p . 212
L l}> 9
"S'-C
lie
v>
o/co
L^^L. 3(7)^ $ | ± 3 0 F ^ T 3 o A^7>~7)-^
tA5
L«>7!i'//
^ T l i .
Ï : 9 * J : 9
ni,
LTJ^-^.^^X^^OT^C^^
A T
9
fcx-a-o
lit:
^ 3 17 U - h ( 7 ) ^ F ^ L J: 9 { / 'j J: 9 (7)1^ 1 ,
9
2 PW^
9 A y
9
h IC^j."bo^<75T\ o ^ T ' ^ X I i ^ l C X ' j IC < V N ^ 3 17 [ y - h t K 9 3 ^ 7^
*7ct
Li^i'S^/C
9
fc'
209
In Japan, every year in February long lines emerge in front of confectionery sections of department stores and in front of specialty chocolate shops. Most of the people standing in these lines are women. This is because in Japan there is a practice of women giving men chocolates on Valentine's Day. In 1936, a maker of Western sweets in Kobe put out an advertisement for Valentine's Day chocolates. This is said to be the beginnings of the practice of giving chocolates on Valentine's Day. In 1958, a certain department store in Tokyo carried out a campaign encouraging women to give men chocolates on Valentine's Day. It is said, however, that on this occasion only three were sold in three days. Later on, many chocolate companies and department stores poured effort into advertising the practice, so that it began to grow widespread from about the 1970s onwards. Not only did women give chocolates to men they liked, but new practices also came into being, for example ^'^)
a ZJ,
"obligatory chocolates," in which female workers pass out chocolates to male bosses or colleagues, and ^ t
3 3 , "friend chocolates," given to female friends.
Today it is said that almost a fifth of the chocolate consumed annually is sold around the time of Valentine's Day. Because chocolates from all over the world line department shelves at this time, people can even buy chocolates that are ordinarily hard to obtain. Recently, an increasing number of women are taking advantage of such opportunities to buy beautifully packaged premium chocolates as "gifts" to themselves. It may be that;^alentine's Day in Japan wiil continue giving rise to ever more new practices.
sweets
$-|J
(sense of) obligation
man custom, practice be because there is . . . be because Western sweets
J: Ï
chocolate (short for f - a 3 L^— F )
a Li-it t tt tt
female friend friend chocolate (a Valentine's Day chocolate given to a female friend) friend annual
. FBJ
advertisement 7
amount of consumption
beginnings, roots time, period y
campaign usually, ordinarily after that, later
^ <
Zn
^ yp 1
high-class, premium
many (before a noun) now on, into the future advertising
J^t6
< 1X6
give rise to, engender spread pass out, hand out giri (obligatory) chocolate; a Valentine's Day chocolate given to a male boss or colleague out of a sense of obligation and not from any romantic feelings (Although 'J Is Japanese in origin, here it is written in katakana since it has been combined with the katakana word "f" 3 3 to form a new word.)
1.
^<\yyy
4
y-f—
February 14, Valentine's Day, is called in Japanese
~ ^ • f ^ ^ T V N
^
y -r— or simply ^
> .
means "it is said that. . ." or "they say that . . ." It is also used when citing
folk knowledge or superstition.
Hot springs are said to be good for your health. 3.
^6 -f^ <— h Using ^ 6 , "a certain . . . , " before a noun, provides one means of referring to a specific instance of that noun without identifying it outright. Here it is used to avoid revealing the name of the department store in question, although the author actually knows what it is.
4.
t ^ ^ ^ t t l % f
3 ^ ^ - h ^ * ^ <
^/:fltT^<.
#
r : ^ ^ 3 3 j
/ c I t T l i t L ' V N means "not only . . ." In the pattern A / c ' I f T
((±)
tt' < .
B
L
it means
"not only A, but also B."
A *
M i 9
i;
This restaurant has not only good food but also excellent service.
5.
È^^^
h
The particle I - cannot occur with ^ti:^'\p.\Z/above)
(D.Jhns when a phrase that may take either IC or
also never come before
Examples of phrases with particles that can occur with
M-^^h
-f
is added with (D to modify a noun, only-^cD, not I-<7), may be used.
The particles l± , -0^, and t
•hU
(as in
$ O o°
include the following.
e-mail from my older sister ticket to Osaka
^ ^ 7 'f T<7) I t o ^ /Ü L
wedding ceremony in Hawaii
^ IJ r/ $ | c ^ < 7 ) ^ t |
meeting with a client
211
' GRAHHAR I
PATTERN P R A C T I C E
'
"
'
'"'
—
Explaining Reasons
H ^^^ic (±. ^
iz^'m^ioB'\k^^
I- lïA
Ui-ttu
30]y-hti;< fc'A«v>
6W m^' Ittii-iL,
tl indicates a reason.
it< xmU^-rt^h.
^AliJ; < « i c ; [ f ^ i t o
I go to Ginza a lot because it is close by and convenient.
^A(±J:
<^l^ic^f^
i t o it<
xmn-fti^io.
I go to Ginza a lot. Because it's close by and convenient. In the first example above, '^^ ^ forms a dependent clause providing the reason for what is stated in the main clause,
i M f $ i t . In the second example, it fulfills the same role, only the clause is
tacked onto the main sentence as a kind of afterthought. Similar to this pattern is "plain form +
b T t " used to clearly state a reason when the reason itself
is the topic under discussion or a point of contention.
^AliJ: htzl
< « i c ; f f ^ i'L i
ito
T ^ l l ,
i^:< T M ^ ' J / c ' ^ ^ b T t o
11
KL ')
I go to Ginza a lot. That is because it is close by and convenient. The "plain form + '^'^h T t " plete sentence. Here
pattern allows the reason-giving clause to stand by itself as a com-
i | < XifMtz'^''
b
Tt
forms the main clause of an independent sentence
explaining the reason why the speaker goes to Ginza a lot. T H I ± means the same thing as -^-CO 'J lt» 9 (±, "the reason for that is." The two sentences may also be combined into one as follows.
< n.mzn<
i'L i
V'
it< tli-
xm^itz-0^hTto -<^ IJ
The reason why I go to Ginza a lot is that it is close by and convenient. 'fl'^ ^
T t / t > tz
sentences treat the why of a matter as its main point and so are often used
in answering questions about reasons or in setting out reasons in writing. This pattern sometimes appears as part of the expression tc-tf""^' b ~7^^ b
T t / 1 ) ^ h tz,
"As to why, it is because . . ."
At a meeting:
.
ta^:
ts:'{fDlX^Lt7°oiy:^9h
fe^V:
-tf $ l c ^ ^ X > ^ ^ • ? é < T .
Kato: Sasaki:
Why did you choose Mr. Mills to be the project chief? That's because he has a strong sense of responsibility and provides good leadership.
reason ^i\zL-/i^L
sense of responsibility leadership
i;-/-v-y7°7^<*,'S7j^tTto
vt
,i.
CD sales are gradually declining. This is because more and more people are downloading music from the Internet.
±Mi>lXtZ^(D^\^^m^htz. t iA,
ft
The hope of making iVIt. Fuji a World Heritage Site has not yet been realized. As to why, this is because Mt. Fuji is littered with trash. Choose the appropriate expression from the options given in parentheses.
hi
i'ht;
B : T t .
Y'^^b^^/vXT-fo
3) ^ ; ^ x " ^ ^ - ^ x l t ^ l e r • 7 ^ x ifz
hi
(^"~'JJ;<
itifzt}^h/^'^)j:
Ltzt)^i,Ti-)o
4) A : ^ X ^ - J; 1 T-tt)\ B : fz^X
X 1 S^r-To
^fëv ^ t l i i t / \ i^i-fC
(f^h^)
Èir^^h/j^h^^^hTi-).
Understanding W n t t e n Styles This section will outline the different styles used in Japanese writing. As mentioned in Book II (p. 193), most Japanese writing is done in the plain style, except in some genres (e.g., letters) that employ the desu/masu style to familiarly address the reader. The table below lists some common sentence endings for written desu/masu style (written)
desu/masu and plain style. plain style (written)
n<
present aff. present neg. Verbs
lfz
past aff.
^ f ^ i
past neg.
m t ^ L T l f z
n-ofz '\X-f/^'^£-h^'o fz
213
present aff. tzi--
present neg. tzi-
/ % < tin N T t tzi-
-/ adjectives past aff.
tl-f^-^-ofz
tzi-
tzi-
< tCTf)^-^ fz
tzi-
past neg.
/M
< -f^-ö^-otzT-f
tzi-
fzi-
present aff. present neg.
-Na adjectives/ Nouns + T ' t
KL 1)
KL
IJ
KL
KL
miTLtz
past aff.
KL
past neg.
KL
jf^ijTI±*,'J i-ti-^TL/•c
fz (e.g.,
fz ) or KL
IJ
IJ
IJ
KL
IJ
m^irii-i-x-ö^-otz KL
In writing employing tlie plain style,
KL
mm-otz/mir^'otz''
IJ
KL >j
NOTE:
IJ
IJ
-na adjectives and nouns + T t
may appear either as
(e. g., M^'J T ^) •?>) in the present-affirmative tense (see * KL IJ
IJ
above). T 3 5 6 sounds more explanatory than /c' and often occurs in academic writing. The past form of X"h 6 is T ^ -o /c (also marked with * ) . Beiow are a few other examples of the underlined parts.
desu/masu style versus plain style. Note the differences between
desu/masu style
plain style
^k^{i^'b-ofz(Dri-o
^k^lU'b'ofz
/f)'h'yfz
Lfi-\i<\-z<\:L
9mA^H^x6fz6±o
.;.
i<\-z<[:L
.;.
Read the sentences whiie paying attention to their meanings. Then change the underlined parts to
written desu/masu style.
1)
:kfzt>{iiK^:/]f;.
^f-:ih\i.±^7]
tt fcu-tto
tt
2)
UL^\^t.l.^\f6f£6if/\
3) f/^mnhx
9-ti-^L/•c^o
4) m±hi^^'Z6.
-ü^LZ'Lfz^fz.
lilt
6.
Illl
Vi!iMil|l,U^
214
^^LZ'L
T i ) -ï>
be (plain-style equivalent of
h'^'-^^
young
T't)
fcv>-tio
l±^^5^^^>^-tirlf'S....
illl
Understanding Spoken Styles The dialogues in the Speaking Practice presented later in this lesson primarily make use of the plain style. As discussed in Book II (pp. 206-07), the desu/masu and plain styles occur not only in prose but also in speech. The table below gives several common sentence endings used in spoken desu/masu and plain style. Compare the endings to each other as well as to the corresponding written expressions on pp. 213-14.
present aff.
desu/masu style (spoken)
plain style (spoken)
n a - t
n<
present neg.
t^L/m^tc^^T-t*
Verbs past aff. past neg.
n-^fz m t ^ L T L tz/\i-b^+£-f]^ -0 fz T-t * 'nf!''fi:i''ofz
present aff.
M^' tzi-
present neg. -/ adjectives past aff.
fi<^£\^T-t/%
i-tfA
Mif/^'-ofzT-t
Mf/'-ofz
tzi-
tzi-
past neg.
< fc^^-o fzT-t/M tzi-
present aff.
T't
IJ
i -tf L/m\
IJ
IJ
(fi)
IJ
i -ti: mm i: ^ ^ / v N
IJ
KL
IJ
mmfz-ofz
IJ
fMT\th
fL'fj-^-ofz
IJ
KL
'J t^LTL
fz/\m
IJ t -tf ^ T L fz/mm The patterns marked with * (e.g., ^T^'ti.^^ ^
LK-^
L K' fc'fi^-o fzT-t*
IJ
mm L KKL
IJ
IJ
KL
NOTE:
i: ^
KL
miTLfz KL
past neg.
mm
%n T(± * K L
m < tzi-
KL
KL
past aff.
IJ i - t f ^ T L fz
IJ
-Na adjectives/ Nouns +
<
tzi-
miT-t KL
present neg.
tzi-
T't
, {fM L ^
^ T't)
are also used in
the spoken language. Note what becomes of the present-affirmative T't speech.
desu/masu style
after -na adjectives and nouns in plain-style
plain style lfX$ ?
if^^Tirf)\
1
(fX$o
fi^Lifz Lifzjdo (used by both men and women) ^'tLfz/LT-tn. mT-tXo
•^^LfzLflo
^fzXo
(used by women) (used by both men and women)
fl^ =t o (used by women) 215
Also take note of the following plain-style equivalents for ~ L T i " and ~ T L J; 7
desu/masu style
plain style
V^-oXi^iUi
{X)o
(used by both men and women)
X}-yXi^£(n. (used primarily by women)
(used by both men and women)
v ^ T L J; 9 ?
i ^ V N T L J; 9 ? tzi-
(used by both men and women) tzi-
(used by men) Spoken plain style frequently makes use of contractions, shown below to the right of the slash. These contractions may sometimes occur in the desu/masu style as well.
desu/masu style
plain style
mh-oTlX-ofzo |:^TLiv^i
Ifzo
IgLTfe^i-fo I^LTi±v^lti-ti:^o
/^b-oii'<'-ofzo a
#:^TLio/cc flt;LTfc
/^Lt^-otzo / - f ^ L ^
l i t
l i t
*
n
l i t
< T l ± v ^ l t i - t i : ^ , like ~ ^ X l t ^ l ± ' ^ X 'J i - t ^ : ^ covered earlier (Book II, p. 238),
indicates duty, obligation, or necessity. ~t/.MtHli''^" 'j i -If/C is typically used in relation to broad rules or responsibilities that apply to many, whereas ~ti."
The following sound changes commonly occur in spoken Japanese:
#VNTv^i-fo i-
-t^i-^f^o •lïL—
/•v^Tv^/S,
f^^Ti-fo
i-
-tv^i-tf^o
Finally, certain particles are often omitted in plain-style speech. Such omissions, however, usually do not affect the meaning of the sentence, which can be understood from the context, and are unlikely to cause misunderstanding. IZ (as used after a person), T", and ^ generally cannot be omitted without compromising meaning.
desu/masu style
plain style If A S
tii-ffc
*< A
Read the sentences while paying attention to their meanings. Then change the underlined parts to spoken desu/masu style. (Put contractions into their standard forms.)
1)
lyrn-h
(t)
-
ht %
•^-ti.-^
K'-fX^ti:^^
iin
z
v^-r (^)
^XbK^VNTo
^
iwl^t
->VN-r^
/ S T Y L E NOTE \ This lesson has so far discussed written and spoken Japanese in terms of two styles, the desu/ masu style and the plain style. Although the two are treated separately here for the sake of exposition, in reality people mix and match styles and levels of vocabulary according to occasion and purpose, so that no clear boundaries actually exist between them. While papers, theses, and other formal writing will generally be done in plain style throughout, in more casual writing, such as essays, one style will sometimes be mixed into the other. Some essays, in fact, are written in an entirely conversational tone. In speech, speakers choose between the desu/masu and plain style depending on audience and occasion. Even within the same conversation, however, people will sometimes switch from one style to another in order to fulfill some special intent or purpose. They may, for example, switch to the plain style during a desu/masu-style conversation to make an aside, or use the desu/ masu style to make a polite request in the midst of one otherwise conducted in the plain style. Manners of speaking will also vary depending on a person's gender, age, and personality. Generally, women tend to speak more politely than men, and gender differences tend to be less evident among younger compared to older segments of the population. To get used to written and spoken Japanese in different styles, try first to read or to listen, and to understand. The more examples you are exposed to, the better you will be able to choose between styles to accommodate the audience and occasion at hand.
217
PRACTICE 1 WORD POWER
Reading about Customs and Special Occasions
celebrate the New Year wish for happiness wish for health • wish for long life pray for a good harvest
READING PRACTICE
' U i
•
•
'
.•
-
I)
^ ^ - i T ^ ^ X T v N T t i ^ L J : U (75 J: 9^x60 T \ li.f^^' [X6ZZ,-:}
^ i 9 L tj>
Tft^Hi-fo
z^o^
^vN9 z ^ i f ^lcTv^^(7?T^ L * , ^ - t f ^/faT^^W^rJ^-^'j i t o IJi
9
IJ
ito ^y|^*.*)Oi o T .
L J: icfc^-tt
^«a^-^-^Ttl)-, < 'Jtz-Lito IJ i
7
IJ
f:
Osechi Cuisine In Japan, there is a custom of eating a special cuisine called osechi during the New Year. Osechi is prepared at the end of the year and Icept arranged inside staclced boxes. Nowadays, more and more people buy osecW from department stores or supermarkets instead of making it at home. Each and every dish in osechi cuisine carries a special significance. For example, shrimp is used to wish for a long life, since its back is bent so that it looks like an old person. Kombu kelp carries the meaning of wishing for happiness because its name sounds like the word X 6Z.I'
("to have joy"). Other dishes
include those made with beans and chestnuts. 'Jill > Mil 1 )i
218
New Year
fe-tf*. 'j J: 9 U osecW cuisine
(a) !^ L J; U
elderly person, senior citizen
celebrate
ilLt'O
end of the year
3
kombu kelp
wish for
C * 9 ll'C
stacked boxes
l i b e s i d e s , other (than that)
long life, longevity
ly'ïi-oJ/^-oW
each and every
i *!>
good harvest
fz'H^ II'
for example
< U
pray
i7)
be bent
liii'ili
bean chestnut
{R2)
be apart, be removed
During tlie New Year's holidays, family members, including those who usually live apart, all gather to eat osecW together and relax.
U/L^'Lxili.
y'z^yri^^^
f^^iTlcthL.
fzU/L^'i:
vt
^ X / c ^ l C 9 (t^-So
X i ^'L^P U
1 l^lc^X'S^.
^iW
ist;
7 T^^O" *
fifc-
L* 9
New Year's Cards In Japan, there is a custom of sending New Year's cards as greetings for the New Year. People send out New Year's cards before the end of the year and receive [those addressed to them] on New Year's Day. In November, cards for sending out New Year's greetings go on sale at post offices. Cards picturing the animal for the coming year on the twelve-year Oriental zodiac also line store shelves. On New Year's cards, people first write
t
L T fc' *t> T ^ 7 Z''^\^t't
("Happy New Year"
) or other greetings used to celebrate the New Year. Next they write messages about their lives recently and other topics, typically wrapping up at the end with
4^-^ ii X
6L
<. i^tl-/)^'^ X i i " ("Please
extend me your kind consideration throughout this year as before"). Although in the past handwritten cards were also common, nowadays those printed using computers are the mainstream. Recently, an increasing number of peopie send New Year's greetings by e-mail instead of sending out cards. But given that there are many people who feel a special sense of happiness about receiving New Year's cards, the custom of sending them will most likely not easily go away.
mmMM?\
i^tL4
New Year's card New Year's Day
(i-oll'ot-l-
recent situation ii? C <
report
put on sale Oriental zodiac (twelve-year cycle in wtiich each year is named after a different animal) happy New Year
wrap up, end handwritten L
U
-7
mainstream 219
PRACTICE 2
Talking about Customs and Special Occasions
WORD POWER I. Annual events:
m
I
X 1
r/tt-ioij
f)"o
(3^30)
^Y:i(nB
(5^5H)
tz-*-£\ftzAiniB) i'^tcn ii-
ll. Ceremonial occasions:
(fc)
^
9 L $
X<^^7j^ ( 1 2 ^ 3 1 0 )
SPEAKING PRACTICE
I. Ms. Cliandra is talking to a male friend shortly before the end of the year.
( ^ ) : 2 8 H o ^ * ( ± ^ ^ o i o - t ^ < L < X^'K^tcLfzXUo
-ti:^ ^ M. L U •^i:'^o-^
220
Coming-of-age Day (second Monday of January) fz-iXlifz setsubun (a day in early February for performing various rituals such as throwing Deans to drive away bad luck and bring in good) m T L
UtCÈr) i;
Girl's Day, Doll Festival
Z}l't
Children's Day
''i' < ^
U/L^^'Lx
i
star Festival New Year's Eve *
funeral
V M-f-^'O have to (colloquial for~^j.-< T l i v ^ l t ^ -tfA; see p. 216)
f- + >
: fc L J: 9 T J ^ ' O Ü ^ X
f - + >- F 7 : (before part/ng) L ^ . ^ A
( ^ )
5 ^ i f < (n ?
J: >. ^ fc'^ ^ o
: J:vNfc^^„
Chandra:
It's almost New Year's, isn't it. Till when do you have work?
friend: Chandra:
The 28th. I always dislike the end of the year because it's so busy. On top of everything else, I have to write my New Year's cards, too. Are you going anyplace for New Year's?
friend: Chandra: friend:
I'm planning on going back to see family. I haven't reserved a flight yet, though. {before parting) Well, have a nice New Year, Have a nice New Year.
An exchange student is walking around inside a shopping mall with Emi Morita during the first part of February.
: * . * o B^riiy
A yr-iz^'m'B'\kKi-3
l: U A
Ljt*u
0U-hthif
ïïA-ttv-
lffz')i-6A.Ti-Xo ^ f f l x ^ : ^^Lli'oX6êf^--i'
hlzMif:'\jE.i^'6A^fz^'Ti-Xo
i\^-iT
Student:
That chocolate shop over there has an awful lot of people lined up in front, doesn't it? There's usually not that many people in line. Emi Morita: It's because it's almost Valentine's Day.
student: Oh yes. In Japan women give men chocolates on Valentine's Day, isn't that right? Emi Morita: Yes. I'm sure you're aware of "obligatory chocolates," but nowadays people do things like give chocolates to female friends, too. Is that right?
student: Emi Morita: student:
^' C
somewhere, anywhere (contraction of ^' C parents' house
'J^
J: V ^ hLtcK
It seems there are also some women who buy chocolates as rewards for themselves for always working so hard, Hmm. Maybe I'll buy some for myself and my friends, too.
Li
have a nice New Year (customary greeting exchanged toward the end of the year to give people good wishes for trie coming year) that many, so much 221
III. It is Valentine's Day, and Mr. Mills's desk is piled high with chocolates. l^it,
K -) u i •)
^3-ntz{^
( ^ ) : X 3 y . atz
W]m ( ^ ) : '<\yyf
1 K-jiJi?
fit:
Lii^-otzU-lUo
hx-<7)fc7JX
4 yK^BZJtih-ofzA^^ii^^xlti-^BtzXo-th
X
^'n'ik(0 3n 1 4 Ho ux
atz
male colleague: You got a lot of chocolates, didn't you, John? You're going to have to make an awful lot of returns on White Day. Mills: White Day? What's that? male colleague: It's a day when people who received chocolates on Valentine's Day give gifts in return. It's on March 14, exactly one month from now. Mills: What? I didn't know anything about that, male colleague: It's^the man's turn next. Ha ha ha.
IV. Ms. Martin asks a male friend about what she should give for a wedding present.
( ^ ) : ^/^9x^lc;^f TtL
u
atz
•7)V9y:
(fX$ A/-cJ:o ^91:^tiMtHif.
If
lfX$A^fc <-ScT??
( ^ ) : 9Ao #:9lJ'i^^ < 6 i c X ^ T f c < ^ ^ / • c J;o ttitA
atz
v/b^y:
i>
^(.K-^
^X^x>^<6? \:-y\±.
^jk-M.fzf,
: ^ A ( ^ ) : 9 - ^ o mmi'^
-7)1^9 y : Martin: friend: Martin: friend:
%i->-£h.
* - p » u
atz
9^,
xL\'m<
a-
Lf-:[i>fo ^^-olxiznz u
*U/*^X9o
What do people give as wedding gifts in Japan? Usually cash, if you're attending the reception. If you're not attending the reception, then clocks or tableware or other such items. You give cash? That's right. You give it to them enclosed in a special envelope.
Martin: friend:
What sort of envelope? I'm going to a friend's reception soon, actually. Let me see . . . it's a little hard to explain, so shall 1 go with you, if you're going to buy one?
Martin:
I'd like that, thanks.
White Day (March 14)
Uhl-k-L
reception
a-h^x L
return (for a gift or favor)
L J: o $
tableware
liX (fe)
turn celebration
,ï- < 7^
bag, envelope
on
\A(..,1 ICE 3
Talking to Close Friends or Colleagues
PHRASE POWER Upon meeting someone you haven't seen in a while:
It's been a while. Are you well? ( D M , j±*l±^-'7 ? ii'SX, L rï How's work recently? II. Talking about how something went:
Did the project go well? •V
®ti,t^lt(\^-o/,X. / t ^ i ^ l t i ^ ^ ^ / z h X .
(used by women)
It went more or iess okay. (D L t t ^ .
/HXT^C?
How was the exam?
I wasn't able to do very well, so I think I failed.
I did better than I expected, so maybe I'll pass. . Showing concern:
Do you have a headache? ® ^^fcV ^
6 ,lv
N
(t
r:\ ti\ X J: 9
Why don't you take a little rest?
?
You look pale. Are you all right?
® ^ t § - t 9 /-c I t
^\
/ H ^ ^ L : J: 9
You look down. Is something the matter?
?
You look like you're not feeling well. Are you all right?
1 i <\'<
go well
i
so-so, more or less
t i)
i> ^ i U
not much (colloquial for i>i <))
K'-fLtih ?
why don't you take a rest? (colloquial for •^'-t/C/c't, X-f-/i^)
223
IV. Giving consolation:
Tiiere's nothing you can do about it.
®X<^6ZKt;Xo
/X
i^^ZY-Xo
(used by women)
It happens all the time.
®^LX
IJ #
xi-^'-^£\Hli-f}^\^\^Xo
You shouldn't fret about it too much. V. Asl
T^LJ;<-f'S^/•coT?
Is it true you're going to switch jobs, Mr. Inuyama? ® (to someone else)
# ^ ^,
^ ^ /"£ o T ?
Is it true that Ms. Nakamura is going to quit?
SPEAKING PRACTICE I. Mr. Mills meets a male friend he hasn't seen in a long time.
( ^ ) : 9 ^o
i JlX :
3 > t l f X $ ^ 7 tzHo
^±mi^^i ? iy^yii?
:kA ( ^ ) : ^^^^^hio-f^'^^'L^'Xo tt>it/L anz Mills: friend: Mills: friend:
It's been a while. Are you well? Yes. You look well, too, John. How's work recently? Busy, same as always. And you?
Mills:
Right now I'm swamped, too, with preparing for a company party.
II. Ms. Nakamura sees a male colleague holding a hand to his head.
^ ^ f c V ^ ^hi. ,la^lt^^
tii-ffc
tT'jlï
/•£'vXj;Xr^?
ntZ :
f-r ( ^ ) : ^?f£"^o *.ij^^-^9 atz
Illll
L X 1 'S^'^fi ^
there Is nothing one can do about it
i,075^^fe-f
same as always
/c o L 7c C !:: -4" ^ * nothing serious 224
*/civXcVN(D?
