LECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY •
the scientifc study o microorganisms (living things that are too small to be seen with the naked eye)
Groups of Microorganisms Bacteria (archeans, eubacteria) Protists (algae, protozoans, slime molds) Fungi (yeasts and molds) elminths !iruses (acellular)
#istorica" Roots First .bservations -pontaneous /eneration /olden #ge o &icrobiology o Birth o &odern +hemotherapy (0st /olden #ge) o &icrobial /enetics ra (1 nd /olden #ge) &odern 2evelopments • • •
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Importance of Microbes " #id #id iin n the the dige digest stio ion n o o cel cellu lulo lose se in ruminants " $utrient cy cycling " Bioremediation " $ormal %ora " Probiotics " #ntibiotics " Ferme erment ntat atio ion n prod produc ucts ts Negatie impact on !uman !ea"t! &icrobes cause many inectious diseases' o !accines, antibiotics, and many other advances have lessened the impact o inectious disease in the developed world, but inectious disease in developing countries is high' $ew illnesses caused by microorganisms continue to emerge and known pathogens are becoming resistant to treatment' •
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#istor$ of Microbio"og$ •
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he ancient gyptians gyptians are are the frst known civilization to use ermentation to brew beer' beer' istorical evidence also suggests a knowledge o inectious disease' o #s evident rom archeological e*cavations in +rete, ndia, Pakistan, and -cotland, early civilizations have realized a connection between sewage and disease'
%irst Obserations Obserations he history o o biology largely largely rests rests on the book Micrographia , published in 0334' •
Robert !oo&e (0334) 5 &icrographia 'nton$ an Leeu(en!oe& Leeu(en!oe& (0367) 5 8animalcules9 )pontaneous Generation #biogenesis # long"held theory that lie could arise spontaneously rom non"living or decaying organic matter' t was based on observations o rotting ood seemingly producing living organisms' • •
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%rancesco Re*i (033:) 5 strong opponent o #biogenesis' ♥ +o!n Nee*!am Nee*!am (06;4) 5 abiogenesis occurred due to the random
Go"*en 'ge of Microbio"og$ /102314156 his period saw the discovery discovery o the causes o many diseases, advances in the understanding o immunity, advances in the understanding o microbial microbial metabolism, etc' •
%ermentation he anaerobic conversion o sugar to carbon dio*ide and alcohol by yeast' •
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inection, contamination o the environment they are working in (e'g' omites), and contamination o the specimen they are working on, which is especially important when a pure culture is desired' +ontributors?
Igna, )emme"(eis (hand washing as a means o minimizing surgical inection) ♥
.asteuri,ation he process o heating li>uids or the purpose o destroying viruses and harmul organisms such as bacteria, protozoa, molds, and yeasts' 2oes not intend to kill all micro" organisms (pathogenic) in the ood' nstead, aims to achieve a
+osep! Lister (use o chemical antimicrobials or the
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Germ T!eor$ of Disease # theory that proposes that microorganisms are the cause o many diseases' +ontributors? – /irolamo Fracastoro – #gostino Bassi – @ohn -now – Aouis Pasteur – obert Coch •
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7oc!8s postu"ate 0' #n organism can be isolated rom a host suDering rom the disease 1' he organism can be cultured in the laboratory 7' he organism causes the same disease when introduced into another host ;' he organism can be re"isolated rom that host
-accination he process o administering pathogens that can not reproduce (due to being weakened or dead) to a healthy person or animal, with the intent o conerring immunity against a targeted orm o a related disease agent' +ontributor? – E*(ar* +enner (use o cowpo* virus to vaccinate against smallpo* virus) •
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C!emot!erap$ he use o substances (natural or synthetic) to treat disease' n its non"oncological use, the term may also reer to antibiotics (antibacterial chemotherapy )' +ontributors? – Paul hrlich (arsphenamine) – 2omagk (sulonamides) – #le*ander Fleming (penicillin) •
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)econ* Go"*en 'ge /145:3142;6 •
