Introduction to GIS. A Tutorial for Creating Water Management Zone in Tidal Lowlands using ArcGIS 10

INTRODUCTION TO GIS (1st Draft) A Tutorial for Creating Water Management Zone in Tidal Lowlands using ArcGIS 10

Rahmadi, Ir, M.Sc, M.Si May 2012

INTRODUCTION TO GIS A Tutorial for Creating Water Management Zone in Tidal Lowlands using ArcGIS 10

@Rahmadi, 2012. 1st edition. For Internal and academic purposes use only. Please refer to the Author for using and citing of this module.

Introduction to GIS – A tutorial for Creating Water Management Zone in Tidal Lowlands Using ArcGIS 10

Table of contents Foreword .................................................................................................................................................... ii

1

2

3

Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1

GIS: an introduction to ArcGIS ................................................................................................. 1

1.2

Tidal Lowland Development and Water Management Zoning .................................................. 3

1.3

Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 4

ArcMAP Tutorial .................................................................................................................................. 5 2.1

Main feature in ArcMAP ............................................................................................................ 5

2.2

Adding Spatial Data to ArcMap ................................................................................................. 5

2.3

Displaying data in ArcMap ........................................................................................................ 6

Creating Water Management Zoning................................................................................................. 9 3.1

(Hydro)-topography and potential tidal irrigation ...................................................................... 9

3.2

Drainability .............................................................................................................................. 16

3.3

Soils ........................................................................................................................................ 17

3.4

Salinity Intrusion ...................................................................................................................... 18

3.5

Land Quality ............................................................................................................................ 18

3.6

Water Management Zone ....................................................................................................... 21

Reference ................................................................................................................................................. 23

List of tables Table 1 Telang I in the wet season ........................................................................................................... 21

List of figures Figure 1 ArcGlobe Viewer in ArcGIS Desktop ............................................................................................ 2 Figure 2 ArcMap Viewer in ArcGIS Desktop ............................................................................................... 2 Figure 3 Coastal lowlands of Sumatra, Kalimantan and Papua ................................................................. 3 Figure 4 Water Management Zone Process ............................................................................................... 9 Figure 5 Pyrite distribution and peat distribution ...................................................................................... 17 Figure 6 Salinity Intrusion ......................................................................................................................... 18 Figure 7 Overlay process to generate land quality using model builder ................................................... 18

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Foreword This module is intended for DDILDM students to learn on how to use ArcGIS 10 in a classroom setting. This module is meant to be a complement of many ArcGIS software manuals such as Esri training products, or the ArcGIS help options. Many reference of GIS only focus on a tutorial on how to works with ARGIS, but his module was prepared to be used as one of reference how to create water management zoning using ArcGIS as it is very rare to found a reference on this field. Before start to use this module, It is advised for users of this manual to know basic operation of ArcGIS 10: creating data and editing feature, geo-referencing and geo-processing, as not all details steps explained in it. As to be used as one of many references, this Module hopefully will help students of DD-ILDM particularly and other readers in general to learn on GIS in relation water management purposes especially those who dealing with land and water development expertise. This module is a first draft and still continuously being updated so if any suggestions, recommendation on concepts and techniques to make this module more useful are pleasantly welcome.

Jakarta, May 2012 Rahmadi M.Sc, M.Si Independent GIS-RS Email: [email protected]