Nakamura: colleague:
You look pale. Are you all right? Do you have a headache? Yes. But it's nothing serious, so no problem.
Nakamura: colleague:
You shouldn't push yourself. Why don't you take a little rest? That might be good. Thanks.
It is seven in the evening, and Mr. Suzuki is sighing at his desk.
nm
( ^ )
tn'jiï
istz
:
male colleagTie:
You look down. Is something the matter?
Suzuki:
I messed up. But anyhow, the matter has been solved.
male colleague:
Well then, don't let it bother you too much. Shall we go out to drink for a change
Suzuki: male colleague:
of pace? Sounds good. I'm pretty much done with work, but what time can you go?
Suzuki: male colleague:
I'll be done in about thirty more minutes, so could you wait for me a bit? Sure.
IV. Ms. Chandra approaches Ms. Martin after learning that Ms. Nakamura is getting married.
i-^yv^
••i±f^K^^^'oXf^\^tz\iY:\
Chandra: Martin:
Is it true that Ms. Nakamura is going to get married? Yes, to Mr. Smith.
Chandra:
I heard she was going to quit her job.
Martin:
Mr. Smith is getting transferred to the United States, so she says she's going to go with him.
Chandra:
Oh. We're going to miss her. [lit., "It's going to be lonely (without her)."]
S X-f 4 75n^lt'7-f-?>
mess up, make a mistake be solved
5 I f fe L
diversion, change of pace
fz^^fz'-^
largely, pretty much
X'Ki>
be able to go (colloquial way of saying T fe ^ 4 ; the h of the potential forms of Regular llverbs and < i> are sometimes omitted in conversational speech)
-^lfL\^ lonely 225
KANJI PRACTICE
i
i
sex quality
r
4
é
be accustomed t(}
w
1^ t f
ï 1 •:.
>
%
ocean occidental
h
»
>.
.
i4
^^^^ 1
i r
divide cut
-f'
t^
increase 1 .
t^
>* y
^
y
^
n younger sister
<
'''•!•!Mill '\ fl ..lu-r^ ||.|) ;!;•;:)
i^H ' Fill in the blanks with the appropriate partiele.
1)
^ ;l/X~ (
t-7 L i - f
)
2) ttzZiih^^hii'm^-t^
(
)
fcM5;i
TA
3) ^ 0
(
-o7r
)
J: 9ti.-fcHfF^^vN/c/c$.
4) 5)
(
9 C'^^^i L;'co
) hLtzS^K^^xiK\^xx
^k-ö'^^ktK'^tz(D[t. fcf'iL
O
{ f z i w
•^'it
))H>L<.
i: . i X
iH-Lt-
(
)
Tt.
111;
Choose the most appropriate word from among the alternatives (1-4) given.
1) ( LT,
) V N b ^ L ^ o T < /•£• ^ t 7
2.-ti:',^^<
X')~y-b^
(
i.-tf'r/
2.7'c^^^^
3) (
)
Lfc^ic
)
A : B :(
3.^6^6
3./cö'X
fc«L7'c*o»Tl-'^^ .
4.^0^
fc@lC7^^^Mj/-cVN?^toTfcU
2.^J:9^"
i L/co
4.c^o^
i^M^^I±v^bo L ^ v N i t ^ \ 3.mt
4) # : ^ . • t ^ T v ^ ^ x v ^ T ^ ( Itu 1.-tf-{/ 2./-i"v^/cO 5)
L T fc 'J i
U t ^ L .
I.Lo^^U 2)
/-c (7) lc, ^ V N IC < i]Xi%-t)^>)\ ^
)
4.3t(iK""
L I*
3.^^/.^
A.fzU'fzX/
Wl±^'~7 ? ) VN-tTJ^'LvNj;,
l . i ^ T
2.T$^/-£'lt
3.*,\^^^^b-f
4.(5^^ic
Change the form of the word given in parentheses to complete the sentence in a way that makes sense. Use honorific or imperative forms.
1) i i l i l .
f / f i ^ i i (
2) « l i t C ^ " "
) ^\ ) WT\
i- tl
3) ^i^^^hZ'tm 4) ^ P J : . , 5)
228
9- ^ f c # ^ < / - c ^ V N „ Ixilii
(
)o
i^'t-t) i
( * i t ) i
(Li-f)
^-<7)X^V;L-;H±^; 9 (
è i ' i c ^ L / c i T i c L J;-SvN^ (
)
)
^ithHilfzo
(^p^Tv^it) ('il^Uit)
I Choose the most appropriate word or phrase from among the alternatives (1-4) given.
1.^^f,C-t 3)
2.^vi-/,c^
3.C^bZ^
A : fc< ^ i l i f c l f X ^ T A N b o
B : (
). i f X ^
L C ^ b Z ^
B : -tmi (
T - f o
3.^^-^(i^-
t r # i t ^ ^ ~ t T ^ ± o Tv N ^
)
4.fcv«Mf^iT 7 Ti-.
pK
2. <^LvN
3.lc?5nN
5) ^/-c^cT^lt-^ z^<;5 ( tt 1.fc|.iVN
L ^ o i t T ^ ^
2.^9^^x:(f
4) A : T'CV ^ - . ^ T i - !
4.^*,bZ^
4.^i:;vN
)
2.fc^^^9V^
\zuAy9"yXt%^^tltz.° 3.^)V^^O
4.fc7j^;iL
Fill in the blanks with the correct reading of each kanji.
( 2)
) i$(±
(
)
E # T \
(
) (
^HNltoLT-fo
) (
)
(
)
(
4) A B C l l ^ t ^ ^ b «^^~S> O / c i ^ , ^ ; i T (
) (
) (
)
< / H ' ^ ^ ^ o
)
229
I
Following a final check in Lesson 13 of whether you are able to handle talking about a slightly complicated problem, this unit wraps up your study of intermediate Japanese with scenes from a party. Parties are excellent chances to get to know others and to expand your world. The lessons cover expressive patterns commonly found in invitations, RSVPs, speeches, and other such party-related aspects. While making a speech or engaging in party talk in a foreign language may seem daunting at first, once you know these patterns you will find it easy to gracefully initiate and conclude exchanges. Try conducting conversations that draw on all the Japanese you have learned so far, and freely enjoy yourself. ••:^v:^i'f;i;^^••llv:^.^:/ï\
A CALL FROM THE HEALTH OFFICE
Mr. Suzuki informs Ms. Sasaki of an unexpected message from the health office.
-tf i
5
i
s
-t-r i
XL
h
n r t - o X ? t c m - t m r - n - o X.
•f-t i
i
i
tp^j^j^nN L i - f O
$
< =b L V N 1 ^
v i j - ^ X ,
t
•h^h-oXt.
i : J; 9 ^ J: 9 ^ ^ 1 i o $ i j - f ^ i T l i .
icfc^Z
L T < /-f^VN,
:
i
: livN,
A B C 7-X'Tr^~~v N i - f „
L f
L/co
t-tz
l i ^ L
i-fo
L r^)^^^^f^1vN<ê'6-tf<7)^lè
The phone rings.
232
NT^
XL
h
TvN^favN
•v)\.fy:
*
*
^(Dmt.
*
tzt-:^t,x
LA,;;ALf
ff{ij^hl t t
9 ^ t
r r ^ ^ N i t o
h^^^
it-:\^
T A
i^lzm^-^'^-^tzlï-Ö^^)
^£(D\Z
,
itAf,<
^^'^3$T L i v N i
it~ja.
The phone rings, and iVls. Sasal
•tf
i
-titï
* A L A
v ' ^ t / x i : < T.
ABO
^^u
fzo
i
5
S
y
ê^y^:
i l l i Lff\\Z
-^•f ^
i
S
T T
5
Y. Yl'\t
Ljt
5
:
tz
t
t/K
CJ:
Ui
L /bo ^ T t . j ; 9
|jéH^^<^èi ^ Y Z 6 4foWl>
T-to
IiL
Suzuki:
Manager, there's a problem.
Sasaki:
What's the matter? Why are you so flustered?
Suzuki:
Sasaki:
There was a phone call just now from the health office, and they told me that a large number of people have gotten stomachaches from eating snacks at the Sakura-machi summer festival. They say that our product may be the cause. What?
Suzuki:
I'll go to the health office right away and get details.
Sasaki:
Please do. Marie, even if we get calls for interviews or inquiries, please politely turn them away until we know clearly what this is all about. I understand.
Martin:
233
Martin: Yes, ttiis is ABC Foods. reporter: I'm with Asuka Newspapers, and I'd like to have some comments from the person responsible regarding the matter of the Sakura-machi summer festival. Martin:
That matter is currently under investigation. We will hold a press conference as soon as we know anything, so please wait. . .
Sasaki:
Did a call come in from a newspaper company already? That was quick. It was only just now that we ourselves were contacted by the health office. What an awful problem has come up, when next week we have that reception commemorating the five-year anniversary of the opening of our branch offices.
Martin:
Suzuki:
Manager? Please be reassured. It was a mistake. The cause wasn't our product, but one from ABO Foods.
Sasaki: Suzuki:
What, a mistake? That's a relief. But for what reason was our product ever suspected? Apparently the person who made the report to the health office made a mistake because the packages were similar. I see. Please get details at the health office about the cause of the stomachaches. I will. They're just about to begin explaining things now. Well then, please take care of it for us.
Sasaki: Suzuki: Sasaki:
health office
summer festival
person responsible (While -if $ I C A ^ by itself already means "person responsible," adding «05^ makes it sound more polite.)
get a stomachache
person responsible
stomachache
as soon as (one) knows
get (a physical symptom)
press conference
Sakura-machi (fictitious neighborhood)
many people
mm
newspaper company only Just
interview, news coverage inquiry become clear
commemoration i tiL
A BO^
polite
L^.i-^
t»
person, someone (humble) t o
234
p°D
ABO Foods (fictitious food company name) for what reason
refuse, turn away someone with Asuka Newspapers (way of identifying one's own affiliation without giving one's name)
(see Note 7 below)
what, what kind of
hi-f 1
reason tz^^l
suspect
This sentence is an inversion of ^
|C ^, ;h
T T,
Y!
1
L tzLT-f-/}\
Sometimes in con-
versation, spealcers will give what they most want to say first.
Are you going to tomorrow's party?
iti
Today's concert was good, wasn't it?
nAi.
2.
The pattern "Q + counter + t>" conveys that a number, while not specified, is nonetheless significant. The t adds emphasis.
I memc^jzed the kanji by writing them over and over.
t.'AtA> < l c ^
i
Many hundreds of attendees came to the event.
T
The verb \h 6, which possesses a wide variety of meanings, is used here in the sense of victims or damage "emerging" from some negative occurrence (in this case, a stomachache). Although the damage has already taken place, Mr. Suzuki uses
T v N ^ instead of the past form i±S tz
because he regards the effects of the damage as ongoing and influencing matters he is dealing with at present.
4.
1
Lmi
L^^Ll
'<'^£\^t]-^xt
1
LX"tt}<
~ i : Af» ttH N ^Ms a more colloquial way of saying ~ T l ± ti.- V N
which is the plain form of ~
T
l± ^ U i -^f^75^ Here Mr. Suzuki uses it to indirectly quote the health office's conjecture that a product from ABC Foods may be the cause of the stomachaches.
5.
i ^ X l i ^ %i)>i
The pattern "activity
+^4'," indicates that a certain activity, in this case an investigation, is ongoing.
Other often-seen examples include fesS f When
, "in a meeting," - f i ^
, "engaged in work " and
, "in the midst of a phone call." follows a spatial expression, then it means "all throughout" that place,
may
also appear with certain words indicating periods of time to mean "all throughout" that time! e.g., --0
, "all day,"
^ , "all year."
Finally, a temporal expression +
^ _ ic indicates that an action is to take piace or be per-
formed within that period, e.g., 4^0 «p |C, "within todav" iti
t»i
«li^lft^^'Tto ui
i,ti
* %»,i
The department manager is in a meeting right now. 235
•it
> U * -5
IJ J C T
When I retire, I want to travel all around the world.
£A 1 : 1 1 X 1 : »
9 * »
It rained all night.
4- S t
IC U - t " - h ^ l±i L T < /-c ^ V No
CALD.ïfti)>ï
fc'
Please submit your report within the week.
6.
h-f]^^)
if-:\^
The -masu stem of a verb + L /cV is an expression meaning "as soon as . . ," It tends to be used more commonly in business and other formal situations than in everyday conversation.
7.
m^-h^h'ofzm^^)-f£(n\Z
„
The pattern "-ta form of a verb + Mi)'' 'J fz" expresses that only a very short time has elapsed since the action or event descpjbed by the clause modifying
U took place. Here, "short" means short
for the speaker, not necessarily according to some objective standard.
H ^ i c ^ / c M i ) - ' 'j ^£(D-r:\ t fz B^W-tirv
N T ^ ^ o l e t t e r V ^ i -ti:^o
I've only just come to Japan, so I'm not used to living here yet.
^^i/LM.
=ï'/lVt-kèi6fzMii^')fc
^ T è - h ^ T t o
111:
tci-nt.
C i i
f
Ms. Nakamura is very good at golf, even though she has only just started.
A I! ^
9.
< T is the conjunctive form of the clause A L ^
^•~9 ^ ^ 9 ' b I t T ,
1 ii
^ (T't)
.
fzi>^hKfzLTiri!-
There are two points to be made about this sentence: (1) While ^'9 V N 9 is similar to ^ X ' j . ' in that they both mean "what kind of," ^""9 ^ ^ 9 implies expectation of a more fully detailed answer going beyond simple appearances or obvious qualities. (2) h i i , meaning "reason," also carries the connotation of being notjust any reason but one that provides thorough justification for a matter, including all the circumstances and background behind it. ^ I t is a noun and so words preceding it take plain forms in the nounmodifying pattern, as all noun modifiers do. A question asking
9 ^ M hHX',
"for what reason," gives the feeling that the speaker is
demanding a fully satisfying explanation and thus will often come off as rather strong. h I t may also be used in the sense of "no wonder" or "so that's why" when you come across a satisfying answer to something you have been puzzling about, as in the following dialogue, which takes place on a train to work at about 8:30 in the morning in mid-August.
iJlX
: (looking around puzzledly) f^B Uir \. ^ X È-f Uo Y' j I X Z L^X Izir K X li}\ :
TT i
l± 8 ^ 1 5 H X\ ÜMLtzi)^ ^ T ' - f J; o >)
S i ?
^ iVX :
I ; ft
1^ML'oX^Xiri)\ ti'/L l: l i A
5 JlX ••^KX\
Z/Ltcizi-^'X^^^hliXi-Uo'
fi-
«>uLf
'
(looking around puzzledly) It's empty today, isn't it? Why are there so few people, I wonder. That's because today is August 15, so it's Obon. What's Obon?
Mills: Suzuki: Mills: Suzuki:
Obon is a Japanese festival. A lot of companies shut down during this period, so everyone takes trips to see family back home or to go on vacation. So that's why the train is so empty.
Mills:
10. ^t,Xl
i'n •? U
r\
$mi>Hèti>
ui
YZ6
T-fo
lit
YZ^
means "place." The pattern "plain form of a verb + ^ C ^ 7c"" serves to focus on the
individual "points" or "stages" in an action, almost as if the speaker were presenting snapshots of that action taking place.
^•b'-h^ l>i
-fe t^
0>ÏLJ:<
Z 6 T-fo
fz
I am just about to eat dinner, (i.e., I am at the point where I will start eating dinner.)
t^
C^T-fo
I am right now eating dinner.
u4t}>-5Li<
-
Z^T-fo
tz
I have just now finished eating dinner.
237
^ ^ ^6 thus is used when wishing to emphasize what stage or phase a certain process is in at that moment.
i
i
*
Sasal
liU
Has the concert begun already? No, it's just about to start.
t # : Kato: Nakamura:
^^h°-lX^'6>::z6Tiro Are the materials for the meeting done already? I'm just now making copies.
On a celi phone:
238
Suzuki:
Where are you now, Mr. Mills?
Mills:
I've jflst now arrived at the station.
PRACT
'I
Making Complaints
W O R D POWER be broken be cracked be torn not enough, insufficient
9
complaint, objection
o^ U Jt 1
defective product
(iL
w^arranty
P D
tA/C
J: 9 L i
( 2 L J: 7 ^
term of warranty person in charge
L f
person responsible
L f
store manager
PHRASE POWER I. Calling to make a complaint:
L t i ' t C9
h
The item I received was broken.
L "i-1«
I received an item different from what I ordered.
There were only two, when I'm sure I ordered three.
^ 1^ T |
®
/c ^ - + ^
b
.
t
è i!<:,.
(-^it^ZlfzLT-rii
My child got a stomachache after eating the"cake that I bought at your place. II. Complaining at a store or restaurant:
®ZK.
zt,hTM'ofzMi>^^)ti:(Dlz^
i^i
zhKXL
t-O fz/LTi-li}Z'
I just bought this here and it's already broken. (D
7 é^LT-«^b. ,
t 7 3
0^^^,#o
iAL»,.i;A
It s been half an hour since I placed my order
'£
XK^6/Lri-{-fY'-
goods
J
I. A customer is tall
tz^tz^^'-^jiLr-tii^
^fi^l^^(DtXHfzii-ó'')
X - ^ o (hands over the watch) X'L-^i.
:
ir\i}Z\ JSM.
o
•
ti:
LT
-tfX-tfXp^^^J.H^^T•to
(looking it over) t,
1
I h l i Z'i\
^ t -tfAo
fc*>-f ULT. fc L t,-
fzlii-o customer: I bought this watch here only just last week, but it already seems to be broken, salesperson: Is that so? May I be allowed to take a look? customer: Yes. (hands over the watch) I just put in new batteries, too, but it still won't move at all. salesperson: (looking lt over) I'm sorry. I'll take it for a while and see what the matter is.
II. Ms. Nakamura is waiting at a restaurant for her lunch, which is taking a long time to arrive.
ir^iXtLo g l :
ttzTlJ:lii\ L h i i z : i \ ^ i ^ / i o
A7>f-o Ay
è 9 2 0
T ^
^ T
y i - r z ' i \ ^ t i r i ) \
i> 1 nm'^x 6^fz^^Ti-iiY: fz^'^LmU'fzLilfz. -r C'fc^^vN/c L i - f o
J^M.:
The manager comes over to Ms. Nakamura with her dish.
: XLtitï
fc$^<^i.
fc^#/c-tl:LT.
i,i
Lbiiz:i\^È^LTLfzo
t
Nakamura: Excuse me. Isn't my A lunch ready yet? I've been waiting for twenty minutes already, waiter: Oh, I'm sorry. The A lunch, did you say? Nakamura: Yes. The person at the next table seems to have her food already, even though she just ordered. waiter: Please excuse the error. I'll bring it to you right away. Nakamura: I'm sorry, but will you make it quick? I don't have much time. manager:
A7>fl±^<-t4
Please accept our apologies for making you wait.
A lunch (name of a lunch spedal) hurry, make it quick
I PRACTICE 2
Making and Responding to Apologies
SPEAKING PRACTICE
I. The phone rings in the midst of a party at the Kato residence.
i: 1»
O
.ix
IVlrs. Kato:
Hello, this is Kato. Oh, Mr. Suzuki, where are you now?
Suzuki:
I'm on my way over right now in a taxi. I think I'll get there in about ten more minutes. I'm sorry I'm late. Oh, no problem. Well then, we'll be expecting you.
Mrs. Kato:
II. Mr. Kato asks Ms. Martin to prepare some materials for him one morning at the office. 4> i:-) It
That afternoon at about four o'clock:
* Kato:
9
o
m^^"-ti-T.
hi
m^'U.
Martin:
Will you prepare these materials for me sometime today? I need them for the proposal I'm submitting tomorrow. I understand.
Kato:
Are you done with the materials I asked you to prepare this morning?
Martin:
I'm sorry. I'm preparing them now. They'll be done soon, so I'll send them to you by e-mail attachment as soon as they're finished. Thanks. Sorry to rush you.
Kato:
T\*Lij)0-f.i, Li
submit written proposal
241
III. Mr. Mills arrives late for a date to see a movie with a female friend.
ilk): ^ JlX rpllL
: «A4
^At-^^fzYZ6tzi)^h. g®.
i 1 ièÈ-01, v'iltU
f i ^ N i: J: 9 «Vo ><"o fz 7 llf
ti-«-
|1\>
Mills:
Sorry I'm late.
friend: Mills:
I just came myself, so no problem. Has the movie already started?
friend:
No, it's just about to. Let's hurry up and go in.
T 1 /L
no (colloquial for v H
P R AC
H C
ti 3
Asking FOI jrid kc.s|)onding to Explanations
SPEAKING PRACTICE
I. IVlr. Mills and Ms. Sasaki are talking during lunch about their colleague, Mr. Yamamoto.
Mills: Sasaki: Mills:
The other day I heard Mr. Yamamoto talking in French, and I was amazed that he spoke so fluently, like a native speaker. Mr. Yamamoto used to live in France for a long time when he was a child, you see. Was that so? No wonder he's so good.
II. Ms. Martin gives Mr. Suzuki a message from a client.
H Ï V - L
• f f
3
u
*l/Ct,<
lr. Suzuki reports his mistake to the department manager.
fit TvNi
Ifzo
} Z ' i ^ ' i h l i X \
m' is Ï
i
JA^TJU <
z L - ^ j : z Y i ) < ^ i f z L T i r i ) \
< IC ^
L ^ X ^ ^ O fz /ziötzY^.K^tiro
Z M ' h l i ^ t ' o l i X
<
L h i i
z'i'^
^
t i i ^ \
Martin:
Mr. Suzuki, there was a phone call just now from Mr. Takahashi of Nozomi Department Store, and he said that they received merchandise different from what they ordered.
Suzuki:
Really? I'll contact him right away.
Suzuki:
Manager, I'm sorry. There were some other merchandise mixed in [with the order] due to my mistake.
Sasaki: Suzuki: Sasaki:
How did such a thing come to happen? I think it's because I didn't double-check. I'm sorry. Please be careful from now on. native speaker fluent (mimetic word for describing fluent speech, especially in a foreign language; often written in katakana) get mixed in
be because (used in formal situations to state causes or reasons)
243
PR A C T ICtl A-
RC'idingalioullht'lU'dSoriibuhind Custom';
READING PRACTICE
.4:
L f U A
L t*
7
L f
<
h
I*
7
L f L A
t,i-
6 è £ v N „ o; L
< -5
L ^
<^ ( J * ® )
S S ®
L A
L t^) 7
i u J A
vv,(
ic(|^tLTvv^Ê(i.
mY
ét-:.
(i(2^'"lttt"^^ o i ij\ it-^ : : ^ L $ ^ ^ 7 L$l±J^;|^£"ltT\ < ' j t i n ^ J ; 7 lc L / b V N ^ 0 7 ^ 9 l t / - C o *
L * 9 **o; < ^
celebratory envelope (envelope used to give gifts of money for happy occasions) basically, fundamentally other than, besides colorful envelope for a mournful occasion (in which money is placed to give to someone who has lost a loved one)
< ^
black mizuhiki (colored paper cords)
U i
string, cord come with, is attached with (a conjunctive form of -3 V ^ T V ^ ^ that means the same as ^ ^ T o T but that is used more frequently in formal writing) way of tying, knot bowknot undo knot, tie in other words, in short
In Japan, there is a custom of enclosing money in special envelopes to give to people for weddings, funerals, births, and other such occasions. These envelopes come in many different types, and there are set rules about which Icinds are to be used for which occasions. First of all, colors used on the envelopes vary according to envelope type. L yp j
< ^ (photos
® ® ) used for celebrations basically come in red and white, although nowadays there are also many colorful kinds in shades besides these two. Black and white are the colors used for vi' I tp i ^'S: < ^ [for use in unhappy occasions] (photo ®). Each envelope also comes with cords called ^-fU^
that are tied around it into a decorative knot
in one of two ways. The first of these is the bowknot, which, being easy to undo, can be tied and untied any number of times. Cords for wedding and funeral envelopes are tied in a special way that cannot be easily undone once fashioned. In other words, they express the wish that weddings and funerals will only take place once and not be repeated.
* ~ ^ o 9 ^ I t / H can be used for summing up what one has just said or written, the sense being "in short."
245
KANJI PRACTICE >*
if record describe
i
i;
i
I f
Itf
P
H —^
early
u heart
heavy
^^^^
jlE correct right
L
i Ï i'T
JLE
§
LESSON
—->
7C^ IfX, s
7L
^
origin source
o. i:
i un-, in-, not
cattle cow
1*1 ^ 1*1 i;<
So-)
1
rt
rt
l:<
I*1M meat
HX
cooked rice meal
4
l±A
i
r
if •
1 1
13
A FEW WORDS FROM THE HOST TARGET
Mr. Green is about to give a speecfi at tlie reception commemorating tlie five-year anniversary of the opening of ABC Foods Japan.
^
i
. ^ H (± C'>'lt(7) t .
\iLt'o
tz \tï
- • g C i ^ v N ^ p ^ t
A BC7 -X" 0
^üti-
9 L ^ If
•^X\X.(D
lc l i A L I f
linv-ifT
i t o
IC HA L L^-fc-uWiT
^••'J-y
: / ' j - y T r ^ - ' v N i - f o
t ^) (tzi^^t
c ^ ^ / ^ i .
^Hlifc'It
LX. ^^)f)'Yi
Z0Xi
LVM:^^.^*
^i to
•fj:J$rB:^mTm^Lir6(Di±wi6XTi-
ir;f)^XtLfzo
^BZ
< (D-^Jrlzi^K^h^^t L
S J; i
TV^/c/c"$ i
L T .
«fe
i-tzi'tz
/ • c V ^ - s ^ • 7 ^ L < ^^^oTfc^'j
i t o
at V 3 17 7 V 3 3? 7
w
( ± .
t
T-f-
tf 75^1 >(:,), T
b
T . &^'^i\^
nui'.^
ii
^ L J: ' j
i
c
ZM^C^
itz LtïUA,
tit
tfz.
lf/L^\\
>^^'^i;lt(7)H^^ ^ . "jHv^'u
248
IC ( Ï A L J: <
h•
7 - K
I 9 (7)
U J: < ^ L T i v N U i - t ( 7 ) T \
4^^!:^^..
