Chapter XVII – Of Offences Against Property Section 378:- Theft Section 379:- Punishment for theft Section 380:- Theft in dwelling house, etc. Section 381:- Theft y cler! or ser"ant of property in possession of master Section 382:- Theft after preparation made for causing death, hurt or restraint in order to the committing of the theft Section 383:- #$tortion Section 384:- Punishment for e$tortion Section 385:- Putting person in fear of in%ury in order to commit e$tortion Section 386:- #$tortion y putting a person in fear of death or grie"ous hurt Section 387:- Putting person in fear of death or of grie"ous hurt, in order to commit e$tortion Section 388:- #$tortion y threat of accusation of an offence punishale with death or imprisonment for life, etc Section 389:- Putting person in fear or accusation of offence, in order to commit e$tortion Section 390:- &oery Section 391:- 'acoity Section 392:- Punishment for roery Section 393:- Attempt to commit roery Section 394:- (oluntarily causing hurt in committing roery Section 395:- Punishment for dacoity Section 396:- 'acoity with murder Section 397:- &oery or dacoity, with attempt to cause death or grie"ous hurt Section 398:- Attempt to commit roery or dacoity when armed with deadly weapon Section 399:- )a!ing preparation to commit dacoity Section 400:- Punishment for elonging to gang of dacoits Section 401:- Punishment for elonging to gang of thie"es Section 402:- Assemling for purpose of committing dacoity Section 403:- 'ishonest misappropriation of property Section 404:- 'ishonest misappropriation of property possessed y deceased person at the time of his death Section 405:- Criminal reach of trust Section 406:- Punishment for criminal reach of trust Section 407:- Criminal reach of trust y carrier, etc. Section 408:- Criminal reach of trust y cler! or ser"ant Section 409:- Criminal reach of trust y pulic ser"ant, or y an!er, merchant or agent Section 410:- Stolen property Section 411:- 'ishonestly recei"ing stolen property Section 412:- 'ishonestly recei"ing property stolen in the commission of a dacoity Section 413:- *aitually dealing in stolen property Section 414:- Assisting in concealment of stolen property Section 415:- Cheating Section 416:- Cheating y personation Section 417:- Punishment for cheating Section 418:- Cheating with !nowledge that wrongful loss may ensue to person whose interest offender is ound to protect
Section 419:- Punishment for cheating y personation Section 420:- Cheating and dishonestly inducing deli"ery of property Section 421:- 'ishonest or fraudulent remo"al or concealment of property to pre"ent distriution among creditors Section 422:- 'ishonestly or fraudulently pre"enting det eing a"ailale for creditors Section 423:- 'ishonest or fraudulent e$ecution of deed of transfer containing false statement of consideration Section 424:- 'ishonest or fraudulent remo"al or concealment of property Section 425:- )ischief Section 426:- Punishment for mischief Section 427:- )ischief causing damage to the amount of fifty rupees Section 428:- )ischief y !illing or maiming animal of the "alue of ten rupees Section 429:- )ischief y !illing or maiming cattle, etc., of any "alue or any animal of the "alue of fifty rupees Section 430:- )ischief y in%ury to wor!s of irrigation or y wrongfully di"erting water Section 431:- )ischief y in%ury to pulic road, ridge, ri"er or channel Section 432:- )ischief y causing inundation or ostruction to pulic drainage attended with damage Section 433:- )ischief y destroying, mo"ing or rendering less useful a light-house or sea-mar! Section 434:- )ischief y destroying or mo"ing, etc., a land-mar! fi$ed y pulic authority Section 435:- )ischief y fire or e$plosi"e sustance with intent to cause damage to amount of one hundred or +in case of agricultural produce ten rupees Section 436:- )ischief y fire or e$plosi"e sustance with intent destroy house, etc. Section 437:- )ischief with intent to destroy or ma!e unsafe a dec!ed "essel or one of twenty tons urden Section 438:- Punishment for the mischief descried in section / committed y fire or e$plosi"e sustance Section 439:- Punishment for intentionally running "essel aground or ashore with intent to commit theft, etc. Section 440:- )ischief committed after preparation made for causing death or hurt Section 441:- Criminal trespass Section 442:- *ouse-trespass Section 443:- 0ur!ing house-trespass Section 444:- 0ur!ing house-trespass y night Section 445:- *ouse-rea!ing Section 446:- *ouse-rea!ing y night Section 447:- Punishment for criminal trespass Section 448:- Punishment for house-trespass Section 449:- *ouse-trespass in order to commit offence punishale with death Section 450:- *ouse-trespass in order to commit offence punishale with imprisonment for life Section 451:- *ouse-trespass in order to commit offence punishale with imprisonment Section 452:- *ouse-trespass alter preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint Section 453:- Punishment for lur!ing house-trespass or house-rea!ing Section 454:- 0ur!ing house-trespass or house-rea!ing in order to commit offence punishale with imprisonment
Section 419:- Punishment for cheating y personation Section 420:- Cheating and dishonestly inducing deli"ery of property Section 421:- 'ishonest or fraudulent remo"al or concealment of property to pre"ent distriution among creditors Section 422:- 'ishonestly or fraudulently pre"enting det eing a"ailale for creditors Section 423:- 'ishonest or fraudulent e$ecution of deed of transfer containing false statement of consideration Section 424:- 'ishonest or fraudulent remo"al or concealment of property Section 425:- )ischief Section 426:- Punishment for mischief Section 427:- )ischief causing damage to the amount of fifty rupees Section 428:- )ischief y !illing or maiming animal of the "alue of ten rupees Section 429:- )ischief y !illing or maiming cattle, etc., of any "alue or any animal of the "alue of fifty rupees Section 430:- )ischief y in%ury to wor!s of irrigation or y wrongfully di"erting water Section 431:- )ischief y in%ury to pulic road, ridge, ri"er or channel Section 432:- )ischief y causing inundation or ostruction to pulic drainage attended with damage Section 433:- )ischief y destroying, mo"ing or rendering less useful a light-house or sea-mar! Section 434:- )ischief y destroying or mo"ing, etc., a land-mar! fi$ed y pulic authority Section 435:- )ischief y fire or e$plosi"e sustance with intent to cause damage to amount of one hundred or +in case of agricultural produce ten rupees Section 436:- )ischief y fire or e$plosi"e sustance with intent destroy house, etc. Section 437:- )ischief with intent to destroy or ma!e unsafe a dec!ed "essel or one of twenty tons urden Section 438:- Punishment for the mischief descried in section / committed y fire or e$plosi"e sustance Section 439:- Punishment for intentionally running "essel aground or ashore with intent to commit theft, etc. Section 440:- )ischief committed after preparation made for causing death or hurt Section 441:- Criminal trespass Section 442:- *ouse-trespass Section 443:- 0ur!ing house-trespass Section 444:- 0ur!ing house-trespass y night Section 445:- *ouse-rea!ing Section 446:- *ouse-rea!ing y night Section 447:- Punishment for criminal trespass Section 448:- Punishment for house-trespass Section 449:- *ouse-trespass in order to commit offence punishale with death Section 450:- *ouse-trespass in order to commit offence punishale with imprisonment for life Section 451:- *ouse-trespass in order to commit offence punishale with imprisonment Section 452:- *ouse-trespass alter preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint Section 453:- Punishment for lur!ing house-trespass or house-rea!ing Section 454:- 0ur!ing house-trespass or house-rea!ing in order to commit offence punishale with imprisonment
Section 455:- 0ur!ing house-trespass or house-rea!ing after preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint Section 456:- Punishment for lur!ing house-trespass or house-rea!ing y night Section 457:- 0ur!ing house-trespass or house-rea!ing y night in order to commit offence punishale with imprisonment Section 458:- 0ur!ing house-trespass or house-rea!ing y night after preparation for hurt, assault, or wrongful restraint Section 459:- 1rie"ous hurt caused whilst committing lur!ing house-trespass or house-rea!ing Section 460:- All persons %ointly concerned in lur!ing house-trespass or house-rea!ing y night punishale where death or grie"ous hurt caused y one of them Section 461:- 'ishonestly rea!ing open receptacle containing property Section 462:- Punishment for same offence when committed y person entrusted with custody
Notes
Theft UNIT-III Question No.19:No.19:- Discuss the ingredients ingredients of theft with the help of decided case? case? Also Also distinguish etween theft and e!tortion. Answer :- Theft is an offenc offence e in which "o#eale propert$ of a person is ta%en awa$ without his consent. &uch propert$ "ust e ta%en awa$ dishonest$. Thus in theft there would e a "o#eale propert$. propert$. It should e ta%en dishonestl$ dishonestl$ and without the consent of the ow owner ner.. Th Theft eft has e een en de defin fined ed in &ec &ectio tion n '( '() ) of I*+ I*+.. &i" &i"ult ultan aneou eousl$ sl$ the punish"ent for the co""it"ent of act of theft has also een defined in &ection '(9 of I*+. D,INITIN T/,T U0& '() I*+ 2hoe#er intending to ta%e dishonestl$ an$ "o#eale propert$ out of the possession of an$ person without that person3s consent4 "o#es that propert$ in order to such ta%ing is said to co""it theft.5 IN67,DI,NT& D,INITIN 1. There The re "us "ustt e e a dis disho hone nest st in inten tentio tion n of of a per perso son n to to ta% ta%e e the the pr prop opert ert$ $. 8. 7e"o#al of of "o "o#ale pr propert$. '. &uc &u ch "o "o#a ale le pr pro opert rt$ $ "u "ust e e ta ta%e %en n aw awa$ a$.. . The Th e prop proper ert$ t$ "us "ustt e ta%e ta%en n awa$ awa$ fro" fro" the the pos posse sess ssio ion n of a pers person on.. In othe other r words there "ust e a possession of that propert$. . &uch &u ch pro prope pert rt$ $ "us "ustt e ta ta%e %en n awa$ awa$ wit witho hout ut the the con conse sent nt of of such such pe pers rson on.. A. Dishonest Intentio Intention:n:- It is also called as "alafied intentio intention n which can e representation in the for" of "ensrea. This "ensrea is the ase of the theft. The petitioner "ust pro#e that a thing was ta%en awa$ with the dishonest intention. /owe#er intentio intention n is a "ental ele"ent which is difficu difficult lt to pro#e ut circu"stantial circu"sta ntial e#idences e#idences are considered considered for this purpose. The "ain "easure"ent "easure"ent of
dishonest intention is to "a%e a wrongful loss to another person then such act is considered to e done with dishonest intention. ;.<= ;.< =A A;>, *7 *7*,7 *,7T T::- Th The e su su@e @ect ct of th theft eft is "o# "o#al ale e pr prop opert ert$ $. I"" I""o# o#al ale e propert$ cannot e stolen. A "o#ale propert$ is a propert$ which is ale to "o#e easil$ or which is not i""o#ale. It "eans the thing per"anentl$ attached to the earth is i""o#ale propert$4 propert$4 is not the su@ect of theft. It eco"es capale capale of eing the su@ect of theft when it is se#ered fro" the earth. +. ;e ta%en awa$ out of *ossession of another *erson:- The propert$ "ust e in the possession of another person fro" where it is re"o#ed. There is no theft of wild ani"als4 irds or fish while at a large ut there is a theft of ta"ed ani"als. I>>U&T7ATIN I>>U&T7A TIN :- A3 finds a ring l$ing on the road which which was in the possession of an$ pers rso on. A $ ta%i %in ng it co""i "its ts no thef eftt4 tho hou ugh he "a "a$ $ co" o""i "itt cr crii"i "in nal "isappropriation of propert$. D. IT &/ &/U> U>D D ;, TA TAB, B,N N 2IT/ 2IT/U UT T +N& +N&,N ,NT T T/ T/A AT *,7 *,7& &N: N:-- The The cons consen entt "a$ e e!press or i"plied and "a$ e gi#en either of the person in possession4 or $ an$ person ha#ing for that purpose e!press or i"plied authorit$. I>>U&T7ATIN N. 1:- A3 eing on friendl$ ter"s with C4 goes into C3s lirar$ in C3s asence4 and ta%es awa$ a oo% without C3s e!press consent for the purpose of "erel$ reading it with the intention of returning itE/ere it is proale that A "a$ ha#e concei#ed that he had C3s i"plied consent to use C3s oo%. If this was A3s i"pression4 A has not co""itted theft. I>>U&T7ATIN N.8:- A3 as%s charit$ fro" C3s wife4 she gi#es A "one$4 food and clothes4 which A %nows to elong to C4 her husand. /ere it is proale that A "a$ concei#e that C3s wife is authorised to gi#e awa$ al"s. If this was A3s i"pression. A has not co""itted theft. I>>U&T7ATIN I>>U&T7A TIN N.' :- A3 is the para"our of C3s wife and she gi#es A4 A4 the #aluale propert$44 which A %nows that these elongs propert$ elongs to her husand C4 although she has not authorit$ fro" C to gi#e the sa"e. If ta%es the propert$ dishonestl$4 he co""its theft. I>>U&T7ATIN I>>U&T7A TIN N.:- A sees a ring elonging elonging to C l$ing on the tale in C3s house. A hides the ring in a place where it is highl$ i"proale that it will e#er e found $ C4 with the intention of ta%ing the ring fro" the hiding place and selling it when the loss is forgotten. /ere A at the ti"e of first "o#ing the rings4 co""its theft. *UNI&/<,NT 7 T/, ,N+, T/,T The punish"ent for co""itting theft in Indian *enal +ode under section '(9 for offence of theft is an i"prison"ent which "a$ e!tend to three $ears or with fine or oth. ,FT7TIN U0& ')' According Acco rding to &ection ')' of I*+45 2hoe#er intestinall$ intestinall$ puts an$ person person in fear of an$ in@ur$ to that person or to an$ other and there$ dishonestl$ induces the person so put in fear to deli#er to an$ person an$ propert$ or #aluale securit$4 or an$thing signed or sealed which "a$ e con#erted into #aluale securit$ co""its4 ,!tortion5. ,&&,NTIA>& ,FT7TIN 1. The Th ere "u "ust st e a show of fo forc rce e or or thr threa eatt. 8. &uch &u ch fo forc rce e or or thr threa eatt sho shoul uld d e e in in the the fo for" r" of fe fear ar of in in@u @ur$ r$..
'. &uch &u ch in in@u @ur$ r$ "a$ "a$ e e for for the the pers person on who who is is put put unde underr the the fear fear or or for for an$ an$ othe other r persons in which the for"er person has interest. . &uch &u ch for force ce sho shoul uld d e sho shown wn wit with h a #iew #iew to to ta%e ta%e a thi thing ng for for pro prope pert$ rt$ or #al #alua ual le e securit$ or sign or seal or a docu"ent. . The Th ere "u "ust st e dis ish hones estt int nte enti tio on. Thus if the ao#e ele"ents are present then it is an offence of e!tortion4 dishonest intention is also an essential ele"ent of e!tortion. Dishonest intention is "easured fro" the circu"stances and facts of each case. An$thing ta%en fro" a person at the point of pistol is an e.g. of e!tortion.
I>>U&T7ATIN& :IE A33 thr A threat ate ens to pu ullis ish h a def efa a"a "ato tor$ r$ li liel con concerni nin ng C un unle less ss C gi# i#es es hi" hi" "one$. /e thus induces C to gi#e hi" "one$. A3 has co""itted e!tortion. IIEE II A33 thr A threa eate tens ns C th that at he he will will %ee %eep p C3s C3s chil child d in wro wrong ngfu full conf confin ine" e"en entt unle unless ss C wil willl sign sig n and deli#er deli#er to A a pro"issor$ pro"issor$ note inding inding C to pa$ "one$ to A3. A3. C sign signs s and deli#ers the note. A3 has co""itted the offence of e!tortion. *UNI&/<,NT 7 T/, ,N+, ,FT7TI ,FT7TIN N A has co""itted the offenc offence e of e!tortion e!tortion.. *unish"en *unish"entt for ,FT7TIN under section ') of I*+45 2hoe#er co""its e!tortion4 shall e punished with i"prison"ent of either description for a ter" which "a$ e!tend to three $ears4 or with fine or with oth. DI,7,N+, ;,T2,,N T/,T G ,FT7TIN T/,T ,FT7TIN 1. The Th e of offe fend nder er3s 3s in inte tent ntio ion n is to +ons +o nsen entt is o ota tain ined ed $ pu putt ttin ing g th the e Ta%e Ta %e awa$ so"ething without person4 in possession of propert$. The owner3s consent. In fear of in@ur$ to hi"self or to an$ ther person4 i.e. there is wrongful taining of consent. 8. Thef Th eftt is lili"i "ite ted d on onl$ l$ to "o "o#e #e-;oth ;o th "o "o#a #al le e an and d i" i""o "o#a #al le e Ale propert$ propert$.. *ropert$ "a$ e the the su@ect su@ect of the ffence of e!tortion. '.There is no ele"ent of force There is the ele"ent of force4 for In theft. *ropert$ is otained $ putting a *erson in fear of in@ur$ to that *erson4 or to an$ other. . The Th e of offe fend nder er ta ta%e %es s th the e Delili#e De #er$ r$ of pr prop oper ert$ t$ as di dist stin inct ct fr fro" o" *ropert$ without the ownerta%ing awa$ propert$ is of its &hip3s consent and hence essence. There is no deli#er$ $ the wner.