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1 Introduction 1.1 GIS: an introduction to ArcGIS GIS or well known as Geographic Information System is a computer package of integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. The core of the system is database, a collection of maps and associated information in digital form. GIS are rapidly becoming standard tools for management of natural resources and are used to decision maker in evaluating various alternative development plans. It is difficult to think of the resource planning without a geographic information system. GIS has capabilities to model the potential outcome for a series of development scenarios (Chrysoulakis et al, 2003). In this study ArcGIS 10.x or 9.x will be used to analyse spatial data to generate map of water management zoning. ArcGIS is a system of parts that can be deployed on a single desktop or distributed on a heterogeneous computer network of workstations and servers. Users can deploy various parts of this system to implement a GIS of any size from a single-user system to workgroups and departments, for large enterprises, and for societal GIS systems. ArcGIS consists of some application extension perform any GIS task, simple to advanced, including, including mapping, data management, geographic analysis, data editing and geoprocesssing (Environmental System Research Institute, 2001a). ArcGIS includes the geodatabase, which is a data model for representing geographic information using standard relational database technology. The geodatabase, shorthand for geographic database supports the storage and management of geographic information in standard relational database management system tables. For example, a table can be used to store a feature class where each row in the table represents a feature. Each row in the table has a shape column used to hold the geometry or shape of the feature. The ArcGIS Spatial Analyst extension was chosen to model these distance, elevation and as well as drainability, hydro-topographic, soils, etc and to generate water management zoning, because it can create representational or process models of lowlands development. Representational models are the simpler and built in of the model types and describe the layer as a series of data layers, the result often being a coloured map with points, lines and polygons denoting points of interest also in raster format. One of the advantages of these maps is that they can be informative while being easy to read and understand. Process models attempt to describe the interaction of the objects that are modelled in representational models. The software can combine information from two or more layers to create new datasets of increasing complexity. As with representational models, simple models are often the most meaningful (Environmental System Research Institute, 2001b). ArcGIS Desktop is the primary application used by GIS professionals to compile, author, and use geographic information and knowledge. It is available at three functional levels—ArcView, ArcEditor, and ArcInfo.

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ArcGIS Desktop includes an integrated suite of comprehensive desktop applications—ArcMap, ArcCatalog™, ArcToolbox™, and ArcGlobe. Each application has a rich set of GIS tools and operators. ArcGIS Desktop can also be extended by purchasing a range of optional extensions that add specialized capabilities. For example:  The ArcGIS Spatial Analyst extension adds raster geoprocessing and modeling.  The ArcGIS 3D Analyst extension adds many 3D GIS capabilities and visualization applications.  The ArcGIS Data Interoperability extension adds the ability to directly use dozens of GIS data formats in ArcGIS. (Environmental System Research Institute, 2008c) Figure 1 ArcGlobe Viewer in ArcGIS Desktop

Figure 2 ArcMap Viewer in ArcGIS Desktop

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1.2 Tidal Lowland Development and Water Management Zoning Indonesia contains some 34 million ha of lowlands, located mainly on the islands of Sumatra, Kalimantan and Papua. Being located in the coastal zone, these lands are often characterised by waterlogged conditions, and shallow to deep peat overlying unconsolidated, and often (potentially) acidic clays. Tidal rivers and creeks in the estuaries may be saline, particularly during the dry season. Non-tidal inland freshwater lowlands are found in other locations. Main natural habitats were originally swamp forest and peat swamp forest, along with mangrove in brackish and marine areas. Except for remnants of primary forest, primarily located in the Protected Area (PA) system and on Papua, many areas are now characterised by large tracts of degraded forest and secondary scrub (Euroconsult Molt Mac Donald, 2008). Figures put the total lowlands area reclaimed for agriculture at about 4 million hectares in 1993 (1.5 hectares of it through government-sponsored development and 2.5 hectares by spontaneous settlement). By 2000, more than 4.9 million ha of plantation estates had also been developed by the private sector in Indonesia’s lowlands, along with some 0.45 million hectares that had been converted to brackish-water aquaculture (Giesen et al, 2007). These reclaimed areas generally have a good potential for agricultural development, with a rice crop in the wet season and a second rice crop, or a dry food crop in the dry season. The Government of Indonesia wants to maintain food self-sufficiency, among others in rice. While especially on Java and Bali large areas are taken out of production, primarily due to urbanisation, the tidal lowlands may have to play an increasing important role in achieving this objective (Schultz, 2008). In the near future, intervention to this lowlands area will highly increase especially in agricultural sector, settlement, industrial zones as well as integrated urban development in Indonesia. The major part of urbanisation is expected to take place in deltaic and coastal areas. Tidal lowlands become more and more important and especially will be the future for agricultural development in Indonesia. Step wise approach should be implemented to achieve a sustainable development, a balance between for development and conservation as environmental consideration (Rahmadi, 2009). Figure 3 Coastal lowlands of Sumatra, Kalimantan and Papua

Source: Water Management for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptive Development in Lowlands (WACLIMAD), 2011.