^''-7^~J;
ZL z-
6
L <
fc^j^TJ^N^,
9 L*)lfito
emcee: Ladies and gentlemen, thank you all today for taking the time in the midst of your busy schedules to attend this reception commemorating the five-year anniversary of the opening of the ABC Foods Japan offices. We will now have a few words from Frank Green, head of the Japan offices. Green: I'm Green. Thank you all for kindly gathering here today in the midst of your busy schedules. This is my first time speaking in Japanese at an occasion like this, so if I make any rude mistakes, please do excuse me. This year, thanks to all of you, the ABC Foods Japan offices have reached their five-year anniversary. I am exceedingly happy that we have so many people here with us today to celebrate this occasion. Chocolat-Chocolat has long been embraced around the worid by consumers of all generations, from young to old. From now on, too, it is our wish to continue offering products th'if will be loved by everyone. We are currently engaged in developing Japanese-style food for overseas markets and pet food, among other products. All of us at the company are prepared to pour ever more energy into our work, so please, everyone, continue to extend us your consideration now as always.
emcee ladies and gentlemen ... tz
iiï
•t-tzi'tz
people (politer way of saying A/^ )
iLtz iLt;
love, be fond of
busyness, busy schedule
^t'S.
in, in the midst of imtto
offer
LttnUL i UL
(at) present
fifth (grand) opening anniversary party
fnm 1,1,
pet food
-th anniversary a word, a few words
•Its
Japanese-style food
opening (of a business) T U L
^ U < i;
undertake, engage in everyone, all
occasion forgive, excuse
love
V
9 <^
ever more, all the more
reach (a certain time or stage), greet, welcome
249
This dialogue focuses on expressions commonly encountered in speeches made by hosts on formal occasions. Talce note, in particular, of the honorific language used in both the emcee's introduction and Mr. Green's speech.
A typical way of introducing a speech given by the host of an event. The same pattern may also be used to introduce yourself before a speech when there is no emcee.
I (, John Mills,) would now like to say a few words.
< ^ ^ a . - ^ 5 i l C ^ V N ^ ^ > Z , ) ^ ^ ^ , ^ T V ^ $ J; 7 L T V ^ $ / b V ^ ^ , ^ ^ V ^ i - f LJ:^l/^
iii
~ T < -5) here indicates that something has been continued from the past all the way up to the present, ~ T
< that sdïfiething will be continued from the present all the way into the future.
t^-'t W^ ^
ZM^ioit.
b h°T-X
Lt*.^^ LT,
h \zf£ 'J
^
T t ° T / ^W-^ T ^ i
L tz.
$|^L^Tv^<-^;è;'jT-to
Ever since 1 was a child, I have been taking piano lessons out of a desire to become a pianist. From now on I intend to continue enjoying piano as a hobby. For more on the usage of ~ T ^ •( 4.
MkYi.
Y : I ^ ' X 6 L
T {
m m ^ ^ ^ i i
, see p. 51.
Lhiiti-
A set expression commonly used to conclude not only speeches but also letters.
R E A D I N G PRACTICE 1
A Formal invitation
The following is a formal invitation, sent out to clients, to attend a reception commemorating the fiveyear anniversary of the opening of the ABC Foods Japan offices. The letter is written in vertical text that reads from top to bottom and from right to left. Refer to the English translation and notes on the following pages to understand what the invitation says.
fc
7
fc
If i L m T (D T l± mi
fc \.
zr
tt L
<
If t i- ^
J; Hi= A B
T
X^ C
IS*
If \, N i t
IB*
y 9
h
i T IC
If i
7
7"
^
<
tz (±
6
tt L If i
-r
•C
IL fc i
-r
<
\
CO
fc
L
7 7
9' 'J I y
'j
'J
7
<
Wit
mi
fc
il
CO
^1
(73
7 fc
L
fc
h
T
tt L
±*
J; fc L tz
If i -f O
i
T
251
Dear : On this midsummer day we would like to express our gladness over the continuing prosperity of your company. This coming September our company will, thanks to you, reach its five-year anniversary. We are deeply grateful to everyone's support for making this possible. We wouid therefore like to host a commemorative reception as noted at left as a small token of our gratitude. We apologize for imposing upon you in the midst of your busy schedule, but we request that you please be kind enough to attend. We present this informal letter to you as our invitation. Yours, Notes Date & time: September 7 (Fri.) 4-6 p.m. Piace: Hotel Tokyo, Shunju Hall (see the location map) We sincerely regret to impose upon you, but we further request that you kindly use the enclosed postcard to inform us regarding your attendance by August 10. July 2007 [lit., "July of the 19* year of the Heisei era"] President, ABC Foods Japan Frank Green '
VOCABULARY
notes (see Note 1 below) 5
date and time
IC* i: ^ I
*AL:
spring and autumn fji 7
room, hall attached tc io É ^ J:^ I ^ J^,
furthermore, in addition truly, sincerely feeling of regret for imposing on someone
tC'Ó'^h
but, in spite of
^(DliY
about
1^M<7)
enclosed
~I-T
through
<=t 7
so as to . . . (same as J; 9 I- )
, regarding
(humble way of saying ~ C 0 C ^ , ~ | C - ^ ^ ^ T )
, using
the Heisei era (1989-)
1.
and l f . 1 ^ ^'^'^ i f t ' f ^ ^""^
phrases placed at the beginning and end of a formal letter, as "Dear"
and "Yours" are done in English. Although several other expressions are aiso possible, a letter begun with # W will close with Ill Mti > lt\> <•
2.
^K
This is one conventional greeting phrase used to follow the seasonal greeting. It is appropriate for a letter addressed to a company. 4.
^ T is placed at tfie beginning of a sentence when wishing to introduce or change a topic.
5. (ZKi.)
<^tiit-Ó-h
This is a conventional expression of gratitude used in business letters. It is similar in function to fc^^ i f ^ È, "thanks to you." 6.
o $ i L T ( ± o ^ i sage.
7.
t-fiis
L T l i is used to mean "therefore" when going on to state the main purpose of your mes-
^i^ti:i)'h-^^ 'ifi
i'
H'oXZ'M^'^lXiftiLJ:*»7
i A i i - t i
t,
This is one conventional expression for ending a business letter. 8.
IB This is a set indicator used in formal documents to show that details, for example about the time and place of an event, are to follow.
K-i.5.7
An RSVP postcard will be printed with honorific expressions, for example C'^tB ^ ,
t"^^.' ^'^'^
^
fc^|ï
, ^
''^ respect of the recipient of the invitation. The proper way of replying is
to write in the required information after first crossing out the honorific portions of each word (for the four words above, C \ ^'^H and C
fc,
and
, respectively). See next page for an example.
both mean "name," with the distinction being that the former is heard
more in speech while the latter tends to be used mostly in writing. 10. RESPONDING To respond with an RSVP postcard, cross out , ^
and write in below it #p 4» if the addressee is a >>4
ijA*»7
company or other organization and W if it is an individual. See next page. 253
Back
A B C 7 - X' H « t t f f f l I S : 5 M
1;*7LJ:
* * 7 « - )
4"
4'A
<
1 1
ill i t ItL LA
liïüi.
Front
11 75^' s
T|[Ö][5]j 0 II 0 II 0 ipT H**|i(ï NIPPON
K ï i t i
t
ft-iït
i.
tc,
n
t L
A B C 7 - X H « ^ i ; ^ IC l i A L lf\^i
10
254
4 0 0 6 1
READING PRACTICE 2
itx •"• è-
Casual Wedding Invitation
at
1.
z:hL^£\^ii
$$iL^|c LTfciJ
« 1
L * , i f i t
i t
9^6^^H
We trust that you are keeping well. Please excuse the sudden notice, but we two are going to get married. We are holding a modest party in the hopes of having all of you watch over us as we embark on our new life together. We extend this invitation to ask for you to by all means kindly come. We look forward to seeing all of you. An auspicious day in June 2007
start (of a journey new phase of life, etc.) look upon, watch over
ï l i L <^ IC t f:<" iiit-o
look forward to auspicious day (a customary way of dating an invitation to a celebratory occasion)
modest
ÜZK
tzi
ItX
*
6
kindly come (honorific expression)
tit
This is a somewhat formal set greeting used to open a letter. Other common greetings include fc T C ^ T t " A r e you well?" and fc^g|l,Tfc^ t 2.
Ate i t
C" L T t ' J \ "Have you been keeping well?"
IC fc^V ^ T $ ^ ( 7 ) ^ 5 f é L A i c L T V N i t
~ (X'^ 6) ^ O ^ g L < ^ | c L T v ^ i t , "I look forward to way of closing a letter.
" is a common and useful
255
READING PRACTICE 3
E-mail invitation to a Home Party
:
if A
S
¥Ufe0ir, ^iiia*(c:5sriö^6i^ö';rcBsurco
From: Marie Martin Subject: Invitation Dear everyone, How are you? This is Marie. Time certainly goes by quiclcly, and a year has passed since I came to Japan this time around. I was always so busy that I never had a chance to see all of you, but work has settled down at last and so I have come up with the idea of holding a cherry-viewing party at my place. I intend to prepare some simple dishes for your enjoyment. I am planning on the afternoon of Saturday after next, but how would that look for you? There is a big cherry tree next to my apartment that had beautiful flowers last year. It has buds on it this year, too, so I think it'll be in bloom by about two weeks from now. Well then, I look forward to being able to see all of you. 1 will be waiting for your replies. Marie Martin VOCASLSY ïli'fo^
^
sender
60 T
^
subject
V •> O {
time flies, time passes quickly
( Ï A ii^'Z) <
this time fz
fc
pass, go by (of time)
•'Z>\th
settle down ttiink of, come up with bud (v.) bud(n.)
The phrase ^^^ij
often used before a sentence of the pattern "period of time +
tz%t
L tz " to remarl< on the rapid passage of time. It frequently shows up in letters. Marie says 4^13 , "this time," because this is her second time in Japan.
R E A D I N G PRACTICE 4
i^^
•• Re :
Replies to a Party invitation
e^^l^
X 5
From: Emi Morita Subject: Re: Invitation Dear Marie, Thanlc you for the invitation to the cherry-viewing party. I'm delighted [you thought of me]. My mother and I will both come. My mother says that she will make some kind of homemade Japanese dish to bring. If you have any requests, please let me know. Also, I would like to go a little early to help you prepare, but would that be all right? The "grandma's tart" that you once made for us was really good, so my mother is saying that she wants you to give her the recipe sometime. Well then, I look forward to seeing you. Emi VOCABULAflV
'J
h ^ I^
request
fc l i
early, in advance
y Jl h
^)
A
grandma tart
257
f^:S : Re: 3 3 * ^ 1 ^
From: Suzuki Subject: Re: Invitation Dear Marie, This is Suzuki. Thank you for the invitation. I look forward to tasting your cooking. Will red wine be all right [for me to bring]? I have one that I was saving for a special occasion, so I'll bring that. VOCABULARY f4 ^ o T fc ^
(someone's) own cooking keep, save
R E A D I N G PRACTICE 5
Plans for a surprise Party
i i i • ^ °
From: Hiro Subject: Sat-chan's birthday This is Hiro. The 14th next week is Sat-chan's birthday, right?
I know everyone seems to be busy recently, but why don't we do something fun for Sat-chan's birthday? How about if we get everyone together, without telling Sat-chan, to have a surprise party? As it just so happens, the 14th is going to be on a Sunday, so we can all get together at my place from the morning to make some food, or if everyone is busy, we can just make it potluck. I'll tell Sat-chan to come to my house at around three, so let's all surprise her. Well then, I'll be waiting to hear back from all of you. i=cz
ri
VOCABULARY secret surprise party just, conveniently, as it happens potluck
'I -o<.
The p a t t e r n T
(T)
^IVNVNL,
~ T
(T)
\^^^<
i
V ^V ^ L is used to indicate that any of sev-
eral options would be acceptable.
wife:
What do you want to have for dinner?
husband: Hmm. Japanese or Italian, I'll leave it up to you.
R E A D I N G PRACTICE 6
Reply to Plans for a surprise Party
259
From: Mayumi Nalcamura Subject: Re: Sat-chan's birthday Sorry this is late. I just got home. A surprise party for Sat-chan—sounds good! Sounds like it'll be fun. Doesn't this remind you of our college days? I had the worst possible day today, what with being told by the department manager to rewrite my proposal and having the heel come off my shoe on my way home after almost tripping from being pushed by the people coming off the train right as I was about to get on, but I feel better after reading your e-mail. Thank you. I can go from the morning on the 14th. If there's anyone else we shouid let know about this, I'll contact them, so please tell me. Well then, let me know again when things are definitely decided. Mayumi
• $ ' j . ' fc t t
—
h
rewrite e
e
l
{tc)
(of shoe)
abysmal, worst possible definitely, clearly
1.
1^^ ZisöLiC
V
^ is often used by women to make apologies. It is not appropriate for use in busi-
ness or other formal situations (see also Note 5, p. 124). 2.
POLITENESS LEVEL Note that even in letters or e-mails to those to whom one is close, some degree of politeness should be maintained atthe beginning and end. Here, Mayumi uses Z isö Ltd
^ ^, uol Z'iöL.
Similarly, Hiro in Reading Practice 5 (p. 258) uses h D T " f , not t c? /c J ; , and ^ A
#-5
T i t , not-NAL. # o T ^ .
*
Mr. Mills is approached by Mr. Nakano while at the five-year anniversary reception.
IC IÏA
i-i^
c
i J l X : ^ B X \
t-LUL
i^S^lc^xU
i t o
h'^fz(Dt)'mvriro i\^lJ:
^^n^^i^^-^LiciT t
-tz
l ) l X : ^ ^ o
til
rt.
^
-tfX-tfXI^-tir^XT^^o/bATtJlo
lc IIA
$
L ZZ
U
ioici^o*-
T ^ ^ i ^ T t ^ o 4^1? :
^'MiMli
^ ;l.X : t ^
{"^ 1 X^)\nii^]
i -tirAo i n j T t ^ \ 4A
4^1? : «
tS4l6o
W 9 J: 'j
?
4' fe
S:^<;5Z ^ > h ^ ' ' T \ IC lïA
'J.'
-^fi-
l JlX
o T t v s i t ^ ^ i ^ ^ o
rAlc#jc;iT t u>L
ii'i'
t t ï
^.-t 9 , ^ ^ v N i t o
b 9 J;'j.
ITo
HL
-f
263
Nakano: You speak very good Japanese, Mr. Mills. IVlills:
Oh no, there are still lots of things I don't understand.
Nakano: How many years has it been since you came to Japan? Mills:
It'll be a full three years next month.
Nakano: You've gotten so good in just three years? Mills:
No. When I was in college there was an exchange student from Japan among my friends. My first experience with Japanese was when I had him teach me a little of it.
Nakano: Is that right? Mills:
Yes. But at that time I couldn't speak at all. It was only after I came to Japan and started using Japanese every day at work that I became able to speak it.
Nakano: You know what they say about foreign languages: ^ 9 J; 'j ' I f Mills:
.
I'm sorry, what was that, ^ 9 J; 'j . . . ?
Nakano: . . .
'MtL6 . It's a Japanese saying, and I guess it means something like "you get bet-
ter faster by actually putting a skill to practice than by having someone else teach you about it." Mills:
Ah, I agree.
get used to, accustom oneself to saying actually
When people in Japanese society receive positive comments about themselves or about family and other members of their in-group, generally the custom is for them to demur rather than to immediately accept the compliment. Thus Mr. Mills modestly brushes off Mr. Nakano's compliment about his Japanese by saying ^ ^ X. ^ ^ X. instead of straightforwardly responding with something like i )
^j-Ó^'Y 7 C" ^5" V ^ i - f . Nowadays this custom is changing, however, so that especially in casual settings people will often simply say "thank you" right away.
264
SPEAKING PRACTICE 1
Thanking someone for a Prior Encounter
Tv^^^T-rJ:o £ f •
^ ^ Tt'^^
^7foTtb;i^Ji7>flLoTtJ:o
: ^3fiL
+ff : iVlartin:
(^^^ 7 icfco Lv^^o/'cTto
i ; ' c 7 ^^'^^•^-ÜTT < t z i ^ \
4f{/o fc#^ L T v N i - f i o Oh^ Mr. Nakanol Thank you for being kind enough to come when you're so busy. I'm grateful for all the assistance you gave me the other day.
Nakano:
Oh no, thank you for inviting me.
Martin:
What you told me about pesticide-free vegetables was really very enlightening. Since then I've been trying as much as possible to eat things that are good for me, too.
Nakano:
Is that right? It makes me happy to have you say so.
Martin:
The vegetables you gave me from your farm were truly delicious. Please ailow me to visit you again, this time with everyone from my section.
Nakano:
By all means. I'll be looking forward to it.
VOCABULARY
^IQ LT
(shortfor^^to L ^ o T ) since
1.
^HI±7^cVN-sAfc-ffirMlc/x'j i L/c Both in business as well as in other social settings, it is considered proper manners to begin a conversation by first giving thanks about the time you last met. Especially if you happened to receive any gifts or services from the other person, failing to acknowledge them may result in the person thinking you rude.
2.
\^X\^x.
fci/f^$^^/c/-£vNT*U^^~^
7 r"^^^i-r
Upon being thanked by Ms. Martin, Mr. Nakano demurs by saying
^^X^^-k..
This is another
instance of the practice of showing modesty that was covered in the Note to the Target Dialogue.
265
S P E A K I N G PRACTICE 2
Apologizing for a Prior Misstep
tï
tï
*
IJTJ^-^
7
Zi\^ti-o KJ
tzi-itL
li- L i
(D^'J^r^<-
ItA
h
i
Hz{i^B
y L T T t .
T
TL/cc .i- tï tzMi L
Kato: Thank you for [conning] today, Mr. Takahashi. Takahashi: Oh, Mr. Kato. Congratulations on today. Kato:
Thank you. I'm grateful for all the assistance your company gave us during the fair the other day. ,4^
Takahashi: Oh, I apologize that there was a mix-up that time on the matter of your space. Kato: Not at all. Please continue to extend us your consideration now as always. Takahashi: We ask the same of you.
VOCABULARY mistake, mix-up
T
not at all
1.
i
L
In business conversations, people occasionally add
^ ^ to the names of companies beside their
own. This is generally not done in other settings, however.
S P E A K I N G PRACTICE 3
Giving introductions
i-i' ^'x. HI-
n
tfi
X-^iï
o
Ms. Martin introduces Ms. Sasaki to Mr. Nakano. HI-
X- t,iï
H i i
is i
%
Ih
* i «
-lt
Martin: Nal
Oti, Mr. Nal
Martin:
She's right over there now, so please allow me to introduce her to you.
Martin: Sasaki:
Mr. Nakano, this is Sasaki, our department manager. I'm Sasaki.
Martin: Nakano: Sasaki: Nakano:
This is Mr. Nakano, whom I had the pleasure of interviewing the other day. Thank you for inviting me today. Oh, no. I'm grateful for all the assistance you gave us at the time. And I for yours.
VOCABULARY invitation time, occasion (^-W-t+oli = at the time)
•^'Z>
SPEAKING PRACTICE 4
M
Asking After an Acquaintance
^^l-X:*>*,. i!'Y
r\r^^/:LTfcU i t o
^BÜ^V^TVN/C/C^.
^'j
7 r"^-vNito
*^ : zt,hz^.
'J ^^"^ 7 r'^'^ ^ i t o
fciifa^.
5
M
üiöTYi
z'i\^i-fo
^ *
X : i: o i ± ^ + y ^
:
V > ^'t°-Jl h-^
^
^ V y X 7 ' t ° - ; n c T ^ ^ ^ IC tl.- o /c ^ T t i o
iz?
^ 7 T t
J:
'j T / c ^ ^ - - ^ ^ ^ j . - i L <
fcgx.
toward Mn Mills) t <^ i -ti" ^ llX
fcTt^Tv
N
L^^^itvJ\
X": ; t ; l o T /Ü $ ^ L /c I f
:
^i^ioTt
- t ^ ! ± ^ P 'J i -tf ^ T L /co
7 T
< / H ' ^ v^o ^ J:
t
T
^
T V Ni
to
(seeing someone, and nodding
^ ^^L
L i t o
: (nodding his head lightly) i fz^kHiZ^ 267
guest:
Mr. Mills, it's been a while. You lool< well.
Mills: guest: Mills: guest: Mills: guest:
Ah, Mr. Yamaguchi. Excuse me for not Iceeping in touch. Thank you today for coming, Oh no, thank you for inviting me. Congratulations on your fifth anniversary. Thank you. Ms. Chan doesn't seem to be here today, does she? Actually, Chan was transferred last month to Singapore, To Singapore? I had no idea. Is she keeping well over there?
Mills:
Yes. Things seem to be hectic given that she's only just transferred there, but she's well and carrying on. Is that so? Please give her my regards, (seeing someone, and nodding toward Mr Mills) I'm sorry, but please excuse me a bit. (nodding his head lightly) Perhaps again at a later time, then.
guest: Mills:
VOCABULAHY guest UJ O
1.
Yamaguchi (surname)
(seeing someone, and nodding toward Mr Mills)
A t -{t /C id^.
X
Y. ^ : | L
L i t o
(nodding his head lightly) i /b ^ 1 : (2 When taking leave of someone, it will often be appropriate to nod your head lightly toward that person even without going so far as to take a complete bow. Such characteristic nonverbal signs, too, are an important part of communicating in Japanese.
SPEAKING PRACTICE 5
H
winding Upallcr
<^^X^ ^ < 7 ) f c V M f T ^
a Rocopiinn
^ T ^ . o ^ N y N ° - 7 ^ ^ - i c ^ / i j
ZM^ioi^ALtcTii'Lil^)
L
i
J:
^ X l f v N
9 o
i
L/bo
|
Later, when Mr. Green is not present: ijv^
:
(toMs. Sasaki)
J:.
i: liA c
^BnAij
^^ÈLfzXo
it,
>^ <
Xil'-o
tzTti^o
->k
u i ) i x i L < D z
it
B:^m'±^lZfj:-ofz'oXo
Y^iiiöx
l: U/C
^Li
i i
(i^-'iit'^X < ^X^^o/cTto
Hf:
z^K^BfUttt^hY^^-oX. l±>|f-tf'i.oT/Aji7Tt;fa<,
v y b ^ y
:
fc/c^n
^ | c 4 < ^ ^ ^ • ij i
g . ^ t J ; 9 T t J: o [JX^..
« i l .
3 ^
^ ^ X i f ^ 9 o
L J: 9 o
Green:
Good work today, everyone. Thanks to all of you, we had a very good party. Let's
everyone:
keep on working hard together from now on. Cheers! Cheers!
Kato:
(to /Ws. Sasaki) The president's speech was good, wasn't it?
Sasaki:
Yes, his enunciation was clear and easy to understand. Giving a speech in Japanese really does make your feelings come across, don't you think? Which reminds me, a great many guests were complimenting you today, Marie and Mr. Mills. They were sayirig that both of you have gotten very good at Japanese.
Martin: Mills:
Is that so? I'm flattered. But the more I study Japanese, the more difficult it gets. Well yes, studying Japanese is hard, but to me it didn't turn out to be as difficult as I thought it would be at first.
Suzuki:
Everyone seems to feel reassured when they find out you two can speak Japanese. It's important to be able to speak the language, don't you think? I'm going to work hard on my foreign languages, too. You and me both.
Martin:
VOCABULABY
good work (set phrase for showing appreciation toward others' work) spread, go across, come through the more (something is the case) the more . . . not so . . . a s . , .
(fc) fz-h^\Az
1.
^ ^ i - f t (DX
each other
t ° - f - .
l-h^-otzX-fia
Mr. Kato does not compliment Mr. Green on his speech face to face, since directiy giving one's opinions of someone of higher status (however favorable) could end up being rude.
U li/, ^
^ -3 (±° 'j
5
i
o^.
( ^ ( ± 'j ) , which variously means "also," "too," "stili," "as expected," or "after all,"
is sometimes used without a specific meaning purely for the sake of emphasis. Here, Ms. Sasaki is saying that by speaking in Japanese, Mr. Green was able to impress upon the audience how hard he is working in Japan and to give them a better sense of his sincerity and dedication. 269
3, B:^mm^-rmi-r6ar:t]'ri)^i< IC li/C c'
tc^jt-to
-^AS i -J
The pattern "conditional form of a verb/-/ adjective + l±' + the dictionary form of the same word + HY"
means "the more (something is the case), the more . . ." L
L
The more I get to know about Marie, the more I like her.
The bigger the apartment, the better. tz-h-
tz-li-
The less expensive the rent, the better. For -na adjectives, the pattern is: The quieter the apartment, the better.
l; U A C
'
The pattern "A l i B l i
S o L J:
fc't
+ negative form of a verb/adjective" means "A is not so . . . as B." In this
case, Mr. Mills is saying that while studying Japanese certainly is difficult, it did not prove to be as difficult as he imagined it might be at first.
270
KANJI PRACTICE !;»•)>)'<
t^77
1^-
stay
TO
TO
W
1 1- •ih ih
;
:
... ^
—
^± stop
.—>
L *\v
try test
P
W
1'
r .
1
proof examine
eft
s
1
'/
A-A-
T—y answer
if
1 1 .
n
haU temple
—*
#
spring
—>•
_
Tf Slimmer
> autumn
winter
1 ''
\
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate partiele. 1) 1 - < ^ i - t f ^ .
È t ; r l x i i ! \
i i X L T T ^ ^ b 3 0^^ (
) tfoTv^-S
f y | r Choose the most appropriate word from among the alternatives (1-4) given. 1) tJii^i 2)
Y'l
(
)
L/b^T-f^\
I.ZLtL'K
3)
Y z 6 i z i i i (
2.ZL-I-S:
'It L < T .
(
3.^^^/lc
^ . h i ' h i '
2./-cL^^!c
5)
( 1.^J:9^~~
t,
2.tci)'tj:i)^
) r:'j\^ihi-fr\
I.VN-^^^
i^.^L+i
-Kf-i^K^xt^Lo tt
(
^ b X X .
)
••'W
4)
)
\:mi
3.^o^ i
fz-f)^hKtzLTi--b\ 3.VN-,7'c^^
) l-h^-ofzo 2.:^J;-^^
4.^o^
4./-£"tL>«^
^J:oii|-goTo 3.^o^
4. L o ^
( ^ P ' Change the form of the word given in parentheses to complete the sentences in a way that makes sense. 1) \)Z%-f)< 2) f B 3)
(
(
) lf^^U^x<7)T\|;H;lt L < t r ' L T ^ ^ i t o ) \X'f(n\z%-^-l)^tnY>Z\^X\^t^Lo
A : t L ^ L . fjAX-fi)\
LT tv^oTt'^\
{ ^ t U t - f )
(#$i-r)
*ilèLLTtJ:^L^ ^Tt'J^
( L i t ) 273
4)
A : -7^)-i
L{ifr:t(DZ6i^io^:^o'èf^'oXK^fz^iri-Xo tii
i, i tti
f
HL f
t,
Choose the most appropriate word or phrase from among the alternatives (1-4) given.