*ro@ect on theft - &ection '() of I*+ INT7DU+TIN In co""on usage4 theft is the ta%ing of another personHs propert$ without that personHs per"ission or consent with the intent to depri#e the rightful owner of it. The word is also used as an infor"al shorthand ter" for so"e cri"es against propert$4 such as urglar$4 e"ele"ent4 larcen$4 looting4 roer$4 shoplifting and fraud. In so"e @urisdictions4 theft is considered to e s$non$"ous with larcen$J in others4 theft has replaced larcen$. or the offence of theft there is punish"ent of i"prison"ent of either description which "a$ e!tend to ' $ears4 with fine4 or oth according to the Indian *enal +ode. The offence of theft is e#en though cogniale K1L and nonailale K8L it is co"poundaleK'L. &o according to the cri"inal @ustice @urisprudence when the offence is co"poundale then generall$ it cannot e ter" as serious categor$ of an offence. therwise also the seriousness and gra#it$ of an offence can e assessed $ the fact and circu"stances in#ol#e in an$ incidence of cri"e. ,#er$ citien in a free countr$ is ha#ing right to do fair4 law ased anal$sis of an$ @udg"ent gi#en $ an$ courts in India without challenging the integrit$ of the person wor%ing as @udge. According to &,+TIN '() INDIAN *,NA> +D,4 2hoe#er4 intending to ta%e dishonestl$ an$ "o#eale propert$ out of the possession of an$ person without that person3s consent4 "o#es that propert$ in order to such ta%ing4 is said to co""it theft. ;M,+TI=, Theft literall$ "eans ta%ing awa$ so"eone3s propert$ without his or her consent. The "ain o@ecti#e of this pro@ect is to anal$se the legal approaches to cri"inalise theft. It anal$ses the e!isting cri"inal law pro#isions to e#aluate how far these pro#isions are effecti#e. &ection '(9 is all aout punish"ent for theft. This stud$ is to understand how section '(9 has pla$ed a role in curtailing the offence of theft in our +ountr$. +NT,NT ANA>&I& &ection '() of I*+ reads: 2hoe#er4 intending to ta%e dishonestl$ an$ "o#eale propert$ out of the possession of an$ person without that person3s consent4 "o#es that propert$ in order to such ta%ing4 is said to co""it theft. ,!planation 1 A thing so long as it is attached to the earth4 not eing "o#ale propert$4 is not the su@ect of theftJ ut it eco"es capale of eing the su@ect of theft as soon as it is se#ered fro" the earth. ,!planation 8 A "o#ing effected $ the sa"e act which affects the se#erance "a$ e a theft. ,!planation ' A person is said to cause a thing to "o#e $ re"o#ing an ostacle which pre#ented it fro" "o#ing or $ separating it fro" an$ other thing4 as well as $ actuall$ "o#ing it. ,!planation A person4 who $ an$ "eans causes an ani"al to "o#e4 is said to "o#e that ani"al4 and to "o#e e#er$thing which4
in conseuence of the "otion so caused4 is "o#ed $ that ani"al. ,!planation The consent "entioned in the definition "a$ e e!press or i"plied4 and "a$ e gi#en either $ the person in possession4 or $ an$ person ha#ing for that purpose authorit$ either e!press or i"plied. IN67,DI,NT& The essential ingredients of the offence of theft as e"odied in s '()4 I*+4 is well-e!plained $ the &upre"e +ourt in a leading decision in BN
, *7*,7T
al ;hargawa #. &tate of 7a@asthanK11L4 the accused was a superintendent in a go#ern"ent office. At the instance of so"eod$4 he got a file fro" the secretariat through the cler% and too% the file to his house for a da$ and "ade it a#ailale to a person to facilitate the re"o#al of so"e papers and the insertion of so"e. Thereafter4 the file was replaced. The uestion efore the &upre"e +ourt was whether the act a"ounted to theft. The &upre"e +ourt held that to co""it theft4 one need not ta%e "o#ale propert$ per"anentl$ out of the possession of another4 with the intention not to return it to hi". It would satisf$ the definition if he too% an$ "o#ale propert$ out of the possession of another person4 though he intended to return it later. 2hen the file was unlawfull$ ta%en awa$ fro" the depart"ent4 he depri#ed the depart"ent of the possession of the file and caused wrongful loss to the depart"ent. &o4 it was held that it a"ounted to an offence under s '()4 I*+. The &upre"e +ourt4 in line with the *$are >al dictu"4 in &tate of
There is no presu"ption in India4 that a husand and wife constitute one person and as such there can e no prosecution for theft as etween the". /ence4 if a wife re"o#es her husand3s propert$ fro" his house with dishonest intention4 she will e guilt$ of theft. In this case4 a /indu wife4 during her husand3s asence4 re"o#ed his propert$ fro" his house to that of her para"our. n the husand3s return4 he charged the" oth with theft and the$ were con#icted of that offence $ the trial court. The con#iction was upheld $ the
,ffect: In e!tortion4 the propert$ is deli#ered. In theft4 there is dishonest re"o#al of propert$. *UNI&/<,NT 7 T/,T According to &,+TIN '(9 INDIAN *,NA> +D,4 2hoe#er co""its theft shall e punished with i"prison"ent of either description for a ter" which "a$ e!tend to three $ears4 or with fine4 or with oth. According to this section4 an$ person who co""its the offence of theft will e punished with an i"prison"ent for a ter" of three $ears or with a fine specified $ the court or with oth. A person can e punished under this section onl$ if he has co""its theft as per section '(). 7<& T/,T According to &,+TIN ')P INDIAN *,NA> +D,4 2hoe#er co""its theft in an$ uilding4 tent or #essel4 which uilding4 tent or #essel is used as a hu"an dwelling4 or used for the custod$ of propert$4 shall e punished with i"prison"ent of either description for a ter" which "a$ e!tend to se#en $ears4 and shall also e liale to fine. or attracting s ')P it is necessar$ to pro#e that theft3 was co""itted in a uilding34 tent3 or #essel3 used as hu"an dwelling3 or for custod$ of propert$3. The e!pression uilding3 con#e$s a structure4 whether co#ered or unco#ered4 "ade of an $ "aterial whatsoe#er. The ter" postulates so"e structure intended for affording so"e sort of protection to the persons dwelling inside it or for the propert$ placed there for custod$. Therefore a structure which does not afford such a protection4 though it ser#es as a fencing or other "eans of pre#enting ingress or egress4 cannot e a uilding3 within the "eaning of s ')P. According to &,+TIN ')1 INDIAN *,NA> +D,4 2hoe#er4 eing a cler% or ser#ant4 or eing e"plo$ed in the capacit$ of a cler% or ser#ant4 co""its theft in respect of an$ propert$ in the possession of his "aster or e"plo$er4 shall e punished with i"prison"ent of either description for a ter" which "a$ e!tend to se#en $ears4 and shall also e liale to fine. To attract this section4 not onl$ the ele"ents should e pro#ed ut also that the accused was a cler% or ser#ant or e"plo$ed in the capacit$ of a cler% or ser#ant and he has re"o#ed the "o#ale propert$ out of possession of his "aster or e"plo$er. A ser#ant or cler%4 thus4 has "ore eas$ opportunit$ for stealing than other persons would. A cler% of the tahsil office4 who too% official papers out of possession of his fellow cler% without consent of the concerned tahsildar to show the" to an ad#ocate of one of the parties to the case4 was held guilt$ under s ')1. /owe#er4 despite the fact that it is considered an aggra#ated for" of theft4 the 6u@arat /igh +ourt4 ta%ing into consideration the harsh circu"stances under which an e"plo$ee co""itted theft of a pett$ su"4 too% a lenient #iew of the "atter. According to &,+TIN ')8 INDIAN *,NA> +D,4 2hoe#er co""its theft4 ha#ing "ade preparation for causing death4 or hurt4 or restrain4 or fear of death4 or of hurt4 or of restraint4 to an$ person4 in order to the co""itting of such theft4 or in order to the effecting of his escape after the co""itting of such theft4 or in order to the retaining of propert$ ta%en $ such theft4 shall e punished with rigorous i"prison"ent for a ter" which "a $ e!tend to ten $ears4 and shall also e liale to fine. The aggra#ating fact in this section is that the accused who went to steal was also prepared to cause personal in@ur$ or inti"idation of the #icti"4 if4 the situation so warranted. The preparation "a$ e in the nature of ar"ing hi"self with a stic%4 %nife or an$ other weapon4 that is sufficient to cause har" or in@ur$. It is i"portant to note that "ere preparation $ a thief to cause har" indicated in the section is enough to ring hi" under the pur#iew of s ')8. It is neither necessar$ nor reuired under the section that hurt e caused or atte"pted to e caused. ;ut if he4 while
co""itting theft4 causes hurt4 he eco"es liale for co""itting roer $. &ection ')8 is distinguished fro" that of roer$. If the accused goes e$ond the preparation stage and actuall$ causes hurt4 in@ur$4 then it will a"ount to an offence of roer$. ;ut4 if it stops with preparation and the accused does not go e$ond it4 e#en if it was ecause there was no necessit$ to cause #iolence then it will e co#ered $ this section. 7,>AT,D +A&,& In 7K8(L4 it was held that if a person dishonestl$ re"o#es an$ "o#ale propert$ out of the possession of an$ person without that personHs consent4 the said person would co""it theft. The ,!planation 1 to the said section sa$s A thing so long as it is attached to the earth4 not eing "o#ale propert$ is not the su@ect of theftJ ut it eco"es capale of eing the su@ect of theft as soon as it is se#ered fro" the earth5. This e!planation "a%es it further clear that4 if the ore is re"o#ed fro" the earth4 then it would e a su@ect-"atter of theft. Illustration aE to &ection '() of I*+ "a%es it #er$ clear that as soon as petitioner has se#ered the iron ore fro" the land in order to transport the sa"e4 it is to e said that he has co""itted a theft. In this #iew of the "atter4 the contention of the petitioner that the cri"e does not fall within the definition of HtheftH is liale to e re@ected and therefore the accused is liale to e punished under section '(9 of I*+.
In the case of <0&. &undara" inance >td. #s U&IN The actus reus of theft is usuall$ defined as an unauthoried ta%ing4 %eeping or using of anotherHs propert$ which "ust e acco"panied $ a "ens rea of dishonest$ and0or the intent to per"anentl$ depri#e the owner or the person with rightful possession of that propert$ or its use. These ingredients are necessar$ to co""it the offence of theft under section '() of I*+. If an$ of these ingredients is not found4 then it would not co"e under the pur#iew of sec '() of I*+ and the accused cannot e punished under sec '(9 of I*+.
Extortion and robbery OF EXTORTION Section 383-390 of Indian penal code deals with different types of etortion! where section 383 "whoe#er intentionally p$ts any person in fear of any in%$ry to that person! or to any other! and there&y dishonestly ind$ce the person so p$t in fear to any person any property to #al$a&le sec$rity! or anythin' si'ned or sealed which (ay &e con#erted into a #al$a&le sec$rity! co((its "etortion)* For instance + threatens to p$&lish a defa(atory li&el concernin' , $nless , 'i#es hi( (oney* e th$s ind$ces , to 'i#e hi( (oney* e has co((itted etortion* Th$s we can find the ele(ents of etortion* In fear of in%$ry to that person or any other person .ishonestly ind$ce(ent of person to p$t in fear To delie#er any person !property! of #al$a&le sec$rity Or anythin' si'hned which (ay &e con#erted into a #al$a&le sec$rity /+SE REFERE. In a #ery fa(o$s case +.1N+N.+N SIN2 +N. OTERS * E4E45EROR +IR 6976*5+R* 69* It was decided that what will &e the criteria of p$t in f ear of a person It was decided that to con#ict a person in etortion it ($st &e pro#ed that the #icti(s were p$t in fear of in%$ry to the(sel#es or to others* +lso decided that (ere threat of di#ine displeas$re does not a(o$nt to etortion* F+/T OF TE /+SE : Narain .$sadh and Sheonand Sin'h! ;ere ret$rnin' after the inspection of so(e fields when the two petitioners and others assa$lted the(* The petitionet 'a#e a &low to Narain on the ri'ht le' and then other people assa$lted Sheonandan* ad$nandan! after this forci&ly too< the th$(& i(pression of Narain on one piece of &lan< paper and of Sheonandan on three &lan< papers* On these findin's the two petitioners and two others were con#icted for etortion $nder s 387 of I5/* T+N1=+= 1.+ SIN2 E45EROR is also rele#ant ea(ple of etortion* In this case it was said the har( threatened or ca$sed to &e threatened ($st &e for( so(ethin' ille'ally done* +ccordin' to se 73 of Indian penal code ille'al (eans anythin' which is an offence or which is prohi&ited &y law! or which f$rnishes 'ro$nd for ci#il action* To pre#ent these
TEFT +N. EXTORTION .ISTIN21ISE. Etortion is th$s distin'$ish fro( theftEtortion is co((itted &$t h wron'f$l o&tainin' of consent* >$t In theft the offender ta
1. Intentionall$ putting a person in fear of in@ur$4 8. The purpose of which is to dishonestl$ induce the person put in fear4 '. To deli#er propert$ or #aluale securit$. The offence of e!tortion is inter"ediar$ etween the offence of theft and roer$. ,!tortion eco"es roer$4 if the offender at the ti"e of co""itting the offence puts the person in fear and co""its the e!tortion $ causing fear of instant death4 hurt or wrongful restraint. /owe#er4 in roer$4 the propert$ can e re"o#ed $ force without the person deli#ering the propert$. ;efore a person can e said to put an$ person in fear of an$ in@ur$ to that person4 it "ust appear that he held out so"e threat to do or o"it to do what he is legall$ ound to do a thing which he is not legall$ ound to do and sa$s that if "one$ is not paid to hi"4 he would not do that thing4 such act would not a"ount to an offence of e!tortion. The fear of in@ur$ conte"plated under &ection ')' need not necessaril$ e odil$ har" or hurt. It will include in@uries to "ind4 reputation or propert$ of the person. The fear "ust e of such a nature and e!tent as to unsettle the "ind of the person on who" it operates and ta%es awa$ fro" his acts that ele"ent of free #oluntar$ action which alone constitutes consent. The fear3 "ust e of such a nature and e!tent as to unsettle the "ind of the person on who" it operates4 and ta%es awa$ fro" his acts4 that ele"ent of free #oluntar$ action which alone constitutes consent. The word in@ur$3 is defined in &ection of I*+ as denoting an$ har" whate#er illegall$ caused to an$ person4 in od$4 "ind4 reputation or propert$. The in@ur$ conte"plated "ust e one which
the accused hi"self can inflict or cause to e inflicted and the threat of di#ine punish"ent will not co"e under it. The essence of &ection ')' is dishonest induce"ent and otaining deli#er$ of propert$ in conseuence of such induce"ent. Therefore4 an intention to cause wrongful loss or gain is essentialJ "erel$ causing of wrongful loss would not e sufficient. or an offence under &ection ') actual deli#er$ of propert$ $ the person put in fear of in@ur$ is essential. 2here a person through fear offers no resistance to the carr$ing off of his propert$4 ut does not deli#er an$ of the propert$ to those who carr$ it awa$4 the offence co""itted is not e!tortion ut roer$. The offence of e!tortion is not co"plete until deli#er$ of propert$ $ the person put in fear. It is not necessar$ that the threat should e used4 and the propert$ recei#ed4 $ one and the sa"e person. The threat "a$ e used $ one person and the propert$ "ust e deli#ered in conseuence of such a threat4 i.e.4 the deli#er$ of propert$ to the person who puts in fear of in@ur$ to the one who deli#ers that propert$ is not necessar$4 it "a$ e deli#ered to an$ person at the insistence of the for"er and in conseuence of the threat used. All those persons who use threat and to who" propert$ is deli#ered will e liale for the offence of e!tortion. The thing deli#ered under &ection ')' "a$ e an$ propert$ or #aluale securit$4 or an$thing signed or sealed with "a$ e con#erted into a #aluale securit$. =aluale securit$ is defined in &ection 'P of the +ode thus: The words #aluale securit$3 denote a docu"ent which is4 or purports to e4 a docu"ent where$ an$ legal right is created4 e!tended4 transferred4 restricted4 e!tinguished or released4 or where$ an$ person ac%nowledges that he lies under legal liailities4 or has not a certain legal right. or e!a"ple4 A writes his na"e on the ac% of a ill of e!change and the effect of this endorse"ent is to transfer the right to the ill an$ person who "a$ eco"e the lawful holder of it4 the endorse"ent is a #aluale securit$3. The e!pression an$thing signed or sealed3 denotes that e#en inco"plete deeds "a$ e the su@ect of e!tortion. If a "inor o$ is eaten and forced to e!ecute a pronote4 the person using such force would e liale under &ection 8)'4 ut forcile ta%ing of thu" i"pression on a piece of paper which can e con#erted into a #aluale securit$ does not a"ount to e!tortion ut to an offence under &ection '8 of the +ode.
