Introduction to Information Systems

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Introduction to Information Systems Essentials for the Internetworked E-Business Enterprise

Chapter

4 Computer Software

James A. O’Brien

Introduction to Information Systems

Chapter Objectives • Describe several important trends occurring in computer software. • Give examples of several major types of application and system software. • Explain the purpose of several popular software packages for end user productivity and collaborative computing. • Outline the functions of an operating system. • Describe the main uses of high-level, fourthgeneration, object-oriented, and Web-oriented programming languages and tools.

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James A. O’Brien


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Categories of Computer Software Computer Computer Software Software

System System Software Software

Application Application Software Software

GeneralGeneralPurpose Purpose Programs Programs

ApplicationApplicationSpecific Specific Programs Programs

System System Management Management Programs Programs

System System Development Development Programs Programs


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Database Management Software

Development Tools

Databases Hardware

Operating System Graphics User Interface Special Applications

Games

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Apple : Leopard ???? Microsoft Office Microsoft: Vista

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• Apple : Goes to Intel Chip Leopard Yes Microsoft Office Microsoft: Vista

Operating systems are processor specific

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Functions of an Operating System

User Interface

Resource Management

Task Management

File Management

Utilities and Other Functions


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Trends in Computer Software First Second Third Generation Generation Generation

Fourth Generation

Fifth Generation

Trend: Toward Easy-to-Use Multipurpose Network-Enabled Application Packages for Productivity and Collaboration

User-Written Programs Machine Languages

Packaged Programs Symbolic Languages

Operating Systems High-Level Languages

DBMS Fourth-Generation Languages Microcomputer Packages

Natural & Object-Oriented Languages Multipurpose Graphic- Interface Network-Enabled Expert-Assisted Packages

Trend: Toward Visual or Conversational Programming Languages and Tools

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Categories of Programming Languages Machine Languages Use binary coded instructions

High Level Languages Use brief statements

Markup Languages Use embedded control codes

1001 1001 1100 1101

Compute X = Y + Z

First heading

Assembler Languages Use symbolic coded instructions LOD Y ADD Z

Fourth Generation Languages

Object-Oriented Languages

Use natural statements

Define objects that contain data and actions

SUM THE FOLLOWING NUMBERS

Document.write (“Hi There”)

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• 10 PRINT “HELLO” • 20 END

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• 10 PRINT “HELLO” • 20 GOTO 10 • 30 END

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Programming Language Translation

IF A := B THEN

• Compiler • Interpreter • Assembler Language Translator Program

1001101 1110101 0010110

Source Program Written in BASIC, COBOL, etc.

Language Translation Process

Why do I want the source code?

Machine Language Object Program

James A. O’Brien


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Categories of Programming Languages Machine Languages Use binary coded instructions

High Level Languages Use brief statements

Markup Languages Use embedded control codes

1001 1001 1100 1101

Compute X = Y + Z

First heading

Assembler Languages Use symbolic coded instructions LOD Y ADD Z

Fourth Generation Languages

Object-Oriented Languages

Use natural statements

Define objects that contain data and actions

SUM THE FOLLOWING NUMBERS

Document.write (“Hi There”)

James A. O’Brien


• Application software types – Custom development – programming • Expensive – • Consultant dependent • Hard to get out of

– Within application development • Written within an existing software environment • Examples: Spreadsheets, Database applications

– Turn key systems • Little customization – dependent on the vendor • “Turn it on and run it”

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James A. O’Brien

Database Management Software

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Development Tools

Databases Hardware

Operating System Graphics User Interface Special Applications

Games?

James A. O’Brien


Categories of software: Layering • The hardware is the center • The system software – operating system – Controls the hardware and supports the application – Supports GUI (graphics user interfaces) – Controls communications

• Development software – tools for creating applications – Programming languages – Database management software

• Applications software – The big area

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James A. O’Brien


Common General- Purpose Applications • A move toward generic applications that can be adapted … spreadsheet software and database software. • Electronic Mail • Word Processing • Presentation Graphics • Multimedia • Personal Information Manager • Groupware

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Web Browsers Discussion Groups

Surf the Net

Launch Information Searches

Typical uses of a Web Browser in Internet, Intranet, and Extranet Environments

Multimedia File Transfer

E-Mail

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Database Management Packages Database Development

Database Interrogation Primary Tasks of Database Management Packages

Database Maintenance

Application Development


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Multimedia Technologies Video VideoCapture Capture Card Card

Authoring Authoring Language Language

Storyboard Storyboard

Sound SoundBoard Board

Key Technologies of Multimedia

MIDI MIDI Interactive Interactive Video Video

Digital DigitalVideo Video Interactive Interactive

Compact CompactDisk Disk Interactive Interactive Compressed Compressed Audio Audio Computer Computer Edit EditSystem System Digital DigitalAudio Audio

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Business Enterprise Application Software Accounting and Financial Management Customer Relationship Management

Supply Chain Management

Business Decision Support Human Resource Management

Enterprise Resource Planning

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Summary • Software is more capable • Software is more graphic oriented - GUI • Software takes more computer resources – Disk storage and RAM

• • • • •

Databases are more and more dominant Fewer standard computer languages Software is more object oriented Web based applications are increasing Database systems

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James A. O’Brien


Chapter Summary • Computer software consists of two major types of programs: application software that directs the performance of a particular end user task, and system software that controls and supports the operations of a computer system. • Application software includes a variety of programs that can be segregated into generalpurpose and application-specific categories.

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James A. O’Brien


Chapter Summary (cont) • System software can be subdivided into system management programs and system development programs. The former is used to manage hardware, software, networks, and data resources. The latter is used by IS specialists to develop computer programs. • An operating system is an integrated system of programs that supervises the operations of the CPU.

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James A. O’Brien


Chapter Summary (cont) • There are 5 major levels of programming languages. Language translator programs convert programming language instructions into machine language instructions.

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Introduction to Information Systems

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