1)
Z(Diy^'y.
(
1.ZhKX6
)o
2.^o^tLT^
3.p]hX6
A.ÜiiX6
h
2)
A t c i t .
^B(±fe'ltL^^
1.7^
3)
(
2.4
)
(
)
3 . FBI
Xi-i)\
Z' i h J ^ i t z i ^ ^ t l X .
4.
^ A / c ^ l t o Z A - r ^ c ^ i c ^ x ' j i L/co hfz L
1.mic 4)
2.-^<
^<^#i±.
lfX^^^\
1.^1^4
5)
(
3.^o-tl:X (
)
Tto
2.*>J;7^4
)
A.&^'X
3.tt#4
[ i Z - c V N - x A ^ i - t t ^ i c ^ x U i LT'CO
* fc 1 . ^ ^
2 . ^ o
3.YZ6
A.Z6
Fill in the blanks with the correct reading of each kanji. 1)
* ^ ( 7 ) iijEn (
2)
)
(
3)
)
O
u Tto
)
m TSM<7)|^^^^(
4 i t Ic (
U i L /c o
)
i ^ x f z Y K ^ i t m ^ M x m A t l f z o (
(
>t^'^Tt r t
i±
)
)
(
(
)
(
)
)
(
)
4.x:$;4
^^)i!'t
A P P E N D I X
List of Transitive and Intransitive Verbs TRANSITIVE
Reg. 1
INTRANSITIVE
Reg. 11
Meaning
Reg. 1
Reg. II
open
m<
open
t,
lift, raise
*
rise, go up
*>T
gather, collect
come together
XJtl6
put In
enter, come in
finish, end
finish, end
i'
change
change
i'
decide on
be decided
lower L
close help, save catch
go down
mti L m-k-'i, tz-t -o-h^ti
dose be saved, be helped be caught
attach to continue with deliver stop
attach to
mi «< tt: Jtti t
continue be delivered stop
line up begin, start find move move
line up
ièt6 111; M.'^ii-i
begin, start be found
A
move
^i
move
copy
come out
cause
happen
cure fix
be cured
&i '/fc-
be fixed
leave behind bend, break cut it
extinguish, turn off break send out melt
ti: < -t
lose increase decrease
•m<
Meaning
*
burn
be left behind
if[H.i n V])tii i 'M^i m^tii Zh iiii X
-i-si^-ii n^i 'M.i %mi
be bent/broken cut go out, disappear break come out melt become lost increase decrease burn 275
A N S W E R S
T O
EXERCISES
A N D
QUIZZES
m m Lesson 1 Grammar & Pattern Practice
•
•
i)^-ó'6TLx i
lo
tzKT
lxi-ó\
^ ULT
lx
X-vX^'6LTl
X 1 ii\
D
6i-
/\zi]^XAtz\^
l/UtzMz\^
"BZ-oX^^^Xi/iiZ^X\^hMz^^ VHNJ;
1
/\^\^Atz^^ hfz\^ ic
<75 J ; 9 i^i^fzXl
^ x / f c i ^ t z A t z ^ 'ic
1 ^
1
\z/\XhMz\'\z
^LZKnX ^•h^\'
•
^hfz^'-l-£
1
\z/
1 lC/$7Jn^<^7cV^|C
I have a mountain of work to do, so I have it rough. The new computer game sold so well, copies seemed to be flying off the shelves. Apparently extremely tired, my husband slept as if he were dead.
III. •
1 X}\'fz^l
2 hh^l 3 M i f z ^ l 4 XrPl
Lfz^l
5) 0
h6\'^i
1 ) According to tlie weatiner forecast, the wind is going to get stronger tonight. 2) According to the announcement at the station, there has been a train-car breakdown and the trains have stopped running. 3) To hear IVlarie tell it, Japanese anime is popular even in France.
IV.
1)t/^LT*^$ 2)
i^fzfz^m^
3)
iL'h^-za^'X
4) ^ 9 6 < L T f c $
Lesson 2 Grammar & Pattern Practice
I.
I
0
II.
Nakamura;*Mr. Mills is late, isn't he? He may have forgotten about our appointment. Suzuki: Nakamura: Suzuki: Nakamura: Suzuki: Nakamura: Suzuki:
He should remember, since I talked to him on the phone just this morning. Then maybe he doesn't know where this place is? He should know, since I came here with him once before. Then I wonder what the matter is. My keys are missing. My keys are missing. I'm sure I put them in my pocket Did you look closely? Didn't you maybe put them in a different pocket? No, it definitely was this pocket. Oh, there's a hole in it.
Nakamura: Mr. Kato, there's a problem. Just now there was a phone call from the Kyoto branch office. I've been told Mr. Yamamoto, the branch president, won't be on time for the reception at six. What, is something the matter?
Kato:
Nakamura: I understand the Shinkansen that the president is on is running late. Mills:
Oh, there's supposed to have been an accident someplace around Nagoya.
Nakamura: President Yamamoto's speech is going to be from around 6:30, but I've been told he's probably going to arrive here around seven. Kato: This is certainly a problem, isn't it? Inform the department manager right away. Nakamura: Yes.
III.
1)0^7 2)
L6^iti:
3) ^
it,i>''J:i^i
4) i: J:
iS^^ilz
5) ? IV. D
fc^^
1) 2)
9
^'ofz(DlZ LX\'6(DIZ
3) M-^fz
4) HBïHt-<7)lc Kliti tf
5)
X^^XOlz.
6)
t^fi-^fzd^Xz
7) 0
%\'(n\z
tzi,Suzuki: (s/g/)s) Mills: Is sometliing tlie matter? Suzuki: I had plans for a date with my girlfriend yesterday, but she didn't show up. I waited two hours, but she didn't show up. I've called several times today, but she doesn't answer. I've sent her many e-mails, but she hasn't replied. Mills:
Something might be wrong. You should go to her apartment immediately to check on her.
Lesson 3 Grammar & Pattern Practice
I.
A: I read an article?about how our lifestyles have greatly changed because of cell phones becoming widespread. B: That's true. I feel very reassured because thanks to my cell phone, I always know how work is going. A: Is that so? I'm fed up since, all because of my cell phone, I get calls from the office even while I'm on vacation.
II.
•
\)^
1 U
2) hhMhll
IC IC
4)fc^< M
<
5) l±lt^J.'< B
1) I t A T j ^ ^ i - ^ J ; 9 I -
2) fte < 3) #75^^/ < III.
1)>^^lTV^< 2) - s o T ^ ^ < 3) ± 7 j ^ ' o T v ^ <
4) ^ ^ ' J ^ L T v ^ $ 5)
TJ^^OTV^^
QUIZ 1
278
I.
1) IC
2) ij'
3) IC
4) ^
5)
II.
1) 4
2) 2
3) 2
4) 1
5) 1
lil-
2)f-^oTo/j.HN
IV.
1) 3
V.
1)7j^^'<
2) 3
3) 2
\Zn .ll-^lf
3 ) ^
4) 4
X
4 ) rJ^-tf^j.'
5)m^6
5) 1
l^'L
UNIT 2 Lesson 4 Grammar & Pattern Practice I-
II.
^) zr.
2) ZY
3)
(7)
4) Z ^
b)
D X / K T 2) X a ^ j , H N T / X > K - r i C 3)
^Xb^T
4) | : i t ^ - v ^ T / # : i - r • | c
5 ) ^ 9 / c X L ^xv N T / ^ 7 III.
fzL^-fK
1)feoT 2) * b o T 3)
^MtT
4)
(±-^T
5) ^
o T
1) We installed security lighting so thieves wouldn't get in. 2 ) I started talcing dance lessons so my figure would improve. 3 ) We provided a quiet lounge so the staff would be able to get some rest. 4 ) I left home early so I wouldn't be late for the meeting. 5 ) I wrote in big letters so it would be easy to read. 6) We built a big paricing lot so there would be space to park a lot of cars.
Lesson 5 Grammar & Pattern Practice
I.
^)^x-x\'tiro
^ x x \ ' t
itzo 279
2) I t o C ^ L T v ^ i L/co I t o C ^ L T v ^ i - t i r ^ T L / c o
'
lii:
5) I f - i b O T V ^ ^ II.
1) ^i}^6
< L T < /c"^
2) v y 7 ° y H c L T < 3) ^;^i-< L T <
/£'^VN„
tz^^\
4) 7JX7'c^lc L T < 5) $r/"L < L T < / - c ^ ^ o
III.
1) fffm-r'B/-cJ6ic 2) tC^i
tziöiz
3) t ; ^ ^ X l c l T < /b^^^l^ 4) ^'S/-c*!)lc
A
5) ^ J; 9 - t i : A t ^ / b * ^ l = IV.
^)\ttzh1^^£i)^h 2) H$tL-^
tz(DLA^£-ö^h
Lesson 6 Grammar & Pattern Practice I.
^ ) ^ < X t 2) L
h
3) .l^^LXij A)
^ r / K x i
5)i±fX% II.
1) You won't have to go to a store if you buy things on the Internet. 2) In Tokyo you don't have to buy a car, since public transportation is convenient. 3) In the town that I used to live in, I had to separate burnables from nonburnables when I put the trash out. I don't have to separate the trash where I live now. I hear they have a machine for doing that.
III.
1) y j ' - r - > 2)
L
I ^^-iy^nli^fz^).
3) « > ^ 3 ^ > / J
/c ' j .
-<—^ +
-
^ L /-c ' j
| o g ^ L / c ' J L / c Us' IC
<^'k<^
IV.
1) A: I'm thinking of buying a new computer. B: If you're going to buy a new computer, I recommend Nozomi Electronics. The staff is very friendly. 2 ) A: I want to make reservations for a hotel in Osaka. B: If you're going to make hotel reservations, it'll be easy if you do it on the Internet. 3 ) A: I want to work in information technology once I graduate from college. B: If you want to work in information technology, I'll introduce you to a friend who has an IT job.
QUIZ 2 I.
1) i)^
2) t
3 ) i}'
4 ) IC
5)
II.
1) 3
2) 1
3) 1
4) 2
5) 1
III.
^)^i>
2),m<
3)h-fj-^
T
4)^j.-'S
5)*,^$
IV.
1) 3
-^2) 4
^)u^
V.
3) 2
4) 3
5) 1
Yf,
2 ) -tiTTj^^N i:
7
lj J: 7 lj
m
3) $ o T A ) ^ ^ L
\ ' L l i
%u-:\'
UNIT 3 Lesson 7 Grammar & Pattern Practice
I.
D
1) t bVNi L / c 2)
L/c
3) * l f i L/c 0
1) When I was little, I often had my parents take me to the zoo. 2 ) A nice person once told me the reading for some kanji when I was at a loss, unable to figure out how the characters were supposed to be read. 3 ) A: That's a lovely coat, isn't it? B: I had my father buy it for me. 4 ) A: Didn't you have a lot of work preparing for the party? B: My friends helped me out, so I got it done in no time at all.
II.
1) A: What is your resolution for this year? B: To pass my Japanese-language exam. I intend to memorize five new kanji every day. 2 ) I have always wanted to live in the countryside. Once I retire, I intend to move to the country and take up farming. 281
3) Martin; Wliat will you tal
i.
D
^)i^hK6
2)
i-i-iöhK6
3)
i^^hit6
4)
Xh\m6
5) i 6)
t>i)^XhK6 L x i f z ^ ' ^ K 6
E 1) 5Clc^x<%ai i /co 2) ^ i l c ( ï t ó b > K i Ifzo 3) X I X ^ / L K ^ ^ K ^ ^ h ^ t 4) ^i B
^) 2)
L/co
x i m x ^\Zyp
^KX
3) t $ L t * o ^ a / c 4)
l i i ^ i i ^ f z
5) n hKfz il-
ll.
•
1) ^ 7 - > - | - ^ ^
l Y L f z Y ^
2) ^ ^ ! ± i J : 1 Y LfzY^ 3) l Y i f z Y ^ a
1) IC t o ^ ( ± Z ( Ï 9 ^ L i L/cT^^' 2 ) M ? è L J ; 9 ^ L i L/c^^~
ill.
D X ^ L T V N ^ 2) K o # ^ i)-
LTv^^
tro
3) A ^ M t T v N ^ 4) # ^ T L T V N ^
Lesson 9 Grammar & Pattern Practice
I. 282
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284
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Japanese-English Glossary Note: This list contains nearly all of the vocabulary introduced in the text, with page numbers given for first appearances. Omitted are words introduced in Bool
intransitive (verb)
R2
Regular II verb
tr.
transitive (verb)
i)i>:yes, 22
S> X./ •^L" IC: that many, so much, 221 hLi 'J: COLLOQUIAL not much, 223
a-i-u-e-o order, 14
7 TS^T}-' 7 / f s ] 7 : HUMBLE ask, 73; 7
^i^^ib b - f t - f : same as always, 224 i)\^Z ^:: I f / - ê - ^ ^ - f * : slogan, catchphrase, 155 * o i o / | ^ # : address, speech, 33 * V N - t . | , / ^ - f 4:love, 249 * ^ t i / f ^ : while, 140; i> V ^fc lC/~COffl|C between, 123 Mc < : unfortunately, contrary to what one would like, 187 i> "7 / - ü 9 : fit, go well with, 78 * i 7 / i t 9 : meet, 72 i > 7 5 ^ 7 ' f y/^UA
y-. red wine, 179
^ ^ É -f: happy New Year, 219 ^ l i ' A / m o r n i n g and evening, 53 * l : / " - ^ : taste, 10 * L f c - J ^ / ^ - S - : footstep, 17 ^-f/'B^B: tomorrow, 140 ^f:f:i6i / a l * 6 i,: (R2) warm up, 14 • f ) ^ C : here and there, all throughout, 81 *> ^-fz-ii-f/mm-. putting things away, clearing up after, I60 hti:/:^^: hole, 32; ^tk-7i<^ < Z:^ < a hole opens up, 32 Ti~'y V X : announcement, 13 ^titz: Dear (said by a wife to her husband), 184 T — / : anime, animation, 13 ^ i ^ ^/'B'^ V easy, lax, I6I i) i : be left over, 102 ^> t : oh, 78 i )fe>L/M,: storm, 108 t /c: be because there is . . . , 210
h : part-time job, 90 ^hTi/'HT 6: (R2) move hastily, become flustered, 149 * /C L A (ti) (-fj:) : reassuring, safe, 49 *) A-^XV ^ - f / M ^ 1 2 1 : guide map, 79 286
X ^ 9 —: waiter, 189 1 X i / U x i - . m plant, 86
X : COLLOQUIAL no, 96
^ ^•f)\ squid, 155 V ^7)n -^/VXIV. other than, besides, 244 V ''•h-'-t/^-h^-t: put to use, take advantage of, 94 ^ ^ $ X. lj / ^ T * !)f U : going to and returning from, 155 ^ M-f Ll/opinion, 74 ' . ^ L / E i i p : doctor, 94 [:i6l>:(R2) bully, pick on, 146 V ^ 7c T Ï ^ i - f / T l è É - f : HUMBLE
receive 179 O "fe ^' 9 /—p}: everyone, all, 249 ^ ^ 1.1: ^ É Alg': order (of food) for one person, 38 ^^-oLtp / • — t t : a kind (of), a type (of), 3 ^ ^ ^ 9 : ever more, all the more, 249 ^^-o f: \ # : what- (how-, when-, etc.) ever, 140 ^ I f >. \- full, 86 ' . ^ T l f v ^ T : a t t h e end of, 135 0 0 t « J; 9 1 = : as usual, like always, 39
.5/#J*-t4:move, transfer, 194 v^W-S/l/f-z,: pray, 218 ^ ^ i //©Ffl: living room, 72 ^^i Z'6 / Zl 6: now, at this point, 194 ^ ''h/%'^: meaning, 155 / —~y: image, 186 ^ (tf) (^C) : unpleasant, 17 ' . ^ t ^ ^ / W ^ t t : since, 265 'f 7 X h : illustration, 22 ^ ^ - i > / ^ . ï > : need, 55 '' 6 L/ic/fe/y''i': COLLOQUIAL vatious, all kinds (of), 53 \^h\^/%^\ V celebration, 222; ^ 1 / ^ l celebrate, 2I8 'f y K: India, 12 'f V F^- v T : Indonesia, 12 1 — k,: hmm, let's see, 42 1
1 L:
COLLOQUIAL no, 242
i:/^\^f:\sZ )1 something I want to ask, 73 7 ' 5 ^ - 5 / ^ - / l ' ' i : pass (an exam), 94 7 I t ^ - S / ^ l t f ! . - ! . : receive, 123 7 • ^ / ' i i : lie, falsehood, 11 1 tz-Ö^l /M 7 : suspect, 234 7 i ^ V COLLOQUIAL delicious, 40; good at, skilled, 31; 7 J < V \ < go well, 223 7 ^ ti-r/i-A-ih-f: give rise to, engender, 210 'y ^ /^•. plum, 110 7 'J i i / ^ 'j ^ : selling space, store/ booth space, 194 7 ^ U T'-f: be sick (of), be fed up, 49 HUMBLE
X. \ ^ S J: 7 /m^:
effect, influence,
101
X. tz/branch, 41 X.-^ t X ^ / M K ; viewing, perusal, 80 X'^
L o / M K È : reading
room, 79 X. ^ : Oriental zodiac (twelve-year cycle in which each year is named after a different animal), 219 x ^ - / f ' + * — : energy, 114 X-t/: shrimp, 189 t° V — K: episode, story, 47 X. i i>: (R2) gain, earn, 94 X. A $ - f -5 /^M-f i>: postpone, 43 \ 1 L -ï- 7 IC; as if finding something delicious, 27 fe\. ^T'^ ^7c/c < : HONORIFIC/HUMBLE
come (to where one is), 174 feo;b^ ^/a^JL"- ^: celebration, 222 fe 7 X. L/^S^^: cheering, 109 fe 7 L; / i - ? - : prince, 22 fe' 7 I f L
/ J 5 # # : applicant, 95
fefe$t-/AS^i-:big, 19 fe'fc' < (D/^ < <0; many, 210 fe'fe' C ' x . / : ^ ^ : loud voice, 155 '^ — y'y-. oven, 78 fe~feA V ABS B: New Year's Eve, 220
ti-ö^i) i t/a-^M: HONORIFIC mother, 93 ti'ó'^X L/üiS^L: return (for a gift or favor), 222 leave behind, forget, 149 • fe i i>/i&i>: escort, see/drive (someone somewhere), 181 fee L < / c - ^ 4 / f e « L T * 4 : HONORIFIC kindly come, 255 fe C - f / f e C "f: get (a physical symptom), 234 tiZicj /'fX 1: hold, carry out, 143 az i,/'^ii:get angry, 11 fe C 4 / f e C 4 : happen, occur, 112 fei7}
fe^ L o / j g g : greenhouse, 111 fe^ L o C 7 •i)^if7s/'S,.'Ë3kW.tf X : greenhouse gas, 111 fe' ^ L *p / f t J ^ j i : FORMAL your company, 173 fe'^/c^75^/5mBS•(t: warming, 101 fe^t• Y. % tit,/-k±.^: female friend, 210 TSH N
Ito-t
4/U'ikrf i,:
be solved,
225
Tjn X L * -^-f 4 / ? ^ tti -f 4 : go out,
187 7)H ^ C J; -f ,2, / ^ l ^ - f 4 : release, open,38 ;>n -^/fffilS:: opening (of a business), 249 J5n N f e L / f s ] ^ ^ i : owner (of a pet), 4 •Ó^^^lóL / ^ t S : s e a level, 112 7 / S H 7 : keep (a pet), 3 TJ^TJ^ U / # : duty, responsibility, 80 TS^TJ- ^}1 /% / ^ ^ é : many places throughout, all over, 102 < 1: A - f 4 /mm-t h: confirm, 190 •ii^\ih/^\1h:(Kl) hang, 72 '^Mt'S: (R2) pour, 78 ^^•J -f: hold (something over something), 38 7)^ L / X - ? - ; sweets, 210 C / ^ ^ : housework, I60 7 5 ^ 1 : / . ^ ^ : fire, 198 •h'^LfzV, L tt; L: circulation (in a library, etc.), 79 180; fe'V'TI-'^' U i - f HONORIFIC 7!7"X: gas, 111 come, 178 i'-^ï/m wind, 13; ^--^'Ti'ri/M, fe lii} ió'C L: grandma, 257 ^^'iii i> wind starts to blow, 109; jJ^-tf fei*. T - r / f e ^ # t. T - f ; HONORIFIC 7 > ^ ^ < / . a i T j - ^ - ^ < wind blows, 108 wait, 184 Tj^-tf C / ^ <':earn, 164 fe i ^ $ / fe'^S $ : invitation, 257 7!/"V 'J y-. gasoline, 115 fe'A É ^ ^ / f e ' ^ # ^ V visit to someone ï S ^ / i ' i ' - ' / c / : ^ ^ : people, 249 who is sick or injured, 133 •i^fzió/W. shape, 110 ferö|C7}^;5^ij t-t/anK^-ó^U ' 5 ^ 7 c - 7 l t / > i ' # l t : cleaning, tidying È -f: HUMBLE meet, 179 up, 132 fe' é ^/c'-f/,^-v ^ * - f : remember, 55 'A'-7 ^ / ï f e U : musical instrument, I60 fe't V < / , ^ - v ^ # < : think of, i^^Tv ^ / ^ , È : home, household, 19 come up with, 256 J:"X'/P^ i±!: start (of a journey, new fe'^/H: parent, 155 phase of life, etc.), 255 t ' ) y f - y ^ ' : Olympics, 93 ^^iChf / ^ - f : always, without fail, Üi>/if{^: (tr.) break, snap, 188 114 fe' a o / f e ; f L : gratitude, return for a ' j : rather, considerably, 9 favor, 123 •fi^'l/: mold, 20 a iti, /iffili: (R2) break, snap (of i^^'i A - f - S / ^ S c S - f - S : endure, I60 things that are elongated and hard, 7 5 " . ^ I J / ^ : thunder, lightning, 17 such as branches or bones), 41 75 ^fe: bite, chew, 146
TJ^'WA C J: T T / ® ® ± T :
on-
screen, 78 J; 7 / i i . 7 : attend, 90; commute (to), 161 ^•ó^h tz: be because , 210 t |:v n \/''(^|c\, N\, N; good for you, 27 '^i^h -oX: COLLOQUIAL just because , 21 T;? 7 7 (ic) : colorful, 244 i7 U—: curry, 19 i^Ki / # f L 4 : (R2) die (of plant), wither, 145 ^ o lj _ . calorie, 27 tfh/È.: peel, 78 •d^h^^'ó'^6: love, feel great affection for, 57 i-'h') i c / f ^ ^ i j l = : instead, 123 •A^h6/i\h6:iake over, fill in, cover for, 123 T J ^ A U ^ S / J S L - S : feel, 101
TS^/L L A i ^ ^ ' i -S/M,^U'i^^-* 4 : have an interest (in), be concerned (about), 74 i'L^fz L/TtS.: New Year's Day, 219 i^L,'^i^/'^W: canned food, 56 i ^ ^ A l f o ; drought, 102 ti^Lu'i 7 ti-i,/^m-t i>: look after (someone who is sick), nurse, 93 ^^/LXiLi i-i'-o/mmmt plants appreciated primarily for their leaves, 8I ~ ^ " A t L A / ~ P 3 i : relating to , 47 $ / I B : notes, 252 $ feA/^l~/m: temperature, 101 J ï ^ H N / ^ i ; ^ : machine, 11 $ < /ife-iSl: plan, proposal, 206; $ < L i / i f e - S l # written proposal, 241 i TS^'O < / ^ 7 j - f # < : notice, 140
ii'X lUA-o/^^m^: trade secret, 66 * I t A m / ^ f k m : danger¬ ous, 9 $ C 7 / f t f è climate, 111 $ C < L U J : / ' i t a - ï - : ^ : overseas returnee, 148 è C / l a ^ : artide, 49 * L ^ 7 5 ^ ^ ^ l t ^ / f B : t ^ A : press conference, 234 $ -(+ ^ ^ - f -i. / a t J - f : regulate, 111 i / M I ' ] : rule, regulation, 53; $ ^ < /z/cLo/aiiJiE Irregular, orderly, 53 ifzT7') t l / % r y lj TV: North Africa, 3 $ ^ L o / ^ 0: auspicious day, 255 * *. J: 7 {+£) / * * i+i) : valuable, 185
287
i r>iX L/^^^J^: coffee shop, 145 ^ '7 f - > : kitchen, 53 i -oH: definitely, certainly, 7 + '7^V*:fox, 3 $ l c * 9-t-S/lBX-f-Siwritein, write down, 80 $ fe/C/lB^: commemoration, 234 $ l f t L / ^ B t f c L: diversion,
change of pace, 225 $ li A T $ fundamentally, 244 A f - : kimchi, 34
basically,
$ ^,:fe^n^r/^^^7>n^^^:feel good, 35 y h 7 — K: cat food, 4 + ^ y-fe/l/; cancellation, 49 ^-t» y F/b: candle, 35 ^ •1' y'^N— y-, campaign, 210 * * 9 C i ' l / . ^ ('iO ; sudden, 93 * * 9 l t r l'-^/i^fÈÈ.: lounge, 73 S * 9 Ü' Jt 7 / A ^ : sudden Illness, 49
$ J: 9 r < / f c W : education, 155 $ J: 9 ^'^ ^ / # C # : teaching materi¬ als, 91 $ J; 9 L O / ^ ; ^ : classroom, 9; class, 160 $ J: 9 L * 9 / 4 " 0 + : sometime today, 14 $ J; 9 L I* < feeling of regret for imposing on someone, 252 i' 'i / f t S : (sense of) obligation, 210 ^ ' lj ^ 3 3 / ^ S f - 3 3 : obligatory chocolate, 210 i U . ^ / i ^ Ij # : fillet, 23 $ t L ^ > / - t ; 7 a ^ : (R2) run out, 135 iKi> K6:{R2, intr.) break, snap, 35 $ *olt4/ft*#lt-6:takecare, look out, 72 $ A $ J: 9 / i 4 > X : recent situation, 219
<'i>^ ^/Mz'è-: (physical) condition, 157 < ^ - I . / . « - & : rot, 19 ~ < •?>: make , 85, 89 < -fifl'Z>/^tL-l>:(R2) fall apart, crumble, 41 < /c i r É -t/T^^ ' i -t: HONORIFIC give (to me), 179 C * > / S l 5 : complaint, 165 ^' y X : goods, 47 < If-ï)/S2-ï>: pass out, hand out, 210 bear, 15 put together, combine, match, 78 < t IJ / # IJ: cloudy, 108; < t6/ ft-i) become cloudy, cloud up, 108 / 7 7 : graph, 57 < i j / ^ : chestnut, 218 < i j i * ^ X : - r / , # i j j S - t : repeat, 11 < itl.S:(R2)give(to me), 27
288
< 6/M.: black, 244 < ^ L r / I ^ L r : detailed, 149 I t r X. r - f / Ü É f - t i,: operate, manage, 85 I t r ^ o / * * ; police, 4 I t r / c r T A * 7 / ^ ^ ^ f : M : cellular phone, 155 ^ — 'y-. cage, 4 "ir — A y 7 h : game software, 54 I t ' ^ ' ^ l - A / l t i ^ ' ^ A : injured person, 148 I t -0 -h^/^W: result, 56 I t o $ a: < / f ê ' f : in the end, after all, 150 I t o C 9 : quite (a lot oO, 21 I t '<^: (used after an opinion or assertion to make it sound less forceful), 55 I f Av ^L/^sM: cause, 111 ItA^S^ï-f^Si: have a fight, 51 ltA$il>9-f-5/W^-f-i.;research, 65 I f A C 9 /^s^: manuscript, 39 I f A C 9 L C 9 /WiM-Mrè]: healthconsciousness, 76 I t A i / ^ $ : (medical) exam, 47 I f A i ' v V J l i : (at) present, 249 I t A * <-f-S/^tt-f-èisearch for, 80 ItA* < Xi^
C < ^ r 7 5 ^ v ^ $ V I l l ^ ^ * : international conference, 142 C < ^v^L\»75M^/illl•^±^: international community, 102 3 I f . 5 / # J f - S : (R2) bum (of food), 17
C C - f 9 ^ A / 3 Z |$C^: these past few years, 56 C ' L - ^ t A < / c * r / r » p . T < f£ * r : please ask, 66 3 L J: 9 /ikW: breakdown, 13 OX h: cost, 9 3 X l - ^ ' ^ ° 7 ; t — W X : cost performance, 102 Z'^xfLl: T'-f / Z'^ l: T - f : HONORIFIC know, be aware of, 92 ZfzXi>/^x6: (R2) answer, 158 CYc(i*9 / Z ' ^ ' t t : busyness, busy schedule, 249 Z!t,^ 0 -f i>: treat, take out to eat, 123