;ut inco"plete deeds "a$ e the su@ect of e!tortion. or instance4 A signs his na"e to a pro"issor$ note in which date and a"ount etc. are not filled up and deli#ers it to ;4 the offence of e!tortion is co""itted ecause pro"issor$ note can e co"pleted and used as #aluale securit$
51NIS4ENT FOR .IFFERENT T@5ES OF EXTORTION Section 387 to 389 of Indian penal code awards p$nish(ent for etortion it says whoe#er co((its etortion shall &e p$nished with i(prison(ent of ether description for a ter( which (ay etended to three years! or with fine! or with &oth* 4ore o#er section 38A says whoe#er! in order to the co((ittin' of etortion! p$ts any person in fear! or atte(pts to p$t any person in feat of any in%$ry shall &e p$nished with i(prison(ent of either for a ter( which (ay etend to two years or with f ine or with &oth* Scope of this section- if the co(plete offence for instance fear ca$sed and a conseB$ent deli#ery of the property is co((itted then it is p$nisha&le $nder section 387* If only the first part of the offence is co((itted it is p$nisha&le $nder this section* The etortion defined in section 383 incl$des p$ttin' any person in fear of in%$ry and co#ers this section which deals with a less serio$s offence* Section 38C p$ttin' person in fear of in%$ry in order to co((it etortion- this section says whoe#er co((its etortion &y p$ttin' any person in fear of death or of 'rie#o$s h$rt to that person or to any person of to any other shall &e p$nished with i(prison(ent of either description for a ter( which (ay etend to ten years an shall also &e lia&le to fine* In this section if the f ear is ca$sed is that of death or 'rie#o$s h$rt in nat$rally ca$se?s 'reat alar(* The section therefore pro#ides for se#ere penalty in s$ch cases* Section 38D! etortion &y p$ttin' a person in fear of death or 'rie#o$s h$rt* - whoe#er in order to the co((ittin' of etortion p$ts or atte(pts to p$t any person in feat of death or of 'rie#o$s h$rt to that person or to any other shall &e p$nished with i(prison(ent of either description for a ter( which (ay etend to se#en years and shall also &e lia&le to fine* owe#er section 38C and sec 38D ha#e the sa(e relation as sec 387 and se 38A the only difference &ein' that in a case of this section and se 38C the in%$ry in fear of which a person is p$t is death or 'rie#o$s h$rt* Sho$ld necessarily &e instant* Section 388- this section says whoe#er co((its etortion &y p$ttin' any person in feat of an acc$sation a'ainst that person or any other ha#in' co((itted or atte(pted to co((it any offence p$nisha&le with death or with i(prison(ent for life or with i(prison(ent for a ter( which (ay etend to ten years or of ha#in' atte(pted to ind$ce any other person to co((it s$ch offence shall &e p$nished with i(prison(ent of either description for a ter( which (ay etend to ten years and shall also &e lia&le to fine and if the offence &e one p$nisha&le $nder sectin3DD of this code (ay &e p$nished with i(prison(ent for life* Section 389- whoe#er in order to the co((ittin' of etortion p$ts or atte(pts to p$t any person in feat of an acc$sation a'ainst that person or any other of ha#in' co((itted or atte(pt to co((it an offence p$nisha&le with death or with i(prison(ent for life or with i(prison(ent for a ter( which (ay etend to ten years shall &e p$nished with i(prison(ent of either description for a ter( which (ay etend to ten years and shall also &e lia&le to fine and if the offence &e p$nisha&le $nder section 3DD of this code (ay &e p$nished with i(prison(ent for life* OF RO>>ER@ Section 390 of Indian penal code says that in all ro&&ery there is either theft or etortion* Now the B$estion co(es when a theft is ro&&ery +nd when etortion is ro&&ery For the answer of this B$estion in Section 390 itself laid down Theft is ro&&ery if in order or then co((ittin' of the theft or in
co((ittin' the theft or in carryin' away or atte(ptin' to ca$ses or atte(pts to ca$se to any person death or h$rt or wron'f$l restrain of feat of instant death or of instant h$rt or of instant wron'f$l restrain* is said to co((itted ro&&ery* It (eans e#ery theft is ro&&ery if in order to co((ittin' it* In arish /handra #* State of 1*5 the #icti( &oarded into train at /haoth of the acc$sed were char'ed for the ro&&ery* It was ar'$ed on &ehalf of the defense that since the slappin' of the #icti( too place after that watch had &een stolen the h$rt co$ld not ha#e &een said to ha#e &een ca$sed in order to co((it the theft so as to &rin' the offence $nder sec 390 I5/ the s$pre(e co$rt re%ected the ar'$(ent* The in'redients of this section is6H There is atte(pts to ca$se a person?s death or h$rt or wron'f$l restrain or fear of instant death or* H Of instant h$rt or instant wron'f$l restrain* Ro&&ery is an a''ra#ated for( of etortion +nd e#ery etortion is ro&&ery also when in order to co((ittin' it offender at the ti(e of co((ittin' it is in the presence of the person p$t in feat and co((its the etortion &y p$ttin' that person in feat of instant h$rt or of instant wron'f$l restrain to that person or to so(e other persons to do so p$ttin' in fear ind$ces the person so p$t in fear then and there to deli#er $p the thin' etorted* 51NIS4ENT FOR .IFFERENT I N.S OF RO>>ER@Section 39! p$nish(ent for ro&&ery- lays down ;hoe#er co((its ro&&ery shall &e p$nished with re'ro$s i(prision(ent for a ter( which (ay etend to ten years and shall also &e lia&le to f ine and if the ro&&ery &e co((itted on the hi'hway &etween $nset and s$nrise the i(prison(ent (ay &e etended to fo$rteen years* Section 393! atte(pt to co((it ro&&ery- whoe#er atte(pts to co((it ro&&ery shall &e p$nished with ri'oro$s i(prison(ent for a ter( which (ay etend to ten years and shall &e also &e lia&le to fine and f the ro&&ery &e co((itted on the hi'hway &etween s$nset and s$nrise the i(prison(ent (ay ne etended to fo$rteen years* +n intention to ro& co$pled with so(e o#ert act short of ro&&ery in f$rtherance of the intent is of para(o$nt i(portance for con#ictin' a person $nder section* +tte(pts for offences $nder the Indian penal code are p$nisha&le $nder section A66 where no epress pro#ision is (ade for p$nish(ent of s$ch atte(pts* This section epressly pro#ides for p$nish(ent for atte(pts to co((it ro&&ery* Section A66 wo$ld not apply to it* Ro&&ery stands on a different footin' fro( dacoity in this respect as an atte(pt at dacoity is p$nisha&le as decoity* Section 397 #ol$ntarily ca$ses h$rt in co((ittin' ro&&ery- this section says if any person in co((ittin' f pr in atte(ptin' to co((it ro&&ery #ol$ntarily ca$ses h$rt s$ch person and other person %ointly concerned in co((ittin' or atte(ptin' to co((it s$ch ro&&ery shall &e p$nished with i(prison(ent for life or with ri'oro$s i(prison(ent for a ter( which (ay etend to ten years and shall also lia&le to fine* There (ay &e dacoity witho$t h$rt &ein' ca$sed &$t in the case of an offence $nder this section sort is one of the essential ele(ents if no h$rt is ca$sed no offence wo$ld &e (ade o$t* /ase referredO( 5ra
When theft is robbery:
Theft is roer$5 if4 in order to the co""itting of the theft4 or in co""itting the theft4 or in carr$ing awa$ or atte"pting to carr$ awa$ propert$ otained $ the theft4 the offender4 for that end4 #oluntaril$ causes or atte"pts to cause to an$ person death or hurt or wrongful restraint4 or fear of instant death or of instant hurt4 or of instant wrongful restraint. When extortion is robbery:
,!tortion is roer$5 if the offender4 at the ti"e of co""itting the e!tortion4 is in the presence of the person put in fear4 and co""its the e!tortion $ putting that person in fear of instant death4 or of instant hurt4 or of instant wrongful restraint to that person4 or to so"e other person4 and4 $ so putting in fear4 induces the person so put in fear then and there to deli#er up the thing e!torted. Explanation:
The offender is said to e present if he is sufficientl$ near to put the other person in fear of instant death4 or of instant hurt4 or of instant 2rongful restraint. Illustrations:
aE A holds C down4 and fraudulentl$ ta%es C3s "one$ and @ewels fro" C3s clothes4 without C3s consent. /ere A has co""itted theft4 and4 in order to the co""itting of that theft4 has #oluntaril$ caused wrongful restraint to C. A has therefore co""itted roer$. E A "eets C on the high road4 shows a pistol4 and de"ands C3s purse. C4 in conseuence4 surrenders his purse. /ere A has e!torted the purse fro" C $ putting hi" in fear of instant hurt4 and eing at the ti"e of co""itting the e!tortion in his presence. A has therefore co""itted roer$. cE A "eets C and C3s child on the high road. A ta%es the child4 and threatens to fling it down a precipice4 unless C deli#ers his purse. C4 in conseuence4 deli#ers his purse. /ere A has e!torted the purse fro" C4 $ causing C to e in fear of instant hurt to the child who is there present. A has therefore co""itted roer$ on C. dE A otains propert$ fro" C $ sa$ing R our child is in the hands of "$ gang4 and will e put to death unless $ou send us ten thousand rupees.5 This is e!tortion4 and punishale as such: ut it is not roer$4 unless C is put in fear of the instant death of his child.
Important Points: A. Meaning:
7oer$ "eans a felonious ta%ing fro" the person of another or in his presence or against his will4 $ #iolence or putting hi" in fear. 7oer$ is an aggra#ated for" of theft or e!tortion. If there is no theft or no e!tortion4 there is no roer$. B. In all robbery there is either theft or extortion:
The fra"ers of the Indian *enal +ode oser#ed: There can e no case of roer$ which does not fall within the definition either of theft or e!tortionJ ut in a practice it will perpetuall$ e a "atter of dout whether a particular act of roer$ was a theft or e!tortion. A large proportion of roeries will e half theft4 half e!tortion. A seies C4 threatens to "urder hi"4 unless he deli#ers all his propert$4 and egins to pull of C orna"ents. C in terror egs A will ta%e all he has4 and spare his life4 assists in ta%ing of his orna"ents4 and deli#ers the" to A. /ere4 such orna"ents as A too% without C3s consent is ta%en $ theft. Those which C deli#ered fro" fear of death or acuired $ e!tortion. It is $ no "eans i"proale that C3s right ar" racelet "a$ ha#e een otained $ theft and left ar" racelet $ e!tortionJ that the rupees in C3s girdle "a$ ha#e een otained $ theft and those in his turan $ e!tortion. *roale in nine-tenths of the roeries which are co""itted so"ething li%e this actuall$ ta%es place4 and it is proale a few "inutes later neither the roer nor the person roed would e ale to recollect in what proportions theft and e!tortion were "i!ed in the cri"eJ nor is it at all necessar$ for the ends of @ustice that this should e ascertained. or though4 in general4 the consent of a suffer is a circu"stance which #ar$ "ateriall$ "odifies the character of an offence4 and which ought4 therefore4 to e "ade %nown to the +ourts4 $et the consent which a person gi#es to the ta%ing of this propert$ $ a ruffian who holds a pistol to his reast is a circu"stance altogether i""aterial.5 C. 2hen theft is roer$: ;efore theft can a"ount to roer$4S Firstly:
The offender "ust ha#e #oluntaril$ caused or atte"pted to cause to an$ person death or hurt or wrongful restraint or fear of instant death or of instant hurt or of instant wrongful restraint4 Seon!ly:
This "ust e in order to the co""itting of theft4 or in co""itting of theft4 or in carr$ing awa$ or atte"pting to carr$ awa$ propert$ otained $ the theft4 "hir!ly:
The offender "ust #oluntaril$ cause or atte"pt to cause to an$ person hurt4 etc.4 for that end4 that is in order to co""itting theft or for carr$ing awa$ or atte"pting to carr$ awa$ propert$ otained $ the theft4 Fourthly:
The offender "ust #oluntaril$ atte"pt one or an$ of the ao#e acts. #. When extortion is robbery:
&i"ilar to the ao#e point4 e!tortion eco"es roer$ if the offender at the ti"e of co""itting the e!tortion is in the presence of the person put in fear and co""its the e!tortion $ putting that person in fear of instant death4 or of instant hurt4 or of instant wrongful restraint to that person or to so"e other4 and4 $ so putting in fear induces the person so put in fear then and there to deli#er up the thing or propert$ e!torted. E. Punishment:
&ec. '98 i"poses punish"ent for roer$. It lies down that whoe#er co""its roer$ shall e punished with rigorous i"prison"ent for a ter" which "a$ e!tend to ten $ears4 and shall also e liale to fineJ and if the roer$ e co""itted on the high-wa$ etween the sun-set and the sun-rise4 the i"prison"ent "a$ e e!tended to fourteen $ears. In$uiry:
The nature of offence under this &ection is cogniale4 non-ailale4 non-co"poundale4 and triale $
The prosecution was that the two appellants pointed a %nife at the co"plainant and too% 7s. P0- and dro#e awa$ the auto of the co"plainant. Ne!t da$ the accused were arrested in Na%aandi in presence of co"plainant. ne independent witness turned hostile. The trial +ourt i"posed punish"ent against &i%ander Bu"ar and other accused. n appeal4 the Delhi /igh +ourt set aside the con#iction4 opining that entire prosecution stor$ was inherentl$ i"proale and unelie#ale. It would e unsafe to place total reliance on testi"on$ of co"plainant to ase con#iction as one independent witness turned hostile. 2. Attempt to ommit robbery:
&ec. '9' sa$s that whoe#er atte"pts to co""it roer$ shall e punished with rigorous i"prison"ent for a ter" which "a$ e!tend to se#en $ears and shall also e liale to fine. The offence under this &ection is cogniale4 non-ailale4 non-co"poundale4 and triale $
According to &ec. '94 if the offender while co""itting roer$ #oluntaril$ causes hurt to the co"plainant4 such offender shall e punished with i"prison"ent with life or with rigorous i"prison"ent for a ter" which "a$ e!tend to ten $ears and also fine. The offence under this &ection is cogniale4 non-ailale4 non-co"poundale4 and triale $
In this case4 the accused co""itted a high-wa$ roer$. The$ looted the passengers of the us. The trial +ourt i"posed punish"ent for life. n appeal /igh +ourt upheld it. 7. 8arayan Prasa! 's. State of M.P. ,AI9 ;;/ SC ;<
;rief acts: The accused did roer$ and also %illed the wife of the co"plainant. The co"plainant identified the accused in the Identification *arade. The accused showed the stolen propert$. 7eco#er$ effected at the instance of accused not clai"ed $ the"4 e!cept one N who clai"ed that those were purchased $ hi" under receipt. ne of the *2s hostiled. The accused were con#icted $ the trial +ourt and it was confir"ed $ the /igh +ourt.