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Water Management Zoning Water management options in lowlands are to a large extent determined by the hydrotopographical conditions. In combination with a water management strategy this makes it in principle possible to subdivide an area into different land suitability zones based on more or less identical water management conditions. This Land Suitability Zones (LSZ) can be effective indicators to delineate areas where similar water management conditions may be expected. To derive the land suitability zoning for a tidal lowland area, a geographical information system (GIS) can well be used, in this module ArcGIS10 will be used as a tool. Land suitability zoning should at least distinguish between the hydro-topographic categories (A to D) and the main soil characteristics. The drainability is important as well, but it may be difficult to determine this accurately due to variation and complexity of land and water characteristic in tidal lowland. Nevertheless, in this module some steps to create and generate drainability also will be explained based on previous and recent of related experiences. Water Management Needs Water management needs are different for different land unit and different types of land use. Wetland rice calls for inundated field with possibility for leaching, while dry foot crops need stable groundwater tables at depth well below the surface. In tidal lowlands there are two basic options involve the water supply option for leaching and flushing of wetland rice and the drainage option for dry crops and tree crops (leaching of the root zone during of high tide and flushing during low tide). The water supply option involves improvement of freshwater supply for soil leaching by creating for example a one-way flow, or low-fit pumping for supplementary irrigation in the C/D areas. The drainage option focuses on improving drainage of the soils and creating dry land conditions by maintaining the groundwater table well below ground level. Water management zoning is closely related to the land suitability of an area, land use planning and the decision making process, if the area will be developed for irrigated wetland rice, or dry foot crops, or a combination of crops. Based on the water management zoning, water management systems for the area can be designed. Water management zoning in this module is based on secondary block as a hydrological unit boundary, and Telang I is chosen as an example to develop a water management zoning.

1.3 Objectives The objective of writing this module are to describe a tutorial especially for student of double degree of University of Sriwijaya and Unesco-IHE (DD-ILDM) or any other related users as one of many references to know and understand of using ArcGIS as a tool of spatial analyses as well as a tool to model water management zoning or any related purposes. The prerequirement of using this module is that users have already known principle of ArcGIS especially familiar with geo-processing.

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2 ArcMAP Tutorial 2.1 Main feature in ArcMAP ArcMap can be started by clicking ‘start menu’ and then follow by clicking ‘ArcGIS’ and ‘ArcMap 10, as shown in the following figure.

ArcMap is the tool for creating, viewing, querying, editing, composing, and publishing maps, after starting ArcMap, display will be presented as shown in the following: Menu Bar

buttonBar

Maps display area

Table of contents

Data view Layout view

2.2 Adding Spatial Data to ArcMap Data added to a map in ArcMap are referred to as Layers. The steps below run through adding several layers to ArcMap. To add a data source, click ‘add data icon’ on the button bar. Or can also done by choosing File | Add data from menu bar. The add data dialog box will appear.

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In this exercise, all required data are stored in the folder C:\Data\2012\WMZ_Telang1 on your PC, or also can be stored in other your own system folder structure. 1. 2. 3. 4.

5.

To access this data we firstly have to connect to the folder that containing the data: Click on ‘Connect To Folder Icon’ , and then navigate to folder: C:\Data\2012\ WMZ_Telang1\vector, and follow by clicking OK. A list of data layers will be displayed. Select all the data layers by clicking once on each in the list and hold on the Ctrl or Shift key:

When all required data files are highlighted click Add, and ignore if appear a message saying ‘unknown spatial information’, we will fix this afterward. Click OK

2.3 Displaying data in ArcMap Every layer which already chose will appear in the Table of Contents (TOC) in the left side of the window bar, and all layers will be displayed in the map display area in the right side of the window:

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To turn on or to turn off displaying each layer can be done by ticking a tic box in the left-side of each layer in the Table of Contents. Navigation tools ArcMap navigation tool located in the tool bar, or if you can’t find it by checking in menu bar: Customize | Toolbars | Tools. Each tool has its own function related to navigation properties to explore your displayed map:

Zoom in pan Fixed Zoom in Go back to previous extent

Zoom out Full extent Fixed Zoom out Go to next extent

Select feature by: Clear selected features

Select elements

Identify

Hyperlink

HTML pop up

Measure

Find Go to XY

Find route Open time slider windows

Create viewer windows

Color and Style tools ArcMap will automatically display random a set symbol of color and style of your layers. But this can be changed easily and specifying a new color and symbol by double clicking on layer symbol. 1. Right-click parcels/layer symbol in the table of contents and click Properties. 2. Click the Symbology tab. 3. Under Categories in the Show window, click unique to symbols in a style. 4. Click drop arrow button of value field and choose ‘sceme’ and click ‘add all value’ 5. Color can be changed by choosing default color ramp, by clicking drop arrow. 6. Individual color also can be changed by clicking each parcel and change color as you prefer. 7. Each parcel can be arranged its position to be putted in upper part or lower part by choosing its parcel and the follow with clicking direction arrow to move it down or up.