C* "fe 9 I - "^L" -?>: get treated (to a meal), 163 Z f > Cp C -?": I'm the one, the same goes for me, 66, 67 C o fe <0: COLLOQUIAL this one, 40 C H: (nominalizer), 66, 69 Z>::-i'X'a: (R2) can, be able to, 80 C 1^ I f / l " ^ : word, 11 Z)^'t
C'v ^ I f A / Z'MM^: opinion, 74
Z 9 r -): these kinds of, 97 C •) ^/"K-pfl: open access, 79 3 9 $ * •? / i S i S . : high-class, premium, 210 C 9 < 9 I t A / j l n ; ^ # : plane ticket, 139
Z'jZ { / /S-è-: advertisement, 210 3 9 L/Mtï^: lecturer, 150 C 9 L / X ^ : construction, 49; C 9 t fe * 9 / X ^ ' t ' under construction, 49 - - 7 - f r / j i l ^ J C : flood, 102 - 9 9 / i ^ ' l : high-rise, 97 C 9 IC ATJH ^ltv N L / ^ ^ I I ^ I + d r : certified public accountant, 94 3 X $ 7 5 M t - S t / « M t ; (R2) call out (to), approach, 155 3 — X : a menu item that includes several dishes at a set price, 189 C a lj ^'11 \i6/y}^Ti'm-f6: ice melts, 108 C a Ij i^--'l±4/?X'>^*5S:'?.: Ice freezes over, 108 Z'-i' < / M ^ : language study, I60 C*$lc* 9 < /•c'*r/C*|3X< * r : please write in, 80
C <0 * V N f f ' / - W 55: the other day, 55 Z (0 Z'6 / Z :{R2)
spill, 41
A ' i ' * V I ; I'm sorry, 123 c'tAlc^j.-ijt-f/c'Klc'i-iji - f : HONORIFIC see, 179
C ^ 9 - f / * - f : break, 9 C ATSM ^/4"@J: this time, 256 Z A C*/4^^^: from now on, into the future, 210 C A C ü t / 4 ^ ^ ^ ! i t : into the future, now as always, 174 3 > f - X h: contest, 75 3 A ' i ' l C : COLLOQUIAL to this extent, this much, 109 3 y t ° 3 . - ^ ' —Y—A: computer game, 11 Z A ö ' ^ / 5 , ^ : kombu kelp, 218 3 A ^ / 4 " ^ : tonight, 13 If X -b y —: serace center, 131 * V ^/M: time, occasion, 189 * r *> < (ti:) / * , ! ('iO : abysmal, worst possible, 260
h: website, 110 L o ï S ^ / ^ ^ : p a r e n t s ' h o u s e , 221 -i uy-. siren, 20 L T /J^ l j : d i l i g e n t l y , 204 4 y-. sign, signboard. 5 0 l: o T S ^ A / * ^ : f e e l i n g o f r e a l i t y , •^4 y^^\^/V--i autograph 101; L'.-Ó^Whi/'^m'hi session, 13 s e e m r e a l , 101 * -i^A. (tL') (t:) : thriving, 4 7 l : o * r | C / ^ | ^ | C : a c t u a l l y , 264 ~ * / ' ~ ^ : destination, receiving U o ^ : p a t i e n t l y , q u i e t l y , 23 end, 39 LoiA-f'?./«T»1t-S:aska i i'/f^$k: scam, swindle, 147; * q u e s t i o n , 66 | : 9 /ffM^K i> 9 be deceived in a scam, 147 excuse m e ,b u t . . . , 177 * $ - o o l t ^ / ^ $ i ^ l t 4 : conL ^i" r ^ : m u s t d o , n e e d t o d o , 114 tinue to bloom, 101 L 'i' i ^ ( ^ j . - ) : modest, 2 5 5 LÉ/,ft: i s l a n d , 112 * L*.lfii-/^L±lfi-r:(R2) li-yfzit, Li-otzl) : o h n o , HUMBLE give (to someone else), 1 7 9 o o p s ! h o w s t u p i d o f m e l , 203 ~ * -ti: T r /; / c " < : HUMBLE be allowed 5 ^ y a y - f i>: r u na simulato do, 1 7 3 t i o n , 110 * T author, 13 1*6 < < 6/%%iö < < 4 : w r a p u p , * ^ < /-f-iê: right away, 65; * o e n d , 219 •t < T^^V-¥-i4-tfV?5^'to begin " • ' L f / ~ : # : - e r , - o r , - a n t ( p e r s o n right away, without further ado, 66 w h o p e r f o r m s a c e r t a i n J o b ) , 94 * If < /*>>i: desert, 3 L ^ ^ / : f ± < è - : s o c i e t y , 102 * L r / ^ L r: lonely, 2 2 5 y ^ Y - y h : jacket, 70 - 9 - 7 ° - 7 ^ X' • ^ -r -f —: surprise L L L-ó-'/^M^: p h o t o g r a p h e r , party, 259 97 •y-'l"" — ^' —: supporter, fan, 109 y X • •' <—: j a z z b a r , 203 "•tx ' j — v >•; businessman, 54 V + h —: c h a t e a u , 20 '^>\'/%:. monkey, 35 L ' C ' ' i n \ 7: i s n ' t i t . . . ? , 3 * ^7 <*/lt <*: make noise, cause a commotion, 157 e m p l o y e e m a i l i n g l i s t , 93 iL^ X 1 /&^: industry, 113 C'Ct-fi, /^m-t 6: h i n d e r , g e t i n t h e w a y (of), L
Lhh^ m/^-it
L¥.ijj:9CLj:9
(to : happy,
blissful, 4 0 Lfe^^r / ^ - ^ r : salty, 18 L dentist's office, 131 L ï^^v ^ / B ) ^ ; emcee, 249 L -6: scold, 146 II $ / B # J ^ ^ : time, period, 210 L ifiC/'^M: (natural) resource, 111 L \'\ L/^fr: incident, crime, 148 L L ffeJ: 9 /3t?i-S:: branch president, 33 L L J: / ë ) ^ : librarian, 94 L U J: 9 /•'IW: situation, circumstance, 140 yXT/^Tt lj X h :systems analyst, 94 vX7"Axy>5j:^T: systems engineer, 94 L ^L4: organic agriculture, 8 5 LtzL\ ^/M L V ^: close, on familiar terms (with), 93 L /; L L V I I L i]-. love, be fond of, 249
L-^: shhl, 3
Af
lj
J:
9 / • i ^ :
/$-mm:
L tj> 9 '5'A/Wtt: c u s t o m ,
practice,
210 <
envelope, L
i*
L
9
degree, '> ^
—
celebratory
Lj:9ltATf-ijX
Y/U^rt
'j X h : investment analyst, 94 L J: 9 / c r - f ^ / | g # t - 5 . : invite, 143
l: J: 9 /c'A/JblHi: joke, 158 IXlU^) XI /'M^t: consumption, 210
llXlS-
(t-) /^A
amount of
(tc) : sturdy,
strong, 35 C X ^ i) / ^ ^ : managing director, 173
L J: 9 t>/V3^: the Showa era (1926-1989), 97 L J: < I : A / f t A : craftsperson, 75 L X <. It A / - t l m : food product, 27 L X < . ^ ' - ^ / ^ i ^ : plant, 72 X I f A/Si; 5": advice, 190
L J: -t' < * J / B f ' l ^ t : affiliation, so L J: o $ / - f e # : tableware, 222
y 3 yt°y / - b yy-:
shopping
grave, 101 L A * o / ^ - ^ : medical examination, 130 L A L -5 / • f t L i>: (R2) believe, 92
L A-a-v ^ U A / i t ^ p ^ : new product, 11
244 9 / f i ^ d r - f :
L Aifl A / i r ^ : New Year, 218 L Alfv ^-f 4 / 1^'iE-f .5: worry, 157
master's
94
h
a store/booth, exhibit, 173 L * Ij * 9 / H J È : mainstream, 219 ~ L * A/^)li: order of , 14 L * A l: * 9 / # f t : spring and autumn, 252 L J: 9 tl': ginger, is Lxiti<{%K -^/'h^ê,: elementary school kid, 76 L J: 9 ^"''in \: there is nothing one can do about it, 224 Lxii XI / ^ > X : situation, circumstance, 149
LAC < (tc)/mm (t-) : serious,
t r a i n c a r , 13
t r a i n - c a r b r e a k d o w n , 13
LtPl
L * T A-f ^ / t i ! ; 5 - t : put out
center, 140
144
L / ^ : handwriting, character, print, 73
*ofe J:
9 i:^L-4/ai5S;i:^i-.6: have a business trip coming up, 39
L
L A.1-A L K'/^fjf^k: newspaper
-S: s h o o t ( a b a l l ) , 198
L « 9 1: * 9 /1IX.X: i n c o m e , 94 ~ L * 9 ULZ-^M^: - t h a n n i v e r -
company, 234
• f 9 A / | 5 C J ^ : number of years, 56 X 2!7 — h skirt, 51 i: * 9 .r;A («.-) /+^^ (tc) /11'^ - f $ ' / i t $': too, 57; - f 4 / i t J' 4 (•^t") : s u f f i c i e n t , e n o u g h , 102 do too much, 204 L I * 9 l j - f ' S / ' f t a - t 4: r e p a i r , 130 X 4^- L J; 9 / X ^-i§: ski resort, 110 L * -J'v ^ / ? ^ # : inten/iew, n e w s coverage, 234 -fz LLT/^-l LT: after a little ^L>i>-o L A / ~ t t ! # : f r o m ,110 while, 4 L * o - i + è - f 4/*^-r-S:attend, • f L J: 9 /M-t: overhead, 205 128 - t i r i j / ^ t j : progress, proceed, 51 Ln.ofej:9*$ / t b m ^ t : d e s t i n a - •f-flöh/i^iö h: (R2) offer, urge, 27 t i o n o f a b u s i n e s s t r i p , 39 A}V. style, 49 LtJ'-^'feJ:-)^*-?/^Wc^: o n a X ^ ' y 7 : staff, 73 b u s i n e s s t r i p , 12 •f o IJ: entirely, completely, 86 sary,
249
i: H > 9
If
C / t i l :
stacked boxes,
218
289
•f'o ^ : much more, 161 - f o l f r / ^ - ^ l f r i s o u r , 18 X T — + y — X : steak sauce, 107 7^<4 X: spice, 19
X h - F r | ± A / X t ° - Fa,S;: speeding violation, 147 -f U : pickpocket, 147; -f^Ki (R2) get pickpocketed, 139; -5 pickpocket, 139 - I f r $ * 9 L J : / i t * # : bill, invoice, 151 -tirr * A - t 4 / ^ ^ - f 6: produce,
fc>ï'A: probably, 3 — y—'^^-l\>: solar panel, 102 grow, 112 ^ : quietly, 4 •t W C*/^<^^l:: after that, later, 210 ^ W ^ fe U / - t « i t U : that's correct, exactly so, 66 7 7 h X T: software, 95 •^-^T: that's why..., 27 ^•'ACTfeU i - f / ^ C T f e i j É -f: HunflBLE know, be aware of, 179 ^ A-^" 3 ^ ft-v \: that's not so, 55 ^ A'j.'IC: to that extent, so . . . , 110 ^fz'-^/'^'Z):
-•^ /c V i / ^ - f ^ : (a certain) generation,
66
•ti:r i: A<;) V'/}liA
57
102 -tf o lj -o-f 4 h: set up, found, 94 -t? ; : seminar, 95 -^X-f—. seminar, 150 ^ L i i. / a ^ : election, 143 -tf A 3 < / ^ H : across the country, nationwide, 47
-If A L A C < /^feiftlS: developed country, 111 -tf A/cV ^ / ^ # : the whole, 56 -b centimeter, 112
-tf A T A / ê - i S : advertising, 210 -ti: A *1 A - f I) / - t - ^ - f -5: concentrate, focus, 95 -tf A t A/-^-Pl: specialty, specialization, 4 7 ; = t i : A t A T A / . » P l ; £ specialty store, 47 ^ 9 : from what I hear, from what I understand, 3, 12 ^ 7 ( < L ' ) : look, seem, 27, 33
~ -t' 7 /^'ê^:
statue of
, 47
•f- 7 V ^ X. If: come to think of it, 22 ^ 7 L $ / P ^ : funeral, 220
7 LA L
/ i ^ - l t ^ : sender, 256
^ 7 /c I : I knowl, 39
290
fc *6: due to, as a result of, 47, 49; fc ^6
fc FORMAL be because 243; fc * i IC
to,
in order to, 85, 90 ~ fc l j : (used to give examples of actions or events), 105 y / I h : tart, 257 fd' ^ 7 : (plain form of T L J: 7 ) , 3, 8 fc* A-tf V ^ / ^ ' | ± : man, 210
fc A ^ fcA^
7
/'^k^: warm winter, 110
7
Lf/tl^^:
person in
put effort (into), 155
/c'v N L o I f V ^/-K^KI^: big mistake, fiasco, 150 • Ü ' ^ / W : time, occasion, 267 / : V \ L J: 7 / * f ^ : subject, respon-tf ^ : with trouble, with pains, 187 dent, 56 -tf -7 I t A / ^ f ê : soap, 17 - t f o ö ' A / t p : ^ : setsubun (a day in fz^^^ 1 / exercise, gymnastics,
- t f - o ^ < - t 4 / W I ^ - t - S : conserve,
fc i -f: fool, cheat, deceive, 146
/c V N V N A - f -!> / f f i l % - f : leave (a f d X I f 7 / i t * : h e a t e r , 1 4 hospital after a stay), 133 i-x-y yT'y h-f-S: check out (of a /c V ^ $ / : ; ' c ^ : air, atmosphere, 111 hotel), 140 /cV ^ < •o (vi-) (li-) : boring, fe7^n^-7 fe|c/i4v^7 felC; inthe tedious, 145 near future, 135 /c V N *• V N -f / • ; f ,6: stay (in < / a i o < : approach, come/ a country as part of a trip or for an go near, 109 extended period), 200 /c V ^ * { /ti%:. countermeasure, 111 ^fl^^/t): power, ability, 86 fe i « ^ fe ^ V \ ;fl . z , $ X t L : (R2) fz^^LfzZ. Y.'f'£\\ nothing serious,
-tf $l1)/;e>È: oil, 115
early February for performing various rituals such as throwing beans to drive away bad luck and bring in good), 220
busyness, busy sched-
ule, 249
charge, 194
224
234
fzliT /P'it:
global warming, 101
fe L A / ^ o X : •f'-l' ^ A: ~ fe Af.
acquaintance, 187
doorbell,
11
fc' 46: COLLOQUIAL shouldn't
,
114
160
/c'v \ fz V
fe $ * 7 HLf-lLflVrnVM^mt:
^ / " K W :
largely, pretty much,
225
\ y 7 :
chance, opportunity, 206
fe I* -7 v^-f . l . / > i : t - f - S i : w a r n ,
caution, 161 /c V ^t/- J: 7 /"f^^:: representative, 93 fe rJ) 7 L >p V ^ If A / l È # i t , § : : parkfcV ^ / ê ® , : typhoon, 108 ing violation, 147 /cfe'a •!> a 4 : (R2) fall down, fei* 7 tLir6/'iiX-fi>: order, collapse, 41 78 fz-h': written but, 155 fe J: 7 * / m S : sun/ey, investigafz-h'"- ^ i c / S v ^ IC: each other, 269 tion, 47 fcTS"i - S / S i -5: rise, intensify, 76 fc fe: so, therefore, 109 •fe J: 7 L rt) / - f t ^ : long life, longevtz'h'Zi: want to do (only when speaking ity, 218 "fe J: 7 ^': just, conveniently, as it hapof someone else), 159 pens, 259 fi L -} If fl- L / t i ! L o I f ^i- L: left fe J; 7 i:-fVf/m^lf: bowknot, running (of water), left lying out, 114 244 f c ' - f / t b - f : hand in, submit, 195 fej: 7 Ij L / I I S l i p : (licensed) cook, fc-f I f / I * I f - 6 :(R2) help, 155; fc 94 -f I t T I / l * l f T I help], 155 fe J: S A - f - ê / I t ^ - f - i . ; save fc -f ifa 4 -Z): (R2) ask, 80;fe'fc
- f ^ < fc'^V^/fe#:(a< fc*VN
money, go
•f" 3 C7: chocolate, 210 please ask, 80 fc fc L V v / i E L V ^: correct, orderly, 53 fe lj J: -7 / > • # : medical treatment, 47 fz'^/^'Z): pass, go by (of time), 256 o v N; unintentionally, 114 fc , V lj: plenty (of), a lot (of), 77 -ov NTV ^ < / # v \T^T < : follow, go fc T -5 / 3 t T 6: (R2) build, 142 with, 155 fz Y. X If; for example, 218 •OK^Z-o-fi,/iiS^-f i>: bump into fc'i-/«S: shelf, 34 from behind, rear-end, 149 fc fn I f fc / - t : Star Festival, 220 - ^ • 7 3 7 /MAT. traffic, passage, 54 fc«LAIc^-ï./slèL>^^lc-f •&: 7 ^ < L f/'MMRM: interpreter, look forward to, 255 94 ~ f c l f lj: only just , 234, 236
•onK'i-fi
/ïttR-f
i:
interpret,
~ T' i T il: even if , 101, 103 ~ T 4 fe •) : have (someone) do (some- ^ i l ^ t x i / ^ t x i , : (R2)trap, thing), 123, 125 capture, 4 T •5: do (something) for someone -o-fy^i • 5 / i i i -S>:getcauglit, 147 else (of lower social status, an animal, o l t ^ / J ^ l t - S : (R2) marinate, 23 etc.), 126 fc X /M X. h: (R2) inform, tell, 33 X') X 1 ') / ^ f t S : (someone's) --^ tzh6/\i^hZ>: spread, go across, own cooking, 258 come through, 269 X'iXi,/\iii\.i>: C O L L O Q U I A L be able •O i ^ / i . : soil, ground, 20 to go, 225 O T : COLLOQUIAL (partiele that emphati~ T A / ' ^ . ' J : store selling , 47 cally identifies the topic of the senT A Z ' L / i i ' t : message, 201 tence), 86; (particle used for quotation; T A f e / f ; > t ! l : battery, 37 T A 'J J: < /f;2?7: electncity, 102; = ^),12 TAU X <^^n^L^/«;*^^± o - ^ - ^ / ï ^ ) ! ^ : tsunami, 12 o ( f A : bud, 256; •oH^ii'':' { bud, electric company, 102
^
140
256
i ' j : in otherwords, in short, 244 t U : intention, plan, 123 'oiji./^ii •S:pileup, 108 -5 t, \ \/^\\; hard, difficult, trying,
T A^7 75^•7}^7^^
7J^•7}^7)^ 4 :
get a phone call, 144
i i l c TJ^
TV ^ L I* o - f ^ S / i t t l i - f ' l ) : submit, 241
T A X'—— 7 y K: Tokyo Disney Resort, 9 Tv^;|av^ ( f ) / T * ('i') : polite, 234
T'v ^ b o L f V ^ i -f: HONORIFIC this i s . . . (introducing someone), 173 ~ T f ; < : (indicating an action done in preparation for the future), 4,14 T75*^$ <0: handwritten, 219
T ' $ -S/tH^fc-S: (R2) come into existence, come up, 123 X'H t£\i/ii^i> /c'lf: as much as possible, 66 T < fL -S; do (something) for me, 123, 126
T L J: 9 i^: (asking questions, raising an issue), 8 T'-f "fe:that's why, for this/that reason, 57 Tfe^S^'v^ / ^ i t v ^: mistake, mix-up, 266
T T v ^
23
: anyway, in any case, 148
~^<75:with
,96
^'i^
FORMAL
(someone)
, 202
t f / ' / i ' - f / f l l r/'tti-f: jump out, run out, 149
^ 4 / : f e : friend, 210 ->it9 L i - f / - - ü f H U M B L E I am
Li-f:
, my name is
(in-
troducing oneself), 173 ^ t f
g 3 / ^ f
3 3 : friend choco-
late (a Valentine's Day chocolate given to a female friend), 210 ^ fe i L 4 : (R2) get stolen, get taken, 139 ^ IJ / , * : bird, 3
234
VN9 f 9 : called , named , 47 ^ ' 9 V \ 9 : what, what kind of, 234 Ï:' 9 V ^ 9 ; b I t T / 9 V ^ 9 I R T : for what reason, 234 t ' l t)^lfzLX'-f-i\ is something the matter?, 33 !i 9-tf A - f / É a - f - £ . : be elected,
X. i>: (R2) change, replace, 37
^ IJ < • ^ / f l i j , ^ ! , . ? . : measure, endeavor, 102; t lj < fe/^'jfflfe
~
47,51
t : COLLOQUIAL V e r y ,
t !l'"ltê/.SIt4:(R2)report,4
^ IJ 7 > ^ x . 4 / : | ? . i J # X . 4 / I f 5 ! . i j m ~ >1C/~M.C: degrees Celsius, 78 V ^^> ifp-tf/Fnlv ^•ê-^9•ti:: inquiry,
148
~ T I f •?) :"do (somethifig) for someone else, 126 ~ T -S): (indicating a condition brought about by deliberate action), 71 T ' i ) -2>: FORMAL/WRITTEN be, 214 TV ^ ~ / # ' - ' : lowin ,27; T V \ T!? D IJ —/iètfj o IJ — low in calories, 27 T o $ i; 9 - f i,/M.i^-t h: offer, 249 ~ T V •> < : continue to , go on ing,
T fe < : keep, save, 258 o T
undertake, engage in, 249
H ijliL464/SiJiê*:)4:(R2) start taking (photos), 97
^*ij J: < - f * / ^ ; ^ 7 - f * : strive, make an effort, 139 ^ -Sl: steal, take, 139 F UX: dress, 54 ^ a - S / ^ a - Z , : (R2) come off, become detached, 41
143
1 X'L X 1 tlW wonder, couldn't say, 16 ^ ' 9 .ï- 9 <0/Pi^
IC'l^l'-orfx
ïi A T i Tin N; not at all, 266 Ji*A ü ' A : rapidly, greatly, 5i ü * A f i . ' l C ~ T t : no matter how . . . ,
109
9V^A/m#^l%:
veterinary clinic, 47 ^*9 t : hello, 184 6< - n / ^ ^ - t i : register, 14 ^' < U - 3 - f -z, j t - f 4 : become independent, 94 ^ l t ' ! > / ^ l t - S : ( R 2 ) melt, 108 Y Z •5: time, moment, 174 ^ C -?> T : by the way, 3 ^ L/'^'^: city, metropolitan area, lis L T : as , in the capacity of ,47 X 1 Z ( / ^ J l H : developing country, 111 ^ L f 'J / ^ - f f 'J: elderly person, senior citizen, 218 ^ L Ï ^ i,/if-ty^6: become older, age, 51 Y t,/i.i^: land, property, 51 ^'fe feTt 4'V V neither, 56 ^••fefel::èvNxt.-vv/^-fefe^i •g X. "t' V \: cannot say one way or the other, 74 ^'-^ C O L L O Q U I A L somewhere, anywhere, 221 ^' o fe T i V n N; don't care one way or the other, 76
'^tC:
(emotive particle), 27, 28
fi.-vi L J : / r t l t : secret, 259 •'i' V 1 T ' : (indicating means or attendant circumstances), 70 tt'V
N J; 9 / i * l ^ : content, 127
t-'H:
furthermore, in addition, 252
tc-ó^/"^:
in, in the midst of, 249
tCtl'X'/^hZ-^'Ê.^:
long phone
call, 204
ictl^ict!^: quite, fairly, 133 icé'ió i>/Ö^*!) i>: (R2) gaze at, at,
look
91
tcti'h'. while, 86, 91; but, in spite of, 252
ti:-d'ili/}È.it6: •^1' $ Z'x/'ji.tsP: '•^td fiC^tC^^:
(R2) flow, flush, 37 sound of crying, 17 have to
, 39,
216 fc < / x f t < : cry (of person), 17 tc < /"M ^ i k '
i
< : cry (of animal), 3 fei
to t:
,
V I t ft' V ^: C O L L O Q U I A L have
220
{ tc i> / " t : i ti: i>: die, pass away, 47
•t'<'-5>/®l-S; hit, strike, 143 ^L" *
V 1i
- f : H O N O R I F I C do,
178
•^i'-tf: why, 85 ^li X.: say..., look/listen . . . , 3 -I'X-7 tl / I f t S : natto (sticky ferment4- — A 7° U— h: name plate, 14 ed soybeans), so 9 / I S 9: wish for, 218 ft'-o i o lj / i ; ^ l j : summer festival, ;t-3/^S:cat, 3 234 UfiL/mS.: price, 51 ^- -y h ~> 3 -y t° y / : internet shop'^£K'A/'BA: trouble, concern, 154 ping, 51 •^C fe-f / " i l t ' t " : (tr.) ring, sound, l l 'ts:t?^i>/ik' < : as .. . as possible, 197 ^ULfi\ ^ / ~ ^ ' ( ^ : (a certain) era, •t' •5 l i I see, I understand, 85 (a certain) decade, 55 •^t' i t -I) / ' M a -5: get used to, accus^l/CÉ - ^ / ^ J R : end of the year, 218 tom oneself to, 254 ii Li\ COLLOQUIAL something, 19 nt XI /M.^: farm, 66 it be?, 3 W 9 ^ < /MM: pesticide, 66 f i ' / C T : COLLOQUIAL that, 187 « 9 lj J: < / t ë ^ : ability, qualifica• t - A T è Z - f B r T t : anything, 53 tion, 94 fc /Cl - A i / i^A i : many people, 234 7 — z^ / y \-:no comment, 74 ~ COfe7}Mf T : thanks to , 49 ~ | : v n V good for , 27 ~CO!}"i LiLfL-O; itmaybe ICTjn ^ / ^ v bitter, 18 •' that (giving an explanation), 21 I C T J ^ ' T (t:) / ^ ^ {•!•£) : disliked, ~ /'^%i>:be left over, remain, 97 ing , 56 - W - t f v ^ T : all because of , i : < v^: difficult (to do), 27 through the fault of , 49 --IC < ^7Lo/-|C#Lv^:be 7 -y knock, 17 knowledgeable about , ll :(R2) ~ I - T : through , using , 252 miss (a train, etc.), 134 ~|C ^ T : t o , for , 101,102 KllLLx < / H J a p a n e s e l i i ) : w e l l . . . , um . . . , 162 style food, 249 Vi'—: partner, 47 l : iJ) 9 V X - f - 5 / X K i - t - & : be •'^ — 7': herb, 18 l i v N; good question, 113 hospitalized, 93 ^ : motorcycle, 158 |C tj) 7 ii'V ^ $ L/K^-k: registral i v N l t A - f - 6 / # . a - f •5:HUMBLE tion fee, 151; l : * 9 TJH ^-f i>/K •^-f i) Join (an organization), 151 see, look at, 173 ~ I C J: o T : by , 142 Ilv ^ L tJ) -o/^Yiii: emission. 111 ~ 1^ J; •& i i : according to , 12 l±v ^ L * o lj j ; 7 / # t l i * : amount \Z i / U i : (R2) look like, resemble, 22 of emission, 111 l±'75MC-f l > / , S , ^ | C - f ^ : look down 1: A $ / A ^ : popularity, 32; I : A $ on, make a fool of, 205 ï ' : carry, 127 If C i lj /iét l j : beginnings, roots, tó < < : surpass, exceed, 56 tó-ffe/^t;: steal, 145 210 I f L J: /iêPlX: place, 31 ni>ri< Ij /iê.J:.7i' I j : price rise, lis If "f: ought to, should, 27, 31 ^ T -f 7": native speaker, 243 l i f e A - o : honey, 78
292
I f o f e X / ^ i l " : pronunciation, 148 hacker, 145 If -p J l j : definitely, clearly, 250; If T i 'Jir il become clear, 234 I f o fc-^-f - S / H s t - f l):develop, 113 l l - ^ T A * g e n e r a t o r , 110 If o T/fe-f 4 • & : generate electricity, 102
If o I f v N-f- ,5 /§h^-t h: put on sale, 219 11 -t- L * 9 discuss, 155 If
L <ê- 9 : talk over,
L 7*Mt 4 / ! § L
4 : (R2) talk
(to), 155 IfT^ L C * X . / t È L . ^ : sound of conversation, 17 l l f C ^ / t È S : florist, 185 If 7 i ' i l l ' ? > / ' i i a - 5 : (R2) be apart, be removed, 218 ~ I f ~ I i Ü": the more (something is the case) the more . . . , 269 | f ^ v ^ t C 0 T / - ¥ • v ^ t « T : time flies, time passes quickly, 256 I f ^ <- t < -fi>: hurry, make it quick, 240 11^46\z/^-ihK: early, in advance, 257 I f - S : become popular, 54 11 / f f t •?>: freeze over, 108 If •5 /% i>: post, put up, 72 I f t L / B t i f l : sunny, 108 ^<\yyy 4 y • y :^T: valentine's Day Fair, 173 l f / C / # : turn, 222 I f A < ' A / # , | I : program (TV or radio), 143 l l A * ' v ^ / ^ E # : crime, 155 l l A / c V ^/K^i: opposition, 76 ^ ^ 7 K /l^: handle, steering wheel, 54 t — yl/; heel (of a shoe), 260 Z 9 Tin ^ / # i K - M : restricted access, 79 V-L X 1 < ' ^ / # f ' U : emergency exit, 79 VL x A i l / ï / l XM*1: soaking wet, 147 V'^U^: in whispers, 19
U'f£>)i'b':>l
zi/±mmT.