7u!gment:
The &upre"e +ourt confir"ed the trial +ourt @udg"ent.
OF .E/OIT@-G E#ery dacoity is ro&&ery* There is only sli'ht difference &etween ro&&ery and decoity* Section 396 of Indian penal code says when fi#e or (ore person con%ointly co((it or atte(pt to co((it a ro&&ery or where the whole n$(&er of persons con%ointly co((ittin' or atte(ptin' to co((its a ro&&ery and persons present and aidin' s$ch co((ission or atte(pt a(o$nt to fi#e or (ore e#ery person so co((ittin' atte(ptin' or aidin' is said to co((it dacoity* It is p$nisha&le $nder section 39C of Indian penal code it says whoe#er co((its decoity shall &e p$nished with i(prison(ent for life or with ri'oro$s i(prison(ent for a ter( which (ay etend to ten years and shall also &e lia&le to fine* In $sho 4ohtan #* State of >ihar +IR 6980 sc D88J 6980 cr law %o$rnal A73 and* Shya( >ihari #* State of 1ttarpradesh +IR 69AD sc 30* are the related case for decoity and p$nish(ent for decoity* .IFFEREN/E >ET;EEN RO>>ER@ +N. .E/OIT@* For an offence of dacoity! (ini($( n$(&er of the (iscreants reB$ired is fi#e* The ter( dacoity is defined in section 396 I5/ which clearly post$lates that when fi#e or (ore person con%ointly co((it or atte(pt to co((it a ro&&ery or where the whole n$(&er of person con%ointly co((ittin' or atte(ptin' to co((it a ro&&ery and person present and aidin' s$ch co((ission or atte(pt a(o$nt to fi#e or (ore e#ery person so co((ittin' atte(ptin' or aidin' Is said to co((it dacoity* The offence of ro&&ery is defined in section 390 I5/ and as is cleat fro( a per$sal of the said section e#en a theft is ro&&ery If d$rin' its co((ission the offender #ol$ntarily ca$ses or atte(pts to ca$se to any person death or h$rt or wron'f$l restrain or fear of instant death or of instant h$rt or of instant wron'f$l restrain* ;hereas ro&&ery is p$nisha&le $nder section 39 I5/ dacoity is p$nisha&le $nder se 39A of I5/* 51NIS4ENT FOR .IFFERENT T@5ES OF .E/OIT@ Section 39A! p$nish(ent for dacoity- Indian penal code pro#ides p$nish(ent for decoityJ it says whoe#er co((its dacoity shall &e p$nished with i(prison(ent for life or with ri'oro$s i(prison(ent for a ter( which (ay etend to ten years and shall also &e lia&le to fine* It co(es into play only when the prosec$tion (a
pro#e that in $nder was co((itted &y any partic$lar (e(&er of the 'an' or that it was a co((on intention of the 'an' to co((it the ($rder or that other (e(&ers of the 'an' epected the ($rder to taihari # state of 1ttar 5radesh Facts of the case- in an atte(pt to co((it ro&&ery the appellant oth section 39D and section 398 do not create s$&stanti#e offence! &$t (erely prescri&e a (ini($( sentence for the offence of ro&&ery and dacoity (entioned in these sections* 1nder section 39D of I5/ if at the ti(e of co((ittin' ro&&ery or dacoity the offender $ses any deadly weapons or ca$ses 'rie#o$s h$rt or atte(pts to ca$se death or 'rie#o$s h$rt! he shall &e lia&le to s$ffer a (ini($( sentence of se#en years i(prison(ent* The essential of this section is as followaH +n offence of ro&&ery or dacoity ($st ha#e &een co((itted &H The offender sho$ld &e taoth the section pro#ides (ini($( sentences of se#en years* The co$rt held tha t first acc$sed was carryin' a
In o$r Indian penal code there is #ery few section where (ere preparation of any offence is p$nisha&le for ea(ple offence a'ainst co$ntry* 5reparation of decoity is also one of the offences which preparation is p$nisha&le* Section 70 pro#ides p$nish(ent for only for asse(&lin' for the p$rpose of decoity- This section says whoe#er at any ti(e after the passin' of this act shall &e one of fi#e or (ore person asse(&led for the p$rpose of co((ittin' dacoity shall &e p$nished with ri'oro$s i(prison(ent for a ter( which (ay etend to se#en years and shall also &e lia&le to fine* Section 706! p$nish(ent for &elon'in' to 'an' of thie#es- the section says whoe#er after the passin' of this act shall &elon' to any wanderin' or other 'an' of persons associated for the p$rpose of ha&it$ally co((ittin' theft or ro&&ery and not &ein' a 'an' of th$'s or dacoits shall &e p$nished with ri'oro$s i(prison(ent for a ter( which (ay etend to se#en years and shall also &e lia&le to fine*
Section 403 of Indian Penal Code, 1860 – Exlained! $ *in%i &ar%ar >egal *ro#isions of &ection P' of Indian *enal +ode4 1)OP. #ishonest misappropriation of property:
This section defines and punishes the offence of dishonest or cri"inal "isappropriation of propert$. It sa$s that whoe#er either dishonestl$ "isappropriates4 or dishonestl$ con#erts to his own use4 an$ "o#ale propert$4 &hall e punished with si"ple or rigorous i"prison"ent for a ter" e!tending up to two $ears4 or with fine4 or with oth. It is clear fro" the language of the section that the offence of cri"inal "isappropriation of propert$ can e co""itted onl$ with respect to a "o#ale propert$ and not against an i""o#ale propert$. The offender "ust dishonestl$ "isappropriate such propert$ or "ust dishonestl$ con#ert to his own use such propert$.
In either case4 dishonest intention on the part of the offender "ust alwa$s e pro#ed. This has the sa"e "eaning as gi#en under sections 8 and 8' of the +ode. Thus4 intention to cause wrongful gain or wrongful loss "ust alwa$s e pro#ed against the offender. The word "isappropriates3 "eans appropriates in an illegal or unauthorised "anner4 that is to sa$4 to set apart for or assign to the wrong person or a wrong use. The words con#erts to his own use3 "ean wrongfull$ using the propert$ for his own enefit or appropriating it for his own self without an$ authorit$. The three illustrations aE4 E and cE elow the "ain te!t help one to distinguish etween the offences of theft and cri"inal "isappropriation of propert$. It is a"pl$ clear fro" these illustrations that efore the offence of cri"inal "isappropriation of propert$ is co""itted $ the offender4 the "o#ale propert$ which is the su@ect of this offence is alread$ in possession of the offender innocentl$. Therefore4 where A first co""its theft of F3s watch and then sells it and utilises the "one$ so earned for hi"self4 A co""its onl$ theft and not cri"inal "isappropriation of propert$ ecause the watch had not co"e to the possession of A innocentl$ ut $ theft. There are two e!planations attached to the section. According to the first4 a dishonest "isapprorpriation for a ti"e onl$ is also a "isappropriation within the "eaning of this section. In other words4 it is not necessar$ that there should e an intention on the part of the offender to cause per"anent wrongful loss or per"anent wrongful gain. If such intention e!ists e#en for a short duration of ti"e4 it is punishale under this section. The illustration gi#en under the first e!planation illustrates the point clearl$. The second e!planation la$s e"phasis on a finder3s dut$ and on his title. It states that a person who finds such a "o#ale propert$ which is not in the possession of an$one4 and he ta%es such propert$ with a #iew to protect the sa"e for its owner or for restoring it to hi"4 he does not ta%e the sa"e dishonestl$ or does not "isappropriate it or con#ert the sa"e to his own use4 and thus he is not guilt$ under this section. ;ut he co""its an offence under this section if he dishonestl$ "isappropriates it or con#erts the sa"e to his own use4 when he either %nows its owner or has the "eans of disco#ering its owner4 or efore he has used reasonale "eans to disco#er and gi#e notice to its owner and has %ept the propert$ for a reasonale ti"e to enale its owner to clai" it. This e!planation also e"phasies that what are reasonale "eans and what is a reasonale ti"e in such a case is a uestion of fact4 which "eans that facts and circu"stances of each
case will ha#e to e considered efore this uestion can e decided and there can thus e no general rules to go#ern it. The e!planation also states specificall$ that it is not necessar$ for the finder to %now as to who is the owner of such propert$ or that an$ particular person is its owner. It is sufficient that at the ti"e of its "isappropriation or con#ersion $ hi" he does not elie#e it to e his own propert$4 or in good faith elie#es that its real owner cannot e found. The si! illustrations gi#en under the second e!planation illustrate this aspect of the law uite clearl$. 2here two accused persons too% deli#er$ of a nec%lace fro" a golds"ith on a false representation with pro"ise to return the sa"e4 ut suseuentl$ refused to return it4 it was held that the$ were guilt$ under sections P' and 8P of the +ode. 2here the accused found a purse on the pa#e"ent of a te"ple in a crowded gathering and put the sa"e in his poc%et ut was caught i""ediatel$ thereafter4 it was held that he could not e held guilt$ under this section ecause "erel$ pic%ing up the purse did not estalish dishonest intention on his part. 2here A paid so"e "one$ to under a "ista%e4 and later on when disco#ered the "ista%e e#en then he did not return the a"ount to A and appropriated the sa"e for hi"self it was held that he had co""itted an offence under this section. &ince the offence of cri"inal "isappropriation of propert$ can e co""itted onl$ after a "o#ale propert$ co"es under the possession of the accused innocentl$4 an aandoned propert$ can ne#er eco"e a su@ect of this offence. 2here the accused too% deli#er$ of certain consign"ent recei#ed $ rail on ehalf of the co"pan$ in which he was e"plo$ed4 ut "ade no entr$ of the sa"e in the record of the co"pan$ and e#en ga#e a false infor"ation that he had not ta%en deli#er$ of the sa"e4 whereas he had re"o#ed the" fro" the railwa$ siding4 the offence under this section was held to e co""itted. 2here certain ales of cloth4 in custod$ of the railwa$s4 were found unloaded near the godown of the accused and the$ were later reco#ered fro" that godown4 it was held that on the asis of this "uch of facts alone it could not e said that the$ were dishonestl$ "isappropriated or con#erted to his own use $ the accused4 and as such he could not e held guilt$ under this section.
2here a person is the finder of such a propert$ fro" the nature of which it was natural to assu"e that there would e an owner of it4 he "ust ta%e reasonale care of the sa"e and tr$ to "a%e reasonale efforts to locate its owner4 ut such efforts could not e such as to "a%e hi" spend uite a it of "one$ on ad#ertise"ent. 2here the accused had ta%en a loan fro" a person ut denied ha#ing ta%en it4 this in itself would not "a%e hi" guilt$ under this section ecause atte"pt to e#ade ci#il liailit$ does not necessaril$ "ean that the accused had dishonest intention. 2here the accused was the chair"an of a sa"iti3 and in that capacit$ had collected dues fro" its "e"ers4 ut he failed to deposit the sa"e e#en after a long ti"e had elapsed since his tenure as chair"an was o#er4 it was held that he was guilt$ under this section. The accused us conductor had failed to deposit the us fares allegedl$ collected $ hi". The prosecution failed to estalish that he in fact had collected the fares or the a"ount had co"e into his possession thereof. It was held that he could not e held to ha#e co""itted an offence under this section. The accused4 a ser#ant in the post and telegraph depart"ent4 secreted two letters in the course of assisting in the sorting of letters4 and his intention for doing so was to hand the" o#er to the deli#er$ "an and share with hi" certain "one$ pa$ale on the". It was held that the accused had co""itted theft and as well as had atte"pted to co""it cri"inal "isappropriation of propert$. The accused4 a principal of a school4 allegedl$ drew an a"ount for the watch"an of the school ut this was not orne on the register e#en though the watch"an accepted receipt of the a"ount. ther pa$"ents of si"ilar nature were also not entered in the register. It was held that this "uch e#idence alone would not e sufficient to con#ict the principal under this section. In U. Dhar #. &tate of Mhar%hand4 two contracts4 one etween the principal and the contractor and the other etween the contractor and the su-contractor4 were entered into. n co"pletion of the wor% the su-contractor de"anded pa$"ent to e "ade to hi". 2hen the sa"e was not done4 he filed a cri"inal co"plaint alleging that the contractor ha#ing recei#ed pa$"ent fro" the principal had "isappropriated his "one$. The &upre"e +ourt held that this plea was unsustainale ecause the contract and the sucontract were different fro" each other and the "one$ paid $ the principal to the contractor was not "one$ or "o#ale propert$ of the co"plainant su-contractor4 and hence there was no
"isappropriation. The dispute eing aout reco#er$ of "one$4 was a dispute of a ci#il nature and hence the cri"inal co"plaint was not "aintainale and was liale to e uashed. Partner=s liability
In =el@i 7agha#@i #. &tate4 the &upre"e +ourt has held that a partner has undefined ownership along with the other partners o#er all the assets of the partnership and if he chooses to use an$ of the" for his own purposes he "a$ e accountale ci#ill$ to the other partners ut he does not there$ co""it an$ "isappropriation within section P' of the +ode. 2here a partner co"plained that the other partner had con#erted the partnership usiness into ownership usiness and had not paid hi" his share of the partnership usiness4 the defaulting partner could not e held guilt$ under this section unless there was an allegation that the partnership had een dissol#ed. In Anil &aran #. &tate the &upre"e +ourt oser#ed that where a partner has een entrusted with propert$ under a special contract and he %eeps that propert$ in this fiduciar$ capacit$4 "isappropriation of that propert$ would a"ount to cri"inal reach of trust. Exhanging a rail>ay ti%et
A and were aout to oard a train fro" ;enares +it$. A had a #alid tic%et to A@udhia while had a #alid tic%et to ;enares +anton"ent. A #oluntaril$ ga#e her tic%et to to chec% as to whether her tic%et for the @ourne$ was #alid. 2hile returning A3s tic%et ac% to her delieratel$ sustituted his tic%et in its place and ga#e the sa"e to her while %eeping her tic%et with hi". was held guilt$ of cri"inal "isappropriation of propert$ and not of cheating. 0ar'esting rops un!er attahment
2here the accused @udg"ent detor4 whose standing crops had een attached4 har#ested the sa"e while the order of attach"ent was in force4 it was held that he had co""itted an offence under this section. The offence under section P' is non-cogniale4 ailale and co"poundale when per"itted $ the court which is tr$ing the case4 and is triale $ an$ "agistrate.