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'septic Tec!ni9ue echni>ue used by microbiologists to prevent microbial contamination o themselves, which may result in •
&icrobial genetics era'
Os(a"* 'er$, Co"in MacLeo*, and Mac"$n McCart$ "show that DN' is t!e transforming materia" in cells'
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'"bert )c!at,< E= Bugie< an* )e"man >a&sman " discover streptom$cin , soon to be used against tuberculosis +os!ua Le*erberg and E*(ar* L= Tatum" 3 publish on con?ugation in bacteria ' &icrobiologist +o!n %ran&"in En*ers, virologist T!omas #= >e""er and physician %re*eric& C!apman Robbins " together develop a techni>ue to grow polio virus in test tube cultures o human tissues'
+os!ua Le*erberg and Est!er Le*erberg " publish their rep"ica p"ating met!o* and provide frm evidence that mutations in bacteria yielding resistance to antibiotics and viruses are not induced by the presence o selective agents'
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#dvancement in &olecular microbiology and mmunology
Microbia" Genetics &icroorganisms have served as important biochemical and genetic model systems nderstanding the molecular role o 2$# in the hereditary process occurred as a conse>uence o studies employing microorganisms' ecombinant 2$# and engineering, 2$# technology •
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#o(ar* Temin and Dai* Ba"timore " independently discover reerse transcriptase in $# viruses' )tan"e$ Co!en< 'nnie C!ang< Robert #e""ing< and #erbert Bo$er 5 they show that i 2$# is broken into ragments and combined with plasmid 2$#, such recombinant DN' mo"ecu"es will reproduce i inserted into bacterial cells'
+ames >atson and %rancis Cric& " publish a description o the *oub"e3 !e"i@ structure o 2$# .eter Mitc!e"" " proposes the c!emiosmotic t!eor$ in which a molecular process is coupled to the transport o protons across a biological membrane
Ta@onom$ system or organizing, classiying G naming living things' Aevels 2omain Cingdom Phylum or 2ivision +lass .rder Family /enus -pecies •
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%rancois +acob< Dai* .errin< Carmen )anc!e, an* +ac9ues Mono* " propose the operon concept or control o bacteria gene action'
Mars!a"" Nirenberg and +=#= Matt!aei " observe that a synthetic polynucleotide, po"$ U< *irects t!e s$nt!esis of a po"$pepti*e compose* on"$ of p!en$"a"anine'
Mo*ern Dee"opments
Ma?or Ta@onomic Groups of Bacteria in Bergey’s manual 0' Graci"icutes 5 gram"negative cell walls, thin"skinned
1' %irmicutes 5 gram"positive cell walls, thick skinned 7' Tenericutes 5 lack a cell wall G are sot ;' Men*osicutes 5 archaea, primitive procaryotes with unusual cell walls G nutritional habits
%IELD) O% )TUDY 1= Microbia" p!$sio"og$ he study o how the microbial cell unctions biochemically' ncludes the study o microbial growth, microbial metabolism and microbial cell structure A= Microbia" genetics he study o how genes are organized and regulated in microbes in relation to their cellular unctions' +losely related to the feld o molecular biology := Me*ica" microbio"og$ he study o the role o microbes in human illness' ncludes the study o microbial pathogenesis and epidemiology and is related to the study o disease pathology and immunology •
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5= -eterinar$ microbio"og$ he study o the role in microbes in veterinary medicine or animal ta*onomy' = Enironmenta" microbio"og$ he study o the unction and diversity o microbes in their natural environments' ncludes the study o microbial ecology, microbe" mediated nutrient cycling, geomicrobiology, microbial diversity and bioremediation' •
+haracterization o key bacterial habitats such as the rhizosphere and phyllosphere' = Eo"utionar$ microbio"og$ he study o the evolution o microbes' ncludes the study o bacterial systematics and ta*onomy' 2= In*ustria" microbio"og$ he e*ploitation o microbes or use in industrial processes' *amples include industrial ermentation and wastewater treatment' +losely linked to the biotechnology industry' his feld also includes brewing, an important application o microbiology' 0= 'eromicrobio"og$ he study o airborne microorganisms' 4= %oo* Microbio"og$ he study o microorganisms causing ood spoilage' 1;= .!armaceutica" microbio"og$ the study o microorganisms causing pharmaceutical contamination and spoilage' 11= .arasito"og$ he study o parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them' he ocus o study is on relationship and $. the organisms' Protozoology Focuses on protozoans elminthology Focuses o helminths