to-left traffic, 54 rA /c I j ^ ^ 7 F / l / ± ' ^ 7 F /U: leftside steering wheel, 54 ii'v V horrible, 21 U ii'v ^Ti'/SSv ^ic: how meanl, 27 UtZ'tl /—'W: a word, a few words, 249 UY.-oU)^ -^£^^ I j : Girl's Day, Doll Festival, 220
r / . ^ ' - o / Ü i ^ : secret, 66 1} t : string, cord, 244 {/^ < za\iL/\ 1 0#:110 (emergency piione number), 148 t / ^ - f m a l < e cold, cool down, 14 V-11 glacier, i l l XfXl L / M ^ i ' l ' : beautician, hairstylist, 94 Ull l l X / l f f i ] : reputation, l l f - fe < / f f f l < : have, hold (a party, etc.), 132 tA fe < / M < : open, establish, 94 D-hl X L/^%'$:: reception, 222 U6ih /Tik t h: spread, 210 -ï> j L: hmm, I see, 23 7 :s-^--'y 9: fennec, 3 J * 9 - f /^Tkf h: become widespread, 49 < o 9 /MM: stomachache, 234; ,1-
{-oi^az-f/MM^^z-f get a stomachache, 234 ^ -V { h/^: bag, envelope, 222 7"-ff—: buzzer, 155 L (S£) /^^WM, ite) : mystenous, amazing, 19 -r; L * 1 *',r- < ^ / : ^ ? a i t t « : envelope for a mournful occasion, 244 .ï>-tl: C/BJ' C: prevent, 102 -l-fzL/^^: usually, ordinarily, 210 .I'-o 1 / # Ü , : usually, normally, 3 o'-^ I t : (R2) hit, bump (into), 147 .l-t i,/i^i>: get fat, gain weight, 50; .ï-ïi i j - t $ ' « / i c i j 3 t J ' « too fat, 57 (onomatopoeia expressing the sound of soft laughter), 77 iJ/^iJ: step on, 143 7""-7 7 ^'iblack, 77 U C A-/U') ihA^: deposit (of money into someone else's bank account), transfer (of money), 52 7'"l/—+ : brake, 149 -V'/^/iC: sentence, 199 N $ A,/^i^: average, 101 C < / ^ f t S : United States, 173 ^ v ^-ti-v ^/^JÜ: the Heisei era
(1989-), 252 X : bass, 203 y ')T y: vegetarian, 86 - ^ f : ( ' i - ) / T f - (fiOibadat, unskilled, 146 <'z>X L/W^: attachment, 252 '<-y h L i < UL-ó-'^Hi'oS-/ <-y h -kmfë^h^: pet-food development department, 27 <-y h • 7 — F : petfood, 249 -< t'— -> -y 7 —: babysitter, 161 'Nfe" t / i i , fe : decrease, 114 ' < - 7 ' - < 7 : fluent, 243
'N/C $ Jf < / i g ^ i p : return, 79 I i-7 3 < / # R # : report, 219 l i -7 * < /Sii'f: good han/est, 218 I i-7 L A / : ^ # : policy, 106 l i 9 ^- -9 • t ' i . / : ^ ï i . - t ' l > : broadcast, 143
l i 9 ( i 9 /'^'/k: method, 86 — 7 1/7 F: boyfriend, 135 l i ! 5 \ other, 161; (ÏTJM: besides, other (than that), 2I8 m-fL/'^fk: insurance, 47 l i l t A L J: / « ^ ) t : health office, 234 ( i C 9 L A f / ^ ^ t ^ : pedestnan, 205 ( i L / S : star, 22 l i Lii'si): want (only when speaking of someone else), 159 t-°X —: poster, 155 li-^i X < / i b f e North Pole, i l l ' f y i r — : hockey, 32 litl' (: undo, 244 ~ l i Ji'~'i'v \ not so . . . a s . . . , 269 I i * ü / f t 461.: (R2) praise, 143 l i fe: look here, I6 7 ^ h f - ' - : White Day (March 14), 222 l i / C L ' 3 / 3 ^ H : FORMAL today, 174 ( i A ! i 9 l ± / ^ S 11: truth be told . . . , 123 ( i /./1C A / 3 ^ A : the person himself/ herself, 76 l i A ^ < L K'/MiK^: translator, 94 i / F f l : room, hall, 252 i t^: more or less, sort of, 123 t iht i): so-so, more or less, 223 "7 -i f?—: private car, one's own car, 115
t-i-'-m up to,
/ t t - i f -S: (R2) entrust, leave
85
Èi'-o-r:^'i/m''^r\^i,:he bent, 218 t i Z tJ/^'èihtj: involve, mix (someone) up (in), 155 i ZK K/^{Z: truly, sincerely, 252 ± * ' 4 / ; S *" : get mixed in, 243 È " f V ^: bad, untoward, 151 •7 X 3 J : mass media, 94 ' 7 X 5 ' — : barkeeper, 96 t't t't: increasingly, more and more,
t t i>/'^i>: protect, 155; keep (a promise, etc.), I60 •7-77 7: marathon, 93 i -S T : just like, 10 È A^f/'/'M.®: manga, comic book, 54 ï S M t - i . / ^ i ^ M t •5: (R2) come across, (happen to) see, 47 i X " t : mess up, make a mistake, 225 A-fU-^ / 7 J C 5 1 : mizuhiki (colored paper cords), 244 A-^/'^'f: miso, 23 ATCV N (vj.') : seem, be like, 3, 10 A-ibii < / 5 t * M < : a s k for directions, 155 A o l t - S / A o l t - S : (R2)find. 85 Aid t / W # : ladies and gentlemen . . . , 249 i V ^ / M J M ^ V visit to someone who is sick or injured, 133 At t 'i/R,'^6: look upon, watch over, 255 . ^ ^ C / ^ : capital, 143 t j ~ / # ~ : without , -free, 55 tJ'Ó^A.i/iS.Xi: reach (a certain time or stage), greet, welcome, 249 JJ < : peel, 78 i3l-ti>/MU-t i,: ignore, 151 t ; - f . ï ' ; / f ê . ï ' : knot, tie, 244; tJ-tVf ^^fz/^tU-'^ way of tying, knot, 244 t;/-c* I C - t - / ^ I S ; I:-t-i>: waste, 114 t;<7) 9 ^ < < 7 ) / # ^ M W : without pesticides, pesticide-free, 66 t ; Ij $ o 9 / 4 $ a * " f r 9 : ask too much, 132 46v < {+£) / i t i ( t o : annoying, inconvenient, 55; 46 v •> ^9 < i ï S M t - S / ^ l ï TSMt-i) cause/give (someone) trouble, 187 / — il—: manufacturer, 102 *6-f fe Lv\/@-LvVrare, unusual, 3 *6 fe -f < fe Af ("to : messed up, disordered, 148 46 A $ J: / . f e l t : license, 94 46A-tf-0 7 J X / ® i # ' t : intemewer, 95
t 9
t-it'6/M-it'i,:{R2) mix, 23 t fz/7.: also, moreover, 102 É fe*49-l+/#fe-ê-^-ti-: appointment, arrangement to meet, 47 t -i=o-h'\ V F a l i t v V mistake, error, 158 i -p /c < /'k < : at all, entirely, 66 t Ji'7^'"-7X/,^2^'-7X:windowpane, 148
^ — i T / l ' : manual, 14 É Ü < / i s < : invite, 185 t * 6 / S : bean, 218
L^ift-t/^lJzl-ft-t:
(R2) HUMBLE say,
51 t
9
178
L i - f / t f L i - f : HUMBLE say,
178
t-7 L f 5 l t * U i - t i - A / * L l K * 'j i -tJrA: I'm sorry, I apologize, 38 t, < U X 1 /'SWs: goal, resolution, 75 il C/iCf: letter, character, 129 t f z - a / ^ fz-iti: (R2) have (someone) carry, 155 t f e J ; U / i f fe^U: potluck, 259 4 - 3 TcV i f V \ wasteful, uneconomical, 114
t - 3 T v i < / i t - , T t f <:take, bring, 129 i HUMBLE person, someone, 234 è l: < cue, 13 ^$ ')LzVm apple, 78 ^ < -f/tK-f:
Korean-style barbe'}LZ':
baked
J; 9 I - 1 " •&: become able to, become possible for, 47, 50 X Z'ili,/if t l i : (R2) become dirty, 130 i -3 Iffe7 /Wl' -3 Iffe9 : get drunk, 54 J; t ' T ^ V ^ ' t ' : middle ofthe night, 19 i l i 7 / f - ^ R : forecast, 13
translate, 199
^ - f A fc' fe ? /f^A /c fe ? : COLLOQUIAL why
don't you take a rest?, 223 : COLLOQUIAL sute enough, as expected, 16 K' tJ/^ttJ: stop (of rain), 43 •'f' •£: give (to someone of lower status, to an animal, a plant, etc.), 29 I* 17)n i-f-S/Mi^-t-S: kidnap, 147 rp $ ^'r> t .5,/t7><^t i -5: snow piles up, 108 I* L I - / ^ { i i - f - S : export, 143
rp-f: yuzu atrus, 16 tpiZfj, o-f i./WiX-f •!>: impoyt, 143 rpi-f / f f - f : forgive, excuse, 249 J:v^/ft.v\good,47 i o f e i i L^/ftofei^ï:havea nice New Year, 221 J: •? : so as to, 252 i 9 ( t ) : seem, be like, 3, 10 J ; 9 TJ*^ L/>¥3t-f-: Western sweets, 210
fe v 1 $ < / ^ ^ : guest, 268 fe L V1; supposedly, apparently, 27, 32 ~ fe tt-S: (auxiliary honorific verb), 200 y V f - : lunch, 132 'j — f— '> y y': leadership, 212 l j ; 7 X X h: request, 257 lj < fe/IlM: land, 112 lj ' ^ t* l j ; rehabilitation, 50 ^) &°—f—. reporter, 200 lj Kb 7 / S A : reason, 212
lj *9^^*<-r«./ll*-r-&:study abroad,106 lj J: 9 l:75X/#i]fflB#r^: sen/ice hours, 79 'j j L >c/Wn^: traveler, 200
ijAC'x.A/ijAril:apple orchard, 66 -S-f If A/®'^^: staying home alone, I60
U —X: race, 96 U-t 7°-> 3 > : reception, 33 Uy'^—'^yf: lesser panda, 15 U^y-. lemon, 16 D — y°: rope, 35 y 9: lock, 38 i> L^S-Aj/i^jC: paper, thesis, 201 U 4 y-by—. wine cellar, 20 hfi^^ ^/^\ \ young, 214 ^9 75^ lj L fc'v lj ;ic»: as soon as (one) knows, 234 h i : arise, 101 hli/iK: reason, 234 ^3-5 -S: go out of one's way to do, take the trouble to do, 132 7 — : crocodile, alligator, 21 ^3feV1 Z'x/%^ ^P: sound of laughter, 17 7 / ^ 7 : laugh, 17 lj / — t J : ten percent, 56 h6 < - f i , / ^ < i"-S: damage, hurt, 85 h i < ' ' f e / , S D : slander, insult, 146 hiXi>/P]ili: (R2) break, smash, 148 iC ? : hmm?, 19 A/C—: (said when smelling wine), 20
English-Japanese Glossary Note: This glossary includes only words and expressions introduced in this text. For the Japanese equivalents of words introduced in Books I and II, refer to the glossaries in those volumes. For the sake of simplicity, honorific and humble Japanese expressions have been omitted, as have a number of idiomatic expressions, proper nouns, and so on that do not fit well anywhere in an A to Z list. The following abbreviations are used: intr.
intransitive (verb)
n.
noun
tr.
transitive (verb)
v.
verb
110: (emergency phone number) 1 1 0 \ i L / \ 1 0 # , 148 ability:
fe^'fe/:^,
86
ability: « 7 U J: < / ^ t j , 94 able: be able to go T ' ^ l ) / d i : f l - 6 , 225; become able to Xl\'^'^£i>, 47, 50
abysmal: i o i , < (+£)
7^%{^£).
260
according to : ^ 1^ Jt Ji, 12 accustom oneself to: t L ' t L - S / t l ^ •S, 264 acquaintance: fe L A / ^ o A , 187 actually: t o * o | C / J | | t | C , 264
addition, in: fcfe, 252 address: i ; v ^ ^ o , 33 advance, in: l l - ^ t ó I c / ^ a ó | C , 257 advertisement: Z{ / 2 1 0 advertising: - t t A T A / S - f S , 210 advice: L J: I t X / l ^ f " , 190 affiliation: L J: -t' < i J / F / f ^ ^ t , 80 after: after a little while - f C L L T / iJ-^ L L T , 4; after all I t o $ J: < / I t ' f , 150; after that -tcO CO \k, 210
any case, in: Ji ICTJ^ < , 148 anything: fC A T i /-(sf T t , 53 anyway: Ü ICT^^ < , MS anywhere: Ji'-n 75\ 221 apart, be: l U c i l i / ' ^ K i , 218 apparently: fe L v 27, 32 apple orchard: 'J A ^* X. A / U A C' H , 66 applicant: fe 9 I f L 95 appointment: ± t,ihh^/'i^^'ë' h-kt, 47 approach: fe-^^-o < / i ^ - ^ < , 109 architect: I t A f e < L / ^ i S ± , 9 4 arise: ^9 < , 101 arrange: (neatly in a row) fC ty^i>/ jSi, 14 arrangement to meet: i fe h-Ü/# fe-ê-*P-t!-,47
article: $ 1 : / | B ^ , 4 9 as: (in the capacity of ) --^ Ji L T , 47; (as some process takes place) ~ 1^ "^iH-T, 51; as... as possible tt'-S'^ <, 197; as is Z /^ni>.ao; ask for age: Ji L i Y . i / ^ i ^ 6 , s ^ directions A fe,** < / ^ i f ^ < . 155; ask too much fe 'J 5 v N 9 agriculture: W 9 J: 9 /MM, 129 S Ï T 9 ,132; please ask feVcf ^ air: fz^-^^/-X.^, 111 < / i ' ^ f v i / f e # ^ < /-c'iVN.so all; (everyone) v ^feJi' 9 /—Wl, 249; all the more v i o 9 , 249; all throughat all: t-D fz fe3 fe, 81 at this point: v ^ i Z ' i / ' ^ Z ' i , 194 alligator: 7 — , 21 atmosphere: fz^^^/i\%„ ill allowed to do, be: — ^ -tf T v ^ fz f£ attachment: < o T A / ^ i J ) ^ , 252 <,173 attend: (school) fl^Xl / J t 9 , 90; (a also: i fz/X, 102 meeting, etc.) L i ^ - ^ - t f ^ - f ^ / A l ^ - f i , 128 always: fl^fc^-f/'X^-f, 114 amazing: .ï- L * ' (fi') ( auspicious day: $ fe C 0 / ^ H, 255 author: o T S ^ / ^ ^ , 13 f£),^9 autograph session: •'f 'f V'S^v N/-if ^ animation: T — 7 , 1 3 announcement: T f - ' i ' V X , 13 y^k, 13 annoying: I6\^h< (fi:) /i$.M ( average: 'NV N $ A / ^ * * ; , 101 ^J.'),55
annual: i a A ^ ^ A / ^ f f l , 210 answer: Z fzX i / ^ X i , •iSS -ant: (person who performs a certain Job) ~L 94
babysitter: -< t — -> y —, I6I bad: i - f \ \ 151; bad at ^fz (ic) ( t o , 146 bag: .ï> < 6 / i ^ , 222
/
baked apple: ^ $ U A C ' / S * U A Z', 78 barkeeper: V X ^' —, 95 basically: S l ï A T $ I c / * 4 ^ Ó 5 I-,244
bass: X , 203 battery: T A f e / S ; j t f e , 37 be able to: C )lf/'X'^ -6,80 bean: É * ! ) / S , 2I8 bear: ^ ^ v / ^ l , 15 beautician: IfX 9 L / ^ # i i p , 94 because: all because of ^W-tfv N T", 49; be because ~75^ fe 210, fz ^ fz, 243; just because ~'J"feoT,21 beginnings: l i L i IJ / i é t U , 210 believe: L A L - & / # L 92 besides: v ^^Jn ^/»<^'K 244; li^^MC, 218
between: ' - ' ( 0 i ) O / - £ ' | C / ~ « F f l IC, 123 b i g : f e f e S ' i - / j ^ $ ^ . - , 19 bill:-tfvN$ rt) 9 L J : / l t 5 ) t # , 151 bird: Ji U / , ^ , 3 bite: fl^ij, 145 bitter: l:?5*v ^ / ^ v \ is black: < ^ / M , 244; (of coffee) / ' •7 7 7 , 7 7
blissful: L*.49^f (vi-) / # - t i : C'J.-), 40
bloom: i < / " ^ < , 41; continue to bloom ^ ^ è o o l t - B / ' ^ ^ l ^ l t i , 101 booth space: 9 U I f / ' S ' i ^ , 194 boring: /cV ^ < ( f - ) / i S . ^ ("iO, 145
bowknot: fe J: 9
tO-lf/m^rf,
244
boyfriend: ^---i brake: 7
V Uy K, 135
U—149
branch: X / i ' / ^ i , 41 branch president: L L ^ fe J: 9 / 3 t 7±-S:, 33 break: (tr.) (ruin) C h - f / ^ - f , 9; (intr.)(of bone, branch) HKi/^fy ^ - 5 , 41, (tr.) (bone, branch) fe' - 6 / # , 188 [see a/so smash, snap]
breakdown: C L J: 13 bring: t o Tv ^ < / i f o T # < , 129 broadcast: Ul^j -S/^JÜ-f -6, 143
bud: (n.) -olïA-, 256; (v.) -^HA-f/'-^ < , 256 build: f z X i / ^ X i , , 142 bully: V ^ l:*!)'?), 146 bump (into): >v'5 If 147, (from behind) -O^^t-^i-i/i^^^-fi, 149 burn: (of food) C I f - i > / # J f - 5 , 1 7 business trip: be on a business trip L * - o ^ J : 7 f e * 7 / t Ü S f t ' t ' , 12;
business trip destination L * o fe J: 7 ^ J /tfajft^fe, 39; have a business trip coming up L rp ii X T izfc '5./tb5g:i:t-4,39 businessman: ' 9 ' 7 U — - 7 y , 54 busyness: ( C * ) / c f f 7 / ^'H:, 249 but: i£-/l'iy, 252 buzzer: —, 155 by^—: ~ U J; -5 T , 142 by the way: ^IZ 6X\3 cage: -ir — 4 called : — Ü v \ 9 / — Ji * 7 ,47 callout(to): C X. $ 7 5 M t - & / . ^ * / ^ ^ If4,155 calorie: 7i7 D i j — , 2 7
campaign: + + 7 ' < — > , 210 can: C Ji 7 5 < T S s o
cancellation: ^ + y-fe/b, 49 candle: + + > FVb, 35 canned food: fl^L-óih/^^, 55 capital: A ^ Z / | | 5 , 143 capture: -OiJ^i X - S / l l É X. 4 carbon dioxide: I- i L^l^fzL^/—
m\tjk^. 111 carry: l± C , v / ^ , i - , 127 carry out: HZtC 0 7 ,143 cat: ^- 3 / 5 S , 3; cat food: + t y h 7 - F,4 catchphrase: i>v ^ 3 Ji l f / - g - v ^ * 155 cause: I f Av ^ A / ^ g g ] , m caution: fe * 7 v ^-f - S / j i ^ - f - S , I 6 I celebrate: v 7 / f t 7 , 218; celebration (fe) V \i9V N / (fe~) ftv V, 222; celebratory envelope L rJ) 7 $*>J< ^ ^ / « f ê , 244 cellular phone: I f v ^/cV \ T A ^ : i / i < i f m t i , 155 centimeter: -b 7 f - , 112 certainly: $ o Ji, 7 chance: -f- + 7 X , 206 change: (batteries, etc.) Ji 'j ;5^X. é / f!.U#X.4/|siljitX*,37; change of pace: S I f fe L / ^ s t f e L, 225 character: (letter) C / ^ , 73; t L / 129
chateau: ~> + I — , 20 cheat: tzi-f, 146 check out: (of a hotel) f - x y T h - f -2), 140 cheering: fe' 7 X / C / J w i É , 109 chestnut,: < U / . ^ 2 1 8 chew: ^^tj, 146 chocolate: f" a 3 , 210 circulation: (in a library, etc.) L tz L/-SeLtbL,79 circumstance: L C J: 7 / • ^ t t , 140; i: J: 7 $ J; 7 / « > J t , 149 city: Ji L / # t l T , 115 class: $ i; 7 L o / | 5 c È , I 6 0 ; classroom $ J: 7 L •o/^'M., 9 cleaning: 7 5 ^ 7 c - o l t / , t ^ # | - t , 132 clear: become clear (of facts) l i o $ U - f -S, 234; clearing up after ^tti^tz
-^n/mmi, i6o cleariy: 11 o $ 'J, 260 climate: $ C 7 / ^ l l , 111 close: (on familiar terms) L 7c L v ^ / M L V N, 9 3 cloudy: < 'j / # U , 10s; become cloudy, cloud up i è • S ) / # ' 6 , 10s coffee shop: $ o ^ T L/'^^lS, 145 collapse: /cfe'=K. -2. / # J ^ , 41 college years: TJ'' < -tfv ^ C /c'v m\. 95 colorful: tfyVIl (ti.0,244 combine: < . ^ i ) i : > H f - & / | I A - i - f j -ti-^,78 come across: ^ ' 5 ^ l t - 5 / . l j ^ ^ l f •6, 47 come into existence: T $ -S/tb^fc i>, 123 come into one's possession: T 1^ Ilv ^ - S / ^ U X ^ , 123 come off: Ji Ü • £ / | X . i L , 41 come through: (be communicated) fz
hi>/\iihi>,
269
come to think of it: 7 v ^ X. II', 22 come up: T $ -S/tfa^^-S, 123 come up with: fe' è v < < , 256 comicbook: i A'S'^/iS®, 54 commemoration: $ i ^ A / S B ^ , 234 commotion, cause a: C / I S C, 157 commute (to): il^X 7 / s f t T , 151 complaint: < ' f e , / E S , 165 completely: "f o U , 86 computer catalog: I f A'S < J; 7^'?7 ::J7/^tffl^'^°7n7,79 computer game: 3 7 t° ^ — — y"-A,ii concentrate: - t i : A ; < a A - f - ? . / # ^ - f
-5,
95
concern: fcK" A/'&iA, 164; be concerned (about) -/l^L L A^J^'i) • ï ) / ^ iO;^-5i)^,74
condition: (physical) <'i)V ^ / 1 5 7 confirm: -fl- < lc A - f - B / i t l l - f - 5 , 190