An Intro!ution to Criminal Breah of "rust Th ep r o v i s i o nf o rCr i mi n alBr e ac ho fT r u s ti sme nt i o ne di nCh ap t e rXVI Iu nd ers ec t i o n4 05o f I n di a nPe na lCo de .Se c t i o n4 05 ,o fI n di a nPe na lCo des t a t e s ,‘ Wh oe v e r ,b ei n gi na nyma nn er ent r us t ed wi t h pr oper t y ,orwi t h an y domi ni on o v erpr oper t y ,di s hones t l ymi s appr op r i at esor c onv e r t st o hi so wn us et hatpr oper t y ,o rdi s hones t l yus eso rdi s pos esoft hatpr oper t yi n v i ol at i onofan ydi r ec t i onofl aw pr es c r i bi ngt hemodei nwhi c hs uc ht r us ti st obedi s c har ged,or o fa n yl eg alc on t r a ct ,e x pr e sso ri mp l i e d,wh i c hh eh asma det o uc hi n gt h ed i s c ha r g eo fs u c h t r us t ,orwi l l f ul l ys uffer san yot herper s ons ot odo,c ommi t sc r i mi nal br eac hoft r us t . ’ [ i ] WhatdoesCr i mi nalBr eachofTr ustmean? Theoff enc eofc r i mi nalbr eac hoft r us t ,asdefi nedunders ec t i on405ofI PC,i ss i mi l art ot he off enc eof‘ embez z l ement ’ undert heEngl i s hl a w.Ar eadi ngo ft hes ec t i ons ugges t st hatt hegi s t oft heoffenc eofc r i mi nalbr eac hoft r us ti s‘ di s hones tmi s appr opr i at i on’or‘ c onv er s i ont oown us e’ anot her ’ spr oper t y ,whi c hi snot hi ngbutt heoff enc eofc r i mi nal mi s appr opr i at i ondefi nedu/ s 403.Theonl ydi ff er enc e be t ween t het wo i st ha ti nr es pec tofc r i mi nalbr eac h oft r us t ,t he ac cus edi sent r us t edwi t hpr oper t yorwi t hdomi ni onorc ont r olo vert hepr oper t y .Ast het i t l et o t he off enc ei t s el fs ugges t s ,ent r us t me ntorp r oper t yi san es s ent i alr equi r ementbef or e an y o ffe nc eu nd ert h i ss ec t i o nt a k esp l a ce .Th el a ng ua geo ft h es ec t i o ni sv e r ywi d e.Th ewo r d s us edar e‘ i nan ymannerent r us t edwi t hpr oper t y ’ .So,i te xt endst oent r us t ment sofal lk i nds whe t hert oc l er k s ,s er v a nt s ,bus i nes spar t ner soro t herp er s ons ,pr o vi dedt he yar ehol di nga pos i t i onoft r us t .“ Thet er m“ ent r us t ed”f oundi na405,I PCgov er nsnotonl yt hewor ds“ wi t ht he pr oper t y ”i mmedi at el yf ol l owi ngi tbutal s ot hewor ds“ orwi t hanydomi ni ono v ert hepr oper t y . ” [ i i ] Lat eran expl anat i on was added t oi tby an amendmenti nt he year1973,and was l at er r e nu mb er e da se x pl a na t i o n 1i nt h ey e ar1 97 5.I nt h es a mey e ar ,a no t h ere x p l a na t i o n wa s addedt oi t .Thee xpl anat i onst ot hi ssec t i onar e: Expl anat i on1[ i i i ] :Ap er s o n,b ei n ga ne mp l o y e r[ o fa ne s t a bl i s h me ntwh et h ere x e mp t e du nd er s e ct i o n1 7o ft h eEmp l o y ee s ’Pr o v i d en tFu nd sa ndMi s c el l a ne ou sPr o v i s i o nsAc t ,1 95 2( 1 9o f 1952) ,orno t ]whodeduc t st heempl o y ee ’ sc ont r i but i onf r om t hewagespa y abl et ot heempl o y ee f orc r edi tt oaPr o vi dentFundorFami l yPens i onFundes t abl i s hedb yan yl a wf ort het i mebei ng i nf o r c e ,s h al lb ed ee me dt oh av eb ee ne nt r u s t e d wi t ht h ea mo un to ft h ec o nt r i b ut i o ns o deduc t edb yhi m andi fhemak esdef aul ti nt hepa y mentofs uc hc ont r i but i ont ot hes ai dFundi n
v i ol a t i o no ft h es a i dl a w,s ha l lb ed ee me dt oh av edi s h on es t l yu se dt h ea mo un to ft h es a i d c ont r i but i oni nv i ol at i onofadi r ec t i onofl awasaf or es ai d. Expl anat i on2 [ i v] :Aper s on,bei nganempl o y er ,whodeduc t st heempl o y ees ’c ont r i b ut i onf r om t h ewa ge sp ay a bl et ot h ee mpl o y eef o rc r e di tt ot h eEmp l o y ees ’St a t eI n s ur a nc eFun dh el da nd admi ni s t er edbyt heEmpl o y ees ’St at eI ns ur anc eCor por at i ones t abl i s hedunder .t heEmpl o y ees ’ St a t eI n s ur a nc e Ac t ,1 94 8( 3 4o f1 94 8) ,s h al lb ed ee me dt oh av eb ee ne nt r u s t e d wi t ht h e a mo un to ft h ec on t r i b ut i o ns od ed uc t e db yh i ma ndi fh ema k esde f a ul ti nt h ep ay me nto fs uc h c ont r i but i ont ot hes ai dFundi nv i ol at i onoft hes ai dAc t ,s hal lbedeemedt oha v edi s hones t l y us edt heamountoft hes ai dc ont r i but i oni nv i ol at i onofadi r ec t i onofl awasaf or es ai d. Es sent i al sf orCr i mi nal Br eac hofT r u st Thees sent i al i ngr edi ent sofCr i mi nal br eac hoft r us tar e: •
Theac c us edmus tbeent r us t edwi t hpr oper t yordomi ni onov eri t .
•
Hemus tha v edi s hones t l ymi s appr opr i at edt hepr oper t yorc on v er t edi tt ohi sownus eor di s pos edofi ti nv i ol at i onofs uc ht r us t [ v ] .
Ther ear et wodi s t i nc tpar t si n vol v edi nt hec ommi s s i onoft heoffenc eofc r i mi nal br eac hoft r us t . Thefi r s tc ons i s t soft hec r eat i onofanobl i gat i oni nr el at i ont ot hepr oper t yov erwhi c hdomi ni on orc ont r oli sac qui r edb yt heac c us ed.Thes ec ondi sami s appr opr i at i onordeal i ngwi t ht he pr oper t ydi s hones t l yandc ont r ar yt ot het er msofobl i gat i onc r eat ed[ v i ] .Thepr i nc i pal i ngr edi ent s ofCr i mi nal Br eac hofT r u star et hus‘ ent r us t ment ’ and‘ di s hones tmi s appr opr i at i on’ . Ent r us t me nt :Ast het i t l et ot heoffenc ei t s el fs ugges t s ,ent r us t mentofapr oper t yi sanes sent i al r equi r ementbef or ean yoff enc ei nt hi ssec t i ont ak espl ac e.Thel anguageoft hi ssec t i oni sv er y wi d e.Th e wo r d su s e da r e ,‘ i na n y ma nn eren t r u s t e d wi t hp r o pe r t y ’ .So i te x t e nd st o ent r us t ment sofa l lk i nds whet hert oc l er k s ,s e r v a nt s ,b us i nes s par t ner so rot herp er s ons , pr o vi dedt heyar ehol di ngapos i t i onof‘ t r us t ’ .Thewor dent r us ti snotat er m ofar t .I nc ommon p ar l a nc e ,i te mb r a c esa l lc a s esi nwh i c hat h i n gh an de do v e rb yo nep er s o nt oa no t h erf o r s pec i fi cpur pos e.Thet er m‘ ent r us t ed’i swi deenought oi nc l udei ni t sambi tal lc as esi nwhi c h pr oper t yi sv ol unt ar i l yhandedov erf ors pec i fi cpur pos eandi sdi s hones t l ydi s pos edofc ont r ar y t ot e r msonwhi c hp os s es s i o nh asbe enh an dedo v er . [ v i i ]En t r u s t me ntn ee dn otb ee x pr e s se d,i t c anbei mpl i ed. [ v i i i ]
Thedefi ni t i oni na405doesno tr es t r i c tt hepr oper t yt omo v abl esori mmo v eabl eal one.I n RK Da l mi av sDe l hiAdmi ni s t r a t i on[ i x ] ,t heSupr emeCour thel dt hatt hewor d‘ pr oper t y ’i sus edi n
t h eCo dei namu c hwi d ers e ns et h ant h ee x p r e s s i o n‘ mo v e ab l ep r o pe r t y ’ .Th er ei sn og oo d r eas ont or es t r i c tt hemeani ngoft hewor d‘ pr oper t y ’t omo v eabl epr oper t yonl y ,wheni ti sus ed wi t houtan yqual i fi c at i oni ns405.Whe t hert heoff enc edefi nedi napar t i c ul ars ec t i onofI PCc an bec ommi t t edi nr es pec tofanypar t i c ul ark i ndofpr oper t y ,wi l ldependnotont hei nt er pr et at i on oft hewor d‘ pr oper t y ’butont hef ac twhet hert hatpar t i c ul ark i ndofpr oper t ycanbes ubj ec tt o t heac t scov er edbyt hats ec t i on[ x ] . vnat r ayan vs St at e of Th e wo r d‘ d omi n i o n’c o n no t e sc o nt r o lo v e rt h ep r o pe r t y .I nShi
,i twashel dt ha tadi r ec t orofac ompan ywasi nt hepos i t i onofat r us t eeand Ma ha r a sht r a [ x i ] b ei n gat r u s t e eo ft h ea ss e t s ,wh i c hh asc omei nt oh i sha nd ,h eh add omi n i o na ndc o nt r o lo v er t hesame. Ho we v er ,i nr es pec tofpar t ner s hi pfi r ms ,i thasbeenhel d[ x i i ]t ha tt houghe v er ypar t nerh as domi ni ono v erp r oper t yb yv i r t ueofbei ngapar t ner ,i ti sno tadomi ni onwhi c hs at i s fi est he r e qui r e me nto fs4 05 ,a st h er ei sn o‘ e nt r u s t me nto fd omi n i o n,u nl e ss t h er ei sa s pe c i al a gr e eme ntb et we enpa r t n er sma k i n gs u c he nt r u s t me nt . Ex pl a na t i on s( 1 )a nd ( 2 )t ot h es ec t i o np r o v i d et h ata ne mp l o y ero fa ne s t a bl i s hme ntwho d ed uc t se mp l o y ee ’ sc o nt r i b ut i o nf r o mt h e wa ge sp ay a bl et ot h ee mp l o y eet ot h ec r e di to fa pr o v i dentf undorf ami l ypens i onf undorempl o y eess t at ei ns ur anc ef und,s hal l bedeemedt obe e nt r u s t e d wi t ht h e a mo un t of t h e c o n t r i b ut i o n d ed uc t e d a nd d ef a ul ti np a y me nt wi l l amo untoft hec ont r i but i ondeduc t edanddef aul ti npa y mentwi l lamountt odi s hones tus eoft he amo untan dhenc e,wi l lc ons t i t ut eanoff enc eo fc r i mi nalbr eac ho ft r us t .I n Empl oyeesSt at e I ns ur a nc eCor por a t i onv sS K Agga r wa l [ x i i i ] ,t h eSup r e meCo ur th el dt h att h ed efi ni t i o no f
p r i n c i p ale mp l o y e ru n de rt h e Emp l o y e esSt a t eI n s ur a nc eAc tme an st h eo wn ero ro c c u pi e r . Un de rt h ec i r c ums t a nc e s,i nr e sp ec to fac omp an y ,i ti st h ec o mp an yi t s el fwh i c ho wn st h e f a ct o r ya nd t h ed i r e ct o r so ft h ec omp an y wi l ln otc ome u nd ert h ed efi ni t i o no f‘ e mp l o y er . ’ Cons equent l y ,t heor deroft heHi ghCour tquas hi ngt hec r i mi nalpr oc eedi ngsi ni t i at edu/ s s405 and406,I PCwasuphel dbyt heSupr emeCour t . Mi s appr opr i a t i on Di s hones tmi s appr opr i at i oni st hees s enc eo ft hi ss ec t i on.Di s hones t yi sasdefi nedi ns ec . 24, I PC,c a us i n gwr o ng f u lg ai no rwr o ng f u ll o s st oap er s o n.Th eme an i n go fwr o ng f u lg ai na nd wr ongf ull os si sdefi nedi ns ec23 ,I PC.I nor dert oc ons t i t ut eano ffenc e,i ti sno te nought o
e s t a bl i s ht h att h emo ne yh asno tb ee na cc o un t e df o ro rmi s ma na ge d.I th ast ob ee s t a bl i s h ed t h att h ea cc u se dh asdi s h one s t l ypu tt h ep r o pe r t yt oh i sownu s eo rt os omeu na ut h or i z edu s e. Di s hones ti nt ent i ont omi s appr opr i at ei sac r uc i alf ac tt obepr o vedt obr i nghomet hec har geof c r i mi nal br eac hoft r us t . Pr oofofi nt ent i on,whi c hi sal way saques t i onoft hegui l t ymi ndoft heper s on,i sdi ffic ul tt o es t abl i s hbywayofdi r ec tev i denc e.I nKr ,t h ea c c u s e dwa s i shanKumarVUni onofI ndi a[ xi v] e mp l o y ed a sa na ss i s t a nts t o r ek e epe ri nt h e Ce nt r a lT r a ct o rOr g an i z at i o n( CTO)a tDe l hi . Amongs tot herdut i es ,hi sdut ywast het ak i ngofdel i v er yofc ons i gnmento fgoodsr ec ei v e db y r ai lf orCTO.Theac c us edhadt ak endel i v er yo fapar t i c ul arwagonl oadofi r onands t eelf r om T at aI r o na ndSt e elCo ,T at a na ga r ,a ndt h eg oo dswe r er e mo v edf r o mt h er a i l wa yd ep otb utd i d n otr e ac ht h eCT O.Wh enq ue s t i o ne d,t h ea c c us e dg av eaf a l s ee x p l a na t i o nt h att h eg oo dsha d beenc l ear ed,butl at ers t at edt hathehadr emo vedt hegoodst oanot herr ai l ways i di ng,butt he g oo dswe r en ott h er e .Th ed ef e ns ev e r s i ono ft h ea c cu s edwa sr e j e ct eda sf a l s e .Ho we v er ,t h e p r o se cu t i o nwa su nab l et oes t a bl i s hh owe x ac t l yt h eg oo dswer emi s a pp r o pr i a t e da ndwh atwa s t hee xac tus et he ywer eputt o.I nt hi sc ont e xt ,t heSupr emeCour thel dt hati twasnotnec es s ar y i n ever y case t o pr ove i n whatpr eci se mannert he accused per son had deal twi t h or appr opr i at edt hegoodsofhi smas t er .Theques t i oni soneofi nt ent i onandno tdi r ec tpr oofo f mi s appr opr i at i on.The off enc e wi l lbe pr o v ed i ft he pr os ec ut i on es t abl i s hest hatt he s er v ant r e c ei v e dt h eg oo dsan dt h ath ewa su nd erad ut yt oa c c ou ntt oh i sma s t e ra ndh adn otd on es o . I nt hi sc as e,i twashel dt hatt hepr os ec ut i onhases t abl i s hedt hatt heac c us edr ec ei v edt he g oo dsan dr e mo v edi tf r o mt h er a i l wa yd epo t .Th atwa ss uffic i e ntt os u s t a i nac on v i c t i o nu nd er t hi ss ec t i on.Si mi l ar l y ,i nJai x v ] ,i twas kr i shnadas Manohar das DesaivsSt at eofBombay[ hel dt hatdi s hones tmi s appr opr i at i onorc onv er s i onma ynotor di nar i l ybeamat t erofdi r ec tpr oof , butwheni ti ses t abl i s hedt hatpr oper t y ,i sent r us t edt oaper s onorhehaddomi ni ono veri tand he hasr ender ed a f al s ee x pl anat i on f orh i sf ai l ur et o ac c ountf ori t ,t hen an i nf er enc eo f mi s appr opr i at i onwi t hdi s hones ti nt entma yr eadi l ybemade.I nSur endr aPr asadVer mavs St at eofBi har [ xvi ] ,t heac c us edwasi npos s es s i ono ft hek e y st oas af e.I twashel dt ha tt he
a c c us e dwa sl i a bl ebe c au s eh ea l o neha dt h ek e y sa ndno bo dyc o ul dha v eac c e s st ot h es a f e , u nl e ssh ec o ul de s t a bl i s ht h ath ep ar t e d wi t ht h ek e y st ot h es a f e .Ass e eni nt h ec a seo f c r i mi n almi s a pp r o pr i a t i o n,e v e n at e mpo r a r ymi s ap pr o pr i a t i o nc o ul db es uffic i en tt o wa r r a nt c onv i c t i onundert hi ss ec t i on. Cr i mi nal Br eac hofT r us tb yaPubl i cSer v a nt ,Bank er ,Mer c hanto rAgent Asal r eadyseeni nt hepr e vi oussec t i ons ,t heac t sofmi s appr opr i at i onorbr eac hoft r us tdoneb y s t r anger si st r eat edl es shar s hl yt hanac t sofmi s appr opr i at i onorb r eac h oft r us twhoenj o y