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Layer properties in ArcMap

Symbol selector and color ramp in ArcMap

Detail tutorial of ArcMap 10 can be read in the website of ESRI: www.esri.com or any related GIS and ArcGIS references. The pre requirement of using this module is that users have already known principle of ArcGIS, we will continue to the next chapter on ‘Developing Water Management Zoning’.

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3 Creating Water Management Zoning As mentioned in the previous chapter, water management zoning is closely related to the land suitability of an area and land use planning. Land suitability in the lowlands influenced by several key factors i.e. (hydro)-topography, drainability, salinity and land characteristics. The following flowchart simplify all key factors that considered to be used for creating Water Management Zoning: Figure 4 Water Management Zone Process

Orthophoto/ levelling

Satellite Imagery

Basemap layers

Sources

Digital Elevation Models

Tidal Irrigation

Tidal WL

Landuse First Analyses

Drainability

Soils

Salinity Second Analyses

Land Quality/ Land Suitability Third Analyses

Actual Water Management Zone

Proposed Water Management Zone

Output

3.1 (Hydro)-topography and potential tidal irrigation Hydro Topographical condition is defined as the elevation of the fields relative to actual high canal water levels at the nearest drainage or intake point, and usually expressed in the number of tidal irrigations which can be applied. It provides a simple definition of the tidal irrigations potential and soil and water management conditions at field level. Four hydro-topographic classes are generally distinguished (Euroconsult, 1997): 

category A (tidal irrigated areas). The fields can be flooded by the tides at least 4 or 5 times

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during a 14-day neap-spring tidal cycle in both the wet and the dry season. These areas are situated mostly in depressions, or close to river mouths; 

category B (periodically tidal irrigated areas). The fields can be flooded by the tides at least 4 or 5 times during a 14-day neap-spring tidal cycle in the wet season only;



category C (areas just above tidal high water). The fields cannot be regularly flooded during high tide. The groundwater table may still be influenced by the tides. Cropping is mainly dependent on rainfall, although some additional water supply by infiltration might be possible with an intensive field ditch system. Many category C areas in the wet season are generally planted with a rice crop. For the dry season a dry food crop is the most likely alternative. With a sufficiently large tidal range the cultivation of tree crops is an option for these areas;



category D (upland areas). The fields are entirely above tidal influence. Dry food crops and tree crops are best suited to these areas when they do not receive extra water from adjoining higher areas.

The overall hydro-topography of Telang I can be assessed by analyzing relations between tidal water levels, the hydraulic infrastructure and field levels. Actual and predicted water levels in the tidal rivers and open primary canals are relatively well known. Predicted high water levels are higher than present water levels in the primary canals as there is much storage in the fields and canals. With increased flood and water control storage will reduce and actual water levels will approach predicted levels. Key layers to calculate (hydro)-topography is topographic data, in GIS well known as Digital Elevation Models (DEM). DEM can be created by using point height distribution or contour distribution and interpolate to raster DEM data. In this case DEM of Telang I have already available and can be used directly (stored in C:\data\2012\WMZ_Telang 1\raster\dem_clip10).

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Once DEM data is available then we can pursue to calculate hydro-topography. As hydrotopography refers to condition in wet and dry season so we need to generate tidal irrigation potential both for wet and dry season. Steps to prepare layers of (hydro) topography are the following: 1. In Arc Catalog, right click on the preferred folder: New | shapefile  to create new shapefile. Give a file name of this new shapefile and choose point as feature type, as we will create points in selected location that representing a value of High Water Level (HWL).