consen/e: -ti:o>f < - f ^ / f i J I ^ j i - 4 , 102
consider: I f A Ji 7 - f 4 / ^ W t § , 173 considerably: '5'"^' 'J, 9 construction: ^ 7 L / X ^ , 4 9 ; under construction C 7 C fe 1* 7 / 'f, 49 consumption, amount of: L. X 1 If U J:
7 / - ; « « » ,
210
content: ^t'v ^ J: 7 / f * l # , 127 contest: 3 7 T" X h, 7 5 continue to : ~ T v ^ < , 4 7 , 51 contrary to what one would like; i ) v ^ 1 : < , 187 conversation, sound of: n't' L C ' x . / I#L;^,I7 cook: (licensed cook) fe J: 7 ' j L / l l
mm,
94
cooking, someone's own: T 'j J: 7 IJ/ffl-m,25S cool down: J A ^ - f / / # - ^ - f , 14 cord: Z> t , 244 correct: fz fz L v \ / j E L v \ 5 3 ; that's correct -t W Ji fe' U / • * W i t U , 66 cost: : 3 X h, 9 ; cost performance zi X b ^ < 7 t — < ' 7 X , 102 countermeasure: /cV 4$^,l7
curaton '5'' < I f v n ^ A / ^ S M , 9 4 curry; ?!? U—, 19 custom: L i * 7 '5^A/W'iS, 2 1 0 damage: h i i " f • & / , § ^ - f 85 dangerous: $ I f A (^.O / / È l t ( ^ i ' ) , 9 date and time: i C f e L / H B f , 2 5 2 Dear: S> t ' / c , 184 decade: ~ i a A / c ' v 55 deceive: fzOf, 146 decrease: ' N fe " f / Ü fe "f, 114 definitely: $ o Ji, 7; 11 o $ U , 250 degrees Celsius: ~ Ji* C /'^ySlC, 78 delicious: "7 i V \ 4 0 dentist's office: L 131 deposit: (of money) .ï' 'j C 'J J^A, 52 desert: ^ I f < / * > ' > ! , 3 destination: ^ / ^ 9 t , 39 detailed: < L V N / | ^ L V X, 1 4 9 develop: If 7 c - f -i> / ^ 5 t - f -S, 113; developed country -tf A L A C < / ^ f c ï t S , 1 1 1 ; developing country Ji t J : 7 < / J É ± H , 111
die: ic < ic h/ti
<-<-£i, 47; (of
plant: wither) t)^Ki>/^iflh, 145 difficult: h V ^ / ^ v ^, 148; difficult (to do) K < 0,27 diligently: L o TS" U , 204 discuss: (talk over) liicL^l /%% L "ê" •? , 155; (take into consideration) I t disliked: \Z-hl':>lh>l'^1^ /-A.-K 102; each oneUtmtt "J / " A — A , 102; each other (fe) 7CÏ**V \ |C /(fe)5:vM:,269 early: l i ^ * ! ) | C / - f - 4 6 1 : , 257 earn: (income) X. 94; (money) <•, 164 easy: i> i v '•/•^\ \ 16I education: $ J; 9 v M / l ! c " f , 155 effect: XV J; 9 / f ^ W , 101 effort, make an: Ji'iJ J: < - f i / ' ^ i ] • f i , 139 elderly person: (feO Ü L J: U / (fc) i|^*IJ,218 elected, be: JT 9 - l + A - f - 6 / S 5 1 - t •6, 143 election: -HrA $ J: / i l ^ , 143 electric company: T ' A U J: < tj'^ ^ L / « ; ^ ^ 7 ± , 102 electricity: T X U J: < /'Ê,:tj, 102 elementary school kid: L J: 1 tj^ {-^ V ^ 7 6 emcee: L ?)H ^/S]^, 249 emergency exit: ?/ L J: 9 C fe / # «-n,79 emission: liv ^ L H> o / # t t ! , 111; amount of emission l i v ^ L 'j J: • 7 1 1 1 employee mailing list: L K'tc^^^ — enclosed: il" 9 1 <0/W\^<0, 252 end: (wrap up: a letter, etc.) L 46 < < • 5 / l t 4 6 < <-?>, 219; atthe end of V ^ o li°V ^ T , 135; end of the year il
L i -zi/^i^,
21s; in the end I t o
* J: < /^>9i, 150 endeavor: !i U < A / | s ? . U la<^, 102 endure: il'i L-f i/^'M-f i . 150 energy: ^^^--IV^—, 114
engage in: Ü U < fe/f!.'J fflt, 249 engender: 9 - ^ f c - f / i ^ ^ t i i - f , 210 enough: L * 9 - i ' A (^i') / - i " ^ C^i") /^^77^('i-),102 entirely: "f o U, 86; tr>fz< /"k < , 66 entrust: tti^%i/\i^i,,s6 envelope: < - 5 / ^ , 222; envelope for a mournful occasion: ,5' L 9 ï ö';< ^ / T 4 a m « , 2 4 4 episode: X t° V — F, 47 -er: (person who performs a certain job) ~ L ^ / - # ,
94
era: ^ULti^ ^ / ~ ^ f \ 55 error: it>ti<^ ^/F>flitv M58 escape: I : I f - S / m i f - S , 3 escort: (someone somewhere) H i i / 181 even if : ~ T t / ~ T t , 101, 103 even though: W I - , 27, 35 ever more: v ^ -p 9 , 249 everyone: v ^feii* 9 / — I f ] , 249 exactly so: ^ W Ü fe U W i t U , 66 exam: (medical) I f A ^ 47 examination, medical: L A ^ ' ^ / ' l ^ ^ , 130 exceed: < / f e < , 56 excuse: (forgive) Yp i i ' / f f - ' f , 249; excuse me, but... L'^il^^X''t
tl'/^^lX'-rtl',
149 focus: -If A ^ A - f -5 /^-^-f i , 95 follow: o v NTV ^ < / # v NT^f < , 155 fond of, be: LtzL fe/SI Lfe,249 food product: L J: < ltL/-km,27 fool: tzi-f, 146 footstep: *> L f e ' Ü / ^ - f - , 17 for : ~ I - Ü -p T , 101,102; for example /c Ü X l f / # l X If, 218 forecast: f l i 9 / " t ^ , 13 forget: fe * h-tKi/Wi^id -5, 149 forgive: tpif / f f f , 249 found: -tf-^ lj -of i,/%^±-f 6,94 fox: ^ - y ^ - / M , 3 -free: fe''-'/^S~, 66 freeze over: I f 4/58;-5,108 friend: Ü t / : ^ , 210 from : (come from ) ~ L ti) o LL/^^$(, 110 from now on: C A C*/4"!^, 210 full: V\-p|f\N, 86 fundamentally: $ l i A T * \z/^if. éS;lc, 244 funeral: (fe) ^-9 L $ / ( f e ' ) H ^ , 220 furthermore: ^cfe', 252 future, in the near: fe/^n ^ 9 fe I c / i f r v^9 fei:, 135
177
exhibit: (put out a store) L T A-f i/ii)Si-i,m expected, as: -p i f U , 16 export: tp L * - o - f - 5 / ^ t t i - f •!>, 143 extent, to this: C LtCK, 109
gain: X •2>/^f''6, 94; gain weight Ü4/±-&,50
game software: A V 7 h, 54 garlic: IC A l : < , is gas: il'X, 111 gasoline: tfV 'j V, 115 gaze at: 'J.'i^'^46'l>/Bj646-5, 91 fairly: tcti^tctl^, 133 fall apart: < - f f L l > / , ^ ; ( l ' 6 , 4 1 generate electricity: I f - ^ T A - f • 5 / ^ fall down: tzHiti/&]tli.Al m - f ^,102 generation: ^tz^ ''/^W, 57 falsehood: 9 ^ / B É , 11 generator: I f - t ) T A $ / ^ « : « , 110 fan: (supporter) V-rlr'— 9 —, 109 get: (a physical symptom)fe'3 - f / f e farm: W 9 C J: 9 / M M , 66; farming C-f, 234; get angry fe' C •S/^S-S, W 9 $* J: 9 / I . * , 129 11; geta phone call X'Lhtl'ii^-fy^ fault of , through the: ~CO-(f v ^ T', 49 i/'Mi-^HH^i, 144; get caught fed up, be: 9 A ^ ' U T'-f ,49 -^75^ i - i > / ^ i -S, 147; get dirty f feel: L i/^Si L -S, 101; feel good C*^-&/>-ftL-5,130; getdrunk J; $tfe^^A^V^/$l^ffe:^n^^^,35 o I f fe -7 / i ï ' - p I f fe 9 , 54; get fat female friend:fe'A-^J.'Ü t fiiö/± >i> t 6 / j ^ i , 50; get hungry fe'^i' :èlit, 210 '5^'J'^'f < , 10; get in the way (of) t Kfennec: y x^'- -y 7 , 3 i-f 6 / ^ P , S - f •&, 144; get mixed in fiasco: /c'v N L o I f v ^/A^^IJC, 150 i^i/il-5* -S, 243; get used to ^i' fight, have a: I t A ' J ' ï - f 51 fL4/tI^H.-5,264 fillet: i 'J A/'g) lj 23 ginger: L i 9 i^''", is find: A.'r>\a/'^-o\^h,i6 give: (to me) { i l i , 21; (to someone of fire: 11/.l^C^f:, 198 lower status, to an animal, a plant, etc.) fit: i ) 9 / o" 9 , 78 K'i, 29; give rise to 9 Atzf /éflood: C 9 - f V ^/)j^7ji, 102 •^tB-f,2lo florist; l l ^ L - ^ / Ï È M , 186 glacier: Ull -h'/yVi^, i l l flow: t'7j--';(l4/;1ïil'?.,37 global warming: fe $ r)) 9 akjfzLi fluent: " ' ^ 7 " ^ 7 , 243 flush: +£ti'Ki/'MM-i,m flustered, become: 'hhXi/'rkX
il^/m^Mmc. 101 goal: t < !> J: 9 / @ # , 7 6 297
go by: (of time) fz'^/^'O,
256
going to and returning from: v ^ $ i J ^ X . go out: -h'^^Lyi-o-fh/^V-^-f •5, 187 go well: 7 É O < , 223; go well with h 7 / - o 7 , 78 good: J; v \, 47; good at 7 J v\3i;goodfor ICVHN, 27; good for you fe/c lev N O / # | C V n 27; good harvest IS 7 ^ < / ^{"f, 218; good question (said in response to a question) l l v \ 113; good work fc075^:ai i T L t z / a ^ mtX'Ltz.im goods: / - y X', 47; L -t" 4 W / D ^ 4 # , 239 grandma: fe I f i> fe A , 257 graph: / ^ X , 57 gratitude: fe'^v \ / f e ' ^ L , 123 grave: L A C < ('iO, 101 greatly: Ji'A t " A , 51 greenhouse: fe'A L o / j g . ^ , 111; greenhouse gas: fe A L o C 7 J^^'T!/* X/SS^^T^/'X.m greet: fe'^S^X. - S / i f f i X. 4 , 249 ground: - ^ f e / ± , 20 grow: 112 guest: fe v ^ J »f < / T ^ ^ ^ , 268 guide map: A^^J-'V ^ - f / ^ I * l l l l , 79 gymnastics: tz^^^l I60 hacker: '^-y i]—, 146 hairstylist: Xf X 7 L / | | # f i i i , 9 4 hand in: t ^ - f / ^ - f , 196 handout: < I f • 5 / 1 2 - 1 ) , 210
handle: ' ^ > K / I / , 54 handwriting: L / ! ^ , 73 handwritten: T T J ^ ' * ( 0 / ^ # $ c?3, 219 hang: T j M t ^ / t t l t . ? . , 72 happen: fe' C • S / f e C -S, 112 happy: Lhh^ ( ' j . ' ) / ^ - t t (^-0,40 hard: o f e \ ^ / ^ o , 148 hastily, move: i > + 3 T - ê / ' I Ë T 149 have: (hold; a party, etc.) f> fe < / S f l < , 132 health office: ( i I t A L Jt / • K ^ F / f , 234 health-consciousness: I t A C 7 L C 7 / • » * , * ^ l é ) , 76 hear: from what I hear 7 , 3, 12; to hear tell i t . . . ~ « I f ' i ' L T I f / - « l ï r T l f , 12 heater: /c A I Ï 7 / B l ^ , 14 heel: (of a shoe) t — 2 6 0 help: T ' c - t l t ' S / J ^ l t * , 155 herb: •> ^ — 7 , 18 here and there: i ) fe C fe, 8I high-class: C 7 $ i* 7 / i f t f ö , 210 high-rise: C 7 7 / i t - ® , 97 hinder: t ' i - t i r 6/^m-f i.
hit: (strike) t " <*l)/g§:-S, 143; (bump into): .i^'^'lt-S, 147 hmm: 7 — A , 42; 7 A , 23; hmm? A?,19 hockey: lY- y ^ —, 32 hold: (hold something over something) •/I'-^-f, 38; (have, host) fe < / fffl < , 132; (carry out) fe C tr" 7 / I T 7,143 hole: i ) i c / 3 2 ; a hole opens up i )
•^£^'h
honey: I f fex^o, 73 horrible: Ü'v \ 21 hospitalized, be: | : * 7 v ^ A - f - S / X 1%-f-5,93 household: -/l^X^^/^l^, 19 housework: il^ L / ^ ^ , 160 how meanl: 1/ü*v ^ ^ i . * / S v 2 7 human: i : A l t ' A / X H , 47 hurry: I f ^ < - f - & / - ? • < " f - 5 , 240 hurt:ib-5.<-t4/,l, 151 illustration: ^' 7 X (-, 22 image: -f 7 —-y, I86 import: 1$i|C * 7 - f - 5 / # ) X - f - i > , 143 incident: L l t A / ^ # , 148 income: L * 7 lc tji 7 / i R X , 94 inconvenient: iö\^h< (ic) / i t ® . (^•),55 increasingly: i É "f, 51 independent, become: < ^}'z>-f i/ikiL-ti.m India: 'f > K, 12 Indonesia: 4 > F^-.">T, 12 industry: ^ A $' J: 7 / - É ^ , 113 influence: XV ^ $ J: 7 / f . 5 ¥ , 101 inform: -^/c: X •l>/'(5x-5,33 injured person: It'S'^'IC A / l t > ^ ^ ' X , 148 inquiry: 'C\^^h^/f-S,'-^^h^, 234 instead: •/)-'h U l c / - ( ^ | 7 lj |C, 123 instrument, musical: tl'-D è/sféH-, I60 insult: h i < ' f e / , l o , 146 insurance: ( i I t L/'^^k, 47 intensify: tztl^t i/wiXi,76 intention: i U, 123 interest (in), have an: A L h-h^h i/'m<^il'hi,7A international community: C ^ "S v 1 L \ ' 7 J n ^ / I | | l ^ t ^ , 102 international conference: C < ^VTS^V^ $ ' / l l l t ^ l f t , 142 Internet shopping: y h ~> g y t ° y 51 interpret: 7 "V^ < - t . | . / i t l R - f - 5 , 140; interpreter 7 ^ < L Aj>/3t f^*,94 inten/iew: L * -Ö'v ^/^^, 234; interviewer 4 6 A - ( f - ^ ! > ^ A / ® # ' t , 95
investigation: fe J: 7 ^ / I ^ S , 47 investment analyst: L J: 7 I t A T - f U X h / i i E # T - / - U X h,94 invite: L J: 1 fz\^-f i / ^ m f 6. 143; É ^ < / ^ g < , 185; invitation fe' É^$/fetg*,267
invoice: -tf v N $ * -7 L J: / t t s R ^ , I5i involve: (someone in something bad) i $ C f e / # $ y v f e ' , 155 island: L X/%, 112 isn't i t . . . ? : L * f ^ i ' V i ? , 3 issue of ,the: ~ W l t A / ~ < 0 ft,
194
jacket: + "Jr y h, 70 Japanese-style food: 1^15 A L X {
a
/
249
jazz bar: + X' • , 203 join: (an organization) I- 7 i / X ^ - f i . m joke: L J: 7 / r ' A / K t t , 158 jump out: t Ifti-t/mWih-r. 149 just: (as it happens) fe J: 7 ii*, 259 Just like: i i X', 10 keep: (a pet) 7 / I s ] 7 , 3; (a promise, etc.) i t -i>/
kimchi: + A - f , 34 kind: a kind (of) v v L tji / — ^ , 3; all kinds (of) v N ^ L+i/'^L-fi, 53; these kinds of C 7 V ^ -7 , 97 kitchen: + y f " 7 , 53 knock: / y 17 knowledgeable about , be: ~ l - < ^9LvN/--|c#LvMi kombu kelp: C A ö ' / R , ^ , 218 Korean-style barbecue: ^ J I : < / J É 1*1,13 ladies and gentlemen . . . : A'^'iH
/
^^«,249
land: (plot of) Y. fe/±^è, 51; (as opposed to sea) lj < fe/H^è, 112 language study: ^-fi' { / H - ^ , 160 largely: /c" v ^/cV ^ / X # , 225 later: ^ C O C * / - t (0^1., 210 laugh: fe 7 / ^ 7 ,17; sound of laughter f j fe v ^ C * x / ^ v N.^, 17
lax: h t V ^/-a-v N, 161 leadership: ij — / — •> y 7 ° , 212 leave: (leave someone, someplace) X'X V ^ < / tB T I T < , 96; (a hospital) fz
vnNA-f'S/iElt.-r-!., 133 leave behind: fe' $ ^9 " f iH. -5 / 1 $ K i , 149 leave up to: i i5^-tf -S / - f i - t f i lecturer: C 7 L / i S i i f , 150 left over, be: (T) C i / J % i , 97; i ) i 4 / ^ - ? ) , 102
lemon: U^rV, 16 lesser panda: U -y -f—^ letter: t L/X'^. 129
master's degree: L ttp 1 L Z' T 9", 15
librarian: L L J : / B ] # , 9 4
license: * i A $ x / M f , 94 lie: 9 ^ 1 1 lightning: ' S ^ ^ ' i - 9 / f , 17 like always: v t W J: 9 |C, 3 9 like this: Z CO J; 9 1^, 57 living room: v i / - ^ - f f l , 7 2 lock: o - 7 7 , 3 8 lonely: ^ W L v ^ / S ^ L v \ 2 2 5 long life: fe J: 9 t i t Z - f t ^ , 218 long phone call: t i , - i J ' ' T X ; h / - g : « I Ï , 204 longevity: fe J: 9 L 218 look: 9 ('tt'), 2 7 , 3 3 look after: (nurse) jJ'AtA'j: 9 ï " f -S/f-ISÏ-f-5,93
look at: tct/'èöi/^'^i^i, 91 look down on: U ' ^ ^ M c - f - ^ / . i ^ i : - f •&, 205 lookfonwardto: L |:-f LMz-r 6,255 look here: (interjection) l i fe, 16 look like: \z6/U6,22 \ookout:iir>\i6/^tm 6.12
look upon: Ai t 6 / R,'^ 6, 255 lot (of), a: 7c o -i^ ' j , 77 loud voice: Ü Ü Z'X. /:kP, 155 lounge: $ 1* 9 It^ ^ L '^/i^M'Ê., 73 love: ^-f - è / ^ i - - ! ! , 2 4 9 ; (have great affection for) tl'-h^ ^ti'i, 5 7 ; (enjoy the pleasure of) Lf: L J j / I E L ti, 249 low in : T v ^ ' - ' / ' ( È ~ , 2 7 ; low in calories: T v ^ T!/ o 'J —/-fÈ?;/ D 'J - 2 7 lunch: -7 V f " , 132 machine: $ 11 mainstream: L ^) 1 /È-^M,, 2 1 9 make: make i-f 6,85, 89; make a fool of I f T i M c - f - S / , ^ , ^ i : - f - 5 , 2 0 5 ; make noise ^ h <*/ I S C , 157 man: TÏA-lf v N / ^ f t , 2 1 0 manage: H^^X^^-f 6/&'Êi' 6, 85 managing director: L X Ï ±J/"S'S-, 173
manual: V — 3 . T /b, 14 manufacturer: / —f7—, 1 0 2 manuscript: I t X 3 9 39 many: fefe < C O / ^ <
dr-f-,94
matter: is something the matter? ii* 9 f:LTi'fl\ 3 3 ; no matter how... i : X t l c ~ T 4 , 1 0 9 ; t h e matter of <7)ltA/~W ft,
194
may be that , it: (giving an explanation) — « 7 5 ^ 4 L t t . t v \ 2 l meaning: v ^A/M^, 155 medical treatment: fe 'j J: 9 47 meet: 9 / i t 7 , 7 2 melt: Ü I t S / ^ l t - S , ios merchandise: Ltct ( 7 ? / D D 4 I / , 2 3 9 message: T ' A c ' A / ' i S - B , 2 0 1 mess up: S. ^.-f 6, 2 2 5 ; messed up *!) fe-f
<
fe'f
( t ) , 1 4 8
method: ( i 9 l i 9 / ^ 7 È , 8 6 middle ofthe night: J ; ' ^ 7 5 ^ / ^ 4 ' , 19 midst of, in the: fcfi''/'t', 249 miss: (a train, etc.) « U < i l 6 / ^ u a a - 5 , 1 3 4
mistake: (fiasco) t£^^L-o I f v ^/:;>C ^liC, 150; (error) i f e 75nN/Fflit v \ 158; (mix-up) T fe;5n ^ / ^ i t ^ \ 2 6 6 ; make a mistake i X " t •?>, 2 2 5 mix; i - t f l > / > S - ( f . 5 , 2 3 mix-up: Xiöfi''- ^ / ^ i t ^ \ 2 6 6 modest: ^ ^ ^ T J ^ ( t ) , 2 5 5 mold: fl'-lf, 2 0 moment: Ü C . 5 , 1 7 4 monkey: - f / b / ^ t , 3 5 more: more and more i f i f , 5 l ; more or less J É i>, 2 2 3 ; much more " f o Ü, I 6 I ; the more (something is the case) the more ... ^ I f ~ liü",269
moreover: i 7 c / X , 1 0 2 morning and evening: i> i I f A / 1 3 Bl,53
motorcycle: - " i / 7 , 1 5 8 move: v ^ 9 - ï > / # S * - f - 5 , 1 9 4 much, this: 3 A t IC, 1 0 9 must do: L t v ^ Ü, 1 1 4 must not : ~ T l f v M t t ' v ^, 1 0 5 mysterious: .J- L ( t ) / ^ © I R (t),19
name plate: — A 7 ° U— h, 1 4 named : ~ Üv \ 9 Ü 9 ,47 nationwide: -tf A 3 < / : ^ 1 I I , 4 7 native speaker: 7" -i 7 " , 2 4 3 natural resource: L l t * A / ^ ~ ^ > , 111 need: V ^ - 5 / # - i > , 5 5 ; need to do: L tv^ii.iM neither: ü ' f e f e T t t n ^ , 5 6 new product: L A-tf v N U L/l^hW. «°p,11
New Year: L A i ) a A / i t % 2 1 8 ; happy New Year: * . l t i L T f e J ó T Ü 9 Zl^K^if/mm LXÜiör Ü 9 C'^'v ^ i f , 2 1 9 ; have a nice
New Yean f v Ü L * / f t . v ^fe 2 2 1 ; New Year's card: U/Cf)' L X 1 / ^ S i ' c , 2 1 9 ; New Year's Day: f/'LfzL/ftS., 2 1 9 ; New Year's Eve: ÜÜA^ ilVi^M B, 2 2 0 news coverage: L i * i"v ^/WM, 2 3 4 newspaper company: L A ö ' A L f / i r M t t , 234 no: V ^ X, 96; 9 9 A , 2 4 2 ; no comment 7 — 3 7