s pec i alt r us ta ndar eal s oi napos i t i ont obepr i v yt oal o tofi nf or mat i onora ut hor i t yoron ac c ounto ft hes t at usenj o y edb yt hem,s ayasi nc as eofapubl i cser v ant .Thati swh ys ec t i ons 407 & 408 pr ovi de f orenhanced puni shmentofpuni shmentup t o sev en year si n case of c ommi s s i onofoff enc eofc r i mi nal br eac hoft r us tbyper s onsent r us t edwi t hpr oper t yasac ar r i er o rwa r e ho us e k e ep er . I nr es pec tofpubl i cs er v ant samor es t r i ngentpuni s hmentofl i f ei mpr i s onmento ri mpr i s onment upt ot eny e ar swi t hfi nepr o vi ded.Thi si sbec aus eoft hes pec i als t at usandt h et r us twhi c ha publ i cser v a ntenj o y si nt hee y esofpubl i casar epr es ent at i v eoft hego v er nmentorgo v er nment o wne de nt e r p r i s e s. Theper s onsha vi ngfi duc i ar yr el at i ons hi pbe t weent hems el v e sha v eagr eat err es pons i bi l i t yf or h on es t ya st he yh av emo r ec on t r o lo v ert h ep r o pe r t ye nt r u s t e dt ot h em,d uet ot h ei rs o c i a l r el at i ons hi p.Amer ec ar el es s nes st oobs er v et her ul esoft r eas ur yi ps of ac t oc anno tmak eone gui l t yofc r i mi nalbr eac hoft r us t .Ther emus tbes ome t hi ngmor et hanc ar el es s nes s ,i . e. ,t her e s h oul db ed i s ho ne s ti n t e nt i o nt ok e ept h e go v er n me nto uto fmo ne y s [ x v i i ] .Wh er eu nd ert h e r ul es ,apubl i cser v anti sr equi r edt ol odgei nt het r eas ur yanygo ver nmentbyt her egi s t er si nhi s h an dsa ndt h ep ub l i cs er v a n tr e mo v e st h ee x c e s sf r o mt h eo ffic ec a s hb oo k ,h ei sgu i l t yof mi s appr opr i at i on[ x v i i i ] . Mo ne y spa i dt oPo s tMa s t e rf o rmo ne yo r d era r ep ub l i cmo ne y ;a ss o ona st h eyar ep ai dt h ey c eas et obet hepr o per t yo ft her emi t t er sandami s appr opr i at i onofs uc hmone y swi l lf al lunder t hi ss ec t i on[ x i x ] .I ti snotnec es sar yundert hes ec t i ont hatt hepr oper t yi nr es pec tofwhi c ht he o ffe nc ei sc ommi t t e dmu s tb es ho wnt opr op er t yo ft h eSt a t e . Unders ec t i on409ofI PC,t heent r us t mento fpr oper t yordomi ni ons houl dbei nt hec apac i t yof a c cu s eda sap ub l i cse r v a nto ri nt h ewa yo fh i sb us i n es sa sab ank e r ,b r ok e ro rme r c ha nte t c . Th ee nt r u s t me nts h ou l dh av et h en ex u st ot h eo ffic eh el db yt h ep ub l i cs e r v a nta sap ub l i c s er v ant .Onl yt hen t hi ss ec t i on wi l lappl y .I nSuper i nt endentand Remembr ance ofLegal Affai r svSKRoy[ xx] ,t heac cus ed,apubl i cser v anti nhi sc apac i t yi nPak i s t anuni tofHi ndus t an
Cooper at i v eI ns ur anc eSoc i e t yi nCal c ut t awhi c hwasauni to fL I C,al t houghno ta ut hor i z edt o dos odi r ec t l yr eal i z edpr emi umsi nc as ho fs omePak i s t anipol i c yhol der sandmi s appr opr i at ed t heamount saf t ermak i ngf al s eent r i esi nt her el ev antr egi s t er s . T oc ons t i t ut eanoff enc eofCr i mi nalBr eac ho ft r us tb yapubl i cser v a ntpuni s habl eunders409 I PC,t heac qui s i t i onofdomi ni onorc ont r olo v ert hepr oper t ymus tal s obei nt hec apac i t yofa publ i cs er v ant .Theques t i onbef or et hec our twaswhe t hert het ak i ngofmone ydi r ec t l yf r o m
pol i c yhol der s ,whi c hwasadmi t t edl yunaut hor i z ed,woul damountt oac t i ngi nhi sc apac i t yasa publ i cs er v a nt .TheSupr emeCour thel dt hati ti st heos t ens i bl eorappar ents c opeofapubl i c s er v a nt ’ saut hor i t ywhenr ec ei v i ngt hepr oper t yt h ath ast obet ak eni nt oc ons i der at i on.The publ i cma ynotbeawar eoft het ec hni c all i mi t at i onsoft hepower soft hepubl i cs er v ant s ,under s omet ec hni c all i mi t at i onsoft hepower soft hepubl i cs er v ant s ,unders omei nt er nalr ul esoft he d ep ar t me nto ro ffic ec on c er n ed .I ti st h eu s ema deb yt h ep ub l i cs er v a nto fh i sac t u alo ffic i a l c a pa ci t y ,wh i c hd et e r mi n eswhe t h ert h er ei ss u ffic i e ntn ex u so rc o nn ec t i o n be t we ent h ea ct s c ompl ai nedofandt heoffic i alc apac i t ysoast obr i ngt heac twi t hi nt hes c opeo ft hes ec t i on.So i nc as e,i twashel dt ha tt heac c us edwasgui l t yofoff enc eunders409. Ane mp l o y e eo ft h eI n di a nAi r l i n es ,wh ot o oke x c es smo ne yf r o mt h ep as s e ng er san dp oc k e t e d t hes ameb yf al s i f y i ngr epor t s ,washel dgui l t yunders409andt hePr ev ent i onofCor r upt i onAc t , 1947[ x xi ] . I nor dert os us t ai nc onv i c t i onunders ec t i on409,i ti sr equi r edt opr ov e: 1 . En t r u s t me nto fp r o pe r t yofwh i c ha cc u se di sdu t ybo un dt oa cc o un tf o r ; 2.Commi s s i onofCr i mi nal Br eac hofT r us t [ x x i i ] . Thepr os ec ut i ondeal i ngwi t hc as esofc r i mi nalbr eac hoft r us tbyapubl i cs er v anti sr equi r edt o pr o v eno tonl yt hatt heac c us edwasapubl i cser v antbutal s owasi nac apac i t yen t r us t edwi t h p r o pe r t yo rwi t hd omi n at i o no v ert h es amea ndh ec o mmi t t e db r e ac ho ft r u s ti nr e sp ec to ft h at pr oper t y [ x x i i i ] . I ti snotnec es s ar yt hatt hepr oper t yent r us t edt oapubl i cs er v ants houl dbeofgo ver nment .But whati si mpor t anti st hat ,t hepr oper t yshoul dha vebeenent r us t edt oaper s oni nhi scapac i t yas apubl i cs er v ant [ x xi v ] . Vi e wso fJ u dg es&Co ur t si nVa r i o usCa s es I nSt ,t h eg ov e r n me nts o l dc e me ntt ot h ea c c us e d a t eofGuj a r a tv sJ as wa nt l a lNa t ha l a l [ x xv ] onl yont hec ondi t i ont hati twi l l beus edf orc ons t r uc t i onwor k .Howev er ,apor t i onoft hec ement p ur c h a s edwa sd i v e r t e dt oag od o wn .Th ea c c u s e dwa ss o u gh tt ob ep r o s e c ut e df o rc r i mi n al br eac hoft r us t .TheSupr emeCour thel dt hatt hee xpr es si on‘ ent r us t ment ’c ar r i eswi t hi tt he i mp l i c at i o nt h att h ep er s on h an di n go v era nyp r o pe r t yo ron wh os eb eh al ft h atp r op er t yi s handed over t o anot her , cont i nues t o be i t s owner . Fur t her ,t he per son handi ng o v ert h ep r o pe r t ymu s th av ec o nfi de nc ei nt h ep er s ont a k i n gt h ep r o pe r t y .s oa st oc r e at ea
fi d u c i a r yr e l a t i o ns h i pb e t we en t h em.A me r et r a ns a c t i o no fs a l ec a n no ta mo un tt oa n ent r us t ment .I ft he ac c us ed had v i ol at ed t he c ondi t i onso fp ur c has e,t he onl yr emedyi st o pr os ec ut ehi m unde rl a wr el at i ngt oc ementc on t r ol .Butnooff enc eofc r i mi nalbr eac hoft r us t wasmadeout . I nJaswantRaiMani ,i twashel dt hatwhens ec ur i t i es l alAkhaneyvsSt at eofBombay[ xxvi ] a r ep l e dg ed wi t hab an kf o rs p ec i fi cp ur p os eo ns p ec i fi e dc o nd i t i o ns ,i two ul da mo un tt o e nt r u s t me nt .Si mi l a r l y ,p r o pe r t i e se nt r u s t e dt od i r e ct o r so fa c ompa ny wo ul da mo un tt o e nt r u s t me nt ,b ec au s ed i r e ct o r sa r et os ome e x t e nti nap os i t i o no ft r u s t e e.Ho we v er ,wh en mone ywaspai dasi l l egal gr at i fi c at i on,t her ewasnoques t i onofent r us t ment . t heac c us ed,as ubi ns pec t or( SI )o fpol i c e,hadgonet o I nSt at eofUP vsBabuRam[ xxvi i ] , i n v es t i g at eat h ef tc a sei nav i l l a ge .I nt h ee v en i n g,h es a wo nep er s onn ame dTi k aRa mc o mi n g f r o mt h es i d eo ft h ec a nala ndh ur r i e dl yg oi n gt o wa r d s afi el d .Hea pp ear e dt ob ec ar r y i n g s o me t h i ngi nh i sdho t i f o l d s .Th ea cc us eds ea r c he dh i ma ndf o undab und l ec o nt a i n i n gc u r r e nc y n ot e s.Th ea c cu s edt o okt h eb un dl ea ndl a t e rr e t u r n edi t .Th ea mo un tr e t u r n edwa ss ho r tb yRs . 250.TheSupr emeCour thel dt hatt hecu r r enc yno t eswer ehandedov e rt ot heSIf orapar t i c ul ar p ur p os ean dTi k aRa mh adt r u s t e dt h ea c c us e dt or e t u r nt h emo ne yon c et h ea c c us e ds a t i s fi e d hi ms el fabouti t .I ft heac c us edhadt ak ent hec ur r enc ynot es ,i twoul damountt oc r i mi nal br eac h oft r u s t . xxv i i i ] I nRashmiKumarvsMaheshKumarBhada[ ,t h eSu pr e meCo ur th el dt h atwh ent h e
wi f eent r us t shers t r i dhanapr oper t ywi t ht hedomi ni onov ert hatpr oper t yt oherhus bandoran y o t h erme mb ero ft h ef a mi l ya ndt h eh us b an do rs u c ho t h erme mb ero ft h ef a mi l yd i s h on es t l y mi s appr opr i at esorc onv er t st ohi sownus et hatpr oper t y ,orwi l l f ul l ysuffer sandot herper s ont o d os o ,h ec o mmi t sc r i mi na lb r e ac ho ft r u s t .Ev e nf a i l u r et oh an do v erma r r i a ge g i f t sa nd o r n ame nt sr e ce i v e df r o mi nl a wst ot h ewi f eo nb ei n gd r i v e no uta mo un t st oc r i mi n albr e ac ho f t r u s t [ x x i x ] .T ak i ng a wa ys uc hg i f t sa nd c as ho ffe r i n gsf r o mh erb yi nl a wsa l s oa mo un t st o mi s appr opr i at i on.
Analysis ? Conlusion Va r i o uss u gg es t i o nswe r ep r o v i d edb yv a r i o usl a wc o mmi s s i o nsi no r d ert oa me ndt h el a ws r el at edt oc r i mi nalbr eac hoft r us t .Themos ti mpor t antonebei ngs ub mi t t edb yt heFi f t hLa w Commi ss i on:
1.Sec t i on408( c r i mi nalbr eac ho ft r us tb yc l er kors er v ant )s houl dbebr oughti nt unewi t h i t spr opos eds381oft heI PC s ot hatbr eac hoft r us tb yan yempl o y eei nr es pec tofhi s empl o y er ’ spr oper t ycanbebr oughtwi t hi npur v i e wo fs ec t i on408. 2 . Th ema xi mu mp un i s h me nt( o fl i f ei mp r i s o nme nt )p r o v i d edf o rc r i mi n alb r e ac ho ft r u s tb y p ubl i cs er v a nte t c ,s h ou l db es c al e d do wnt or i g or o usi mp r i s o nme ntf o rat e r mu pt o f our t eeny ear s . Henc ei t ’ sc l eart hatf ora n off enc et of al lundert hi ss ec t i on al lt he f ourr equi r ement sar e e s se nt i alt ob ef u l fi l l e d.Th ep er s onh an di n go v ert h ep r o pe r t ymu s th a v ec on fi de nc ei nt h e per s ont ak i ngt hepr oper t y ,s oast oc r eat eafi duc i ar yr el at i ons hi pbe t weent hem ort oputhi mi n pos i t i onoft r us t ee.Theac c us edmus tbei ns uc hapos i t i onwher ehec oul de x er c i s ehi scont r ol o v ert hepr oper t yi . e. ,domi ni ono v ert hepr oper t y .Thet er m pr oper t yi nc l udesbo t hmo v abl eas wel lasi mmo v eabl ep r oper t ywi t hi ni t sambi t .I thast obees t abl i s hedt hatt heac c us edhas di s hones t l yputt hepr oper t yt ohi sownus eort os omeunaut hor i z edus e.Di s hones ti nt ent i ont o mi s appr opr i at ei sac r uc i al f ac tt obepr ov edt obr i nghomet hec har geofc r i mi nal br eac hoft r us t . I ti ss ubmi t t edt hatt heoff enc eofc r i mi nal br eac hoft r us ti sv er ymuc hc ommoni nt oda y’ swor l d. I th ap pe ns d ur i n gt h ed ai l yr o ut i n eo fa c o mmo n ma n’ sl i f e .F r o m o ffic e st ot h e ma r r i a ge c er emoni es ,e v er y wher ei t spr es enc ec anbet r ac ed.No tonl yi nt het r ues ts ens ebutal s ot her e ar eman yc as esofwhi t ec ol l arc r i mes ,wher et heper s onwi t houtan yi nt ent i oni n v ol v e si ns uc h c r i mes .Thebes twa yt oge tr i do fs uc hc r i mei sbyeduc at i ngpeopl eaboutt hes t r i ngentl a ws r eg ar di ngt hi soff enc e.I nc as eofs ameb ypubl i cser v ant ,t hel awsar emor es t r i ngentandt hus t he yde t ert hepubl i cser v antt oc ommi ts uc hc r i mes . I nt hi swayt hi ssec t i oni ssat i s f ac t or yi ni t s el f .Thepr ov i s i onsl ai ddowni nt heI ndi anPenal Code ar eenought oc opeupwi t ht hepr obl em ofCr i mi nalBr eac ho fT r us t .Theonl yt hi ngr equi r edi s t h ee ffe c t i v ei mp l e me nt a t i o na swel la sa ppl i c at i o no fl a wa sman yo ft h ec a se sg ou nr e po r t e d andt hr oughr egul ari nv es t i gat i onst heywoul dn’ tgounnot i c ed
Diferences:
The following are the point of dierences between criminal misappropriation of property and criminal breach of trust:-
Point of dierence
criminal misappropriation of property
criminal breach of trust
40 and 404
40!
Property comes into the possession of the oender by some casualty and he afterwards misappropriates it$
%ender is lawfully entrusted with the property and he dishonestly misappropriates it or willfully suers any person so to do$
Section "c#uisition of property
&haracter of possession
)ature of possession
Punishment
There is no 'duciary relationship in this oence$ The property comes into the possession of the oender any how
There is con(ersion of property held by a person in a 'duciary capacity$
*t must be of mo(able property$
Property may be mo(able or immo(able$
+ years, 'ne
inimum years , 'ne and extended punishment for gra(e criminal breach of punishment i$e$ maximum .0 years, 'ne$
"e#al $o%i&ion& $e#a$din# Stolen P$oe$t' (Section 410 of IPC) $ &u%endar Denath >egal pro#isions regarding &tolen *ropert$ R Definition under section 1P of Indian *enal +ode4 1)OP. &ection 1P of the code defines stolen propert$. It gi#es a narrow definition of the ter" to include an$ propert$ recei#ed $ theft4 e!tortion4 roer$4 "isappropriation and cri"inal reach of trust. *ropert$4 which has een otained $ "eans other than those "entioned ao#e for e!a"ple4 $ forger$4 or $ cheating4 would not fall within the "eaning of stolen propert$3 as defined in &ection 1P.