2. Click OK and return to ArcMap. Add a new shapefile that we just created on the above step (see section 2.2). 3. Start editing this new point shapefile by clicking editor toolbar: editor | start editing and a dialog box of create new feature will appear as presented below:

4. Start to create new feature (point), click point on Construction tools, and start to clicking a point in selected location in displayed map areas. Finish it for the whole areas and choose stop editing in editor toolbar and save it.

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5. Now we have the whole point location of HWL (in this case for wet season) which is already including a head loss factor that represented a water level in each.

6. Next steps are to give a value on each point represented of HWL. This HWL and its head loss are generated using Duflow 1D Hydraulic Modelling. We also can make two layers, first is a layer of head loss value representing from zero to a certain valued (based on simulation) and second a layer with a value of HWL reprensing the whole areas. The real HWL will be created by subtracting HWL with head loss. Another way to create HWL is to entry directly a value of HWL that already calculate its head loss, eg. 1.75 m MSL and then 1.50 m MSL or on another word we already were assuming 25 cm head loss from point to another point. The second step is faster than the first one, and we will use second step in this tutorial. 7. Right click on layer in the Table of Contents | Open Attribute Table. On the attribute table choose add field and add field dialog box will appear.

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8. Type a field Name and choose float Type of data. Fill in precision and scale with number. Precision is total characters represent on how many number will be used in this filed, in this case we only use 4. While scale for field properties represent decimal number of field, e.g. 1.25 of two (2) decimal numbers. 9. Open attribute table and start editing using editor tool bar and entry each record with value of High water level (HWL). When all record have been entered with HWL value, stop editing and save it.

10. Now will interpolate HWL points from vector file into raster file using arctoolbox, click spatial analyst tools | interpolation | IDW. IDW dialog box will appear as shown on the following. Enter input point features data HWL we created on above steps and choose z_value field with HWL field data using arrow drop. Fill in output raster with name of file you want to create on specific folder and also fill in output cell size with number of desired resolution, in this case 10 m. Leave the rest field as it is or by default. Click OK for final touch.

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11. After execution, indicator of interpolation will appear in the bottom-right of ArcMap screen, and result will automatically appear in your screen when finish.

12. After having DEM and HWL, we will use a math module to subtract topography and HWL distribution. In the arctool box, again choose Spatial Analyst Tools | Math | Minus. Dialog box as shown on the following figure will appear. Enter DEM for input raster or constant value 1 and HWL for input raster or constant value 2. Fill in output raster with desired file name in selected folder, and the click OK. The negative result of this subtraction is showing inundation and conversely results when positive or can not be inundated.

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13. Re-class result of subtraction by choosing reclassify in arctool box | spatial analyst tools | reclass | reclassify.

14. Fill in input raster file as a result of point (12), click classify and chose equal interval , classes: 3 classes | OK.

By clicking OK, dialog box will appear as shown the following:

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15. Re-class old values into new values: > - 0.25 m, -0.25 m – 0 m, and > 0 m. Minus (-) means inundated while positive (+) means no inundation. Remember that let the highest and the lowest values as it were, as you will corrupt original boundary. Click OK and the following screen appear like the following:

16. To create hydro (topography), repeat all steps from 1 – 15 for dry season. By combining wet and dry season you can distinguish category A (can be inundated both in wet and dry season) and category B (can be inundated in wet season only).

3.2 Drainability Drainability is defined as a water level (surface and/or groundwater) under drainage conditions. It varies with micro levels variations of the topography, soil types and control structure. To prepare a drainability map, two different images are needed, which are a topographic map and a damping factor map. To create a damping factor map, similar steps of creation of (hydro) topographic as described above can be done. Steps to prepare layers of drainability are the following: 1. Use shapefile to create hydo topography (see point 1 – 8) 2. Repeat point (9) but, now use Mean water level (MWL) value both of wet and dry season instead of High Water Level (HWL).