7 K74;ohno!
L i
I , 203 normally: .ï^-^ 9 / ^ i l , 3 North Pole: l i - ^ * J: < /i\M, 111 not: not at all: Ü A T i t v \ 2 6 6 ; not much i> A i ' j , 223 notes: $ / I B , 2 5 2 not so: not so . . . as .. . Ii i f t V \ 269; that's not so -^r A t C Ü t V \ 55 nothing: nothing but [U^ 'J, 85; nothing serious / c v X / c 3 Ü t v \ 2 2 4 ; there is nothing one can do about it L J; 9 75'^'t^N_224 notice: (n.) (announcement) t i L fe -tf / fe^p fe - t f , 7 2 ; (v.) (take notice) $ fl' -3 7c
< / f t i ^ M t < , 140
now: V •> i ^6/•^Zl6,194; now as always 3 A C* Ü t /Mk Ü t , 174 nowadays: Z(nzl6/Z cOKf, 16I nurse: -^^Llf X 9 i f 6 / - ^ i l n i -f4,93 obligation, sense of: U / ^ ® , 210 obligatory chocolate: ^ ' ij f - 3 3 / ^ ïSf-3
3,210
obtained, be: T l ^ l f v ^ , ^ , / ^ | c X •6, 123 occasion: ^ V ^ / l t , 189; -tf * / ! $ , 249; - t f - ^ / t p , 267 occur: H Z 6/&Z 6, 1 1 2 offer: (recommend) f't^6/$ilif> 6, 2 7 ; (provide) Tv \ $ J: i f 6/ m'kf6.2m oh: h fe, 78 oil:-tf$l1)/^>ti), 115 older, become: Ü L $ Ü - i > / ^ $ f ! . I>,51 Olympics: ^ 'j 7 t° -y 7 , 93 only: 11*75^ U , 85; only just T c i f 75^ U , 234, 236 on-screen: ^ ' ' ' 4 6 A L J: 9 T / ® ® J:T*, 78 oopsl: L i - ^ T ' c Li-^T'c I), 203 open; V- fe < / F J A < , 94; (of a lock) -h^V ^ L i - f - S / ^ E ^ - f - ? . , 3 8 ; opening (of a business) \-tf-o/PfllS:, 249 open access: C 9 '5^v \ / - i ^ f j f l , 7 9 operate: I t v ^ X. v ^ " f -6 / f é ' t ' f , 85 opinion: ( 3 ' ) v ^If A / ( 3 * ) 74 opportunity: f - + 7 X , 2 0 6 opposition: If A / c V ^ / H : * t 76 299
-or: (person who performs a certain job)
plan: $ T S X /:iÈr®, 205; (intention) t
order: (n.) (of food, for one person) v ^ fe A i 38; (v.) (place an order) fe * 9 t Lf i/'jkX-f i>, 78; in order to 7c 46 | C , 85, 90; order of l : * A / ~ ) l i , 14
orderly: $ - t < 7'c 7Ï L v N/jSfliJ JE L 53
ordinarily: Z^-tzL/^^, 210 organic agriculture: L -tf A W 9 I Ï 9 / ê ^ * > * , 86
other: l i 161, IJ SM:, 218; in other words - 5 i ' j , 244; other than v ^-ó' v ^/yA^y, 244; the other day v^Tc'/CWFtS, 55 oughtto: H f , 27, 31 oven: /t" — 7 ' > , 78 overhead: " f C J: 9 /M-t-, 205 owner: (of a pet) Sn ^tó L / t H v ^ i , 4 oyster: 189 • paper: (thesis, essay) 6
L^V-L/^X,
201
parent: HK'/M, 155; parents' house: i: - 3 7> V ^ * , 221 parking violation: fe 9 L 'f'V \ | 1 A
/m.$-mK, 147 partner: ^ , 47 part-time job: T 71/-'<'( h,90 pass: (be successful in: an exam, etc.) 9 •é^i)/^t>^i>, 94; (elapse: of time)
fe < , 78
people: 'é^fzi'fz/'^^,
249
period: C J / B f ^ , 210
person: person in charge 75^5^^(DV' >:/i$
LLK- (m^fz)/f:im
{
234; the person himself/herself l i A l e A / ^ A , 76 perusal: X fe / C / M K , so pesticide: <0 9 ^ < / . t ^ , 66; pesticide-free fe'« -7 ^ < *CO),66
petfood: ''^•y h • 7 — h", 249; petfood development department y h L J; < V-L-é^^''\i'^~l'V<'y V
•kë,fm^,
27 L
Li^/W-^,^,
97
pick on: V ^ l_;46-li, 146 pickpocket: (n.) f U , 147; (v.) h, 139; get pickpocketed " f fe ^ • S , 139 pile up: è - S / ^ t t 108 place: I f L X /^?f^. 31 300
plane ticket: 3 9 < 9 I f A / f C ^ 139
plant: (n.) L J: < X-'o/iU^^, 72, plants (appreciated primarily for their leaves) f 9 L J: < . v - ^ / l l ^ ^#,8i;(v.) 9 X'&/^tX'6,S6 plenty (of): 7c 0 0° U , 77 plum: ' > 7 / : ^ , 110 police: l - t v N $ - o / * ^ , 4 policy: l i 9 L A / : ^ # , 106 polite: TV ^*av N / T * (t), 234
popular: l : A $ W / A ^ W , 32; become popular 11 •^•5, 54; popularity KLi/K%. 32 post: (put up) I f - S / I i ' i ) , 72 poster: r|-°X 7 —, 155 postpone: X. A $ - f -5 /^M-f i , 43 potluck: t fe J: U / ^ T ^ ^ i J , 2 5 9 pour: i^Mt-5, 78 power: fe fe / . ^ , 85 practice: L 9 5 * X / W ' l f , 210 praise: l i i ö i / ^ ^ i , 143 pray: VN(7),z,/;f/j-,|,_2i8
premium: C 9 $ 9 / i ^ R , 210 present, at: I f A5"'v ^ / ï | . ï i , 249 press conference: i L S H Mf A / iZ^^M., 234 prevent: -ï^-tf < ' / B ^ <*, 102 price: UtzL/jé^, 51; price rise: U *7>^-|j/jlt±^
/c-^/li-:3,255
pass away: t i tk'i/t: < •^"•6,47 pass out: (distribute) < li'-S/§£•?>, 210 patiently: t Ji, 23 pedestrian: ( i C 9 L ^ / # I T ^ , 205 peel; (n.) (skin of fruit) fl^h/È-, 78; (v.)
photographer: L
l j , 123
prince: fe' 9 L / i . - ? " , 22 print: (characters on paper) L / ^ , 73 private car: "7 'f 7^7—, 115 probably: / c ö - A , 3 proceed: - f - f
fe'/Üfe',
^a,
143
fftj/iS^
fe', 51
9,21
race: I/—X, 96 rapidly: J i X J i X , 51 rare: 46 " f f e L v ^ / g ^ L v ^ , 3 rathen TS^t U, 9 reach: (a certain time or stage) fe' ^^ X -5 /iffiX-5,249 reading room: X - ^ fe A L - ^ / P f l K S,79
reality, feeling of: L o ^ X / ^ ) ê , 101 rear-end: -^v v Ji -o-f ,z,^ 149
reason: U I* 9 / S A , 212; + 7 l f / | R , 234; for this/that reason T'-f fe, 57; for what reason Ji'9 v ^ 9 hUX'/ Ji"9 V ^ 9 f ^ T , 2 3 4
reassuring: ^LLL
(t)
/'^i<2
(t),
49
receive: 9 I f Ü i / ^ i i ^ i . 123; receiving end ~ ' i /^^,39 recent situation; $ A $ J: 9 / Ü i S , 219 reception: (desk) H z 7 ° v a 7 , 33; (party) U61 X L/^ÈMi, 222 red wine: A 7 / # 7 ^ 7 , 179 refuse: C Ji ^ 9 - 5 / i r - 5 , 234 regarding : ~i:4^/C-f •5/'~lC M-f-5,56 register: Ji 9 4 < " f 4 / f J # - f - 5 , 14; registration fee U 1* "7 TJH N $ A /X#^,151
regret, feeling of: (for imposing on someregular: $ -t < /'c Tc L v
^/m]S.
regulate: * - t f v ^ - f - S / É l f ' J - f - 5 , 1 1 1 ; regulation: $ < / ^ i , ! ' ] , 53 rehabilitation: 'j ^ ^ ' j , 50 relating to : ^-i^LKL/^M 34,47
pronunciation: I f - ^ f e ' A / H - s " , 148 property: Ji fe/±tó, 51 proposal: $ 206; written proposal: $ L J; 241 protect: É t i/>^6, 155 public accountant, certified: 3 9 Id A 7Jn^ltv^L/^^tI^I+±,94
put: put effort (into) fe fe $ v ^ ^ - 5 / i X K i , 155; put on sale If o l f v v - r - 5 / ^ ^ ^ 4 , 2 1 9 ; put to use V ^-i^-f / , 94; putting things away: *> Ji T ^ X c - i I f / ' l l . ^ t # l f , 160 puttogether: <
If-p -
one) $ J: 9 L * < /ISim, 252
51
produce: -tf v N ^ / . - f . ï > / 4 . , É - f •5, 66 p r o d u c t : - t f v ^ f / A / M o " , 11 program: (TV or radio) HL C progress: (move forward)
qualification: O 9 U J: < / t ë ; ^ , 94 question, ask a: L-z) t Lf i/V^fA • f - 5 , 66 quietly: L Ji, 23; ^ Ji, 4 quite: t ^ ^ t . ' ' 5 \ 133; (quite a lot of)
A^h-^i/^S-A-^
put up: (post) 1 1 - 5 / I È - 5 , 72
release: TJH ^ C J: - f - S / l ^ l ^ - f 4 , 38 remain: <0Z i>/J%i>,si remember: fe' 4 \^fif/W,\ ^tfc-f, 55 removed, be: l l t ' ^ - S / ^ / f L - S , 218 repair: L * 9 U - f - S / l l f ^ - f - S , 130 repeat: < U ' ^ ^ X - f / i ^ U ^ " f , 11 replace: (batteries, etc.) Ji U jJ^X - 5 /
^U#X'5/^Umx-5,37 report: (v.) (complain about to police) Ji J i * l t - 2 . / - S l f - 5 , 4 ; (n.) (statement) l i 9 C < 219; reporter: ij*°-^'-,200
representative: tz^^U X 1 /W^, 93 reputation: D-1 1 I f A / l f f i J , 11 request: U 7 x X I-, 257 research: l t A $ * 9 fi/Vk%-f •5, 65
resemble: i/i>!ii>, 22 resolution: t
/nmf-k,
148
rewrite: t t ' f e - f È i " , 260 rigfit away: * o ^ < / - f - s j , 66 ring: (intr.) t - S Z - i l - ï i , 144; (tr.) t fe-f
210
a/Mi.K
mle: $ -t < / ^ S M , 53 run away: | : I f 4 / a i l f 4 , 3 run out: (become extiausted) U l i / ^h-i>, 135; (rush out: into road, etc.) JiÜ^Yc-f/^f/tb-f,149 safe: hLLL ( t ) />^é^ ( t ) , 49 salty: L feiJ^ fe v ^ / ^ ^ v \ is same as always: ^^"^ fe-f/^B^ h fe-f, 224 save: Ji T fe < , 258; save money fei S A - f 4 / I t ^ - f 4 , 9 0 saying: 3 Y. ^ * " , 264 scam: * ¥ / t ^ 3 ^ , 147; be deceived in a scam * 1= *) 9 / t l F # C i : * 9 , 147 scold: L ^ ^ 4 , 1 4 6 sea level: N*bA /'MSl, 112 search for: If A * < " f 4 / ^ t - f 4 , 80
secret: v ^ L J: / l * l l t , 259; UA- ^ / f t S ? , 66; trade secret $ $' J: 9 66
see: I see -ï^ 1 L, 23; let's see 1 — L, 42
seem: J: 9 ( t ) /Afz\^ ( t ) , 3, 10; ( - f ) , 27, 33; seem real C o
< /•k^i'h
140
- f 4 , 110 since: v ^fev ^ / K < ^ , 265 siren: -^4 1/7,20 situation: L L X 1 / • ' I t , 140; L X 1 i Xl /4^>X, 149 ski resort: X L i 9/ X + —
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rope: o —7°, 35
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short, in: i 'J, 244 should: i l - f , 27, 31 shrimp: X. V, 189 sick (of), be: 9 A ^ ' U T'-f, 49 sign: -f-^ 7, 50 signboard: -f 7,50 simulation, run a: v ï a. -> 3 7
sincerely: i 3 Ji | ; / ^ | C , 252
/ • i l b - t , 11
rise: tz-ö^i. - S / i f t ± 4 , 7 6 room: i / F s l , 252 roots: (beginnings) 11 U i 'j / i è i U,
rot: <
settle down: fe' fe < 7 ' i l ^ f e # < , 256 shape: t)^fz fe/f^, 110 shelf: / b ' t / f f l , 34 shhl: L o , 3 shoot: (a ball) -> 3 . — h - f 4 , 1 9 8 shopping center: "7 3 y t ° 7 ^''-fe 7
< . 101
selling space: 9 'J H * / w U ^ , 194 seminar: ; , 95; -b J i-—, 150 sender: -t 9 L A L 256 senior citizen: (fe) Ji L J; U / (fc) U,218
sentence: -V-Li/X, 199 serious: L A C < ( t ) / i S * J ( t ) , 101
service center: -y- — t ' X -fe 7 ^' —, 131 sen/ice hours: ') X 1 U T ^ X / ^ I J S B#Pfl, 79 setup: ^-oi) -o-ri/mSL-fi,, 94
110
skilled: -7 i v \ 31 skirt: X 7!; — h, 51 slander: hi C f e / S o , 146 slogan: ^ C Ji l l / - ê - v ^ - f S , 155 small bird: C Ji U /'hM, 23 smash: h i l i / P ] K i , 148 snap: (of string) S f L 4 / - 1 ^ i ( l 4 , 35; (intr.) (of bone, branch) fe'^4/# ^ 4 , 41, (tr.) (bone, branch) fe' 4 / # 4 , 188 so: (therefore) tztl^iy, 109; (to that extent) ^- A-^i" lc, 110; so as to f j , 252; so much I-, 221 soaking wet: WI X Ititl/W I X >i ^ , 147
s o a p : - t ! : - p l t A / ^ M , 17 society: L f-TSH \ / ^ t ^ , 102 software: 7 7 h •> x T , 95 soil: - o f e / ± , 20 solar panel: V — y—-' iV, 102 solved, be: TJH ^ I f - ^ - f 4 / f r ; ^ - f 4 , 225
something: tcLti^, 19 sometime today: i X 1 L. ^ ^ H ' f , 14
1 /
somewhere: Ji"/>7>\221
soon as (one) knows, as: ir/l^^} L tz V ^ / ^ J ^ T } ^ lj
234
sorry, I'm: C ' ^ A - t r " * <. \ 123; t 9 L ^ l f * > i j i - t f A / t t s L I R * lj i -tfA, 38 so-so: i i i ) , 223 sound; fe Ji / ^ , 3; there is a sound fe' Ji'J^'-f 4 / - t - ^ ^ ' t 4 , 3 sour:-f-:>ll^^/^-p|l^ M 8 South Pole: J: < / i ^ f e , i l l specialization, specialty: -^Lii L/ #P1,47; specialty store -tf A t A T A / # F m , 47 speech: * v ^ i - ^ / ^ # ' , 33
speeding violation: X h°— Kv M I A / X 1;°- Ym.K. 147 spice: X--^^ X , 19 spill: 3 I 4 , 4 1 spite of, in: ti'^'^, 252 spread: 5 / 4 i 4 / 0 ! É 4 , 210 spring and autumn: L nii LL fP 1 / •^jC, 252 squid: v V / ^ \ 155 stacked boxes: LiPl I f C / S | | , 21s staff: X -y 7 , 73; staff member -^^i^
^)
systems engineer; v X T A x y i> .r. T , 94 tableware: L X-o 222 take: (bring) 4 o T v ^ < / t f o T i t < , 129; (steal) Y 6,139; take advantage of v ^tl^i'/^-i^-t, 94; take care $ * • o l t 4 / m $ # l t 4 , 72 take over: (work in someone else's place) talk: talk (to) Utc LflHi i>/ii Lfi-
It-5,165; talk over I t t L * 9 / l i L-ê--7, 155 tart: 9 )ly h, 257 taste: i> U / " ^ , 10 tax accountant: -tfv ^ U L /$tM±,
94
teaching materials: $ J: 9 ^/|!c#, 91 tedious: /hv N < o (-Ax) / i J , ® ( t ) , 145 tell: (inform) -7 7c X • S / ' f S X 4 , 33 temperature: S feA/^ïê, 101 ten percent: ~h^) /~P], 55 -th anniversary: ~ L * 9 ^ l A / ~ j l ' ^ , 249 thank you for your time/assistance: fc •tf;bl:tU É-f/fc'-&lél:tiJ i - f , 66 thanks to : ~ « f c ^ M f T , 49 therefore: (therefore) / c ^ ^fe,109 thesis: 6 LS-L/imX, 201 think of: fc' 4 v ^-^ < / . ^ v N# < , 256 this one: C fe(7),40 thriving: ^ 5 ( t ) / ^ A ( t ) , 4 7 through : ~ I : T , 252 thunder: ii^A t U / ' S ' , 17 tie: fc-f . j ' / 2 4 4 ; way of tying: iJ-tr/ti-fz/^$U'-^,244 time: Ji C 4 , 174; * v \ / l ^ , 139; C i / ^ m , 210;-ti-o/fflJ, 267; this time 3 ATS^V V / 4 ^ 0 , 256; time flies/passes quickly l ± ^ v ^ t
^\^t
L'i'^jxiZLx
i/^mm.t3 transfer: (of money) .s. U C < ^ / ^ U
302
i^<^, 52; (move elsewhere) v ^!::' 9 - t • 5 / # t J - f •?), 194 translate: ^ < - f / | R - f , 199; translator liA^< L^/^|K#,94 trap: '0-/)-'t X 6 / ^ i X 6, 4 traveler: ') X Z i L'C/WrX^,
200
treat: (to a meal) C' fe 9 " f 123; get treated (to a meal) -fe 9 IC t - S , 163 trouble: (concern) t - ^ » ^ / ' f ê i » ^ , 164; cause/give (someone) trouble 46v
<
t:Mii,/m.m-f!^\1i,,Kr,
take the trouble to do h *" I? * ' ~ - f •Ï), 132 truly: i C Ji l = / | g | C , 252 truth be t o l d . . . ; l i A J i 9 l i / ^ ^ i s Ii,l23 tsunami: '^''XA/Wiè-, 12 tum: l t X / # , 222 twenty-first century: 2 1 • f f v N $ / 2 1 ^irle; 101 type (of), a; V ^ L 1* / — I t , 3 typhoon: 7c v \ 5 - 9 / l o s
warn; fe 1* 9 v ^-f 6/'jkM-f i>, I6I waste: tJtzK-f ii/MW^f i , 114 wasteful; 4 o /cV ^ t v \ 114 watch over; At t i / M . ' ^ i , 255 way to do, go out of one's: ^ '5' ^ *'~-f.S,132 website; ^4 h, 110 welcome: fc' X. •& / l ï X. •&, 249 Western sweets; J; 1 tl'L/'/^-M^, 210
what: what could it be? t A / c 4 9 / -ig /£ 9 , 3; what kind of ü' 9 v ^ •? , 234 whatever: o -p /cV v / - — f ^ , 140 while: (during the time that) ^ v 1 tz/ rfl, 140; (while someone does something ...; at the same time that) t i' fe, 86, 91; a little while ago * $ ! i Ji'/^fcfe 194 whispers, in: Zt^V'^, 19 whole, t h e : - t f A / c V '
bfr,55
why: t - t f , 85; that's why T ' t fe, 57 widespread, become: ö>$ rp i f h /
^Ai-6,49 understand, from what I: 9 , 3, 12 undertake; Ji U < fc/I|^UIIfc,249 undo; Ji' < , 244 unfortunately; i)V < , 187 unintentionally; -^v 114 United States: Z < / ^ R B , 173 unpleasant: v ( t ) / ^ ( t ) , 17 unskilled: ^ 7 c ( t ) / T ^ ( [ t ) , 145 unusual: 46-f' fe L v ^ / ^ L v \ 3 using ; ~ I c T , 252 usually: . ^ / - i X / f ^ R 210; . ^ - 5 9 / ^il,3
wind: •i^-Ü'/Mi, 13; wind blows T^^-tf t/^A' < /M.ti''^^ < , 108; wind starts to blow t!'-^'t)'Ti>/B.-ó'^ -S, 109 windowpane: t Y ' t f y X / ^ t f y X , 148 wine cellar: 7 > -fe 7 —, 20 wish for: ^ a i j < 9 / M 9 , 2I8 with : ~ Ji<7),96 wither: t)^Ki>/^K6. 145 without : (-free) fc'~/#~, 66; without fail ^ ^ t fe-f / * - f , 114; without further ado * T ? " < T ' - f
ti'/^i^r-t^', valuable: $ fe J: 9 (tO / : > * ( t ) , 185 various: v ^4 A t / f e A t , 53 vegetarian: - ^ i ^ ^' 'j T V, 86 vending machine: t l ± A S / ê K 4 i , 54 very: Ji o T 4 , 23 veterinary clinic: Ji*9 - i - ' ^ f / j : 9 v ^A / J * # ^ l ^ , 47 viewing: X - ^ f e A / P f l K , so visit: (to someone who is sick or injured)
aAt\^/aiM^\n3 waiter: —, 189 want: (when speaking of someone else) l i L'fy'i, 159; want to do (speaking of someone else) tz'h'i, 159 warmup: *>/c/c46•S/a|;*:>-5, 14 warm winter; fzLY 9 /^M.^, 110 warming: ti Ltz Ltl^/'&i^-it, 101
65
word: Z Ji I f / • f ' ^ , 11; a word (= a few words) UYZ Y / - ~ t , 249 worry; L A l f v ^ - f - S / i ^ S S - f 157 worst possible: * v ^ * < ( t ) / f t , l (t),260 wrap up: (a letter, etc.) L 46 < < •& / l$46< < 4,219 write in/down: ^ lc 9 -f i>/tZ\ - f 4 , 80; please write in: C* $ IC n> 9 < 7'c'iVv/C'|aX< / c ^ V ' years: number of years f 9 ^ A / l i C 55; these past few years Z Z-f i UL/Z zm^, 55 yes; J ) ^ , 22 young: f ) * n v / ^ v \ 2 i 4 zodiac. Oriental: X. Ji, 219 zoo: Y'l ^I'-oxL/WlM
B,
127
Index abstract generalization, 69 adverbial form of an adjective, S9 adversative conjunction W |C, 35 animals, names of, 4 apology, 124, 175 assertions, 31
giving examples, 86 giving, 29 gratitude, 175 greetings: C A l e fe (±, 66;
attendant circumstance, 70 auxiliary honorific verbs, 200
hearsay, 12 hesitation, 28 honorific expressions,
basic pattern, 7,12 beliefs, expressing 32
t
out-group, 174,176
ÜMil^
'j i - f , 66-67; C fe fe C
67
29, 174,176,177-79,
180, 196, 200, 253
honorific language, 174,176,177,18I, 250 humble expressions, 174,178-79, I80
capacity, indicating with Y L T , 4 8 causative/causative-passive structures, 156-57
cause: indicating with 7c*!), 49; indicating with the -te form of a verb, 70 certainty: expressing, 31; expressing degrees of using adverbs, 7 change: coming into effect, 50; continuous, 51; effected, 89 completion of an actioii, 87 compound verb, 102 concluding a business letter, 253 confirming, 8,102 conjunctive form
intention, 128,144
inten/al * v ^/c'/fifl, 123 lack of obligation, 104 -masu stem, used in written Japanese to give a reason/cause, 48 means, 70 messages, leaving and relaying, 196 method of use, 124 modesty, 265
emotive particle t , 27,28 examples of actions, 105 excuses, 128
nominalizer/nominallzing, 69 noun + f i>, oven/iew of, 6 noun phrase, 67, 69 noun-modifying pattern, 7,10, 31,49
giving and receiving services: honorific verbs for, I8I
125-26,176;
question, asking aloud to oneself, 27 question embedded in a statement, 85 quotation marks, 155
in-group, 174,176
t < O T pattern, 7, 35 negating, 68 negative form tt'V '^T'-f, 158 negative imperative form, 168 negative question, 4 negative statement, 4, 34, so New Year's card, 219 nodding, 268
174
215-17; in writing, 213-14
possibility, 50 potential verbs, 34, 89 purpose, 90, 253 puzzlement, 35
V ^vS^Wfe-f L, 155 imperatives, 198-99 impressions, 10, 33 incompletion of an action, 87
decision, 105 demonstratives, 27,30,48, 68, 195 demurring instead of accepting (compliments, etc.), 264 T' L J: 7 pattern, 7,10, 32 desire, stating other people's, 159 desu/masu style, 4 details, indicating in a letter, 253 dictionary form, 50,128,198, 270 dissatisfaction, 35 doubt, 28
falling intonation: to express a supposition 7; to ask a question, raise an issue 8; to softly pose a question, 9 foreign countries with kanji designations,
parentheses, 155 particles, co-occurrence of, 211 passive structures, 141-42 permission, 104 plain style, 4 plain style: in speech 4,140,155,174,
omission; of t:/X"t, 4; of questionmaker i'', 4, 8; of particles, 57, 85, 217; ongoing action, 71, 87 ongoing activity, 235 ongoing effects, verbs that express, 48 order of actions, 70
reason, 49, 212 regret, 35 rhetorical question, 102 rising intonation, 8,195 role, indicating with Y. L T, 48 RSVP postcard, responding with 253-54 seasonal greeting, 253 seeking agreement, 8 set phrases used in letter-writing, 253 similes/figurative comparisons, 10 simultaneous actions, 91 span of time during which an action occurs, 145 spoken styles, 215-17 states in effect, 87 states, verbs that express, 34, 89 suggestion, 107 supposition, 7, 107 surprise, 86 suspicion, 31 thanks for a previous favor, 265 topic-changing, 253 vague, being, 124 wonder, 28 written styles, 213
osec/)/cuisine, 218-19
303
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T H E REVISED 3RD EDITION O F JAPANESE FOR BUSY PEOPLE In the 22 years since its publication, Japanese for Busy People has won acclainn worldwide as an effective, easy-to-understand textbook, either for classroom use or for independent study Now, in its first revision in more than a decade, the series has been redesigned, updated, and consolidated to meet the needs of today's students and businesspeople who want to learn natural, spoken Japanese as effectively as possible in a limited amount of time.
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With Japanese for Busy People III: Revised 3rd Edition, students will learn all the grammar necessary for initiating, carrying out, and concluding daily conversations, in both casual and business settings. The book introduces a range of sentence patterns for expressing suppositions, impressions, and beliefs; indicating cause, reason, or purpose; describing changes; making suggestions; stating decisions or intentions; and for apologizing and making excuses. In addition, it teaches passive, causative, and causativepassive constructions; honorific and humble speech; and special expressions for the giving and receiving of objects and services. Japanese for Busy People III: Revised 3rd Edition features: • A free CD containing 73 minutes of listening practice based on 126 dialogues introduced in the book 1
• 150 kanji, with ample space to practice writing them • Over 120 illustrations to make the learning process both fun and effective • 15 reading exercises • Quizzes that allow learners to test their understanding • Usage, culture, and style notes The Japanese for Busy People series has been prepared under the guidance of a working group of experienced language instructors who reviewed and tested the material in their classrooms. About the Authors The Association for Japanese-Language Teaching (AJALT) was established to meet the practical i needs of people who wish to communicate effectively in Japanese. In 1977 it was recognized i a n n n n r n f i t n r n a n i z s t i n n h\i ianan'<; M i n k t r v n f Education. In 1 9 9 2 it was awarded the Japan j