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The word propert$3 has een used in &ection 1P to denote onl$ "o#ale propert$3. The e!pression the possession whereof has een transferred3 does not "ean that the recei#er should recei#e directl$ fro" the thief. All it i"plies is that the recei#er should recei#e propert$ which has een otained $ theft. In this case4 an innocent inter"ediate transferee does not purge the propert$ of its taint as stolen propert$ which it continues to e in the hands of all suseuent transferees4 e!cept the person legall$ entitled to its possession. The word possession3 is used here in its widest sense as i"pl$ing custod$ or control4 whether te"porar$ or per"anent or e!clusion of or @ointl$ with the thief.
To e ter"ed stolen propert$4 the propert$ "ust ha#e gone out of the control of the owner and it "ust ha#e een recei#ed $ the accused as stolen propert$ and not in an$ other "anner. *ropert$4 the possession of which has een transferred $ theft or the other offences is designated stolen propert$. It is4 therefore4 a ter" which euall$ applies to propert$ in the hands of the thief or of a recei#er other than the thief. As regards propert$ acuired $ theft4 e!tortion and roer$4 the propert$ is called stolen propert$. The propert$ in the possession of a thief who runs awa$ with stolen propert$ is propert$ socalled4 though there has not een transfer3 in the real sense of the ter"4 and though his possession is insecure. ;ut insecurit$ of possession is an incident of all stolen propert$ and its transfer does not de"and co"plete trans"utation of possession which is not e#en the incident of a legal transfer. Indeed4 the gist of the ter" lies in the intention as will e seen presentl$. To e ter"ed stolen propert$4 the properl$ "ust ha#e gone out of the control of the owner and it "ust ha#e een recei#ed $ the accused as stolen propert$4 and not in an$ other "anner. &ection 1P "erel$ specifies the attriutes of stolen propert$ which howe#er $ the"sel#es do not constitute an offence. &ection 1P confined the definition of stolen propert$ onl$ to propert$ which was the actual su@ect-"atter of theft. It e!cludes all propert$ which the stolen propert$ has een con#erted into or e!changed for. When it >ill ease as stolen property :
It stolen propert$ suseuentl$ co"es into the possession of a person legall$ entitled to the possession thereofJ it then ceases to e stolen propert$. *ropert$ once stolen retains that character so long as it re"ains out of the possession of the person lawfull$ entitled to it. /ence4 as an owner "a$ co""it theft of his own propert$4 so he "a$ e also in possession of stolen propert$ which is his own. This is o#ious fro" the fact that the three offences of theft4 e!tortion and roer$ are intended onl$ to propert$ "isappropriated if such propert$ suseuentl$ co"es into the possession of a person legall$ entitled to the possession thereof54 "ust "ean the owner as distinct fro" the person in possession. This is e#ident fro" the fact that the possession of a "isappropriator is not a initio wrongful. It eco"es wrongful onl$ with the change of intention. +onseuentl$4 legal possession of propert$ "a$4 with the change of intention4 e con#erted into stolen propert$.
In 7.=. =illens$ K1)98E 8 Q; 9(L4 a parcel was handed to the prosecutors4 a fir" of carriers4 for con#e$ance to the consignees. 2hile in the prosecutor3s depot4 a ser#ant of the prosecutor3 re"o#ed the parcel to a different part of the pre"ises and placed upon it a lael addressed to the accused. The superintendent of the prosecutor3s usiness4 on receipt of infor"ation as to this4 and after inspection of the parcel4 directed it to e sent to the addressee in a #an4 along with two detecti#es. The parcel was dul$ recei#ed $ the accused under the elief that it was stolen. It was still held $ the court that the propert$ ha#ing co"e under the possession of the actual owners efore its receipt $ the accused4 it had ceased to e stolen propert$ and the accused could not e con#icted of recei#ing it %nowing it to ha#e een stolen. In Bishan >al #. &tate of Uttar *radesh K19(9E +r>M 'P9 AllEL4 four thie#es stole goods fro" the custod$ of a railwa$ co"pan$ and sent the" $ a parcel in the sa"e co"pan$3s line addressed to the accused. During the transit4 the theft was disco#ered4 and on the arri#al of the parcel at the station for deli#er$4 a police"an in the ser#ice of the co"pan$ opened it4 and then returned it to the porter4 who was under the dut$ to deli#er it4 under instructions to %eep it till further order. n the following da$4 the police"an ordered the porter to ta%e it to address4 where it was recei#ed $ the accused. The police thereafter got hold of hi". The court held that the goods had reached its lawful owner4 the railwa$ co"pan$4 so that it could no longer e called stolen goods and thus4 the receipt of it could in no wa$ e receipt of stolen propert$.
E&&ential In#$edient& of t*e o+ence of di&*one&tl' $ecei%in# Stolen P$oe$t' (Section 411 of IPC) $ &u%endar Denath >egal pro#isions regarding ,ssential Ingredients of the offence of dishonestl$ recei#ing &tolen *ropert$ under section 11 of Indian *enal +ode4 1)OP. Essential Ingre!ients of the offene of !ishonestly reei'ing Stolen Property:
In order to con#ict a person for the offence of recei#ing stolen propert$4 it is necessar$ to estalish three factors:
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iE That the propert$ in uestion was stolen propert$J iiE That the stolen propert$ was in the possession of the accusedJ iiiE That it was dishonestl$ recei#ed or retainedJ and i#E The accused %new or had reason to elie#e that the4 propert$ was stolen propert$. ). Stolen Property:
&ection 11 deals with the receipt of stolen propert$. As per &ection 1P4 propert$4 the possession where of has een transferred $ theft4 or $ e!tortion4 or $ roer$4 and propert$ which has een cri"inall$ "isappropriated or in respect of which cri"inal reach of trust has een co""itted4 is designated as stolen propert$3.5 To pro#e the offence under &ection 114 the prosecution should pro#e that the propert$ stolen "ust ha#e een acuired $ theft or cri"inal "isappropriation or other offences alien to the". To punish the accused under &ection 114 it is necessar$ to pro#e all the circu"stances constituting the propert$ as stolen propert$. *ropert$ into or for which the stolen propert$ has een con#erted or e!changed is not stolen propert$. An ingot otained $ "elting stolen @eweller$ is not stolen propert$. A contrar$ #iew has een ta%en to sa$ that an ingot "ade out of stolen orna"ents $ "elting still retains its character of stolen propert$. ;ut if stolen propert$ is con#erted into cash4 such cash cannot e regarded as stolen propert$. In 7e 6aune =ithu 6hode K198E +ri. Appeal No. 1)( of 198 Unrep ;o"EL it was oser#ed that if a gold nec%lace is stolen and e!changed for another nec%lace or "elted down and con#erted into an ingot4 it does not cease to e the sa"e golden nec%lace that was stolen. 2hat was stolen was gold in the for" of a nec%lace4 and what is produced is the sa"e nec%lace in the for" of an ingot.
A person "a$ aandon his propert$ and things of which the ownership has een aandoned are not capale of eing stolen. &uch propert$ cannot4 therefore4 e the su@ect of an offence under &ection 11. . Possession:
It is not necessar$ that the stolen goods should ha#e een ph$sicall$ produced fro" the actual possession of the accused. It is sufficient to show that the accused after the articles were stolen ca"e into control of stolen goods and that he did so dishonestl$ or ha#ing reason to elie#e that it was stolen. Dishonest receipt and retention i"plies possession4 and such possession to e cri"inal "ust e actual and e!clusi#e4 the cri"inal liailit$ does not attach to constructi#e possession4 as of the %arta of a @oint /indu fa"il$ who though presu"ed to e in possession of the entire fa"il$ propert$4 could not4 on that assu"ption4 e held cri"inall$ liale for stolen goods rought into the house $ other "e"ers of the fa"il$. The word possession3 in this connection o#iousl$ "eans conscious possession4 for an$ other possession could not e ta%en into account in charging person with cri"inal liailit$. As has een e!pressl$ pro#ided for in &ection 11 such person "ust e oth dishonest and with %nowledge of or elief in the stolen character of the propert$. An accused can e said to ha#e co""itted the offence of recei#ing stolen propert$ in respect of onl$ the propert$ reco#ered fro" hi". The fact that the rest of the propert$ stolen has not een reco#ered fro" hi" does not affect his liailit$.
&ection 11 does not deal with "ere receipt of the propert$4 ut clearl$ indicates the necessit$ of a dishonest intention. It is necessar$ for the prosecution to estalish that the accused has
either dishonestl$ recei#ed or retained the stolen propert$. In either case4 the accused "ust recei#e it fro" another. It is necessar$ for the prosecution to pro#e that there was so"e other person who was in possession of the propert$ efore the accused has either recei#ed it or retained it. The dishonest reception3 is different fro" dishonest retention3. In dishonest reception4 dishonest$ is conte"poraneous with the act of such acuisition who in dishonest retention4 dishonestel$ super#enes after the act of acuisition of possession. To constitute dishonest retention4 there "ust ha#e een a change in the "ental ele"ent of possession4 possession alwa$s susisting ani"o et facto R fro" an honest to a dishonest condition of the "ind in relation to the thing possessed. A person who retains possession of propert$ dishonestl$4 therefore4 possesses it dishonestl$. ;ut he who possesses it dishonestl$ does not necessaril$ retain it dishonestl$. Dishonest retention thus i"plies a charge in the "ental ele"ent of possession fro" honest3 to dishonest3 in relation to the thing possessed. According to &ection 114 liailit$ is i"posed not onl$ on those who recei#e stolen propert$4 %nowing it to e stolen ut also on those who recei#e the propert$ honestl$4 ut later on retain it dishonestl$. Thus4 the liailit$ of a person who retains dishonestl$ a propert$ that he recei#ed honestl$4 is not less than that of a person who recei#es it dishonestl$. <. 9eei'ing or retaining stolen property >ith %no>le!ge:
The offence "ade punishale under &ection 11 is not the recei#ing of stolen propert$ fro" an$ particular person4 ut recei#ing such propert$ %nowing it to e stolen. The accused "ust ha#e %nown or "ust ha#e had reason to elie#e3 the propert$ to e stolen. The word elie#e3 is a "uch stronger word than suspect3 and it in#ol#es the necessit$ of showing that the circu"stances were such that a reasonale "an "ust ha#e felt con#inced in his "ind that the propert$ with which he was dealing "ust e stolen propert$. It is not sufficient to show that the accused was careless4 or he had reason to suspect that the propert$ was stolen or that he did not "a%e sufficient enuir$ to ascertain if it had een honestl$ acuired. It is i""aterial whether the recei#er %nows or not who stole it. Initial receipt of propert$ "a$ e lost ut its retention eco"es dishonest if he continues to possess it e#en after he co"es to %now that propert$ is stolen.
In ;hanwarlal #. &tate of 7a@asthan K199E +r>M O8 7a@EL4 the accused purchased 9 %gs sil#er for a paltr$ su" delieratel$ %nowing to e stolen propert$4 it could not e said of hi" that he was a ona fide purchaser. &il#er ingots were reco#ered at his instance fro" se#eral persons. /is con#iction was held to e sustainale. In Nagappa Dhondia #. &tate KAI7 19)P &+ 1('L it was oser#ed that where stolen orna"ents of the deceased which she had een wearing when she was last seen ali#e are disco#ered within three da$s of the "urder in pursuance of an infor"ation gi#en $ the accused and there is no other e#idence4 the accused can e con#icted onl$ under &ection 11 and not under &ection 'P84 I*+ or &ection '94 I*+ as there is nothing to connect hi" with the "urder or the roer$. In &tate of Barnata%a #. Adul 6affar K8PPP +r>M O BantEL4 a copper pot with 7s. 8PP in it was stolen fro" a te"ple4 the presu"ption of theft was raised against the person in whose possession it was found. The propert$ was worth 7s. OPP onl$. +onsidering the fact that it was stolen fro" a te"ple4 a fine of 7s. 8PPP was i"posed under &ection 11. The offence under &ection 11 is cogniale4 and warrant should4 ordinaril$4 issue in the first instance. It is oth non- ailale and non-co"poundale and is triale $ an$
Section 413 of Indian Penal Code, 1860 – Exlained! $ *in%i &ar%ar >egal *ro#isions of &ection 1' of Indian *enal +ode4 1)OP. 0abitually !ealing in stolen property:
/aituall$ recei#ing or dealing in stolen propert$ has een "ade punishale under this section. The section states that whoe#er either haituall$ recei#es or haituall$ deals in propert$ which either he %nows or has reason to elie#e to e stolen propert$4 shall e punished with
i"prison"ent for life4 or with si"ple or rigorous i"prison"ent for a ter" e!tending up to ten $ears4 and shall also e liale to fine.
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The prosecution has to pro#e under this section that the accused is either a haitual recei#er of stolen propert$ or he is a haitual dealer in stolen propert$4 and in either case it "ust e estalished that he either %nows the propert$ to e stolen propert$ or he has reason to elie#e that the propert$ is stolen propert$. The offence under this section is a #er$ serious offence is clear fro" the uantu" of punish"ent prescried. The offence under this section is cogniale4 non-ailale and non-co"poundale4 and is triale $ court of session.
S 412 -i&*one&tl' $ecei%in# $oe$t' &tolen in t*e co..i&&ion of a dacoit' -e&c$ition /hoe(er dishonestly recei(es or retains any stolen property the possession whereof he 1nows or has reason to belie(e to ha(e been transferred by the commission of dacoity or dishonestly recei(es from a person whom he 1nows or has reason to belie(e to belong or to ha(e belonged to a gang of dacoits property which he 1nows or has reason to belie(e to ha(e been stolen shall be punished with imprisonment for life or with rigorous imprisonment for a term which may extend to ten years and shall also be liable to 'ne$
Cla&&i/cation &c*edle 1 C$PC +ence 2ishonestly recei(ing stolen property 1nowing that it was obtained by 2acoity
Co#niance
ail
&ogni3able
)on-ailable
Co.o&ition & 320 C$PC +ence i& li&ted nde$ Co.ondale +ence&
Section 414 of Indian Penal Code, 1860 – Exlained! $ *in%i &ar%ar >egal *ro#isions of &ection 1 of Indian *enal +ode4 1)OP. Assisting in onealment of stolen property:
=oluntaril$ assisting in concealing4 disposing of or "a%ing awa$ with stolen propert$ has een "ade punishale under this section. The section states that whoe#er #oluntaril$ assists either in concealing or disposing of or "a%ing awa$ with propert$ which he either %nows to e stolen propert$ or which he has reason to elie#e to e stolen propert$4 shall e punished with si"ple or rigorous i"prison"ent for a ter" e!tending up to three $ears4 or with fine4 or with oth.
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The assistance on the part of the accused "ust e #oluntar$ and it "ust e in concealing or in disposing of or in "a%ing awa$ with propert$. /e "ust also %now or "ust ha#e reason to elie#e that the propert$ is stolen propert$. The &upre"e +ourt has held that it is not necessar$ that an accused could e con#icted under this section onl$ when another person is traced out and con#icted of co""itting theft. The onl$ thing that is needed to e pro#ed is that the propert$ reco#ered was a stolen propert$ and the accused #oluntaril$ assisted in concealing or disposing of or "a%ing awa$ with it %nowing or ha#ing reason to elie#e that it was a stolen propert$. 2here propert$ elonging to the deceased was reco#ered fro" the possession of the accused and the accused could not e con#icted of "urder of the deceased and of co""itting theft of his propert$ ecause of lac% of proof4 he could e held guilt$ under this section. The accused dri#er of a ta!i was carr$ing se#eral passengers in his ta!i when it stopped at a place for un%nown reasons and two of its passengers got down fro" it and suddenl$ attac%ed a person and relie#ed hi" of fift$ rupees after which the$ again oarded the ta!i and the dri#er sped awa$ e#en when the #icti" continued to cr$. It was held that the accused dri#er was guilt$ under section 1.
The offence under this section is cogniale4 non-ailale and co"poundale4 and is triale $ an$ "agistrate.
4f Cheating
This part of the chapter on offences against propert$ deals with cheating. It is spread o#er sections 1 to 8P4 oth inclusi#e.
"e#al P$o%i&ion& e#a$din# C*eatin#: – Section 415 of IPC $ *ra@wal *oo@ar$ +hapter-F=II of the Indian *enal +ode e!plains the pro#isions aout the offences against propert$. This +hapter contains &ections fro" '() to O8. ut of the"4 &ections 1 to 8P e!plain aout cheating. &ection 1 defines +heating5. &ection 1O e!plains aout +heating $ personation5.