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3. Repeat point 10 – 15 but then used the following classification:  < 0 m (very poor)  0 – 0.30 m (poor)  0.30 – 0.60 m (good)  > 0.60 m (very good)

4. Repeat all steps for dry season.

3.3 Soils Two types of soils used in this exercise are potential acid sulphide soils (Pyrite distribution) and peat dept distribution. Both of layers are based on surveyed data. Original maps were georeferenced and digitized as it were. Since prerequisite of this module is having familiar with basic operation of ArcMap so detail of digitations works will not be explained. For analyses purposes, pyrite depth classified into 3 classes which are: 50-75 cm, 75-100 cm and more that 100 cm, while peat depth also classified into 3 classes which are: 0-15 cm, 15-40 cm and more than 40 cm. Figure 5 Pyrite distribution and peat distribution

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3.4 Salinity Intrusion Salinity intrusion is measured by using EC meter based on moving salinity measurement from the mouth of Musi river, Telang river and Upang river and classified into 3 classes: < 1 month intrusion, 1-2 months and 2-3 months. As salinity map also based on survey data, so a layer of this map also need to be digitized as we did for soil layers. Figure 6 Salinity Intrusion

3.5 Land Quality Land quality is a combination between two hydrological land qualities with one flooding type land quality, one drainage potential land quality and one soil type land quality. Land quality is generated using model builder in ARCGIS. Five layers namely tidal irrigated, drainability, soils (peat and pyrite layers) and salinity intrusion is overlaid using model builder with the same percentage influenced. Model builder were chosen in this study because all geographic overlays will be repeated for different season and scenarios. With model builder, all processes can be repeated with same model but with different data, so process can be done faster and easier. Figure 7 Overlay process to generate land quality using model builder

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This raster overlay process can also be done manually using spatial analyst tools. In this exercise overlay process described using spatial analyst tools. The weighted overlay table allows the calculation of a multiple-criteria analysis between several rasters. Steps to create land quality are: 1. Using arctool box click spatial analyst tools | weighted overlay. The weighted overlay table allows the calculation of a multiple-criteria analysis between several rasters The dialog box will appear on your ArcMap screen as the following figure:

2. Click button

and then fill in the following dialog box:

3. Choose tidal irrigation layer (hydro-topography), drainability, soils and salinity by clicking arrow drop-button. Choose field data with each unique or specific value represented for each record. Set scale value to for each layer according to its suitability, e.g. for pyrite set scale value from harmless until hazardous depth (from 3 – 1, where 3 = deep pyrite and 1 = shallow pyrite). Chronological scale of each layer can be arranged inversely according to the users. Balances the percent influence of the input rasters equally and sums them to 100 by clicking button of set equal influence. Select from a list of predefined evaluation scales. You can also define your own evaluation

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scale with the From, To, and By controls. The more evaluation scale the more detail combination you will get. Click OK for executing the process.

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In Telang I, based on overlay process there are two mains land quality found: Tidal irrigation and land with sufficient drainage potential. Some land quality also found but only in a few areas covered. For tidal irrigation land quality, areas define with small tidal range of <30 cm during wet season in adjoining river/primary/ secondary canal; distance to canal < 1.5 km, or Areas with a canal distance < 1.5 km from a tidal river, no deep flooding. Tidal irrigation depends here on the combined effect of rainfall, relatively small canals, high tides and the low position of the land. Location in the Primary canal 8 (P8) and southern part of primary 6 (P6) are examples of this land qualities. Drainage probably could be a problem during reclamation stage, but in the second stage where canals are already completed with control structure, these areas become a very potential for irrigated rice. Areas located along the main river, creeks and depression area in Telang I also classified as tidal irrigation land qualities. Higher areas classified as Lands with sufficient drainage potential. Area with effective drainage depth > 30 cm (after peat has disappeared) is classified in these criteria. Effective drainage depth 30 - 60 cm, canal distance less than 1.5 km from tidal river and usually land with elevation > 1.75 m above means sea level. During low tide more time is available for drainage and drainage potential compares with land quality of drainage > 60 cm. The highest area is classified as sufficient drainage potential with drainage depth > 60 cm. Areas with these criteria can be cultivated with tree crop or dryland crops such as palawija. Muck/pyrite soils also found in a few areas only, and since in the data for overlay processes pyrite is classified in deep pyrite (> 100 cm) so there is no land quality of this criterion found. Peat soil in this study also based on the data of Telang saleh project which only have shallow peat and predict there is peat soil anymore. Table 1 Telang I in the wet season

Land quality tidal irrigation (A) tidal irrigation (B) Lands with drainage 30-60 m Lands with drainage >60 m Total

Area (ha) 4,221 10,453 8,684 2,423 25,781

% 16.4 40.5 33.7 9.4 100

3.6 Water Management Zone Water management zoning is areas in a hydraulic boundary (in this study secondary block) which have dominant land quality and have the same water management options. In Telang I, there are 3 main water management zone based on present hydro-topography, drainability, saline intrusion and soil characteristic. A present land use is used to check and re-delineate water management zone. They are water management zoning (WMZ) I, III and VIII, WMZ I is water management for tree crop or dryland crop or rainfed rice depended on its field characteristic and farmers objectives. Area located in the higher areas with potential drainage more than 60 cm. WMZ III is tidal irrigated areas, with category A or B for rice tidal irrigated areas and WMZ VIII for rainfed areas or dryland crops, located in area with drainage potential 30-60 cm. Usually planted with rainfed rice in the present situation. In the northern part of Telang I, this area was planted with coconut due to the peat layer in the past.

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Reference Chrysoulakis, N., M. Diamandakis and P. Prastacos. 2003: GIS Integration of Aster Stereo Imagery for the Support of Watershed Management. http:// www.iacm.forth.gr/regional/papers/Chrysoulakis_et_al_2003.pdf seen on November, 20th 2007. Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI), 2001. .ArcGIS user guide. Environmental Systems Research Institute. Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI), 2001. Model Builder for ArcView Spatial Analyst 2. Environmental Systems Research Institute. Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI), 2009. ArGIS 9. Geoprecesssing in ArcGIS tutorial. Environmental Systems Research Institute. Euroconsult, 1997. Project Completion Report. Telang-Saleh IISP-Integrated Irrigation Sector Project. Ministry of Public Works. Euroconsult, 1997. O&M Manual Telang I. Telang-Saleh IISP-Integrated Irrigation Sector Project. Ministry of Public Works. Euroconsult Mott MacDonald, 2008. Towards Formulation of a National Lowland Development Strategy for Indonesia. Final Report. Directorate Lowlands and Coasts, Ministry of Public Works. Euroconsult Mott MacDonald, 2012. Assignment Completion Report. Water Management for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptive Development in Lowlands (WACLIMAD). Bappenas – World Bank. Giesen, W., S. Wulffraat, M. Zieren & L. Scholten (2007) – Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia. FAO & Wetlands International. RAP Publications 2006/07, Bangkok, Thailand, ISBN 974-7946-85-8. 769 pp. Hillier, Amy. 2011. Working With ArcView 10. School of Design. Pennsylvania University. Rahmadi, 2001. Dasar-dasar GIS. Presentation Paper. Leuser Development Program-EU. Medan Rahmadi, 2002. Extracting Natural Resources Using GIS and Remote Sensing. Presentation Paper. Leuser Development Program-EU. Medan

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Rahmadi, 2005. Manual Pembuatan Digital Elevation Models Management Tidal Lowlands. Palembang

Telang I. Land and Water

Rahmadi, 2005. Ekstraksi Informasi Spasial Dengan Arcview Image Analysis. Paper Pelatihan GIS dan Remote Sensing EU-SSFFMP. Palembang Rahmadi, 2006. Laporan Akhir GIS. Land and Water Management Tidal Lowlands. Palembang. Rahmadi, Suryadi, F.X and Eelaart, Ad.vd., 2006. Land Unit And Water Management Zone In Tidal Lowlands. Paper presented in Seminar Rawa. Ministry of Public Works. Jakarta. Rahmadi, 2009. Effect of Climate Change and Land Subsidence on Water Management Zoning In Tidal Lowlands. Case Study Telang I, South Sumatra. Thesis. Delft. The Netherlands Schultz, B, 2008. Extreme weather conditions, drainage, flood management and land use. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Drainage Workshop, Helsinki, Finland and Tallinn, Estonia, 6 – 11 July 2008, Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland. Schultz, B, 2008. Towards sustainable food production in the reclaimed tidal lowlands of Indonesia. Discussion Note of Land and Water Management Tidal Lowlans (LWMTL) project. Suryadi, F.X. 1995. GIS a tool to support planning of tidal swamp development projects. Paper presented in the Technical meeting on Water Management Zooning and application of GIS related to tidal swamp development. Ministry of Public Works. Jakarta, Indonesia. University of Durham. 2006. Introduction to GIS Using ArcGIS. Information Technology Services University of Durham.

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