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&ection 1( e!plains the punish"ent for cheating. &ection 1) e!plains cheating with %nowledge that wrongful loss "a$ ensue to person whose interest offender is ound to protect. &ection 19 e!plains the punish"ent for cheating $ personation. &ection 8P e!plains cheating and dishonestl$ inducing deli#er$ of propert$. #efinition:
&ection 1 defines +heating5. It has gi#en 9 illustrations gi#ing the clear picture. Se. <)@. Cheating:
2hoe#er4 $ decei#ing an$ person4 fraudulentl$ or dishonestl$ induces the person so decei#ed to deli#er an$ propert$4 to an$ person4 or to consent that an$ person shall retain an$ propert$4 or intentionall$ induces the person so decei#ed to do or o"it to do an$thing which he would not do
or o"it if he were not so decei#ed4 and which act or o"ission causes or is li%el$ to cause da"age or har" to that person in od$4 "ind4 reputation or propert$4 is said to cheat5. Explanation:
A dishonest conceal"ent of facts is a deception within the "eaning of this &ection. Illustrations:
aE A4 $ falsel$ pretending to e in the +i#il &er#ice4 intentionall$ decei#es C4 and thus dishonestl$ induces C to let hi" ha#e on credit goods for which he does not "ean to pa$. A cheats. E A4 $ putting a counterfeit "ar% on an article4 intentionall$ decei#es C into a elief that this article was "ade $ a certain celerated "anufacturer4 and thus dishonestl$ induces C to u$ and pa$ for the article. A cheats. cE A4 $ e!hiiting to C a false sa"ple of an article4 intentionall$ decei#es C into elie#ing that the article corresponds with the sa"ple4 and there$ dishonestl$ induces C to u$ and pa$ for the article. A cheats. dE A4 $ tendering in pa$"ent for an article a ill on a house with which A %eeps no "one$4 and $ which A e!pects that the ill will e dishonoured4 intentionall$ decei#es C4 and there$ dishonestl$ induces C to deli#er the article4 intending not to pa$ for it. A cheats. eE A4 $ pledging as dia"onds articles which he %nows are not dia"onds4 intentionall$ decei#es C4 and there$ dishonestl$ induces C to lend "one$. A cheats. fE A intentionall$ decei#es C into a elief that A "eans to repa$ an$ "one$ that C "a$ lend hi" and there$ dishonestl$ induces C to lend hi" "one$4 A not intending to repa$ it. A cheats. gE A intentionall$ decei#es C into a elief that A "eans to deli#er to C a certain uantit$ of indigo plant which he does not intend to deli#er4 and there$ dishonestl$ induces C to ad#ance "one$ upon the faith of such deli#er$. A cheatsJ ut if A4 at the ti"e of otaining the "one$4 intends to deli#er the indigo plant4 and afterwards rea%s his contract and does not deli#er it4 he does not cheat ut is liale onl$ to a ci#il action for reach of contract. hE A intentionall$ decei#es C into a elief that A has perfor"ed A3s part of a contract "ade with C4 which he has not perfor"ed and there$ dishonestl$ induces C to pa$ "one$. A cheats.
iE A sells and con#e$s an estate to ;. A4 %nowing that in conseuence of such sale he has no right to the propert$4 sells or "ortgages the sa"e to C4 without disclosing the fact of the pre#ious sales and con#e$ance to ;4 and recei#es the purchase or "ortgage "one$ fro" C. A cheats. Important Points: A. Ingre!ients of Cheating:
The ingredients of &ection 1 are as follows: a. The accused "ust ha#e induced fraudulentl$ or dishonestl$ a person. . The decei#ed should e induced to deli#er an$ propert$ to an$ person or to consent that an$ person shall retain an$ propert$. c. If the person decei#ed4 "ust e intentionall$ induced $ the wrong-doer to do or o"it to do an$thing which he would not do or o"it if such decei#ed person was not so decei#ed. d. The decei#ed should suffer an$ da"age or har" in od$4 "ind4 reputation or propert$ $ the deceitful act of the wrong doer. e. A dishonest conceal"ent of facts is also treated as a cheating. B. Frau!ulently or #ishonestly:
These words in the &ection are "ost i"portant. These words denote the ele"ents of deception and dishonest intention. A willful "isrepresentation of a fact with intention to defraud another person is cheating. +. 2hen a person cheats another4 the decei#ed person "ust ha#e suffered or in@ured in od$4 "ind4 reputation or propert$. 2here no loss or da"age was caused to the person decei#ed4 the accused cannot e punished for the offence of cheating. #. Property:
*ropert$ "a$ e of an$ %ind "o#ale or i""o#ale. The propert$ need not necessaril$ elong to the person decei#ed. A passport4 an ad"ission card to an e!a"ination4 title deeds4 salar$ of a person4 health certificate4 etc.4 are dee"ed as propert$ for the purpose of this &ection and &ection 8P. E. Mens 9ea:
M 8 ;o"a$E case4 the accused sold the propert$ to the co"plainant. In fact4 the$ said propert$ was alread$ "ortgaged to so"e other person. The accused concealed the "ortgage and registered it in fa#our of the co"plainant and recei#ed full consideration. The /igh +ourt held that it was a clear cheating offence. F. Cheating by Personation:
&ection 1O la$s down that a person is said to +heat $ personation5 if he cheats $ pretending to e so"e other person4 or $ %nowingl$ sustituting one person for another4 or representing that he or an$ other person is a person other than he or such other person reall$ is. The offence is co""itted whether the indi#idual personated is a real or i"aginar$ person. Illustrations:
aE A cheats $ pretending to e a certain rich an%er of the sa"e na"e. A cheats $ personation. E A cheats $ pretending to e ;4 a person who is deceased. A cheats $ personation. 2. M.8.A. Aahar 's. #r. #.6. 9aa 2opal ,)*55 Cr67 + &arnata%a:
In this case4 the accused was alread$ "arried. /e represented hi"self to e a achelor and "arried with the co"plainant3s daughter. The accused was held guilt$ of offence of cheating $ personation and also under &ection 9 ;iga"$.E 0. Punishment for Cheating:
&ection 1( i"poses the punish"ent for cheating with i"prison"ent of either description for a ter" which "a$ e!tend to one $ear4 or with fine4 or with oth. Nature of offence: The offence under this &ection is non-cogniale4 ailale4 co"poundale with per"ission of the +ourt efore which an$ prosecution of such offence is pending4 and triale $ an$ ith %no>le!ge that >rongful loss may ensue to person >hose interest offen!er is boun! to protet:
&ection 1) pro#ides that whoe#er cheats with the %nowledge that he is li%el$ there$ to cause wrongful loss to a person whose interest in the transaction to which the cheating relates4 he was ound4 either $ law or $ a legal contract4 to protect4 shall e punished with i"prison"ent of either description for a ter" which "a$ e!tend to three $ears4 or with fine4 or with oth. Nature
of offence: The offence under this &ection is non-cogniale4 ailale4 co"poundale with per"ission of the +ourt efore which an$ prosecution of such offence is pending4 and triale $ an$
&ection 19 i"poses punish"ent for the offence of cheating $ personation with i"prison"ent of either description for a ter" which "a$ e!tend to three $ears4 or with fine4 or with oth. Nature of offence: The offence under this &ection is cogniale4 ailale4 co"poundale with per"ission of the +ourt efore which an$ prosecution of such offence is pending4 and triale $ an$
&ection 8P pro#ides that whoe#er cheats and there$ dishonestl$ induces the person decei#ed to deli#er an$ propert$ to an$ person4 or to "a%e4 alter or destro$ the whole or an$ part of a #aluale securit$4 or an$thing which is signed or filed4 and which is capale of eing con#erted into a #aluale securit$4 shall e punished with i"prison"ent of either description for a ter" which "a$ e!tend to se#en $ears4 and shall also e liale to fine. Nature of offence: The offence under this &ection is cogniale4 ailale4 co"poundale with per"ission of the +ourt efore which an$ prosecution of such offence is pending4 and triale $ an$
In &ection 1( a general pro#ision is "ade defining the cheating. or the cases in which propert$ is transferred4 the specific pro#ision is "ade in &ection 8P. /owe#er the offence of cheating of an$ person $ deli#er$ of propert$ is punishale under either of the two &ections. ;ut where the case appears to e of a serious nature4 then the prosecution "a$ e conducted under &ection 8P. M. Mobari% Ali Ahme! 's. the State of Bombay ,Air )*@5 SC +@5 Brief Fats:
The appellant0uis Antonio +orrea was a usiness"an4 doing usiness in 6oa. In the $ear 1914 there was scarcit$ of rice in 6oa. The co"plainant contacted the accused0appellant for the suppl$ of 84PPP tons of rice4 which was agreed $ the accused su@ect to the condition that P of the #alue pa$ale in ad#ance4 efore the shipping and re"aining after the docu"ents of shipping recei#ed.
Accordingl$ the co"plainant paid 7s. )14PPP0 R on 8'-(-191E 7s. 84'P4PPP0- on 8)-)-191E and 7s. 84'O49PP0- on 89-)-191E to the appellant0 accused through his agent. The appellant recei#ed the ao#e "entioned cash ut did not suppl$ the rice. The co"plainant waited for one $ear and then initiated cri"inal proceedings against the four directors of the appellant co"pan$4 i.e.4 ondon4 who ordered the arrest of the appellant. /e was rought to ;o"a$ and then was tried. The trial +ourt proceeded against the appellant and found hi" guilt$ under &ection 8P4 and i"posed penalt$ and i"prison"ent for three $ears and ten "onths. n appeal ;o"a$ /igh +ourt confir"ed the con#iction. The appellant appealed to the &upre"e +ourt. 7u!gment:
The &upre"e +ourt held: The appellant ceased to e an Indian citien and was a *a%istani national at the ti"e of the co""ission of the offence4 he "ust e held guilt$ and punished under I*+ notwithstanding he is not eing corporeall$ present in India at that ti"e.5 Priniples:
1. A con#iction of an accused person under &ec. 8P would e #alid though the charges under &ec. 8P read with &ec. ' unless pre@udice is shown to ha#e occurred. 8. That all the ingredients necessar$ for finding the offences of cheating under &ec. 8P read with &ec. 1 occurred at ;o"a$. In that sense the entire offence was co""itted at ;o"a$ and not "erel$ the conseuence4 #i.4 deli#er$ of "one$ which was one of the ingredients of the offence. '. Though the appellant was a *a%istani national at the ti"e of the co""ission of the offence4 he "ust e held guilt$ and punished under the *enal +ode notwithstanding his not eing corporeall$ present in India at the ti"e ecause on a plain reading of &ection. &ection 8 of the *enal +ode applied to hi". . That the fastening of cri"inal liailit$ on the appellant4 who was a foreigner4 was not to gi#e an$ e!tra-territorial operation to the law4 in as "uch as the e!ercise of cri"inal @urisdiction in the case. 2here all the ingredients of the offence occurred within the "unicipal territor$ was e!ercise of "unicipal @urisdiction.
8. 7ohn MI'er 's. Emperor ,AI9 )*-/ FB Ma!. -@- Brief Fats:
M. a%sh"aiah +hett$ on 1-'-19' representing that their co"pan$ had entered into a contract with the I"perial ;an% of India under which the$ were under an oligation to sell and to deli#er the" O 108 interests. 19' ;o"a$ De#elop"ent >oan ;onds of the face #alue of 7s. '4P4PPP0- and that the last date was 8(-'-19'. ;elie#ing the words of A-14 the co"plainant07ao ;ahadur handed o#er the cash. Accused-1 did not hand o#er the ;onds and postponed under one prete!t or the other. The co"plainant filed a co"plaint in the +ourt of the *residenc$4 ,gnore against the accused-1 G 84 under &ec. P' G 8P of the I.*.+. +heating and +ri"inal ;reach of TrustE The accused co"pro"ised with the co"plainant and as a result he was acuitted fro" the charges. At this @unction the &tate interfered and appealed to the
The
1. There can e no consent $ a person who is cheated and of there is deceit which pre#ented an$ true consent arising there could e no entrustingJ the ter"s are "utuall$ e!clusi#e. 8. The word entrusted5 should e construed as it access in the &ection headed cri"inal reach of trust5. The notion of a trust in the ordinar$ sense of that word is that there is a person the transferee or the entrusted4 in which confidence is reported $ another who co""its propert$ to hi"J and this again supposes that the confidence is freel$ gi#en. A person who tric%s another into deli#ering propert$ to hi" ears no rese"lance to a trustee in the ordinar$ acceptation of that ter" and &ec. P gi#en no sanction to regarding hi" as a trustee. The essence of the cri"inal reach of trust is the dishonest con#ersion of propert$ entrusted4 ut the act of cheating itself in#ol#es a con#ersion.
+on#ersion signifies the depri#ing of the owner of the use and possession of his propert$. 2hen the cheat afterward sells or consu"es or otherwise uses the fruit of his cheating he is not co""itting an act of con#ersion for the con#ersion is alread$ done4 ut he is furnishing e#idence of the fraud he practised to get hold of the propert$. Therefore4 cheating is a co"plete offence $ itself. 4. Abhayanan! Mishra 's. State of Bihar ,AI9 )*/) SC )/*+
;rief acts: The appellant sought the per"ission of *atna Uni#ersit$ for appearing <.A. e!a"inations ,nglishE in 19. /e enclosed the attested copies of ;.A. Degree and per"ission letter fro" the /ead
The &upre"e +ourt dis"issed the appeal. It upheld the @udg"ents of the >ower +ourt and the /igh +ourt. Priniples:
1. An ad"ission card to sit for an e!a"ination of a Uni#ersit$ is propert$ within the "eaning of &ec. 8P. Though the ad"ission card as such has no pecuniar$ #alue it has i""ense #alue to the candidate for the e!a"ination. 8. There is a thin line etween the preparation for and an atte"pt to co""it an offence. Undoutedl$ a culprit first intends to co""it the offence4 then "a%es preparation for co""itting it and therefore4 atte"pts to co""it the offence.
If the atte"pt succeeds4 he has co""itted the offenceJ if it fails due to reasons e$ond his control4 he is said to ha#e atte"pted to co""it the offence. Therefore4 atte"pted to co""it the offence can e said to egin when the preparations are co"plete and the culprit co""ences to do so"ething with the intention of co""itting the offence and which is a step towards the co""ission of the offence. The "o"ent he co""ences to do an act with the necessar$ intention4 he co""ences his atte"pt to co""it the offence. P. #r.3imala 's #elhi A!ministration ,AI9)*/- SC )@5 . Breah of ontrat:
There is a clear distinction etween "ere reach of contract and the offence of cheating. It depends upon the intention of the wrong-doer at the ti"e of the induce"ent and his suseuent conduct. ar Prasa! Singh 's. 8arayan Singh an! others ,)**+ ,@ SCC /*< Brief Fats:
Nageshwar *rasad &ingh the appellant herein has certain propert$ in *atna. Nara$an &ingh and others4 the respondents herein4 contracted Nageshwar *rasad &ingh to purchase a plot for certain consideration. &ale deed was concluded. Nara$an &ingh paid earnest "one$ to the appellant and agreed to pa$ the alance at a future date. Nageshwar *rasad handed o#er the site to Nara$an &ingh. Nara$an &ingh started construction. Nara$an &ingh filed a ci#il case for specific perfor"ance of the contract in a ci#il +ourt against Nageshwar *rasad. ;esides it4 Nara$an &ingh eing an ad#ocate also filed a cheating case against Nageshwar *rasad alleging that Nageshwar did not fulfil the contract. Nageshwar *rasad contended that eing it was a reach of contract fro" the respondent Nara$an &ingh the pro#isions of &ection 8P would not attract in this case. The /igh +ourt dis"issed his appeal. n appeal4 the &upre"e +ourt held that it was purel$ a reach of contract and the tric%s pla$ed $ Nara$an &ingh to dela$ the pa$"ent and harass the land owner. It uashed the trial +ourt3s @udg"ent under &ection 8P4 and also the decision of the /igh +ourt3s decision4 and ordered Nara$an &ingh to pa$ 7s. 1P4PPP0- to the appellant0Nageshwar *rasad for the #e!atious proceedings.
